ML19347C601
| ML19347C601 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Davis Besse  |
| Issue date: | 12/31/1980 |
| From: | Hickey C Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUREG-0720, NUREG-720, NUDOCS 8012310406 | |
| Download: ML19347C601 (72) | |
Text
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Power Plant Siting and Design:
A Case Study of Minimal Entrainment and Impingement Impacts at Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station
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Manuscript Completed: July 1980 Date Published: December 1980 C. R. Hickey, Jr.
Division of Engineering Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 7 %,
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ABSTRACT Fish impingement and ichthyoplankton entrainment were studied during 1977 and 1978 at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, located on the southwestern shore of Lake Eri.e, Ohio. -The estimated losses of impinged fishes plus the
" equivalent adults" of entrained eggs and larvae were small fraction ~, af the recreational and commercial fishery harvests from Ohio waters of Lake Erie..
i By comparison, the losses were 1-4 orders of magnitude less than at other Lake Erie power plants..The immediate site vicinity is nat an important fish 4
spawning or nursery area and appears to be in a relatively unproductive area of the western basin of Lake Erie.
The closed-cycle intake design represents
.a practical balance between technological and ecological considerations, with minimal environmental impact.
The impacts predicted in the preoperational environmental impact statements were reasonable cnd adequate in comparison with those'actually observed during operation.
The findings should provide useful.information for the feedback process from operational experience to siting and design of future power plants on Lake Erie, and from operational experience to impact assessment and prediction.
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.1 CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT................................
iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................
vii 1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.........................................
1 2
PRE 0PERATIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF IHPACTS...............................
2 2.1 Impingement of Fisnes...........................................
2 2.2 Entrainment of Ichthyop1ankton................................
3 3
SITE AND STATION DESCRIPTION.......................................
3 3.1 The Site.......................................................
3 3.2 The Station....................................................
4 4
EVALUATION OF OBSERVED IMPACTS.........................
9 I
4.1 Impingement of Fishes..........................................
9 4.2 Entrainment of Ichthyop1ankton.................................
18 i
5 CONCLUSIONS.........................................................
25
(
REFERENCES...............................................................
- 29 i
APPENDIX:. DETERMINATION BY THE STATE OF OHIO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION l
AGENCY FOR DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION, UNIT I...........
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FIGURES l
1.
Locations of Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station at Locust Point in the Western Basin of Lake Erie; Acme and-Bay Shore Power Stations, Ohio;-and Monroe and Fermi Power Plants, Michigan............
5 2.
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Site Plan, Showing the Offshore Intake and Discharge Structures and the Onshore Intake Canal and Forebay.............................................................
6 3.
Bathymetric Map of Lake Erie in-the Vicinity of Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Showing the Location of the Offshore Reefs...........
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4.
Designs and Locations of the Offshore Intake and Discharge Structures of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station............................
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TABLES P ag_e, 1.
Estimated Number, Weight, and Percent (by Species) of Fishes Impinged:
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, 1977 and 1979........
10 2.
Number and Percent (by Species) of Fishes Collected From Intate Canal Using a Tov.icant for Complete Removal:
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, September 25, 1974..................................
11 3.
E2timated Annual Number and Percent of Fishes (by Species)
Impinged at Four Fossil-Fueled Plants on Lake Erie and Intake Capacity at the Plants..............................................
14 4.
Estimated Number, Weight, and Percent (by Species) of Fishes Impinged:
Bay Shore Power Station, September 15,1976-September 15, 1977...............
15 4
5.
Estimated Number, Weight, and Percent (by Species) of Fishes Impinged:
Acme Power Station, September 1, 1976-September 15, 1977..................................................
15 6.
Design Intake Flow and Estimated Number of Fishes Impinged, by Power Facility, in Michigan ' daters of Lake Erie the Detroit River, and Maumee Bay, 1974 and '.975..........................................
17 7.
Estimated Number and Weight (by Species) of Recreational Harvest of-Fishes in Ohio Waters of Lake Erie, 1978...........................
17 8.
1978 Commercial Harvest of Fish Species in Ohio Waters of Lake Erie and Ohio Statistical District 1 That Were Recorded in Impingement Samples at Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station During 1977 and 1978...............................................................
18 9.
Sampling Period, Water Withdrawn, and Estimated Number (by Species) of Ichthyoplankt;n Entrained:
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, 1978...............................................................
22 10.
Estimated Number and Percent (by Species) of Ichthyoplankton Entrained:
Bay Shore Power Station,-September 1, 1976-23 September 1, 1977..................................................
11.
Estimated Number and Percent (by Species) of Ichthyoplankton Entrained:
Acme Power Station, September 1,1976-September 1, 1977...............................................................
24 12.
Estimated Entrainment of Fish Larvae (all Species) at Major U. S.
Power Plants in' Western Lake Erie During 1975-1977.................
24 vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Appreciation for help on this manuscript by NRC staff is acknowledged:
Ronald L. Ballard, Thomas D. Cain, George Lear, Robert B. Samworth, and James H.
Wilson reviewed and commented on drafts of this paper.
Wilma Swick, Division of Engineering (NRR), typed and organized the report from its early stages to a final draft.
The Technical Information and Document Control Division pro-vided editorial, graphics, and production services that led to the printed version.
Tha1ks are also extended to Joseph Reidy, State of Ohio Environmental Protec-tion Agency, Columbus, for advice, review, and comraents, and for supplying data and reports on fish impingement and entrainment at several Lake Erie power plants.
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l vii
POWER PLANT SITING AND DESIGN: A CASE STUDY OF MINIMAL ENTRAINMENT AND IMPINGEMENT IMPACl3 AT DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION
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1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 4
The const uction permit for Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station was issued by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission [now the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)] in March 1971 and the operating license was issued by the NRC in April 1977.
Before the operating license was issued, a Final Environmental.
Statement (FES), also known as final environmental impact statement, was prepared by NRC (Ref. 1).
The FES assessed the potential impact on Lake Erie fish populations during station operation from impingement on the traveling screens at the intake structure and from entrainment through the condenser cooling system.
Although it was concluded in the FES that station operation was not expected to affect Lake Erie fishes significantly, opera-tional monitoring was recommended to ensure that unacceptable impacts were not occurring.
The FES recommendations were incorporated as Environmental Technical Specification requirements in the operating license.
The required fisheries studies were conducted by the licensee (Toledo Edison Company) during 1977 and 1978 (Refs. 2-6).
Additionally, the licensee conducted an impingement and entrainment impact study at Davis-Besse to satisfy require-ments of the State of Ohio under Section 316(b) cf the Clean Water Act (Ref. 7).
In March 1979 (Ref. 3), the licensee submitted to NRC the results of the fisheries studies and requested that the operating license for Davis-Besse be amended to delete the requirements for the conduct of operational moni-toring.
NRC regulations require an evaluation of the environmental impact of proposed licensing or regulatory actions, such as those related to dele-tion of monitoring programs required to evaluate impacts of operation.
In March 1980, an environmental impact appraisal (EIA) was pr: pared by NRC on the observed im. acts of entrainment and impingement at Davis-Besse.
The EIA was entered int'o the public record and notice of availability was published in the Federal Register (Vol. 45, No. 136, page 47278) on July 14, 1980.
It was determined in the EIA that the intake-related unpacts to Lake Erie fishes are minimal at Davis-Besse because the cooling system is designed properly and the site is located in a relatively unproductive-area of the i
western basin of the lake.
That determination secured a cooperative effort between State (Ohio) and Federal (NRC) agencies, during which the monitoring programs conducted by the licensee satisfied the need of both, and the assess-ments of impacts were reviewed in parallel efforts by both the State of Ohio and NRC.
The findings of the EIA are included in subsequent sections of this technical report which is published to erhance the feedback process from operational experience to siting and design of future power stations on Lake Erie.
The Davis-Besse power station site is located in an environmentally-accept-able area of the productive western basin of Lake Erie.
The western basin 1
potentially could be an undesirable area in which to locate a power plant the size of Davis-Besse because of the productivity of the basin and the potential for impact on biota and fisheries.
Davis-Besse's location (in a relatively unproductive area of the basin) and its closed-cycle cooling system design have mitigated and minimized the impacts.
Davis-Besse is the only nuclear generating station now operating on Lake Erie and the only operating Lake Erie station (nuclear or fossil-fueled) that uti-lizes a closed-cycle cooling system (cooling tower).
Therefore, the magnitudes of impingement and entrainment at Davis-Besse are compared and contrasted with those of other Lake Erie power plants using once-through cooling, so that future considerations of cooling system design can draw upon the experience of Davis-Besse.
In addition, the impacts predicted (or projected) in the preoperational FESS are compared with those actually observed during station operation.
Further-more, in this assessment, uses of recent advar.ces in tect.niques for determining impingement sampling design adequacy and techniques for estimation of entrain-ment losses are demonstrated.
The understanding gained through this study should provide useful information for the feedbac; orocess from operational experience to impact assessment and prediction.
2 PRE 0PERATIONAL ASSESSMENTS OF IMPACTS 2.1 Impingement of Fishes In the FES related to construction (FES-CP) of Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, potential environmental impacts of fish impingement during station operation were discussed (Ref. 8, Section 5.5.1, pages 5-12, 5-13, an! 5-15).
