ML20008E432
| ML20008E432 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Yankee Rowe |
| Issue date: | 07/19/1963 |
| From: | YANKEE ATOMIC ELECTRIC CO. |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8101070167 | |
| Download: ML20008E432 (29) | |
Text
300:1 9/15 /5 9 3 SITE 300 GENERAL Location The site is located in the town of Rove, Massachusetts, on the east bank of the Deerfield River at a point approximately three-quarters of a mile south of the Vermont-Massachusetts border. It is ad,Jacent to the Sherman hydroelectric station of the New England Power Company. The location is shown on page 300:2. Details of the topographical features of this area may be found on United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Map, " Massachusetts-Vemont, Rove Quadran6 e".
l Access The site may be reached from the south by a secondary road which runs from Massachusetts Route 2, near the town of Charlemont throu5h the villa 6e Of Zoar and then via the villa 6e of Rove or, as an alternate, by a road passing the mouth of the Hoosac Tunnel and through the village of Monroe Bridge. From the north, a possible approach leaves Vermont Route 9 at the town of Wilmington and leads via Jacksonville and Readsboro to Monroe Bridge villa 6e. The dis-tances by road to the site are 13 miles from Route 2 and 21 miles ha Route 9 The Hoosac Tunnel and Wilmington Railroad connects with a main line f) of the' Boston and Maine Railroad at the eastern portal of the Hoosac Tunnel, U
about 7 5 miles east of North Adams, Massachusetts. From this point, the Hoosac Tunnel and Wilmington Railroad follows the Deerfield River approximately 12 miles north to the town of Readsboro, Vermont, passing the Yankee plant at the 6 5 mile point.
Population The following tabulation, based on 1950 census data, shows the population within various distances from the site. The effect on the city of North Adams, Massachusetts is shown. The various zones are indicated on the map on pase 300:3 Distance from
- Area, Porulation Density - Persons /Sa Mile
- Site, Square IncinM ng Excludin6 Excluding Miles Miles North Adams North Adams North Adams o_-1 31 174 55 1-5 75 6 1,862 25
- o-5 78 7 2,036 26 5 235 26,946 5,379 23 0-10 314 28,982 7,415 24 10-20 946 75,311 80 o-20 1,260 104,293 82,726 66 o
k s
%\\o\\o W b
l l
O-o O
l l
{
1 l
l l
l ::or i~)q-I
\\
j n'. 3 l\\g G
,1.?.c g W H I T H
A.
M REA D/SBORO f
' g. i.f..
--- ys I # _ _ _,,, _
.g
~~c-nes
- / y "U,;,t t
g j
's N 1, u ~.
J :;1*r.';7.;;,
(...
z z
/
-~
m m
xx E
pg q
PLA T
~~~~~ 9
, ' [..
>0 j
O
~,,f f
uonnon
,/O E
8,"'O't /
E M
O N
R s
3 y
~
(
g
.L. IJ
.N j
=
Rs e
ili
-w
/
'1 l
f
\\
M H
l 1
m 20 e
-T
\\
i o
o j
I n
/
L:J,'
o Z
3 m
/
lgi ci[~g" I'k
}
E oo a
s x
\\
\\
h m
5 R
O W
E k
3-<
i
/
I*.
e 3'
~
g z
j/
/
h I
4
/
\\
r fa-aOwE I
- (f~
F L O R I D A h? E
'L"'**
] $/ E e,.~~,,,
(*..
s a
/
is
'c f a' h/
( kN_
j i
/
= =.. - =..
MO,$ STATIO*e N.,
O a
8;
O O
9 70 nunno to omows nue be cavosa V
E 12 M l0 N
T M
b
/
BENNINGTON 1 "" re
8 4
WILMINGTON l
-,a s i
I HEARTWELLVILLE b
i WINCHESTER o
2 8
JACKSONVILLE g
h f
D AT, Y*
QWHITINGHAM
^
r EADSBORO y,puoy
- pay, f
_\\
\\\\
W y
~~
~
Z h
NORTH -
PLAMT'S TE ~
I
~ ~ ~
~ - -
[T]
/
h ADAMS a
D WILLIAMS -
c ROWE d
COLRAIN k
j gy TOWN I
)
CHAnytyour p
y SHELBURNE ADAMS l FALLS
/
J
~
M A S S A C H U' S E T T S s,,-
c._ _
l@
h
/
YANKEE ATOMIC ELECTRIC COMPANY 3
o a
a l
1 ro arrsnno ro sminanno 5E
.m 300:4 1/10/60 q
The towns within a 20 mile radius which have a population in exccas v
of 2,500, together with their distances and directions from the site, are as follova:
Airline
- Distance, Direction from Town Porulation Miles Site North Adams, Mass.
21,567 9
WSW Greenfield, Mass.
17,349 19 SE Bennington, Vt.
12,411 17 ISI Adams, Mass.
12,034 12 2
Brattleboro, Vt.
11,522 20 HS Williamstown, Mass.
6,194 13 WSW Land Us_e_
There 'we only three industrial developments within 10 miles of the site, excluding North kin ~t and small savills. These are a box company in Wilmington, Vermont, a hardvood products company in Readsboro, Vermont, and a paper company at Monroe Bridge, Massachusetts. There is a knife manu-facturing company and a steel products company down river at Shelburne Falls.
Greenfield and North Adams are the only important centers of manu-facturing from the point of view of this report; North Ada=s, because of its relative proximity to the site, and Greenfield, because it is on the Deerfield
.b)
River.
Closely populated areas are found only in the centers of each tcwn,
- so that ^the total land area devoted to housing is small.
All of the re=aining land is utilized as forest or cultivated crop land.
Detailed land use figures in individur2 towns are not available, but the following data from the 1954 Census of Agriculture show the per'-
centage of land devoted to crops in each of the four counties near the site:
' Total Land Area, Cron Land County Acres Acres Per Cent Berkshire, Mass.-
602,880 71 000 11.8' Franklin, Mass.
452,480 56,500 12 5 Bennington, Vt.
430,080 36,800 8.6
-Windham, Vt.
