ML20049J219
| ML20049J219 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Waterford  |
| Issue date: | 03/05/1982 |
| From: | Pandit H JOINT INTERVENORS - WATERFORD |
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| NUDOCS 8203120273 | |
| Download: ML20049J219 (29) | |
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION '87 17a 10 P1 :36 BEFORE Tile ATOMIC SAFETY & LICENSING BOARD in the Matter of LOUISIAN A POWER & LIGilT COMPANY Docket No. 50-382 (Waterford Steam Electric Station Unit 3)
SWORN TESTIMONY OF DR. IIEMCIIANDRA PANDIT
- 1. By whom are you employed and what position (s) do you hold?
Answer. I am employed by D'Youville College in Buffalo as a Professor of Biology.
- 2. What previous positions have you held?
Answer. I was associate Professor in Villa Maria College in Buffalo. I worked as an Assistant Research Officer for Indian Council of Medical Research in Bombay before I came to the United States of America.
- 3. What are your academic qualifications and degrees?
l Answer. I received a Master's degree in Animal Physiology and Zoology in l
l 1950 from Bombay University. I received my Ph.D. in Physiology in 1967 from State University of New York at Buffalo.
! 4. llave you donc post-doctoral work? If so, in what field or fields?
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l 8203t20273 820308 PDR ADOCK 05000382 T PDR
Answer. I was exempted from post-doctoral work because of my'long research experience in India.
- 5. llave you done any any medically oriented research? Please describe youe research.
Answer. Yes. My research topics have varied in time and place. They included toxicity of snake venoms, leprosy, blood group and kidney cancer.
- 6. In what publications or scientific meetings have your papers been presented?
Answer. The Annual Meeting of Indian llematology Society, the American Society of Nephrology; American Journal of Physiology and others.
- 7. Do you have any as yet unpublished research data compiled?
Answer. My paper entitled Biophysical Theory of Cancer is as yet not published.
- 8. llave you participated in any scientific colloquia?
Answer. I have attended several scientific meetings, such as the Federation Society of Experimental Biology, American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Value Enquiry. I was also the keynote speaker on "The Biological Effects of Radiation", at a conference held in lia raii in October of 1979.
- 9. Would you please define synergism?
Answer. Synergism is a cooperative action of discrete agents resulting in a i
total effect which is greater than the sum of effects taken independently. It is
{ known that synergism operates between chemical agents, such as drugs or environmental pollutants, and physical agents, such as ionizing radiation. For example, if you consider a chemical element such as the hydrogen ion and if it is radiologically active, then the effect is more devastating than just the 11+ ion
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Itself. Such radioactive chemicals which are essential for the biological functions will be harmful rather than useful to the populations which are exposed to contaminated environments.
- 10. Under NRC operating license specifications, light water nuclear power plants are allowed to release rad,ioactive effluents in amounts which will result in radiation doses to the public of 25-75 millirems each year. Ilow does this additional annual radiation exposure relate to expected health effects on the general population? At what level of radiation exposure is there a significant increase in health effects?
Answer. The minimum admissible dose of radiation is not an absolute in its numerical value. There are other parameters to the problem, e.g. (1) mode of exposure (ingested or inhalated radiation are more dangerous than just external skin exposure); (2) organs exposed; (3) age; (4) physical condition, such as pregnancy or general debility; and (5) 5. sex.
Again, when one asks in terms of specific number of MREM which will disrupt the function, it is relative, because it can vary from very few MREM to many. For example, the parenchymatous epithelial tissue of the lungs is much more sensitive than the stratified mucosal cells of the mouth. Therefore, fewer MREM are sufficient to derange and disrupt lung function than the cesaphenglal func tion.
- 11. Could you identify any category (ies) of individuals more likely than the rest of the population to demonstrate health effects from this radiation risk?
Answer. Yes. Pregnant women, fetuses, neonatals, infants, young growing children and old people are more susceptible than adult young people.
- 12. Ace the health risks asociated with radiation cumulative?
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Answer. Y es. Calculating the cumulative radiation effects will depend 1
upon the biological half-life of the radio-chemical material ingested or inhaled, )
as well as on the parameters I mentioned already.
- 13. Is there evidence that the incidence of non-cancer conditions, such as congenital malformatioru and infant mortality, are connected with low level radiation?
Answer. Any answer to this question is more complex because there are other factors, such as exposure to certain drugs and other chemicals, which will cause increased infant mortality and congenital malfunctions also. There seems to be some correlation between low level radiation and infant mortality.