It was stated that major adverse biological effects due to the intake of lake water were unlikely.
Further, it was noted that:
(1) Adult fish should be able to avoid being drawn into the intake, although ycung fish or weak adults swimming too near the intake probably will be entrained.
(2) Most fish that are entrained in the intake water will be impinged on the traveling screens located in the intake structure at the end of the intake canal.
(3) Studies indicated that, gizzard shad, alewife, freshwater drum, white bass, and shiner are likely to be the most abundant young fish near the intake crib, and thus potentially subject to impingement.
t In the FES related to operation (FES-OL) of Davis-Besse, potential impacts of fish impingement were discussed (Ref. 1, Section 5.5.1, page 5-5; and Section 12.2.2, pages 12-2 and 12-3).
It was concluded that the intake design represents a practical balance between technological and ecological consider-ations and will have a minimal environmental impact.
Further, the following were found:
(1) Emerald shiner, spottail shiner, gizzard shad, and alewife will be impinged in greatest numbers.
2
1 (2) Survival of fishes washed from the traveling screens and sluiced through a trough to the holding basin is not expected to be high.
(3) Impingetent losses are not expected to affect.the fisheries of Lake Erie significantly.
To ensure against unacceptable impingement losses, operational monitoring at the traveli7g screens and in the intake canal was required:
(1) Fish impingsment should be monitored no less than three times each week to determine the number and size distribution of each species impinged, i
and to assess local and regional impacts.
(2) A special study should be undertaken to determine the extent to which the intake canal supports a fish population and thus contributes to impingement losses.
(3) A special study should be undertaken to investigate entrainment of adult and juvenile fishes at the intake crib and the effectiveness of the bubble s:reen in reducing, impingement.
2.2 p trainment of Ichthyoplankton In the FES-OL for Davis-Besse, the potential was discussed for impact to Lake Erie fishes from entrainment and station passage of planktonic fish eggs and larvae (Ref. 1, Section 5.5.2, page 5-8; and Section 12.2.2, pages 12-2 and 12-3).
It was assumed taat all organisms entrained within the cooling system would be killed by a corabination of mechanical, thermal, and biocidal effects.
I It was concluded, however, that entrainment losses were not expected to alter l
local fish populations significently.
That conclusion was based on:
i (1) The icw fish egg and larval densities at the site which indicate that it is not a major spawning area.
1 (2) The distribution of known spawning areas along the southwest shore of Lake Erie.
(3) The offshore location of the intake crib.
(4) The relatively small volume of water withdrawn from the lake for use at the plant.
To ensure that unacceptable entrainment losses were not occurring, the FES-OL required operational monitoring of ichthyoplankton near the offshore intake and at control stations.
3 SITE AND STATION DESCRIPTION 3.1 The Site The Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station is located on the southwest shore of Lake Erie in Ohio approximately 21 miles (+34 km) southeast ~of Toledo.and 21 miles northwest of Sandusky in Ottawa County (Figure 1).
The 954-acre-(386 ha) site borders.the nor,.1 side of the Toussaint River and has a lake 3
frontage of 7250 feet (2210 m).
This section of the shoreline is flat and marshy; maximum elevations are only a few feet above the lake level.
The site includes a tract known as Navarre Marsh, and the upland where the main station structures are located.
The graded and fenced station area, exclu-sive of the cooling tower, occupies about 56 acres (23 ha).
The station buildings are about 3000 feet (914 m) from the lakeshore and at least 2400 feet (732 m) from any point on the site boundary (Figure 2).
The site is located on Locust Point, a gently curving headland of the western basin of Lake Erie.
The lake bottom gently slopes from shore out to a dis-tance of at least 4000 feet (1219 m); the lake is 10 feet deep 2000 feet off-shore and 12 feet deep 4000 feet offshore.
Bottom sediments vary with distance offshore and are predominantly sand, gravel, and clay.
A series of shallow rocky reefs occurs offshore of Locust Point at distances between about 3 to 7 miles.
Closest to shore are the Locust Point and Toussaint Reefs (Figures 1 and 3).
More complete descriptions of the site and vicinity are to be found in the FES-CP (Ret. 8), the 316(b) Demonstration (Ref. 7), and in several of the other documents referred to in this report.
3.2 The Station Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station is rated at 906 MWe and consists of a single unit utilizing a closed-cycle cooling, heat-dissipation system.
The operating license was issued in April 1977.
Initial reactor criticality was achieved on August 8,1977 (Ref. 9), but the station never operated at full capacity in 1977 and only achieved $75% capacity in December (Ref. 10).
One hundred percent operating capacity was attained on April 4,1978 (Ref.11).
A 493-foot high (150 m) natural draft cooling tower is used to dissipate 98% of the total heat from the condenser to the atmosphere.
The remaining 2% of the heat is discharged to Lake Erie in the cooling tower blowdown.
Cooling water is with-drawn fiom the lake via a submerged intake crib located about 3000 feet (914 m) offshore at the 11-foot depth contour (Figures 2 and 4).
The crib is a cross-shaped structure rising 3-10 feet above the lake bottom; intake ports are located at the ends of each of the four arcs. Water enters the crib by gravity in a downward direction through the ports at a velocity of 0.25 fps (7.6 cm/sec) at the maximum intake flow rate of 42,000 gpm (94 cfs; 2.66 cms).
i An 8-foot-diameter conduit buried beneath the lake bottom connects the off-i shore crib with an onshore intake canal.
The intake canal is a 22 0-foot-long (899 m) open channel that conveys water from the intake conduit to the pump-house (Figure 2).
The canal has earthen embankments and is separated from the lake by a sand beach and beachfront dike constructed of large limestone rip-rap.
The canal is approximately 40-45 feet wide at the bottom; there i
are 3:1 side slopes and a depth of 13-14 feet.
In the vicinity of the pump-house, the canal widens to form a forebay approximately 800 feet long, 200 feet wide at the bottom, and 16-17 feet deep.
At an intake flow rate of 42,000 gpm, j
the calculated velocity in the canal is about 0.11 fps (3.4 cm/sec).
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pumphouse intake structure is located at the extreme western end of the canal i
forebay where-water enters through fixed trash racks (8-inch x 26-inch open-ings; s 20 cm x 66 cm) and 1/4-inch (6 mm) mesh traveling screens, which are autom@ tily cleaned cither on a preset time interval or by pressure dif-ferential across the screens.
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Figure 1. Locations of Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station at Locust Point in the western basin of Lake Erie; Acme and Bay Shore Power Stations, Ohio; and Monroe and Fermi Power Plants, Michigan.
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I Figure 2. Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station site plan, showing the offshore intake and discharge structures and the onshore intake canal and forebay.
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Figure 3. Bathymetric map of Lake Erie in the vicinity of Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, showing the location of the offshore reefs.
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i Source: Reference 8 F9ure 4. Designs and locations of the offshore intake and discharge structures of the Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station.
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All station effluents (most of which is cooling tower blowdown) flow through a 6-foot-diameter buried pipe to a slot-type jet discharge structure (4.5 feet wide x 1.5 feet high; 1.4 m x 0.5 m) located on the lake bottom 1200 feet off shore (Figures 2 and 4).
The discharge exit velocity is about 6.5 fps (198 cm/sec) at the design maximum flow rate of 20,000 gpm (44.6 cfs; 1.26 cms).
The thermal discharge produces a plume in Lake Erie with a calculated surface area of 0.7 acres.
The discharge temperature of station effluents in the lake never exceeds 20 F (11.1 C) above ambient lake water temperature.
This summary of station design features was extracted from the FES-CP (Ref. 8),
the FES-OL (Ref. 1), and the 316(b) Demonstration (Ref. 7), where more details may be found.
4 EVALUATION OF OsSERVED IMPACTS 4.1 Impingement of Fishes The Phase I fish impingement study was conducted between January 1 and December 31, 1978 (Ref. 3).
In Appendix B is the requirement that 24-hour samples be collected 3 days a week.
During 1978, sampling occurred on 144 days, or about 39.5% of the days.
Collections of impinged fish were made by placing a 1/4-inch mesh screening device into the traveling screen backwash sluiceway.
The screening device had the same mesh size as the traveling screens at the intake structure.
Numbers and weights of impinged fishes were recorded.
Expanded monthly and annual estimates of total impingement losses were developed based upon fishes impinged per hour of station operation during the times of samplinc.
Additionally, impinged fishes were collected using the above methods on 45 days during the period August 17-December 31, 1977 (Ref. 10), or about 33% of the days.
Impingement sampling during 1977 (Ref. 10) and 1978 (Ref. 3) documented the presence of 15 and 20 species of fishes. respectively, on the screens, or a total of 23 species for both years combined (Table 1).
During 1977, the principal species impinged were gizzard shad, freshwater drum, white crappie, yellow perch, emerald shiner, and goldfish.
The 4 -month total for impinge-ment was estimated to be 1936 fishes weighing 25.8 kg (56.8 pounds).
Greater than 93% of the total impingement occurred during the period November 22-December 19, 1977.
A comparison of the 1977 impingement catches with trawl and gill-net catches near the intake during preoperative studies (Refs. 14 and 15) indicates that the majority of impinged fish species were common in the area.
Exceptions were white crappie, goldfish, and freshwater drum.
