ML19208A159
| ML19208A159 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Vallecitos File:GEH Hitachi icon.png |
| Issue date: | 09/11/1979 |
| From: | Darmitzel R GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. |
| To: | Nelson C Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 7909130138 | |
| Download: ML19208A159 (3) | |
Text
.
GENER AL h ELECTRIC ENGINEERING GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, P O. BOX 460, PLEASANTON. CALIFORNIA 94566 DIVISION September 11, 1979 Mr. Chris Nelson U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Washington, D.C.
20555
Subject:
General Electric Test Reactor Safety Evaluation Report, Docket 50-70
Reference:
Letter and two enclosed attachments from R. W. Darmitzel (General Electric) to Chris Nelson (NRC), dated S ptember 4, 1979
Dear Mr. Nelson:
As mentioned in Attachment 2 of the reference, we are enclosing additional information from Dr. Roy J. Shlemon.
This information is in response to the letter from David B. Slemons to Robert E. Jackson dated August 9, 1979.
It is important that this infonnation be forwarded to those reviewing the Safety Evaluation Report in order to have these points clearly understood.
Sincerely, Sh//
R. W. Darmitzel Manager Irradiation Processing Operation Attach.
34.h1.02<
7909130
GENERAL @ ELECTRIC AFFIRMATION The General Electric Company hereby submits the attached response regarding geologic issues at the General Electric Test Reactor Site - Docket 50-70.
To the best of my knowledge and belief, the information contained herein is accurate.
By: /
[
NA / ' /
G. D. Hoggatt,' Manager GETR License Renewal Irradiation Processing Operation Submitted and sworn before me this eleventh day of September, 1979 v[<
,1., O[(,4 [O c,I
, Notary Public in and for the Co'anty of Alameda, Stateof[ California.
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External Distribution Response to Dr. Slemmon's Letter to Dr. Jackson (NRC) Dated August 9,1979 By Dr. Roy J. Shlemon 9/11/79 Mr. Salem Rice Mr. Perry Amimoto G
L. Ec' gar Dr. narry Foreman (ASLB)
Mr. Herbert Grossman (ASLB)
Mr. Robert Kratzke NRC, Region V Alameda County Geologist
(% Victor Taugher)
Kenneth Boyd (SFWD)
Larry Wight (TERA)
R. J. Shlemon Friends of the Earth Congressman Dellums E. A. Firestone NRC - Chris Nelson Dr. Robert Jackson Mr. Gustave A. Linenberger (ASLB)
Dr. David B. Slemmons Mr. Robert Morris (USGS)
Earl Brabb (USGS)
Dr. Darrell Herd (USGS)
Dr. Richard H. Jahns (Stanford)
Dr. George A. Thompson (Stanford)
Dr. Benjamin M. Page (Stanford)
Congressman Fortney Stark (Attn:
Neil Simon) 3 0555.041
ROY J. SHLEMON AND ASSOCIATES, INC.
GEOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS Post Office Box 306S Land Resources Evaluation Newport Beach, California 92663 Econemic Geomorphology U.S.A.
Quaternary Geology Tel: (714) 675-2696 Soil Stratigraphy Review of Commentary Regarding Late Quaternary Stratigraphy at the GETR Site by Dr. David B. Slemmons (letter of 9 August 1979 to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission)
A fundamental premise of Dr. Slemmons' review is that insufficient data are available for the EDAC probability analysis; particularly with respect to the age of the modern solum and the suite of buried paleosols encountered at the GETR site.
In this regard, the essence of Dr. Slemmons' concerns pertain to (1) correlation of soils and sediments at the GETR site with the marine isotope chronology of Shackleton and Opdyke (1973); and (2) the use of relative dating techniques, rather than of absolute dating of the.GETR late Quaternary stratigraphic record.
For background, it appears appropriate to set forth again briefly some of the basic principles of late Quaternary soil stratigraphy applicable for regicnal correlation of paleosols in general, and for dating the GETR sediments and soils in particular. This is brought about by reference to field evidence, documented in the various ESA and EDAC reports reviewed by Dr. Slemmons, and to additional pertinent literature applicable to the Quaternary stratigraphy of the GETR site.
