ML20033C705

Ecological Studies of WOOD-BORING Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station.Progress Report.March-May 1981

ML20033C705
Person / Time
Site:	Oyster Creek
Issue date:	11/30/1981
From:	Crocket L, Hoagland K LEHIGH UNIV., BETHLEHEM, PA
To:
References
CON-FIN-B-5744 NUREG-CR-1939, NUREG-CR-1939-V03, NUREG-CR-1939-V3, NUDOCS 8112030697
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./ x Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Progress Report March - May 1981 Prepared by K. E. Hoagland, L Crocket Wetlands Institute Lehigh University Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission $gg2ggObKO00029 PDR p

i IIOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work spowred by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, or any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third party's use, or the results of such use, of any information, apparatus product or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use by such third party woull not infringe privately owned rights. Available from GPO Sales Program Division of Technical Information and Document Control U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D. C. 20555 Printed copy price: $3.25 and National Technical Infornation Service Springfield, Virginia 22161

NUREG/CR-1939 Vol. 3 RE f Ecological Studies of Wood-Boring Bivalves in the Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Progress Report March - May 1981 Manuscript Completed: August 1981 Date Published: November 1981 K. . Hoa0 and, L Crocket Wetlands institute or,t[J08247 o oHa J Prepared for Division of Health, Siting and Waste Management Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 NRC FIN B5744 t

g .1 I PREVIOUS REPORTS Twelve ' reports have been. prepared under Contract AT(49-24)-0347 ?(=NRC-04-76-347) during three years of funding from the U. S. Nuclear ' Regulatory Commission - 1976-1979,: under~the title: Analysis of Populations of boring and-fouling organisms in the vicinity 'of the: 0yster Creek Nuclear-Generating Station with discussion' of relevant physical parameters. : 'Those. reports with NTIS numbers are: NUREG/CR-0223 Dec.? l,1977-Feb. 28, :1978 ~ 1NUREG/CR-0380 Mar. 1, 1978-May 31, 1978 NUR EG/CR-0634. Sept. 1, 1977-Aug. 31, 1978 NUREC/CR-0812 Sept. 1,1978-Nov. 30,1978 NUREG/CR-0896 Dec'. 1, 1978-Feb. ; 28,.1979 . NUREG/CR-1015 Mar.1,1979-May 31,1979 NUREG/CR-1209 June 1,1979-Aug. 31,1979 Five reports l$ ave been published in this current series: Ecological studies of wood-boring bivalves -in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station. NUREG/CR-1517 Sept. 1, 1979-Feb. 28, 1980, 65 pp. NUREG/CR-1795 March 1-May 31,1980, 31 pp. NUREG/CR-1855 June 1-Aug. 31, 1980, 48 pp. NUREG/CR-1939 Vol. 1 Sept. 1, 1980-Nov. 30, 1980,- 36 pp. Vol. 2 Dec. 1. 1980-Feb. 28, 1981, 41 pp.

w g_ -, =- 5- -ABSTRACT The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of : . wood-boring" bivalves 'are.being studied Lin ;the. vicinity 'of -the Oyster: Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. - Untreated wood test ' panels'are_ used. to _ collect' organisms at 12 stations. - Physiological toler'ances of 3. species are also under investigation _in ~ the. laboratory.'. Rela'tive' destructiveness and competition among'the Japecies are being' analyzed.. The-native -species Teredo navalis and ~' Bankia gouldi coexist with the introduced T. bartschi in Oyster Creek.. and at the mouth of Forked ; River. l The population Teredo ' bartschi is reduced whenithe power plant does.not. operate for prolonged periods. It. survives well at temperatures above 16' C (but not above 30* C) and at salinities of 22 '/.. in the laboratory. It prefersito settle at 'the;mudline, while the other species ofiteredinids ~did not show this preference. i I i 7 iii 4 i,i T ~ l r t

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SUMMARY

'OF FINDINGS D ~ s N, a 7^ ,f* y W [ H eTpurpose if1this; investigation is;to understand the;populatifon t v 4 }dynamicadand; competitive-Kinteractiona ;offshipwonnsiin{the vicinity of-f he'~0yster; Creek Nuclear Generating Stationi(OCNGS) and 'at control,, - t ~ < ) stations outside the?influenceiofitiie station.S JThe ftelativ.eLimportance i of /the introduced /speies Teredo bartschi in causing _ damase, apr m; . physiological!toleraaces of' all speciest are_ being assessed. Onjaj. p ^ l ^ 9 monthly, basis,? wcod panels, are -added.adi' removed for~ analysio of popu-N

1ation dynamics!and.--to obtain' live animrits' for the lab studies 2 We also1 record temperature.Jsalinity, and'wes estimate 'sil'tation levels "at each' station. Physiological'.ex'periments are_ performed! o evaluate l

t . temperature and. salinity tolerances of 'thW native and introduced species; J 4 Our major. findings'are: '1. :Re AT of _ the thermal effluent in Oyster' Cieek duringMthe spring months ~. of 1981 was M* C or-less. There'was no evidence of frecirculation of ' the' ef fluent 'into Forked River,' and 'most of' the excess heat dissipated ' o b before ' reaching Waretown New Jersey. The plant.was Mot operating from April 19-May 28, 1981. ~ -I '

2. The ' temperatures were high enough to support gonadalj development by i'

April' in Oyster Creek and late April.or 'early :May at-the other stat' ions E

3. The salinity _ was high enough for survival-of shipworms and! heir 1arvac <

~ t ~ at a11 stations.. In fact, the s'alinity in Barnegat: Bay was close-to % i F the' optimun for Teredo bartschi,: about 22-24*/... Y' 3i

4. There was no settlement of young on any panel during' March-May,19814 w.

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5. - Teredo bartschi was _ limited to Oyster Creek and-theia_yside Beach Club,

/g [ between Oyster Creek and Forked River. These were also'the areas withD 1/ t ~ . the heaviest shipworm attack' overa13. They are'the most influenced by- [ the Oyster Creek Nuclear _ Generating Station. 7 ' f( j,& ~ l W R 6!' AlthoughjTeredo bartschi wa.s the dominant species, most specimens fbom i AT e the 1980-31-year: class were dead by May, 1981. [ O hp., :x > 4-l' vI:n l

7. The -largest specimens of fall three species were foundfin Oyster Creek, lb k

~ c , indicating-that-the warmer waters of the thermalfeffluent were t favorable for growth.

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-8.. Settlement of Teredo navalis and-Bankia :goul'di was :not at random with '5 } 1 respect? tolthe yearly;and cumulative racks, buttwas: clumped.- . %,4 L~ b ~ ?9./ Mortality of Teredo' bartschi wasLover 90%; mortality 'of:Teredo navalis ? 4 ~ !V _ as'about 50%; mortality.of Bankia gouldiTwasfless'than:10%. j w T <m. ( - ,1 h v-' s pb_.,c u + l e. m F M 3

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10. Specimen.s of Terefo bartschi settled in a cluster near the mudline jon'..the leeside of a, takes, while. specimens of ~ Bankia gouldi and -Teredo

); " navalis' settled at random' with' respect-to currents and' were not cor:centrated at-the mudline. g_ ?ll'.~ Tere c0 bartschi -adults did not f11ter water at te:cperatures. Iower than -

15' C when maintained at'a salinity of 22 */...

.~.. 12.:The preferred.temperaturefand salinity-for reproduction in Teredo bartschi .3 wre 20* C, and : 22 */... - Reproduction did not occur at 10* C and was delayed oidid not occur at 6 */... A 113. Growth: of *feredo bartschi was greatest at. 30* C and bo' h '14 and 22 */..; t growth was poor at-10* C regardless of salinity.

14. Mdrtal' ty' of Teredo bartschi was' high-at both 10 and 30* C but. was very i

low at 20* C, especially at-- salinities of 6 and 14 */.. when compared' witli'22 */... / .15. It was' concluded that 20* and 22 */.. were the optimal conditions for survival growth, and reproduction of Te edo bartschi of those 1-conditions tested; @4' q d f. i T 7 ( ~k 9 f [t'l t - e J./ 4 s 1 I, : ,j l s ,\\

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e-LP } w ., -.. 1 v... ' C.O - N TABLE OF CONTENTS . M: y iii ABSTRACTj-y-

SUMMARY

OF FINDINGS. v LIST OF; TABLES viii ~ 'V ix ' ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 INTRODUCTION: ,P 2 METHODS .-...=,....... RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 5 PHYSICAL DATA 5 5 SHIPWORM POPULATIONS If 3 ', [, PATTERNS OF SHIPWORM SETTLEMENT 23 f nj SHIPWOPM PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY 25 . CONCLUSION-31.