The licensee stated that impinged white crappies probably were residcats of the intake canal, and the fact that many were young-of-the year indicates a probable spawning in the canal (Ref. 10). Goldfish and drum were relatively more abundant in impinge-ment samples than in gill-net and trawl samples in the lake proper.
Their presence in the intake canal was indicated by their low abundance there in previous canal netting studies (Refs. 14 and 15).
Additionally, a fish toxicant study of the intake canal during September 1974 reports the collec-tion of "25 gallons" of fish numbering 2327 individuals (Refs. 16-18)
(Table 2), far more than reported in any of the canal trawl studies, which took 414 fishes on the day prior to toxicant use (Ref. 14) and 420 fishes 9
Table 1.
Estimated number, weight, and percent (by species) of fishes impinged:
Davis-Desse Nuclea-Power Station, 1971 and 1978 1977 1978 Species Number
- Percent Grams **
Percent Number ***
Percent Grams **
Percent Alewife 5
- 0. 3 61.0 0.2 4
0.1 16 0.1 Black crappie 11 0.6 111.2 0.4 82
- 1. 2 1,394 4.6 Blackside darter 1
< 0.1 1
< 0.1 Bluegill sunfish 15 0.8 18.5 0.3 5
0.1 50 0.2 Bluntnose minnow 1
< 0.1 1
< 0.1 Carp 6
0.1 12
< 0.1 Channel catfish 3
<. 0.1 1.2
< 0.1 Emerald shiner 130 6.7 142.8 0.6 991 15.0 991 3.2 Freshwater drum 235 12.1 1,055.3 4.1 80 1.2 320
- 1. 0 Gizzard shad 875 45.2 11,551.3 44.8 391 5.9 2,737
- 9. 0 Goldfish 135
- 7. 0 2,148.1 8.3 3,299 49.9 16,495 54.1 Green sunfish 5
0.1 60 0.2 Es Logperch darter 43 2.2 111.5 0.4 12 0.2 24 0.1 Pumpkinseed sunfish 9
0.1 99 0.3 Orangespotted sunfish 18 0.9 35.0 0.1 Rainbow smelt 6
0.3 61.6 0.2 69
- 1. 0 69 0.2 Spottall shiner 2
0.1 12.6
< 0.1 15 0.2 30 0.1 1
< 0.1 1
< 0.1 Stonecat madtom frout perch 29 0.4 116 0.4 Walleye 5
0.2 17.0 0.1 White bass 1
0.3 38.9 0.2 White crapple 231 11.9 9,036.0 35.0 22 0.3 176 0.6 Yellow perch 220 11.3 1.340.2 5.2 1,582 23.9 7,910 25.9 Total 1,938t 100.0 25,801.0 100.0 6,607tt 100.0 30,503.2 100.0 The numbers impinged have been rounded from those presented in Reference 10.
- The weights are derived f rom the mean weight (in grams) presented in Reference 10, multiplied by the estimated number impinged.
- The numbers impinged are those presented in Reference 3.
t At 95% confidence interval, lower limit is 1316 and upper limit is 2848.7.
tt At 95% confidence interval, lower limit is 5441 and upper Ilmit is 8015.
Note: Hyphen indicates species not captured.
4 1
Ti'le 2.
Number and percent (by species) of fishes collected from intake a
canal using a toxicant for complete removal:
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, September 25, 1974 Species Number Percent 3
Yellow perch 19 0.8 Sunfish species 289 12.4 Bluegill 4
0.2 Goldfish 9
0.4 Minnow (cyprinids) 423 18.2 White bass 2
0.1 Gizzard shad 86 3.7 Smallmouth bass 4
0.2 Crappie species 385 16.5 Bullhead catfish 812 34.9 Carp 275 11.8 Rock bass 4-0.2 Freshwater drum 5
0.2 i
Quillback 6
0.3
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Channel catfish 4
0.2 l
l Total 2,327 100.0 Sources:
References 16-18.
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during June and September 1975 (Ref. 15).
None of these canal studies docu -
mented significant numbers of goldfish and drum, but crappies were found in higher relative abundance:
24-40% of 1974 canal trawl studies (Ref.14),16.5%
of the 1974 toxicant study, and 81% of.the 1975 canal trawl study (Ref. 15).
Comparison of the 1977 impingement data with trawl and gill-net catches near the intake during 1977 (Ref. 19) yielded similar results;. crappies and gold-fish occurred in very low levels of abundance in the lake.
Unfortunately, lake sampling was not performed during December 1977 (Ref. 19), a period of i
i high impingement.
Analysis of trawl catches indicated that fish populations could be slightly larger in the area encompassing the intake and discharge, compared with a control area,-possibly'due to the " cover" provided for fishes by the rip-rap material at the structures (Ref. 19).
During 1978, the principal species impinged were goldfish, yellow perch,-
emerald shiner, and gizzard shad (Table 1) (Ref. 3).
Impingenent estimates for white crappie and freshwater-drum were much lower than during'1977, while.
goldfish estimates were considerably' higher during 1978.
The estimated total annual impingement for 1978 was 6607 fishes weighing 30.5 kg (67.2 pounds).
Approximately 78% of the total impingement occurred during the months of April and December.
Although lake fish sampling.did not occur during April and December 1978 (Ref. 20), a comparison of the 1978 impingement catches (Ref. 3) with trawl and gill-net catches near the intake (Ref. 20) showed that with the exception 11
.~.
of a few species, the fishes impinged were also common in the lake.
The most notable exception was goldfish which was far more abundant in impingement samples than in lake samples.
White crappie also was somewhat more abundant in impingement samples.
Black crappie was captured on the screens and not at all in lake samples.
It was suggested that these three species probably are now using the intake canal for permanent residence and for spawning (Ref. 3) and thereby contributing to the impingement counts.
4 The spawning of white crappie within the intake canal was indicated during 1975 by ichthyoplankton sampling performed during the spawning season in both the lake and the canal (Ref. 15).
Only during the period June 13-16 were white crappie larvae captured, and then only in the intake canal. White crappies have not been represented in any of the ichthyoplankton samples thus far collected from the lake during studies at the site (Refs. 5, 6, 10, 14, 15, and 21), but crappies (not identified as to species) were taken in ichthyoplankton samples collected during 1975 and 1976 in the western basin of Lake Erie near Davis-Besse (Ref. 12).
In addition to those fish species living in the canal (and the lake) that contribute to impingement counts, other canal fish might reside principally there.
For example, a small number of bluegills have been impinged each year and taken during the canal studies, but bluegills have not been captured during the lake sampling.
Similarly, one individual each of blackside darter and bluntnose minnow were impinged during 1978, but these species have not been captured near the site previously (Ref. 3).
Conversely, black bullhead catfish have constituted significant portions of intake canal samples (especially during 1974), but have not yet been recorded in impingement catches and have been found very rarely in lake netting samples.
The ability of the canal fish populations to repopulate is demonstrated by the 1974 and 1975 netting and toxicant studies, as tabulated in the table that appears on the facing page.
Af ter dewatering of the canal and toxicant i
application on September 25, 1974, just a single fish was taken by trawl in the canal.
During the following year, the canal fish population increased in both numbers of individuals and species, with white crappie constituting 81% of the population on September 16, 1975.
Repopulation of the canal must have been achieved via fishes entering through the offshore intake structure.
It thus appears that the intake canal provides habitat for several species of fish, some of which contribute to the estimates of impingement losses.
l Davis-Besse is the only nuclear generating station now operating on Lake Erie l
and Qe only operating station (nuclear or fossil-fueled) on the lake utilizing closed-cycle cooling; thus, a comparative examination of the impingement at Davis-Besse with data from similarly designed stations on Lake i
l Erie is not possible.
However, impingement loss estimates are available for several Lake Erie fossil-fueled plancs utilizing once-through cooling.
Four plants located in the central basin (to the east of Davis-Besse) on the southern shore of Lake Erie were estimated to have impinged between 560,000 l
and 11,940,000 fishes during 1976 (Table 3) (Ref. 22).
During the period i
September 1976-September 1977, impingement studies were conducted at two power stations located on the Maumee River and Maumee Bay to the west of 12
.~._.~,-.--,,.-.~m._,,
m.-.,,,...
r,--,
. - -... -...,. ~
Number of Number of Date of sampling individuals species June 18, 1974*
31 5
August 27, 1974*
33 4
September 24, 1974**
414 18 September 25, 1974***
2327 October 23, 1974*
1
-> 15 1
June 13, 1975t 20 4
September 16, 1975t 400 12 Total 3226 Two tows of an 8-foot otter trawl over the entire canal length (Ref.14).
- More than 22 trawl tows were made in an effort to remove as many fish as J
possible prior to the toxicant study which took place the following day (Ref. 14).
}
- Toxicant study, see Table 2.
t Two 15-minute tows of an 8-foot otter trawl (Ref. 15).
i Davis-Besse (Figure 1).
At Bay Shore Power Station, 52 species were impinged, with total estimates of 18,316,745 fishes (of which 506,112 occurred during a 12-hour fish run) weighing 173,144 kg (381,713 pounds) (Ref. 23).
Principal species impinged included gizzard shad, emerald shiner, alewife, white bass, yellow perch, and freshwater drum (Table 4).
At Acme Power Station, 43 species were impinged; total estimates came to 11,753,124 fishes (of which 6,024,060 were impinged during seven fish runs of 44.5 total hours) weighing 102,221 kg (225,356 pounds) (Ref. 24).
