ML18043B095
| ML18043B095 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Big Rock Point, Palisades File:Consumers Energy icon.png |
| Issue date: | 09/07/1979 |
| From: | Eisenhut D Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| To: | Bixel D CONSUMERS ENERGY CO. (FORMERLY CONSUMERS POWER CO.) |
| Shared Package | |
| ML18043B096 | List: |
| References | |
| TASK-09-06, TASK-9-6, TASK-RR NUDOCS 7910180237 | |
| Download: ML18043B095 (35) | |
Text
.. *~
- *.1 REGULATORY DOCKEr fl:LE COPY
- J Docket ~!o~. *
~
0 Mr. David Bi)(el Nuclear.Licensing Administrator Consumers Power Company
. 212 !*!est f1ichigan.Avenue
~acks6ri, Michigan 49201
Dear Mr. Bixel:
SEP.0 7 19i9
SUBJECT:
MINIMUM FIRE BRIGADE SHIFT SIZE By.letters dated November 25, 1977, June 8, 1978 and June 19, 1978, you.*
were sent our position regarding the minimum size of the fire brigade for each operating shift at the Big Reck Point and Palisades Plant.
O~r position was that a minimum of five merabers, fully trained/or fir~
fightin~J, is necessary.
You respon_ded* by letters dated December 15, 1977.
- June 29;, 1978. and September 15, 1978,- and proposed a sri1al ler brigade of three lllembers and provided a justification therefor.
After reviewing fire
- protection at your facilities and other operating facilities, we have con-
- eluded, based on the possible demands that may be placed on the brigade and the consequent ac.tions tha1; may be requir~ of the brigade to *fight fires~
that five members constitute the minir:1u!il acceptable fire brigade size.* Our generic evaluation is enclosed to.this letter as Enclosure l and addresses.
the major points you raised to justify a smaller brigade sfze.
Our letter ctated June 8, 1978~ included a 9ocument entitled. "Manpower.
Requirer.ients for Operating Reactors.
11 That document pro.vided the.bases.*
for allm~ing the sharing of duties to meet m.inir:lum staffing requirements for fire brigades at nuclear po~;er plants.
In perfonning our evaluations
- of the use of personnel who are not r:ienbers of th~ operations staf,f, a*n issue was raised as to the amount of training to be given these pers6nnel.
. We are, therefore, enclosin~*for your guidance our position on minimum fire brigade training (Enclosure 2) which modifies, for up to tHO !ilembers
- of the brigade, the previous guidance given in "Nuclear Plant Fire Protection Functional Responsibilities, Administrative Controls and Quality Assurance,u June 14, 1977.
- 1********
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Of the seventy pl c::n.ts presently 1 icensed to operate al 1 hut* eighteen have.cf.R f).:.::
a ~equi~ei:ient i~1 their Technic~l Spe~ifications. for ~ r:iinir1uo:1 fire hrigade tfj-1./<L ornc::1 fl~ ~1 ~~--°-~ -~' v 1
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Mr. David Bixel.. SEP 0 7 1979 eighteen plants have resulted in a commitment by the licensee to propose such a Technical Specification except for six utilities who are the li~ensees for twelve plants. Because the staff believe~ th~t the fire brigade at ea~h_facility should consist of a minimum of five persons, we are pre~ari~g a proposed change to 10 CFR Part 50 which would incorporate this minimum fire brigade shift size into the Comr:iission's **
.regulat~ons as a requirement for each operating license.
Until this is completed, we feel that it is prudent for,you to have such a requirement in the Technical Speci neat ions for }our pl ants *. *
- we request that \\'Jithin 30 days of your receipt of this/letter, you propose. amendr.ients to Facility Operating License No. 1!PR-6 and*
Provisional Operating License No. DPR-20 to change the minimum size*.
of the fire brigade contained in the Technical Specifications for the
- Big Rock Point and Palisades Plants to five members.
We intend to make this. Technical Specifica~ion effective \\~ithin 90 days. of the issuance of the amendment *.
En~losures:
- 1.
NRC Evaluation of Minimum
- Fire nrigade Shift Siz~
2 *. NHC Staff Position - Minimum Fire Bri~ad~ Trairiing cc w/ enc 1 osures:
- See next page
- Sincerely, Original signed by Darrell'G* Eiseohut
,go
__ Darrell G. E i senhut, Acting Di rector Division of Operating Re.actors DISTRIBUTION Docket (50~15~55J"::)
- ORB #2 Reading
- NRR.Reading DLZiemann '.
HSmith RDSilve.r BG rimes TJCarter
. TVWambach
- QELD OI&E (3)
GLainas (5)
RFerguson JRBuchanan TERA ACRS (16)
DCru hfield
~............ ~................ : : :.
