ML20005E608

Handbook for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation (Regulations,Responsibilities & Procedures), Fifth Edition

ML20005E608
Person / Time
Site:	North Carolina State University
Issue date:	12/18/1978
From:	North Carolina State University, RALEIGH, NC
To:
Shared Package
ML20005D909	List: ML20005D908 ML20005D915 ML20005E608
References
PROC-781218, NUDOCS 9001090147
Download: ML20005E608 (43)

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HANDBOOK FOR PROTECTION AGAINST IONIZING RADIATION (REGULATIONS, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND PROCEDURES)

NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY AT RALEIGH inaued my RADIATION PROTECTION COUNCIL North Carolina State University Ralelah, North Carolina 5th Edition 1978 Copyright by N. C. State University at Raleigh,1978

TA LE CF CCNTENTS Page No.

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S.................................................................................. Ili INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................V SECTION 1 ADMINISTRATION........................................................................

1 1.1 Radiation Protection Council..................................................................... 1 1.2 Radiation Protection Officer...................................................................... 1 Ra d iatio n Protection Office....................................................................

2 1.3 Aut horized User in C harge...................................................................... 2 1.4 N uclea r Reactor Facility.........................................................................

3 Nuclear Operations Ad ministrator.............................................................

3 Reactor Health Physicist..........

4 1.5 Reactor Sateguards Advisory Group............................................................. 4 SECTION 2 APPLICATION FOR USE, PROCUREMENT, UTILIZATION, AND DISPOSAL OF RADIOAC.

TlVE MATERI ALS AND/OR lONIZING RADIATION PRODUCING DEVICES.............. 6 2.1 Applic at ion f or U se............................................................................... 6 P r oj ect Pe r so n n el.............................................................................. 6 Pe r s o n n el T r a i n i n g......................................................................... 6 Unsealed Sources of Radioactive Material..................................................... 7 Sealed Sources of Radioactive Material..................................................... 7 lonizing Radiction Prod ucing Devices.......................................................... 7 Nuclear Reactor Facility............

8 Exempt Quantities and Exceptions to the Application Procedure................................ 8 Review and Approval of Project Application................................................... 9 Establishment of Radiation Monitoring Program in Labc ratory or Place of Work................. 9 Classifications of Laboratories.............................................................. 10 Low Level Laboratories.

.............................................................10 Intermediate Level Laboretories................................,,....................... 11 Hig h Level La boratories.................................,............................. 11 Amend ment to Existing Projects........................................................... 11 Review and Updating of Existing Projects.........................................

..........11 Changes to the Nuclear Reactor Facility and Nuclear Reactor Operating Procedures

..........12 2.2 P r oc u re m e n t................................................................................. 1 2 Requirements to be Met...............

....................................................12 Processing of Purchase Requisitions....................................................... 12 Receipt of Radioactive Materials.......................................................... 13 Acquisition of Radioactive Materials from the Nuclear Reactor Facility........................ 13 Transfer and/or Shipment of Radioactive Materials.......................................... 13 2.3 Utilization.................

........................13 Radioactive Materials.....................................

..........14 H andling Proced ures.............................

...........14 Contamination Control.........................................,.

...... 14 Protection of Personnel.........

.. 14 Protection of Equipment and Facilities

...........,15 Actions to be Taken in Case of a Spill

........ 15 Intermixing of Radioactive Work with Non-Radioactive Work...

. 15 Decommissioning of Laboratory or Work Space

. 15 Radiation Monitoring Equipment 16 Limitation on Eating and Smoking

......... 16 Policy on Not Working Alone....

16 Storage of Radioactive Materials.

16 Log of Use and inventory..

.16 Waste Disposal....

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Policy on Of f-Ca m pu s U se............................................................... 17 lonizing Radiation Producing Devices......................................................... 18 N u clea r Rea ct or............................................................................... 18 SECTION 3 PE R SON N E L EXPO S U RE C O NTR O L.................................................... 19 3.1 External Radiation Exposure.................................................................... 19 Ex po s u r e Li m it s........................................................................... 19 Maximum Permissible Exposure Limits.................................................... 19 North Carolina State University Exposure Limit............................................. 19 Policy on the Limitation of Exposure of Minors.............................................. 19 Policy on the Limitation of Exposure of Visitors.............................................. 20 Policy on the Limitation of Exposure of the General Public.................................. 20 Ex posu re Control Proced ures................................................................. 20 Personnel Monitoring Program............................................................., 20 Responsibilities of Individual Receiving Personnel Monitoring Service................... 20 i

Collection of Personnel Monitoring Devices for Assessment of Accumulated Dose........ 21 M ed ical Ex a mi n a tio n s.................................................................... 21 3.2 Internal R adiation Exposure..................................................................... 21 Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radioactive Materialin Air and Water................. 21 Bioassays..................................................................................21 Whole Body Counts and Internal Organ Scans................................................ 22 APPENDICES........................................................................................23 l

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l HANDBOOK FOR PROTECTION AGAINST lONIZING RADIATION (REGULATIONS, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND PROCEDURES) t NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY AT RALElGH 4

f INTRODUCTION This handbook has been prepared as a guide for North Carolina State Univer-sity personnel involved in activities wherein radioactive materials and/or ioniz-ing radiation producing devices are used. The purpose of this handbook is to set I

forth regulations, resixmsibilities, and procedures for such uses which will in-sure that the resulting radiation exposure is no greater than that which is warranted when the benefits from the use and the associated risks are properly balanced, in this connection, every effort will be made to keep such exposures as far below the legal limit as is reasonably achievable.

North Carolina State University has been issued licenses by the State of North Carolina through the Radiation Protection Section of the Division of Facility Services and from the federal government through the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. These licenses govern the acquisition, use, and disposal of radioactive materials and radiation producing devices on the campus. To meet the conditions of the licenses, the Radiation Protection Council was established to institute the radiation protection program hereinafter described.

The Radiation Protection Council carries out its duties with the attitude of en-couraging new and worthwhile uses of radioactive materials and/or ionizing radiation producing devices while being continuously vigilant in its efforts to maintain and improve radiation safety practices to minimize eximsures. The Council recognizes at the outset that its program will be successful only if it is fully supported in spirit and in fact by the users. To this end, the Council promotes educational programs to develop a clear understanding of the princi-pies of radiation protection and endeavors to insure that there is an atmosphere of confidence and mutual trust between the Council, the Radiation Protection Office, and the user.

1 V

SECTION 1 ADMINISTRATION L

1.1 Radiation Protection Council University appraised of Council actions.

The University has been issued licenses from the The Radiation Protection Council has been estab.

nymnsi nate and pal ageneks to utihze a lished to insure that uses of radioactive materials broad range of radmactive materials and/or,omzmg n

end/or ionizing radiation producing devices, in-radiation producing devices. In order for the Um,ver-(

eluding the nuclear reactor, on the North Carolina sity to enjoy the advantages of this broad-use con-State University campus and/or extension sites are upt,it must establish the mechanism by which it, m conducted in the safest possible manner. The Council effect, regulates and controls itself. The Counc,l has i

is directly responsible to the University Administra-I*en established as that University agency to which tion so that the provision exists for making technical th.is regulatory authon,ty has been given. This judgments and recommendations that are free from authonty includes the promulgatmn of the regula-departmental influences which may not be in the best tions, responsibilit,es, and procedures which follow in i

interest of the program, this handtook.

The Coune.d consists of at least ten vot.mg members The Council discharges its responsibilities with the from the general faculty. Nine of these members are attitude that a spirit of mutual trust exists between appoirited annually by the Univenity Administra-the Council and the user. However, to guard against tion: the tenth member is apix>inted by the l'aculty gg ggg, g gg,g Senate as a representat,ive from that lody. The maintam. the authority to require:

Radiation Protection Officer, Associate Radiation at pm stMy a(Ume to We pneeckns wt a.

Protection Officer, and the Director of the Safety forth m this handbook and the approved proj,ect D...ivision serve as ex off..icio members. In addit. ion, a representative is appointed from both the Physical

b. t tt r dlow such monitoring of their work as llant Division and the University Research Ad-is necessary to insure that the work is mimstratmn to serve in a liaison capacity. One of the rMiM@aHy afe ud votmg members is designated as Chairman and

c. that users understand that the Council's agent, another as \\ ice Chairman. The Chairman normally 4

the Radiat. ion Protect. ion Officer, may suspend ap-serves for two years with the Vice Chairman sue-ceeding to the position of Chairman. These two posi-D'". val for use when circumstances warrant this actmn. The Council may at its discretion require a tions usually rotate among the represented schools appkatmn fy use tf th,s circumstance arises.

i "l hen such actmn is taken, every effort will be j

and divisions of the University.

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Members of the Council are selected primarily

• • k by the Coune,d and the Radiat,on Protection i

from the faculty who are actively engaged in teaching Off.icer to re-estahlish the approval in the most ex-and research involving the use of radioactive imditious and stra,ghtforward manner pqissible, i

materials and/or ionizing radiation producing in the dischargmg of its duties, meludmg the devices. As a result, most members will be in, preparat,on of this handlook, the Council takes the i

dividuals (vho manifest a high degree of expertise in position that it may establish regulatams and the areas of nuclear science and in the related fields pronduns which may be more conservat,ve than i

of the physical and biological sciences. The unit of timse f the State of North Carohna and/or the representation on the Council is at the school and/or Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

division level. Generally, two faculty members are se-lected from each school which is concerned in some 1.2 Radiation Protection Officer measure with lonizing radiation. Members may sue-ceed themselves with terms of service normally being A Radiation Protection Officer is appointed by the four years. Reappointment of members is made with University Administration to be directly responsible

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the idea in mind of maintaining a majority of return-to the Radiation Protection Council and to serve in-1 ing members so that continuity of Council practices dependently of any school, department, or division.

l may be insured.

An Associate Radiation Protection Officer works The Council normally meets each month but does closely with the Radiation Protection Officer and is not meet less than six times per year. In addition to given the same authority when circumstances die-the regular meetings, the Chairman may call special tate. These individuals must be able to meet the meetings when circumstances warrant this action.

qualifications for certification as set forth by the The proceedings of all meetings are duly document-American Ik ard of Health Physics or its acceptable ed and distributed so as to keep the appropriate equivalent.

schools, departments, divisions, and/or offices of the In the absence of the Radiation Protection Officer,

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' the Assoelato Rot 41atior.4 Protection c Officer '

e. Provide the necessary radiation monitoring ser. -

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. automatically ammes t.Il of ts adhority and vices including persennel monitoring, contamina-resiumsibilitie9 of the Radiation Protection Officer's.

. tion surveys, radioactive waste disposal, radiation -

position. In 11 e absence of both these individuals, the-surveys, survey meter calibration, etc. Adequate

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Chairman of 'he Radiat;on Protection Council will

services are provided to supplement and confirm appoint an Actic P3.diation Protection Officer, the sufficiency of the handling procedures; this in-The Radiation Protection Officer is responsible for cludes periodic inspections of - the various -

i insuring that users of radioactive materials and/or laboratories to insure that activities are in accor.

i lonizing radiation producing devices adhere to ap-dance with the provisions of the approved project

- propriate federal, state, and Radiation Protection application. In some cases special services are fur. -

Council regulations, in addition to this, the Radiation nished such as providing a survey technician to dl-1

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Protection Officer is to advise and assist users in the rectly monitor a critical operation.

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-development of new and worthwhile programs utiliz.

d.. Provide environmental radiation surveillance in-

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. ing lonizing radiation; cluding analysis of air, water, foliage, and t

b foodstuffs to insure that uses of the radioactive

1.2.1 Radiation Protection O//iee materials and/or ionizing radiation producing l

In addition to the Radiation Protection Officer and devices at North Carolina State University do not

%ssociate Radiation Protection Officer, the Univer-degrade the environment.