507,520 43,900 87 Public Water Surv11es The main stream of the Deerfield River travels a distance of 41.2/ river miles between the Sherman Dam and its confluence with the
- (u}
l~ ~
t 300:5 9/15 /5 9 There are no downstream towns which use water pumped directly from
- (
.the main stream of the river for domestic purposes. In the Mill Village section of Deerfield, one gravel packed well, located within 1,000 ft of the river, feeds into a public water supply which probably serves a part of the town.
In other towns, only the village of Monroe Bridge and the towns of Shelburne Falls and Greenfield have public water supplies. These systems ob-tain water from springs, vells, or reservoirs on or near tributary streams.
Site Layout Yankee and its affiliated company, New England Pcver Company, own approximately 2,000 acres located on both sides of the Deerfield river, as shown on page 300:2. All of this land with the exception of the roads indi-cated and a group of five houses in the Monroe Bridge area is in the form of forest and unused farm land. The location of the plant is at the easterly end of the Sherman Dam. This location was selected because of level nature of land, adequate foundation conditions, nearness to the Sherman Pond for cooling water supplies, and convenient access by both highway and railroad.'
-In addition, proximity to the high tension switching substation at the Harriman hydroelectric station of New England Power Compey, in Readsboro, Vermont, facilitates the delivery of power to the interconnected transmission systems of the New Eng,_and utilities which propose to purchase the output of the Yankee plant.
/"N "A private road on land of the Yankee Atomic Electric Company ex-
. tends to the southwest a distance of apprmehtely one-half mile where it con-nects to a secondary highway between the villages of Monroe Bridge and Rove.
This is the regular means of access to the plant. However, the highway between the villages has grades up to 26 per cent and may be impassable at times in vinter."
The highway from Monroe Bridge village which follows along the vest side of the Deerfield' River, across from the power plant and approximately 1,000 ft distant at_its nearest point, is a black-top town road. Emergency access between this highway and the power plant is possible across the top of
- Sherman Dam, belonging to and subject to complete control by the New England Power Company. - The New England Power Company also owns almost all the land
~ in the. vicinity on both sides of the state road, thus making it unlikely that
~
, outside parties.will construct herras or other ixirmanent instellations in this
. area."
~
"Except for the private road and the way across the dam, all access to the plant site by motor vehicles is blocked by the river and by a range of
- high hills."
?u
?
. y)
301:1 9/15/59 301 METEOR 01DGY
- (~si g
James M. Austin, Associate Pu fessor of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has evaluatal the meteorology of the Yankee site and has advised in the selection of instruments and the collection of data.
His report of this work is as follows:
POLLUTION CLIMAT0l0GY OF THE DEERFIELD RIVER SITE By James M. Austin Torocrachy The most important factor to consider in this pollution survey is the unusual topograp1;y in the vicinity of the site. The Deerfield River meanders through the hilly regions of western Massachusetts and southern Vermont. At the site the elevation of the land is approxi-mately 1,150 ft above sea level. Within a horizontal distance of 1 mile, the bills on both sides of the valley rise to an elevation of 2,000 ft, approximately. This steep-sloped character of the rinr valley exists to Charlemont, eight airline miles southeast of the si'e, and beyond Wilmington, Vt., to the branches of the river 12 miles north of the uite. Between these two towns the valley takes a very erratic course with a~ general decrease in elevation to the south. The valley n
-is densely wooded on both sidec.
\\J To andyze the dispersal of radioactive products from a site in such a deep river valley, it is necessary to distinguish between two contrasting meteorological regimes:
(1) Under unstable conditions, air within the valley is contin-ually mixed with the free-air flow above the ridges and, consequently, 'the -ultimate dispersion is in a direction determined by the wind. direction at the hill-top level.
In the immediate vicinity of the site, the direction is-locally. influenced by the topography with a tendency.for up. and.down valley winds.
(2) With a stable stratification', the valley is isolated from the general air flow over the area except when the flow is down the valley, that is, from a north or northeast direc-tion. _ Hence, ~ under stable conditions, expected dispersion from the site mur be calculated from vind observations
-taken within the valley.
The subsequent analysis emphasizes-the characteristics'of the wind field _with each regime together with the frequency of occurrence of the regime.
3, I k_/
_mm
I 301:2 9/15 /5 9 Availability of Meteorological Data p
V The general air motion over the area is deduced from the 2,000 ft pilot balloon observations taken at Albany, New York, located approxi-mately 40 miles to the west of the site. A broad etability classifica-tion is based upon the temperature difference between the 5,000 ft tem-perature at Albany and the surface temperature at Pittsfield. Since the upper-air temperature observations at Albany were discontinued in November 1951, it was not possible to utilize surface temperature data taken after 1955 at the Hoosac Tunnel station within the valley. The use of the Pittsfield data is justified by the comparison presented in Table on page 301:8. The Albany data are thus utilized to describe the wind regime pertinent for the analysis of pollution with an unstable stratification of the atmosphere.
The air circulation within the valley has been determined from three sourceG of data:
(1) A Bendix-Friez Aerovane was maintained at the southeasterly end of Sherman Dam from 1957 to 1959 The anemometer is mounted on top of a 30 ft stility pole; this location in the middle of the valley is approximately 500 ft northwest of the reactor.
(2) Because of the reported high frequency of-light to calm winds, sensitive Beckman-Whitley, Type F, anemometers were installed
-in March 1959 One anemometer is located on the top of a b
50 ft pole 150 ft from the above-mentioned Aerovane. The second instrument is 20 ft above the top of a-knoll on the east slope, approximately 1,800 ft from the reactor site, and 'at an elevation of 460 ft above the reactor. The cali-ll brationoftheseinstruments,includingthe1/2mphstarting speed, was verified and checks were conducted to ensure that they maintained their sensitive characteristics. At the same two locations, temperature observations were obtained from Foxboro Recording Thermometers and these data were utilized to determine the stability classification of tables on pages 301:12 and 13.
(3). From April to July 1959, temperature and wind profiles were
-measured at the reactor site.and in different parts of:the valley through the use of a kytoon, a Hastings airmeter, and a thermistor. ' A number of low-ascent balloons also provided information on the air motion within the valley.
Wind Regime Under Unstable Conditions The. analysis of the 2,000 ft -pilot balloon observations from Albany c
' for the years '1945, _1946, and' 1947, is presented in Table on pages
^
P 301':9,.10.~
When inclement weather prevented a 2,000 ft observation, L
either the l',000 ft -report was utilized and the speed increased by.10%
c i
o l-s
301:3 9/15 /5 9 or the surface wind at Pittsfield was used with a 60% increase in speed.