Principal species impinged included gizzard shad, emerald shiner, and freshwater drum (Table 5).
Both power plants have shore-line intake channels and larger rated intake volume capacities than Davis-Besse [1149.3 cfs at Bay Shore (Ref. 23); 605.7 cfs at Acme (Ref. 24)].
During 1974 and 1975, impingement studies were conducted at six power plants (all with shoreline or channel intakes) located in Michigan waters of Lake Erie, Maumee Bay, and the Detroit River (Ref. 25) (Figure 1).
Gizzard shad comprised between 51% and 87% of all species impinged at each plant, followed by emerald shiner, alewife, smelt, yellow perch, and others.
Total estimated impingement ranged between 84,528 fishes at the Trenton Ct.annel Plant and 1,410,286 fishes at the J. R. Whiting Plant (Table 6).
By comparison, the impingement estimate of 6607 fishes is 1-3 orders of magni-tude less than at other Lake Erie power plants.
Reasons for this probably are station design (low intake volume, offshore intake location) and sitn location in a relatively unproductive area of the western basin (discussed in Section 4.2, Entrainment of Ichthyoplankton).
Sustained annual impingement comparable to that within the confidence intervals of the 1978 loss estimates-at Davis-Besse should not add measurably to the total impingement impact to fishes resulting from the several power plants operating on Lake Erie.
13
l Table 3.
Esticated annual number and percent (by species) of fishes itpinged at four fossil-fueled plants on Lake Erie, and intake capacity at the plants
- Species &
Avon Lake Lake Shore East Lake Ashtabula A18 intake No. In No. In No. in N.o.
In capacity
=illions Percent millions Percent millions Percent millions Percent 1
l Species:
Gizzard shad 3.90 66.4 0.26 46.5 10.59 68.7 4.75 98.0 Shiner 0.24 5.3 0.10 16.9 0.78 6.5 0.02 0.4 Rainbow scelt 0.35
- 7. 8 0.18 32.6 0.48 4.0 0.04
- 0. 8 White bass 0.02 0.4 0.02 2.6 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.2 Freshwater drum
- 1. 3 0.5 0.4 0.1 Ca rp 0.1 Catfish Yellow perch ***
3504 0.1 14,366 0.1 4643 0.1 Trout perch Totals 4.51 0.56 11.94 4.83 Intake capacity:
Capacity, Pa'e 1344 514 1372 500 Fean intake, ces 30 19 34 8
Mean intake, cfs 1060 670 1200 300 Maxieu intake, c=s 53 47 41 31 Maximum intake, cfs 1870 1664 1461 1100 These rough esticates were calculated from preliminary irpingesent data.
Final esticates cust be derived from completed EPA 316b demonstration.
- Less than 10,000 and/or 0.1% of total.
- Actual number esticated.
Source:
Reference 22.
I 14 i
. -. =
. - ~ _ _.
l
(
l i
Table 4.
Estimated number, weight, and percent (by-species) of fishes impinged:
Bay Shore Power Station, September 15, 1976-September 15, 1977 i
i Percent of Percent of i
Species
- Number number Kilograms weight Gizzard shad 11,347,255 63.7 122,358 71.8 i
Emerald shiner 3,282,597 18.4 8,098 4.7 Alewife 1,375,911 7.7 10,741 6.3 White bass 624,078 3.5 2,766
- 1. 6 Yellow perch 437,260 2.4 15,311 8.9 Freshwater drum 365,779 2.1 5,807 3.4 Spottail shiner 212,515 1.2 1,661
- 1. 0 Rainbow smelt 87,374 0.5 352 0.2 i
Walleye 12,187 0.1 1,220 0.7 Channel catfish 20,995 0.1 1,037 0.6 Others 44,682 0.3 1,357 0.8 Total 17,810,663 100.0 170,708 100.0 6
i
- Ten most prominent species. To be listed, a species represented at least 0.1%
^
of the total number and 0.2% of the total weight.
These' estimates do not i
include impingement during fish runs.
Source:
Reference 23.
I I
Table 5.
Estimated number, weight, and percent (by species) of fishes impinged:
1 Acme Power Station, September 1, 1976-September 15, 1977 l
l Percent of Percent-of Species
- Number number Kilograms weight i
Gizzard shad 4,709,444 82.1 39,261 90.1 Emerald shiner 823,791 14.4 1,702 3.9 Freshwater drum 114,152 2.0 1,285 3.0 White bass 21,549 0.4 427
- 1. 0 Alewife 21,412 0.4 170 0.4 Spottail shiner 15,789 0.3 105 0.2 Yellow perch 6,063 0.1 216 0.5 i
Channel catfish 3,225 0.1 32 0.1 Walleye 454
<0.1 131 0.3 Goldfish 746
<0.1 66 0.2 Others 12,439 0.2 140 0.3 Total 5,729,064 100.0 43,535 100.0 l
- Ten most prominent species.
To be listed, a. species represented at least 0.1% of the total weight.
These estimates do not include impingement during *ish runs.
Source:
Reference 24.
1 15 i
j
Comparison of the fish impingement estimates at Davis-Besse with the recrea-tional (Ref. 26) and commercial harvests (Ref. 27) for the Ohio waters of Lake Erie shows that the numbers and weights of impinged fishes were small fractions of the 1978 harvests (Tables 7 and 8).
The total number of fishes captured by seine, trawl, and gill net in the lake during preoperative and operative studies is shown in the table that follows.
By comparison with fish catches caught during environmental impact studies, the number of fishes estimated to have been impinged (6607) during 1978 is small.
Using strictly numbers (not accounting for species or abundance differ-ences), the total fishes taken by nets equals approximately 16.9 " impingement-years," at an impingement rate of 6607 fishes per year.
During 1978, the netted fishes numbered 2.9 times those estimated to have been impinged.
All total #., tie fishes taken during lake, intake canal, and impingement sampling equals 123,534 individuals, or the equivalent of about 18.7 impingement years, a time frame approximating one-half of the operating life of the station.
Year and Number Number reference number caught of species 1973 (Ref. 15) 5,300 2E 1974 (Ref. 15) 31,405 34 1975 (Ref. 15) 41,342 30 1977 (Ref. 18) 14,697 26 1978 (Ref. 19) 19,021 25 Total 111,765 Even these numbers are lower (by about 75%) than the estimated numbers impinged at the Lake Shore fossil power plant during the year 1976 alone (Table 3).
l An examination of the numbers of netted fishes and the numbers of impinged fishes provides a useful comparison to highlight the relatively low level of impingement losses at Davis-Besse.
Netted fishes, however, might undergo less stress with greater overall survival than impinged fishes; thus, the numbers of netted fishes do not represent loss estimates, but only numbers captured.
l The bounds placed on the impingement estimates at the 95% confidence interval (Refs. 3 and 10) are narrow (Table 1) and indicate low variability of impinge-ment over time.
Reliability in the calculated estimates is also suggested.
Recent developments in impingement study design indicate that the sampling frequency should be adjusted based upon the time period or seasonality of abundance of important fish specic --high sampling frequency during periods of abundance and low frequency during periods of low abundance (Refs. 28 and 29).
Such a scheme is designed to reduce the variability and thus increase the precision in the impingement loss estimates.
In the absence of such a stratified sampling design, a simple random sampling program should include a sampling frequency not less than 20% (* 75 days in a year) and need not 16
Table 6.
Design intake flow, and estimated number of fishes impinged, by power facility, in Michigan waters of Lake Erie, the Detroit River, and Maumee Bay Design intake flow Number Facility location gpm cfs impinged Enrico Fermi I, Lake Erie
- 130,152 291 223,575 Trenton Channel, Detroit River
- 956,842 2,136 84,528 River Rouge, Detroit River
- 450,595 1,006 T71,041 Delray, Detroit River
- 767,472 1,713 153,831 Connors Creek, Detroit River
- 489,192 1,092 484,422 J. R. Whiting, Maumee Bay **
107,000 239 1,410,286
- Sampling period, June 1974-August 1cJ5.
- Sampling period, January 1974-March 1975.
Source:
Reference 25.
I I
Table 7.
Estimated number and weight (by species) of recreational harvest of fishes in Ohio waters of Lake Erie, 1978 Species Number Pounds Kilograms l
l Yellow perch 11,483,000 2,459,000 1,115,395 Walleye 1,652,000 3,339,000 1,514,560 White bass 1,533,000 737,500 334,528 Freshwater drum 668,000 800,000 362,878 l
Channel catfish 218,000 189,500 85,957 Smallmouth bass 32,000 44,500 20,185 Total 15,586,000 7,569,500 3,433,503 Source:
Reference 26.
17
Table 8.
1978 commercial harvest of fish species in Ohio waters of Lake Erie and Ohio Statistical District 1 that were recorded in impingement samples at Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1977 and 1978.