Mr. David Bixel cc w/enclosures:
M. I. Miller, Esquire Isham, Lincoln & Beale Suite 4200 One First National Plaza Chicago, Illinois 60670 Mr. Paul A. Perry, Secretary Consumers Power Company 212 West Michigan Avenue Jackson~ Michigan 49201 Judd L. Bacon, Esquire Consumers Power Company 212 West Michigan Avenue
~~ckson, Michigan 49201
. Myron M. Cherry, Es qui re Suite 4501 One* IBM Plaza Ch~cago, Illinois 60611 Kalamazoo Public Library 315 South Rose Street Kalamazoo, Michigan 49006
~untrin & W~lTiams George C. Freeman, Jr., Esquire P. O. Box 1535 Ri~hmond, Virginia 23212 Peter W. Steketee, Esquire 505 Peoples Building Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 Charlevoix Public Library 107 Clinton'Street Charlevoix, Michigan 49720 Ms. Mary P. Sinclair Great Lakes Energy Alliance 5711 Summerset Drive Midland, Michigan.48640
.... 3 -
SEP 0 7 19ifr
ATTACH~ENT 1.
EVALUATION OF MINIMUM FIRE BRIGADE SHIFT SIZt
- JUNE 8, 1979
EVALUATION OF MINIMUM FIRE BRIGADE SHIFT SIZE Table of Contents I.
Introduction I I.
Background
I II.
Discussion A.
Defense-in~Depth Principle B. Fire Brigade Performance Objective C. Fire Brigade Actions D. Typical Response to a Postulated Fire in a Nuclear Plant IV.
Conclusion Appendix A - Staff Response to Licensee's Arguments
- 1. Historical Fires 2~ Offsite Personnel
- 3. Availability of Onsite Personnel
,j
- .,, i
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EVALUATION OF MIN iMlJM FI RE BRIGADE SH I FT SIZE I.
INTRODUCTION Criterion 3 of the General Design Criteria (GDC) for Nuclear Power' Plants* (Appendix A to 10 CFR 50) reads as follows:
11 Fi re protection..
- Structures, systems and components important to safety shall be designed and located to minimize, consistent with other safety requirements, the p.robabil i ty and effect of fi*res and explosions.
Noncombustible and heat resistant materials shall be used wherever practical throughout the unit, particul~rly in locations such a~ the containment and control room.
Fire detection and fighting systems of appropriate.capacity and capability shall be provided and designed to minimize the
.adverse effects of fires on structures' systems and components important to safety.
Fire fighting,systems shall be.designed to*. assure that their rupture or inadvertent oper~tion does not s i gni fi cantly impair the safety capabi l'i ty of these.structures, systems, and components.
11 The* above mentioned fire fighting systems.consist of both automati,c anq.manual,systems.
The minimum fire brigade shift.is an essential'
- p,ar
- (.of the manual fire fighting system (i.e., detectors, portab,le
- e*xtfnguishers, hose s tati ans and fire brtgade) which must.f.uncti on to "minimize the adverse *effects of fires o'n structures~ systems and components* important to* safety.
11 Thi~*~valuadon sulTITliarizes the staff's and its consultant's evaluation of th~ factors that establish the minimum fire brigade shift.size.. *We have concluded that all operating plant sites should have an onsite fire
. brigade shift of at least five members appropriately trained for 'fire.
fighting.* The fire brigade shift should be capable pf performing a.
spectrum of acti ans that niay be necessary to cope.with a variety of fire situations.
One member should be assigned:as*.fire brigade leader. to asse's$ the situation and direct 'fire.fighting activities.
Four members.
should be available to transport equi'pment.to the* Ure,. operate suppr~ss ion equJpment,. or perform rescue work as requ*i red by
- tbe. specific.fire...
- II. BACKGROUND *
- rhe. need for and the role* of the fire brigade as P.art of the fire pr'otection program for operating plants has been under evaluation b.Y the staff* s i nee the Brown's Ferry Fi re in March 1975.
~.
Folfowing its study of the Brown':s Ferry Fire, the Nuclear Regulatory Corronission's Special Review Group Report, dated February 1976, stated*
the heed for an adequate fire brigade:
"In addition to adequate equipment design, successfo*1 fire fighting requires testing and maintenance of the equipment and training and practice as teams* under realistic conditions for the onsite and offsite personnel who must fight the fire. Onsite and offsite equipment should be compatible.. Emergency plans should recognize the need for fire fighting concurrent with other activities.
They shoulq provide for division of available personnel into.
preassigned, trained teams responsible for the various activities needed with proper utilization of offsite fire-fighters."
- p. 6).
"While the Review Group believes that such basic training is a necessary element in effective preparation for fire fighting, such training alone does not assure smooth operation of fire fighting personnel during a fire.
Emergency plans should recogniie the need for fire fighting.concurrent with other activities. There must be a clear unqerstandi11g of the duties of the onsite personnel, with preassigned and trained teams for each needed function.