Only 10% of the 2,000 ft vind velocities were estimated indirectly. The stability classes are d&aed as follows:
Tsfc - Tg50 Class
- co to 10 F Stable
+11 F to 20 F Moderate lapse
+20 F to co Unstable where T850 refers to the 850 mb, or 5,000 ft temperature and Tsfc is the surface temperature at 1:30 A.M. and 1:30 P.M. for night and day, respec-tively.
From Table on pages 301:9, lo it is apparent that nixing between s
the valley air and the free atmosphere can be expected to occur 30 (un-stable) to 75 (moderate lapse and unstable) per cent of the time during the daytime. Under these conditions radioactive material vould be car-ried out of the valley by vinds with a predominant vesterly component.
At night, however, mixing with air outside the valley cannot be ex-pected to occur more th L 20% of the time. Particularly durinr,the sum-mer half-year, the valley at nighttime is essentially isolated from the free-air flow.
Wind, Regime Under Stable Conditions The above statistics e=phasize the importance of considering the i
air circulation within the valley, especially at night. The wind data sumarized in Table on page 301:11 indicate that vind speeds less than j
.3 mph prevail on 78% of nights and 31% of the days. There is a pro-nounced tendency for the vind to blow up or down the valley.
The records _ from the sensitive Bec1 cran 'dhitley anemometers have
- been_ sumarized-in Table on pages 301:12, 13 They show that for the spring and early su=mer of 1959 the frequency of occurrence of light vinds (less than 3 mph) was'less than that indicated in Table on page 301:11.
It. is considered that this difference arises, at least in part, from_the different characteristics of the two anemometers at lov vind speeds..
'The most striking feature of the anemomter records vas.the high
. degree of wind fluctuation on clear nights with mean speeds in the 1.0-4.0 mph range.' The direction fluctuation over a 10 min period consistently averaged between 45 and 90+ deg. Hence 12 deg is a con-p
__servative' estimate of the standard deviation of the wind direction on Eclear nights with light vinds and a pronounc6d temperature inversion.
l This' unusually high degree-of eddying u.otion is attributed to the
~
drainage currents down the tortuous slopes of the steep valley and the-influence of the many promortories in breaking up the characteristie
-laminer type flow at night. ; A particularly light-wind weather situa-j'].
. tion was chosen for a smoke test to verify the representativeness of i
the anemometer records. A series of smoke trails were released on the -
I l
i 301:4 9/15/59 night of July 17-18, 1959. On each occasion the smoke dispersed rapidly in the horizontal and in the vertical so that within 2,500 ft of the site the dispersiois.as restricted by the narrowness of the valley.
The kytoon observations were undertaken it a number of different localities in the vicinity of the site and toward Monroe Bridge. On a clear night the wind is predominately down-valley, i.e. N to ENE, and some characteristic observations are given in Table on page 301:14 With a generally prevailing wind from a southerly direction the wind in the valley remains south provided that the flow is silficiently strong.
The kytoon displayed the night-time eddying motion referred to in the previous paragraph.
In su= mary, the data indicate that light winds predominate within the valley at nighttime. Ilowever, despite the temperature inversion, the air motion is turbulent thereby providing a relatively high degree of dispersion of any effluent.
Diffusion Estimates The foregoing summary of meteorological conditions provides the basic wind infomation required to calculate the concentration of radio-active material at varying distances from the reactor. It is proposcd to estimate these concentrations for two sources; namely, a ground level release as would occur with an accident and an elevated source associated with the continuous operation of the reactor. Further, since diffusion theory and field experiment have provided alternative methods for com-puting concentrations, some of these alternatives are included to show the expected range of calculated values. Finally, particular attention is devoted to the unique circulation in the valley insofar as the for-mulae apply to diffusion over relatively flat terrain.
Subsequent concentration estimates vill be based upon the following equations for diffusion from a continuous point sources
~<^
hfl> W 17-C C U M -M Uf s*
(1)
Wherek sis the downwind concentration from a source of strength Q, wis the Nean -wind speed in the X-direction, is the coordinate in the
' crosswind direction, I is the vertical coordi}nate, and n, Cy and Cs are diffusion parameters defined by Sutton (1).
The maximum concentration at * = 2. = 0 is (23 n c em a.e 0 oo y
(~);
301:5 9/15/59 The maxim's concentration at ground level from a source of eleva-n tion h is
- O
[ '" "
(3 )
1r h
- u. e.
Cy An alternative set of formulae have been provided by Cramer (2):
O(g gg gaf 3bdb 1Nxbgg e,%P 1
(4) 7, g
g G G = 0)
-ty y,g A (E A
5 -I Qh k
[3
^
b x
e.xp W
(6)
L A
f3U
'verticalkand d's ~are the standard deviations of the horizo Where d' nd direction fluctuations, expressed in radians, p and are power exponents for a nonrectilinear spread of a plume and bzptg. (Ine
. suggested values for these constants are presented in Table on page 301: 15.. In applying the' above-mentioned, formula to flow within the Evalley, it must be recognized that th~e valley walls ultimately restrict the lateral diffusion.
The foregoing formulae may be utilized to calculate downwind. con-centrations from a point source. For the estimate of diffusion down-vind from a stack, it is necessary first to consider the mixing which
-takes place directly above the stack through-entrainment into the rising jet of. effluent. The' height that the plu=e rises (ah) can be computed from the following equations:
-ab=18yd Bos pct M (7)
'A J o hi=
Ca4 E%2-M (g
..'D,,
301:6 9/15/59 where Vs and u are the exit and ambient air speeds, respectively, and d is the stack diameter. Further, Bosanquet (3) calculates that the
.O air e trei ea er eccad 1 to the ri 1=e set 1e esua1 to,+<,a. <su iV2.
v thus giving a dilution factor of1.hV, N. There is uncertainty as to the value of 6h, however, from conservation of momenhm considerations, it is apparent that the dilution of stack effluent through entrainment
. immediately above the. stack must be of the order of V3 The point-source formulae (Equations (1)-(6)) may be used to compute concentrations downwind from the volume source above the stack by consid-ering a virtual source, of strength Q, X, feet upvind for the stack at an elevation of hthh l2. For a consideration of maximum ground-level concentrations, it must be noted that the jet effect for the stack is significant only insofar as the stack hei ht is raised by an increment E
A h.