Lake Erie, Ohio waters District 1*
Percent of Species Pounds Kilograms Pounds Kilograms Ohio total Carp 1,545,925 701,227 726,490 329,534 47.0 Channel catfish 204,844 92,617 119,200 54,069 58.2 Freshwater drum 1,189,315 539,470 219,596 99,608 18.5 Gizzard shad 1,557,104 706,298 137,429 62,337 8.8 Goldfish 757,162 343,446 113,500 51,483 15.0 0
Smelt 13,690 6,210 0
White bass 1,687,345 765,375 1,422,485 645,235 84.3 Yellow perch 2,110,859 957,479 161,251 73,143 7.6 Total (all species) 9,312,528 4,224,135 3,060,534 1,388,249 32.9 I
- State of Ohio Fishery Statistical District 1 encompasses the Ohio waters of Lake Erie from Toledo to Huron, which includes Maumee Bay, Sandusky Bay, the offshore l
islands and reefs, and the Davis-Besse site.
Source:
Reference 27.
exceed 50% (* 180 days) (Ref. 28).
The simple random sampling design and sampling frequencies of s 33%-40% at Davis-Besse during 1977-78, therefore, appear to have been adequate for a reasonable determination of impingement loss estimates.
During both years, the 45 (1977) and 144 (1979) sample days most often represented impingement catches by the power station for time periods in excess of 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />, and often in' excess of 48 hours5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br />.
Therefore, the total time periods sampled during each year were greater than the 45 and 144 days on which sampling occurred.
The low numbers impinged and the low variability indicate that a stratified sampling design was not essential for relieble loss estimation.
i j
4.2 Entrainment of Ichthyoplankton i
During 1978, fish eggs and larvae wer? sampled in Lake. Erie in the vicinity of Davis-Besse on 10 occasions betweea April 30 and September 1 (Ref. 5).
_ Sampling was to be conducted approximately once every two weeks _(weather per-mitting) using 0.75-m-diameter plankton net (No. 00, 0.75-mm mesh) equipped l
with a calibrated flow meter.
Samples were collected in duplicate from sur-face and bottom via a 5-minute circular tow (at a speed of 3-4 knots) at five stations: the intake (sta. 8); the discharge (sta. 12); two control areas, l
one northwest (sta. 3) and o'e southwest (sta. 29) of the -intake and dis-charge area; and at,.Toussain Reef offshore of Locust Point (Figures 2 and
- 3) (Ref.-5).
Similir studiet were conducted in 1977 between April-20 and I
September 2.
l 1
18
Densities of ichthyoplankton for entrainment loss estimates were obtained using the above techniques, except that samples were collected at the off-shore intake in quadruplicate via oblique (bottom-to-surface) plankton tows at night (Refs. 6 and 7).
Oblique tows were used because of U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency (USEPA) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service require-ments for sampling at Lake Erie water intakes.
Night sampling also was required by those agencies to minimize net avoidance by larvae and to assess more accurately populations of species that reside near the bottom during daylight (Refs. 6 and 7).
Density estimates were computed and presented as 3
the number of ichthyoplankters per 100 m of water for each sampling date and a mean density was computed for the time period during which each species was captured.
The mean value was then multiplied by the volume of cooling water withdrawn by the power station during the period of plankton occurrence to estimate the numbers entrained.
This method assumed that all ichthyo-plankters observed at the intake were entrained and also that all entrained plankters were killed.
During 1977, 13 taxa of ichthyoplankters were collected during lake samplirgs (Ref. 21).
The most abundant larval species were gizzard shad (55.9% of all larvae collected), yellow perch (25.5%), walleye (11.1%), and emerald shiner (3.0%) Overall, maximum larval densities occurred on June 2.
The period of greatest abundance occurred between April 29 and June 25.
Control station a
No. 3 exhibited the greatest mean larval density (57.4/100 m ) of those sta-tions near the power plant, and control station No. 29 showed the lowest mean density (15.8/100 m ).
Overall, the Toussaint Reef station exhibited the 3
3 lowest mean larval density (11.6/100 m ).
No eggs were collected on any of the sampling dates.
During 1978, 11 taxa of ichthyoplankters were collected during lake sampling (Ref. 5).
The most abundant larval species were gizzard shad (68.7% of the total), emerald shiner (14.3%), walleye (10.8%), freshwater drum (2.5%), and yellow perch (2.1%).
Overall, maximum larval densities occurred on June 6.
The period of greatest abundance occurred between May 22 and July 5.
The discharge plume station (No. 13) exhibited the greatest mean larval density m ); the intake station (No. 8) showed the lowest mean density 3
(76.1/100 (31.9/100 m ) of those stations near the plant.
Overall, the Toussaint Reef 3
3 station exhibited the lowest mean larval density (26.1/100 m ).
Fish eggs were collected from the bottom of station Nos, 3 and 13 and only on June 8, a
with densities of 8.7/100 m3 and 6.3/100 m, respectively.
Thc eggs were not speciated.
Eggs were not collected near the intake.
During 1977 and 1978, walleye contributed to increasingly greater propor-tions of the larval catches than during previous years, probably due to noted increases in the adult populations throughout the western basin of the lake (Refs. 5 and 21).
Conversely, yellow perch larval densities decreased from 1977 to 1978 (Refs. 5 and 19), as did the abundance of young-of-the year in Ohio Statistical District I (Ref. 26).
During the spawning seasons of 1975 and 1976, a study of ichthyoplankton dis-tribution was conducted throughout much of the western basin (Ohio waters) for the USEPA (Ref. 12).
The study utilized sampling equipment and procedures similar to those used at Davis-Besse during 1977 and 1978, and sampled the waters of Maumee and Sandusky Bays and the lake proper from nearshore to approximately 20 miles (32 km) offshore.
A total of 20 larval species was 19
collected.
The more common were gizzard shad, rainbow smelt, emerald shiner, spottail shiner, carp, freshwater drum, white bass, yellow perch, and walleye.
The use of replicate tows, surface and bottcm sampling, and night sampling, as done at Davis-Besse during 1977 and 1978 were recommended.
Also found was that separate surface and cottom tows produced greater larval densities than did oblique tows at the same station.
At Davis-Besse during 1978, surface-bottom sampling at the intake yielded lower mean densities (during the periods of occurrence) of gizzard shad, freshwater drum, and walleye, and higher densities of emerald shiner and yellow perch than did oblique sampling (Refs. 5-7).
As one result of the study, areas of the lake used for spawning were identified.
Nearly all nearshore areas appear to be used for spawning by one species or another, and the least amount of spawning and/or nursery activities took place from Locust Point west to the mouth of Maumee Bay.
It was suggested, therefore, that water intakes sited in this area would have the least impact on fish larvae.
Intakes placed offshore as far as economically possible were stated as the most desirable, since the fewest larvae were collected offshore (Ref. 12).
Entrainment sampling at the intake station (No. 8) during 1978 indicated that ichthyoplankters were entrained by cooling water withdrawal from May 6 through August 17 (Table 9) (Refs. 6 and 7).
Based upon the densities of plankters i
caught and the volume of intake water withdrawn, an estimated 6,310,890 (Ref. 7) to 6,311,371 (Ref. 6) larvae and 44,278 (Refs. 6 and /) eggs were i
entrained at the power station in 1978 (Table 9).
Of the larvae tot 11, gizzard sha9 constituted 76%; walley:
15%; and emerald shiner, 5%.
Fish eggs (unspeciated) were captured during entrainment sampling only on June 7 at a density of 2.4/100 m (Refs. 6 and 7).
3 One approach to assessing the impact of entrainment of fish larvae is to esti-mate the number of adults that the loss represents (Ref. 30).
Using the simplistic approach, the number of adult fish that would have resulted from the entrained larvae is equal to the survivorship frcm larva i* adult multi-plied by the number of larvae entrained (Refs. 30 and 31).
Bra ed upon sur-vival estimates ranging from 0.1% to 1.0% during the life st;ges from late larvc 'a 3 year-old adult, the licensee estimated that the 35,259 entrained yelle perch larvae could have produced between 35 and 353 adult fish.
Similar survival estimates for entrained walleye larvae resulted in an esti-mated loss of 917-9167 adult fish (Refs. 6 and 7).
These estimates probably are conservative, however, since the entrained larvae of both species were entirely early stage or prolarvae (yolk-sac larvae) (Refs. 6 and 7) which would have lower survival rates to adulthood than would late-stage larvae.
For example, survival from early larva to adult (4 year-old) for sauger (a species closely related to yellow perch and walleye) in the Mississippi River near the Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Station was estimated to be between 0.023% and 0.34%, based upon site-specific life-history considerations for that species (Ref. 32).
Other early larva-to-adult survival rates for fishes at Prairie Island which were entrained at Davis-Besse also are estimated to be less than 1%:
gizzard shad (0.01%); carp (0.0006-0.12%); and freshwater drum (0.09175-0.01%) (Ref. 32).
Comparison of the estimated losses of equivalent adult yellow perch and walleye with the Ohio recreational and commercial fishery harvests for 1978 (Tables 7 and 8) shows that they are small proportions of the harvests (which are themselves portions of the total populations).
Assuming that compensatory mechanisms are operating within the populations, the numbers of equivaler.t adults lost could be reduced.
20
The bounds placed on the entra ment estimates at the 95% confidence interval (Refs. 6 and 7) are wide (Ta'
- 9) and indicate a high variability of larval densities over time.
Sampli frequency also could have contributed to the wide intervals.
The State of Oh'; Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) guidelines for entrainment sampling (Ref. 33) suggest that for " low risk" intakes, sampling frequar should be between once per 7 days and once per 10 days; the latter i. tyuired by OEPA and the NRC environmental technical specifications for Davis-Besse.