The degree of ~ep~ndency upon trained onsite fire fighting personnel must be related to the availability of support personnel from professional
- fire fighting units (city or county fire departments, military fire control units, etc.) or trairted personnel in th~ licensee's'"organization who are available for such emergency service.
In general, the.
ortsit~ pe~~o~nel should have sufficient training and practice to;.
handl~ ~~1 small fires, and to contain larger fires until the off~ite
.units arrive.
When it is deemed prude_nt to call in the offsite units, their capabilities should be used to the ~reatest extent possible. :
- Periodic dril1s, involving all onsite and offsite organizations which may be expected to respond to a fire, should be held to enable the groups_
to train as a team, permit the offsite personnel to become failar with the plant layout, and to permit evaluation of the effectiveness of cdmmunication among all those involved.
These drills should incl~de qperations personnel, those specifically assigned tq fire fighting,
. any offsite eme.rgency control centers involved in the plan, anq all
'those other organizations that would normally respond to such emergencies."
.( NUREG-0050 p. 27)..
At Brown's. Ferry Nuclear Station, a five man site fire Brigade was established to fight fires in any of the three units on this site; To assure the presence of this fire brigade at all times, a requirement for such a fire brigade organization was incorporated into the Fire Protection Program for these units.
Subsequently, in furtherance of the objective of GDC.~ th~ NRC reflected this need at all plants for an adequate fire brigade in all guidelines issued on fire protection (i.. e., Branch Technical * *
J. 120.)
These NRC guidelines gave criteria for determining the size of the fire brigade:
- 3 *
"The plant should be self-sufficient with respect to fire fighting activities and rely on public response only for supplemental or backup capability" (Appendix A p.7).
"Guidance is contained in the following publications:... National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 27 - Private Fire Brigades"
{Appendix A p.4).
Regarding the size of the fire brigade, NFPA 27 states: "The equipment th~t must be put into service at a fire will determine the number of men required for each operating unit or company into which the brigade is organized and the total number needed in the brigade.
Each company sh0uld have a leader and each brigade should have a chief."
(NFPA p.27-3, Vol. 12) (Note that the site fire brigade on each shift corresponds to the company of NFPA 27; the organization of all shift fire brigades corresponds to the brigade of NFPA 27.)
In November 1977, the NRC issued additional guidance indicating that the fire brigade size should be detennined by the functions the fire brigade must perform after consideration of several factors:
(1) plant geometry and size; (2) quantity and quality of detection and.
suppression systems; (3) fire fighting strategies for postulated fires; (4) fire brigade training; (5) fire brigade equipment; and (6).fire brigade supplements by plant personnel.an.d local fire depart-J me~t~. At that time, the staff established an interim fire brigade siZ~ of five persons until a site specific review could be completed.
In November 1977, the NRC sent licensees of operating facilities proposed interim Technical Specifications for fire protection which included the requirement for a five man fire brigade.
The NRC position on
.Minimum Fire Brigade Shift Size was included with the Safety Evaluation supporting this requirement.
The licensees 1 response on the requirement foi a five man fire brigade was divided.
Of 70 operating facilities,,
51 accepted a five man brigade and 19 presented arguments for a smaller*
fire brigade shift size.
To effect expeditious implementation of interim Technical Specifications requirements for fire protection, license amendments were issued which added Fire Protection Technical Specifications requiring the minimum fire brigade shift size as proposed by the licensees.
Where the licensee proposed a fire brigade of fewer than five persons, the amendments contained the condition that the staff's evaluation of the licensee's basis for the smaller fire brigade size would be included in the site ~pecific review of the licensee's fire protection program.
ln *April 1978, the NRC issued additional guidance regarding the sharing of personnel required onsite for the purpose of plant operation, industrial security and fire fighting.
These guidelines recognized that:
(1) the plant requires a minimum number of personnel to be on the site to cope with either an operating, security or fire emergency; (2) the probability of an event which requires entire minimum shift of each discipline during the first 30 minutes of the event is low; and (3) the shift supervisor should be able to use available site personnel
~
~
\\~ :. as the specific emergency demands.
Since October 22; 1976, the NRC fire protection review teams have visited all o~era~ihg facilities.
At each site~ the staff ~valuated the factors identified in its Nove~ber 1977 guidance.*
I I I.
DISCUSSION We found that yariations in plant geometry and size were not a determini~g factor for minimum fire brigade shift size because at all of the plants we found combinations of hazards, conditions.of access, and physical arrangement of safety related equipment that would require immediate actiohs by at least fiye persons.
In all but a few plants, the detection and suppression systems and fire brigade strategies, training, equipment, and supplementation by off-shift personnel are about equal because t~ey met or committed to meet staff guidelines.
In some cases, our site evaluation concluded that more than five persons were required for each shift;.however; in these cases, prompt modifications were made by licensees to r.ed~ce. the. need for the addi ti ona 1 manpower.