The responses following are keyed to the organizational format of Dr. Slemmons' letter to the NRC.
Basic Assumptions: (item 3, p. 2)
Dr. Slemmons questions whether or not the paleosol sequence at GETR should be correlated with the Quaternary marine-isotope chronology of Shackleton and Opdyke (1973), and whether the " error bands" of this correlation are adequate 3d[10b
R. J. Shlemon - p. 2 for the probability analysis presented by CDAC.
This is discussed in detail below.
It is worthwhile to point out that the extensive trenching and detailed analysis of the GETR site have given rise to probably the best documented late Quaternary stratigraphy yet available for the Central Coast Ranges of California.
Exposed throughout the site were several important geomorphic and soil marker horizons, particularly the widespread stoneline, and immediately underlying strongly-developed paleosol. Additionally, all trenches exposed a mollic epipedon in the modern solum which contained sufficient orgar.ic matter for radiocarbon assessment of mean residence time ages; and some trenches, particularly B-3 and H, exposed a unique suite of superimposed strongly-developed buried soils.
A dream of all Quaternary stratigraphers is to obtain absolute dates for an entire section; but, alas, few sediments are amenable to such assay.
Unfortunately, no volcanic ash, detrital charcoal, pedogenic carbonate or fossil bones were encountered in the GETR trenches which would lend themselves to dating by U-series, K-Ar, C-14 or other radiometric rate processes. Therefore, as at most other r.uclear sites, the age of the late Quaternary section must be ascertained by multiple dating techniques, specifically, geological rate processes (alternations of landscape stability and instability related to regional climatic and vegetational change; and production of sediments), and a chemical rate process (development of pedogenic soil profiles.).
The absolute age of the GETR Quaternary section is constrained on the young side by mean residence dates for the cambic horizon of the modern solum, and on the old side by post-700,000 year old age obtained from paleomagnetic ass y. The intervening stratigraphic section is not dated absolutely, but can be approximated most conservatively by association with regional climatic change, and with perhaps 3E15$.00
R. J. Shlemon - p. 3 the best Quaternary temporal framework yet available; namely, the high-resolution marine isotope chronology summarized by Shackleton and Opdyke (1973).
The marine isotope data (018/016 ratios) indicate more than sea level fluct-uations. They also mark times of major changes in water temperature and ice volumes, and hence, as calibrated by radiome'.ic and paleomagnetic dating, define world-wide occurrences of climatic change (Broecker and van Donk, 1970; Emiliani, 1955, 1966; Erickson and Wollin,1968; Shackleton and Opdyke, 1973,1976).
Particularly important is the intensity and timing of late Quaternary climatic change recorded in deep sea cores. The marine chronology " error bands" are being constantly revised, based mainly on newly-derived uranium-series and amino-acid dates from throughout the world.
Specifically refined are the substage boundaries of interglacial stages 5 and 7 (Bender and others,1979; Bloom and others, 1974; Emiliani, 1971; Neumann and Moore, 1975; Steinen and others, 1973; Wehmillerandothers,1977).
Nevertheless, the boundaries back to at least substage 5e (125,000 years BP) remain comparable to those defined by Shackleton and Opdyke (1973), and those used to bracket soil-stratigraphic sections at the GETR site.
In brief, the marine isotope chronology dates epochs of regional climatic change; and comparable sedimentological events are recorded in the terrestrial sequence at GETR and many other interior sites; viz., relative epochs of regional pedogenesis (landscape stability) preceeded and followed by sedimentation (land-scape instability).
The last major epoch of regional sedimentation occurred mainly during isotcpe stage 2 and, although time transgressive, was manifest in central California by at least 17,000 years ago, a time of general lacustrine and fluvial deposition, and locally of landscape instability (Arkley,1962; Crof t,1968; Janda and Crof t, 1967; Shlemon,1972; Stout,1969). This " event" is recorded at the GETR site by the extensive stoneline forming the base of the latest alluvial / colluvial sediments, O' bio 2
R. J. Shlemon - p. 4 and attested by mean residence time ages and only slightly-to moderately-developed modern solum (ESA, 1979, Appendix A).