During 1978, entrainment sampling was con-ducted on eight occasions between April 30 and August 11 at frequencies ranging from 10 to 27 days.
During the period of maximum larval abundance (s May 22-July 5), the frequencies of entrainment sampling were 15, 17, and 27 days, when indeed, more frequent sampling at the prescribed level would have been desirable.
Examination of the far field lake ichthyoplankton data (Ref.5) shows that overall peak densities occurred during the period from late May to early June and during early July of 1978, when entrainment sampling did During latter June (when entrainmert sampling was not conducted),
occur.
far field sampling documented the peak in larval abundance of freshwater drum.
Densities near the intake, however, were lower than at any other sta-tion sampled (1.7/m ) and lower than the concentration used for entrainment 3
estimates (2.00/m, Table 9) for that species.
It thus appears that the 3
sampling frequency and a lack of entrainment sampling from early June (7th) until early July (4th) probably contributed to the wide confidence intervals around the entrainment loss estimates.
Entrainment sampling was conducted for yellow perch larvae during May-August 1975 at the Monroe Power Plant [once-through cooling; an intake volume of 110 cms or 3885 cfs (Ref. 34)], located in Michigan waters of Lake Erie (Figure 1).
Loss estimates of yellow perch larvae were between 85 million and 110 million (Ref. 35).
Entrainment sampling was conducted at Acme and Bay Shore Power Stations during the periods September 1-15, 1976 and from March 16 to September 1, 1977 at both plants (Refs. 23 and 24).
Sampling was conducted via submersible pumps at the intakes for a continuous 24-hour period once every seven days during 1976 and from June 16 to September 1, 1977.
During the period March 16 to June 16, 1977 sampling occurred once every four days.
Entrainment loss estimates for Bay Shore Power Station were 284,717,618 larvae and 426,150,109 eggs (Table 10) (Ref. 23) and for Acme Power Station were 79,492,563 larvae and 178,048,309 eggs (Table 11)
(Ref. 24).
Ninety-five percent confidence intervals around the entrainment losses were relatively narrow and never included zero, probably due to a high frequency of sampling effcrt and perhaps to an abundant plankton popula-tion exhibiting relatively low variability in density over time.
By compari-son, the 1978 loss estimates at Davis Besse are 1-2 orders of magnitude lnwer for fish larvae and 3-4 orders lower for fish eggs.
Similarly, larval entrain-ment at Davis-Besse during 1978 was low compared with annual estimates (1975-77) for the Acme, Bayshore, Monroe, and Whiting plants and roughly equivalent with the Fermi Atomic Power Plant Unit 1 which constituted less than 1% of the five plant estimated entrainment losses (Table 12) (Ref. 36).
Differing years, sampling techniques, site locations, and station designs undoubtedly contribute to the discrepancies.
Since Davis-Besse and Locust Point are located in an area of relatively low fish productivity (Ref. 12), the site vicinity probably is influenced by the input of plankters from other areas (carried by water currents), such as the offshore reefs, the Detroit River, and surrounding nearshore areas where productivity is higher (Ref. 12), and perieps from Maumee Bay where water flows from the Bay toward the east around 21
m__..
I l
t i
i j
Table 9.
Sampling period, water withdrawn, and estimated r nber (by species) of i
ichthyoplankton entrained: Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station,1978 1
Number /100 m **
Number of larvae entrained ***
3 Water Period during which withdrawn
- Lowert Uppert Lower Upper Larval species entrainment occurred (100 m )
Mean limit limit Mean limitt limitt 8
Carp
. lune 21 - July 12 20,443 0.32
-0.69 1.32 6,542 0
26,985 i
Emerald shiner June 21 - August 17 73,704 4.68
-7.70 17.05 34,4935 0
1,256,653 I
-Freshwater drum May 16 - July 12 49,951 2.00
-5.15 9.15 99,902 0
457,052 j
Gizzard shad May 30 - August 17 91,598 52.36
-38.38 143.00 4.796,071 0
13,098,514 Rainbow smelt May 16 - August 17 103,211 0.92
-0.80 2.64 94,954 0
272,477 Spottail shiner May 30 - Augurt 17 91,598 0.18
-0.04 0.40 16,488.
0 36,639 Walleye May 6 - May 30 22,037 41.60
-436.15 519.35 916,739 11,444,915 Yellow perch May 6 - May 30 22,037 1.60
-0.94 4.14 35,259 0
91,233 O
I Total larvae 6,310,890 26,684 468
- Eggs, unspeciated May 30 - June 21 18,449 2.40
-5.24 10.04 44,278 0
185,228 1j'
- Estimated by multiplying daily dischcrge rate.by 1.3 and adding all daily estimates for the specific period.
l
- Average concentration during-their period of occurrence.
- Values which'would have been less than zero were rounded back to zero.
tat 95% confidence level.
Source: Reference 7.
i I
i i
l 1
Table 10.
Estimated number and percent (by species) of ichthyoplankton entrained:
Bay Shore Power Station, September 1, 1976-September 1, 1977 Number at 95% confidence interval Larval species Number Percent Lower limit Upper limit Bluegill sunfish 28.201 0.01 4,678 169,998 Carp 8,251,539 2.90 4,159,814 16,368,014 Channel catfish 564,532 0.20 164,699 1,935,025 Emerald shiner 142,572 0.05 34,151 595,207 Freshwater drum 13,479,134 4.73 7,372,574 24,643,639 Gizzard shad 223,290,406 78.43 134,749,933 370,008,388 Logperch darter 28,778 0.01 4,774 173,487 Rainbow smelt 897,099 0.32 387,843 2,075,032 Spottail shiner 238,132 0.08 44,203 1,282,868 Troutperch 12,747
<0.01 981 165,631 Unidentified 88,078 0.03 28,585 271,388 Unidentified crappie 28,778 0.01 4,774 173,487 Unidentified shiner 166,784 0.06 17,593 1,581,135 l'nidentified sucker 357,889 0.13 132,394 967,447 Unidentified sunfish 493,434 C 17 82,108 2,965,329 Walleye 441,614 0 16 206,873 942,721 White bass 33,107,856 11.63 13.496,529 81,215,709 White sucker 673,614 0.24 249,356 1,819,709 Yellow perch 2,426,431 0.85 875,124 6,727,696 Total larvae 284,717,618 100.00 Eggs:
Drum 425,804,075 99.92 238,919,134 758,872,292 Unspeciated 346,034 0.08 Total eggs 426,15G,109 100.00 239,225,361 759,133,204 Source:
Reference 23.
23
1 Table 11.
Estimated number and percent (by species) of ichthyoplankton entrained:
Acme Power Station, Septeniber 1,1976-September 1,1977 Number at 95% confidence interval Larval species Number Percent Lower limit Upper limit Carp 1,144,648 1.44 472,245 2,774,446 Channel catfish 92,377 0.12 28,932 294,954 Freshwater drum 26,513,645 33.35 13,381,549 52,533,031 Gizzard shad 44,930,220 56.52 19,516,220 103,438,300 Logperch darter 130,032 0.16 22,907 738,130 Spottail shiner 41,401 0.05 6,931 247,314 Unidentified 114,022 0.14 34,034 381,997
~
Unidentified madtom 15,517 0.02 3,627 66,392 Unidentified shiner 7,853 0.01 1,325 43,414 Unidentified sucker 141,043 0.18 21,637 919,410 Unidentified sunfish 341,613 0.43 75,247 1,550,884 Walleye 195,311 0.25 82,488 462,446 White bass 5,777,732 7.27 2,369,161 14,364,576 White sucker 33,025 0.04 12,231 89,170 Yellow perch 14,394 0.02 3,394 61,049 Total larvae 79,492,563 100.00 Eg:
Drum 39,968,543 22.45 18,996,413 84,094,001 Unspeciated 138,079,766 77.55 i
Total eggs 178,048,309 100.00 53,425,199 593,375,433 i
Source:
Reference 24.
Table 12.
Estimated entrainment of fish larvae (all species) at major l
U.S. power plants in western Lake Erie during 1975-1977 Year Facility 1975 1976 1977 Total Percent Acme 2.52 x 108 1.90 x 108 7.90 x 107 5.21 x 108 15.22 l
Bayshore 1.10 x 103 2.09 x 108 2.85 x 108 1.50 x 109 43.94 l
Fermi 1 2.00 x 108 6.00 x 108 5.00 x 108 1.30 x 107 0.38 Monroe 7.10 x 107 7.70 x 107 7.16 x 108 8.64 x 108 25.24 l
7 5.21 x 108 15.22 Whiting
- 2.52 x 108 1.90 x 108 7.90 x 10 Total 1.587 x 109 6.720 x 108 1.164 x 109 3.423 x 109 100.00
- Insufficient data were available for the Whiting plant, so estimates duplicate those of Acme as the two plants are comparable in size and environmental location.
Source:
Reference 36.
24 i
Cedar Point (Refs. 23 and 24) (Figure 1).
As such, the wide confidence intervals around the Davis-Besse entrainment estimates might be reflecting a true variability of the plankton populations there which are influenced as much (or more) by input (or lack of it sometimes) from surrounding areas, as by production in that area.