Hence, in equations (3) and (6), h should be replaced by b& ah.
Conclusions The significant conclusions of the neteorological study are the following:
-(1) With the moderate lapse and unstable ataospheric conditions, which exist 50% of the time, effluent from the reactor vill be diffused in the vertical and transported out of the valley at an elevation far above ground level.
i (2) ' 50% of the t1=e, principally at night, effluent will be
~f]
restricted to the valley with a predominant light air V
motion from the north to the south. However, the air
-flow is unusually turbulent.
'(3)- The _ change from nighttime flow to lapse and unstable daytime conditions prevents a long period build up on contamination within the valley..Other sections of the report present cal-culated. concent' ations based upon the parameters in Table on r
page 301:15 i
1 L
'O
.g.
^
s d
j -
pi-6 n--e-w-
we r*
e
301:7 9/15/59 REFERENCES j ;
-O-(1).0. G. Sutton: Micrometeorology, McGraw-Hill,1953, New York.
i l
(2)
H. E. Cramer: Engineering Estimates of Atmospheric Dispersal Capacity.
j.
.Am. Ind. Eyg. Assoc. J., 20, 183-189.
(3) Bosanquet, Carey and Halten: Dust Deposition from Chimney Stacks.
a Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 162,1950, No. 3, p. 355.
(4)
C. H. Bosanquet: The Rise of a Hot Waste Gas Plume, Paper to the Institute of Fuel, 13 February, 1957.
- (5) A Meteorological Survey of the Oak Ridge Area, November 1953,
.Rpt. -0a0-99, p. 557.
(
1 I
6 1
I, t
c Le i
3 9'
4 i.
.\\,1,'
s
- ".+
~
.A-4
- 4[t i#
r,
--~e
,.s a
e,
- m. v > w
-e
-e
-~~-
t 3 01:8 9/15/59 Comparison of Hoosac Tunnel and Pittsfield Temperatures (Fahrenheit degrees)
O Hoosac Tunnel Pittsfield Average Maximum Temperature 3 Januarys 30.9 30.3 3 Julys 82.5 79.3 Average Minimum Temperature 3 Januarys 12.2 13.7 3 Julys 55.4 55.9 v'
( m.
\\_ i t
m
301:9 9/15/59 Percentage frequency of occurrence of nichttime vinds, above the valley, in various directions grouped according to stability and (3
The numbers in parantheses are the average spesis in =ph season.
s)
(nautical).
Winter refers to the months of October to March, in-clusive.
Direction Winter Summer in Decrees Stable Mod. Laese Totals Stable Mod. Lapse Totals 350,360,010 3.8 0.9(16.4) 4.7 4.1 0 9(12.0) 5.0
'020,030,040 3.4 0.4(38.0) 3.8 6.6 0 9(19.2) 75 050,060,070 3.3 3.3 2.7 0.2(10.0) 2.9 080,090,100 1.3 13 1.3 0.5(12.3) 1.8 110,120,130 13 1.3 1.7 1.7 140,150,160-4.1 0.5(26.0) 4.6 5.0 5.0 170,180,190 8.2 0.9(32.4) 9.1 15.8 1.5(27.8) 17 3 200,210,220 73 0.5(19.7) 7.8 11.2 0.7(26.0) 11 9 230,240,250 8.0 1.5(27 3) 95 6.9 0.2(20.0) 7.1 260,270,280-9.4 5.9(28.7) 15 3 9.3 1.8(z2.1) 11.1 290,300,310 15 1 12.3(27 3) 27.4 12.9 4.3(31.4) 17.2 320,330,340
_SJ_
2.8(24.3) 12.1
_L3_
2.4(21_.4 )
11.7 Totals 74 5%
25.7%
100.0%
86.6%
13.4%
100.0%
O
/* ~
.-l
301:10 9/15/59 Percentage frequency of occurrence of daytime vir:ds, above the valley, in various directions grouped according to stability
]g and season. The numbers in parantheses are the average speeds in mph (nautical). Winter refers to the months of October to March, inclusive.
Direction Winter in Degrees 3,ta_blg Mod. Laese Unstable Totals 350,360,010 2.7 1.6(12.2) 1.6( 9.1) 5.9 020,030,040 1.4 1.1(16.7) 0.5( 9.7) 3.0 050,060,070 3.1 0.f( 3.0) 0.2( 5.0) 3.8 080,090,100 0.8 045.0) 1.0 no,120,130 0.6 0.4(13.5) 0.4( 4.5) 2.4 140,250,160 2.5 1.1(20.5) 3.6 170,180,190 57 4.0(17.6) 0.4( 6.5) 10.1 200,210,220 3.5 4.3(16.7) 0.9( 8.8) 8.7 230,240,250 3.6 4.4(15.4) 2.2(14.5) 10.2 260,270,280 1.1 10.3(19.7) 3.1(17.2) 14.5 290,300,310 4.8 17.1(24.1) 3.3(18.0) 25.2 320,330,340
_1d_
5.9(14.2) 2.7(14.9) 12.4 Totals 33.7%
50.8%
15 5%
100.0%
^'
Direction Summer be
^
in Derrees Stable Mod. Laese Unstable Totals 350,360,010 2.2(12.7) 4.2( 8.2) 6.4 020,030,040 0.5 2.6(n.4) 2.0(n.5) 5.1 050,060,070 1.1 0 9(10.8) 0.9( 6.2) 2.9 080,090,100 0.9 0.9(7.2) 0.4(5.5) 2.2 110,120,130 0.6 0.9( 9.8) 0.7( 5.8) 2.2 140,150,160 3.5 3.3(12.6) 1.5( 8.5) 8.3 170,180,190 2.4 10.1(16.1) 4.2(10.6) 16.7 200,210,220 0.7 4.6(17.7) 55(12.0) 10.8 230,240,250 04 3.5(16.2) 5.2(11.0) 9.1 260,270,280.