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33 Pf REFERENCES i .t'... ? y E'- APPENDIX.- STATION-LOCALITIES 35 0 3 DISTRIBUTION LIST, 37 j.

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r L. LIST OF TABLES 1.-Temperature Profiles in 'C, March to May, 1981 6. - 2. Continuous Temperat'ure. Recorder Data '(*C) for March 9 to 7 June 8.-1981

3. Salinity Profiles in */.., March to May,1981 9-i -

4. ' Continuous Recording Salinometer Readings at 12:00 Noon EST

~ in karts per Thousand 10

5.. Temperature at i Precipitation in New Jersey (Average Deviatf on from Normal),- Spring,- 1981 11' 6.'Overall Departure from Normal of Temperature and Precipi-

- tation, New Jersey,1980 - 11

7. Numbers of Living Shipworms in Camulative Panels Submerged May 3, 1980 12

8. Numbers of Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Cumulative Panels 14

9. Percentage of Specimens Alive when Collected, Cumulative Panels 15

10. Length Ranges of Shipworms in mm Cumulative Panels 16

11. Numbers of Living Shipworms in Yearly Pancis

' 1

12. -Numbers of.Living Shipworms plus Empty Tubes, Yearly Pane 1E 18

13. Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Yearly Panels 19

14. Length Ranges of Shipworms in mm, Yearly Pancis 20

15.. Percentage Weight Loss by Cumulative and Yearly Panels 22

16. Lengths and Positions of Teredinidae in Stakes Submerged in Barnegat Bay 24

17.. Range of Water Temperatures During Experiment Testing the Low Temperature Response of Teredo bartschi 26 18.~Frass Production by. Specimens of Teredo bartschitunder Various Temperatures and Salinities

-27 19.-Survivorship Reproduction, and Lengths of.Teredo bartschi: LTemperature-Salinity Experiment 28 viii-q ~ Pu T t

o f :: \\ i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the many residents of Oyster Creek,who have-cooperated in our field work. James Selman previded technical assistance. Eugenia-B8hlke of the Academy of-Natural Sciences of. Philadelphia 7 served as X-ray techno'.ogist. J.C.P. & L. Co. provided data on the operation of.the Generating Station, i L ix l.- r, y. f ',, 'i. s 1 m N pm ' f + T

2 ,~ b ECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WOOD-BORING BIVALVES IN THE VICINITY OF THE OYSTER CREEK' NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION I~ March '- May.1981 INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown a direct causal relationship between .the effluent of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station and the g l proliferatic of shipworms (Teredinidae) in Oyster Creek and adjacent L portions of Barnegat Bay, New ' Jersey '(Turner,1974; Hoagland et al., i 1977; Hoagland et al., 1978; Hoagland and Crocket, 1979;- Hoagland L and Turner,.1980). The effluent adds heat' to the receiving waters, l which extends the breeding season of teredinids, increases their growth rates, and reduces their winter mortality rates. It has. allowed the l establishment of a tropical-subtropical shipworm, Teredo bartschi, in Oyster Creek, and its spread into Forked River. The design of the generating station's cooling system, taking salt water from Barnegat Bay up Forked River, through the plant,' and out into Oyster Creek, has increased the salinity of these two creeks. Shipworms now'can reside in these creeks, which previously were unsuitable. in salinity level and constancy for the establishmect or actively breeding shipworm popula tions. i l The populations of Tet edo bartschi compared with the native species in. 7 l Oyster Creek and Forked River are the focus of current studies. This I report summarizes our ongoing collection of data on some physical parameters of Barnegat Bay, as well as species composition, distribu-tion, growth, mortality, and reproduction of teredinids. We assess the degree of shipworm damage occurring at each station. We also . report on physiological studies comp--1ng the native and introduced shipworms with regard to temperature.and salinity tolerances. l l.. i T s j' s e ~ w- ,e n y

m _ n m % g. ~ y y t . METHODS-s ~i ~,e' 1 Stations t OUer the first'three. years of our' study, 20 stations sure established-i in'Barnegat Bay;to monitor boring and fouling organieas'. In September, -1979,1the-number was reduced to-12. The. stations are shwa in Hoagland. and; Turner,~1980, and are listed in the appendix. The etotion numbers-are not contiguous _because some have been discontinued. i Station 1 is a northern control station on~ Barnegat Bay outside the influence of the heated effluent. Some shipworms, ~ primarily Bankia ' . gouldi, are. traditionally found there. Station 3 is a control station -in a tidal. creek outside the influence of the effluent. Shipworms are rarely found there. Stations 4, 5, and 6 are in Forked River, influenced sq by the plant _'s water. intake system. There is some recirculation of if heated water that affects'these stations, but the main influence is that. ~ F - the salinity is essentially that of the bay. Station 6 is sampled on a j reduced' schedule, only 4 times a year. Station 8 is on the bay. between Oyster Creek and Forked River. Stations 10-12.are in Oyster Creek, influenced directly by heat, increased (and i constant) salinity, and other components of the effluent (heavy metals, silt, increased flow rate, etc.). Since JCP & L calculates average values of heavy metal input per month, exact data necessary to characterize the [L effluent completely are not available. L . Stations 14 and 15 are at or near the southern limit of the thermal plume, on Barnegat Bay. Station 15, like Station 6, is being sampled on a re-l duced schedule.- Station 18 on Long Beach Island is being used only as a reliable source of Teredo navalis-for laboratory experiments. L Field Work once each month, the water temperature and salinity are measured at each station. Air temperature l and time of day are also recorded.. The amount ~ of silt settling 'on wood panels submerged for-one month.is estimated e.s' trace.. light, moderate, or heavy. At stations 1, 5,11, and 14, records - of temperature and salinity are kept by means of constant recording L instrumentis that are serviced once -a month. + F b, -White pine panels, approximately. 3/4" x '4" x 8","are used to obtain ship- ~ H ' worms for study..There are three panel series:~1) Each month, a panel L that has - been in the water. for.1 month is removediand replaced. In this L way data on monthly settlement and early growth of borers are obtained.

2) Each month,' a panel-that. has been in the water for 12 months is removed

and replaced.

It provides data'on timing of reproduction, species and i . age structure of~ established borer communities, and other population data. .i 3 a q. r f ~ ( ~

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3) Each May, most recently on May 7; 1981, a series _of 12. panels is deployed.

These panels are removed one per month. _ They provide infor-mation on the~ cumulative. growth and maturation of individual borers as well as development of the boring and. fouling communities. The cumu- 'lative monthly amount of wood destruction can be evaluated. These three . panel series are called M, Y, and C, respectively..The Y and C series are replicated at some stations, as indicated in the data tables to ~ follow.. Replication is not possible at all stations because of. limited space where the water is deep enough to submerge a series of shipworm panels. Panels are. presoaked for 2 weeks, then set on aluminum frame racks against bulkheading or off finger docks. - They rest about 6" above. the water-sediment interface. A series.of wood stakes 90 cm.in length _and 3x7 cm in thickness were submerged on May 3,1980, in order to test the hypothesis that shipworm larvae, regardless of species, prefer to settle near the mudline. Three identical lergths of white pine were submerged by driving them into the mud; a portion of the wood remained above the water line. The stakes were fastened to bulkheading at stations 1, 4, 8, 10, 11, and 14. In September, 1980, one of the three stakes was removed at each station except at, station 1 where the stakes apparently had been' removed. Because the amount of destruction was obviously low, two of the stakes were.kept in the water so that they might _ accumulate a heavier attack-of shipworm larvae. The stakes were marked to indicate the positions of the mud and _waterline, and were then X-rayed. The exteriors of the L stakes were examined for boreholes that may not have. appeared in the X-rays..Then, the position of each borehole and the direction of growth of the individual was recorded. Laboratory Work Panels are examined for pediveliger shipworm larvae and boring isopods, l scraped, and-X-rayed to locate the shipworms and provide a permanent record of damage. It is possible to count-and of ten to identify ship-worms from the X-rays in uncrewded panels, but X-rays do not provide quantitative data in 'most cases. Therefore, using the X-rays as guides, the panels are-dissected. All the shipworms are removed, identified, examined for' larvae in the gills, and measured (length only). They are preserved.in 75% buffered alcohol. Identifications are first made by technicians., but all Teredo spp. are checked by one of the senior . investigators. '3 i l