F sity has provided for the establishment of various

c. Maintain complete and accurate records includ, g-

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technical and clericul staff ' positions, items of I"""It' of radiation monitoring and survelllance i

speciallred equipment, and space to constitute an of-

"ethities, transactions of the Radiation I,rotee-j f

ficial: University office designated as the Radiation t.mn Council and the Reactor Safeguards Advisory

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Protection Office.

Gmup, government regulations, radioactive

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, This office provides as a service to the University matnials Heenses, etc.

f. pmdud, training courses for personnel,nvolved

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i those activities, both administrative and technical, in ra atmn work.

which are necessary to insure adherence to the j

= regulations, responsibilities, and procedures set forth

g. Maintain a capability to deal with any emergen-L in.this handlxxik. The Radiation Protection Officer cies that may arise due to the use of radioactive, serves as the director of the Radiation Protectiim Of.

materials and/or ionizing radiation producing

' fiee and in this sense the authority of this Office is devices on the campus of North Carolina State solely vested in this individual. Specific activities of University, the Radiation Protection Office include the following:

In the performance of these duties, the Radiation

a. Perform the initial review of all applications for Protection Officer must insure that the Radiation permission to obtain and use radioactive Protection Office staff does not adopt the role of

- materials ~ and/or ionizing radiatica producing

" policemen" as a standard way of doing business. The devices. This includes working closely with a end result is to maintain ionizing radiation exposure

. potential user during the planning phase of the at the lowest practical level in an atmosphere of proposed work, i.e., inspection of the laboratory mutual trust and cooperation between the user and spaces, training of personnel who will be working the Radiation Protection Office.

l with the user in charge, and helping the user to i

develop appropriate handling techniques. Certain 1.3 Authorized User in Charge

-uses (see Section 2.1.6 of this handbook) are ex-empt from formal review by the Radiation Protec-

. E8ch pmj,ect us,mg rad.ioact.ive mater. ls and/or ia tion Council; the determination of whether or not ion zmg radiat, ion producing devices must be under Jthis exemption applies is made by the Radiation the direction of an individual designated as the Authorized User, Charge. This individual must be a

Protection Officer.

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b. Mark and ost laboratories wherein radioactive permanent faculty or staff member of North l

materials and/or-lonizing radiation producing Carolina State Univers ty. The Radiation Protection devices are to be utilized as per the applicable Council assigns to this individual the responsibility

' federal and state regulations. In this connection, for instirmg that work with rad,oactive materials i

it is also the-responsibility of the Radiation and/or,mmzmg radiation producing devices ecmforms Protection Office to provide users with certain to the description of use as stated in the approved forms for documentation purposes; these include, project application and to the appropriate sections of but are not limited to, forms entitled " Personnel this 1iandbook. In this connection, the Authorized

Monitoring Service" and " Quarterly Radioactive User,m Charge:

- Materials inventory."

n. Submits a written request for all new uses of

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radioactive ~ materials and/or ionizing radiation -

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Authorized User in Charge to take over the proj-

producing devices via the form entitled "Applica-eet responsibilities when the Authorized User in i

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tion. for l Permission to ' Obtain and/or Utilize Charge must be absent from the University for an 1

Materials or Devices which Emit lonizing Radia-

= extended period of time. The individual who la to

[ tion"(Appendix A to this handbook (

- assume project responsibilities must le a member e

b. Submits a written request for approval to make of the faculty or staff of the University and also =

hanges to existing projects when such changes have training and experience comparable to that c

Tintroduce potential hazards that are as yet un.

of the Authorized User in Charge. If such an ini l

reviewed by the Council;

' dividual is not assigned, the radioactive materials "c; Notifies the' Radiation Protection Office of addi-and/or ionizing radiation producing devices c ed.by the project (s) shall not be used but tions or deletions to the list of project personnel as.

such changes take ' place and also furnishes a shall be placed in an approved storage area.

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1,4 Nuclear Reactor Facility

current list of project personnel along with the quarter 13

Inventory oft radmactive matermis.

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1 Where appropriate,: the Authorized - User in Because of the increased potential for exposure to -

Charge submits a request for " Personnel Monitor-lonizing radiation from the operation of the nuclear ling Service" form for each individual who will be

- reactor, assurances must be made that an-alw i

e f,

' subject to ionizing radiation cxposure. The propriate administration is maintained to oversec p

Authorized User in Charge also insures that proj-these operations. A full description of the resp <m-

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- ect personnel cooperate fully with the Radiation sibilities of reactor facility administrators is con-

' Protection Office in~ the' performance of any.

tained in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission license 1

E bionssay or medical procedures which may he documents, in particular, the technical specifications.

I necessary to assess internal exposure.

The discussion which follows describes these respon-o f

d. Insures that all project personnel understand that sibilities and lists those specific additional duties-j f radioactive materials' and/or ionizing radiation which are required by the Radiation Protection p

producing devices are to be used only as described Council.

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F in, the-approved application for use. The l Authorized User in Charge also insures that proj.

1.1.1 -Nuclear Operations Administrator l

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- ect iersonnel follow recommended safety prac -

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E ices to minimize exposure to themselves and pre-The Nuclear Operations Administrator is responsi-t

' vent, to the extent possible, the spread of con-ble for the safe and efficient operation and utilization

. tamination, in this connection.-the Au'horized

' of the nuclear reactor facility. This responsibility in-t User in Charge insures that all project personnel cludes the special nuclear material associated with understand that the Radiation Protection Office is the use of the reactor such as stored nuclear fuel ele-l

-to be notified immediately if accidents occur in ments, startup sources and fission chambers. In all j

the laimratory wherein radioactive materials.

matters pertaining to the operation of the facility, i

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-and/or lonizing radiation producing devices are the Nuclear Operations Administrator reports to and 3

-used.

is directly responsible to the llead of the Department

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e.' Keeps 'an up-to-date log of use and inventory of all of Nuclear Engineering. The Nuclear Operations Ad-radioactive materials for which he has charge and ministrator with the assistance of the reactor opera-4 submits such an inventory to-the Radiation tions and maintenance staff has the following duties:

Protection Office on a quarterly basis.

a. Reviews all experiments utilizing the nuclear

f. Notifies the Radiation Protection Office of any reactor to assure compliance with the provisions

-I unusual hazards in the laboratory area which of the facility lleense, technical specifications, and t

could affect the safety of the Radiation Protection Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations and h

Office staff while engaged in their surveillance makes recommendations based on this review to work, e.g., the handling of waste materials having the Radiation Protection Council for its use in a de' ree of toxicity (in addition to radioactivity) consideration of new and/or untried experiments.

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-which would necessitate special handling

h. Insures that all changes to the facility and all procedures. Special hazards due to mechanical or changes to the established operating procedures electrical equipment should also be brought to the are appropriately reviewed, evaluated, and ap-attention of the Radiation Protection Office.

proved as per the provisions of the facility license giInsures that no materials and/or devices are and the technical specifications, and further in-utilized by unauthorized users.

sures that such changes are appropriately docu-

h. Submits a written-request to the Radiation mented.

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Protection Officer for the assignment of an Acting

e. Maintains records associated with the operation J

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- and maintenance of the reactor and its supporting :

posure time for the personnel involved. The Reac-7

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facilities including records of all irradiations.

tor llealth Physicist will not, except in case of i

d.' Informs the Radiation Protection Office of all emergency, permit greater exposure to personnel i

non-routine operations and manipulations which than is consistent with the provisions of Section 3 -

could result in significant personnel exiosure or of this handbcok. In this connection, the Reactor increase the ' likelihood. that a reactor safety llealth Physicist reports immediately to the

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system setting could be exceeded. In this connee-Radiation Protection Office any exposure in tion,- the Nuclear Operations Administrator which a person or persons may have:

reports to the Radiation Protection Office any ac-

1. exceeded the weekly maximum permissible ex.

cidents involving expaures, spills and/or leaks posure of 100 millirems in any seven day p

that result in a potential radiation risk.

period;

- e, Meets perblically with the Reactor Safeguards

2. received as much as the weekly permissible ex-Advisory Group so that they may jointly review

. posure in any 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> period; the operations and maintenance activltles

3. or for the case of persons under 18 years of age, E

associated with the reactor.

received as much as ten percent of the weekly

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- f. Insures that the reactor is not operated in any maximum permissible exposure.

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manner which is not authorized including the

c. Serves as an advisor for users of the reactor Irradiation _ of any materials, substances, plants, facility in helping them to meet the conditions of or animals without the assurance that-the in-Section 2 of this handbook, in particular, Sections dividual requesting such irradiations has received 2.1 and 2.3.

appropriate approval from the Council,

d. Provides radiation safety training to faculty,

g. Suhmits a monthly written report to the Council staff, students, and other personnel who utilize concerning the operation of the reactor from the the reactor facility as required under Section viewpoint of safety, setting forth, but not limited 2.1.1.1 of this handbook, the regulations of the to, a description of:

State of North Carolina, and the Code of Federal

1. the quantity of radioactive material released to Regulations.

1 the environs;

c. Performs or enuses to be performed a program of

' 2. all' accidents involving significant exposures, reactor offluent monitoring suffielent to be able to spills, or leaks; -

account for the activity in and isotopic content of -

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3. unscheduled automatic activation of the con-all reactor effluents no prescribed in the facility i

finement or evacuation systems:

license and technical specifications.

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4. non routine operations or manipulations which

f. Monitors the condition of the reactor and its resulted in significant personnel exposures

~ designed safety features, such as the biological

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and/or the exceeding of a reactor safety system shield, from a radiation safety point of view so setting.

that it may be insured that no deterioration is tak-ing place.

M.! Itcactor Health Phyeleist

g. Works with the Nuclear Operations Ad-The Reactor llealth Physielst is responsible for ministrator to furnish the necessary information for preparation of the monthly reactor safety assuring the safety of reactor operations from the report to the Radiation Irotection Couned,,

standpoint 1of radiation protection. This respon-sibility includes the radiation monitoring and accoun-tability measures associated with any special nuclear 1,5 Heactor Safeguards Advisory Group material used in the Department of Nuclear Engineering. This individual performs such duties in.

The Reactor Safeguards Advisory Group consists

- dependently-of the reactor operations group and is of four persons. Three of these persons are appointed responsible to and reports to the Head of the Depart.

by the University Administration upon the recom-ment of Nuclear Engineering. The duties of the Reae.

mendation of the Radiation Protection Council. Such tor llealth Physicist include the following:

appointments are made for three years with one ap-

a. Reviews and evaluates requests for reactor opera.

pointment being made each year. Reappointment of tions from the standpoint of radiation protection members is permitted. One of these persons shall be in. the manner prescribed in the Nuclear designated as Chairman. The Associate Radiation Regulatory Commission approved reactor Protection Officer serves as the fourth member. In operating procedures, facility license, and this capacity, the Associate Radiation Protection Of.

technical specifications.

ficer is a permanent, voting, ex officio member serv-

. b. Determines exposure levels for various operations ing hoth as an advisor in the area of interpretation of and manipulations and also determines the ex-and adherence to Nuclear Regulatory Commission 4

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1 Group.

be reported to the Nuclear Operations Administrator

'i approved reactor documents and as secretary to the ?

six months. The results ei these investigations are to F

'ne Reactor Safeguards Advisory Group serves as -

and to the Council at its next meeting. At the discre.

a permanent advisory committee to the Radiation tion of the Group, specialists from other universities '

Protection Council to review those phases of reactor and outside establishments may le invited to assist operations. including experimental uses for which the in these appraisals.

Council requires the Group's particular expertise.

Reference is also' made to the current technical

. The Group also serves a function which is indepen-specifications and facility lleense for= the reactor

' dent of the Council in that it must conduct objective '

which further define the functions of the Reactor j.

~ appraisals of reactor. procedures and operations.

Safeguards _ Advisory Group.