0.2 4.1(19.7) 7.0(n.5) 11.3 290,300,310 0.9 6.6(17.6) 9.6(13.4) 17.1 320,330,340
_LZ_
2.6(15.4) 5.0(11.3 )
7.8 Totals 11.4%
42.3 %
46.3%
100.0%
, (v l
301:11 9/15/59 Wind speeds at Sherman Dam for the year of 1958. All numbers indicate relative frequencies in percentages.
Speed in mph 52 3-5 6-10
>,11 Percentage (Day) 31 18 19 12 (Night) 78 16 14 12 (Total) 54 17 17 12 O
I 1
'T fU
301:12 9/15/59 m
6NbmmmNH4&b4HNnNmm o
$$bbb ObO IbNb N
f O
H Ed d
19+999999d1N9+1go,y g
CO C000000000 0000 M
en b f C
911++99Niq
+ +++
M d
one
'C C0000 000000 O
N E w u.
3 ogm W4 0 k
m h
D##
M M
OHnnHHOOOOOOOOOOOO m
Ob N
k*A
- 8.
9 9$N". 9. S $ $i S9 3 911 9
M hh b
OOHNMdOOOOOOOOOOOO n
d E. t.
7
~
Sc d
- 1"9"9999999$1111" 5
gjt g 0M0000000000000000 m
.o.-
A 11+
1 1111e GD t
Wd4 e ~HMOOO COOOHNOOOOOO a
k a
!{.1 m
3
" **19""11*911*"11"O 1
, e; 3 >N
.ee-eeeeeeo--eeecee 3
0 8
I
~
Ng
- m.... ~. ~. ~. ~. e. e. m. -... +.
s.
e bye o
O000000000000000 O
n gs &
o2" 23d d
991++99+111199919*
9 g
g.OMO OO OOOHOOOOOO 6
O sen
' C kDD
,9
~. O. m. *. *. ~. m. n. 4 4. n. ~. 4. o. m. e. m. e.
O..
-.AO g
.ggo
~~OOOOOOO-un~OOOOO 3
1 hOm.
b
- 8*
5 i=
,&
- N.
m 8
4
- e. s. e. m. o. 4. a. m. m. o. d. e. m. e. n.. u. n.
o.
O s
w M
OMOOOOOOOHHMOOO' 00
]
.aa n.
N h"
2 1~1911+9+1~~+++911 e
~
L d
O00000
-O - 000 -
COO a
t.
n dnDbb Dbh Ob dnD O
P
-g 00000
~~~
um nnn L ' g'
'g
& ds44dO d '446 'M'disd4 %
.nOOOOssMssuM m
uunnn e
l uopos.qq l-,
(:*
3 01:13 9/15/59
=
9995"Not9991999"*N 9
d memoessanceeemoenn 8
W s
O M
N d
91999999.199N99999 9
4 oooooooooooooooooo N
EEE o
"99*1111971*1to*10 9
~
3"3h d
oooooooooooooosooo e
v c
U C
EE" m
H Ob k
n h k 999191991919991199 9
E>E s
s osm%Nooooossaosooo a
04W N
W OW N
dea pos M"E "d 07"999"99171199911'"
ho oooooooooooooooooo i $
d18 "jM g
coNosooosevammmvon o
ddddddddddddddAddd 4
f,"
n NU]
so o
9990099199"t9971**
9 2*b
~
90 d
osoooooooooossasco d
m ooe n
me
~T 3
(Q et
.n m
a I
1*.
3 >" 071191191*1t*N999" 9
1 x
osssoooooosooooooo o
.$ gs.
e
%' a h oejd N
ssNmsmssssNNooosso n
8 d
dddddddddddddddddd A
EDT bdE
$ 5 ".
d 9*09"9999999999999 m
u.m e oooooooooooooonsso d
e oo D#Q 3
vammesammeomqmeNem e
8 W*
d dddddddddAAdHAAAAd 4
DH O M
Ef*.
bo?
O
.gb E
q 11**999**199*19199 N
D s
ooooooooosoooooooo m
n N
.Rg E 50 d
dddddddddddddddddd d
N scossoooomssassaso
-m a
f sanomd9nomsmnomsmn j
a ooooo sssNNNNNmmm m -
()
i JNm o o 8'm'sN M $'m'sN Jim'sN 4 o
m, os sNNNNNmmm H
uonoa.qa
301:14 9/15/59 Examples of kytoon observations taken at Sherman Dam. Temperatures are in fahrenheit degrees and wind speeds in =ph.
Height of the w
observing site is 1,120 ft.
Date, Time April 17, 9:15 P.M.
May 6, 5:20 A.M.
June 5, 11:30 P.M.
Elevation Above Ground. Ft Temp.
Mind Temp.
Wind
_Tenn.
Wind 20 42 NE 3.2 39 E 1.5 61 ESE 1.3 50 45 NNE 3.6 40 NE 1.5 61 SE 0.8 100 45 NNE 4.6 40 N 2.2 61 NE 1.0 150 47 NNE 4.4 40 N 3.3 61 N
15 200 46 N
2.7 40 N 4.5 61 N
3.1 250 47 NNE 2.5 40 N 3.3 61 N
4.6 300 46 M;E 4.5 40 N 1.8 61 N
3.1 350 Missing 40 N 5.8 61 N
4.6 400 49 NNE 6.8 41 N 8.2 61 N
31 450 49 NNE 7.0 41 N 8.2 61 NNE 3.4 500 49 NNE 6.5 42 N 7.7 61 Missing
'L,l o
301:15 9/15/59 Values of Diffusion Parameters O
W"cc n
C1 Cz 6,
m p
7 6
i Inversion and moderate lapse (70% of the total time) 4 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.09 0.9 0.9 1.8 Unstable flow (30% of total time, principally at day) 4 0.15 0.3 0.3 0.44 0.17 0.9 1.3 2.2 i
i O
F t
1 i
t I
302:1 9/15/59 302 HYDROLOGY The plant is adjacent to the Deerfield River, alongside the pond
-formed by Sherman Dam. Surface and subsurface drainage is from the high lands east and south of the site toward the river. The glacial tills of the site contain considerable fine sand with which is blended silt and clay in sufficient amount to make the soil for the most part fairly impermeable to water. The boring and seismic survey plan is shown on page 303:2.