- 14. Explain the health risks asociated with external radiation exposure (e.g.
fall-out on topsoil) and radiation exposure through air, food and water.
Answer. As mentioned earlier, the damage due to elements of low-level radiation which get incorporated into our drinking water, our food and ultimately 1
into our body tissues is slow and cumulative and more dangerous than damage caused by external skin surface exposure, because the skin is much more resistant to the radiation. Since the first phase of respiration is the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs, the gaseous radioactive materials present in the atmosphere get into the lung very quickly and cause more damage i
there than they do on the skin. From my studies of the urinary tract, I can say that the bladder would be at high risk for cancer too, since it endures prolonged exposure to carcinogens, including radioactive elements, concentrated in the urine, through body processes.
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- 15. Given the special geographic circumstances of Louisiana, do you feel there are special risks associated with surface and ground water radionucleide contamination?
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Answer. Yes. Louisiana is like Love Canal because both ground water and the major river water are contaminated with chemicals such that all drinking water for the area poulations contain some carcinogens. Now that the public health near Love Canal is badly damaged, the New York State Assembly has discovered that 20,000 tons of radioactive wastes from atmoic bomb research were buried near Love Canal before the chemical wastes. It is most likely that a synergistic interaction took place in the population exposed to both the chemical and the radicactive wastes at Love Canal and that is why the health effects were so dra matie. The special risk posed by radionucleide contamination of Louisiana's water is that synergis'm could cause another Love Canal here.
- 16. What special risks is Louisiana exposed to as a result of high levels of chemical contamination in combination with routine emissions of radiation from a nuclear installation?
Answer. In addition to the risk of becoming another Love Canal which I just mentioned, I believe that the combination of chemical contaminants and nuclear emission in densely populated areas like New Orleans pose very serious heatlh problems for future generations. I hope it does not lead to more Dead Seas, lakes and rivers.
- 17. Given Louisiana's high cancer mortality rate due to chemical carcinogens present in the Mississippi River, such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dimethylsulfoxide, benzene and others, and in the air between Baton Rouge and New Orleans, i.e. halogenated hydrocarbons, can you state the nature i of the rbk to the population posed by the introduction of low-level radiation into this environment? Assume for this assessment a radiation dose to the population of 25-75 millirems / year.
Answer. There is no questian in my mind that the addition of nuclear power plant emissions to the Louisiana environment will greatly complicate the existing health problems due to chemical contaminants. Both the mutational and fBnctional changes take a long time. The normal human generation time is about 30 years and by the time these changes surface in the population, it will be too late to undo the damage. We are all concerned with cheap energy production, but the apparent low cost of energy production as expected will be negligible compared to the tremendous amount of money we will be spending on the health care of the effected populations.
- 18. The NRC staff has concluded, regarding radiation emissions, that "...there will be no reasonable radiological impact on members of the public from routine operation of the station." How does this risk analysis compare with your asemments in this area?
Answer. The conclusions arrived at by the NRC regarding the radiological impact in human beings are not absolute and can be considered as subjective.
- 19. Can you describe the mechanism by which radiation and chemicals cause adverse health consequences?
Answer. I feel that there is a common denominator in both of the cases. It involves disrupting the normal homeostatic functions of the human body beyond the normal range of reversible action.
- 20. Ilow would the action of this mechanism be manifested in a population?
Answer. By genetic defects, abnormalities of body functions and incapac-itated population due to general poor health.
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- 21. What is the qualitative result of cumulative low level radiation exposure?
(i.e., what, if any, diseases are associated with such exposures).
I Answcr. Increased nausea, vomiting, inso mnia, mental depression, menstrual disordem in females, and poor appetite. It depends upon the ages of the people exposed to this type of envinmmental pollutant, but the effects will be more noticeable in children.
- 22. Qualitatively, how does the health risk from low-level radiation exposure compare to the risk from relatively high level exposure?
Answer. Low level radiation effects are manifested in the long run, but the effects of high level exposure are instant and drastic.
- 23. Would introduction of low-level radiation contained in liquid and gaseous and particulate emissions from the Waterford Three nuclear power plant aggravate the existing health risk to Louisianans?
Answer. Yes.
- 24. Can you make a statement with regard to the health risk from low level radiation in emissions from Waterford Three as it impacts that portion of the population already at risk from pre-existing cell damage?