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- These appraisals are to be performed at least every j

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SECTION 2 APPLICATION FOR USE, PROCUREMENT, UTILIZATION, AND DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS AND/OR IONIZING RADIATION PRODUCING DEVICES 2.1 Application for Use The project application must first of all name the Authorized User in Charge. A full description of the With the exception of the provisions of Sectm.n 2.1.6 of this handbook, application for permission to responsibilities of this individual is given in Section obtain and/or utilize materials or devices which emit 1.3 of this handlook.'To summarize, the Authorized User in Charge has the responsibility for insuring lonizing radiation shall be made bg completmg I orm RPO 1. (For reference a copy of this form is meluded that the work with radioactive materiels and/or as Appendix A to this handbook; forms to be submit-lonizing radiation producing devices conforms to the ted may be obtained from the Radiation Protection dmription of use as stated in the approved project Officed The application procedure should be as application and to the appropriate sections of this followM:

handbook. Further, the Authorized User in Charge

a. Contact the Radiation Protectm.n Officer and/or must be a permanent faculty or staff member of the Associate Radiation Protection Officer to North Carolina State University. The experience of arrange for a meetmg to discuss the proposed the Authorized User in Charge as it relates to the work and to allow for the inspect, ion of the in-utilization of ionizing radiation is requested on the tended laboratory or space where the work is to be application form; this information provides the RMiation Protection Council with the basis for deter-performed. This meeting serves the purpose of allowing the Radiation Protection Officer to mining if the applicant has the experience and ability become familiar with the proposed work, to ren-to cope with the hazards involved in the particular Heation.

der any guidance and assistance which may be useful in planning the proposed work, and if Certain data in required for all personnel who will necessary, to inform the apph,eant of any spec,al be working under the proposed project including each i

steps which may need to be taken to prepare for perds name, age, and previous exposure history, the use of ionizing radiation. This inchides such

%'ith the exception of those limitations listed under items as training of personnel, modification of Section 3.11.3 of this handbook, any faculty member, staff member, student of North Carolina State Uni-laboratory facilities, or addition of new equip-ment such as the installation of a radiochenucal versity, or other specially authorized person, who has fume hood. Finally, detailed instructions received proper training and orientation in the use of provided for complet, e the project apph)till be ionizing radiation, may be included in the list of proj-m eat,on i

form and any questions the applicant may have eet personnel. The Authorized User in Charge must with respect to the required informat, n will be hep tMs list current and insure that all project per-m

answered, mnnel are properly trained. The project personnel

b. Submit the original plus four copies of Form list is to be updated at least every calendar quarter on HPO-1 along with any supplementary matermt to a form supplied by the Radiation Protection Office.

the Chairman of the Radiation Protection Coun-3.1,1,1 Personnel Training cil. The permanent mailing address of the Radia-tion Protection Councilis the same as that of the In order to guarantee ef fective compliance with the procedures and requirements listed on the approved Radiation Protection Office; therefore, the material should be mailed or dehvered to Rumi project application and in this handbook, the Radia-214 David Clark Laboratories which is located on tion Protection Office shall provide general instrue-tion with regard to radiation hazards, contamination Brooks Avenue on the North Carolina State Un,i-hazards, aM protective methods to personnel work-versity campus. The project apph,eation w;ill be ing with radioactive materials and/or ionizing radia-placed on the meeting agenda for consideratmn by tion producing devices. This instruction shall take the Radiation Protection Council as per Section 2.1.7 of this handbook.

place directly in the laboratory and also during for-mal training sessions conducted by the Radiation Protection Office. Such training sessions are nor-2.1.1 Profeet Personnel mally held at the beginning of each academic term The project application (Form RPO 1) requests in.

and at other times as special needs may arise, formation regarding those personnel who are to Additional training for persons utihzing the utilize radioactive materials and/or ionizing radia-nuclear reactor faedity wldi be provided by the Reac-tion producing devices undcr the proposed project.

tor llealth physicist. This training will be sufficient ti

.m

,[

l i,

to meet the e mditions of the facility license and ap.

gamma calibration sources. Polonium 210, propriate federal regulations and will cover such Plutonium 239, and Americium 241 are usually un-items as resp (mse to emergency situations. _

seakd sources when used as alpha emitters, but they i

The Authorized User in Charge has the ultimate may be scalai when mixed with beryllium and used l

responsibility for insuring that project personnel are as neutron and/or gamma sources, i

properly trainal in radiological safety. This respon-An applicant for the use of a scaled source of

sibility includes insuring that all project personnel radioactive material will provide the same informa-are scheduled for training sessions as provided by the tion described in Section 2.1.2 of this handtx>ok. The Radiation Protection Office and insuring that each information supplied in this case, however, must ob-i i

person is familiar with the approved project viously give emphasis to the description of the exter.

p procedures. The Authorized User in Charge must nal radiation hazards and the techniques used to F

further insure that each user is proficient in the reduce these hazards to acceptable levels. A full

manipulative techniques which are associated with description of the material used for the source seal the work including the operation of various pieces of and the method used for making the seal (i.e. type speelalized equipment.

weld, application of epoxy resins, etc.) must be sup.

Appendix-C to this handixxik provides a partial plied for each scaled source. A detailed drawing of

[

listing of publications on regulations, standards, and the source is also required, i

principles of radiation protection. Users should For large sealed sources, such as commercial or L

become familiar with the contents of these publica-pool type irradiators that are capable of generating tions as they apply to their specific work, very high dose rates, the following information must also be suppliah 3,1.3 Unscaled Sources of Radioactice Material

a. a full description of the deWgn of the facility in-cluding an analysis of the adequacy of the An unsealed source of radioactive material is one shielding material, with which physical contact may be made to dilute,

b. a full description of the location of the facility in.

mix, sub-divide, or otherwise manipulate the source, ciuding special features such as safety interlocks, Radioactive material in a screw-cap vial or other

c. the operating procedures including a description similar sample holder is considered unsealed.

of operational features which are intended to

- When making application for permission to obtain make the unit falisafe, and

. and use radioactive material in the unsealed form,

d. an analysis of the consequences of the various the applicant will set forth clearly the radioactive emergencies which can be lxistulated alotig with a material desired, the maximum quantity for posses-statement of actions which will be taken to sion, the description of use, and the final disposition.

mitigate these emergencies.

This information is supplied by completing Section Under some circumstances sources may meet all 3.1 of the project application form RPO 1. The sup-the conditions of boing scaled; however, by the very plementary sheet RPO-1(S), which appears as Appen-nature of their intended use, the seal is made very dix B to this handbook, lists as a minimum that infor-thin to allow passage of low energy or particulate mation which must be supplied to describe the use of radiation through the seal. In this case, the source the unsealed radioactive material. The information handling procedures, particularly those related to requested by RPO-1(S) includes a description of the protection of the fragile seal, become very important work areas, storage areas, manipulations to be per*

and must be addressed in detail in the project ap-formed, handling procedures, duration of work, and plication. Omsiderations of ' internal exposure also quantity of radioactive waste; other information become very important for uses of this type of scaled which provides insight into the radiological safety source because of the rxitential for loss of seal in-aspects of the work should also be attached, tegrity and the resultant spread of contamination.

3.1,3 Scaled Sources of Radioactive Material

2. ht lonizing Radiation l'roducing Devices A sealed source is one which has been encapsu-Ionizing radiation producing devices are those lated in an impervious shell or jacket such as stain-which emit ionizing radiation due to difference of less steel which has been welded or otherwise per-potential but not by decay of radioactive material.

L manently seakvl closed. The integrity of the source Application for permission to use such a device is

. seal must be of such quality that when leak tested, made by submitting Form RPO-1 (Appendix A to this the amount of removabic contamination does not ex-handbook) to the Radiation Protection Qiuncil. See-eeed limits specified in the University's Radioactive tion 3.2 of the application form is in two parts, Material License. Examples of sources which are namely X-Ray Machines and Accelerators. Specific usually scaled are radium, Cobalt-60, and Cesium-137 characteristics of the device to be used are provided

!n t

by completing the appropriate part of Section 3.2 of Itadiation Protection Council will determine when the application fornt this level of approval is necessary.

Section 3.2.1 of the application form lists the infor.

The application form does not specify the detailed mation required for making application for use of an information which is to be submitted in support of a x ray machine. In most cases this information will be given proposed reactor use. These details will be sufficient; however, uses of the machine in a non-specified or determined in consultation with the standard or untried manner may require additional Nuclear Operations Administrator and/or the Itadia.

infctmation which will be defined by the Itadiation tion Protection Officer at the time the request for ap.

Protection Officer at the time of the initial contact in proval is actually being prepared. As a minimum, the application process.

however, this description of reactor use must provide As indicated on the application form, devices which an analysis of the extent to which such a use may produce x rays as a by product, such as plasma cause the operational parameters of the reactor to ap-devices, electron microscopes, etc., are covered by the proach limiting values or the extent to which uncon-iegulations in this handigxik. If questions exist as to trolled releases of radioactivity may occur. The chether a piece of equipment is to be considered as a safety precautions which shall be instituted to source of x-rays when in use, the Itadiation Protee-mitigate these effects must also be described.

tion Officer shouki be contacted.

The use of the reactor to produce certain radioac.

Section 3.2.2 of the application form lists the infor.

tive materials which are then to be used under an ap-mation required for making application for use of a proved radioactive materials project is permitted un-particle accelerator. Any additional information der approval previously obtained by the Department which may be required will be defined by the Itadia.

of Nuclear Engineering. A full discussion on the re-tion Protection Officer at the time of the initial con-quirements for receipt of such materials is covered in tact for application for use. In this connection, it is Section 2.2.4 of this handlxiok, advisable to consult the Itadiation Protection Officer early in the planning stages for the use of these 3.1. 6 Exempt Quantities and Exceptions to the devices to provide for the greatest possible Application Procedure radiological safety input and to avoid costly changes Certain uses of radioactive material because of the or backfitting at a later date, quantity and form of the material involved and/or

' '?'

"" "I '

plication procedures previously discussed.'mth."

• W "I

2. l.5 Nuclear Reactor Facility is Utilization of the nuclear reactor must be in con-handixxik. These exemptions are:

formity with all the conditions of the Nuclear

a. For users with experience in using radioactive llegulatory Commission reactor facility license and materials under a previously approved project, the various documents which support this license, the Itadiation Protection Officer may grant ap-most specifically, the technical specifications. The proval for:

operation of the reactor in the standard and

1. The procurement and use of any beta and/or prescribed manner merely as a means to generate a gamma emitting radioactive materials covered neutron field of known magnitude is inherently per-by the following table; mitted under the facility license. Ilowever, any a,,,,,,,, g,n.i,,,

app,,,,i o,,,,,,,

proposed operation of the reactor in a new and un-

,,,,,,,,,g,n,,,,,,,

3,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

trmt manner must receive all of the reviews as sody surden or one mun-prescribed in the technical specifications and ul-curie, whichever le emener timately be approved by the Radiation Protection

11. erosier then 30 days 1000 m Maximum Permissibie but less then one year Body Burden or five mlHi-Counc.l before bem.g performed. A request to per-curin, whiche,e, is emeiie, i

form reactor operations of this type is made by com-lH. less then 30 days 10000 m Mealmum Permiselbio 8

d pleting the appropriate sections of Form RPO 1 (see

,$8ln 'ag,',,; [;,,

Appendix A to this handbookt After completion, the application form is submitted to the Nuclear Opera-

2. The procurement and use of up to R8 kg of tions Administrator and other appropriate Depart-natural uranium and thorium compounds.

ment of Nuclear Engineering personnel for review as 1 The transfer cf responsibility for existing pro-l required by the technical specifications. The Nuclear jects between approved Authorized Users in Operations Administrator will transmit the proposal,

Charge, along with any recommendations which have result-

4. The transfer of radioactive materials between ed from this review, to the Chairman of the Radiation approved projects.