The Deerfield River rises in Sunderland, Vermont, follows a wind-ing course in a southerly direction 30 miles to the Massachusetts-Vermont state line, then continues south about seven miles into Massachusetts where it turns to a vandering but general easterly course for about 36 miles through Shelburne, Deerfield, and Greenfield to its confluence with the Connecticut River. The drainage area above the Sherman Dam is approximately 236 square miles.
Along the Deerfield River are eight hydroelectric plants and two large storage reservoirs, as follows:
Hydroelectric Generating Stations Nominal Dam Location Plant Elevations
- Miles from
- Capacity, Full Normal Mouth of Station Ownership Kw Pond Tailvater River Searsburg N.E. Power 4,800 1,650 1,416 60.0 Harriman.
N.E. Power 45,000 1,392 1,000 47.2
'Sherman~
N.E. Power
-6,500 1,002 921 41.2
-No. 5
=N.E. Power 15,000 922 676 40.6 No. 4-N.E. Power 6,000 368 299 18.8
- No. 3 N.E. Power 6,000 297 229 16.0 Gardner Falls West. Mass.
3,700 229 189 14.9 No. 2 N.E. Power 7,000 189 123 5 12.9 Storage Reservoirs
~
Drainage Area'. Sa Miles Reservoir Contents Gross Net Acre-Ft Billion Cu Ft Somerset 30.0 30.0 57,345 2.498 Harriman 184.0 154.0 116,075 5 056 The United States Government operates a river gage station one mile downstream from Charlemont,-Massachusetts. Detailed public records at this point are available from 1913 to date and show the effect of-storage rcservoir operation.
. All elevations on local datum: 0 - 105.66 ft above MSL' p-a
303:1 9/15/59 303 GEOLgI The site lies in a s=all valley entering the Deerfield River Valley frc= the southeast approximately opposite the east end cf Sher =an Dam. This da= vas constructed as a hydroelectric project by the New England Power Co pany in 1926 and has a =axi== height of approximately 90 ft.
Except for the Deerfield River Valley the site is surrouded by the Berkshire Mountains, which rise to heights of abaut 1,000 ft above the site to either side and i==ediately behird it.
This area was overridden by continental ice during Wisconsin glaciation, at which time continental ice reached the central por-tion of Iong Island.
It is probable that the surface of the ice sheet at the site was at least 3,003 ft above ses level. The ice sheet al=ost totally re=oved all residual soils ard the present soil =antle found in this vicinity is predo=inantly glacial till and drift.
The surface of the bedrock at the site is extre=ely irregular, solid ledge outcropping in a s=all hill along the northeast side and again in a large hill to the southeast. Consequently, one of the concerns of the initial site investigation was to establish bedrock elevations within the area as a guide to design in order to keep rock excavation to a =inimu=.
Three borings,
!bs.1, 2, and 7 vere made at the locations shown en page 303:2. A small gravel pit afforded an examNtion of the upper soil. A seis=ic survey was
=ade to check depths to bedrock. The seis=ic survey was run using the re-fraction technique, the depth of bedrock being determined at the end of each seismic survey line. The elevation at each point where it was determined is shown on page 303:2. These elevations irdicate that the surface of the rock hs generally slopes toward the Deerfield River.
The soils disclosed by the borings as shown on page 303:3 are primarily =ediu= to fine sands with gra. vel, cobbles, and boulders. These soils are glacial tills, most probably laid down as ted moraine by the ice sheet. They comprise a heterogeneous mass of soil du= ped into place by the glacier and co=pacted by its weight. Some individual boulders are 10 to 12 ft in sice. The upper photograph on page 303:4 shows typical soils ex-posed in the gravel pit. The lower photograph on page 303:4 shows large glacial boulders exposed along the shore of Sherman Pond. The borings in-dicate that the deeper lying soils are so=ewhat = ore compact and contain a slightly greater percentage of clay and silt size particles than the upper soils. The seismic survey also indicates the deeper lying soils to be same-what = ore compact, as velocities were higher than in the. surface materials.
The bedrock is composeC of Archean Meta =orphics predominantly schists and gneios. The rock is fresh and free of weathering. Although jointed, this is a strong, stable rock.
A G
/
6
./ "#'
M
\\
w
- A 4 ALN I
5 w
i A
!.L 320' s
js
'A
/
/
,/
i g
\\
e L %y g
A'/
\\
(
\\
\\
b
\\ **!,
N L 675' l
Q/
,' y m
. t(v$
'x
'g\\
/
T
./
p-
\\
4' \\
g
/
.s.
~.
.N 3\\
\\./,; \\
+ -
- s i
n
/. 4,.
)
Et6Hy N(e, )
9
'h i V
2'/
\\#
/
- - s'[
/
>s s
y f'
s-
/
.n Ss x z.
N f NA s,, (
h
)
[ 1
,h ?)
, ',fh, :%
/
/
\\
,/,,',. ', A, x,
/'
s (y
(~. ; <W, s' " -
\\
r
%_N
- .)
L
G f*
/
]
f Y)
<5 v.
v y
CL IC2T V
/
LEGEND it. sto-9 M
M 150 too hT
& KD ROCn g g,'-F tti
- " "7 W e
sum QA Miocanen s'
I
303:2 j
9 /15 / 5 9
[
,'/
\\
's 's N,
- 's,'*
e, \\
e' NR.,
\\g'\\
El
,[e
,'[w
- * ', [
turm meang
^
/
k 5,'
\\','s, f4'4'
'4,[\\
9,,/
'N n \\$
s 7 f SNCRMAN W
\\\\ '%
s' i
gg
,. g
~
/ LM
./'
g N!1L h
ps I'!
b, E
- *s
-- - 4 gM g;ew mtama::.:::::::.- :
p
, = =
N s.
i b~,
9
^
ELS40' BE i
\\
].
y g'
I
\\
's
\\
g x v N'M \\\\ (i
'\\
/
i i
/
\\
[LS
'\\'
- / am
%,1'\\N-2 % = w n. =,x - -.