Conceivably. the GETR stoneline developed during an earlier glacial / pluvial event, but to be most conservative is deemed to have formed in the order of about 17,000 to 20,000 years ago (stage 2).
Of particular stratigraphic importance is the strongly-developed buried paleosol exposed in all GETR area trenches (ESA, 1979, Appendices A and B).
In the interior valleys of California both buried and relict paleosols with comparable profile development (mainly argillic horizon development) have been dated radio-metrically as at least 100,000 years old (Hansen and Begg, 1970; Marchand, 1977; Swan and others, 1977; Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1977) cons ~istent with landscape stability and soil formation during the last major interglacial (stage 5).
- Here, too, conceivably the GETR paleosol may be much older, but most conservatively is dated relatively as pertaining to the last major interglacial, some. 70,000 to 125,000 years ago (substages 5a through Se).
The use of relative soil profile development for dating and regional correlation is a time-honored technique in Quaternary stratigraphy.
For example, the glacial sequence of the Sierra Nevada to a great degree has been correlated regionally based on soil profile and other weathering characteristics (Birkeland, 1964; Burke and others, 1979; Sharp, 1968, 1972). And these soils, in turn, are used for correlation of climatically-induced lacustrine events in the Great Basin and of glacial episodes in the mid-Continent (see, for example, Birkeland,1968; Birkeland and others,1971; Bronger,1978; Morrison,1968; Morrison and Frye,1965).
Similarly, relative soil profile development and other climatically-induced sedimentological events, in areas not influenced by sea level change, are increasingly correlated with the marine isotope chronology (Marchand, 1977; Morrison, 1978; Pierce and others, 1976; Smith, 1979).
3.1b108
R. J. Shlemon - p. 5 Other late Quaternary paleosols in the GETR area also prove to be useful stratigraphic markers. As pointed out in the ESA report (1979, Appendix B), three strongly-developed buried paleosols were exposed in Trench H (p. B-16).
- Later, a fourth paleosol was encountered. All these buried soils are well-drained, form on comparable slopes and parent material, and bear strongly-developed argillic horizons. These characteristics thus strongly indicate formation during successively earlier periods of late Quaternary landscape stability. Multiple samples from 13 paleosol horizons all yield a stable magnetic remnance acquired during a normal polarity epoch.
Because of their stratigraphic continuity and conformity to the present geomorphic surface, these soils and their intervening parent materials were thus likely formed during the present Brunhes magnetic epoch, and are therefore less than 700,000 years old (K. L. Verosub, personal communication, 28 August 1979).
Hence, from comparison with dated paleosol sequences elsewhere and with the wor.1d-wide marine isotope chronology, these GETR area soils most conservatively formed during stages 5, 7, 9, and 11, respectively, or in the order of about 70,000 -
125,000, 200,000-250,000, 300,000-350,000, and 400,000-450,000 years ago.
In sum, it is indeed true that the GETR buried paleosols, as most others in the world, are not dated radiometrically, but their mere presence, much less stratigraphic superposition, and correlation with dated soils of comparable develop-ment elsewhere in mediterranean California makes the Quaternary stratigraphy of the GETR site perhaps the best known thus far in the Central Coast Ranges. Therefore, with a high degree of resolution, it is quite justifiable to correlate the GETR area paleosols with the major marine isotope stages of Shackleton and Opdyke (1973).
3 % i00
R. J. Shlemon, p. 6 Age of Solum and Paleosols: (item 1, p. 2)
Dr. Slemmons calls attention to Fig. 4.1 of the EDAC report, and notes that there is no supporting discussion of data limitations, particularly with respect tc dating the late Quaternary GETR stratigraphy.
However, the EDAC data derive either from direct field measurement (observed offsets), or from reconstruction of Quaternary landscape evolution, spelled out in the ESA report (1979, Appendices A and B).
It appears that Dr. Slemmons may have misunderstood some of the geological data base sumarized by EDAC in Fig. 4.1.
First, the age of the modern solum, determined by (1) relative profile development, (2) stratigraphic relationship to regional stoneline, and (3) minimum mean-residence-time dates, is post-17,000 to 20,000 years.