Protection Council. For certain uses, approval of the Such approvals as are granted by the lladiation Nuclear Regulatory Commission will be required; the Protection Officer are recorded and then reported 8

i

f' at the next meeting of the Iladiation Protection Itadiation Protection Q)uncil cpproval of any Council.

proposed usage of radioactive materials and/or ioniz.

b. The Itadiation Protection Council hereby grants ing radiation producing devices will be based on the approval to any faculty member or staff member adequacy of the safety measures to be exercised.

of North Carolina State University to obtain and Three principal factors are considered by the Council use radioactive materials in the quantities listed in evaluating the adequacy of the safety provisions in f

below without the prior approval of the Councilor a proposed usage:(i) the experience and ability of the the Radiation Protection Officer:

applicant to cope with the hazards involved in the

1. Unsealed beta and/or gamma emitting particular application, (ii) the adequacy of the radioactive materials in quantitles not ex-facilities and equipment for the proposed usage, and ceeding one microcurie.

(iii) the thoroughness and attention given to safety

2. Unsealed alpha emitting radioactive naterials precautions in the proposed experimental manipula-in quantities not exceeding 0.01 microcuries.

tions and disposal techniques.

3. Natural uranium and thorium compounds for The Council may request additional information, use as analytical reagents in quantities not ex-special tests, or trial runs which may be necessary to ceeding 0.01 microcuries (purchase of stock confirm the adequacy of the radiological safety quantities of such compounds to be possessed precautions. The Council may also specify further i

by departments for dispensing must be cleared safety measures or otherwise condition its approval with the Radiation Protection Officer).

for certain types of operations and for particular Even though the use of these materials is exempt projects.

[

from prior approval by the Radiation Protection The Council has final judgment as to the approval

}

Council, the procurement of these materials must be of an application for the use of radioactive materials coordinated with the Radiation Protection Officer as and/or ionizing radiation producing devices. Ap-per Section 2.2 of this handbook; and further, the use proval of the appliention for use requires a two-thirds of such materials must be conducted in a manner con-majority vote of the Council. In making its decision, sistent with the radiological safety considerations as the Councilis guided by the report of the Radiation are presented in Section 2.3 and Section 3 of this Protection Officer as to the radiological risks and handbook. Also, when such radioactive materials are hp.ards involved and the procedures designed to no longer of use, they must be turned over to the minimize these risks and hazards.

Radiation Protection Office for disposal as radioac-The University does not have authority to approve tive waste.

the utilization of radioactive materials wherein t

human subjects are involved or experiments which

11. T Review and Approvalof Project Application result in the widespread distribution of radioactive materials. In these cases approval must be obtained After completion, the application for permission to Irom the State of North Carolina through the Radia-use radioactive materials and/or ionizing radiation i

t.mn Protection Section of the Division of Facility Ser-producing devices is transmitted to the Radiation viws andor the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

Protection Office (214 David Clark Laboratories). The The applicant will be notified by the Radiation t

[

application is next reviewed in detail by the Radia-Pmketmn Wfice whether the application for use is I

tion Protection Officer. Even though the Radiation wwd w M mmd U Ge apAabn br we is Protection Officer will be familiar with the proixsed n t approved, the Council will indicate the additional work due to interaction with the applicant during the

. formation to be supplied and/or the additional j

in planning stages, the applicant may at this point be safety measures which must be included in the ex.

l requested to provide additional information or to per-per mental procedures so that the application may form " cold run" operations under the Radiation receive further consideration. If approved, a project Protection Officer's supervision so that the adequaev number will be assigned and the applicant will of the proposed handling procedures can be deter'-

mined. The Radiation Protection Officer will make a

". win a copy f the approved application form along with any stipulations or conditions of approval. The formal recommendation with regard to granting or method by which changes and amendments to ex.

denying approval and may attach recommended con-

. ting projects may be effected is discussed fully in ditions or stipulations regarding the use if such is

!sSection 2.1.9 of this handbook.

judged to be necessary. The application is trans.

mitted to the Radiation Protection Council members LIJ EstaMaywnt

/ Radinh.on. Von d.onng for their review and formal consideration at the next Program in Laboratory or Place of it'ork scheduled Council meeting. The Chairman may call a special meeting to consider this request if cir-After an application for the use of radioactive cumstances warrant this action.

materials and/or ionizing radiation producing 9

)

P devices toCpproved, the Radiation Protection Office from exposure to ionizing radiation and radioactive t

institutes the necessary radiation surveillance ac-materials.

tivities to insure the continued safety of both the Radiation Area-any area accessible to in-laboratory personnel and the general University pop-dividuals in which there exists radiation at such ulation. The actual monitoring aethities will depend levels that a major portion of the taly could on the type and level of use; as a minimum, however, receive in any one hour a dose in execss of five the Radiation Protection Office will perform the millirems or in any five consecutive days a dose in following:

excess of 100 millirems.

' a. Post, mark, or otherwise delineate the work space High Radiation Area-any area accessible to in-as an area set aside for utilization of radioactive dividuals in which there exists radiation at such raaterials and/or Ionizing radiation producing levels that a major portion of the body could

- dev ces.

receive in any one hour a dose in excess of 100 i

b. Post copies of certain license required documents millirems.

such as " Notice to Employees" signs in the work Airborne Radioactivity Areas-(i) any room, en-space. This notice informs employees working in closure, or operating area in which airborne this area of regulations under which radioactive radioactive material exists in concentrations in materials and/or ionizing radiation producing excess of the amounts specified in Appendix A, devices are being used and the rights of such em-Table 1, Column 1, Part C of the North Carolina

' ployees to inspect all lleense documents.

Regulations for Protection Against Radiation; or

c. Post any emergency procedures which may be re-(i_i) any room, enclosure or operating area in which quired and insure that operating procedures for airlorne radioactive material exists in concentra.

-ionizing radiation producing devices are posted.

tions which, averaged over the number of hours in

d. Provide the user with specially marked contain-any week during which individuals are in the area, ers for the radioactive wastes that will be exceed 2!i percent of the amounts specified in Ap.

generated. This includes liquid and solid waste pendix A, Table 1, Column 1, Part C of the North containers. Biological wastes and any other Carolina Regulations for Protection Against Radia-speG forms of wastes will be handled on a case-

tion, by case basis in a mannec most suitable to the Caution-Radioactive Materials-(i) each area particular needs of a given laboratory.

or room in which any radioactive material, other

c. Provide personnel monitoring devices for all users than natural uranium or thorium,is used or stored where appropriate and institute bloassay pro-in an amount exceeding the quantity of radioactive cedures or other internal dosimetry procedures material specified in Appendix B Part C of the where applicable.

North Carolina Regulations for Protection Against

f. Commence a program of routine, periodic radia-Radiation shall be conspicuously posted with a sign tion monitoring for control of contamination and or signs bearing the radiation caution symbol and radiation levels in all work spaces.

the words " Caution-Radioactive Materials;"or (li)

g. Evaluate the performance of fume hoods used in each area or room in which natural uranium or work with radioactive materials on a periodic thorium is used or stored in an amount exceeding basis to insure that these hoods continue to 100 times the quantity specified in Appendix H, operate in the manner which is adequate to Part C of the North Carolina Regulations for provide the intended safety function.

Protection Against Radiation shall be posted with

h. Provide the necessary documents and forms to the a sign or signs bearing the radiation caution sym-Authorized User in Charge so that the radioactive bol and the words "Cautlon-Radioactive materials inventory and list of project personnel Materials."

may be kept current.

Laboratories may be classified further as to the level of radioactivity to be utilized in the laboratory or

3. L 8.1 Classifications of Laboratories work space. The three classifications which follow specify the type of laboratory equipment which must The laboratory or work space where.in rad.ioactive he available for use of a given level of radioactive materials and/or ionizmg radiation producing

. )'

devices will be used shall be classified according to

- the quantity of radioactive;ll be generated in the area.

materials to be used or the level of radiation which wi 3.1. 8.1.1 Em+ Level Laboratories Caution signs, labels, and markers, as defined below, Special laloratory facilities will generally not be will be used to classify such areas, required when the total amount of activity of a single Restricted Area-any area to which access is con-radioactive material being used at any time does not trolled for the purpose of protection of individuals exceed the value given in Appendix H, Part C of the 10

North Carolina Regul:tions for Protection Against

b. For releases averaged over a year, the corcentra.

Radiation. For a mixture of radioactive materials, tion shall not exceed the unrestricted area max-the limiting value shall be calculated according to the imum permissible concentration value.

method outlined in the North Carolina Regulations The laboratory should be a high-grade chemical for Protection Against Radiation. Although special laboratory with non absorbent or disposable working facilities will not always be mandatory for low level surfaces, non absorbent floor coverings, and non-laboratories, the usual good practices applicable to all absorbent wall surfaces that are easy to decon.

J radioactive material laboratories as are described in taminate.

Section 2.3.1 of this handbook shall be implemented.

Additional procedures and equipment necessary For example, use of the laboratory shall be limited to for maintenance of radiological safety may be recom-those persons and to the specified conditions in-mended for project applications wherein inter.

dicated in approved projects; the no smoking, eating, mediate level type work is to take place.

or drinking rule shall be observed; pipetting by mouth is forbidden; etc. In addition, the standard 3.1. 8.1. 3 High Leeellaboratories equipment necessary for all radioactive material Each particular use of a large quantity of radioac-handhng operations, such as protective gloves, stain-tive materials will require specially designed less steel trays, and appropriate monitoring equig" facilities and equipment for which general descrip-ment shall be employed.

tions are not available. Each such use will receive Usually one wiyhes to procure an amount of a detailed consideration by the Radiation Protection radioactive material that is in considerable excess of Coune.d the quantity that will be used at any one time. When the amount procured is greater than that allowed for 3.1. 9 Amendment to Exteting Prq/ects use in a low level laboratory, the initial dilutions and separations into aliquota shall be male in a fume If a user wishes to perform work under an existing hood approved for radioactive work. Three ways in project which in effect alters the scope of the project which this can be accomplished are:(i) the user can to the extent that new radiological risks and hazards borrow hood space from another staff member work-may be generated, then the Authorized User in ing with radioactivity; (ii) the user can request the Charge must send a written project amendment re-3 Radiation Protection Office to arrange for the use of quest to the Radiation Protection Officer for review, a hood; (iii) the user can request the Radiation if the scope of the amendment falls within the condi-Protection Office to perform the initial dilution.

tions for approval specified under Section 2.1.6 of this handbook, the amendment request may be approved 3.1. 8.1. 3 Intermediate Level Laboratorica directly by the Radiation Protection Officer. Such ap-D'#"$ ""I rotection Council meeting.Radiatmn $n When the an ount of activity to be used exceeds the values given in Appendix B, Part C of the North Carolina Regulations for Protection Against Radia-

" U# amendmynt to the project involves the use of quantit.ms of radmactive matenals in excess of those tion, operations shall center in a high quality fume nni m

et,mn m of this handbook or if the hood. The hood surfaces shall be easily deccm-pn>pwd change to work, volves new handling m

taminated or should be considered expendable. A negative pressure shall be maintained in the ducts wehniqua w nas d uq Weh an' gned, hn this amendment request will be treated m the same whenever the spread of contamination is to be

" ""* "pp atm, n fw m and go kTon Ow avoided and the output of the blower shall be

"""""f "" Pnect.mn Coune, fe conskat, n.

d m

Ha atmn arranged so as not to present a hazard to others.