./
.x,
-i
'j
(( ^
',K
. \\[
\\
\\
n er
/
1
\\
V
\\
i:
,..e g-i
\\-
g, ~yh
- BORING AND SEISMIC SURVEY PLAN 4
I
F e
\\
l L
BORING NO. I BORING No. I A S O' EAST OF B041%G No l 1040 LOAMY SAND
/- E L. 603 7't LOAVY SAND
' E L.103 7't LCJ GRAVEL AND A
l o' GR AVEL AND dI:2 t o' GR4 BOULDERS
' rs e BOULDERS u*
BCi 1030
-l, e >
HARD FINE f o';
".85' +'
YELLOW SAND, Isle HARD FINE o*
GRAVEL AND "C.
YELLOW SAND,
'. t VE
'...$,)
Flh BOULDERS Q
, BOULDER-CORE SQULD MS GRAVEL AND N
8 p
GR 16 s. RECOVERED 3 0,0 3 5' g*4 1020 BC' COMPACT FINE l
a _q. N X,,COR E YELLOW SAND, ~ g
,.c is o-GRAVEL AND
'3F 2215 ig o" BOULDERS d '. /
COMPACT FINE
- = -
' c.
SAND GRAVEL solo p HARD FINE f'
ANDdlCA - @
' ' 2 4 o' --
l.,:,
SAND, GRAVEL, tAICA AND 8;(
BOULDER-CORED 9 0' BOULDERS 2*.g' RECOVERED 8 5' 3
'O, BOULDER
- CORED 2 O' BxCORE H
3 1000 W31 Ex CORE
[@CT F,1 330' w
\\
[
REFUSAL G R AV EL,BOULD-ERS SONE CLAY
@'.c.
w
,6 39 0' COMPACT FINE 9 40 0. BOULDER-CORED 05' Ax CORE 2
YELLOW SAND, 498 990 GRAVEL AND -i.S 45 0' BOULDER-CORED 0 5'
<r BOULDERS C
46 0' RECOVERED O.5' VERY COMPACT j*;
E x CORE J
FINE BLUE
'85 50 5' S AND, GRAV EL
- 9eo BOULDERS NREFUSAL AND MICA
/*
gro s
960 950 940
)
LEGEND
+
SANPLE + NUMBER OF BLO*S OF I40 LB HAMMER FALLING is E 30" REQUIRED TO ORIVE SAMPLE f2
- CR LESS
+
IF INCHES DRIVEN ARE INDICATED.
L.
WATER LEVEL IN ORILL HOLE AFTER COMPLETION OF BORING.
E L.
ALL ELEVATIONS REFER TO NEW ENGLAND POWER CO.
DATUM WHICH IS 105.66 FT ABOVE ME AN SEA LEVEL, USGS DATUM.
's s
4 303:3 9/15 /59 BORING NO. 2 BORING NO 2 A BORING NO.7 2.O' E A$7 OF BORING No 2 1040 SAND EL.lg38 5't GEL. c38 S's AND l.0
[RS
%g L 'N,'
,n3, OMPACT E9 NO SAMPLES AND.
88I TAKEN,DOWN 9
ANO p3 M
TO 18 O'_
i4 o' iczo D '.
le 0*
VERY COMPACT is o' T
FINE YELLOW 1"T ct'ini4 g LOAMY SAND, SENT CA5ING SAND GRAVEL 21 O' GRAVEL AND ANDBdVLDERS BOULDERS 2~d q
0,
'4tu g 1010 VERY COMPACT
- e* *1 i
FINE YELLOW SAND, GRAVEL e'1,1 VERY COMPACT FINE SAND,
-,'ME,o g.
_A-BOULDERS AND
- D-GRAVEL x
LITTLE CLAY-35 0' g BOULDER-CORKD 10' ~~ '000 AD IC y
ir'o RECOVERED 1.0 6-a 39 6
- 00. BOULDER-CORED NX CORE U
h' VERY COMPACT AX CORE 21.o' y
FINE BLUE SAND GRAVEL,- Y' "e,7 2
- p, N9 i
BOULbERSAND
's t E soME CLAY
%a 3
its 52.0*
Af.k' d
h['
REFUSAL VERY COMPACT-
'3W BOULDER-COREDO5' -
FINE YELLOW 37o. RECOVERED O.S' SAND LITTLE
,77 BX CORE FINE DRAVEL.~
%o,.
BOULDERS AND LITTLE CLAY _.* s i a gro e'R 4.','
M S2 0 BOULDER-CORED Q5' 53o RECOVEREDO.S' S4 5' AX CORE N
REFU$AL 950 940 LOG OF BORINGS 4
1 a
l 303:4 I
9/15/59 0
. m,m %.r
,v.
m
% ; pu..l4,(' ".
q.
3yiL.;.{'
gg yQ,
~~
D)sr w%..h%'; ' ' e ?(.,.
& '?)j;&, '
- j. -
.s w
c
(%? M h i.., /q
,,- g MQ,~
g, U
- p..
.~
.9
+,
s y'
.vf' 4
.. '~
.r".
- Qx, M:gjg;%,
.,y
- e e 4
b
. f.
ys
,4 y
,ay:.
-v C g,. -
M MS
.a?
fly A.
... 3.;.,
, ~ * *,, -
,n,..
A,
=
~.- @s,-
.. y,r ;
g-
?gpg
..? ' q(( *
?
t r. ur :
.a s
s
., b.;
. t g,.
..; * ~;
7'
[O"
~'G
- 4 4
[
p
, y,,. ;:-K.},,-
- L'j *' '
..Na[M
. 2 ibb dbbn ved.
TYPICAL SOIL CONDITION O
e.~
.-,.--..- c, _
{
, g....
'w.
+
lf
,s g.
'~e. % g.,
';- f.
h'i '
, );>b-
% ; - [t I.7
~
G.
y n.
[d.
%'; jdp' '
s..
~-
_4,. ;_ p t h
- ?
3 i: ^
L
.s, 4
4 j.,.
?.; c
- q t
nM
~'N;pg X.
a
~'
w
~
j' ' [.' 5 b6 y'
Q g
w&.. *
- i...,
'.' i k -
,'. 7
^
4e j.
g.
I W.,
.L'
^ * ';
... y ',' ',%g. '.
.. y
?
l LARGE GLACIAL BOULDER O
F 304:1 9/15/59 i.