Answer. Our environment is already super-saturated with so many toxic materials that this addition of radioactivity may be the last straw on the camel's ,
back, especially for thme whose health is already weakened, though not yet noticeably. The radiation exposure will not only increase the incidence of 1
! malignancy but other vital functions of the body will be altered. This will lead to the disruption and derangement of the normal homeosta' tic mechanism of the l'
body.
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STATE OF NEW YORK COUNTY OF Alb AFFIDAVIT BEFORE ME, the undersigned authority, duly authorized to administer oaths, there did appear DR. HEMCHANDRA PANDIT, a person of full age and a resident of the county of kh , state of New York, who being duly sworn on oath, did state that the answers to questions presented herein are all true and correct to the best of his knowledge, information and belief; and that all such answers were prepared at his direction.
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DR. HEMCHANDRA PANDIT .
SWORN TO AND SUBSCRIBED BEFORE ME, tills [ DAY OF Md ,1982.
NOTARYgPUyC FOR TiiE CDU TY .
OF 3 x e u O fla j ) /ynol STATE OF NEW YORK ' /
My com mission expires at 197.3 .
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!;AME: DR. IIEMCllANDRA MORESIMAR PANDIT DATE OF 13IRTII: May 4, 1924 '
SEX: Male MACITAL STATUS: Married, three children ACADEMIC CAREER: B.Sc. - 1946 - Bombay University.
Subjects: Zoology, Principal and Botany Subsidiary.
M.Sc. - 1950 - Bombay University.
Subjects: Special Subject - Animal Physiology, Zoology.
Ph.D. - 1967 - State University of NY at Buffalo.
TEACil1NG EXPERIENCE: Demonstrator - Lecturer for six years in Biology in general and Zoology in particular in the following _ ,
cc3leges:
- 1. Elphinstone College, Bombay
- 2. Ismail Yusoof College, Bombay
- 3. Ram Narain Ruia College, Bombay In Ram Narain Ruia College gave lectures and supervised laboratory work in Animal Physiology for B.Sc. classes for three years. ,
- 4. Graduate Teaching assistant in General Biology at State University of NY at Buffalo.
- 5. Associate Professor and Department Chairman of Biology. Villa Maria College of Buffalo, 1966-68
- 6. Associate Professor Biology. D'Youville College, Buffalo, 1968-73.
- 7. Professor Biology. D'Youville College, Buffalo, 1974 - present RESEARCil EXPERIENCE: 1. A dissertation on "The Enzymes in the Alimentary Canal of Iforpedon _ncherous (Bombay Duck) under the direction of Dr. N.N. Murti, Ph.D., D.I.C. (Lond.), Principal, Ram Narain Ruia College, Bombay, 1950.
Resume - Dr. Pandit cont.
t' -
page 2 RESEARCH- 2. Ecology and breeding of frogs and toads in EXPERIENCE CONT. captivity. Diagnostic pregnancy tests were carried out by using Indian toads,,(Bufo melonostictus) as an experimental animal under the supervision of Dr. V. R. Khanolkar, B.Sc., M.D. (Lond.), Director of Laboratories, Tata Memorial Hospital, Bombay 12, 1950-52.
- 3. I have worked as a Research Assistant under the ausp,icies of the Indian Council of Medical Research for the period of 3 years from 1952-55. The problem of the inquiry.was "The Study of the Poisonous Snakes of India." The following are the particular topics i on which I worked:
- a. The study of systematics, morphology, ecology and breeding habits of (1) Cobra- (Naja naja) ,
(2) Krait (Bungarus caeruleus), (3) Viper Vipera russ_elli) and (4) Saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus).
- b. Clinical studies of blood of rat, rabbit, frog, lizard, rat snake, cobra, krait, Russel's viper and Saw-scaled viper with reference to RBS and WBC count and haemoglobin percentage.
- c. Experiments to find out the toxicity of venoms of Russel's Viper, Saw-scaled Viper, Cobra, Krait to Russel's Viper's young ones and saw-scaled Vipers.
In continuation of these studies further work was undertaken to test the anti-venin property of sera of different poisonous snakes and non-poisonous snakes against four types of snake venoms.
- d. Breeding and rearing of tadpoles of frogs and of young Cobra, Krait, Russel's Vipers in the laboratory.
- 4. Worked as a research assistant in the Leprosy Enquiry under the asupicies of the Indian Council of Medical Research from 1955-60. The fol?owing was done:
- a. The evolution of leprosy lesions in the contacts of the leprosy patients.
- b. Histological examination of lesions- of leprosy.