The average concentration of activity at the blower y,,,,y gerg,,,,g upg,,gn,,7 g,g,,;,, p,,,,,,,

output shall not exceed the followmg conditions:

a. For releases taking place over a time not exceeding in addition to the on going radiation surveillance 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />s:

activities in the various laboratories, a conference

1. 500 times the unrestricted eres maximum permiselbie will be held at least every three years between the c

n ration for radioactive materiale with half life i

P Oht M h Mond

2. 300 times the unrestricted eres maximum permiselble User in Charge of each project to review and evaluate concentration value for radioecuve meteriale with hoff.tifo the work being i erfm.al to insure that the state-of seven days or less; ments and condit.mns as specified on the approved

s. so times the unrestricted sees maximum permissibie concentrouon value for radioactive meterials with half.

project application form are still being followed. An f

4. to1i r estIu$rUtIt$d eres maximum permissible con-assessment will be made during this conference as to whether minor changes which may have occurred m centration value for radioactive meterisie with heit iite greater then 30 days.

the project work have in effect rendered the project 11 1

p f

so citered ts to justify the submission of a project vendors as well as those which may be produced at amendment request.

the nuclear reactor facility for use elsewhere on campus.

2.1. !! Changes to the Nuclear Reactor Facility and Nuclear Reactor Operating Pro-2.2.1 Requirements to be Met cedures The procurement of all radioactive materials Permission to operate the reactor in a standard and and/or ionizing radiation producing devices in quan-prescribed manner merely as a means to generate a tities however small is subject to the conditions as neutron field of known magnitude is implied in the specified in this section of the handbook. The pro-granting of the facility license by the Nuclear posed user of such materials or equipment in excess Regulatory Commission. However, consistent with of the exemptions listed in Section 2.1.6 of this Nuclear Regulatory Qimmission rules as found in handbook must have acquired a project number from Title 10, Part 50 of the Code of Pederal Regulations the Radiation Protection Council prior to ordering tnd the reactor technical specificiations, changes to such materials. A cooperative arrangement has been the reactor and/or the reactor operating procedures established between the Pure.hasing Department and tre to take place only with the prior approval of the the Radiation Protection Office to insure that these Radiation Protection Q)uncil. Any new reactor requirements are met before such materials or equip-operating procedures which may be generated must ment are ordered, also be approved by the Radiation Protection Council The Radiation Protection Officer will make every prior to their enactment, it is the responsibility of the effort through interaction with the various depart.

Nuclear Operations Administrator to transmit such ments and offices on campus to be aware of the ac-proposed changes to the Radiation Protection Q>uncil quisition of any materials or equipment from outside for approval, the normal purchasing channel such as through The reactor technical specifications allow for a grants or gifts to the University or as equipment or degree of flexibility to be exercised as the need arises components of equipment delivered as a part of a con-for making minor changes to the reactor operating tracted building modification or equipment procedures and reactor facilities. In this regard, the installation.

Nuclear Operations Administrator may, without q

prior Radiation Protection Council consideration, ap.

3. 3. 3 Processing of Purchase Requisitions prove temporary changes to the reactor operating

a. Radioactive Maierials: In addition to the infor-procedures which do not change the origmal intent of mation which is normally required by the the procedure. In this same regard, certa,m mmor Purchasing Department, a purchase requisition changes to the reactor facility which are not safety for the procurement of radioactive material (s) sigmficant may be made without prior Radiatmn Protection Council approval provided such changes aw mtm.n compMed as have been approved by the Nuclear Operations Ad-I"N"*8 ministrator and the officially designated internal Department of Nuclear Engineering technical review L 7ggy.y.gpgyyg y g g g group. Such temporarily approved procedural and p;U4 2.... w.; 1 S facility changes must be fully documented and subse-(@g 7 g g ), - ;3 }.t g

quently reviewed by the Radiation Protection Council 4_,

for permanent approval.

%. Mind i d b*- c %D M. - p rg.

+

$b s m Section 2.1.5 of this handbook gives a full discus-sion of those actions which are necessary to allow utilization of the nuclear reactor,n new and be w diW m We Rdih PMeetion Of-i f.ce uhere.t will be determ.med if the order i

I previously unreviewed ways.

falls withm the scope of approval of the ap-0.2 Procurement propriate radioactive materials project or if it is permitted under Section 2.1.6 of this The Radiation Protection Council has established handbook as an exempt quantity of material. If control procedures associated with the procurement the material being ordered meets either of of radioactive materials and/or ionizing radiation these conditions, the purchase requisition will producing devices. Such controls are necessary to in-be stamped approved and signed by the Radia-sure that all the conditions of the various licenses tion Protection Officer or Associate Radiation held by the University are met. These controls cover Protection Officer. The Purchasing Depart-j the procurement of such materials from off-campus ment will not process purchase requisitions for 12

i 1

radioactive m:terials chich have not been requesting the production of such materhl must sup-stamped as approved by the Radiation Protec-

' ply the reactor operations personnel with the ap-tion Office. Furthermore, the use of the NO proved project number for the use of such material.

PURCHASE ORDER policy using direct pay.

The user may receive the material directly from the ment authorization is not permitted for use in reactor after the reactor personnel have performed ordering radioactive materials.

the appropriate monitoring checks and determined

3. After approval, the Radiation Protection Office that the material may be safely handled. The reactor will send the requisition to the Purchasing personnel will notify the Radiation Protection Office Department, when the material has been transferred to the user,

b. lonleing Radiation Producing Devices:

Purchase requisitions for the acquisition of ioniz-ing radiation pnglucing devices or equipment 2.3.5 Trans/cr and/or SMpment of Radioactive must be sent to the Radiation Protection Office Materials after preparation. If the device being ordere'l wrresponds to that described in the approval proa-As indicated in Section w.1.6 of this handbook, the ect, the requisition will be stamped approved and transfer of radioactive materials between approved j

signed by the Radiation Protection Officer or the radioactive materials projects is permitted with the Associate Radiation Protection Officer. After ap-approval of the Radiation Protection Officer. The proval, the Radiation Protection Office will send transfer cannot take place until a radioactive the purchase requisition to the Purchasing material transfer form has been executed. This form Department, it is not necessary to have such must bear the signature of the transferor, the devices or equipment shipped directly to the transferee, and the Radiation Protection Officer.The Radiation Protection Office but that office must radioactive material to be transferred shall be placed be notified when the equipment arrives. Further-in double containers which are free from surface con-more, the equipment must not be installed or used tamination and shielded when necessary.The Radia-until it has been surveyed by the Radiation tion Protection Office may at its discretion survey Protection Office and until all the safety precau-such containers before the transfer takes place, tions as 8pecified in the approved project have Off campus shipments of radioactive materials been instituted.

may take placeunly with the approval of the Radia.

It will occasionally be necessary to order the tion Protection Officer or other person specifically compcments of a large piece of ionizing radiation designated by the Radiation Protection Officer. The producing equipment in various phases and over shipper of such materials must furnish verification an extended time period; under these cir-that the consignee has a current license to receive the cumstances, it is not required that each requisi-shipment. The shipper is responsible for packaging tion be routed through the Radiation Protection such materials in accordance with all applicable state Office.

and federal regulations, for the cost of shipping the material, and for delivering the package to the post

3. 3.3 Receipt of Radioactive Materials office or commercial shipping company. The Radia-Upon receipt of the radioactive material shipment, tion Protection Office will perform a radiation survey the Radiation Protection Office will measure the of the package prmr to shipment, certify that the radiation level from the package and check to insure package meets all applicable shipping requirements, that the package is not contaminated. The material and delete the material from the appropriate inven-will be logged in against the radioactive material in-tory sheet, ventory for the appropriate project. The material will j

be delivered to the laboratory and the users will be 2.3 Utilization appraised of any special handling considerations which have been discovered in the process of survey-The Radiation Protection Counell requires ing the shipment. The material must be signed for by Mbence to the procedures and regulations listed in one of the authonzed project personnel.

Gis section of the handbook regarding utilization of radioactive materials and/or ionizing radiation

3. 2. 4 Acquisition of Radioactice Materials from Y~0"' "# 0

' U~ " " ""

are to be cons."" d as the minimum requirements the Nuclear Reactor Facility idere To the extent that a production mode exists, for insuring radiological safety; additional require-radioactive materials may be produced in the nuclear ments may be specified for particular uses as the reactor facility for use in approved work. The person Radiation Protection Council may deem necessary.

13

~

2.3.1 Radiometive Materials hazardo'us, for exemple, one microgram of.

Stmntium40 represents about 100 maximum per-

= Procedures for handling, storage, and disposal of radioactive materials are presented in the following rad.

'I". bod >

"I"*N burdens. Furthermore, once such ioactive matenals become fixed within the body, sub-sections.

they are difficult to measure and little can be done to improve the hazard situation. Therefore, meticulous l

2.3.1.1 Nandling h.' res care is required to avoid the deposition of radi-l Radioactive material handling procedures refer to onuclides within the body by minimizing their en-I the use of protective clothing, special manipulative trance. To this end the contamination control.

J techniques, specialized equipment, and monitoring procedures listed in this section of the handbook have devices to guard against excessive personnel exposure been established.

t cnd the spread of radioactive contamination.

The user b referred to the North Carolina Regula-2.3.1.1.1.1 Protection of Personnel tions for Protection Agamst Radiation,in particular, Part C, Standards for Protection Against Radiation.

a. A primary method of protection of personnel from i

These regulations establish standards which must be contamination is through the use of protective L

followed in handling radmactive materials, prescribe clothing. The type of protective clothing and ex-i

. IImits which govern exposure of personnel to radia-tent to which such protective clothing is required i

t,on, establish allowable concentrations of radioac*

i is ultimately defined by the type and level of use tive material which may exist in the work environ-of radioactive material. Special protective

'I ment or which may be dischargal into the air and clothing needs such as the use of coveralls, hoods, I

water, establish the conditmns for disposal of shoecovers, and/or respirators will be specified in I

radioactive waste, and establish certain tlw approval project or as a direct instruction

. precautionary procedures and administrative con-from the Radiation Protection Officer whenever

- trols. Unless otherwise stated in this handbook, users aldiorne radioactivity or high level operations are of radioactive materials and/or iomring radiation involved. As a minimum, however, gloves and lab.

producing devices at North Caroh,na State Univer-coats are required when unsealed sources of

. sity are expected to comply with the standards and radioactive materials are being used and the l

regulations provided in the North Carolina Regula.

probability of radioactive contamination is high.

tions for Protection Against Radiation. As future Further, rubber or vinyl typs gloves shall be worn amendments or modifications of these regulations when handling open vessels containing radioac-become official, they will also apply to users at North i

tive materials or when handling any equipment Carolma State University unless more restrictive where liquid contamination may be present or regulations are provided by the Radiation Protection where contaminated dust might filter through a t -date copies of the North Carolina Regula-m unmal,"an au a,

ns ami la coats tions for Protection Against Radiation are available for inspection in the Radiation Protection Office,214 am to W @M ang hanM so as to punnt con-David Clark laboratories, if the need arises, copies of g h" i

tin not f 11 ui containing ap-these regulations will be distributed to Authorized preciable radioactivity is forbidden. The term "ap-Users in Charge.

preciable" in this connection is taken to include all radioactivity other than naturally occurring trace

3. 3.1.1.1 Contamination Control amounts such as are present in tap water.