The lower 95%-confidence interval values of zero also reflect the capture of no organisms on some samplings days during the periods of occurrence used for entrainment loss estimates.
Sust-ted annual entrainment losses comparable to those within the confidence intervals of the 1978 loss estimates at Davis-Besse should not add measurably to the total entrainment impact to fishes resulting from the several power plants operating on Lake Erie.
The site location in a relatively unproduc-tive area of the western basin should further minimize upacts.
5 CONCLUSIONS The observed impingement losses during the Phase I study were low in numbers and primarily were nonfishery species.
Those fishery species which were impinged also occurred in low numbers and represented small fractions of the recreational and commercial harvests.
The intake canal appears to provide habitat for severc' fish species, some of which apparently contribute to impingement losses.
Most notable during 1978 was goldfish, which occurred in low abundance in lake netting studies, but comprised almost 50% of the estimated impingement losses.
Since the canal apparently permits survival (and subsequent impingement) of some species at levels that exceed those from the lake, the impingtment of those species cannot be considered as losses of or impacts on the lake populations.
No fishes listed es endangered by either th6 U.S. Department of the Interior or the State of Ohio were impinged during 1977 and 1978 (Ref. 7).
- However, two species listed as endangered by Ohio have been taken during farfield sampling at Davis-Besse:
silver club (Hybopsis storeriana) and the Great Lakes muskellunge (Esox masquinongy masquino gn).
Silver citb has been taken by gill net in very low numbers (1-3 per year) during every year since 1973 (Ref. 20); the Great Lakes muskellunge was collected (one individual specimen) during 1976 only (Ref. 13).
Based upon the foregoing analyses, the impact of impingement at Davis-Besse o., Lake Erie fish populations is. judged to be insignificant and acc.ptable.
The Phase I studies and foregoing analyses have confirmed the FES predictions.
The fish species predicted by the FES to be impinged, generally have been realized, except for spottail shiner, white bass, and alewife which consti-tuted insignificant portions of the impingement estimates for 1977 and 1978.
In view of the adequacy of the Phase I sampling program and the insignificance of impact resulting from fish impingement, "hase I was terminated, and Phase II (canal study) and Phase III (bubble screen evaluation) were not initiated.
Although a program specifically designed to determine the contribution of canal resident fishes to impingment has not been conducted, it is indicated in studies undertaken to date that the phenomenon is occurring.
In the absence of adverse impact from impingement, an evaluation of a bubble screen at the intake crib (as a mitigative ineasure) is unnecessary.
I 25
_~
=
i The impact of ichthyoplankton entrainment on Lake Erie fish p)pulations is judged to be acceptable.
Few fish eggs were entrained and dersities of fish Icrvae near the intake area generally were lower than in nearby control areas.
The site location on Locust Point appears to be in a relatively unproductive I
area of the Ohio shoreline of Lake Erie.
The FES recognition that the immediate j
site vicinity is not an important spawning or nursery area is still valid.
Furthermore, it was recognized in the FES that plankters of emerald shiner and gizzard shad were dor'inant forms, and that walleye, smallmouth bass, and yellow perch were less abundant. Operational sampling generally confirmad j
this, except for smallmouth bass which was not captured in 1978 during either lake or entrainment sampling.
Overall, walleye was less abundant than gizzard shad and emerald shiner in lake samples, but during its peak was the most abundant ichthyoplankter, and was the second most abundant species entrained (following gizzard shad).
The OEPA 316 Guidelines (Ref. 33) clatsify cooling-water intake structures with respect to " risks." Criteria for determining whether an intake is high or low risk include design, capacity, location, and the the probability of involvement (i.e., being entrained or impinged) of resident aquatic organisms l
with the intake.
Criteria applicable to Davis-Besse follow:
(1) Facilities located on Lake Erie with shoreline intakes and a maximum cooling-water demand of less than or equal to 500 cfs will be considered low risk.
T (2) Facilities located on Lake Erie with submerged offshore intakes may be considered intermediate between low and high risk.
(3) Submerged offshore intakes will usually be considered low risk, but 4
distance offshore, depth, and the interrelated factor of biological z
richness will influence the risk assessment; as a general rule, the greater the distance offshore, the lower the risk factor; capacity of' i
. offshore intakes is also important and will influence the risk factor.
i The intake. risk classification for Davis-Besse appears to be low for the following reasons:
(1) Low cooling water demand (94 cfs).
j (2) Low levels of fish impingement and ichthyoplankton entrainment.
(3) The relatively low productivity of the area of the western basin in which the site occurs, thus, a relatively low probability of involvement of important biota with the intake.
The analysis confirms conclusions reached in the FES that the intake design represents a practical balance between technological and ecological considera-tions, with minimal environmental impact.
The impacts predicted in the preoperational environmental impact statements were reasonable and adequate in comparison with those actually observed during i
operation.
This analysis addresses items of NEPA concern with respect to impingement and entrainment impact to Lake Erie fishes, as-identified in the j
NRC. Final Envircnmental Statements.
These subjects have been discussed with 26 L
_. = _
'l f
4 representatives of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) and this analysis has included a consideration of OEPA requirements and the 316(5) study results provided to the State. On January 16, 1980, it was formally determined by OEPA that the cooling-water intake at Davis-Besse represents best available technology for the minimization of impingement and entrainment of fish as required under Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act.
This determination le documented in the Appendix of this assessment.
i
- l l
t I
l l
l l
i I
27
.. - _, -, -.... - -,... -... _.. - - -. -. -... -... -,. _... _,.. ~., _ _.,
REFERENCES 1.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, " Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit 1, Pro-posed by Toledo Edison Company," Docket 50-346, NUREG-75/097, October 1975.*
2.
Letter from J. S. Grant, Vice President Enerm,upply, The Toledo Edison Company, Toledo, Ohio, to J. G. Keppler, Cit tor, Region III Office of Inspection and Enforcement, NRC, Glen Ellyn, Illinois, dated November 16, 1978.*
3.
Letter from J. S. Grant, Vice President Energy Supply, The Toledo Edison Company, Toledo, Ohio, to J. G. Keppler, Director, Region III Office of Inspection and Enforcement, NRC, Glen Ellyn, Illinois,
Subject:
Phase I Fish Impingement Study 1978.
Attachment:
Phase I Fish Impingment Study, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit No. 1.
Environmental Technical Specifications Appendix B Sections 4.2 and 4.2.1; dated March 28, 1979.*
4.
J. M. Reutter, " Fish Impingement at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station During 1978," Environmental Technical Specifications Sec. 3.1.2.a.6 Fish Impingement, CLEAR Technical Report No. 103, prepared for Toledo Edison Company, Toledo, Ohio; The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie l
Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, February 1979.*
l 5.
J. M. Reutter, "Ichthyoplankton Studies from Lake Erie near the Davis-l Besse Nuclear Power Station During 1978," Environmental Technical Speci-fications Sec. 3.1.2.a.4 Ichthyoplankton.
CLEAR Technical Report No. 108, prepared for Toledo Ed ucn Company, Toledo, Ohio; The Ohio State Univer-sity Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, February 1979.*
6.
J. M. Reutter, " Fish Egg and Larvae Entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station During 1978," Environmental Technical Specifica-tions Sec. 3.1.2.a.5 Fish Egg and Larvae Entrainment, CLEAR Technical Report No. 104, prepared for Toledo Edison Company, Toledo, Ohio; The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, February 1979.*
l 7.
J. M. Reutter and C. E. Herdendorf, " Impingement and Entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit 1," 316(b) Demonstration, CLEAR Technical Report No. 130, prepared for Toledo Edison Company, Toledo, Ohio; The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, September 1979.
8.
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, " Final Environmental Statement Related to Construction of Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station," Toledo Edison Company and Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, Docket 50-346, USAEC Directorate of Licensing, Washington, D.C., March 1973.*
9.
NALC0 Environmental Sciences, "Preoperational and Operational Environ-mental Radiological Monitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Oak Harbor, Ohio," Annual Report, Summary and Interpretation January-December 1977, report to Toledo Edison Company, Project No. 5501-07786, Northbrook, Illinois, March 1978.*
29
10.
Toledo Edison Company, " Davis-Besse Unit No. 1, Annual Environmental Operating Report, January 1, 19/7-December 31, 1977," Toledo, Ohio, March 1978.*
11.
Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corp., " Operational Environmental Radio-logical Monitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Oak Harbor, Ohio," Annual Report Summary and Interpretation January-December 1978, report to Toledo Edison Company, Project No. 5501-07786, Northbrook, Illinois, March 1979.*
12.
M. R. Heniken, " Distribution and Abundance of Larval Fish in Western Lake Erie," CLEAR Technical Report No. 69, prepared for U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth, large Lakes Research Station, Grosse Ile, Michigan; The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, September 1977.
13.
J. M. Reutter and C. E. Herdendorf, " Response of Fish and Invertebrates to the Heated Discharge frcm the navis-Besse Reactor, Ohio", Project F-41-R-8, Study No. I, The Ohio State University, Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbu3, Ohio, July 1977.
14.
J. M. Reutter and C. E. Herdendorf, " Response of Fish and Invertebrates to the Heated Discharge from the Davis-Besse Reactor, Lake Erie, Ohio,"
Project F-41-R-6, Study No. I, The Ohio State University, Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, July 1975.
15.