Resume - Dr. Pandit, cont, page 3 RESEARCl!
EXPERIE!1CE CONT.: c. Tested (both clinically & histologically) the reaction evoked by intra-dermal injections of different antigens in leprosy patients.
- 5. Worked as Assistant Research Officer in Blood Group Reference Centra (ICMR) at Indian Cancer Resdarch Centre from 1960-62.
- 6. 1962-66. Graduate student in the Department of Biology, State University of NY at Buffalo.
Research performed in the area of Animal Physiology.
Title of Ph.D. thesis: "Some studies in the renal function e' reptiles." Major Professor: Dr. Carl Gans.
PUBLICATIONS OR PAPERS PRESENTED: 1. " Studies of Snakes of India."
This was the basis of paper presented in 1960 by P.J. Deoras at the " International Congress on Biological Research" in IIawaii.
- 2. G.N. Vya s , 11. M . Pandit, and N.N. Purandare. 1962.
" Suppression of gene " A" in two cases of Anti-II (Bombay Blood) in a family from South Canara.
Paper presented before the Annual. Meeting of._._
Indian liematology Society, ~1962) .
- 3. Carl Gans, Raymond F. Laurent and !!cmchandra Pandit 1965. Notes on a IIerpetological Collection from theSomalfRepublic.
Ann. in 8 Zool., R.G. Mus. Afrique Centrale, no. 134 93 pp. (March - June 1) 1965.
- 4. Pandit, liemchandra Some studies in the renal functions of reptiles.
(to be published)
- 5. Bentzel, C.J., T. Anagnostopoulos, II . Pandit 1968. The effect of isotonic volume expansion on sodium reabsorption in Necturus kidney. Meeting Am. So . Nephrol., 2nd, Washington, D.C., p. 4
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Resume - Dr. Pandit, Cont.
page 4 PUBI,ICATIONS OR PAPERS PRESENTED: 6. C.J. Bentzel, T. Anagnostopoulos and II. Pandit 1970. The effect of inotonic volume expansion on sodium reabsorption in Nectrus kidney. Am. J.
,Physol. 218 (1): 205-213.
- 7. Hemchandra M. Pandit and Mohan Shroedhar Shetyle 1978. "The Scientific Basis of Bhagavad Geeta" The lith Conference on Vallbe Engdiry. St. U.
of Arts and Sciences at Genesco, NY
- 8. IIemchandra M. Pandit, 1979.
The Biophysical Theory of Cancer (ready for publication)
MEMBERSIIIPS OF COMMITTEES AT 1. College Sponsored Activities.
D'YC:
- 2. Curriculum Committee.
- 3. DPC Chairman. .
- 4. Committee on Peace and Non-Violence.
MEMBERSIIIPS: 1. Sigma Xi
! 2. Bombay Biological Society.
- 3. American Institute of Biological Sciences.
- 4. American Association of University Professors. (ex) l 1
- 5. American Association for Advancement of Science. (ex) l 6. New York Academy of Sciences. (by invitation and
. election) l
~
Resume - Dr. Pandit, Cont.
page 5 llO!! ORS: 7enerican Men and Women of Science, 1972, 12th Ed.
Outstanding Educators of Junerican, 197J.
Faculty of the Year Award,D'Youville College International Who's Who in Education, 1980.
CO!etUN ITY WORK: Ex taember of India Association of Buffalo Ex Member American Field Service.
Chairman: Nomination Ccomittee of India Association of Buffalo Lectured at: Buffalo Rotary Club Rosa Coplan IIome for the Aged Ithaca College WBEN Radio Station Jewish Liberal Arts Club of Buffalo
!!indu Cultural Society of WNY Inherst Cable TV .
WKBW Channel 7 TV lielped to raise money for:
India Relief Fund Bhasin Open IIcart Surgery Fund India Earthquake Victim Fund
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i ECEKETED U7' BIOPHYSICAL THEORY OF CANCER g Hemchandra M. Pandit 0? " *W? 10 D '1 $
Hany hypotheses relative to malignant growths have been formulated. Still, no one has given a satisfactory answer to the cause of cancerous growths. The author of this paper would like to discus.s a new approach to the cancer prob-lem and advance a new hypothesis to explain the possible mechanism leading to such maligbant growths. This hypothesis deals with bioenergetics and the mechanism of neoplastic growth. .