Its weakly-developed argi.llic horizon conservatively is estimated to be in the order of 8,000 to 15,000 years old.
Not clear is Dr. Slemmons comment that this ".... soil developed during a period in which the climate varied" (p. 2).
This is indeed true, for post-stage 2 climatic / vegetation change certainly occurred in California, and is recorded by mid-Holocene cool pollen assemblages in the Clear Lake and Santa Barbara Basin cores (Adam and Sims,1976; Heusser,1978), and by multiple, weakly-developed (A-C) buried paleosols in the couthwestern Sacramento Valley (Shlemon and Begg,1972).
But these post-glacial climatic events are minor in comparison with the major sedimentological and weathering changes recorded by the suite of GETR geomorphic and paleosol markers.
Second, Dr. Slemmons has apparently interpreted all age ranges given in EDAC Fig. 4.1 as pertaining to buried paleosols.
This is in error: (1) the 17,000 to 20,000 range refers to isotope stage 2, a time of production of the regional GETR stoneline; (2) the 70,000 to 125,000 age brackets the time of formation of the uppermost, strongly-developed paleosol; and where 70,000 rather than 80,000 years
% I10
R. J. Shlemon - p. 7 (substage Sa) is used to define conservatively the termination of isotope stage 5; and (3) the 128,000 to 195,000 interval pertains to sediments of stage 6 age, those alluvial and colluvial deposits laid down during regional landscape ir.stabil-ity and which bear the stage 5 buried niensols.
Age of Solum and Paleosols: (item 2, p. 2)
Dr. Slemmons refers to the abstract of Roger Morrison (1975) and comments that ".
.. dozens of buried soils in the Lake Bonneville sedimentary sequence" make it difficult to correlate such paleosols with the marine record unless absolute ages are available.
In reality, Morrison (1975, p. 1206) identified seven profiles in the Bonneville sequence. But four of these are older than 600,000 years, for they occur beneath the type-0 Pearlette Ash (600,000 years BP), and the Bishop Tuff and.Brunhes/
Matuyama boundary (700,000 years BP). Morrison's "very strong soil formation",
the Dimple Dell, is pre-Illincian; his " strong soil formation", the Promontory soil, is the last interglaciation (" late Sangamonian"); the remaining soils are at best moderately developed and assigned to the Wisconsinian (for detailed Bonneville soil chronology, see Morrison, 1964a, 1965b, and 1965c).
The most recent and definitive Morrison work concerning Quaternary soil stratigraphy (1978) states (p. 89):
For the most conclusive evidence of the chronology and character of Quaternary climatic changes (which inevitably must be the basis of subdivision of the Quaternary) I will begin with what may seem to be a strange detour, to the ocean floors.
Information on deep-sea stratigraphy, obtained from cores raised from floors of oceans of the world, has revolutionized our understanding of Quaternary stratigraphy, chronology, and climatology.
Morrison (1978) further points out that epochs of interglaciation have given rise to strong soil development in temperate latitudes throughout the world, and o<;;*as a % M..t.:
R. J. Shlemon - p. 8 that these soils (multiple geosols) at any given locality can be dated relatively by association with the marine isotope chronology.
Sp rnary (item 1, p. 4)
From his analysis of the EDAC report, Dr. Slemmons concludes that there are no definitive dates' for the suice of paleosols at the GETR site, nor accurate appraisals of errors involved.
I respectfully suggest that the Quaternary soil-stratigraphic data in the ESA and EDAC 7 m endice.s, as well as the documentation tendered above, run counter to Dr. Slemons' interpretation. Certainly radiometric dates for the palecsols are not known, but these soils can be dated relatively by their occurrence within the Brunhes magnetic epoch, their relationship to major epochs of regional climatic change and lanascape stability, and their comparison with dated paleosols of comparable profile development elsewhere in mediterranear. California.
In all cases, judgment of paleosol and parent material age have been made conservatively.
For example, on a broad scale, the uppermost, strongly-developed buried soil in the GETR site area, may have formed during an early epoch of pedogenesis within the Brunhes magnetic epoch.