304 SEISMOLOGY According to N. H. Heck's " Earthquake History of the United States" (Special Publication No. 149, U.S. Department of commerce, coast and Geodetic Survey), only two earthquakes of sufficient intensity to be felt by any con-siderable number of people have epicentered within 50 miles of the site; one 7
in 1875 near canon Mountain, connecticut and one in 1884 in sourthern New Ha:pshire. Earthquakes epicentered in distant regions may have been felt
. slightly, one in 1925 epicentered in the St. Lawrence Valley was felt as far south as Virginia, but the damage done by it was limited to the St. Lawrence Valley, in areas of soft, unstable soils. Rev. Daniel Linehan S.J., Director, Weston Observatory, in a memorandum dated April 29, 1955, indicates that this site is in one of the areas of least seismicity in the northeastern United
- States and that the risk of shock is very slight, but consideration should be given to the possibility of a weak or moderate earthquake. However, damage j
from earthquakes is greatest where there are soft, unstable soils of con-
'siderable depth. At this site, where the soil is firm and rests on bedrock at shallow to moderate depths, earthquakes of moderate intensity will not
' damage modern framed structures designed to withstand reasonable vind loads.
4
[Q
}.
in I
m ny r
305:1 9/15/5 9
/
305 ENVIROSENTA?., RADI0AcTmTf SURVEY Pre-Operational Survev The objectives of this program are twofold:
To establish a local nomal or base level of radioactivity vl.ich vill include the natural radioactiv.ty present in all materials, plus fallout from weapon tests and other nucleer discharges wherevor they might occur.
To provide.a valid basis for identifying significant changes in environmental radioactivity level resulting from operation of the reactor.
To accomplish these objectives, Yankee contracted with Combustion Engineering, Inc., in Windsor, Connecticut to perform analyses on the follow-ing samples as part of the pre-operational site survey commencing in October 1958:
Type of Samples Soil Vegetation (hay)
Fallout (gummed. paper)
Q Water (river, rain, snow)
D These samples are. collected by Yankee personnel. The method of collection and shipment of samples to the Combustion Engineering Laboratory is
~
in accordance with procedures prescribed by Combustion Engineering, Inc.
Sampling locations were selected jointly by Combustion and Yankee.
The following analysis is made on the above samples:
Soil A min 4== of 12 samples are collected monthly and analyzed for alpha, beta and gamma activity.
At least 3 times per year, soil samples are analyzed for
'I-131, Sr-90, Cs-137, and uranium on an alpha count basis.
Vegetation :
12 samples.of hay are collected 3 times per year and 1
analyzed for alpha, beta and gamma activity.
At least 3 of these samples per sampling period are analyzed for Sr-90.-
g g,.
305 :2 i
9/15 /5 9 Fallout O
Fallout stands utilizing gumed paper are located at 6 of the soil sampling stations. The gumed papers from these locations are collected weekly and analyzed for alpha, beta and gama activity.
Water Samples One river water sample is collected monthly and analyzed for alpha, beta, Samma and ga=a spectra. Six of these 4
~
samples per year are analyzed for Co-58, Co-60, and uranium as alpha activity.
One weekly integrated rain water sample is collected and analyzed for alpha, beta, gamma and ga=ma spectra.
Duplicates of all samples shipped to Combustion Engineering, Inc.
are retained by the Yankee field laboratory located at the plant site. These samples are analyzed for gross beta and 6amma activity, utilizing the same chemical procedures and similar. counting equipment to that used by the Combustion Engineering Laboratory. The results from the Yankee analysis are cross checked a6ainst the Combustion results to further ensure the validity i
1 of,the data. A one pint container of each soil sample is permanently stored at the plant site for historical purposes.
O A-historical record of all results reported by Combustion is re-tained at its facility lin Windsor,' Connecticut. A historical file of all data
-reported by. Combustion'and the Yankee field laboratory is maintained at the Boston Office of Yankee.
A pro 6 ram of continuous monitoring of airborne activity began in October 1956. A scintillation type detector with energy discriminator is
~directly_ connected to an automatic time printout. By this means, the count-ing rate integrated over the energy spectrum is obtained as a permanent record. These data are correlated with veather conditions, particularly pre-cipitation and snow cover, by which means many of the. variations which occur
-can be_ explained.
A Map-1 continuous monitor for air particulate radioactivity using a G-M tube was purchased _from Tracer Lab and placed in operation in February 1959 The data from this detector is being correlated with the data from the scintillation detector. Since the Map-l monitor is of the type-generallyfused-throughout.the industry for this application, it vill eventually replace the scintillation detector as the permanent' site air' particulate monitor..
Post-Ocerational' Survey Basically.the' post-operational monitorin8 program vill be a con-
-tinuation of the pre-operational program, the major difference being the extent.
Om
(
).-
A./
t;,=
.c.
_ - _ - =.._..
305 :3 i
9/15 /5 9 e
All radioactive releases from the plant will be continuously monitored 4
and recorded, once the initial operation of the plant has comenced. Details of the radiation monitoring system are described in Section 215, RADIATION MONITOR-ING SYSTEM. With complete information available on the amount of radioactivity i.
released from the plant, the need for an extensive post-operational survey will i
be limited.
i The unknowns that vould tange the level established by the pre-operational survey are weapon tes,a and nuclear discharges from sources other than the Yankee plant.
Therefore, the post-operational survey program consists of the following:
Soil 12 samples collected from the same locations as used in the pre-operational survey, 2 collection periods per year (late spring and early fall). The camples will be analyzed for gross beta and gamma activity.
Water 2 samples will be collected bi-monthly, one upstream and one a
downstream from the plant. These samples vill be counted for Bross beta and gamma activity.
. O 0
Air Particulates L
Two continuous monitors, one located approximately four miles above.the plant on the site of the Harriman hydroelectric station and the other approximately one-half mile below the plant will be used for determinin6 Gross beta and gama activity of air particulates. The plant is located in s valley approximately one-half mile vide. As a result the prevailing vinds either blow up or down the valley. The
- location of the two monitors is. such that the air particulates
- vill be monitored both upvind and downvind of the plant.
The data from the soil, water, and air samples will be checked a6ainst the radioactivity levels established by the pre-operational site survey. If a major difference exists, a detailed analysis for specific radio nuclides vill 1
..be made.
This program vill be carried on by the Yankee plant laboratory, ex-cept where a detailed analysis for. radio nuclides is to be nade. This type of analysis will be contracted to an independent laboratory.
h i
_ q 4
4
,w m
.