Following is the possible distribution of cell energy (in the form of high energy chemical compounds, e.g. ATP,)
utilized for different types of cell works:
- 1. Hatured nerve cell and pace-maker of heart:
Glucose CO + H 0 + Heat 2
Decomposition 'ibsmotic C2' 60%
and Work +
Energy Transfer Heat creatine qph creatine + Adenosine ervous gTransmission (27 30%
phosphate Triph sphate Inorganic Phosphate qpCell Synthesis C1' 10%
t Adenosine Diphosphate Professor of Biology D'Youville College Buffalo, New York .
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i 2. Cardiac Muscle:
Glucose -t- Fat.cy 19' ids Co, + H 2 + "*^t Decomposition. r) Osmotic T 50%
and Work Energy ~1ransrer
/\ creatine y creatine + Ad nosine Nervous 2 40%
phosphate Tri hosphate Y Transmission Ino ganic Phosphate 9 ellC Synthesis 7 10%
t Ade osine Diphosphate
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- 3. Epithelial Cell and Connective Tissue Cell:
Glucose CO + H O + Heat 2
Decomposition N smotic 30%
[ and Work Energy transter
% ~
_.y. Nervous
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/ creatine p creatine + Adeno ine 10%
phosphate Triphoephate Transmission Inorganic Phosphate 9 ellC Synthesis T 60%
Adenosine Phosphate
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Possibility of cancerous growth of tissues from the least to the most:
- 1. Matured nerve cells Least possibility
- 2. Heart muscles
- 3. Smooth muscles
- 4. Skeletal muscles
- 5. Connective tissues sf
- 6. Epithelial tissues most possibility Racher (1972) has discussed the possible correlation be-tween the generation of biological energy and tumor growth.
O. Warburg (1932) observed a characteristic pattern of energy l
metabolism of tumor cells. In recent years, thermographs (Lawson, R.N. ,1957; Williams, et al. ,1961; Barnes, R.B. ,
1963; Gershon-Cohen and Habermann,1964) have shown that can-cerous tissues are " hotter" than the surrounding normal tissues.
When metabolic energy is stored in synthesis of high energy compounds and normally not utilized for cell work, it should be termed as a " hot spot." Since this potential energy is not available for cell work, it will remain there. Normally a biological system will release this stored energy step by step and in a sequential order so that a minimum amount of en'ergy is lost as heat. The liberation of excessive energy, in absence of cell work, will result in the accumulation of heat.
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Lawson and Gaston (1964) have shown that this heat can not be entirely vascular, since the temperature of the arterial .
blood supplying the tumor is lower than the venous return.
These observations do show the correlations between bioenergy production and malignant growths.
The chief function of biological activity is production of free energy and the contihuation of its kind by duplication (multiplication). A continuous supply (source of potential energy) is necessary to maintain the high degree of organization within cells. When the flow of energy to a-cell ceases, intra-cellular organization breaks down and the cell ceases its activity. So, the basic outcome of biological activity is the production and ulitization of energy in a sequential order _ to sustain life activity. Even present day viruses, with_their specific molecular configuration, are capable of procuring energy from other resources, though they lack the well organized cell organelles of higher forms.
Evolution of the cell membrane is an outcome of the need for maintaining dynamic equilibrium between the external and the internal constituents without achieving static equilibrium of a closed system. Additionally, the in4 scellular organelles must be protected from the external environment by an outer membranous covering of the biological unit (cell). The mem-branous organelles compartmentalize the cell and its functions.
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Each membranous organelle regulates its activity by selective permeability, specific for the function. The intracellular membranous organelles are faced with the same problems as the j plasma membrane. The interrelationship between them and their external (local) environment cytoplasm is of vital importance i for their functional integrity. The physico-chemical nature
- r. t-of the cytoplasm will affect their functions. The non- ,e 1 e membranous organelles are directly influenced by the physico- s
! chemical changes of their surrounding medium (e.g., physico-chemical nature of nucleoplasm and its effects on the chromosomes).