However, this soil has been interpreted to be no older than the last interglaciation (stage 5). On a more detailed scale, develop-ment of this paleosol argillic horizon (82tb) may have reached " steady state" mainly during substage 5e, about 125,000 years ago; but for conservatism profile development is considered as young as 70,000 years.
In sum, the Quaternary geologist always desires additional trench exposures in order to date more precisely a sedimentary section.
Nevertheless, the late Quaternary soil-stratigraphy of the GETR site still remains the best dated in the Central Coast Ranges of California.
3Cli32
R. J. Snlemon - p. 9 REFERENCES CITED
- Adam, D., and J. Sims,1975, A long, continuous pollen record from Clear Lake, California: Geol. Soc. America Abs. with Programs, v. 8, p. 349.
Arkley, R. J.,1962, The geology, geomorphology, and soils of the San Joaquin Valley in the vicinity of the Merced River, Califernia: in Geologic guide to Merced Canyon ano Yosemite Valley: Calif. Div. Mines and Geol. Bull.
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34bi13
R. J. Shlemon - p. 10 Emiliani, C., 1966 Isotopic paleotemperatures: Science, v. 154, no. 3750, p. 851-857.
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0., and E. L. Begg,1970, Age of Quaternary sediments and soils in the Sacramento area, California, by uranium and actinium-series dating of vertebrate fossils: Earth and Planet. Sci. Letters, v. 8, no. 6, p. 411-419.
Heusser, L.,1978, Pollen in Santa Barbara Basin, California: a 12,000-yr record:
Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 89, no. 5, p. 673-678.
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A., and M. G. Croft,1967, The stratigraphic significance of a sequence of Noncalcic Brown soils formed on the Quaternary alluvium of the northeastern San Joaquin Valley, California:
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E., 1977, The Cenozoic history of the San Joaquin Valley and adjacent Sierra Nevada as interpreted from the geology and soils of the eastern San Joaquin Valley: jn. Singer, M. J. (ed.), Soil development, geomorphology, and Cenozoic history of the northeastern San Joaquin Valley and adjacent areas, California: Guidebook for joint field sessions of Amer. Assoc. Agronomy, Soil Sci. Soc. America, and Geol. Soc. America (Modesto, Calif.), p. 39-66.
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B., 1965a, New evidence on Lake Bonneville history and stratigraphy from southern Promontory Point, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 525C, p.
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34h11'1
R. J. Shlemon - p. 11
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P., 1968, Sherwin Till-Bishop Tuff geological relationships, Sierra Nevada, California: Geol. Soc. America Bull. v. 79, p. 351-364.
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Steinen, R. P., Harrison, R.
S., and R. K. Matthews,1973, Eustatic low stand of sea level between 105,000 and 125,000 B.P.: evidenced from the subsurface of Barbados: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 84, ro.1, p. 63-70.
Stout, M.
L., 1969, Radiocarbon dating of landslides in southern California and engineering geology implications: in Schum, S. A., and W. C. Bradley (eds.),
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SD$.1U
R. J. Shlemon - p. 12 Swan, F.
H., Hanson, K.
L., and W. D. Page, 1977, Landscape evolution and soil formation in the western Sierra Nevada foothills, California: in Singer, M. J. (ed.), Soil development, geomorphology, and Cenozoic history of the northeastern San Joaquin Valley and adjacent areas, California: Guidebook for joint field sessions Amer. Assoc. Agronomy, Soil Sci. Soc. America, and Geol. Soc. America (Modesto, California), p. 300-311.
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L., Addicott, W.
0.,
Vedder, J. G., and R. W. Wright, 1977, Correlation and chronology of Pacific coast marine terrace deposits of continental United States by fossil amino-acid stereochemistry - technique U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Rept.77-680 (ges, and geologic implications:
evaluation, relative ages, kinetic model a preliminary manuscript).
Woodward-Clyde Consultants,1977, Quaternary geology and age dating, earthquake evaluation. studies of the Auburn Dam area: for U.S. Cureau of Reclamation,
- v. 4, 83 p., appendices.
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