ML20062L463

Lectures Entitled Recent Developments in Field of Dynamic Compaction of Soil,Rock Fill & Asphalt, Presented in Australia,Far East & Iran

ML20062L463
Person / Time
Site:	South Texas
Issue date:	02/29/1976
From:	DYNAPAC, INC.
To:
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ML20062L457	List: ML20062L460 ML20062L463 ML20062L468
References
1113-7.9-1613, NUDOCS 8101300176
Download: ML20062L463 (27)

Text

........ _.. _..

1113-7.9-1513 LECTURES IN AUSTRALIA, FAR EAST AND IRAN FE3RUARY 1976 j

I i

1 i

i RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE j

FIELD OF DYNAMIC CCMPACTION OF SOIL,. ROCK FILL AND i

ASPHALT l

s i

t 1

i l

I EUNME 6aoaaoo/7/o,.

D S

e P..

M V

4a RECENT DEVELOPfdENTS IN THE FIELD CF DYNAMIC CCMPACTICN CF SOIL, gl.

T ROCK FILL AND ASPHALT k

>. ~

s E.

s n

by t.ars Forssolad, 0.Eng.

te (e-Dynacac Research Decar: ment

'7

,W (r..

E-.

e A857RACT

.e Thi s paper deal s wi th :ne :neory and practical acclications of vibratory g

N e:mcac: ion of soil, r:ck fill and asonal: surfacings. Differen: :yces of soils are described in rescec: of their comcac:icn :rocer:ies. Information of suitaole vibratory : mcac: ors for different accl ica tions is given.

The pacer :: vers recent researen and cevelocment wi:n regard to rock fill Q

ccmpac:fon, deso-comcaction of sand, cry-ccmeaction of sanc, asonal: vibra-

lon, ccmcac:icn of soil-cement, lime-stacill:ec clay and no-slumo ::ncrete.

A new anderwater vibra:or is described.

\\

i l

CONTENTS Sace 1.

Introdue: ion 2

l 2.

Cemcac:icn :.9 ec ry 3

.g 3

Classificatien of soils wi:n reference :o : meac:icn 6

,h..

k.

Base anc su= case ::meac:icn 12 n

i. Vibra:ory ::m=ac:icn Of asonal:

14 53 6.

9oller cemeac:ec no-stamo :Orcre:e 16

~,.

./. Uncerwa ter ::meac:icn i o.

3 Bl N

w b

V i

4$h t

E f 171COU C**

• CN Tne mos: imecrian acclicatiens :/ sci! ::meac:icn art newacays:

• i;rways, s:Pse:0, sice 441'4s, :arxing arsas Air diste : nstrue:icns

'a r:n-anc - cx 'i i i :ams, :i'4es, sserscies, :34nnel-!iniegs dar: Cur nsteJctions taliway emcanaments, :allas: :scs g

Incustriai yar:s, st: rage areas. :layge:uncs, s:ce:

.eles b

Y.*

Tills asec as !:unca fons 8:e buil:ings anc ::ner ::ns:Puc:fons en essicential anc lecus: rial si:es Filis accer !!cces anc alcog f unca:len walls in tuildings h,.,

m fils at retaining wall's anc riege acu:ments Tesn n 'iiis

$7.

Natursi scit layers wi:n icw :ensi:y T9e fill atarial s av vary fr m clays.ners :ne :ar:I:les ars smaller : nan 2.20* mm 2: :: Ocx 'i!! ::ntaining st:nes wi:n a :iameter :/ !.3 m =r ces.

I

an also :e soiis staci!i::c 4i:.7 :*7ent, I ime r ':i:umircus :r:cucts.

- a bhen ei:ra t:ry sci l ::mcac:icn Firs was intrecucee :Me me:noc was :Onsicerst :: :s

. e sui:acle mainly ?:r :ne ::mcac:icn of sanc, gesvei anc crusnec c:cx. 2uring :ne 5

years :ne use :/ vi:rs: ry ::mcac fon nas racicly increasec anc :: cay : e sale :/

vi:ra:F99 rollers rserssents 50 :: 30% of :re :::al sais of ::m:4c:f=n scui: men: 'r M

y%

soit, ?:cx 'ill anc as:nal:. Ai sc :Me num:er o f accl ica tions 8:e :yeamic ::meac- :n w

is irersasing. Of s:ecial interss: is :.9e :eveicceen: anc resear:n -cw ; iaq :n s'

1. g

ne !:t I wi g 'isi:s:

l k

Ne 0

0:rcac:sc ?:ck fi!! as f:unca:ica ':e incus: rial areas anc air'is':s eee-::meae:icn / sanc W

C Ory-::meac:!:n =f sanc s1=y C

• m:ac:!:n ? as:nal: sar aci qs d

m s

C

• m:aC i*n :/ sci! *Smen:

f@

m:ac:ica :! :i e-s:2:i!i:s: ::sv S

O 4:i ' e r ::r-cac :sc :-s ;. : ::re. s:

'"W C

..:erwa:er ::m:ac:ica

'J s-l a

sm "'

d

u-.

3.

Ar wa but 2.

COMPACTION THECRY C;

t=-

e.-

Princiales of soil ecmeac: ion r~

~

The di f ferent principles for soil c:mcaction can simolified be described as La g._.

s:stic re<sure, imoac: and vibracien, Fig 1.

C hY E?

Static smootn rollers and ruceer-tirsc rollers work mainly by a hign s:atic 5[

ressure on

ne soil surfaca.

Because of the internal fric:icn of soils a F

si static pressure nas a limited comoac: ion and denen ef fec:.

kf i

be u-Y pt-Impac: provides for a greater force on ene ground surface and a greater :eo:n W.

I-effect : nan a static pressure, b;

P..

g 5,~. -

Es Vibrating rollers anc vibrating cla:e ccm=ac: ors oors wi:n a racid succession pp Wd of imcacts against :ne surf ace of :ne grounc.

From :ne surface dynamic :ressure F

waves are going down in :ne soil. Thr0ugn :ne ef fec: of :nese pressure waves

ne par:icles are set in motion and :ne internal fric: ion between :ne par:icles is virtually elimina:ec. During the s:ste of motion :he par:icles can finc

. Ji

~

sucn posi:lons : Mat :ne volume will be as 10w as :ossiole.

Nd EM l!!

Vibra: ion wi:nout a simultaneous cressure can resul; ir good ccmcaction in some YI

-a

ases - such as concrete or fully wa:er-saturatec sanc - in anica cases :Ne fl material is censolidated due to tne effec: of gravi:y when internal fric: ion is eliminated by vibration.

But fo r a l l no rma l soils i: is necessary :0 c:meine g4 vibration wi th pressure and shear forces of a certain magni:yce.

These ?:r:es LO3 Ekl are requirec to over:0me :ne acnesion or :enesien be: ween :ne carticles wnica bd bN would otnerwise prevent :ne reset:lement of :ne soil, in all soils - also sand ad 4

g}W and gravel - :ne water wnica i s bound to :Me particles by caciilari:y :rea:es g

"elas:ic ties" wnich hold :ne particles toge:Mer.

The resul: is an accarent

{

c:nesion, which increases with reduced carticle size.

In lay there is also Oh a large real conesion due :o molecular F0rces acting :e: ween :ne very small tw

lay 3 articles.

phj w

b Thus in vibratory soil c:meaction :ne resul; acnievec is catermimec :y fo!!cw-La ing fac: ors:

f us t.

s:a:e of,eti:n of :n. soli :ar-icies.

rhe in: r.,ai f-i::ren is eitmira:ee t;;

Q2 anc COnci* ions are - sagec fgr an effec:ive 00ccac:i0n of :ne soil, f* O 1.

d' essure arc $Near s** esses genera *ec Ou.~ing OmOaC ion.

These cav Oe s:3-

,h

• iC.

ue 23 ne weign* Of !Ne vibr3 Or, of Oynamic in Ne f3rm Of Oressure hM waves generatec ty :ne vier 3:ce, ppg WW

k-o.

sp PJ.

m.

8 sssure call s =f temsrane yce nave :een usec :: measues :ne :rsssurss - sea:ic h

anc :ynamic - Orsatec in :ne sciI :y vi:rar:rv ::meac::es. A giagram.i:n :ne s-FN suits of :rsssues neasuremen:s mace a: var'cus castas in :ne seit :siew si:es::ry E

+

mCac: Ors f saricus **/ces anC siass is s.7cwn in Fig 1.

h Ir" m.

e !?;nces: :y:e :/ *acnine. 4 vi:ra:Ing :l a ta ::meac::e.eigni'q I 3 5 <g, ::meac:s cL sanc anc grsvel ef'se:ively in :: :m layers. 'li:ra:Ing :am:ers exer: ::nsi:arsel<

5-

.a.

rsa sr

esssure : nan :ne small :14:n-tyce ::meac::rs anc :an :nersfers :e usec afsc Y"5 8

':e tonesive soils. Trac: r-trawn vibra:ing r:Ilso :/ 3 3 :=n.ei;n: :an ::mede:

':ii?

b san anc ;rivel i.9 30-40 cm layers. Clay mus: :e ::m: acts: in ::nsicsra:if :ninner

.ayers.

.no taviss: macnine, a :: wee sidri:ing -Oll er igning ;1. 5 ::ns, exar s

-[~

i

rsssure of :ui ts a ci ?f aren: Or:er :: :ne ::ner maen;nes an: tan ::m:Jc: : x

.8 :

l,

(

sanc anc gravei i9 lavers u: :: ;3 in :ni:k.ess.

• b rw

'" e ;rsa:ar : e ::nesien. :Me ;rsa:ar :ne :rtssues esquirse := snsues ;:cc ::meac-h

~

icn :! soil.

In sanc anc gravel,.ners :ners is a esla:ively Icw accaren: ::ns-sion. :ne s:ats of me:icn curing si:rs:ica us: :e ::mcinec.i:n :rsssues s rss sas Of :ne cc:ar of 2.3 - t.] -<g/:s! I' cc ::::ac:icn i s := ssul :.

1 :!av ::m ac:::

a: =ccimum cis:urs ::n:ent (::mca ra t i,e l y :ry) :ensicarael f gesa:3r :rsssurts art sculesc. :ue :: :ne ;rsa:ar ::nesien.

in Orac:ica, :ners ars.many ty:es / sci!s -nica exnici: =c :.7 ie:se ai '-ic:icn ae:

some :egese of ::nesion - sil ty sancs is an examcle - arc :re neesssare Ortssurs ':P W

ese scils mili :e scmewners :e: ween :ne ranges snewn in :ne :i age:c, 2; Z.

id e

W, H

h.*cact'en eec

? ii:rae rr ::meact:es D

e ':1 1 :w i eg ' ac ::e s a r s o f :r ima ry s i gn i.8icancs ' r :ne ::meac:icn s7'se: :!

p-4 s*

vi:ra:Ing rol!ars:

EEE ci?

F. it

.ca:i: 4eign: (sta:i ii ear I:ac)

• .m

~

a d

tcuerev arc twei :.ca

=9

• 44

'"I!

%.m=er

/

-s i : r s : :. g : r.ms er. :

W:

%.me e r : ? :J s s e s Zi ".

4:1 te s es S:

4 ed *

-o.

M G

w-

.sm CN w

f"*A d:p MLt N1 EG

4 6

2 vs.

Q5 R

1 if :ne static weignt of a vibrating roller is increasec, witn otner fac:ces h_

(frequency, 490l i:'.de, e::) unenanged, :Me static anc cynamic ;ressures in :ne h-C soil will increase more or less procor:ional :o :nc increase in weign:. Com-07-pac:fon :ests also nave confirmec :na: for example :Ne cec:n effec: of a viorat-b;m N"-

ing roller accroximately is se::ce:ional :o :ne roller weigne.

The s:a:ic linear 94-Ioad. Eig 3, is :Merefore often given as a coller Jarameter. Also for vi3 rating

(.

p;,

v.

rollers.

F?nC The influence en the comoac: ion ef fect of f recuency and amelituce nas :een cis-k.

cussec as long vibrating rollers have been on the market. As a rule the com-J.,

w~

aacticn effec nas a maximum value at frequencies between 1500 and 3000 <ibr/ min

{.,

but :Ne frequency curves are generally 00mparatively flat, "ig 4 An increase p.

p in amcli tude gives in the wnole frequency range a more Oronounced increase in O '-@

meac:icn anc cecch ef fect.

For viera:ing rol'ers wnien shall comcac: large EF volumes of soil and rock fill in : nick layers a c0meination of Sign amoli;uce h.;

anc a frequency of 1500-1700 vibr/ min is :ne mos: su i :ac l e.

~or vibrating rollers designed for aschal: : m=ac: ion :ne Occimum frequency is nigner (see below).

On recx fill and granular soil s :ne roller sceec nas a marked influence on :ne ccmcac: ion effect, es ecially on nign lif:s. For vibracing rollers Ocerating r9 UE on granular soils :ne cotimum sceee is in :he range 3-6 km/h.

For :!ay ccmcac-

lon witn : mearatively :nin lifts :he economic s:eeo is nigner : nan for recx fill anc ;ranular soil s, h

Nb also :ne relationshic between f rame acc drum mas s nas a certain Ou: more pg limitec influence en :ne c:m0ac: ion tifec:. ?-incipally a neavy frame is k!f favouraele. Du: :nere is an uccer limi: acove wnica :Ne mass of :Ne frame :t-gins to :accen :Ne vibrations excessively.

as ua T e crum diameter -as :s :e rela:ec :o :ne s:ati: linear icac. At increasing gg p!.

Ei s:a:ic linear teac also :ne : rum ciame:er mus: :e i,creasec.

95 h3 r<a bh em C2 Le k!

Lw h4 05 P-

F-3.

m-h5 t.

-,At3lricarten ;r tatts'stra atristseg 7 ::, e4C?MN (n,i 7:me 4s ua l systems of soil

!assi.'ica:icn ars -c; est atse cirec:'y is :.9e ::m:4c:ico

-s

narsc:aris:Ics :f :.7e soil. 7:ge:ner i:n 3r leng: 3 rems, :irsc: r :/ *se i=ecisn "actscani:2! 'nsti ;*s.

ne su ner nas s.qges:sc a sosi :tassi'I:at'On svs:sm :ase e.

On ::meac:!:n : aracteristits.

T*ts :r::csec :' as si:a cion sys:en :nsi s:s :/ : e v.1

':iiewing ?:ur rinci:al gr ues:

EM V?

t.

Acck fil! anc ;ranular soils i:n large s::nes anc :culcers bb,'

ii.

Ianc anc gravel ni:n less : nan i-IC% :/ 'ines l'-

A. 'se i l -g r ac ec hh

3. 'Jni.':rmly ; raced Di n~-

i. Sit:. sil:y soils, e :

[:.".

A. $ i l :7 sanc. silty ; ravel, morsiaes

[.T

3. !! ! ;. sancy sil:. :!avey sanc anc !ayev gravel L.

'/.

Oiay C-W A.

• av i:n !m. Or ecium s:rsng:n b-4 3.

lay. :n nign s:rseg:n act gg Ircua 1.

1eex 'i!!

-<=

~

8 cad :a::ings ine:ugn rock ars ge::ing nors anc ces c:mmen, anc -:cx *ii' is :e,eg

~

asse := an incess,l eg ex:sne is em:ankmen: 'i;l.

B

• aximum s::ns si:s anc ;esca:icn :/ e:cx 'ill is :sterminec :y :e :y e anc cudi;;y gg

? :na :cx anc :? :ne :ias:Ing :recacurs.

8-imar? -:cxs as grani :e anc -rei s s C4

$1

-ave a ti;.9 s :r eng :n anc :ce :ias:ac r:ck 'iti.i!! ::ntain :nly a smal; secun: Of

[G

• • res.

No r a s ::as:isg *:e :a::iajs ni!! :r: cues a :: arse :ck 'Ti!

its a am hh 4

s::ne si:s :/ '.i m anc cre.

B l a's :i ag i :n sma l l :is:ancas :e: ween :es :=rt 0.ts 42N

:::4., a or. 'r e-grairec ;rac eren e.sei:s in a su=s:an:iai isc asa :< :..

ek, sm.a

ias:i g ::s:..

. r.n :n e :cx ::nsi s:s or ure, sanes::ne. i : a e... ::.. :. - : a s : :

g;S;

cx 'Til.i:1 :::ain a smaller.ax s::ne si:s anc a !arier :entant / ': es.

O'e I

:ne =ri;ia :! :ne r:ck. :ne s::nes are c':sn 'l a: itn -ean ecc sur'acas.

l Ga O.

,9 9

-. ;. de ::r'.ri,cas in i: ing:., are ;raca: en riso r: :, ;ria: :i " i iness :::-es, s-N

. :r::.re s :r :;'es en: :v:es :/ -:cx > :,..

i: ::si::ia :: ; ia :. ' :: :s u%n=

-:14 i#'t tN as v *eans :! al#A ita ::m aC 'On an0 I

's 2.

t : 14.* :*s: !f r -

%.4 "II

meac:::n :s :/ i:,

iar;se i :=r:ancs ':e -:cx : t :? ::w. Or e m : 4: :'

CJs

' E$

h

. an ?:e ::4. s e :cx

a i me: ' :., :ias:i ; :? 'i;n : a'-:

-::x.

n b-=y Tc!

I.Q F:::

e.r$

me

• c

.M sw

=

I

~

7 kw k

in rock fill compaction the methoc which is used to spread the material is very Ei im po rtan t.

Tractor spreading in layers between 0.5 and 2.0 m results in a e m-p paratively hemogeneous fill due :o :he spreacing procedure wi:n the dozer blade.

[

Fig 3 A ccmearatively dense and even surface for :he coilers :o work on is ob-k tained. Normally a maximum s:ene size of 2/3 of :he layer :nickness is allcwec.

bV

r.,

r.

K:

Vibration has since many years proved :: be :he mos; efficient metnod :o ::maac:

E ecck fill, necium-heavy and in most ca'ses heavy vibrating rollers are :ne types l.s e.

of macnines wnich wi:h few exceptions are used for rock fill compac: ion. Only g-througn heavy vibration it is possible :o move and relocate :he large s:enes in

he fill wnich resul ts in the necessary densi:y and s:abili:y.

Since :he vibra-a I

tions are :ransmi::ec :hrcugn :he contact coints netween the particles the damo-p F.

ing effec: will be larger in fine-grained rock fill ccmcarec wi:n coarse rock L.

P.

fill.

It is :herefore possible to c:meac: coarse rock fill in :hicker layers ar,

nan rock fill containing more ?!ne : articles.

Acck fill is nowacays with few exceotions vibrated wi:nout sluicing of the fill.

pH s.on An efficient comoac: ion of rock fill nor tally resui:s in a set:lemen: of 4 :o 3%

h of :he layer :nickness. As a resul: of c moac: ion :ests a max layer :aickness h

of up :o 2 - 2.5 m can be recerrmenced for :he trac:Or-drawn vibracing roller g

yce Dynacac CH 61, wi th a static weignt of 15 tons, Fig 6.

Ccmpac:icn :ss:s 0

6=

have also i.ndicated :ha: a layer of fine material n :00 of :he rock fill sub-stantially recuces the cecch effec: of the vibrating eclier.

The :rac:ce-spread layer of rock fill shoule :herefers be ::moacted wi:hou: any extra fine material 5

en :co of the fill.

W e

in rock fill ccmcaccion he rollers are sucjected :o great s:resses.

Sollers M.5b designec Only for soil c:moac:icn have not :ne necessary s:reng:n anc life-ime g

>=

to operate en rock r.ill.

.,M aa Leac-: earing tests on unc:m:ac:ec rock fill c:meared wi:n :ss:s On vibratec Ock

?.O

).

fill have incica:ed :ha t :ne loac-: earing cacaci:y is increasec up :: 10 times C

h

nrougn an efficien: c mcac:icn.

In nell c meac:ec rock ?ill of g:cc quali:y

ne se::!ements are prac:!cally nil.

d ia

"J

p r(d

's in c!.

4e; e.eR u

a

3.

r-fM FN me as

= cern incus talai Olants of ten recuire very lar a anc even arsas 4i:.7 mi;n Icac-pc M

earing :acaci:y are small s e t:l emen t s.

In Scancinavia.ners :Ne :sertin /:sn i s me

$ni!

.neven One way :: sci se : sis Orc:lem nas :een :: use r:ck exca va t icn :: Isvei Ou:

S"'

tre :srenin.

'.:wer areas are f

• il ec -i a ::mcac: c :cx 8i: : usually ::mcactsc in SU V

9 iayers.i

n f3 or ti ::n ::wec vitetti g

stses, er I

~Se ew Octnencur; i1:sena:Icnal air:ce: is : ting ::ns: rue:sc in :ne same av. -ere g7 nn it niil be neces sary :: excava s 3.6 nm3 :/ r:cx anc :nis is mace a: a :acaci:y :!

WL 13 2C0 :: 12 200 m3 a day.

Fc r succase anc =ase ::nstrue:icns. :acx ! ills in :.secnes dE w.

anc ':e as:nal: sur'acings I.1 M ::ns =f c.usnec -Ocx are 3r:cucac. The :avemen:

El rs

ns:ruction is smcwn in Fi; 7

{."

V:

tr a-

!: is in:sess:ing :

? cts :na: :Ne :::21 ::meac:icn scui: ment :n :ni s si; ai rd'si:

C'e4

ns:ruc:!cn ::nsi s:s :? :ne ':ll: wing Oynacae ::meac::rs:

t*4 ES EN One 3

n :.ic::rceswa : lier cne t ).a ::n One ti

n T c 10

n vibra:ing ancam r:i t ers hhf f

A numcer =f :lats ::mcact:rs mainly !:e :rseen ::=cac:icn

. un

-k 3r"4: II.

3anc arc -*1 vel 1 tra::ry ::mcac::es aes s/?se ive anc ec:remicai aise in scils :ei:nging :: ;r:u:

u,i f

. : :- ti;n: vi rig:ry ::meae::rs ;:ce ::meae:;en.ssui :s :an :e acni evec. i' :. e s aver

Ni:xness i s l imi :se. 9ecium anc'neavy.eign: <i:rs:ing P:llers are a:is :: ::m:ac:

sanc an: ; ravel in :ni x !ayers, ::m ars i; :.

.x.

E3 r-?

r=

l 6: is is:Or ant :: :: serve :ne ci f feesn: ::= ac:icn :r :erties of 'ese-trai ning safe ff!

E55 anc ; ravel ::m:ars: i:n ::ner ty:es :/ scils. **; 3.

Sanc anc ;ravei reaca : s w

EU 9i;res: :se s i :V al:se-a:ively in a c:mele:ely :rv r :n a ::m:lessiv 44 :se-sa :.r s =-

.1--.s s:2 s.

• n :ne irge :e: ween, a: :ne ccmai naturai ~4:sr ::n:se:s. ':wer :ses.:'ss Ee'

??$

ars :::Ji se.

Me :r::::e :arves :? sanc anc gravei ars.

wever, :? en ::m: ara:

.e m$;

g

a:.ni:n eans :.a: s?3i:ien: <; en::rv ::m:4c:. e a: : e -a:afi, 4:sc ::-:en:s a-,

resui :s :- ::m: ara:;veif 9i;n :ensi:iss ni:n in anv :ases :an :s ac::: s.

s.-:.. :

1~i

.22 IE_".

s ::servec.

cwevar, :. 4: vi:ra::en :? :ne a:sclai a: a -4:se-sa:.es: : s 2:s ss. :s m.r*

T-a :efinitsiv -igrer :snsi:y, atso :ne ::::n e?ese: : : e,::es::ry ::m:a ::. ;

Nd tar;se :' :

a:erial si.,a:se-sa:;es:se, p;j

.=

bn d.i:-.

P%)

'r

9 i::

as IO If sanc or gravel contains a cer:ain amcune of fines, :ne soil is not longer F

b free-craining and will :ec me elastic and scringy wnen :ne water con:ent is g

t..

nigh, and in :nis state :he material will be more difficui: :o ccmcac:. As re-r.

Ya gards coccac:icn, :nerefore, it is a great advancage if :ne :er:en: age of fines D[**

in sand and gravel is less : nan 5-10%, recresenting :ne max content of Fines fer soils in Groucs 1 and 11.

?

B F.-

s-in ene case of uniformly graded gravel and sand i: is difficui: to cocain a

$r high cegree of comoac: ion neaf to :ne surface of the fill. Ocwn :o a deoen of AW 10 : li cm ene ccmcac: ion acnieved wi:n medium or heavy vibrating or static p

rollers is icwer : nan at greater ce :hs, ig 9 This is due :o :ne low snear t-F-

strength of :ne uniformly graded materials.

The materials is :ressed uo beninc

{

ne roller drum and :ne surface layer therecy retains a : meara:ively Icw den-h s i ty. The low degree of ::=cac: ion near :ne surface d=es not usually have any 0:

v Ee great significance in prac: ice. When a fill is placec in several layers, :ne b

for-'er too surf ace is compac:ed wnen :he nex: layer is rolled. Mcwever, :ne di f ficui:y of c=meac:ing :ne surf ace layer sncuid e kect in :ine, for examole, M

wnen carrying cut ccmcac:icn :ss ts, nu 2eco-::meac:icn of sand New areas fer industrial plants and. nar:our evelo ments are seme:imes :uil: On E&

nycraulic fill s of sanc dredgec f r0m :he sea tot :m.

The :ensi ty and :ne sear-M ing cacaci ty can be imorevec by efficient cynamic : meac:fon.

The same acvant-n age can be 00tained :rougn ccm action of na: ural layers oi sand wi:h 10w den-g L

sity, for exaccle :o increve :ne ground conci: ions for buildings and reads. Cn se F.

a num=er of such sites heavy vibra:ing ecliers fr0m Oynacac nave during recen:

{

years been used for ef ficient dee: c:mpac:fon.

h 44 l

53 Ceec-: mcac: ion with heavy vibracing rollers is rimarily sui:a:le F:r c0ecac-

$x tien of sanc anc gravel wi:n a max :On:ent of sil: of 5 :: 12%.

A: ceec-: m-p

action :ne water level is of:en nign wnicn means :na t :ne soil i s wa:er-sa:ur-h-

c:",

3:ec, ::meare Fig 3.

In a wa ter-sa turatec sanc :nere i s no a: aren: ::nesien e.

wnicn crea:es conci:icns for a gccc cec:n e?#e :.

I: is also :cssi:le :: in-U E:s

rease :ne :ec:n effec: by using a large num:e of : asses - in :Nis :ase seme-g IR

imes u: :o 15-20 casses. At ::m:ac: ion wi:n neavy <i:rs:Ing r0llers : e : m-uM

action ef#ec: : wn :o say a ce: n of 2-3 m i s mainl y re! a:ec :: : e dynami:

,Q S

ressures ;eneratec by :ne roller in :ne soil, g

Ia

e.

ed.

a :ce:ing c: a :necry given =v : *acce ioni a, :3e ::mcac:icn t/'ec n larger :ecess c

is sainly :ecencing en ;3e numcor of 1:44 cyc l es F - m :ne reifer.

Thi s :secev :an h6 9

sa: lain :ne favoursele ef'ac: Of a large summer Of rciler : asses.

5$

Y~

b.

Jere -acer :ressures :reacec in :se scii :y :ne vi:raciens :an :n

?,

rer 9anc :e

n g

a egativa 'ac::e -its sgar :: :ne ::m=ac:icn ef'te:.

• easuremen:s :? :ne :ces gg c4:sr Orts surss curing :es ::m:4c:icn :/ sanc, ave incicacac : Pat :rcse :rsssures be w

are seveilec cut a/:er 10 : !! minutes. Tnis 9eans :3ac taca *:i er : ass Over :ne surf ace shouic :ake :ar af tse a :setain :ime interval wnica scemalIy is easy ::

arrange On large : meaction areas, pm s.n q

u-

.C7

.5-a suita le *:lling 5: esc aC *ee: ::m: action is 1-4 km/h.

g, C1 w.

i1vestigati:ns anc felicw J: *f :Ne m: action Ptsults at *Sec ::meac #:n i s

• C P-ht*

tJtt ailv wace v means :f scuncings

• eignt scuncings r s:stic :enet? me:sr scun -

~Ed i9gs =ners :Se resi stanca : :3e :enetracien Of a ::ne Meac i s au::maticaiiv anc

ntinucusly regis:srec.

T;e Ortsen; ex:eriencas tgarting Ocssi Ie :ecca e/dsc:s ac :ee -c: :Ac:icn :?

sanc 1 ave :een summari:Sc in Ta l e !.

a,eri intsres:i's exam le / :ee -c:meaction 4i :5,eavv Oyaa:JC P:l:ers is :Ne few secemous 5 :sel :lant ("$:llvert 30") new uncer ::ns* ve:ica in :Ne Oi:V :! - i sk f

i9 :se ce:n :/ iwesen.

The :lan: uill :s si:uatac :n a averauiic sanc

n-La sint*g l3.* 13 anc :*Vering an arsa :/ 3 km*.

.me

• meac : t e.n.:.P..:.:me i e :s i v.:rv sand dJ The :iagram :; 3 :!early in:Ica:ss :na: sane anc ; ravel ::ca in :ne n i;.,es : : gene ba M4 em

/ ::meac:ica ti:ne- 00mele: sly Cry Or ::cCle: Sly s a : 4.~ 3 : 20.

'ic *" a l 1 ~40.?3!

I*

i h*J sanc :e ;ravei a:er;4ls -ave cis:ure ::n:ents s mewners :::..een :N:14 :..c ::*-

[

Oit'Oes 60 su f

T4 I9

• • v :I *a:St. *:We'# e r. ::m Ie!Siv ArV lancs Irl I meIi es Ur I*

U I

'*SI

• 3 k6 a : css.:i' :v :: :::ain verv ;::: ::m ac:.:n ssui:s 4i :n v::ri: ' ; :; 'e s.

L3 I4swl*s

! " ::t*" :ss

• s mi !N a ribraci9q :ia 3 ::m:aC* " 2*:I a tts

• • a! : m"a "

i.[4 l

' :n :! a :: :it:siy :.-v sar: is even ers 'avouri:ia :ran ::m:ac: ' :e a: a.a:ar e]-

g l

la t'4 r a t t: s:a's, *I; I 3. 4; sc !?e :4 :n t## tt-is i crease: * !?t ::m:st:t'< :*v Ad km sai; d7' I

--um

\\

b1 en, I

t-II.

y F

What i s sa i d her e ;s s been con f i r ed by p r ac : i ca l experiences at various road pl h.-

constructions. Self-procelled vibrating rollers :yce Dynacac cA 25 anc CA 25 0

".-1 have reached very geoc resul ts on completely dry sands. Scecified censi:ies nave pl been cocained wi:n layer :nicknesses u3 to accu: 1 m. As in :ne mccel :ss:s cen-si:les arounc 100% Fod Proc:ce have :een measured in :ne ue=er :ar:s of :ne fill.

k Y'-

IW.

Group ill.

Site. sil:v soils. e::

f.g b

During recent years the possibili:les :o c:moac: site, clay and other fine-E E.i.

grained - often very C0hesive soils wi:h vibra:Ing rollers have become more k

T*

anc more covious. References can be made to resear:n acek as well as : prac-L.

p-

ical experiences.

V h,2 Medium-neavy and heavy vibrating rollers nave been usec wi:n gocc resui:s on W,

w-fills in Grouo lil.

One example is morainic soils wnien of:en contain s:enes wi:5 a large maximum si:e. Of :his reason i: is necessary te be able :o e m-ac: sucn material s in c:moaratively : nick layers wnich can be mace wi:n heavy viarating rollers. Very geoc exceriences wi:n :ne ccmcac:icn of morninic soil s g

nave been cocained at different Swedisn dam building projects.

The fill nas p.s been comcac:ec in layers of acout 75 cm with 10 :en : wed vibracing rollers.

Meavy vibracing rollers have also been used on sil:y sand as well as on pure w

sil:.

Such soils have been sue:essfully :Omoactec in layers ue := accu: 75-g 100 cm in :nickness with 10 :o 15 :en vibracing rollers.

Q

.m..

Cr:uo lV.

CIav The ::mcac:fon enarac: eristics of clay are nignty decencing on :ne ~ater :en-h me

ent. When :ne wa:er content is low :ne clay is nar: and firm, u: if :ne g

water concent increases accve :ne ctimum :ne consi s tency of :he !ay :ecomes Esj w

more and more clas:ic. Clay naving op:imu.a wa ter :On:en: *ecui es a large : m-d

ac:icn effce.

The machines wnich are usec mus: exer rela:ively large e:m-t~Q

ressive and snear forces on :ne ma:erial.

Wien ali ty es o f : meac: ors, ::m-Lo ac:icn mus: ce :ene in layers ai:n a icwer :nickness ::: carec ai:n ncn-c:ne-sive soils.

Fpi O

• i For vi:ca:ory : meac:icn of suca : nesi ee ma:erial s unica 9eec a large : m ac-I! -

!C

ion effor :wo,ain al:er a:ives are :ossi le.

in seme :ases eavv vibra:ing 2:::

tu LD N

k re r:Ilers wi:n a smocen cr am 94vas :een usec wi:n ;:ce resui:s. The : ente 41 :ar ra t i ve is eitracing :ad! cot c:llers, Fig II. On :Mi s r i f er :ne : riving *i:n :'.c e20:er-

! ss is ::moinec wi:n crama: rive.

O rv, na r:-c mcac :sc : t a y s a rs ::.-reac :sc i n 'ayers

? accue 30 :s : secue 100% icancar: a-:c.:P wi :n '

M 4 :: 6 =assas.

5 s :i?'seseca :etveen a vi: racing anc a s:a:i: :ac!:ce rei:er is :cac :Ne <itrat-i,g e:i t er :an ::meac: :ni:xer lavers.

!: is ai sc uen cre <eriaciis 4i:n sgre:

:ne :yce :/ scil, :ue :: :ne ::mcinec effec: :/ :re s:stic anc :ynamic 8:r:ss.

.a*

~41:n a si:rs:ing :acf:ce roller oe: : lays can :e ::meactac i, ::nsi:ers:iy :3i xer

avers : nan cry c!avs. anc in :he field :!avs of ten, ave a watse ::n:en: ani:n :en-w* * -

W.

si:ers:ly excesos :ne ::cimum. Clay of :nis naturs, anien : s ers Or ' ess ias t!:.

L'-

L,..

an te ::meac:sc wi:n a limi:sc ::meac:icn e??:r: in:: a -cecgscecus ass nav' g

1. y.7 an airvoi ::ntant Of nc: crs : nan i :: ICdi.

3u: :ne matar ::n=en: :! :ss :!av

anec t :e rseucac eces inan marginally, sven :v in:sosive ex secsc ::=cac:icn.

ween :ne.acer ::ntan is nuestantially nigner : nan :ne :::imum, :ne :egese :/

:ac:!:n <i l l :e ::mearacively Icw, even :ncugn :ne ai r sci ::nten: av :s :

w.

AlI ci icteci es i; nay :e !sasitis :: :laca al:arnacs ! avers :/ a granular scii anc :!ay.

cvan: ages nav :e securse :arougn :ne 'ascar crainage of :ns :!ay. ' ime s:a:ili:a-

ica is anctner -ay := imereve :ne :uali:y :/,.ec ' t avs -ni:n i s usac := an increas-p

• ?g extent. 00meacticn of II e-1:acili:sc !ay i s anctner sui:2:le accl ica tien :!

a sidracing :acf:ct lier, fig 12.

7

~,=

9ecan: :ss:s anc ex erieness -ave i-ci:a tac :na c a:srial s !:'<e snai s 2n: wea:rses:

r :x al so are <ery well :rusnec arc ::mede:ec *i:n ei:es:i.g :acf:ct r:!iers, a l :sena tivel y ;.i :n savy vi:ra cing r:l l ers wi :n sece ta : rum.

Q

$N 3A!! :No tus!A32 ::.=oic TON M

~ :e ;rinular :ases, <i:ra ::ry ::=:ae:icn is sines many years : s s:an=4e: ::.:ac :n

r::. -' e s:ee! ' sc : ens i:y.sua l lv i s 55 :: ';:4 :

2 Oc::r -ni:n eans : a:

Q r.

ne -ax laver :ri:< ness -as :: :e ::wer : nan in se:ansmen: ::::ac:i:r.

e: 1.m-

{.

savv < T:es:! g rei ers are c-a!!v.see.

ut: a s:::i: : rum ei; : :? a::a:

-g i ::ns ' 5 :a:i: : ear ::ac a:cu: 25 '<g/:m) ;ranuiar :ase,a:se:a > =an er ai: e :e Q

ei:ra:e: in tavers 2: :: :5 : :: :ss s:ecie :ers i :y.

e :ase ::::ac: ' :e se:'-

3 m-J

• el's: 'ei: s*'*g reiites are 434: :: an creasi*g ex S";

b MiaD we w

Ln W<

b

13 Suecase ".cmoaction represents an intermedia te range between emoankment ind case compaction. The suboase consists of main 1y granular :ypes of soi!, ou: a _rM4

'r-j tively hign percentage of fines is allowed in many count.-Jcn 'Tne soecifie-censity is usually higner enan for cha cm.c,.n kmen t and heavy vibrating rollers may of fer good adva-caqss for compac: ion of suen semiconesive :yces of suecase E

~4 trials.

Suecase ma terial s :ons i s ting of "f ros: resistant" sanc or gesvel i?.

W (wi th a very smal l max cer:entage of fines) can te efficiently comoac:ec in E

p tnick lif:s, say aeou t 50 cm, wi th medium-neavy vibracing rollers.

t Ue t.".,

i c.

_V i _b r_a t_o r.y

. _com.o_ac_f _on_o f.s.o_i l c.e.m_en_t v

g The vibrating rollers developed for asonal: corroac: ion nave orovec :o de very y,;

efficient comoac: ion tools also for compac: ion of soils s:acili:sc wi:n cement.

~,7 NM YsA As for ocner material s cf :he same or similar :yce - ordinary concre:e, asonal:

~

concrete, etc - ne degree of comoec: ion has a decisive influence on :ne quali:y of tne produc:. An increase in censity of say 5% will increase :re s:reng:n wi tn say 20 :o 25%.

,cor soil cemen: ene danger of sneinkage reacing :o cracks is a general concern. Also nere :ne degree of comoac:f on is of large icoor:ance, p

rig 13

=11 as4 5

Vibrating rollers of :ype Dynacac CC 20. CC 41 and CA 25, Fig 14, normally nesc Q

3 :o 4 casses :o reach 38 to 100% sod Proc:or (100-110% 5:ancar: croc:ce) on

@c e

soil cament.

The possibili:y :o acjus: :ne vieration in:ensi:y is very useful k"

a: :ne comoac: ion of soii cement. As on asonal: surfacings suceer : ired coliers g

give cefinitely lower censities.

s On San Francisco Interna:ional Air:or: 'JSA 4 10 :on and a 14 :en viara:Ing

andem roller from Cynapac nave seen usec firs to comoac: a :ement-s:acill:ec suocase and :nen a cemen -stacill:ec case (CT3). On :co of : nose :wo layers W

I Q

as:nal

oncrete nas placec in four 7.3-10 cm lif:s anc :omcac:ec ui n :ne same t,q i.

rollers wnica ere usec for :ne : ament-s:acili:sc layers.

%N h,

awN wWN b

a.

Mm M5 Yd R*

x ma

",/

n.

,n Y

3

'/ r 1R A70RY ::Pfac7tos 3r AspwAL7 pm 0:

Vibra: ry ::meac:icn of as nal: surfacings caerssents a ::mearatively new anc very istsrss: leg evele: ment line.

e_m.

85-D:c li: racing : lata ::m=ac::rs anc smal! ty es of sinra:Ing Oliers.ers asec alreacy

((

auffSg :ne IC's 'Or as nal: essa i r anc 'e r sma l l :4ving J:cs. 77 e ices :: :eveiec UE Y*

vi:racinq c:llers wi:n a sufficient :acaci:V al so f r esquise anc large :aving D

Joos en reacs, hignways, airfieles, s::., was a na: ural :=nsecuenca of :ne gecc g;

w.

resui:s :ocained wi:n smal!ar :y=es of viera::ry ::=:ac::es :n asenal:.

55 M-ure PC 19 !?63 Oynacac in:.:cuced a :: ::n vibrating :ancam relier ni:n vi:ra:Icn anc

.ti l'i.

rive on :o:n :.ums Cynacac 00 LO.

The e:ller 9ac articulaese s:sseing anc t.o.

tm

ne:ugn a ava.-Os :a:i : rive systen :ne s: esc ::ul: :e,arise in!*ni:aly '. :m :se:

gg nas a: :: :ne max scesc. The system / viara:icn :n :c:a : rums mas ssui tse in in-

""v s

rsasec ::m=ac:!cn ca:aci:y. 3 rive en toen : rums gives very ; ce :. ze:icn anc gg ai se less :encencies for :ne drum :: :usn anc :.-ack :ne :: asenal: nix.

gm 7: cay :ne vnacac esnge includes : ness si:ss Of :nis ty:e :/ e:iise:

00 23 stati: -ei;n: :

ns, sui: =4 e ?:e ~ ors :n s:. ests.

acs, :arting I::s,

3q

'ac::ry yar:s se, ners :o:n :acaci:y anc nanceuvra:iii:y are reculesc ? :e :ns RE

=

b*a

&c

s.. =

JNCERVATI? **M84C?? CN a.'sw stars ago Jynacac :evelocec anc cellverse i:s 'Trs ancarwa:ar ::meac::e

:ne !=ecisn acmini st. acion :/ Ihi::ing anc Naviga:ica.

It aas a crane ::ar-a:sc vi: rating :iata wi:n a s:acic weign: o f !.3 ::n, :ne :c:::m :imensions 1.3 4 f.0 9 anc a :an:rifugal /cr:a cf 3.s ::ns. The ? scuency is i '430 <i:r/ min EM anc :ne sibrations ars ;enera:sc :y :wo sal'-synene:ni:ing sisc:ri: ce:r si:ra-

es. This vibra::e. cw nas :een sue:assively usac 'cr uncerwa:ar ::meac:!:n a:

wo lign:- cuse ::nstruc:!cns anc a nar: cur ::ns:.uction in verway. A: :n i s -a r-

cur ::ns:.ue:icn tre sibra::e was usac :: ::mcac: t0 :*3 23 :! :.usne aggesga:

f_l esciaci g a f ayer :/ : lay waien was ersc;ec Ou:.

a ::nc.s:s :uay : ens:r';cti:n

.as :!acsc :n :nt ::m:ac:sc 54: aria l, Fig !3.

The sf?icient :se:n s/?se: :/ :ss 23.'

si: rat:r is 3.75 :: 1.3 : :u: a cartain ::meac: Ion e?fse: is c:aigec :

mue.-

E9.

iseger tes:ns.

k 6.2 LC incesasing num:er ! uncerwater : nstrue:icns are cw ancerway i9 :isesn:

• a r s *.' *ne cel: anc

• m ac I:n uncer aa:ar il in SanY ases 9*:ssIJry.

3 S*

gg

tssac a::ll:a:!:.as #:r ncerwater ::m acti:n Nave :asm #:u.9:a:: ns # 0e Or::qs

• [$

o ea

iers an

• i!' scan: -art:u. ::ns:ructicas.

'.arger :*i es

1. e ' : r 5 *: r'e en *r*4*se gpi

m act:r$ ars Orssen*!e 5*u:isc 'y.<MacaC.

Ud, gy 39 M

.an...

.;,3

.*a.

~net uw E':

rw D.2

.ars.:ris:ia:

1 "5

kd s-S,

17.

>r*

E Taole 1 Oeo:n effec: a: :eso-cor-cac:icn of sane G

ts ax ceo:n 'or f

Aaller Geo:n for pecium-cense !

ype rela:ive :ensi:y !)

l

ensi:y increase l

3, i

I 5:

3-:en erse:orerswn roller 1.5 - 2.0 m i

accu: 1.5 m I,

P 35m f

IO-ton 2.0 - 2 5 m I

7 13-ton 3.0 - 4.0 m 5

m y

j 15-:en 3.5 - 4.5 m 6

-1 I) De: ermined by souncings fl r-.

i f'.

I-bamole of caoaci:v calculation The compac: ion cacaci:y of a ro!!er is:

'14 CxVx $x 0x 1000 q

p comcac: ion cacacity, m3/h l

wnere Q

=

drum widen, m W =

colling sceed, km/h

.&r S

=

ni layer :nickness d

0

=

numoer of p.ssses

'Ei N =

efficiency fac:or = 0.75 a: soil C

=

comoac:f on i

wt Lamole: QA 15 a: comcac: ion of sanc

• k' w

2.13,

=

5 km/h

=

0.5 m (ses :able 2)

M 0

=

6 (see :aole 2) h N

=

3..,3,3 pj 0.7s 4 2. n x 5 < a.5 x oco 2

=

a

.t

• l

~2 l

uN i

E4 m

is si m5 es

~

2 T.

'o*

4 t

3 J

3 0

J 3.u a

eee3 3 3 St..

a o a a o e a c atote!

a 3 o o Seal

= 3 3 3 See 333 e

3.s 3

=A

== ce ce N m M N6mtehrt

=N N m Niet NNm e

q J

K 7f 1

a w

3 1

=e at p.

{A e

t a

t 3

0 me

.==

1l t

} *2 6

3 3 3 3 3 3 =toselol 3 3 3 3 Osc4 33 3 8

7 18

=3u i

3 33 3 3 3 Ciaieta eoa3 ciel ae=

s N m m W o % Nwwus N a# o =wi N as l

il A

4 I

5t

$l

>2 i

b j

> uu a

]1 g

I

>= >=

0

.=1 1

4

l v

1 - --

a

==

A ua 1

2 C 3 3 SicletctelO 33 3 Stela 333 u

= 8 3 3 o 3 Sieteselote o o a Steio ae3 h-

=.

• u 8

m m m -r o m lN6'=*6r:w N * # ceabr N

=#

==

3. > a f

b.

.A 1 9

=

--1

- a y

b.

3 d A A 3J

=

s

.T 1

A S

4 w

u

r. -

a' 3

r"*

s n

11 A

=u e

I u

L.*

e a

id' A

t

= 1 e

t'tr*

u 1 W A f

.M a

t

='*

A 3'j i

3 3 3 38CfCfC 3 3 3 3 CICfSlO 3 3 3 3 I

.===t b

-=

t 3 4 e.*ecic e A 4 3

* d'r'N.te 4 3 =leso 3 3 3 4

l 4

mm > = = =

8 N ** M #1 t'%e C Nm#%

d** -r

=.4" 4 1

I 1

= es s

l

== =.= a a

t y

k i

=

4 A

]

f

=

,=1, i

=

I e

l

>e

=

0 C

?-

g l

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