The functional ability of the unit cell membrane depends upon j its structural configuration. (Ra zin,1972. ) The internal 4 '
constituents (environment) assure the cell membrane of their fullsupporttomaintainitsfunctional'integritybyvaribus j g synthetic reactions as, for example, the repair o{ damage \
, t (Robertson, J.D., 1964). 3 i The living cell requires an adequate amount of stored 5 1
energy to maintain its total activity. In a biological system, I
i multitude of coupled reactions are taking place in the presence ;,2 of various feedback mechanices. The genetic make-up of these #
biological units (cells) insure this by synthesizing proper enzymes to effect proper feedbacN mechanisms. The basic out- '
come of these processes is the production of free energy, which l
Is transformed into cell activity (es nerve impulse, muscle
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2 l contraction, heat production, osmotic balance) or is used for synthesizing new compounds. The generation of most of this bio- ,
energy is accomplished by various oxidation-reduction reactions taking place in the mitochondria, the chief pathway by which the cells store energy. The Golgi bodies, ribosomes, in conjunction with the endoplasmic reticulum, carry out synthetic reactions. The high energy compounds synthesized by the mitochondria will be used for the activation of other reactions later on. Therefore, their condition and activity is likely to influence practically all the functions of the cell.
Cell differentiation occurs as a result of different cell functions. Since these cell functions have varying energy j requirements, when different tissues are formed these cella l
must have achieved a sort of dynamic equilibrium between their energy needs and energy storage. This may be expressed mathematically as:
Quantity of energy utilized O_ ~
Quantity of energy stored Relationship,between tissues and Q constant The energy produced during metabolism can be utilized in many ways. Primarily, there are two ways of using energy:
- 1. the larger part of energy is used to do mechanical
- work (osmotic work, nerve impulses, muscle contraction, e to maintain steady state, etc.)
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or
- 2. the larger part of' energy is used to synthesize new compounds and store this energy in the form of potential energy.
For example, tissues like matured nerve cells, neuromuscular tissues, cardiac muscles or the muscles of the diaphragm, etc.
fall under the first category. The connective and the epi-thelial tissues to the seqond group.
The above formula can be modified as follows:
+ 4 QT
+ 4 QW .
Q* 21 QS th QS when th QS = energy available for synthetic reations Z1 QW = energy available for carrying out mechanical work 41 QT = energy dissipated as heat Q = constant Generally heat dissipated by the nerve cells does not change much, but in the case of muscle contraction it is a highly variable factor; but it is the overall heat content of-the cell that is of significant importance.
The present hypothesis is ml ore concerned with the ratio of energy used for mechanical work to the energy utilized for-the synthetic reactions and hence the formula can be modified as follows:
21 QW Q* zi QS
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i If Q<< 1, these tissues will have greater chances of developing cancerous cells. If Q ?>1, no cancerous growth is possibic. That means the cell is more susceptible to cancerous 1
growth when it accumulates heat energy which can not be used
] for any other cell work. This happens when efficiency of con-version of stored potential energy into mechanical work or some other chemical potential energy drops down to a certain mini-j mum. Heat also accumulates when it is not dissipated from its source at a sufficiently fast rate. The relative incidence of cancers in the second group is much higher than in the first.
It has been estimated that nearly two-thirds of the energy released by breaking down of high energy compounds during the metabolic processes by the fir 7t group is used to maintain the irritability and excitability of the tissue belonging to the first group, (Connelly,1949), thereby leaving very little 1
l energy for synthesis (Mazia,1961). These tissues try to keep I
the value of Q constant by either increasing or decreasing the ,
amount of work done when stored energy is increased or decreased.
The tissues belonging to the second group, in the absence of mechanical work, will utilize this energy for synthetic pro-cesses to maintain Q-Value constant when this stored energy i changes to such an extent as to cause the Q-Value to lie out-side the desired range for that particular tissue; this increase in extra energy will interfere with the controlled functional aspect of that tissue and offset the balance.
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The factors directly contributing to the changes in the thermal energy are radiation, chemical carcinogens, and viruses. ,
The excessive use of hormones, vitamins and various foods contribute indirectly to the thermal changes. Radiation and chemical carcinogens react with various chemical components of the cell and increase the total thermal energy. The viruses achieve the same end resul.t during their replication process.
This increase in the thermal energy changes the energy level of the molecules following Boltzmann's distribution law. The i net result is the production of molecules with high energy levels, which will accelerate the overall rate of reactions in j the cell and drastically affect the steady state relationships of different intracellular organelles. The increased pressure of energy (heat), when not conducted away from its source, will alter the membrane properties. .
The intracellular organelles, like mitochondria, lyso-somes, and nuclear membrane, are first to show the membrane changes. The change in the heat level will affect the struc-tural configuration of the protein portion of the unit membrane.
It will cause " unfolding" of the protein molecule by di;-
rupting the weaker bonds (electrostatic bonds), thus blocking the
! inflow and eflow of the substances. The dynamic aspect of permeability of the cell membrane depends upon the resonance i
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