Attenilon is called to the difference between

c. No work with long lived alpha and/or beta-

. c.rtenml and intermal hazards from sources of ioniz-gamma emitting radioactive materials in any ing radiation. Radiation that is external to the body chemical or physical form is to be conducted by a can be readily measured and evaluated. The exposure person having a break in the skin below the elbow.

may be reduced to acceptable values by decreasing

d. All persons while working with radioactive i

the time of exposure, introducing appropriate materials wherein hand and shoe contamination shielding and/or increasing the distance from the is possible are to:

source. The internal radiation hazard is much more

1. wash rubber or vinyl gloves before removing subtle and, unfortunately, much more probable in from hands unless the radiation level requires terms of general use of radioactive materials. Limita-immediate removah

- tion of the quantity of material to be used cannot in

2. wash hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, all cases nmtrol internal radiation hazard because or leaving work, and the smallest useful quantity may still be extremely

3. utilize the available radiation monitoring l-14

(

equipment to assure that hands and shoes are such material from its prescribed container, vial, i

free of contamination.

beaker, or chamber to bench surfaces, to the floor, or to the general atmosphere of the laboratory. Such 2.2.1.1.1. 2 Protection o/ Equipment and Facilities spills are to be reported immediately to the Radiation n>Wdon Ohe. AH spills are to be cleaned up

a. All transfers of materials between hoods and pn>mpdy. The reuxmsibility for radiological clean, g m

storage areas must be performed so as to avoid the ;xissibility of spillage or breakage. Double con.

mqs with the project personnel. Supervision and tainers are recommended in such manipulations, apsistann w@ k I,imvided by the Radiation Protec-hon ce Hulls inv Ivmg large quantities of

b. Any work with materials susceptible to at-matermi. The Radiation Protection 0ffice may mospherie distribution, i.e., dusting, spillage, restrict access to the laboratory dur,mg cleaning vaporizing, effervescence of solution, etc., shall be operabons. Undq cmeme dnumstances, _ only performed in an adequate hood unless the safety Ha a n I,m etmn Mice 1>ctsonnel may enter of another procedure has been established.

""#"" I"' "' #" " "" "E"" U, ""'

c. Work areas, trays, glassware, sinks, and other equipment which are subject to become con.

g,3, y, y,,,4 y,,,,,g,g,,,y g,gg,,,,gv, g,,g wg,g taminated must be marked with signs, tags, tape, Non. Radioactive Work etc. bearing the caution radiation symbol.

d. loose contamination will not be tolerated on ex-It is recognized that each laboratory cannot afford posed surfaces within the general work area of the to purchase all of the equipment commensurate with laboratory or work space. Whenever such con-effective research and that it is necessary to oc-tamination is detected by radiation monitoring easionally use certain pieces of specialized research procedures, talkiratory personnel will clean such equipment such as spectrophotometers and machine surfaces so that removable contamination levels shop devices for both radioactive work and non.

do not exceed 200 dpm per 100 cm2 for beta.

radioactive work. This intermixing is allowed for gamma activity aml to dpm per 100 cm*for alpha small quantitles of radioactive material provided actielty. Radiation Protection Office personnel that the person desiring to use such equipment in-will provide supervision or assistance in cleaning forms the users of the equipment involved in non-operations when such cleaning operations become radioactive work and the Radiation Protection Office.

extensive due to widespread contamination. loose The Radiation Protection Officer may specify safety l

or removable contamination may be unavoldable precautions in addition to the standard safe hand-at times within spaces speelfically marked off for ling procedures to guard against the spread of con-radioactive material work such as within a tamination in an uncontrolled area. Temporary cau-radiochemical fume hood or within special equip.

tion signs and labels may be specified. The Radiation ment being used in the radiation work. Such con.

Protection Office will perform a survey after each taminated areas or equipment must be kept to a use to insure that the equipment or work space has minimum and will be allowed to remain in this not become contaminated. The allowable limits for contaminated state only for the time necessary to contamination in this case will be in conformity with accomplish the work. In other words, such areas those specified in the following section of this or equipment will not be allowed to stay con-handbook.

taminated for long periods of time between uses merely to avoid the effort required for decon.

2. 3.1.1.1. 5 Decomissioning of Laboratory or j

tamination. Small amounts of fixed contamina.

Work Space tion may also be unavoidable at times Maximum When a radionetive materials project is completed, limits in this case are 300 dpm aboee backunmnd the talx>ratory or work space shall not be used for for alpha actielty and one millirem / hour non-radioactive work until it has been thoroughly (measured at teco em above the suface)for beto checked and cleared by the Radiation Protection Of-gamma actielty. After determining that the fixed fice. The allowable limits for contamination for contamination falls below these maximum values, decommissioning a laboratory are:

the area should be given one or two coats of a

e. Loose contamineuen detectabie by smeers:

good, hard surface coating. The same standards of

1. Alphe Activity-none above minimum detectable activity contamination control apply to tools and equipment.

2. seie.o.mme Activity-none above minimum detectabi.

activity

b. Fixed total contamination as detectable with a portable go.

2. 3.1.1. I. 3 Actions to be Taken in Case of a Spill tiow proportiones counter:

1. Alphe Activity-100 dpm above background A spill of radioactive material is considered to be

2. sete.o mme Acuvity-200 dpm above background the sudden accidental loss of a significant quantity of The limits specified above are also applicable to the 15 i

circumstance where it becomes desirable to establish two or more people for its execution, then work may a " clean area" within a larger area where radionetive be done by one person provided another person, who materials are being used, examples of such areas are has a reasonable knowledge of the work,is available low level counting rooms and photographic dark in the immediate vicinity to render aid if need arises, rooms. These limits must also be met when tools or equipment are removed from a controlled area to be

3. 3.1. 3 Storage of Radioactiec Afaterials used in an uncontrolkxi area.

M1 as where radioactive materials and/or con-taminatW equipment are to be stored must be clearly 3.3.1.1. 3 Radiation Monitoring Equipment marked with the appropriate warning signs or labels The Radiation Protection Office shall maintain and information pertinent to the stored material in-r diation monitoring equipment of appropriate type cluding the radioactive element (s), quantity, half life, cnd sensitivity to insure that radiation and con-radiation level at surface, date of storage, and exact tcmination levels remain below specified values both location. Such markings shall be placed so that there within the various laboratories using radioactive will be no radiological risk or hazard to any personnel materials and/or ionizing radiation producing while reading the information, devices and in the environa of North Carolina State Quantities of long lived alpha emitters or similar University.

hazardous substances having an activity greater than Depending on the type of work to be performed, the one microcurie shall be securely covered during Itadiation Protection Council may specify that the storage and kept in an adequately protected and ven.

Authorized User in Charge acquire radiation detee-tilated location.

tion equipment for use in the laboratory. This equip-ment will in most cases consist of portable or bench 3.3.1. 3 Log of Use and Inventory type radiation survey meters capable of detecting the The Radiation Protection Council requires that the type of radiat, ion in use. Examples of uses where such Authorized User in Charge of each radioactive equipment wdl be required are:

nmterials project maintain an accurate and up to-

a. nuclear reactor applications, date log of use of each such radioactive material

b. large sealed sources which can readily be removed used. This log-of use should be so designed that the from the shielding material, quantity of each radioactive material may be

c. accelerators or x ray machines which are capable s ecified at any given time as to the fraction of of generating sigmficant exposure rates, aml innterial that is tied up in the various phases of the

d. unsealed source applications where continuous work, i.e., in storage, in samples, in waste, etc. Based monitoring must be used as a contammation con-on the log of-use data, the Authorized User in Charge supph tk Radiation } rotection Office with an accurate rad,oact,ve mater lals inventory each calen-w T e R li t o I rotection Office will assist users in i

i i

the selection of survey equipment by providing infor-mation on the design and availability of such equip-dar guar}n so Wa} comphance with the Universitfs admactm Matnials Wenses inay be ased. It b ment. All sucit survey instruments will be routinely also the responsibility of the Author, zed User in i

checked and calibrated by the Radiation Protection Charge to mamtain records on the loss of radioactive OU.m materials by natural decay and to show the depletion o

i maw a s h sm n the inventory form.

3.3.1.1. 3 Limitation on Eating and Smoking Eating or drinking, storage, or preparation of food 3.L I. 4 li'aste Disposal in a laboratory or r<xim where radioactive materials M mbmM we d be esM by k are handled is not permitted Smokm, g in areas RWiMion Protection Office for disposal. Such dis-designated for use of radioact,ve materials,s als i

i W will onsist of hold up for decay, shipment off-prohibited. Th,s is in recognition of the inhalation campus for burial, local burial, and under very i

hazard and is consistent with good general laboratory special conditions the discharging of the materialinto the sanitary sewer system. The Radiation Protection

3. 3.1.1.1 Polley on Not Working Alone gff ce wiI provide containers for all normal form hquut and solid wastes. The responsibilities of project Work with radioactive materials in amounts that personnel regarding waste disposal are listed below:

exceed the values given in Appendix B, Part C of the

a. General Requirements-Radioactive waste dis-North Carolina Regulations for Protection Against posal is an expensive service; therefore, ex-Radiation shall not be performed by a person work-perimental practices shouki he planned so as to ing alone. If the experiment does not of itself require minimize the volume of waste. Where appropriate 16 4

and beneficial, the user will be provided with suf-solution must be collected as liquid waste. Any ac-ficient waste containers so that waste may be eidental loss of significant quantities of radione-segregated according to half life. This will allow tive materials to the sanitary sewer system will the use of natural radioactive decay as a waste be reported immediately to the Itadiation Protec-disposal technique where short lived materials tion Office.

are being uml. Prior to being picked up by the

c. Solid Waste-All solid radioactive waste shall be Itadiation Protection Office, all waste containers placed into the special containers provided by the must be labelled as to radioisotopic content, es-Itadiation Protection Office for this purpose. Solid timated quantity of each radioisotope and the waste shall co4 L cuch items as contaminated date. A request for a waste pickup will under nor-labwarr # sable protective clothing, and paper mal circumstances take place when the various or plastic materials which were used to protect containers become full; however, a pickup must be equipment and bench surfaces from contamina-requested when the contents of any container tion. Special care must be taken to insure that fire causes the dose rate at the surface of that con-hazards and the resultant airborne radioactivity tainer to reach five millirems per hour. A request risk are not ercated by the storage of highly com.

for a waste pickup la made by calling the Itadia-bustible waste material. In such cases special tion Protection Office at Extension 2894. The user metallic containers will be required.

will give the follow!ng information when the

d. Illological Waste-The Iladiation Protection Of-waste pickup request is made:

fice maintains a burial ground on North Carolina

1. name of Authorized User in Charge, State University property as a means of disposal

2. room number of laboratory where waste con-of radioactive biological waste generated on the tainers are to be picked up, campus. Iliological waste is considered to consist

3. radioactive materials project number, of animal tissues and/or carcasses, animal ex-

4. type of waste and number of containers, ereta, and plant tissues. Freezers are maintained

5. radioisotopes in waste and estimated quantity by the Itadiation Protection Office to allow for the of each radioisotope.

pickup of biological waste materials as they are The Authorized User in Charge is responsible to generated rather than storing the materialin the inform the Itadiation Protection Office personnel various laboratories prior to the scheduled of any special hazards to which they may be sub.

burials. If work is planned where large volumes of jected in the handling of the waste material.

biological wastes are to be generated including the b.1,lguld Waste-All liquid waste other than those

"" "IU'I"" "I I"#E" ""I* "I8: this work mtat be coordinaW with the Itadiation Protection Off,ce i

special form wastes which are highly corrosive, so that the equ pment necessary for the burial highly reactive, highly flammable, or highly peration may be scheduled.

volatile shall be placed in the special container (s) provided by the lladiation Protection Office for

c. Airborne Waste-All operations )v,ith rad,oactive i

materm) w here it is known that significant quan-this purpose. Special-form wastes will be handled tities of gaseous or a,irborne particulate radioac-on a case-by-case basis with containers being tive materials may be lost will be conducted in a chosen which will not be degraded by the waste high quamy ra$ ochemical fume hood. Further, li material to be contained. Provirions shall be made such wkans w H also be controlled by the use of for the storage of volatile wastes in a well ven-traps, Mns, or othe nperimental techniques.

tilated location. A fume hood, with the blower U"' I I "F 8*"ll quantities of airborne rad. "88 operating continuously, serves this purpose.

ioactive mater. l v.ia a fume hood exhaust ia it is recognized that minute quantities of system which results merely as an air contamma-radioactive liquid waste may be lost to the tmn problem rather than as a planned release is at sanitary sewer system as laboratory cleaning operations take place. This type of loss is con-dnys ueavoidable. Ilowever, the concentration of radioact,ve material in the hood exhaust must at i

sidered to be unavoidable and due to the large all times be m, conformity with the limits specified volume of water that is used each day on the tmn 21.8.1.2 of this handbook. The quantity in campus, the concentration of radioactive material of rad,oact;ve matertal released,in this fashion i

i in such waste in the campus sanitary sewer out-must be determmed accurately and recorded as a fall is inconsequential when compared to per-was s n e radioactive maten,als mventory missible levels for release, llowever, to keep this I""" '

type of loss to a minimum, disposable containers, vials, syringes etc. will be used where practical W Polley on O// Campus Use and where glassware and/or equipment must be cleaned for reuse, all but the very final cleaning No radioactive source with activity greater than 17

z-

~

sne microcurie may be taken off campus other than Authorized User in Charge of this work must insure as expressly approved by the Radiation Protection that such training takes place.