The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research, " Pre-Operational Aquatic Ecology Monitoring Program for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1," Progress Report July 1 to December 31, i
1975, prepared for Toledo Edison Company under Contract No. 1780, sub-mitted on March 1, 1976 as part of the Fourth Semi-Annual Report of Pre-operational Environmental Monitoring Programs for Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit No.1, February 1976.*
16.
Letter f rom P. C. Woner, pollution specialist, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus, to C. R. Hickey, Jr., fishery biologist, NRC, Washington, D.C., dated July 28, 1976.*
17.
" Report of Wild Animals Killed," Davis-Besse Channel, Carroll Townshipi Ottawa County, Ohio; Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus, l
September 25, 1974.*
18.
Letter from P. C. Woner, pollution specialist, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus, to C. R. Hickey, Jr., fishery biologist, NRC, Washington, D.C, dated August 6, 1976.*
19.
J. M. Reutter, " Fish Population Studies from Lake Erie near the Davis-besse Nuclear Power Station During 1977," Environmental Technical Specifi-cations Sec. 3.1.2.a.3 Fisheries Population Studies, CLEAR Technical Report No. 87, prepared for Toledo Edison Company, Toledo, Ohio; The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, April 1978.*
30
20.
M. D. Barnes and J. M. Reutter, " Fish Population Studies from Lake Erie near the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station During 1978," Environmental Technical Specifications Sec. 3.1.2.a.3 Fisheries Population Studies, CLEAR Technical Report No. 105, prepared for Toledo Edison Company, Toledo, Ohio; The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, February 1979.*
21.
J. M. Reutter, "Ichthyoplankton Studies from Lake Erie near the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station During 1977," Environmental Technical Specifi-cations Sec. 3.1.2.a.4 Ichthyoplankton, CLEAR Technical Report No. 88, prepared for Toledo Edison Company, Toledo, Ohio; The Ohio State Univer-sity Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, September 1978.*
22.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, " Draft Environmental Statement Related to Construction of Erie Nuclear Plant, Units 1 and 2," Ohio Edison Company et al., Docket 50-580 and 50-581. USNRC Draft Report NUREG 0337, November 1977.*
23.
J. M. Reutter, C. E. Herdendorf, and G. W. Sturm, " Impingement and Entrainment Studies at the Bay Shore Power Station, Toledo Edison Company," 316(b) Program, Task II, CLEAR Technical Report No. 78b, The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, June 1978.
24.
J. M. Reutter, C. E. Herdendorf, and G. W. Sturm.
" Impingement and Entrainment Studies at the Acme Power Station, Toledo Edison Company,"
316(b) Program, Task II, CLEAR Technical Report No. 78a, The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio, June 1978.
25.
R. S. Benda, and W. C. Houtcooper, " Impingement Studies at 16 Electric-Generating Plants in Michigan," in Third National Workshop on Entrainment and Impingement, Section 316(b)-Research and Compliance, L. D. Jensen, Ed.
(Ecological Analysis, Inc., Melville, N.Y.,1976), pp. 291-315.
26.
Ohio Department of Natural Resources, " Status of Ohio's Lake Erie Fisheries," Sandusky, Ohio, January 1979.
27.
Ohio Department of Natural Resources, " Commercial Fish Landings Lake Erie--1978," Sandusky, Ohio, 1979.
28.
I. P. Murarka and D. J. Bodeau, " Sampling Designs and Methods for Estimating Fish-Impingement Losses at Cooling Water Intakes," ANL/ES-60, Argonne National Laboratory, October 1977.
29.
F. M. El-Shamy, " Impingement Sampling Frequency, A Multiple Population Approach," Environmental Science & Technology 13(3): 315-320 (1979).
30.
.C. P. Goodyear, "Entrainment Impact Estimates Using the Equivalent Adult Approach," FWS/0BS-78/65, Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., July 1978.
31.
T. J. Horst, "The Assessment of Impact Due to Entrainment of Ichthyo-plankton," Fisheries and Energy Producton:
A Symposium, S. B. Saila, Ed.
(Lexington Books, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusetts, 1975),
pp. 107-118.
31.
32.
S. M. Adams, H. A. Mclain, D. S. Vaughan, G. F. Cada, K. D. Kumar, and S. G. Hildebrand, " Analysis of the Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Station--Intake Related Studies," prepared for Minnesota Pollution Control Agency by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge Tennessee, June 1979.
33.
State of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, " Guidelines for the Sub-mittal of Demonstrations Pursuant to Sections 316(a) and 316(b) of the Clean Water Act and Chapter 3745-1 of the Ohio Administrative Code,"
Division of Industrial Wastewater, Columbus, Ohio, September 1978.
34.
D. D. Nelson and R. A. Cole, "The Distribution and Abundance of Larval Fishes Along the Western Shore of Lake Erie at Monroe, Michigan,"
Technical Report No. 32.4, Institute of Water Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, October 1975.
35.
R. L. Patterson, Production, Mortality, and Condensor Cooling Water Entrainment of Larval Perch in Michigan-0hio Waters of the Western Basin of Lake Erie in 1975, School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, June 1977.
36.
R. L. Patterson, "Ichthyoplankton Losses in Western Lake Erie in 1975-1977," School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, undated.
- Available in NRC Public Document Room for inspection and copying for a fee.
The PDR is located at 1717 H St., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20555.
j
- Available for purchase from the NRC/GPO Sales Program, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 205E5, and/or the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
\\
32
t APPENDIX Determination by the State of Ohio Environmental Protectior Agency for Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1,
/
(
33
Janua ry 16, 1980 Mr. Lowell E. Roe Re: NPDES Permit i B211*AD Vice President Facilities Development Toledo Edison Company Edison Plaza 300 Maoison Avenue Toledo, Ohio 43652
Dear Mr. Roe:
Merters of my staff have reviewed the document entitled " Impingement and Entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit 1, 316 (b)
Demonstration ". The staff has detemined that the cooling water intake at Davis-Besse represents best available technology for the minimization of impingement and entrainment of fish as required under Section 316 (b) of the Federal Clean Water Act. The use of closed-cycle cooling in conjunction with an off-shore intake should prevent'the occurrence of significant impact to the important sport and ccamercial fishery in the Western Basin of Lake Erie. Following established procedure, the NPDES pemit will be modified to indicate the 316 (b) decision.
If you have any questions or comments please contact Joe Reidy (614) 466-2390.
Very truly yours, Robert E. Phelps, P.E.
Chief. Division of Industrial Wastewater REP:ph cc:
J. Reidy G. Milburn, USEPA-Region V C. Hickey, USNRC /
f State of Ohio Environmental Protection Agency James A.Rhoces, Governor Bos 1C49 361 E Broad St. Cosumeus. Ohio 43216 -(614) 466-8565 James F Mc Av3y, Dire @
35 1
NRC r oRu 33s U.S. NUCLE AR REGULATORY COMMISSION NUREG - 0720 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET
- 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE (Add Votume No, sivormriare) 2, (Leave ble&J Power Plant Siting and Design: A Case Study of Minimal Entrainment and Impingement Impacts at Davis-Besse Nuclear a RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
Power Station.
- 7. AUTHORIS)
- 5. DATE REPORT COMPLE TED l YEAR M ON T H Clarence R. Hickey, Jr.
July 1980 9_ PE RFORMING ORGANIZATION N AME AND M AILING ADDRE SS (inclurm l
Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission 8 ll' 8'***/ Unhinntnn-nC_ ?n6C6
- 12. SPONSORbNG O'RGANIZATION N AME AND MAILING ADD RESS (include I<p Codel USNRC M. CONTRACT NO Washington, D.C.
- 13. TYPE OF REPORT PE RIOD COVE RED (inclus<re dams)
Staff Technical Report 1977 - 1978
- 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
- 14. (Leave Alek)
- 16. ABSTRACT 000 words or tess/ Fish impingement and ichthyoplankton entrainment were studied during 1977 and 1978 at the Davis-Besse Ncclear Power Station, located on the south-western shore of Lake Erie, Ohio. The estimated losses of impinged fishes plus the l
" equivalent adults" of entrained eggs and larvae were small fractions of the recreationa and commercial fishery harvests from Ohio waters of Lake Erie. By comparison, the The losses were 1-4 orders cf magnitude less than at other Lake Erie power plants. imediate site vicinity is not an important fish spawning or nursery area and appears to be in a relatively unproductive area of the western basin of Lake Erie. The closed-cycle intake design represents a practical balance between technological and ecological considerations,with minimal environmentai impact. The impacts predicted in the pre-operational envirsnmental impact staterents were reasonable and adequate in comparison with those actually observed during operation. The findings should provide useful information for the feedback process from operational experience to siting and design of future power plants on Lake Erie, and from operational experience to impact assessment and prediction.
- 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT AN ALYSIS 17a. DESCRIPTORS Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Power Plant Siting Power Plant Design Impact Assessment Intake Effects Lake Erie Fisheries Fish Impingement
/ Ichthycolankton Entrainment l 17b. IDENTIFIERS /OPEN-ENDc D TERMS
- 18. AV A! LABILITY STATEMENT
- 19. SE CURITY CLASS (This report)
- 21. NO. OF P AGES unclassifinri
- 22. PRICE (InlimitPrf 2a gggg g9gg(This page)
S NRC FORM 335 (7 77) - - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _