Text

Lectures Entitled Recent Developments in Field of Dynamic Compaction of Soil,Rock Fill & Asphalt, Presented in Australia,Far East & Iran
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Issue date:	02/29/1976
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	1113-7.9-1613, NUDOCS 8101300176
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1113-7.9-1513

,- LECTURES IN AUSTRALIA,

!. FAR EAST AND IRAN j , FE3RUARY 1976 I

i 1

i i

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE j ,

FIELD OF DYNAMIC CCMPACTION OF SOIL,. ROCK FILL AND i ASPHALT

s l

i 1

i l

! I 6aoaaoo/7/o,. EUNME

D S

e P..

M

. V 4a RECENT DEVELOPfdENTS IN THE FIELD CF DYNAMIC CCMPACTICN CF SOIL, gl.

T ROCK FILL AND ASPHALT k

>.~

s s E.

n by t.ars Forssolad, 0.Eng. te (e-Dynacac Research Decar: ment

'7-W (r. .

E-.

A857RACT e.e Thi s paper deal s wi th :ne :neory and practical acclications of vibratory g e:mcac: ion of soil, r:ck fill and asonal: surfacings. Differen: :yces of N

. soils are described in rescec: of their comcac:icn :rocer:ies. Information

, of suitaole vibratory : mcac: ors for different accl ica tions is given.

The pacer :: vers recent researen and cevelocment wi:n regard to rock fill Q

ccmpac:fon, deso-comcaction of sand, cry-ccmeaction of sanc, asonal: vibra-

lon, ccmcac:icn of soil-cement, lime-stacill:ec clay and no-slumo ::ncrete.

A new anderwater vibra:or is described.

\

i l

CONTENTS Sace

1. Introdue: ion 2 l

2. Cemcac:icn :.9 ec ry -

3 .g 3 Classificatien of soils wi:n reference :o : meac:icn 6 $

k. Base anc su= case ::meac:icn 12 ,h..

n

i. Vibra:ory ::m=ac:icn Of asonal: 14 53

6. 9oller cemeac:ec no-stamo :Orcre:e 16

/. Uncerwa ter ::meac:icn i o. ~,.

3

' N Bl w

b V

i t 4$h

. E

!. f 171COU C**

CN Tne mos: imecrian acclicatiens :/ sci! ::meac:icn art newacays:

i;rways, s:Pse:0, sice 441'4s , :arxing arsas ,

. Air diste : nstrue:icns

'a r:n- anc - cx 'i i i :ams, :i'4es, sserscies, :34nnel-!iniegs dar: Cur nsteJctions

. taliway emcanaments, :allas: :scs

, g Incustriai yar:s, st: rage areas. :layge:uncs, s:ce: .eles b Tills asec as !:unca fons 8:e buil:ings anc ::ner ::ns:Puc:fons en essicential Y.*

anc lecus: rial si:es Filis accer !!cces anc alcog f unca:len walls in tuildings h,.,

m fils at retaining wall's anc riege acu:ments @ .

. Tesn n 'iiis

$7.

. Natursi scit layers wi:n icw :ensi:y

T9e fill atarial s av vary fr m clays .ners :ne :ar:I:les ars smaller : nan 2.20* mm 2: :: Ocx 'i!! ::ntaining st:nes wi:n a :iameter :/ !.3 m =r ces. I :an also :e **

soiis staci!i::c 4i:.7 :*7ent, I ime r ':i:umircus :r:cucts.

a bhen ei:ra t:ry sci l ::mcac:icn Firs was intrecucee :Me me:noc was :Onsicerst :: :s

. e sui:acle mainly ?:r :ne ::mcac:icn of sanc, gesvei anc crusnec c:cx. 2uring :ne 5 years :ne use :/ vi:rs: ry ::mcac fon nas racicly increasec anc :: cay : e sale :/

vi:ra:F99 rollers rserssents 50 :: 30% of :re :::al sais of ::m:4c:f=n scui: men: 'r M soit, ?:cx 'ill anc as:nal:. Ai sc :Me num:er o f accl ica tions 8:e :yeamic ::meac- :n y%

is irersasing. Of s:ecial interss: is :.9e :eveicceen: anc resear:n -cw ; iaq :n s' w

ne !:t I wi g 'isi:s: #g l

k N

0 0:rcac:sc ?:ck fi!! as f:unca:ica ':e incus: rial areas anc air'is':s e

W

- eee-::meae:icn / sanc --

C Ory-::meac:!:n =f sanc s1

=y C *:m:ac:!:n ? as:nal: sar aci d qs m

C ;#s

m:aC i*n :/ sci! *Smen:

m:ac:ica :! :i e-s:2:i!i:s: ::sv f@

O 4:i ' e r ::r-cac :sc :-s ; . : ::re. s:

S W

C .

..:erwa:er ::m:ac:ica 'J s-l a

s m "'

d

u-.

, 3. Ar wa but

2. COMPACTION THECRY C; t=-

e.-

Princiales of soil ecmeac: ion r~

~

a The di f ferent principles for soil c:mcaction can simolified be described as L s:stic re<sure, imoac: and vibracien, Fig 1. g._.

C hY E?

Static smootn rollers and ruceer-tirsc rollers work mainly by a hign s:atic 5[

ressure on: ne soil surfaca. >

Because of the internal fric:icn of soils a F si static pressure nas a limited comoac: ion and denen ef fec:. kf i be u-Y pt-Impac: provides for a greater force on ene ground surface and a greater :eo:n W.

I-effect : nan a static pressure, b; P.

g .

5,~. -

Vibrating rollers anc vibrating cla:e ccm=ac: ors oors wi:n a racid succession Es pp Wd of imcacts against :ne surf ace of :ne grounc. From :ne surface dynamic :ressure F waves are going down in :ne soil. Thr0ugn :ne ef fec: of :nese pressure waves

ne par:icles are set in motion and :ne internal fric: ion between :ne par:icles -

, is virtually elimina:ec. During the s:ste of motion :he par:icles can finc . Ji

~

sucn posi:lons : Mat :ne volume will be as 10w as :ossiole. Nd EM Vibra: ion wi:nout a simultaneous cressure can resul; ir good ccmcaction in some l!!

YI-a

ases - such as concrete or fully wa:er-saturatec sanc - in anica cases :Ne fl material is censolidated due to tne effec: of gravi:y when internal fric: ion is eliminated by vibration. But fo r a l l no rma l soils i: is necessary :0 c:meine g4 vibration wi th pressure and shear forces of a certain magni:yce. These ?:r:es LO3 Ekl are requirec to over:0me :ne acnesion or :enesien be: ween :ne carticles wnica bd would otnerwise prevent :ne reset:lement of :ne soil , in all soils - also sand bN ad 4

and gravel - :ne water wnica i s bound to :Me particles by caciilari:y :rea:es g}W g "elas:ic ties" wnich hold :ne particles toge:Mer. The resul: is an accarent c:nesion, which increases with reduced carticle size. In lay there is also

{

Oh a large real conesion due :o molecular F0rces acting :e: ween :ne very small

lay 3 articles. tw phj w

b Thus in vibratory soil c:meaction :ne resul; acnievec is catermimec :y fo!!cw- La ing fac: ors:

us f

t. s:a:e of ,eti:n of :n. soli :ar-icies. rhe in: r.,ai f-i::ren is eitmira:ee t;;

Q2 anc COnci* ions are - sagec fgr an effec:ive 00ccac:i0n of :ne soil, f* O

1. d' essure arc $Near s** esses genera *ec Ou.~ing

- OmOaC ion. These cav Oe s:3- ,h

iC. :ue 23 ne weign* Of !Ne vibr3 Or, of Oynamic in Ne f3rm Of Oressure h waves generatec ty :ne vier 3:ce, M ppg W

W

o. k-sp PJ.

m.

8 sssure call s =f temsrane yce nave :een usec :: measues :ne :rsssurss - sea:ic anc :ynamic - Orsatec in :ne sciI :y vi:rar:rv ::meac::es. A giagram .i:n :ne s-

h FN suits of :rsssues neasuremen:s mace a: var'cus castas in :ne seit :siew si:es::ry E

+

mCac: Ors f saricus **/ces anC siass is s.7cwn in Fig 1. h Ir" m.

e !?;nces: :y:e :/ *acnine. 4 vi:ra:Ing :l a ta ::meac::e .eigni'q I 3 5 <g, ::meac:s c

L sanc anc grsvel ef'se:ively in :: :m layers. 'li:ra:Ing :am:ers exer: ::nsi:arsel< 5-

.a.

rsa sr: esssure : nan :ne small :14:n-tyce ::meac::rs anc :an :nersfers :e usec afsc 8

':e tonesive soils. Trac: r-trawn vibra:ing r:Ilso :/ 3 3 :=n .ei;n: :an ::mede: Y"5

':ii?

san anc ;rivel i .9

.ayers.

30-40 cm layers. Clay mus: :e ::m: acts: in ::nsicsra:if :ninner b i .no taviss: macnine, a :: wee sidri:ing -Oll er igning ;1. 5 ::ns , exar s -[~

rsssure of :ui ts a ci ?f aren: Or:er :: :ne ::ner maen;nes an: tan ::m:Jc: : x .8 : l, sanc anc gravei i9 lavers u: :: ;3 in :ni:k.ess.

(

b r

w

'" e ;rsa:ar : e ::nesien. :Me ;rsa:ar :ne :rtssues esquirse := snsues ;:cc ::meac-

~

h

icn :! soil. In sanc anc gravel, .ners :ners is a esla:ively Icw accaren: ::ns-sion. :ne s:ats of me:icn curing si:rs:ica us: :e ::mcinec .i:n :rsssues s rss sas -

Of :ne cc:ar of 2.3 - t .] -<g/:s! I' cc ::::ac:icn i s := ssul :. :1 :!av ::m ac::: "

a: =ccimum cis:urs ::n:ent (::mca ra t i ,e l y :ry) :ensicarael f gesa:3r :rsssurts art sculesc. :ue :: :ne ;rsa:ar ::nesien.

in Orac:ica, :ners ars.many ty:es / sci!s -nica exnici: =c :.7 ie:se ai '-ic:icn ae:

some :egese of ::nesion - sil ty sancs is an examcle - arc :re neesssare Ortssurs ':P W

ese scils mili :e scmewners :e: ween :ne ranges snewn in :ne :i age:c, 2; Z. e id W,

H h.*cact'en eec

- :? ii:rae rr ::meact:es

e ':1 1 :w i eg ' ac ::e s a r s o f :r ima ry s i gn i .8icancs ' r :ne ::meac:icn s7'se: :!

D s*

p-4 vi:ra:Ing rol!ars: EEE ci?

,. F. ~it

.ca:i: 4eign: (sta:i a

ii ear I:ac) *.m d

=9 tcuerev arc twei :.ca

44

%.m=er /

-s i : r s : : . g : r .ms '"I!

er. :

%.me e r : ? :J s s e s W:

Zi ".

4:1 te s es S: 4 ed *

-o.

M G

w-sm CN w

f"*A d

p M

Lt N1 -

EG

4

. 6 2 vs.

R 1

if :ne static weignt of a vibrating roller is increasec, witn otner fac:ces Q5 h_

(frequency, 490l i:'.de, e::) unenanged, :Me static anc cynamic ;ressures in :ne h-soil will increase more or less procor:ional :o :nc increase in weign:. Com- C 07-pac:fon :ests also nave confirmec :na: for example :Ne cec:n effec: of a viorat- b;m ing roller accroximately is se::ce:ional :o :ne roller weigne. The s:a:ic linear N"-

94-Ioad. Eig 3, is :Merefore often given as a coller Jarameter. Also for vi3 rating (.

v.

rollers. p;,

F?

n The influence en the comoac: ion ef fect of f recuency and amelituce nas :een cis-C k.

cussec as long vibrating rollers have been on the market. As a rule the com- J.,

w~

aacticn effec nas a maximum value at frequencies between 1500 and 3000 <ibr/ min {.,

but :Ne frequency curves are generally 00mparatively flat, "ig 4 An increase p.

p in amcli tude gives in the wnole frequency range a more Oronounced increase in O '-

meac:icn anc cecch ef fect.

For viera:ing rol'ers wnien shall comcac: large EF volumes of soil and rock fill in : nick layers a c0meination of Sign amoli;uce h.;

anc a frequency of 1500-1700 vibr/ min is :ne mos: su i :ac l e .

~or vibrating rollers designed for aschal: : m=ac: ion :ne Occimum frequency is nigner (see below).

On recx fill and granular soil s :ne roller sceec nas a marked influence on :ne ccmcac: ion effect, es ecially on nign lif:s. For vibracing rollers Ocerating r9 on granular soils :ne cotimum sceee is in :he range 3-6 km/h. For :!ay ccmcac- UE

lon witn : mearatively :nin lifts :he economic s:eeo is nigner : nan for recx fill anc ;ranular soil s, h

Nb also :ne relationshic between f rame acc drum mas s nas a certain Ou: more pg limitec influence en :ne c:m0ac: ion tifec:. ?-incipally a neavy frame is k!f favouraele. Du: :nere is an uccer limi: acove wnica :Ne mass of :Ne frame :t- "

gins to :accen :Ne vibrations excessively. **!

as T e crum diameter -as :s :e rela:ec :o :ne s:ati: linear icac. At increasing ua gg s:a:ic linear teac also :ne : rum ciame:er mus: :e i,creasec. Ei p!.

95 h3 r<a bh em C2 Le k!

Lw h4 05 P-

3. F-m-

h5

t. -,At3lricarten ;r tatts'stra atristseg 7 ::, e4C?MN 7:me 4s ua l systems of soil !assi.'ica:icn ars -c; est atse cirec:'y is :.9e ::m:4c:ico (n,i

-s

narsc:aris:Ics :f :.7e soil. 7:ge:ner i:n 3r leng: 3 rems, :irsc: r :/ *se i=ecisn "actscani:2! 'nsti ;*s. :ne su ner nas s.qges:sc a sosi :tassi'I:at'On svs:sm :ase On ::meac:!:n : aracteristits.

e. :

T*ts :r::csec :' as si:a cion sys:en :nsi s:s :/ : e

':iiewing ?:ur rinci:al gr ues:

v.1 EM V?

t. Acck fil! anc ;ranular soils i:n large s::nes anc :culcers bb,'

ii. Ianc anc gravel ni:n less : nan i-IC% :/ 'ines l'-

A . 'se i l -g r ac ec .

hh

3. 'Jni.':rmly ; raced Di n~-

i. Sit:. sil:y soils, e :

A. $ i l :7 sanc. silty ; ravel,

[:.".

morsiaes [.T

3. !! ! ;. sancy sil:. :!avey sanc anc !ayev gravel L.

'/ . Oiay C-W A. *:av i:n !m. Or ecium s:rsng:n b-act 4

3. , lay . :n nign s:rseg:n gg Ircua 1. 1eex 'i!!

-<=

~

8 cad :a::ings ine:ugn rock ars ge::ing nors anc ces c:mmen, anc -:cx *ii' is :e,eg ~

asse := an incess,l eg ex:sne is em:ankmen: 'i;l.

aximum s::ns si:s anc ;esca:icn :/ e:cx 'ill is :sterminec :y :e :y e anc cudi;;y Bgg

? :na :cx anc :? :ne :ias:Ing :recacurs. 8-imar? -:cxs as grani :e anc -rei s s C4

-ave a ti;.9 s :r eng :n anc :ce :ias:ac r:ck 'iti .i!! ::ntain :nly a smal; secun: Of

$1

[G

- res. No r a s ::as:isg *:e :a::iajs ni!! :r: cues a :: arse :ck 'Ti! its a am hh s::ne si:s :/ '.i m anc cre. B l a's :i ag i :n sma l l :is:ancas :e: ween :es :=rt 0.ts 4

42

:::4., a or. 'r e-grairec ;rac eren e.sei:s in a su=s:an:iai isc asa :< :.. N ek, sm.a

ias:i g ::s:.. .. r.n :n e :cx ::nsi s:s or ure, sanes::ne. i : a e .. . :: . . :. - : a s : : ;

g;S

cx 'Til .i:1 :::ain a smaller .ax s::ne si:s anc a !arier :entant / ': es. O'e I

:ne =ri;ia :! :ne r:ck. :ne s::nes are c':sn 'l a: itn -ean ecc sur'acas.

Ga l O.

- . ;. de ::r'.ri,cas in i: ing:., are ;raca: en riso r: :, ;ria: :i " i iness :::-es,

,9 9

s-

. :r::.re s :r :;'es en: :v:es :/ -:cx > : , . . :: i: ::si::ia :: ; ia : . ' :: :s N

u

%n=

-:14 i#'t tN as v *eans :! al#A ita ::m aC 'On an0 I 's

2. :t : 14 .* :*s: !f

%.4 r -

meac:::n :s :/ i:, ' "II iar;se i :=r:ancs ':e -:cx : t :? ::w. Or e m : 4: :' CJs '

. an ?:e ::4. s e :cx :::a i me: ' :., :ias:i ; :? 'i;n : a'-: -::x.

' E$

h n

b-=y Tc!

I.Q F:::

e.r$

me

c.

M sw

=

I

~

7 k w

in rock fill compaction the methoc which is used to spread the material is very k

im po rtan t. Tractor spreading in layers between 0.5 and 2.0 m results in a e m- Ei p

paratively hemogeneous fill due :o :he spreacing procedure wi:n the dozer blade. [

Fig 3 A ccmearatively dense and even surface for :he coilers :o work on is ob- k tained. Normally a maximum s:ene size of 2/3 of :he layer :nickness is allcwec. b V

r.

r.,

K:

Vibration has since many years proved :: be :he mos; efficient metnod :o ::maac: E ecck fill, necium-heavy and in most ca'ses heavy vibrating rollers are :ne types l.s e.

of macnines wnich wi:h few exceptions are used for rock fill compac: ion. Only g-througn heavy vibration it is possible :o move and relocate :he large s:enes in !

he fill wnich resul ts in the necessary densi:y and s:abili:y. Since :he vibra- a I

tions are :ransmi::ec :hrcugn :he contact coints netween the particles the damo- p F.

ing effec: will be larger in fine-grained rock fill ccmcarec wi:n coarse rock L.

fill. P.

It is :herefore possible to c:meac: coarse rock fill in :hicker layers ar ,

nan rock fill containing more ?!ne : articles.

Acck fill is nowacays with few exceotions vibrated wi:nout sluicing of the fill . pH s.on An efficient comoac: ion of rock fill nor tally resui:s in a set:lemen: of 4 :o 3% %

of :he layer :nickness. As a resul: of c moac: ion :ests a max layer :aickness h of up :o 2 - 2.5 m can be recerrmenced for :he trac:Or-drawn vibracing roller h g

yce Dynacac CH 61, wi th a static weignt of 15 tons, Fig 6. Ccmpac:icn :ss:s 0 6=

have also i.ndicated :ha: a layer of fine material n :00 of :he rock fill sub-stantially recuces the cecch effec: of the vibrating eclier. The :rac:ce-spread layer of rock fill shoule :herefers be ::moacted wi:hou: any extra fine material 5

en :co of the fill. W in rock fill ccmcaccion he rollers are sucjected :o great s:resses. Sollers e

M.5 designec Only for soil c:moac:icn have not :ne necessary s:reng:n anc life- ime b g

to operate en rock r.ill. >=

M aa Leac-: earing tests on unc:m:ac:ec rock fill c:meared wi:n :ss:s On vibratec Ock ?.O

).

fill have incica:ed :ha t :ne loac-: earing cacaci:y is increasec up :: 10 times Ch

nrougn an efficien: c mcac:icn. In nell c meac:ec rock ?ill of g:cc quali:y

ne se::!ements are prac:!cally nil. d ia

"J

p r

(d

's in c!.

4 e;

e.e R

u a

3. r-fM FN me as

= cern incus talai Olants of ten recuire very lar a anc even arsas 4i:.7 mi;n Icac- pc

earing :acaci:y are small s e t:l emen t s . In Scancinavia .ners :Ne :sertin /:sn i s M me

$ni!

.neven One way :: sci se : sis Orc:lem nas :een :: use r:ck exca va t icn :: Isvei Ou:

S"'

tre :srenin. '.:wer areas are f

il ec -i a ::mcac: c :cx 8i: : usually ::mcactsc in SU

9 iayers .i: n f3 or ti ::n ::wec vitetti g stses, V

er

~Se ew Octnencur; i1:sena:Icnal air:ce: is : ting ::ns: rue:sc in :ne same av. -ere I g7 nn it niil be neces sary :: excava s 3.6 nm3 :/ r:cx anc :nis is mace a: a :acaci:y :! WL 13 2C0 :: 12 200 m3 a day. Fc r succase anc =ase ::nstrue:icns. :acx ! ills in :.secnes dE w.

anc ':e as:nal: sur'acings I.1 M ::ns =f c.usnec -Ocx are 3r:cucac. The :avemen: El rs

ns:ruction is smcwn in Fi; 7

{."

V:

tr a-

!: is in:sess:ing : ? cts :na: :Ne :::21 ::meac:icn scui: ment :n :ni s si; ai rd'si: C' e4

ns:ruc:!cn ::nsi s:s :? :ne ':ll: wing Oynacae ::meac::rs: t*4 ES

. One 3 ::n :.ic::rceswa : lier EN cne t ) .a ::n "

. One ti ::n ,,,;

. T c 10 ::n vibra:ing ancam r:i t ers hhf

. A numcer =f :lats ::mcact:rs mainly !:e :rseen ::=cac:icn

. un f

k 3r"4: II. 3anc arc -*1 vel 1 tra::ry ::mcac::es aes s/?se ive anc ec:remicai aise in scils :ei:nging :: ;r:u: u,i

. : :- ti;n: vi rig:ry ::meae::rs ;:ce ::meae:;en .ssui :s :an :e acni evec. i' :. e s aver f

Ni:xness i s l imi :se. 9ecium anc'neavy .eign: <i:rs:ing P:llers are a:is :: ::m:ac:

sanc an: ; ravel in :ni x !ayers, ::m ars i; :. ,

.x.

' E3 r-?

r=

l 6: is is:Or ant :: :: serve :ne ci f feesn: ::= ac:icn :r :erties of 'ese-trai ning safe ff!

anc ; ravel ::m:ars: i:n ::ner ty:es :/ scils. **; 3. Sanc anc ;ravei reaca : s E55 w

9i;res: :se s i :V al:se-a:ively in a c:mele:ely :rv r :n a ::m:lessiv 44 :se-sa :.r s =- EU

.1

--.s s:2 s. *n :ne irge :e: ween, a: :ne ccmai naturai ~4:sr ::n:se:s. ':wer :ses.:'ss Ee' ars :::Ji se. Me :r::::e :arves :? sanc anc gravei ars. wever, :? en ::m: ara: .e >

??$

a: .ni:n eans :.a: s?3i:ien: <; en::rv ::m:4c:. e a: : e -a:afi, 4:sc ::-:en:s m$;

g a- ,

resui :s :- ::m: ara:;veif 9i;n :ensi:iss ni:n in anv :ases :an :s ac::: s . : s .-: . . : 1~i

.22

s ::servec. cwevar, :. 4: vi:ra::en :? :ne a:sclai a: a -4:se-sa:.es: : s 2:s ss. :s IE_".

m.

T- a :efinitsiv -igrer :snsi:y, atso :ne ::::n e?ese: : : e ,::es::ry ::m:a ::. ;

r*

Nd tar;se :' : a:erial si .,a:se-sa:;es:se, p;j

.=

bn d.i:-.

P%

)

r

9 i::

as IO If sanc or gravel contains a cer:ain amcune of fines, :ne soil is not longer F free-craining and will :ec me elastic and scringy wnen :ne water con:ent is b g

t..

nigh, and in :nis state :he material will be more difficui: :o ccmcac:. As re- r.

Ya gards coccac:icn, :nerefore, it is a great advancage if :ne :er:en: age of fines &

in sand and gravel is less : nan 5-10%, recresenting :ne max content of Fines fer D[**

soils in Groucs 1 and 11. ?

B F.-

s-in ene case of uniformly graded gravel and sand i: is difficui: to cocain a $

r high cegree of comoac: ion neaf to :ne surface of the fill . Ocwn :o a deoen of A 10 : li cm ene ccmcac: ion acnieved wi:n medium or heavy vibrating or static W p

rollers is icwer : nan at greater ce :hs, ig 9 This is due :o :ne low snear t-F-

strength of :ne uniformly graded materials. The materials is :ressed uo beninc

{

ne roller drum and :ne surface layer therecy retains a : meara:ively Icw den- h s i ty . The low degree of ::=cac: ion near :ne surface d=es not usually have any 0:

v great significance in prac: ice. When a fill is placec in several layers, :ne Ee for-'er too surf ace is compac:ed wnen :he nex: layer is rolled. Mcwever, :ne b di f ficui:y of c=meac:ing :ne surf ace layer sncuid e kect in :ine, for examole, M wnen carrying cut ccmcac:icn :ss ts, n

u 2eco-::meac:icn of sand New areas fer industrial plants and. nar:our evelo ments are seme:imes :uil: On E nycraulic fill s of sanc dredgec f r0m :he sea tot :m. The :ensi ty and :ne sear- M ing cacaci ty can be imorevec by efficient cynamic : meac:fon. The same acvant-age can be 00tained :rougn ccm action of na: ural layers oi sand wi:h 10w den-n g

. L sity, for exaccle :o increve :ne ground conci: ions for buildings and reads. Cn se F.

a num=er of such sites heavy vibra:ing ecliers fr0m Oynacac nave during recen:

{

years been used for ef ficient dee: c:mpac:fon. h 44 l

53 Ceec-: mcac: ion with heavy vibracing rollers is rimarily sui:a:le F:r c0ecac- $

tien of sanc anc gravel wi:n a max :On:ent of sil: of 5 :: 12%. x A: ceec-: m- p

action :ne water level is of:en nign wnicn means :na t :ne soil i s wa:er-sa:ur- h-c:",

3:ec, ::meare Fig 3. In a wa ter-sa turatec sanc :nere i s no a: aren: ::nesien #,

e.

wnicn crea:es conci:icns for a gccc cec:n e?#e :. I: is also :cssi:le :: in- U E:s

rease :ne :ec:n effec: by using a large num:e of : asses - in :Nis :ase seme- g IR

imes u: :o 15-20 casses. At ::m:ac: ion wi:n neavy <i:rs:Ing r0llers : e : m- u M

action ef#ec: : wn :o say a ce: n of 2-3 m i s mainl y re! a:ec :: : e dynami: ,Q

ressures ;eneratec by :ne roller in :ne soil, S g

I a

., e.

ed. -

ac :ce:ing c: a :necry given =v : *acce ioni a , :3e ::mcac:icn t/'ec n larger :ecess is sainly :ecencing en ;3e numcor of 1:44 cyc l es F - m :ne reifer. Thi s :secev :an

h6 9

sa: lain :ne favoursele ef'ac: Of a large summer Of rciler : asses.

5$

Y~

Jere -acer :ressures :reacec in :se scii :y :ne vi:raciens :an :n b.

n .

?, ::rer 9anc :e g

a egativa 'ac::e -its sgar :: :ne ::m=ac:icn ef'te:. *easuremen:s :? :ne :ces gg c4:sr Orts surss curing :es ::m:4c:icn :/ sanc , ave incicacac : Pat :rcse :rsssures be w .

are seveilec cut a/:er 10 : !! minutes. Tnis 9eans :3ac taca *:i er : ass Over :ne surf ace shouic :ake :ar af tse a :setain :ime interval wnica scemalIy is easy ::

arrange On large : meaction areas, pm q

s.n u-

.C7.

a suita le *:lling 5: esc aC *ee: ::m: action is 1-4 km/h. 5-g, C1 w.

i1vestigati:ns anc felicw J: *f :Ne tJtt m: action Ptsults at *Sec ::meac #:n i s *C P- ht*

ailv wace v means :f scuncings *eignt scuncings r s:stic :enet? me:sr scun - ~Ed i9gs =ners :Se resi stanca : :3e :enetracien Of a ::ne Meac i s au::maticaiiv anc

ntinucusly regis:srec.

T;e Ortsen; ex:eriencas tgarting Ocssi Ie :ecca e/dsc:s ac :ee -c: :Ac:icn :?

sanc 1 ave :een summari:Sc in Ta l e ! . .

a ,eri intsres:i's exam le / :ee -c:meaction 4i :5 ,eavv Oyaa:JC P:l:ers is :Ne few secemous 5 :sel :lant ("$:llvert 30") new uncer ::ns* ve:ica in :Ne Oi:V :! - i sk i9 :se ce:n :/ iwesen. The :lan: uill :s si:uatac :n a averauiic sanc ! ::n- f La sint*g l3 .* 13 anc :*Vering an arsa :/ 3 km*.

me

meac : t e.n.:.P. .:.:me

-- . ----- i e :s i v .:rv---

sand dJ M4 The :iagram :; 3 :!early in:Ica:ss :na: sane anc ; ravel ::ca in :ne n i;.,es : : gene ba em i

/ ::meac:ica ti:ne- 00mele: sly Cry Or ::cCle: Sly s a : 4.~ 3 : 20 . 'ic *" a l 1 ~40.?3! I*

h*J sanc :e ;ravei a:er;4ls -ave cis:ure ::n:ents s mewners :::..een :N:14 :..c ::*-

[

Oit'Oes 60 su f

T4 I9 **v

I *a:St. *:We'# e r . ::m Ie!Siv ArV lancs Irl I meIi es Ur I* U I '

'*SI *3 k6 a : css.:i' :v :: :::ain verv ;::: ::m ac:.:n ssui:s 4i :n v::ri: ' ; :; 'e s. .$@

I4swl*s L3

! " ::t*" :ss

s mi !N a ribraci9q :ia 3 ::m:aC* " 2*:I a tts **a! : m"a

" i.[4 l

l

' :n :! a :: :it:siy : .-v sar: is even ers 'avouri:ia :ran ::m:ac: ' :e a: a .a:ar g la t'4 r a t t: s:a's, *I; I 3. 4; sc !?e :4 :n t## tt- is i crease: * !?t ::m:st:t'< :*v e]-

Ad km sai; d7'

--um I

\

b1 en, I

t-II. y What i s sa i d her e ;s s been con f i r ed by p r ac : i ca l experiences at various road F pl h.-

constructions. Self-procelled vibrating rollers :yce Dynacac cA 25 anc CA 25 0 ".-1 have reached very geoc resul ts on completely dry sands. Scecified censi:ies nave pl been cocained wi:n layer :nicknesses u3 to accu: 1 m. As in :ne mccel :ss:s cen- .$

si:les arounc 100% Fod Proc:ce have :een measured in :ne ue=er :ar:s of :ne fill. kY'-

I Group ill. Site. sil:v soils. e::

W.

f.g b

During recent years the possibili:les :o c:moac: site, clay and other fine- E E.i .

grained - often very C0hesive soils wi:h vibra:Ing rollers have become more k T*

anc more covious. References can be made to resear:n acek as well as : prac- L.

ical experiences.

p-V h,2 Medium-neavy and heavy vibrating rollers nave been usec wi:n gocc resui:s on W, w-fills in Grouo lil. One example is morainic soils wnien of:en contain s:enes wi:5 a large maximum si:e. Of :his reason i: is necessary te be able :o e m-ac: sucn material s in c:moaratively : nick layers wnich can be mace wi:n heavy viarating rollers. Very geoc exceriences wi:n :ne ccmcac:icn of morninic soil s g

nave been cocained at different Swedisn dam building projects. The fill nas p.s been comcac:ec in layers of acout 75 cm with 10 :en : wed vibracing rollers. .

Meavy vibracing rollers have also been used on sil:y sand as well as on pure Such soils have been sue:essfully :Omoactec in layers ue := accu: 75- w sil:.

g 100 cm in :nickness with 10 :o 15 :en vibracing rollers.

Q

.m. .

Cr:uo lV. CIav The ::mcac:fon enarac: eristics of clay are nignty decencing on :ne ~ater :en- h me

ent. When :ne wa:er content is low :ne clay is nar: and firm, u: if :ne water concent increases accve :ne ctimum :ne consi s tency of :he !ay :ecomes g

Esj w

more and more clas:ic. Clay naving op:imu.a wa ter :On:en: *ecui es a large : m- d

ac:icn effce . The machines wnich are usec mus: exer rela:ively large e:m-t~Q

ressive and snear forces on :ne ma:erial. Wien ali ty es o f : meac: ors , ::m- Lo ac:icn mus: ce :ene in layers ai:n a icwer :nickness ::: carec ai:n ncn-c:ne-sive soils. Fpi O

For vi:ca:ory : meac:icn of suca : nesi ee ma:erial s unica 9eec a large : m ac- *i I! -

ion effor :wo ,ain al:er a:ives are :ossi le. !C in seme :ases eavv vibra:ing 2:::

tu LD N

k r:Ilers wi:n a smocen cr am 94vas :een usec wi:n ;:ce resui:s. The : ente 41 :ar ra t i ve re is eitracing :ad! cot c:llers, Fig II. On :Mi s r i f er :ne : riving *i:n :'.c e20:er- *

! ss is ::moinec wi:n crama: rive. O rv , na r:-c mcac :sc : t a y s a rs ::.-reac :sc i n 'ayers

? accue 30 :s : secue 100% icancar: a-:c.:P wi :n '4 :: 6 =assas.

M 5

s :i?'seseca :etveen a vi: racing anc a s:a:i: :ac!:ce rei:er is :cac :Ne <itrat-i,g e:i t er :an ::meac: :ni:xer lavers. !: is ai sc uen cre <eriaciis 4i:n sgre:

:ne :yce :/ scil, :ue :: :ne ::mcinec effec: :/ :re s:stic anc :ynamic 8:r:ss.

~41:n a si:rs:ing :acf:ce roller oe: : lays can :e ::meactac i, ::nsi:ers:iy :3i xer .a*

avers : nan cry c!avs. anc in :he field :!avs of ten , ave a watse ::n:en: ani:n :en- w si:ers:ly excesos :ne ::cimum. Clay of :nis naturs, anien : s ers Or ' ess ias t!:. .L'- . ' . . -

W.

L,..

an te ::meac:sc wi:n a limi:sc ::meac:icn e??:r: in:: a -cecgscecus ass nav' g #y.

7 an airvoi ::ntant Of nc: crs : nan i :: ICdi. 3u: :ne matar ::n=en: :! :ss :!av ',

anec t :e rseucac eces inan marginally, sven :v in:sosive ex secsc ::=cac:icn. .

ween :ne .acer ::ntan is nuestantially nigner : nan :ne :::imum, :ne :egese :/

:ac:!:n <i l l :e ::mearacively Icw, even :ncugn :ne ai r sci ::nten: av :s : w.

icteci es i; nay :e !sasitis :: :laca al:arnacs ! avers :/ a granular scii anc :!ay. AlI ci

cvan: ages nav :e securse :arougn :ne 'ascar crainage of :ns :!ay. ' ime s:a:ili:a-

ica is anctner -ay := imereve :ne :uali:y :/ ,.ec ' t: avs -ni:n i s usac := an increas- p

?g extent. 00meacticn of II e-1:acili:sc !ay i s anctner sui:2:le accl ica tien :!

a sidracing :acf:ct lier, fig 12.

7

~,=

9ecan: :ss:s anc ex erieness -ave i-ci:a tac :na c a:srial s !:'<e snai s 2n: wea:rses:

r :x al so are <ery well :rusnec arc ::mede:ec *i:n ei:es:i.g :acf:ct r:!iers, a l :sena tivel y ;.i :n savy vi:ra cing r:l l ers wi :n sece ta : rum.

Q

$N

. 3A!! :No tus!A32 ::.=oic TON

~ M

e ;rinular :ases, <i:ra ::ry ::=:ae:icn is sines many years : s s:an=4e: ::.:ac :n

r::. -' -e s:ee! ' sc : ens i:y .sua l lv i s 55 :: ';:4 : eans : a:

2 Oc::r -ni:n Q r.

ne -ax laver :ri:< ness -as :: :e ::wer : nan in se:ansmen: ::::ac:i:r. e: 1.m-savv < T:es:! g rei ers are {.

c- a!!v .see. ut: a s:::i: : rum ei; : :? a::a:

i ::ns ' 5 :a:i: : ear ::ac a:cu: 25 '<g/:m) ;ranuiar :ase ,a:se:a > =an er ai: e :e g

Q ei:ra:e: in tavers 2: :: :5 : :: :ss s:ecie :ers i :y . :e :ase ::::ac: ' :e se:'- 3 m-J

el's: 'ei: s*'*g reiites are 434: :: an creasi*g ex S";

b Mi a

D we w

Ln W<

b

13 -

Suecase ".cmoaction represents an intermedia te range between emoankment ind case compaction. The suboase consists of main 1y granular :ypes of soi!, ou: a _rM4 'r-j tively hign percentage of fines is allowed in many count.-Jcn 'Tne soecifie- . . . . - .

censity is usually higner enan for cha cm.c,.n kmen t and heavy vibrating rollers may of fer good adva-caqss for compac: ion of suen semiconesive :yces of suecase E

~4 trials. Suecase ma terial s :ons i s ting of "f ros: resistant" sanc or gesvel i?.

W (wi th a very smal l max cer:entage of fines) can te efficiently comoac:ec in E p

tnick lif:s, say aeou t 50 cm, wi th medium-neavy vibracing rollers. t Ue

! t.".,

i c.

_V i _b r_a t_o r.y .

_on_o

. _com.o_ac_f - f .s.o_i l c.e.m_en_t

- v g

The vibrating rollers developed for asonal: corroac: ion nave orovec :o de very y efficient comoac: ion tools also for compac: ion of soils s:acili:sc wi:n cement. ~,7 N

M YsA As for ocner material s cf :he same or similar :yce - ordinary concre:e, asonal: ~

concrete, etc - ne degree of comoec: ion has a decisive influence on :ne quali:y of tne produc:. An increase in censity of say 5% will increase :re s:reng:n

. wi tn say 20 :o 25%. ,cor soil cemen: ene danger of sneinkage reacing :o cracks is a general concern. Also nere :ne degree of comoac:f on is of large icoor:ance, p rig 13 :=11 as4 Vibrating rollers of :ype Dynacac CC 20. CC 41 and CA 25, Fig 14, normally nesc 5

Q 3 :o 4 casses :o reach 38 to 100% sod Proc:or (100-110% 5:ancar: croc:ce) on @c e

soil cament. The possibili:y :o acjus: :ne vieration in:ensi:y is very useful a: :ne comoac: ion of soii cement. As on asonal: surfacings suceer : ired coliers g

k" give cefinitely lower censities.

s On San Francisco Interna:ional Air:or: 'JSA 4 10 :on and a 14 :en viara:Ing

, :andem roller from Cynapac nave seen usec firs to comoac: a :ement-s:acill:ec

I suocase and :nen a cemen -stacill:ec case (CT3). On :co of : nose :wo layers W as:nal :oncrete nas placec in four 7.3-10 cm lif:s anc :omcac:ec ui n :ne same Q t,q i.

rollers wnica ere usec for :ne : ament-s:acili:sc layers. %

N h,

a w

N wW N

b a.

M m

M5 Yd R*

x ma

,n

" ,/

n.

3 '/ r 1R A70RY ::Pfac7tos 3r AspwAL7 Y pm Vibra: ry ::meac:icn of as nal: surfacings caerssents a ::mearatively new anc very 0:

istsrss: leg evele: ment line.

e_m.

85-D

c li: racing : lata ::m=ac::rs anc smal! ty es of sinra:Ing Oliers .ers asec alreacy ((

auffSg :ne IC's 'Or as nal: essa i r anc 'e r sma l l :4ving J:cs. 77 e ices :: :eveiec UE vi:racinq c:llers wi:n a sufficient :acaci:V al so f r esquise anc large :aving Y*

Joos en reacs, hignways, airfieles, s::. , was a na: ural :=nsecuenca of :ne gecc D g;

w.

resui:s :ocained wi:n smal!ar :y=es of viera::ry ::=:ac::es :n asenal:. 55 M-u re PC 19 !?63 Oynacac in:.:cuced a :: ::n vibrating :ancam relier ni:n vi:ra:Icn anc .ti

rive on :o:n :.ums Cynacac 00 LO. The e:ller 9ac articulaese s:sseing anc l'i.

t.o.

ne:ugn a ava.-Os :a:i : rive systen :ne s: esc ::ul: :e ,arise in!*ni:aly '. :m :se: tm gg nas a: :: :ne max scesc. The system / viara:icn :n :c:a : rums mas ssui tse in in-s

""v

rsasec ::m=ac:!cn ca:aci:y. 3 rive en toen : rums gives very ; ce :. ze:icn anc ::!

gg ai se less :encencies for :ne drum :: :usn anc :.-ack :ne :: asenal: nix.

g

. m 7: cay :ne vnacac esnge includes : ness si:ss Of :nis ty:e :/ e:iise:

. 00 23 stati: -ei;n: : ::ns , sui: =4 e ?:e ~ ors :n s:. ests. acs, :arting I::s , . 3q

'ac::ry yar:s se , ners :o:n :acaci:y anc nanceuvra:iii:y are reculesc ? :e :ns RE

=

P: lier, ig f i. b<s:

W3 w

em 20 61, s:acic .eign: 10 ::ns, sui:ami s ':e -ces en reacs , c: rways , airdisics E an: cener largs :r:Jec:3.

i; : . M, gt E

0 30 a, s:a:ic .eign: t; ::ns.' sai:aol e ?:e verv Iarge :avi,; J::s :n c::r- FM

.4y1 anc airdieles. @

50 pg N5 i

The encies :? vibracica :arametses is, as for sci! ::m:ac::rs, 4 ,t ry imece an: b

.'a c ::e !:e vi:ra:Ing asonal: c:llers. 7:cern :yces / vi:ra:i ; r:ifers ::ers:s

-i :n ' ecuencies in :.9e range ; 500 - 3 *C vi:r/ min anc i:n am=lita es in :ne E c}

-sege 2.k- .3 m. The ynacae 0 --el i ers an: :ne : ice :? :A--: iter rave a :244 U3 we ameli tu:e sys:en, nien axes i: :cssi:le := ac].s: :ns ::= ac:i:n ss:: :: $3 wa l

25##S. en :S:i*?:Ss.

i N,o m

w*

EN

m ar1*Ivt *ss:s :e: ween *I##5 e t c. ty:es ! as*Nal: P:l l tes :l Aari f incica:s

[

l :na : vi:ra:i ; :i : e. s .;:n :we ,i:es:: g :. yms .: :: re.- a r s :. e :y: s :? a:-i,,,

l $4

-ni:n , ave :re :es : ::m=ac :i:n e?'se: :n as:na;: -ixes :? :i'*eren: :v:es. .":ra:-

-lD

-6,4 i g r:i t ers .i :n :n. ,i:Pa: I ng :. us, ::== ina:i:n :i!aes as 4ei' as s:2::: smeets f3 h

u.

hD

n UN 44 E2

h.

!$. P.

k-wneel rollers and rubcer-tired rollers have accorcing to availaele :es: resul:s E' given lower censi ties : nan vibrating rollers wi:h :wo vibrating drums. One b e.;.-

L example of ::mcarative tes: results is given in Fig 17. Vibratory : meac: ion K makes i: ;ossible :o : moac: ef ficiently al so such very narsn anc s:iff mixes

{5:-

containing crusnec material wnica resui: in stacle anc wear-resis: ant asonal:

surfaces. FJ w..

rs. .

Rueber tired rollers give a ign: anc smooth surface anc are consicerec :c

roduce an as nal: pavement wich'1:w permeamility. Recent inves: iga: ions mace by the California Decar: men: of Transcor:ation have snown, however, :ha: :ne $

ermeability of a : mpacted asonalt pavement was lower af:er vi ratory ::m ac- b t'

tion than af:er s:atic co!Iing. T h

Previously i: was -hough: :ha: :he cemeac: ion effec: of a vibra:Ing roller ce-F CA cencec to a large ex:ent on the rolling sceed. Recent Swec'sn inves:igations,

nowever, provec : hat coller speed is of much less significance : nan was pre-viously assumed. Fig IS. ,

m

&ad The advan: ages Of vibratory comoac: ion of asonal: surfacings as ::mearec :o -

sca:ic rolling can :e sumarizec as follows:

Vibra:ory :moac:fon of aschal: makes i possible :o oo:ain a hign densi:y resul ting in hign strength and staoili:y, hign wearing streng:n anc low cermeacili:y of the ccm ac:ec a'senal: surface.

i A :narac: eristic feature of the use of vibrating rollers en as:nal: is :na t

he numeer of passes :an be sucstantially reduced ccmca. rec :s s:a:i: colling.

I: is :nerefore of ten ossible :o re: lace a: leas: :wo s :a:i rollers wi:h a g

st single vibra:ing roller. In :nis way :ne ccm action c:s:s can be suas:an- g3

ially reducec.

G A vi: rating :ancem roller can .ork in a simcie rolling :attern giving a M uniform cegree of c mcac:icn over :he wnole alc:n of :ne surfaca. D N

W.'.

Vibrating :ancem rollers witn cual acclitude are very versa:ile wi:n regar: M o different ty es and :nicknesses of as nal: surfacings. N5 iJ;;

W.;

V.t: ration makes i Mi

cssiele :s Ob:ain a sery ; od :: :ac:icn anc :!: sing ef- :.y

s. ,

fec: On l0ngitudinal an transversal join:s.

15 x

r e3

eG. r.- t

6. ICL'.i1 **Moac?ta 90.st.'sp *a nca r7; gg an.

as a resul: Of c:cetina:ec assaar:n ac:i ri:les c/ Tennessee '/all ev au:.9e ri :y WO gg

( 71A) anc 'J.3. ar y Ceres of Engi.9eers a me . ee :: ::meac: e -slum: ::nc.s:s n2 mi:n sel'-: cellse vi:ra Ing cellers 9as :esn :evelocec. icilse ::ecac:icn enacles muca ,igner :acaci:y : nan ::mcac:icn ai:n ::nces:s ei:ese:es. The s-el i er ::meac:sc ::nc. e s i s intancec #:r lar;s :am ::ns: rue:icas - :r:mari

f E""U g4 m

as lean mass ::nc. s:s #:e :ne inner : arts :/ :ne :ams. Ano:ner accl ica:ica i s w n- ,

i1 ! a rge 'cunca tion s t. ucturns f:e examcl e in 9uci sar :cwer :lants .

.D.S.

$a4 n

e.

The ac-slum: ::nc. s:s is :lacac in layers be: ween say 25 anc 30 m acenci1g kh On :re si:s o' :ne reller. Vibracing r:llers ui:n : rum : rive nave :enavec p very well also :n *,i s yce :/ ma:ari al .

HT.t-uu E-

>*a

&c

s. . =

JNCERVATI? **M84C?? CN a .'sw stars ago Jynacac :evelocec anc cellverse i:s 'Trs ancarwa:ar ::meac::e

:ne !=ecisn acmini st. acion :/ Ihi::ing anc Naviga:ica. It aas a crane ::ar-a:sc vi: rating :iata wi:n a s:acic weign: o f ! .3 ::n , :ne :c:::m :imensions 1.3 4 f.0 9 anc a :an:rifugal /cr:a cf 3.s ::ns. The ? scuency is i '430 <i:r/ min EM anc :ne sibrations ars ;enera:sc :y :wo sal'-synene:ni:ing sisc:ri: ce:r si:ra- *

es. This vibra::e . cw nas :een sue:assively usac 'cr uncerwa:ar ::meac:!:n a:

wo lign:- cuse ::nstruc:!cns anc a nar: cur ::ns:.uction in verway. A: :n i s -a r-

cur ::ns:.ue:icn tre sibra::e was usac :: ::mcac: t0 :*3 23 :! :.usne aggesga: ,

esciaci g a f ayer :/ : lay waien was ersc;ec Ou:. a ::nc.s:s :uay : ens:r';cti:n

.as :!acsc :n :nt ::m:ac:sc 54: aria l , Fig !3. f_l The sf?icient :se:n s/?se: :/ :ss 23.'

si: rat:r is 3.75 :: 1.3 : :u: a cartain ::meac: Ion e?fse: is c:aigec : mue.- E9.

iseger tes:ns.

k 6.2 LC incesasing num:er ! uncerwater : nstrue:icns are cw ancerway i9 :isesn:

a r s *.' *ne cel: anc

m ac I:n uncer aa:ar il in SanY ases 9*:ssIJry. 3 S*

gg

tssac a::ll:a:!:.as #:r ncerwater ::m acti:n Nave :asm #:u.9:a:: ns # 0e o

Or::qs

[$

iers an *i!' scan: -art:u. ::ns:ructicas. '.arger :*i es # e ' : r 5 *: r'e en *r*4*se ea gpi

m act:r$ ars Orssen*!e 5*u:isc 'y .<MacaC. Ud, gy 39 M

.*a. .an ... .;,3 ~

net uw E':

rw

.ars .:ris:ia: ..,,.

D.2 1

"5 kd s-S,

17. >

r*

E Taole 1 Oeo:n effec: a: :eso-cor-cac:icn of sane G

ts Aaller

ype Geo:n for pecium-cense !

rela:ive :ensi:y !) l ax ceo:n 'or

ensi:y increase l

f 3,

i I 5:

3-:en erse:orerswn roller 1.5 - 2.0 m i accu: 1.5 m I, P IO-ton " "

2.0 - 2 5 m I "

35m f &

" " 7 13-ton 3.0 - 4.0 m "

5 m ..-

15-:en 3.5 - 4.5 m j 6 ,

y 1

I) De: ermined by souncings fl r- .

i f'.

I bamole of caoaci:v calculation

. The compac: ion cacaci:y of a ro!!er is:

'14 q ,

CxVx $x 0x 1000 p

wnere Q = comcac: ion cacacity, m3/h l*

W = drum widen, m S = colling sceed, km/h .&r ni 0

N =

= layer :nickness numoer of p.ssses d

'Ei C = efficiency fac:or = 0.75 a: soil comoac:f on i

wt Lamole: QA 15 a: comcac: ion of sanc '

w = 2.13 , *k'

$ = 5 km/h 0 = 0.5 m (ses :able 2) M N = 6 (see :aole 2) h 0.7s 4 2. n x 5 < a.5 x oco ,3,3 pj 2 , ,

3..

=

a

.t

l

~2 l u i

N E4 m

is si m

5

_ es_ _

__ ~

2 .

T.

'o* .: 4

- t %

3 J 3 0 J

3 .u a eee3 = 3 3 3 See

=A e

o a a o e3 a3 cSt..

== ce ce N m M N6mtehrt atote! a a 3 o o Seal

=N N m Niet 333 3 .s 3 NNm e q J K

7f --

1 a

=e w 3 1 at -

-, p. .

{A e t

., . .- a t me .== 3 0 '

1l : 3 3 3 3 Osc4 3 33 3 33 33 33 3 =toselol 6

} *2 i 33 3 8

' 7 t- 3 Ciaieta 18 =3u s

N m m W o % Nwwus eoa3 ciel N a# o =wi ae=

N as l

il .

A 4 '

5t I-

$l

.. > uu

>2 i a

j b g

I >= >=

.=1

l v

]1 1 - --

1 0

4 a

== A ua 2 C 3 3 SicletctelO .

1 33 3 Stela 333

u = 8 3 3 o 3 Sieteselote o o a Steio ae3

= . *u 8

m m m -r o m lN6'=*6r:w N * # ceabr N =#

h-

=

y .A-

== 3. >1- a 9

a f b.

--1 3

= d A A 3J b.#

s A - 1

.T w >

S 4

u r. -

a' . s 3 r"*

- n 11 - e u L.*

A A =u e I' a id'

> t #

. * = 1 e u .* 1 W A f t'tr*

='*

A 3'j 3 3 3 38CfCfC 3 3 3 I a .M

.===t t

-=

i t

3 CICfSlO 3 3 3 3 b

. 3 4 e .*ecic e A 4 3 3 =leso 3 3 3

l 4 mm > = = =

= es 1 I 8 N ** M #1 t'%e C Nm#% * d'r'N.te 4 d** -r = .4" 4 ,

1 4

s l a ==..=.=

- a t y

= 4 A k i

] f =

. = i

,=1,

>e e

=

0 l I *

C >

?-

3 .

g l ! #

M w.

l 2

.a

==

=

2

==

.i "U i s

ClClcic Cl@lO 3 33 f

f u.

g 9

N 1

w

== 1 i

i SlotCIS CictC 3 3 3 SictclClO 3 CICicI314 3 SICICt 48Ci@t

=

g O J I'

=. +

D 3 3 3 s *thNetQ Gl0IP'* 4 e 3

"41WI C br Q ""'O N 3 6 e = .

1 t

-,={ = ={ 4 N 3 3 I n ,0 A 1

' ,3 r g ,

~

: =: a e

.E. R

.. . s

3

- ,u e

8, l-

i Cic C ul

==

9 -

1 S ate e Cic 3 33 SfCtetcfC 3 Sf30cf 8 9 M y

2 3 i

i -.to clCic h.e,wie e.sa mo433 = 3 Si=i=tase 3

.r :e .4 S i., e

.ict=:

-. e iv .

j -

~.

l

) = _l ! i 4m. .

- . emme i

1- u i f 1

f. ] f. === A 4 3lC Cu CICl =

. : = w I Sfc 3 : CICI = I A 5 =a A *J 1

af. = j 8

I l l l 3l@ Q {

l l l l l l 344 l l t

l I A

u . 4 I == l .= t N ==t='=

= *t == ==. I e

.6 A g ed A "

. 3 . *

=+==j 3 . A f ,

a 3

. A =? = u u f '

- ; == * * . A I 444 3 Ew.e g

- A {37 2A 8 4444444444 444444 - = .

= *s

. h !l O

~*

I b

,b; "d f e.- * ~ 3 )J=

=*2l ;- >- l $

. =.:

u. i a o .s u.

...t. - -

==

3 : i . . d

.E j '" ! 0 J 4 3# 9 **

ui =.9 : 9 ,t == # A 4 _3 e_ == # 4 _3 *% 3_ _4 4 _== - -

2

$l C :". O I e3 8*

i

~

u -. tag

t .9 8 7

.3 8 -!

d' 1

Z hUj 6 j W

-l j'. .

i Ui ; 7 A

, a, e.?

= , t -. . :=I

.rji: i --,

- . w s i a .. - ,fa

. . 'I y - t _u .i.A s

al: :ai .

ui 3; a .-. l i

i i

.l

.. a i _. -;

u

~

I.

p **

l I >* .b4.. . A A &L

. h}

e 98 #

s 4

% : I *7

,J i 4 ': t = =% a.= --====%-

.' 9 e m - a .9

. - 3-3 N ,

g

.i

) '

I g) == ** # # .9 4 - =* # 4 . . j == N N A -N ...e... N # e *

> g g . .J i.

e . g3g 3,

. .,.g

= . , , , . . J. e.

y.. <q<qgg _l. ;; ,, . . at t 8 -. ,. .w w . . . , ***Di . . . .,, D e .. . -l Nr .

L

lable J 'Heom.ausided sl ees of tractors for sowed vibrating rollers A. I'lHH mal [HIAL S Willi C000 0. RELATIVELY LOOSE HA1ERIALS Willi C. LOOSE inIERIALS Willi POOM IRACilON COH0lll0NS HEul0M IRACTION CONulil0NS 1RACTl0N CON 0ll10NS Iylie of Well graded firm unterials, Normal fill nuterials of gravel, Dry sand, wet clay, etc soller l ~,],' U" ' ' e y base sr.a ter ial s sand, sitt, clay etc Hubber-tired Crawler Hubber-tired Crawler Rubber-tised Ceawler tractos tractos tractor tractor tractor tractor C 10 1.fi I.0-1.5 ton _ 2 7-3.5 ton <4 ton ,

<4 ton 20 - 30 hk 60 - 80 hk < 40 hk < 40 lik gg ,3 3,g 2.0-2.5 tun '<4 ton _ 3-5 ton _

6-8 ton 40 - SS hk < 40 lik 40-50 hk $0-70 hk (A 42 5.2 2.7-).S ton (4 ton ~

4-6 ton 8-12 ton 60 - 80 hk

~

til 4/ S.9 <40 hk 40-55 hk 60-100 hk 4 - 6 s onI )

,, 5 , ,, 4 - 6 ton _

6 - 10 ton _ is-2s son .80-100 hk 40-SS hk 50-80 hk 125-200 hk I) g g g, , ,,,

6 - 8 ton 6 - 8 ton _ 10-15 tun ,

20- )0 toss 400-150 hk $0-/0 hk 80-140 hk 160-250 hk

1) All i,licel drive

!MC'ff1ET'JS]NTEE!E'IM7J?!MT AT3M72ih1373f32EM.tT2'!/571FGI,VEHIEREFDTNT.7MM??fSF7FNTNTJFTXTJ?,Qy,gy

T

57AMC rCAc:' vt88A.McN P'GE3UAE Qp t .

g" s :M ,-

e. . .

. g:

~ . ' :J \ r

. -- r y9l y%.

I i t

.. .= .

_. S h

l/ w.

,e

m

=ressure wave {.

noia si.c:ssmon Q

~

w of =ressure waves g u-Fig I Giffersn: rinciales of soil ::mcac:ica

'ru 79tS5ust. agfed

. 's M i3 (1 to M '2 M F.

,; s .

4 @kMfM2479E'M-edi MW' Za E

g, ~

ffAws/AMesM'd y

-: 1a NA / /// '

su # t M t w TM toz'v % ; M 2 - "wd W /s a iMMMMW2,~C

$ 10 i 'l-if . e i";*TEisnro.

?

c,4:;nh%

so I iffM *

/ vrkfr 4nt # ="n'r* 'PX:4

'1 trd f :;W; ster #4+'. %. J'***i to! sk.'4 / !@W# dt# 9xkW9 I iAU / a'IsidMi4+w!#+ib% . p.:

30 Vfl 4 1 aww ,4 ne, m

,g , w its .g 744 / _: M tio

.a ,, E

"/64 / 3 , ca, r e, , to N 1:0 ,

+/fAj / i 6 a.,.e ag -mur u i.

f:0 f44

- 4 / 5 :e d-iza r$l / i 's .s e

'SQ Tig 1 Ovnamic :ressures a: varicus :a :. s :urf. g ::meac:!:n

y vi': rat:r/ ::meac::es of di8fsrsn: :yces anc si:ss .

w

\

~

IS RJ N

k.,

fi

/ / i s / < / / , n i s i .- / / n

\

f I

i:a:i: -e i g.9 % lf ime ass -

C$

r.m 9 ass) <g E*

\

j l rum i::., %

--n C,

.:stic ..ierear ,cac ,

ses:i: .ei ts: 2;is 2 i

,..,,<i,,..,.

) '4 / m :P 's/:m q

t

uenev 3 , r,

-: :r vi:..'-i? .s.;J i

i I::sn:ri: c=en: e F-

'<;m

G z-

.an*ri[byal #: .* S '1 . .* EN* 1- '4

, N j e

. ee:ent-;: ere, : s

.N

! . . i m a l ameli:::a

..cm ( , :e m g

.km Sass *:

toI1i g i: esc g.-g

<.v-2;; 3 ec.ni:ai ca:a P a vi:riti ; :i:sr w

j,

!!a*

21. l. -

b p1

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>e .:

U u.A , Am al. 2s u >,

4

~.

Ae nl rvt 8

/ M g ,a,e y .. .e J .

f

~

a 1 .

o -

rig 4 p

3[-

. = .

U :leiaeionsai3 se t'.veen ::m=ac:icn f*.

c f,

A": : effec:, frequency and amoli:uce

c. :- !:::

E /O A ccmcina: ion of large amot i tuce e -

k, O o -

and frecuency jus: over :he re- -2

% scnance frecuency (,*.) nor:1 ally 7

-1500 '000

- - I.5c,0 esui:s in se::er ::m=ac:icn : nan 6

ne com=ina:icn or. m.gn recuency .

r-Frequen cy , vibr / min anc smai r am:li:uce (s) p g

b DO has b.

.Ik

=

a Y

,; (~ ~'~

f G 95

- 3 , a3 1)h,W p

) f y

- . g' '. %19 w~ h uwe "yg7 I;,a d N D M b U A a

$'"r $ $O'#'"i .@ - $

ii-

}y.;kerS%. ..---- ;

m.: . ;wfM.y.n. .a. 5 m.i~ M;, ..J .m. .

r o- a- ,p; c f f.~~ 9y.__.yg,z; ~..y= .,

el

- g,..:;- . , .

%. w :.,_ m~-. .

. .w

+ -

,.;r ,

e.p

.M,_. . .c .-e-.v- ,

l

'-a-' & & ~?.g' 5 ?r- .

Tib;Vr' %-s". .:.6 ,,

'f'M'j.'

'Wagl =$'i.,h6W4'.SDfM' &di-W- . m-N M @.N!T Isj i>S s

i

.Q.,,&w. . w.~.

C,wD'MM.f.=? ,nie MQ. ,, ~ .r*::, 7.-nx..;t.c.g:.8.w

4

~.Tc .,,,- . s ; ':-W. 82.- . m : . --Q*.h .U. .:

. Id l

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. . , -O ; , . - . . e u

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p ... , . . ;:::

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'.'*'3. .

pp., ** *& , g-. z. m :m e . . ,. . . . ,.e ...,;;. f. 4. ~- . .s. ,~ . . . . ,

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., p=+- ./. e.,4:.t'If

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m

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n; .:: i .r, r...' .' '. ::. '". ~'

4

, '..=::- =.;- e.. .- . . ?%

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p* ''.f~f. . .. adT.

T '..* f':"- .% ..W:. .' ~

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M ""Y~..'i-Q;i

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-g - . ,N, G g.4 14 : @ ,-e 7,b'.. '

?" Wmn. . 4J3'4 4 7;-,.=a::.' 5 .w

= W M -

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g.-p

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g 5 vi3rition: f r::s ei: 1 ,i:n a '5 ::n R.s vibrating f lle'. Oynacac 3 5i y a r r.,

12. GGTHENat.'AG -L:NCE 2R AiAFCRT E PAVEMENT CESIGN "C0 kg 4.5 cm) Asenait cencrete

. ~

-:+ --

vs

-500 kg ( 22 m) Situmincus :ase *-

4

.w mass w --- ,. ;--> r ~ -

g nW ,m.,,-:C cm .snetratten macacam

~~

c' L, , 32' ** 4

=- i D , . k ~M- l If'

} w N g ,d-f l-Pecx: lit surface closec :y usnec W'. .*&_

';; E.'

f -

4 & f -

s .-

recx anc macacam SC cm fine recx!!il. max stone W,

q

. D 4, p,

~-

, L,. ,M/ T ..r i si:s 30 50 cm iso

C e T T A .....u,

/ y ,,, ,r ,

zcavatec reck!!!I. : m: acted &

.s....t,.,.,

.e_ . r ,.,, ; n situ

^ ' M .'e~.%. m

-h ,

., / "[ '> s C0 arse recxt!!!. tracter scread b s

,. '3 .

~a, , ., [ ~"'

i anc ccmcac:ec :n 2m E.:;

. +~E^ .. .. u ,.. ., . j layers, max stene re-4., '

y

..e e- - nt t size 1.0 m u.

4 4 .;;ee,g+ .; '.,..,y.

7. ~ .

I e

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~

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l % , $g. . O

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^

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h W

, 71;

23ver ent ::ns:. tc:ica a:

C:JT SECCN Fil.;. SECCN 2c enencurg-' ancve::sr a i r:ce 3

.T'T Scac f \

Q y

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.. rv* e s 4 ~*

1

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M

=

w Idmcx "

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g 7,* g ** ** on ., *g f:e 7 se-:r3i,ing sanc ::m-04 rte aita !'e ? r"al Or:c-g

P .u f"# e w Wc ef : ntenf, 'f. g Ra!c:ive censity, % :a c eictive censity, */. g

,:u :u .,.n a :0 wv, ,&,.O .:0 -

u, - , ,

ev

u su ,iu C ,, w

-3 G.i 3 I;".

x I .. I g v.. -, , N m

=. ) \ ... \

.=:

s s ) M m

.4

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'--2.j /

/ etcitve i t M-e.. -

f*.atns styu :r- . . _ , l

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r. . l

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3

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ai e: . i :.- d

5-i f ; ..., i .: -- . . g

.3 ;.a:a: sA : N 21 9

c

T L

o av. v a.*

gto a79 igo 190 ?00 MO k1 Eo 5 i I 1 i.

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l './

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,. _____.....,o,,.. [Ce,q i

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. d ./o l OF7 '< .

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, / .l g .:.

iy . .j p M *

/. l t-n.

l ,W

, ((: .

[. e,I -

h 8C r__ g y ..,

/ r; : Fig 10 Vibracory corncac:fon of sand pp to

/ } } a: di f ferent wacer contents d-- "g '

e .L.c ,

al I .i to

' l k. .-

.&A M*'

- D1 e.

.*ae. .S.7AMw . &. ,

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-- .an.

e. :.<. . ' 6- . ,.. ; . . . ,w;my :nn *-)g

[ T.n%:..'T (.(,7 .- M,. D,-- ' O ' p.%,v.s N%. .

.c t .

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. . .e .

r Y . .,O A $$lYW. . .s &, ,k $

5 N.,

y ..

$ $g.$ f ) [ W.w=< . n

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1 -

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w 5 e.o *Q

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6

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r.: n .# .~ . i&T,

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~'tzg4.,,, udi' - n V tl%<>;$..w:c .# .5 . . . -"S. '

Fig 11 Vibracing ;:adfcot roller, 3ynacac CA 23 M g

Isi b

b k .a - .,

c-

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's=*I .r' .n

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