1 h Wood fragments from the dissected panels are saved. Calcareous tubes and other debris lef t by the shipworms are removed with HCi. The wood is washed in fresh water, then dried to constant weight, allowed to cool to room temperature, and weighed. The panels are also weighed before going into the water. The weight difference is a measure of wood destruction due to boring organisms. During dissection of the wood panels, we estimate the percentage of empty tubes, which indicate mortality. If pallets are still present in-the empty tubes, we can record the species of the dead shipworm. Shipworms froin the replicate 12-month panels are not preserved immediately but are kept alive and allowed to spawn in tanks containing filtered sea water (22% salinity) and new pine panels. In this way, we have established pure laboratory populations of Teredo bartschi. Breeding colonies of Teredo navalis are now being established. Individuals of B_. gouldi from the fic1d are being maintained in the laboratory. Algal cultures (Isochrysis-Monochryeis) have been estatlished to use as supplemental food for Teredo navalis adults and to feed veligers. Lab stocks of the second generation are used in the physiological experiments. 'Ivo experiments were performed during this quarter to elucidate the physiological tolerances of Teredo bartschi. First, on March 11, 1981, a panel containing 22 adult specimens of T. bartschi was taken from the laboratory.(22 0/co salinity and 220 C) and placed at ambient temperature (110 C) in an outdoor water table. The water temperature and the number of siphons visibic were recorded daily. A conntant recording thermometer was used to obtain a record of the daily temperature changes until April 2,1981, when the experiment was terminated. The panel was dissected to determine the number of surviving shipworms. The stock used for this experiment was bred in the laboratory from a few adults taken from station 12 in Oyster Creek and hence was inbred. The second experiment was designed to test the independent and joint ef fects of various temperatures and salinities on the survival and growth of newly metamorphosed Teredo bartschi. Pediveligers were exposed to 18 identical panels of cicar white pine cut fm-the same board. After the pediveligers began to bore, they were counted and the panels were isolated from one another in filtered and aerated sea water. Attempts were made to obtain densities of about 30 pediveligers per panel so-that crowding would not be a factor in growth of the animals. Two pancis each were established at all combinations of 10, 20, and 300 C and 6, 14, and 22 "/oo salinity. The water was changed weekly and filtered. The filter paper was dried and the dry weight of the frass and fecal material determined. The ex-periment began on February 18, 1981, and was terminated on May 20, 1981. Each time the water was changed, it was examined for pediveliger larvae. At the conclusion of the experiment, the panels were X-rayed. The number of specimens per panel and their lengths were recorded. 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical Data The temperature profiles (Table 1) show that the thermal effluent was present in Oyster Creek during March and April but was absent on the date of sampling in May. The AT was about +40 C both on March 9 and April 6. There was no evidence of recirc'11ation of the effluent into Forked River on the March and April sampling dates. Nor was the effluent noticabic at Waretown Creek south of the generating station (Station 14). On March 9 and May 7, station 3 in Stout's Creek'was warmer than the other control stations by 2.5 C. Table 2 presents the temperature data in greater detail, showing average AT's of less than 40 C. The most important observation is that the 0 temperature remained above 9.7 C at station 11 in Oyster Creek from April 6 onward. Conad development would be expected in the teredinids at about this temperature. There was high enough temperature in May at all stations for gonad development to occur. There was an anomalous-ly low minimum daily temperature at station 5 in April (3.0 C). The salinities at the test stations were fairly constant from month to month except at stations 8 and 14 on Barnegat Bay (Tables 3 and 4). The salinities were high enough to support teredinids (over 10 /oo) at all stations during the spring months. In fact, the average salinities of 20-26 0/oo in Table 4 cover the optimum salinity range for Teredo bartschi as determined in the laboratory (see earlier volumes of this report and pp. 25-29 of this volume). The spring salinities were higher than usual due to low precipitation in winter, hence lower spring runoff. However, Table 5 shows that the drought was cased during March-May. Table 6 shows the overall precipi-tation figures for 1980; a pronounc7d drought is evident. 'The Oyster Creek nuclear generating station was not operating March 12-16, March 28-31, and April 19-May 28, 1981. The total water flow through the station for the 3 months was 38,344 gal. x 106 in March, 31,180 gal. x 106 in April, and only 23,487 gal. x 106 in May (M. Kennish, personal communication). Shipworm Populations There were no larvac settling on the monthly panels during the period cf this report. These results are consistent with other years of this study. The cumuintive panels containing the 1980 year-class are reported in Table 7. Bankia gouldi was the most abundant species. The proportions of the species were similar in March and April, but in May no specimens 5

~ TABLE 1 Temperature Profiles in.0C, March to May,1981 . Date. Removed: March 9, 1981 April 6,1981 May 7,-1981 Differential within stations Among Months Station. b 1-6.0 13.0 16.5. 110.5

3 8.5 13.5

'19.0a 10.5 b 4 5.8 11.5 16.0 10.2 5 6.2 13.5 16.0 9.8: 8 6.5 13.'Ob 1'6. 0 9.5 b 10 9.0 17.5a 15.0 8.5 11 . 9.5 - 16.5. 15.3 7.0 12 10.0a 16.5 16.0 6.5 b D l 14 , 6.0~ 13.0 15.0 - 9.0 l L Differential' among stations 4.2 6.0 4.0-a highest value each month b lowest value' each month 6 -r'+ r e v + I lS. - e

s i = s T Table 2 Continuous Temperature Recorder Data (OC) for March 9 to June 8,1981 I. Temperature at 1:00 P.M. E.S.T. March 9-April 6 April 6-May 7 May 7-June-8 8 b-la 5 11 14 la 5 11-14-1 5 11 14 LMean. Daily Temp. at 1PM 8.1 6.9 13.7 15.1 12.5. 19.1 19.3-20.4 Standard Deviation 4.0 . 3. <4 1.6 1.8 1;7-2.7 2.8 ~ 4.3-Highest.value~of Temp. at 1 PM? 17.6 13.3 16.5 18.3 16.7-24.2 24.6 27.5 Lowest value of-Temp. a t ' l - FM - 3.3 2.7 11.3 11.5 10.0 15.6.15.4 14.8 Monthly Temp._ Range at 1 PM 14.3 10.6 5.2 6.8 6.7 8.6 9.2 12.7 4 .N II. Maximum Daily Temperature March 9-April 6 April 6-May.7' May 7-June 8 5 14 5 11 14 1-5 11 14 Mean value of Max. 8.9 7.6 14.6 15.4 13.6 19.9-19.8-21.0 19.6 Daily. Temp. Standard' Deviation 4.4 3.6 1.5 1.8 1.6 2.6 2.7 4.2 2.9 ' Highest value of-Max. Daily Temp. 17.7 14.2 17.4 18.3 16.9 24.3 24.7 28.0 24.2_ ' Lowest value of Max. Daily Temp. 4.3 3.3 11.9 11.6 11.0 16.5 15.6 15.7 15.2 Monthly Range of Max. Daily Temp. 13.4 10.9 5.5 6.7 5.9 7.8 9.1 12.3 9.0 4:

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s Table 2, continued III. Minimum: Daily Temperature March 9-April 6 April 6-May 7 May 7-June'8. 5 14 'S 11 14-1 5' Ell 14 'Esan value of Min.- 6.2 5.9 11.8 12.9. 11.1 18.3 17.6, 18.7 ,17.4 - Daily ' Temp'.. 4.4 3.2 2.3 1.8 1.5 2.6 2.9 '4.4. '2.9 3 Standard Deviation Highest value of Min. ", Daily - Temp. 15.7 12.2 14.8 15.9 14.7 22.5 22.5-25.7' 21.7_

Lowest value of Min.

9.7 8.8 14.5 13.4-13.6-12.9 ~ , Daily Temp. -0.5 2.2 3.0 Monthly Range of Min.. j16.2 10.0 11.8 6.2 5.9 8.0 - 9.1 12.1 8.8 ' Daily Temp. - on IV. Daily Temperature Range March 9-April 6 April 6-May-7 May 7-June 8 5 14 5 11 14 1 5-11' 14 2.5 2.3 1.6 2.3 2.4 2.2 Mean Daily AT 2.7 1.7 2.9 Standard Deviation 1.6 0.8 2.0 0.9-0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.0 Largest Daily AT for-one' Month 7.7 3.9 12.2 4.4 3.9 2.9 3.8 5.2 4.2 Smallest Daily AT-for One Month' l'. 0 0.8 0.8-1.0 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.9 i a. ncit in operation li unable' to determine 1 PM~due to technical difficulties

e 2--- c. ll r ( }.. - ~ \\ ~ Table 3 i ' Salinity Profiles in */.., March to May, 1981 F ~ Statio' n - March 9 i. ' April 6' May 7 Differential amonk months 1 20b 24 - 21 4 3 20b 20b igb 2 "4- ':24 25" 27 3 5. .24 .23 26 3 i 8 23 22 28a 6 10-23 22' 21-2 I-11' 23 22

21 2

l ~12 23 21 21 .2 C 14 25a 22 28a 6 y l L Differential '5 5 10 l among stations i: l within months l~ a highest value b lowest value i t l. i I I.. ( y' I -.9 I s ? y y t +

• e 4

i:9 ' 3" ) m 't: 4--*A r Table 4 Continuous Recording Salinometer Readings at 12:00 Noon EST' in parts per thousand a b Dates Statistic Sta. 1 Sta. 5 Sta.'ll Sta. 14 Feb'-6' N 27 12 0-30 March 9, 10',1 R 21.4-22.6 26.3 .S 1.4-0.8 '1.0 x March 9 - N 27 9 0 29 24.5 April 6, 1981' i 21.2 21.0 S 1.4 1.7 1.3 x April 6 - N 24 8 7 20 May_7, 1981 2 20.9 22.4 24.4 24.6 S 1.7 0.7 1.1 1.3 x 6' ~ a data represent readings taken at 12:00 Noon EST b N, number of ' days recorded indicates extent of missing data X = mean, Sx = standard deviation 4 I 10 { Y --t

Y ' c;. Table 5 ' Temperature and precipitation in New Jersey ~ Average _ deviation from normal Spring, 1981* Temp.-(* F) Precipitation (") March -1.5 +2.4 April +2.0 +0.5 May-0.0 +0.8 a data calculated from N.O.A.A. Table 6 overall departure from norcal of temperature and precipitation, New Jersey, 1980 a Average temperature, departure from normal (* F): Northern: -1.0 Southern: -0.3 Coastal: -0.9 - Total precipitation, departure from normal (inches): Northern: -6.13' Southern: -4.89 Coastal: -4.93 8 data calculated from N.O.A.A. 11-s '# f ' 5 h g ^4 s

la t 201301024 3 112 0 1 o 1 2 1 8 8 T 9 9 1 1

n. _

100000002 3 030 3 7 T y y a a M M .g 101301022 0 182 d e B_ 1 2 gre m b u S l a s t 206230560 9 545 l o 2 1 e T n a 8 P 9 b. 000000040 4 090 1 e T v i 6 ta l n. 100100110 4 000 l i 7 u r m p T e u A l C b a n g 106180410 1 535 T i B_ 2 smro w 1 l p 8 a i 9 t h 1 o 101032562 0 381 l i S T 1 3 e s h ni i c ad l s g 9 pl a t n u v r i h eo a a v c t g n b i r a L a ca o o M b. 000000150 6 010 ii d d fo T lk e e pn r r ea e e s d rB T T r e e v n. 100011101 5 100 b o m m T_

= =

u e N R p g n. b. e. e g 001021311 9 271 RB_T1 t a B_ 1 1 D n ppp o eee i t 134580124 RRR a 1111 481 1 S

e ~ J of ' Teredo bartschi we e f found.'. The -absolute ' number of B. gouldi and T. navalis was_the'same for each month. The two replicate _ panels at stations 4, 8. and '11 were similar,, except that-one panel had _9 ];.1 bartschi landithe other had none, reflecting the patchy settlement of T. bartschi.. The patchy settlement is due to :the brooded larval development of T. 'bartschi, contrasted with the planktonic development of the other species. / All of the specimens of Teredo bar*schi were found either. in Oyster Creek,

priscrily 'at station 12, or at the Bayside Peach Club (statio'n 8).

Each 'E

time T. bartschi has undergone'a bottleneck, a residual. population has

~ - existed ;at statica 12. A ' drainage pipe does - enter Oyster Creek just above station 12; it may be a source of warm water during winter outages of the generating' station.. Inspection of Oyster Creek by SCUBA in May i

revealed little. untreated wood in the vicinity of station 12 that harbors living shipworms.- Most of the old wood is crumbling and contains only empty tubes..

The greatest number of living shipworms in cumulative panels occurred-at station 8 followed by stations 12,11, and 4. The total number of ' live shipwormsLean only be characterized as few, even in Oyster Creek .and at the Bayside Beach Club. Teble 8 gives a more realistic view of shipworm destruction in the 1980-1981 season. Now it can be seen that the cumulative panels at station 12 in Oyster Creek were heavily damaged, but that most individuals were dead by March, 1981. Likewise, the attack at Bayside Beach Club (#8) was- -heavy. Teredo bartschi was the dominant species in both areas where the heavy -attack occurred. Control areas (stations 1.and 3) had light attack,' as did Forked River. Table 9 pinpoints the localities where mortality was heavy sometime be-tween fall,1980 and spring,1981. Overall, the greatest mortality occurred at station 12 in Oyster Creek. -The size ranges of the specimens are in Table 10. Bankia gouldi was largest at station 11 in Oyster Creek. Teredo navalis was largest at station '10 in Oyster Creek. ];. bartschi reached its_ largest size, 110 mm, at station 12 in Oyster Creek. The sizes did not increase from March to May, except for Teredo bartschi. Rather than being due to growth, the lack of T. bartschi below 15_mm in length in May perhaps.can be blamed on mortality-of.small specimens. No small specimens were found of either, .Bankia gouldi or T. navalis during the spring. Thus'no settlement of larvae ~ took place on the cumulative p nels. The _ yearly panels are described. in Tables 11-14. 'The,results-are similar to those of the cumulative' panels, because the cumulative panels were Ldeployed for~almost.a full-year and were susceptible to shipworm attack during the same settlement period,-June-Novembert 1980, as the yearly panels.- 'Ihe total number. of _living shipworms-in all panels per month-13 m ,y I s r

la t 304302065 3 353 o 1 3 3 T d ei rn 001001000 2 030 ei 1 Td

b. _

000000040 4 04 0 1 8 T_ s 9 l 1 e n. n 102000003 6 290 a 7 P T y e a v M i g 201301022 1 193 t a B_ 1 2 lumu l C a t 200380531 2 685 o 1 5 8 0 s T 1 e ~ bu

b. _

T 1 000000010 1 000 8 8 y 9 T 5 5 0 t 1 1 e p ~ l m .1 b E 6 r. 103200111 9 130 a T s l T_ u i l r P p A g 107180410 2 555 s m B_ 2 ro v la i i t h o 103242643 5 621 S T 1 7 0 2 1 g 1 n 8 p i 9 s. v 1 000100000 1 000 i T_ L 9 f o h b. c 000000130 4 040 s r T 7 7 1 r a e M b m n. u d 102111202 0 400 N e T 1 vom e g R 001031311 0 2B 1 B 1 2 e ta D no s ppp i l eee t 134580124 a RRR a 1111 t t o 481 S T 1

Table 9 Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected, Cumulative Panels Month Collected: March 9, 1981 April 6, 1981 May 7, 1981 Station No.Living Total No. No. Living Total No. No.Living Total No. Specimens Tubes Alive Specimens Tubes Alive Specimens Tubes Alive Observed Observed Observed 1 1 1 100 2 2 100 2 3 67 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 3 33 6 10 60 1 3 33 5 0 2 0 2 3 67 3 3 100 8 13 14 93 8 8 100 10 10 100 10 2 2 100 0 0 1 2 50 11 5 6 83 5 5 100 0 0 12 6 74 8 6 82 7 2 26 533 C 14 2 3 66 0 1 0 4 5 80 Total 30 105 29 29 82 36 23 233 s70 4 Rep 3 6 50 5 6 83 1 3 33 8 Rep 8 22 36 14 108 13 11 35 31 11 Rep 1 1 100 5 5 100 2 3 67 '~ " ' _. ' y ' h *[ A _x. [+- -;.y .g \\;~,:q' _ _ __.,. ;, ' : % :; _" " ' _ "

Table 10 Length Ranges of Shipworms, fr. mm, Cumulative Panels Date Removed: March 9, 1981 April 6, 1981 l May 7, 1981 Station B,. g. T, n_. T.b. B_. g. T.n. T.b. B_. g. T. n_. T. b,. 1 100 160 210 27-40 170 3 4 200 165-265 130-302 89-219* 205 275-29C* 5 80 230 165-180 146-181 8 117-210 70 170-26C 96-191 10 250 360* 183 11 245-270 170-315 1.5 137-336* 172 12 315 1-110* 205 195 1-85* 155-240 16-75 14 158 175-200 150 140-195 160-155 4 Rep 150-215 130-250 137-220 155 210 200-220 8 Rep 90-275 1-60 135-165 135-180 5-75 120-165 150 18-90* 11 Rep 335* 210-285 270-310* i

ll l a t 001221308 7 1 a14 o 1 2 T 1 8 9 p 1 s. 000030000 3 0 - 00 T_ 7 y

n. _

a M 000241007 4 0 - 04 T 1 s l e g n 001050301 0 1 - 10 a B_ 1 P y lrae Y la n t 306223006 2 0026 i o 11 4 T s 1 m9 8 o 1 b. 1 w 000000100 1 0000 T 1 1 1 p i 6 e h l S l b i n. d a g r 000103406 4 0005 e T n p T 1 u i A n v il i t e L g nn 306120500 7 0021 o a f B_ 1 c p o si e s d t re a s c b l ei m a i l u t 100272186 7 1112 r p N o 2 e e 1 T S R 8 9

1 b. p 000040070 1 0000 e 9 T 1 aR hc r n. a 100100006 8 0000 M T_ d g e 003132110 8 1112 v B_ om 1 e n R o s i l pppp e t 134580124 a eeee t a 1111 t RRRR a t o D S T 1314 11 u

la t 004221303 5 1a17 o 1 21 5 T 1 p 8 s. 000030000 3 0 - 00 9 1 T_ 7

b. _

000000000 0 0 - 00 T 2 2 ya s M

n. _

l 003241002 2 0 - 07 en T 1 2 a P .g 001050301 0 1 - 10 y l B_ 1 rae l Y a t 302443083 7 0027 o 1 161 1 s T 1 e b d u ei T rn 000100000 1 0000 ei y Td t p m p E s. 001000000 1 0000 1 s 8 T u 9 l 1 2 P b. 000000180 9 0000 1 s 6 T 6 6 e m l r l n. b o i 005223403 9 0006 d a w r T p p T 1 2 e i A un h S g i 306120500 7 0021 t g B_ 1 n n o i c v l s i a i L t 100272402 8 1113 d o 1 61 9 f T s o 1 e 8 d i s 9 ei r r 1 rn 000000001 1 0000 e e ei s b ,Td m 9 u a N h b. c 000040090 3 0000 r T 5 6 a M n. 107100301 3 0001 T 1 2 d g 003132110 1 1112 e v B_ 1 ome n R o pppp i eeee e t 134580124 RRRR t a 1111 a t 1314 D S 11 ycm Illlt!lll l l l'

I Table 13 Percentage of Specimens that were Alive when Collected,. Yearly Panels: . Month ~ Collected: -March'9, 1981 April 6, 1981 ~May 7, 1981-Station Number' Total No. Number Total No.- Number: Total No.- Living^ Tubes Living. Tubes

Living, Tubes.

Specimens Observed Alive Specimens Observed Alive Specimens Observed ~ Alive-1 1 1-100 3 3 100 0 0' J O' 0-3 0 0 0 0 -4 0 10-0 6 12 50 '1' 4 25 5 2 2 100 2 4 50 2

2 100 8

7 7 100 2 4 50-12 12. -100 10' 2 2 100 3 3 100' 1_ _1 100-11 1 4 25 10 10 100 3 3 100 G 12' 8 60 13 10 >68 < 15 0 20~ 0: 14 6 12 50 6 13 46 8, 13' 62 Total 27 98 28 42 > 117 < 36: 27 55 50 1 Rep 1 1 '100 0 0 1 1 100 3 Rep 1 1 100 0 0 a 11 Rep. 1 1 100 2 2 100 1 1 100 .14 Rep 2 3 67 6 7 86-4- 7' 57 a series discontinued 9 4

3 0 b. 1 7 T. 2 1 1' 04 0 1 8 14 9 4 n. 2252 - 1 1 91 - - 33 T 501 2 8 34 7 2 y s a l M 0' 0 e 3 5 n g 0' 3 3 5 5 0 a 8 2 5 2 P B 2 0 2 1 1 3 8 3 y 1 lrae Y 5 m b. 67 m T 1 n i 1 00000 0 0 8 33880 7 4 4 s 9 22223 2 1 i 1 m 1 n. r 05040 0 2 T 96914 9 1 e o l w 6 111 b p a i l T h i 0 5 0 0 0 S r 1 3 6 6 3 p 2 2 2 2 35 f A g - 6 o 0 090 5 01 B 1 2 3 5 9 s 1 1 1 1 2 egn a R 0 5 b. 1 6 h t T 3 g ne L 1 8 2 0 5 1

n. _

9 9 4 5 0 25 3 1 5 0 - 2 1 T 3 51 5 5 1 9 7 7 8 1 2 hcra M 2 53 g 6 35 7 252307 5756 B - 17 9481 d 015531 11 - e 8 75 0 v 1 12 6 o 1 m i e r R o i 134380124 pppp e t 1111 eeee t a RRRR 1 a t t D S 1314 11 IE ll 5

was not more than 30, and station 8 at Bayside Beach Club contained the most living specimens. The Stout's Creek control station had one shipworm total in 5 yearly panels recovered. Teredo bartschi was found only at stations 8, 11, and 12.- Counting the empty tubes and dead shipworms (Table 12), it is clear that a heavy outbreak of Teredo bartschi had occurred at station 12 in Oyster Creek,-but that over 80% were dead by March (Table 13). There were no live. specimens in thy; the cumulative panels yielded the same result. The number of dead ];. bartschi is probably underestimated in panels from station 12, because there were numerous very small specimens of less than 5 mm. The shipworm attack was light at all other stations and was very light at stations 1, 3, and 10. Comparing Table 12 with Table 8 for the cumulative pancis, only one difference is notable: there were proportion-ately more Bankia gouldi than Teredo navalis in the cumulative panels, and the reverse was true in the yearly panels. This difference is of considerabic magnitude; the ratio is 2:1 in both cases. One hypothesis to explain the difference is that ];. navalis might prefer to settle on wood that has soaked for a longer time. However, this argument cannot explain the tby 7,1981 data, since both the cumulative and yearly panels were submerged at the same time and are therefore replicates. The difference is due to a large number of ];. navalis in the yearly panel at station 14 and a large number of B. gouldi in the cumulative panel at station 8. The best explanation is patchy settlement of the two species at those two stations. The cumulative and yearly panels were kept on separate racks. Mortality of Bankia gouldi was very low, less than 10%. However, 50% of Teredo navalis specimens and nearly all ];. bartschi died before they were collected. The largest specimens of all three species were found in Oyster Creek (Table 14). These results are similar to those obtained from the cumu-lative panels (Table 10). The lengths of specimens in these panels represent their abilities to grow nearly uniimited by crowding, since most pancis contained fewer than 10 individuals. Table 15 presents the amount of wood lost to woodborers. Except for a few Limnoria sp. at station 14, all of the damage was due to shipworms. In 8 years of careful scarching, no attack of Limnoria has been found in Oyster Creek, although a few of the isopods were once found craw?ing on the exterior of the wooden panels at station 10 near the mouth or' Oyster Creek. Despite the greater number of specimens at station 12, the gres *est damage was at station 8 where ali.three species were present in abundance, followed by stations 4 and 11. ' Statistical analyses of the amount of damage per station will be presented in our final reporc. 21 [

Chi + ' "Sh . Table 15 e ~ Percentage Weight Loss by Cumulative and Yearly Panels - A. -Ctanulative Panels Submerged May ' 3,'- 1980 and removed: Station March 9, 1981 April 6, 1981' May 7, 1981 1

5.5 10.9 8.4

.3 'O.0 0.0 - -- 0. 0 4-15;2 30.6 a '9.3 5-

8. 6 '

15.0 7.9 8 ,43.0 a 18.1 38.1 a 10 -13.0 0.0 -7.4 - -11 20.2 27.9 0.0 12 15.2 14.3 14.4' 14 14.0 '10.2 13.8 4 Rep 15.9 30.8 a 7,7

8. Rep 34.9 32.4 8 37.3 a-11 Rep 12.4 b

18.6 - B. Yearly Pancis Station April 6, 1981 May 7,1981 1 14.2 0.0 1 0.0 0.0 4 37.3 a 15.6 5 12.0-6.1 8 16.s 23.7 a 10 14.4 3.2 11 35.9 20.1 12 9.8 9.0 14 22.4 11.0 1 Rep 0.0 8.4 11 Rep 17.6 13.0 14 Rep 10.5 10.6 "l greatest damage - b. mf,a?ng -data 22 Y z S r

Few specimens contained larvae in the gills during March-May,1981.,The-living specimen of Teredo.bartschi collected in the March cumulative panel-at station 8 contained living larvae. In April and May, empty. tubes of-T.~ bartschi in cumulative panels at station 8 contained dead larvae. A March cumulative panel at station 14 contained one specimen of T. navalf s with very early larvae in the gills. In May, one of the yearly panels at station 14 contained one of five specimens of T. navalis brooding larvae. There was no sign of earlier brooding in Oyster Creek. The outage of the Oyster Creek station during the last half of the period of this report is important for the interpretation of the shipworn data. Occurring in late spring, the outage did not prevent the waters la Oyster Creek from reaching the minimum temperature for gonad development. Ilowever, the lack of a heated effluent from mid-April to the end of May did probably prevent specimens of Zeredo bartschi from releasing pedivelf gers and generally retarded development of shipworm larvae in Oyster Creek. Patterns of Shipworm Settlement Wooden stakes extending from below the muditne to above the water line were deployed in May, 1980. Those deployed at stations 4, 8, 10, 11, and 14 were retrieved on Sept. 5,1980, af ter 4 months of exposure. At station 4, there was only one shipworm, a specimen of Bankia gouldi. The stake at station 8 contained the heaviest infestation,10 BL. gouldi, 6 Teredo navalis, 8 T. bartschi, and 7 unidentified teredinids. At station 10, there were 2 B. gouldi; at station 11,1 B. gouldi,1 ];. navalis and 1 ];. bartschi. The stake at station 14 contained 2 B. gouldi and 2 ];. navalis. Unfortunately the stakes at station 1 were lost, probably removed by the marina owners. Table 16 shows the lengths, position, and direction of growth of the ship-worms in the stakes. There is a distinct preference for downward growth once the shipworm enters the wood, regardless of the species. The position of the borehole of Teredo bartschi, was most of ten on the protected side away from the currents; the same was true for the small, unidentified specimens. Both settled close to the mudline, usually within 8'cm of the mud. Bankia gouldi and Teredo navalis settled in the current about as of ten as on the Iceside of the stakes. They also were found scattered along the length of the stakes rather than concentrated at the mudline. Thus while Teredo bartschi did cluster near the mud 31ne, the other species did not, under these conditions of sparse settlement. ' Shipworm Physiological Ecology The response of Teredo bartschi to low temperature was more extreme than that expected on the basis of the field data. When the' water temperature reached 17' C (March 13, 1981), the siphons of all 22 individuals were withdrawn. All siphons remained. withdrawn uccil March 26, when' the tenperature' reached 15' C, and 6 siphon pairs were visible. The temperature 23

Table 16 Lengths and Positions of Teredinidae in Stakes Submerged in Barnegat Bay Station Position of Distance of Entry Direc tion Length Species j Entry IIole Hole above Mud Line of Growth (cm) 4 leeside 19 cm down 19.0 g,. touldi 10 in currents 40 down 32.0

g. gouldi leeside 23 down 1.3 B. nouldi 11 in currents 45 up 34.5 B. gpuldi in currents 48 down 0.4 T. bartschi iceside 10 down 6.0 T_. nayalis 14 leeside 65 up 17.5

g. pouldi__

in currents 58 down 16.5 E. gaul41 leeside 20 up 7.2 T_. navalis leeside 14 down 5.0 T_. navalis 8 in currents 88 down 13.5

g. gouldi in currents 76 down 24.0 g_. gouldi Iceside 8

up 15.5 B gouldi leeside 31 down 19.5

g. gouldi leeside 34 down 24.0 B. gouldi in currents 28 down 24.5 g gouldi in currents 30 down 28.0 B. goaldi in currents 11 down, then up 27.3 B_. gouldi in currents 38 down 32.0 B. gouldi iceside 55 down 24.0 g gouldi in currents 10 aown' 6.0 T navalis Iceside 15 down 12.0 T_. navalis leeside 20 down 12.0 T_. navalis in currents 28 up 11.0 T_. navalis leeside 35 down 11.0 T_. navalis in currents 7

down 14.5 T. navalis leeside 4 down 0.8 T. bartschi leeside 4 up 0.5 'f[. b_artschi leeside 4 up 0.3 T. bartschi lees id e 4 down 0.6 Jh bartschi leeside 4 down 0.2 T. bartschi leeside 4 down 0.2 jr. bartschi in currents 7 up 0.5 T. bartschi in currents 6 down 0.7 j[.bartschi s leeside 3 down 0.1 T sp. leeside 4 dowd .C15 ];. sp. lealide 3 down .015 ][. sp. Icecide 4 (hole) T_. sp. in currents 4 down, '0.1 ]b sp. in currents 5 down '0.1 T. sp. (hole) ]6 sp. Iceside 35 24 T

u_Almah, - - - 7 p. 1 v.s - ;s 4 c n ,4 i 4 '# l 9 %,s -[/ 5 f 3s s h_ s,. j-e s p s. t \\ 4' y5 l' had~ dipped to I'l* C when obaervations were made again on March 30, and c.*.1 of the siohons we<e withdrawn. Observations on March 31 revealed y' i 11 siphon pa h s and a water temperature of 15' C. On April 2, 12 siphon sf < pairs were observed anc the water temperature was 20' C. Table 17 presents x e a recotd of tae water temperature during the course of the experiment. Of 6 the initial 21 Specirdeas, only 12 survived the experiment. From these data, th'ellow'est temperature at which normal filtering activi- \\ t W can take place a* a salinity of 22*/.. is about 14-15* C. Two weeks of winter temperature />f 2.5 - 13' C appear to have caused mortality to abent 50% of the Teredo bartseni culture, although other causes of mortality s duriot be ruled out. Control panels kept in the laboratory showed about 5-101,mertaLity oser the same time period. A majot gperinnent was conducted from February 18 to May 20 to determine the relationth1p of temperatr.re and salinity to survival and growth of Teredo bartschi. The amounts of frass produced per shipworm per week ur. der cach ombination of temperature and salinity are recorded in Table 13, while the 1 m3ths cf specimens, mortality, and reproduction are re-ported in Ja'a3fc 19. The prlieu ;rmaturation and reproduction took place at 20' C and 22 */.. rath.re than al the highest temperature. Reproduction was delayed at 6 */.., sr.d. no ' rep 1 oduction a't all occurred at 10* C. Growth was very poor at 10* C. The greateti growth occurred at 30*-C and the two higher salinities, but it won af fecte i atrongly by the number of specimens per piece of wood even thoegh crow if nL did not appear to inhibit growth directly. Growth at 20" C and */.. was corrparable to that nt 30" C and 14 */... Mortality was mach less t 20' C than at either the higher or the lower temperature, regardless of salinity. However, lower salinity did appear to cause an increase'.imortalitY~at both 10 and 10' C. It can b coraluded that, of the conditions tested, the optimal for Taredo sbar schi is 20* C and 22 */... Unfortunately, these conditions are met in uyt.;ter Creek during a significant proportion of the year. ~ Examin ation of the Smount of frass and faecal material produced per unit 4 time per ind1.fdual shipworm (Tabib 18) shows an increase in frass pro-p ducticu with ige,f the shipworms -an 30* and both 14 and 22 */...

However, f'

there was no nnch trend at 10* C nor at any temperature at 6 */... There was a correlation of frass production with age in one of the two experiments - Tun at 20" d, 22 '/... The trend'also pxisted at 20* C, 14 */.., but was a d aj nificuot. g Evcn a cursory glance at the pairs of data-- points for each. temperature-l' sr.tinity combinatiori reveale; that the number of individuals ' per panel is ,,.rucial to the rate of frass productions ?The data points cannot be N I w . c ~ zg e x 9 5 b,;.y x ~ \\ \\ '*)' -j, T /, A. g - gf; ((. ' f) } . i. ^.[. J~ p: 7 3:e 9 e - p a

- ~ -

gy

< p:~

• =-Q; 1e

, 'd? ' ' ( p A y s 1 ) w, i

y,_ - :

c a.' ' / 5 5' : d ['$9 h.i hi:. ' Y , S- -Table'17 './b -. j .. a.. - <v l .ji'y.jRddgeof Water Temperatures During Experiment Testing the Low Temper cl ...'. f 1 Response;of Teredo bartschi ( F4 ~ ;l _ il(* ' igl- [ A. B o\\ ,9 jMax Temp. (* C). ' Min. Temp. (* C) .a '3: -1 .\\. ' . 31 aMarc c14, ' i 12.2-9.6: 115 1 13.3 '7.4 -x 't 16T 'i. '11. 6 9.0 - -I' dr 9.1 5.0 17 n p : ~- ~ _;183 / 6.1' 5.7' 19 ,e 11.7 3.6-g - 20~ 12.9-5.3 10 7 ' 4. 4 -; x... 21 ' Ph ...c,2 2 13.1 5.1 = - 3 W,. - 12 3 10.6 7.3 p V': - x 24 15.0 4.8 ~ 7 ~ 25 14.4. 6.8' 0'^ 26. 15.1 5'. 7 P-271

- 15. 7

- 9.4 -28 17.1 8.9 ,- 29 19.0 -9.7-30.- 13.7' 12.7 l[ J31 20.4 13.3 ,. r. Aptil 'l 16.4 13.8 = 2 19.4 13.2 I r, h, , ac,' g / k i !i 26 i, F D .T . ~. 7 {',' jy Qp 3 4 { s p . ft - y 'f ,4 'Ie r

NT j.] p h o L . Table.18 - Frass Production by Specimens of Teredo bartschi under.Various' Temperatures and Salinitiesi Experimental. Conditions ? Dry Weight of Frass per ' Shipworm per Day af ter X Days (gr. x 10-4) Average / 7' -13 20. 26 35 41 49. 55 63, 68 76 82^ 90 days' 90 days (x10 g.). .30' 722 */.. 4.16 ~5.21 6.25 7.99~9.72.8.68' 6.25-9.38 9.64 12.92 12.76 "17.71. 16.37 9.58 2.29 2.44-3.62 3.78 4.00' 4.00 3.85 4.43 3.17 5.60 3.67-5.11 ~5.17 L3.93L 14 */..' .1.38L 4.84 6.45' 6.99.7.89 6.99 8.06 10.22 8.06 13.55 ~ 12.10.13.98.13.71.

8.75 :

2.48 ~2.00. 2.67-3.33 4.00 ~3.11 0.68'"3'.56 3.17 5.60 3.67- '4.22 4.00~ 3.21 16 */..; 4'.31 2.83 3.50_ 3.46 3 '. 5 6. 2.83 :4.25 3 46 4.25 o6.04 .4.95 4.40 3.30-l3.92-' O.94- 0.55 1.64' 1.37 1.09' 1.09 1.02 0.z7 0.41, 0.66 0.41 -0.55 0.21-

0. 7f :

20* 22 */.. .3.57 5.56 5.95 6.94 10.19 9.72 11.46 13.89'10.42 '13.33' 13.54 122.22' 2$.96L 4 11.67-0.70 0.91 1.39' 1.83 2.37 1.63 1.52 1.93.1.52 2.07 .2.21 4.57 3.58'

1.78~

'141*/..

0.97 1.14 1.3G 1.89 3.79 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 3.18 3.41' 3.79 4.26

'2.58 sa - 0.41 0.79 1.22' 1.43o2.12 1.43 '1.91 2.06.1.67 2.48 2.26 1~75 -2.38-1.70 '6'*/.. 1.15 0.54 0.69 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.21 1.08.0.81 1.94-2.02 2.15 '2.07L

1.29 1.35 0.94 1.62 1.57 1.89 1.57 2.12 2.20 1.89 2.64 2.36.

2.20 3.30

1.99 10*

22'*/... a-0.00 '0.13 0.22 a 0.14 0.131 0.45 0.45' 0.39 0.12 0.26' - 14 * /.. - 0.00' .0.07 . 0.01 -0.04 0.03 0.38 0.31 0.03 0.00-0.11 6 */.. 10.11 0.02 0.01 0.00' .0.02 0.09 0.15 0.02 0.00-0.04 " too little frass.to measure. m ~ 2

m. -

m 1 -'l

h I ~ f Table 19 -Survivorship,-Reprodudtion,~and Lengths of'Teredo bartschi . Temperneure-Salinity Experiment . Experimental-a LConditions-Mean Length t S.D. N Mortality. Reproduction 30.* 22 */.. 37.45-15.36 '4 8 - 7 (15%) Apr. 27 b l'.24 75- '6 ( 8%) Apr. 27 24.20 O 14 */.. 37.23 10.10 31 13 (42%) Apr. 27-23.96-8.61 75 19 (25%)1 -Apr. 27-6~*/.. 26.00 9.94= 15 3 ' -8 (15%) May 11-9.85-4.41 61c 42 (69%) 20' 22 */.. 137.25 15.18 12~ 1 ( 8%). Apr. 8 14.76-5.63 164 0 Apr. 14 14'*/.. 11.09 5.96 44 0 May 11 l 14.98 5.64 105 0 May 5 6 */.. 13.55-7.15 31 0 d' 17.07 8.18 53 0 May 11 10* 122 */.. 4.90 3.00 60 15* (20%) f (18%) 4.24. 2.14 17 3 14 */.. 4.84 2.74 57 44 (53%) 2.67. 0.58-20

17. (85%)

L . 6 */.. 3.22 2.37 50 16 (32%). '4.16 3.34' 25 10 (40%) a-Date when pediveligers were first observed. b New set.of~pediveligersfestablished in'the wood. c 73 specimens 1 mm long; not included in N. Died early. . d New. setfof 1 pediveliger.: L

• -Including 14 holes that were not included in N.

f Including 26 holes that were not-included in N. 28 ~ ? e r w.--

.-{, \\ -: considered replicates. - The greater; the; number _ of shipworms per panel, .the less is the frass produced per animal. Only at 10' C, at which 1

temperature little growth' occurred, did this relationship break down.

The highest rata of frass production occurred.in one of the 20' C/22 */,,. ~ experimental. panels. 'This-was-also the panel containing the lowest number of -individuals (only.12),. which factor. is probably more_ important ' than the environmental conditions in determining frass. production. In general, Table 18 shows.that the higher temperatures and salinities yield higher, production ~of'frass and faecal material..For example, at-any given temperature, higher salinity yields higher'frass production. Frats production is directly. related 'to the amount of wood-boring, while faecal production is related to the ' amounts of wood-boring-and filter-feeding. i' 29

[ffg I f p p ag- }'. E ECONCLUSION (The data.in this report. provide further evidence that the area of Oyster Creek isfenhanced as a habitat: for shipworms, particularly ~ y .Teredo bartschi. ;It is-clear that-prolonged shutdowns of the'0yster F Creek Nuclear Generating Station retard the. reproduction and~ growth - of.the.T. bartschi population. lit appears that the three speciesLof. lteredinids now occupying Oyster Creek and the mouth -of Forked River - have different physiological' tolerances.and patterns of settlement that allow all three.to coexist, although one may dominate;a 'particular piece ~ of wood. The optimal conditions 'for-T. bartschi, of those tested, appear, to be about 20*.C and about122-24 */.. salinity; ~ 30' C allows faster growth'but promotes higher mortality. Our field data continue to be in agreement with those of the Clapp Laboratories /Battelle-Labs. l l l-I t I l t I' 31 s ? r ~" s t

s ' REFERENCES Hoagland, ' K. E.' and L. Crocket, 1979. Analysis of populations of boring ~ ~ and fouling organisms' in'the vicinity of _ the Oyster Creek Nuclear. . Generating Station-with' discussion'of. relevant physical: parameters "over the. period: June 1 -' August-31, 1979. NUREG/CR-1209. 51'pp.* ~ Hoagland, K. E. L.; Crocket',t and M.LRochester,1978. Analysis of-l populations of boring and fouling organisms in the vicinity of 'the ,0yster Creek NuclearECencrating Station over the period March 1'- May 31, -1978. JNUREG/CR-0380.. 32.~pp.* '977. Analysis of. Hoagland,- K. E., M. Rochester, and L. Crocket, 1 populations of boring and fauling organisms in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station over the period: June'.1 - August 31, 1977. 48 pp. Available from:the authors. Hoagland, K. E.- and R. D. Turner,' 1980. Range extensions of teredinids (shipworms)' and 'polychaetes :ba the vicinity of a temperate-zone. -nuclearigenerating station. Marine Biology, 58: 55-64. Turner, R. D., 1974. In the path of a warm, saline effluent. American Malacological Union Bulletin for 1973, 39: 36-41.

• Available for purchaseffrom the NRC/GPO Sales Program, U. S. Nuclear-Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 20555,'and/or the National Technical Information Service, Springfield,- VA 22161.

f 33

APPENDIX:.-STATION LOCALITIES -STATION: . NUMBER. ~ NAME~ DESCRIPTION. COORDINATES- < ll. .Holl'y' Park' Dick's Landing Lat. 39* 54' 'N Island Drive 74* :8' W ^ Bayville, N.J. Bay control i ~3 LStout's End of Raleigh Drive 39* 50.7' N Creek Gustav Walters' residence 74* 9' W~ Es tuarine. control 4 Mouth of South Shore 39' 49.6' N Forked River Developed property' 74* 9.8' W Possible temperature increase increased oceanic influence due to reverse flow 5 Leilani Drive At branch point of Forked River 39' 49.6' N 74* 10.5' W 6 Elk's Club South Branch 39' 49.4 N Forked River 74* 10.9' W Increase in salinity due to plant intake canal 8 Bayside Beach On bay between Oyster Creek 39' 49.0' N Club and Forke'd River across from 74

• 9.7' W

1815 Beach Blvd. Forked River, N.J. Temperature increase since plant operation. 10 Kochman's End of Compass Rd. on #1 Lagoon, 39' 48.5' N Residence Oyster Creek, Waretown, N.J.- 74* 10.6'- W Temperature, salinity, siltation increase l 11 Crisman's Dock Ave. on Oyster Creek 39' 48.5' N Residence W . aretown, N.J. 74* 11.0' ~W Temperature, salinity,. siltation increase 12 Gilmore's 20 Dock Ave. on Oyster' Creek- .39* 48.5' N Residence .Waretown, N.J. Temperature, 74* 11.3' W salinity, siltation increase 35 A

. STATION ' COORDINATES L. -NUMBER NAME. DESCRIPTION. 14 ~ Cottrell's - End of North Harbor 'Rd. 39' 47.7' N

Clam Factory

. Waretown, N.J.=(Mouth of 74* 10.9' W. Waretown Creek) Within'but near limits of reported thermal' plume . ashington & Liberty Streets 39*'47 N W ~ 15 Carl's Boats Waretown, N.J. (on the bay) 74* 11' W; 18~ ~Barnegat Light. Marina adjacent to Coast Guard 39' 45.8' N Station -

74*

6. 5 ' ' W i'

L l l l~ (.. l

36

i.^ e' SQ [;- a aw,. ,j. I YO s 5 '~ ' f w _[ { I' + ..g s .u: e - Y 'l l 'i; . - m 1 R .7

DISTRIBUTION' LIST b

4 1RE- .-Distrib'ution Category: L, ^, f .S'up1 emental Distribution: 1

.Part A; sMr. 'R'ichard Baumgardt

' M: Dick's:Landingi ' Holly Park-Bayville,-NewIJersey08721 [Mr.-W1111'amCampbell P.O. Bcx 668 =108-LongLJohn S11ver Way. 'Waretown, New Jersey.-08758. -Mr.[StanCottrell North Harbor Road 4 Waretown,,New-Jersey 08758 a -Mr. Wilson T. Crisman' -901 Hudson-Street Hoboken,' New Jersey.07030 -Mr. and Mrs.iThomas Gilmore-i 20 Dock-Ave., Box 205 E, R.R.I. 1Waretown, New Jersey 08758: L Mr. Walter Holzman L 1915 Beach Blvd. . Forked River.. Beach, New Jersey 08731-

Mr. Charles Kochman b

Compass Road.- i' -Waretown,-New-Jersey.08758 i Mr. Ed Sheridan t, L' 1108 Leilani Drive [ -Forked' River, Jaw Jersey 08731 l E Mr. : Gustav Walters - 100 Manhattan Avenue, Apt. 706 [ Union: City, New Jerseyf07087 iMr.. Edward Whciler: 16 River View Drive ^ iP. O. Box 642-LForkediRiver, New-Jersey.08731 u . -.3 7 : m a. ~ Y J' _ 4_'- s s; q -3. w w, s. -T' 4

W_ u ". ;/_(: t s ?N ' E-Part B

Battelle Columbus Laboratories-Clapp Laboratories-TDuxburyL. Massachusetts _02332 Mr. Michael Roche2 b

Supervisor of Environmental-; Science. l Jersey Central-Power and.' Light Co. - Madison Ave.~at Punchbowl: Road Morristown.)New Jersey 07960-Dr. Glenn Paulson- [.- . Asst.sCommissioner for Science [. Dept. of. Environmental Protection- -State of New Jersey P. O. Box 1390 - Trenton,'New Jersey 08625 - ~Mr. Alan R.'Hoffman' i' l Lynch,1 Brewer, Hoffman'& Sands- -Ten Post Office._ Square -Suite 329 i Boston, Massachusetts 02109 <Mr. John Makai Nacote Creek Research Station- ' Star Route l:

Absecon,~'New Jersey 08201 Mr.' Steve Lubow

NJDEP-Division of Water Resources P.O. Box CN-029-Trenton..New Jersey 08625

- Dr. Harry L. Allen ~ US EPA. Region II 26 Federal: Plaza

Room-832 New York, New York 10007 Dr. John Strand

-Ecosystems Department Battelle Northwest Lab -Richland, Washington 99352 ' LDr..D. Heyward Hamilton, Jr. EV-34,'GTN U. S. Dept. of' Energy l Washington, D.E.C. 20545-- 38 I w f e w t 4 m

' U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY CoMMIS$10N y 8fBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET NUREG/CR-1939 Vol. 3 l 1 TITLE AND SUBflTLE (Ade vo4,me Na, sf rauprialef

2. (Leave b/m*/

.EcologicalStudiesofWooI-BoringBivalvesinthe

Vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station

3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION No.

.Progrest Report-March - May 1981-7 AUTHOR (S)

5. DATE REPORT COMPLETED lYEAa MONTH K. E. Hoagland and L. Crocket August lon1

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILING ADDRESS (tnesude 2,p Codel DATE REPORT ISSUED Lehigh University wo~ m lveAa Wetlands Institute

' November 19R1 Stone Harbor, NJ 08247 6 (tes e b'an*>

8. (Leave bemkl

12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILING ADDRESS (include Iso Codr1

10. PROJE CT/ TASK / WORK UNIT NO.

. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Regult'ary Research it. CONTRACT NO. Division of Health, Siting, and Waste Management Washington, D.C. 20555 FIN 85744

13. TYPE OF REPORT PE Rioo Cove RED (/nclusive defes/

Quarterly Progress Report March 1, 1981 - May 31, 1981

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. (Leave e/me)

16. ABSTR ACT 000 words or Jess)

The species composition, distribution, and population dynamics of wood-boring bivalves are being studied in the vicinity of the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Untreated wood test panels are used to collect organisms at 12 stations. Physiological tolerances of 3 species are also under investigation in 3 the laboratory. Relative destructiveness and competition among the species' are being analyzed. The native species Teredo naval 4s_ and Bankfa gouldi coexist with the introduced T_. bartschi in Oys'.er Creek and at the mouth of Forked River. The population Teredo bar schi is reduced when the power plant does not operate for prolonged periods. i It survives well at temperatures above 16' C (but not above 30' C) and at salinities of 22 */.. in the laboratory. It prefers to settle at the mudline, while the other species of teredinids did not show this preference.

17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS 17e DESCRIPTORS Thermal Effluents Shipwoms Dyster Creek Teredo bartschi Teredo navalis Bankia gould 17tk 4DENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS IS AVAILABILITY STATtMENT 19 $ECURITY CLASS frn,s reporrt 21 NO. OF PAGES U"Cl858ifi"d Unlimited

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