Council or its representative.

2.3.3 Nuclear Reactor L 2 3.2 fontaing Radiation Producing Devices N utud manipulation of the nuclear reactor The procedures for utilization of ionizing radiation takes place only by operators who are licensed by the producing devices are designed to control the external Nuclear Regulatory Commission. These specialized raaiation exposure hazards which arise from the use personnel operate the reactor only by prescribed, I

of such equipment. This use must be in conformity written procedures. Access to and utilization of the with all-the gplicable requirements of the North auxiliary equipment associated with the reactor such C:.rolina Regulations for Protection Against Radia-as remote sample loading devices is permitted for 1

tiun and Section 3 of this handbook. The safety personnel who meet all the appropriate approved proj-precautions are most likely to vary considerably with eet and training requirements. This access is also e:ch device to be used since conditions of use and controlled by procedures written specifically to ac.

machir : isstion will tend to make each use unique.

commodate the special radiation ad contamination Fer tHs uson the Radiation Protection Council re-hazards associated with the use of the reactor. These quires strict adherence to the provisions of the ap-procedures are written and maintained by the Reae.

proved project for the use of such equipment. This tor llealth Physicist. These procedures must meet all -

- will include the use of shielding material, safety in-the applicable requirements of Title 10 of the Code of terlocks,' specialized operating procedures, etc. as Federal Regulations, the North Carolina Regulations specif:ed in the approved project, Training of person-for Protection Against Radiation, and this handbook; nel in the proper radioMical safety procedures is and they may be more restrictive as deemed also most important for the use of such devices; the necessary by the Reactor licalth Physicist.

i 4 -

18

4 SECTION 3 PERSONNEL EXPOSURE CONTROL 3.1 External Radiation Exposure neeed 5(n 1e) reme where v equais the individuet's age in years at hl last birthday; and This section of the handbook discusses those

3. the ucensee or regioirant has determined the individuare

• ccumulated dose to the whole body on State of North measures both regulatory and procedural which Carolina Form RAD H.102 or Nuclear Regulatory Com.

have been established to mira.mize external radiat.wn mission Form NRC.4, whichever is appropriaie.

exposure. External radiation exposure refers to the The above is a current statement of the state and exposure of personnel to ionizing radiation which originates from sources external to the body. Such ex-federal exposure control regulations; any future amendments of these regulations shall supersede and posure may refer to the irradiation of the whole body take precedence over the limits stated atmve.

or any portion thereof,

3. I. I. 3 North Carolina State University Ex.

3. l. I.

Exposure Limits posure Limit Experiments or work involving the use of radioac-The Radiation Protection Council has established a tive u.aterials and/or ionizing radiation producing whole body radiation exposure limit which is more devices shall be designed to meet the goal stated in restrictive than that permitted by state and federal the introduction to this handbook of insuring that regulations. Under this Radiation Protection Council radiation exposure shall be no greater than that limit, individual exposures are limited to l.n rems /.

which is warranted when the benefits from the use and the associated risk are properly balanced. Under calendar quarter total c.rposure and at the same time no more than a millirems may be recciecd in any no circumstances, however, will exposures exceed the uiwn nw* of that quarter. For purposes of defining limits specified in the following subsections of this this limit, a week is considered to be any period of handbook.

seven consecutive days.

3. l 1, I Maximum Permissible Fxposure Limits The Radiation Protection Council has directed the Radiation Protection Officer to conduct an investiga.

As a requirement of the various licenses which are tion of all exposures which exceed this limit ar.d to held by the University, no use of radioactive submit a formal report to the Radiation Protection materials or ionizing radiation producing devices Council on the finding of this investigation and the shall be conducted which can result in personnel ex' measures taken to prevent reoccurrence. A copy of posures which will exceed the valuer stipulated in the this report shall be attached to the permanent per-North Carolina Regulations for Protection Against sonnel monitoring record of the individual Radiation, Section C.101, and/or the Code of Federal When the work to be performed justifies higher ex-Regulations, Title 10, Part 20. In this regard, the posures, written permission must be obtained from North Carolina and federal regulations are compati-the Radiation Protection Officer to exceed the weekly

.ex$ept.$ rov d in karagraph b. below, no ticonese or m gns g sm Unh no dn ma registrant shall po. ees, use, receive or transfer sources of cumstances will work be planned that could result,m radiation in euch a manner as to cause any individual in e exposures in excess of the limits specified in Section restricted eres to receive in any period of one calender quar

• 3.1.1.1 of this handbook.

ter from all sources of radiation in the licensee's or registrant's possession a dose in exce. of the amount.

epocitled in the following table:

REMS PER CALENDAR Afinors PART OF BODY QUARTER

1. Whole body, houd and trunk, 1.25 Persons under 18 years of age may not work in active blood forming organs, areas where radioactive materials and/or ionizing lene of the syn, or goned.

2. Hande and forearme, feet and 18.75 special ermission from the Radit.aon Protection mnd hn sud Wmission is Wand, b

3. Skin of whole body 7.5 weekly exposure for such persons shall not exceed ten

b. A licensee or registrant may permit an individualin a restric.

percent of the 100 millirems / week maximum per-ted area to receive a dose to the whole body greater than that permitted under Paragraph a. above, provided that missible exposure h,m.t. Persons work.mg under these i

1. during any calender quarter the dose to the whole body circumstances must be equipped with direct reading from sources of radiMion in the licensee's or regletrant's personnel dosimeters in addition to those personnel posseselon shall not exceed three reme; ices descr. bed in Section 3.1.2.1 of th.is i

2. the done to the whole body, when added to the ac, monitor.ing dev.

cumulated occupational done to the whole body, shall not handbook.

19

J. J. J. 4 Polley on the Limitation of Exposure of persons of the storage areas and places of use to in-Visitors sure that persons remain at a safe distance from such sources (the criteria for posting such warning The term "v.. tors',,s used to des,gnate all persons markers is presented in Section 2.1.8.1 of this isi i

i for whom personnel monitoring service is not handbook).

provided on a routme basis. Smee the previous ex-posure history of such persons has not been obtained 3.1. 2.1 Personnel Monitoring Program and documented, the exposure of such persons will be limited to 25 percent of the maximum permissible The Radiation Protection Office conducts a weekly exposure (25 millire us/ week). Visitors will be program of personnel radiation monitoring which provided with direct reading dosimeters, where ap-consists of: (i) the issuance of personne! monitoring plicable, in addition to the regular personnel monitor-devices,(ii) the periodic collection of such devices for ing device prescribed for the area being visited.

analysis, (iii) the maintenance of official records of personnel exposure as assessed from the monitoring J. J. J.5 Polley on the Limitation of Exposure of devices, and (iv) the supplying of official reports of the General Public such exposure to the exposed persons and other agen-cies when appropriate. A whole body personnel For purposes of th. discussion, the general pubh.c is dosimetry device will be issued to any user who shall is considered to be all those individuals, includ,ng the be subject to penetrating whole body radiation which i

general population of North Carolina State Umver-is limy to result in an exposure of as much as 25 per-sity, who may be m the vicinity of iomzing radiation cent of the maximum weekly exposure (25 sources bemg used on the University campus. The millirems / week) or whenever it is deemed necessary Radiatmn Protection Couned requires that every by the Radiation Protection Officer. Under some cir-reasonable effort be made to reduce exposures m this cumstances users will be issued extremities monitor-category of mdividuais to an absolute minimum. T ing devices such as a wrist or ring type dosimeter and where needed direct reading dosimeters will be pro t reonnel sha l posee, use, or transfer any radioactive materiale or lonizing radiation producing issued.

devices in sur.h a manner as to create in any unrestricted The Authorized User in Charge is responsible to see area from such sources of radiation:

that applicat. ion is made to the Radiat. ion Protect.mn

1. radiation levels which, H an Individual were continuously present in the area, could result in this individual receiv-Office for personnel monitoring service for all project ing a dose in excese of two mittireme in any one hour, or personnel. This is accomplished by submitting Form

2. radiation levels which,if an individual were continuously RPO-2 entitled " Personnel MonitorinE Service" present in the area, could retutt in this individual receiv-Ing a dose in excese of 100 miiureme in any seven con-(available in the Radiation Protection Office) for each secutive days; and furthermore.

individual. The form must be completely filled out ve rEs e"rYie or iS2ing radIntEn *p *'d c n and signed by the Authorized User in Charge. The edios o

devices in such a manner as le likely to cause any individual Radiation Protection Office must also be informed who is intermittently or continuously exposed in any un.

when persons are no longer subject to exposure and eYcIse i sYmi n m should therefore be dropped from the list of persons receiving monitoring wrvice; this reporting require-J. J. 2 Exposure Control Procedures ment is also the responsibility of the Authorized User in Charge.

The procedures used to minimize external radia-Internal dosimetry results are also included as part tion exposure for the most part will consist of apply-of a user's official personnel monitoring record (inter-ing the very basic but effective concepts of distance, nal dosimetry is discussed in Sections 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 time, and shielding protection. The applicant for a of this handbook).

proposed use of radioactive materials or ionizing radiation producing devices shall provide an analysis 3.1. 2.1.1 Responsibilities ofIndividual Reccicing of the external radiation hazards on the project ap-Personnel Monitoring Service plicat,on (Form RI O-1). Based on th,is analys,s, the i

i applicant will further describe any shielding material It is the responsibility of each individual who has and special handling devices which are to be used to been issued a personnel monitoring device to wear reduce radiation to acceptable levels. In this connee-this device during all times when he is subject to ex-tion, it will occasionally be necessary to employ the posure to ionizing radiation. Further, such devices use of sophisticated devices such as specially are to be stored in a location as designated by the designed shielding apparatus, remote manipulators Authorized User in Charge and/or the Radiation and/or remote pipettors. Barricades and warning Protection Office when not in use. This includes off-markers will be established so as to properly inform duty hours which means that the monitoring devices l

l 20

are not to be taken home. Personnel monitoring terminated. These blood counts will be scheduled davices are not to be tampered with in any way. If by the Radiation Protection Office and the results such devices are lost or if they appear to have been will be maintained in the individual's permanent damaged, this must be reported immediately to the personnel monitoring file.

Authorized User in Charge and the Radiation Protee-

b. Eye Examinations-Where work involves tion Office and no work la to be performed until a significant exposure to neutrons, a careful replacement dosimeter device has been issued. Under ophthalmic examination shall be conducted every no circumstances shall an individual use a personnel two years.'These examinations shall be scheduled monitoring device which has been issued to another by the Radiation Protection Office and the results person Personnel monitoring devices are not to be will be maintained in the individual's permanent worn during exposure to any medical use of ionizing personnel monitoring file.

radiation.

3.2 Internal Radiation Exposure 3.1. 2.1. 2 Collection of Personnel Monitoring Internal radiation exposure refers to the exposure Deelees for Assessment of Accumulated of personnel to ionizing radiation that originates Dose from radioactive material which has become Personnel monitoring devices will be collected deposited in the body either by ingestion or inhala-periodically for assessment of accumulated dose.This tion. Control of internal radiation exposure is quite collection process and frequency is as follows:

logically effected through minimization of the intake

a. Permanent Employees-Personnel monitoring of radioactive material into the body. Section 2.3.1.1.1 of this handbook lists in detail the measures to be devices which have been issued to permanent taken to control contamination which in turn reduces faculty and staff members will be collected monthly and a new monitoring device will the possibility of internal deposition. The statements which follow in this section of the handbook refer to automatically be issued.

b. Graduate Students and Temporary Em.

the regulatory limits on concentration of radioactive ployees-Personnel monitoring devices which material in the air and water and des Ae the actions have been issued to graduate students who are in.

to be taken, where appropriate, to measure mternal radiation dose.

volved in a research program which is expected to last several months or to temporary employees

3. 2.1 Maximum Permissible Concentration of will be collected monthly and a new monitoring Radioactice Materialin Air and Water device will automatically be issued.

c. Students in Laboratory Sessions-Personnel Every reasonable effort shall be made in the plan-monitoring devices which have been issued to stu-ning and execution of experiments using radioactive dents in laboratory sessions will be collected at materials to eliminate the generation of airborne or the end of the semester or after 13 weeks waterborne radioactive material through the use of whichever is the shorter period. Monitoring the various handling procedures previously discussed devices will not automatically be re-issued in this in Section 2.3.1.1 of this handbook. Under no cir-case but at such time as a new need arises.

cumstances, however, will radioactive materials be

d. Visitors-Visitors will be issued the same person-used in such a way as to generate concentrations of nel monitoring devices as has been established as radioactive material in air or water in excess of the standard for the area being visited.The personnel limits specified in Appendix A to Part C of the North monitoring devices will be collected and processed Carolina Regulations for Protection Against Radia-at the end of the visit. The Authorized User in tion. Maximum permissible concentrations are listed Charge is responsible for the safety of persons therein for the various radionuclides in air and water visiting the radiation work area.

for both restricted areas and general public situations.

3.1. 2. 2 Medical Examinations

1. ' #'# # ""*""#8

a. Blood Counts-A complete blood count shall be performed for each staff member who will be Where conditions warrant, bioassay procedures working with ionizing radiation of such shall be used to determine the extent of internal ex-magnitude that the radiation dose to such staff posure. Such procedures consist of counting members is likely to approach the maximum per-biological eliminations for specific radionuclide con-missible limit. This examination will take place tent and then calculating the internal dose. The prior to the work with ionizing radiation and Radiation protection Officer in consultation with the again each two years thereafter until such work is Authorized User in Charge will designate the person-21

. nel, the type of examination, and the frequency of ex.

procedures cannot be used, persons so exposed will be aminations. The bioassay procedure will be conduct.

subjected to whole body or specific organ counting ex-

ed by the Radiation Protection Office and the results aminations. Such procedures will be performed by will be maintained in the appropriate personnel the Radiation Protection Office and/or contracted for -

monitoring file.

at an appropriate medical facility.

3.3.3 - Whole Body Counte and Internal Organ

^

Scans Where levels of radioactive material are being used which warrant concern and where binassay 22

RPO-1/77 APPENDIX A POR USE IlY RADIATION PROTECTION COUNCIL ONLY NORTil CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY AT RALEIGil pgo3ger go, APPLICATION FOR PERMISSION TO OBTAIN AND/OR CUNUIIIU"8UI^II" Y^'

UTILIZE MATERIALS OR DEVICES WHICH EMIT M

NO IONIZING RADIATION (Submit original plus four copies)

SECTION 1 TO BE USED IN DEPARTMENT BUILDING AND ROOM l

TITLE OP WORK SECTION 2 PROJECT PERSONNEL 2.1 Authorized User in Charge

• Campus Address Phone: Work Home 2.2 Personnel Data (Include Authorized User in Charge)

Name Age Accumulated Dose J

2.3 Experience of Authorized User in Charge

' (Describe previous work; include approximate dates) l e llave you been refused the use of radioactive materials or ionizing radiation producing equipment by any other agency or institutions?

Yes No l

23

e..

. RPO-t m-4 SECI' ION 3 DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS OR DE1' ICES TO RC USED (Complete Appropriate items) 3.1 Radioactive Material (s) 3.1.1 Physical Chemical Kind

' Millicuries Radiations Energy T%

State Form

' 3.1.2 Is radioactive material to be produced at the Nuclear Reactor Facility?

Yen Nn (If yes, refer to Section 3.3) 1313 External.llazard Evaluation o Millirem / hour at 1 meter:

o Shielding required for 2.5 millirem / hour at working distance:

e Shielding to be used:

o Radiation level expected in storage place:

3.1.4 Internal Hazard Evaluation o Critical Organ:

- o Maximum permissible body burden:

o Effective half life:

o Activity requested Maximum permissible body burden Aliquots to be used e

Maximum permissible body burden 3.1.5 Description of Use Provide a description of the use of the radioactive material (s) which will include but not be limited to the infor-mation on Form RPO-1(S) entitled " Supplemental Information Required for the Use of Radioactive Materials"

-(Use additional sheets if necessary) 24

RPM /77 -

3.2 fonizing lladiation Producing Devices 3.2.1 X Ray Machine (include devices which produce X-rays as a by product, such as plasma units)

• Type: O diffraction

.O diagnostic O therapeutic O other, describe

• Operatingcharacteristics: Voltage Current

• Describesafetyinterlocks

• Describe location of machine (include special design features)

• List monitoring equipment to be used

• Attach copies of manufacturer's operating and safety instructions 3.2.2 Accelerator

• Type

• Operatingcharacteristics: Voltage Max, beam cue cent

• Nucleons to be accelerated

• Target materials to be used (if radioactive target materials are used, then Section 3.1 must be completed)

• Radiation emitted by target material

• Radiation emitted from structural components of mnehine or shielding material

• List monitoring equipment to be used

• Attach operating instructions and describe safety features such as interlocks

• Attach a diagram of the location of the accelerator (specify special design features such na shielding, etc.)

3.3 Nuclear Reactor The NCSU Radiation Protection llandbook lists the responsibilities of the user with respect to the receipt of samples which have been irradiated in the nuclear reactor. Section 3.1 of this form must be completed if such samples are irradiated for the production of radioactive materials. If you propose a use for the nuclear reac-tor which is new and untried, information must be supplied as prescribed in the Nuclear Regulatory Com-mission approved license documents. Consultation with the Radiation Protection and/or the Reactor staffs will be necessary in this case to further define these requirements.

-=-

b

. RPO4/77

=

SECTION 4 AFF1RAfATION AND APPROYALS I affirm that the foregoing facts are correct to the best of my knowledge and that I shall conduct and/or super.

vise the described work with full regard for the safety of those engaged in the work and of the general public.1-understand that the statements which I have made in this application, along with any conditions of approval which may be added by the Radiation Protection Council, shall serve as the official basis for performing this work.1 have received and read a copy of the North Carolina State University Handbook for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation and understand that I am to abide by the policy contained therein.

Signed

, Applicant Date I have personally reviewed this application with the applicant, have examined the laboratory in which this work is to be performed, (have - have not) observed a " cold" run and recommend that approval be (granted - denied) provided that any recommendations listed below are followed.

Recommendations:

Signed

, Radiation Protection Officer Date The Radiation Protection Council (grants. denies) permission to obtain and use the requested materials and/or devices in the manner described in this application and any conditions of approval listed below.

Conditions of approval:

Signed

, Chairman Date j

26

ni m m APPENDIX B SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION REQUIRED ALONG WITil APPLICATION FOR PERMISSION TO OBTAIN AND USE RADIOACTIVE MATERI ALS When applying for permission to obtain and use radioactive materials, the following information should be fur-nished Submit original and four copies.

1. Description of II'ork Provide a brief description of the experiment which demonstrates the extent to which radioactive materials are involved in each phase of the experiment. Sufficient detail should be provided so that an assessment of the radia-tion hazards that may arise during the flow of the experiment may be made. A typical example of this would be the case where one starts out with a labeled solution and then by experimental manipulation a radioactive gas is evolved. (The following items on this form provide a convenient format for indicating the protective measures which will be instituted to minimize such potential radiation hazards.)

2. Work Areas List the laboratories, greenhouses, field facilities, or other areas where work involving the radioactive material will be performed. Comment on the equipment, facilities and general condition of the work areas to the extent that a judgment may be made as to whether the radiation work may involve or interact with other work being performed in the area.

3. Stornye Areas Specify where, in what amounts, and in what form the radioactive materials are to be stored.

4. Manipulations reith the Radioactire Materials a) Tracer Uses-If a stock solution containing a radioisotope is to be diluted or separated into aliquots, this process should be described giving the method of dilution; and the facility where this is to be accomplished; e.g., in a hood, glove box, etc. Specify how such aliquots are to be identified and labeled. Subsequent labeling procedures should be described indicating (i) what is to be labehxl;(ii) how this is to be accomplished;(iii) where it is to be stored; and (iv) assay procedures to be used if applicable, b) Scaled Sources-Provide a detailed description of the source including chemical form, physical dimensions, method of encapsulation, thickness of encapsulation, etc. A description of how the source is to be secured, shielded, and the dose rate expected in the general area of use must also be provided.

5. Harulling Pmcedures llandling procedures such as use of gloves, lab coats, tongs, marking tape, absorbent paper, etc. should be specified.

G. Radiation Surveys Where applicable, describe those radiation survey instruments which are available to be used for checking ex-perimental apparatus, work surfaces, and personnel during experiment.

7. Duration of Erperiment An estimate as to duration of the total experiment and time involved in particular phases should be made, such as, time involved from tagging animals to subsequent sacrifice or the time a scaled source would be used in a specific location.

8. Wa.ste Disposal All radioactive waste such as unused solutions, biological waste, contaminated paper, etc. is to be turned over to the Radiation Protection Office for disposal, in connection with this, provide an estimate of the amounts, form and bulk of waste. Describe any particular hazards associated with the handling of the waste materials, e.g. are highly corrosive materials involved.

r;

I L

APPENDIX C The following is a partial list of publications on regulations, standards, and principles of radiation protection.

Users should become familiar with the cortents of these documents as they apply to their specific work,

a. Standards for Protection Against Radiation, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Part 20.

b. North Carolina Regulations for Protection Against Radiation, North Carolina Statutes-G.S.104C.

c. Reports of the National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP Publications, P.O. Box 30175, Washington, D.C. 20014).

No.8 - Control and Removal of Radioactive Contamination in Laboratories.'

_No.10 - Radiological Monitoring Methods and Instruments.

No. 22 - Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of i

Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure.

No. 23 - Measurement of Neutron Fiax and Spectra for Physical and Biological Applications.

. No. 25 - Measurement of Absorbed Dose of Neutrons and of Mixtures of Neutrons and Gamma Rays.

No. 28 - A Manual of Radioactivity Procedures.

No. 30 - Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials.

i No. 32 - Radiation Protection in Educational Institutions.

No. 33 - Medical X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Protection for Energies up to 10 MeV-Equipment Design and Use.

No. 36 - Radiation Protection in Veterinary Medicine.

i I

No. 38 - Protection Against Neutron Radiation.

No. 39 - Basic Radiation Protection Criteria.

No. 43 - Review of the Current State of Radiation Protection Philosophy.

I No. 46 - Alpha-Emitting Particles in Lungs.

No. 47 - Tritium Measurement Techniques.

No. 48 - Radiation Protection for Medical and Allied Health Personnel.

No. 49 - Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Medical Use of X Rays and Gamma-Rays of Energies Up To 10 MeV.

- Adjunct to NCRP Report No. 49 (Pull-sized reproductions of barrier requirement curves).

i No. 50 - Environmental Radiation Measurements.

No. 51 - Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for 0.1100 MeV Particle Accelerator Facilities.

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