None of the pl ants had support from local fire departments which was adequate to reduce the size
~f the.fire brigade below five persons.
All of the plants had sufficient support from local fire department and off shift personnel such that**
the mihifu~m tire brigade shift size need not be increased above five.
We also found that the major factors in determining the shift size of the fire.brigade were (1) the heed for leadership of the brigade by a person
.who"is r~iatively fre.e of other duties, including actively fighting the fire; (2) the equipment to.be obtained apd used.for fighting the fire; and (3) the actions to be performed by the fire br.igade for a variety o_f fire situatiohs..
A; Defense;.Jn-bepth
\\
The concept.of 11defense-ih-depth ;, which has been uti 1 i zed throughout. the site spetific evaluatidhs contains three major areas of protection, i.e.,
j:>revehtioni detection arid su~pression.
First~ administrative controls are required to.limit the quantity of combustible and potential ignition sources,.
Setdhd, detection systems are* required to inform the plant staff in ttie event of. a fire. third, suppressio'n systems, automatic arid manual. are required to *extinguish *the fire rapidly and successfully.
Functions
.pertaining to e*ach of these areas requires a m1nimum level of performance to be accepted, ~~g.,; the fire brigade must have a miniinum acceptable size to be given credit for being at>le to perform its functibh under a broad spectrum C>f con di ti ons.
The fire brigade is but orie eienient of the 11 defense-in-depth" fire protec-tion progr~m Which contributes to the adequacy of the fire protectio~ that assures that the public health and safety is not endangered due to potential consequences of fire at an* operating fac::ility.
To consider this issue in perspective, it is necessary to remember that if a severe fire occurs, the plarit ~oriditiohs which lead to or result from the fire cannot be
- Some of the licenseesi arguments for a smaller shift size are discussed in Appendix A.
'* i.
precisely defined and that no single echelon of f.ire protection can be perfect or complete in itself.
The demands on the manual fire fighting capability _and resources will* vary depending on their degree of ihvolvement:
- 1. If the automatic detection and suppression system functions as designed, the combustibles involved in the fire are limited to those evaluated in the design, and all other conditions for the fire are the same as fo:r the design evaluation, the fire will probably be controlled and possibly extinguished by the installed system.
The fire brigade will be needed to enter the involved area to conduct final "mop-up" actions and inspection to ensure the fire is completely extingu.ished.
- 2. If the fire is of a larger magnitude than the design assumption of the automatic systems or the fire spreads beyond the coverage bf automatic system because of the deterioration of desig.n conditions, the.fire brigade will be required to assist in the extinguishment operation and possibly in the protection of adjacent safety related equipment which may be jeopardized by the fire.
-3.d If the automatic systems do not actuate, the fire brigade will be
. *.. required to independently contain and extinguish the fire in the*
involved zone.
Similar action is required in all areas that.do not have automatic suppression systems.
the
.(
When detennining the minimum fire brigade size,.each of the above thr*ee lev~ls of performance must be considered.and evaluated, with the third level* bounding the brigade size since it places the largest burden on.the team.
Further, the specific fire brigade actions that will be requ.ired will vary from area.to area within the plant, and with the construction, maintenance or normal operation activities that may be ongoing at the time of the.fire.
Because the specific fire brigade actions cannot be precisely defined, the fire brigade must be capable of a spectrum of actions that may be
-required.
The minimum fire brigade and the available manual equipment is the only fire suppression system in many areas of the plant.
Thus, the brigade anc;i their equipment must satisfy the requirements of the General Design Criteria to minimize the adverse effects of fire on systems impor-tant to safety for these areas as well as provide its contribution. to the
- defense-in-depth features in other areas which also have automatic suppression
- .. systems.
The fire brigade offers the flexibility to perform actions.to
- mitigate the consequences of fires for the event that may exceed the limits of fixed fire protection sjstems and, with ear1y w~rnina fire detection, to extinguish fires before automatic systems actuate.
Even though the fire brigade is only one aspect of the "defense-in-depth",
it-requires a minimum operating size to successfully fulfill its perfor-mance objectives as defined in the following section of this document.
To reduce the size below the needed level will result in the loss of
- brigade flexibility and the potential that all performance objectives will
- not be achieved.
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1 * **
't -
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- ,.:*t iL Fire Brigade Pei*fortnance Objectives The performance objectives of the fire brigade at a nuclear power pfant are the same as those in any fire situation.
There are three major perfdfi!!ahce. obj~ttive~: (1) rescue; (2) extinguish; and (3) confine, cont~l arid ex~ihgUish. Which of these objectives are to be performed*
depends. Lipdh th~. speti fi c factors that are present at the fire; however.
the. ordero:f performance of these objectives never changes.. Where there is no heed for rescue, the first objective can be 11extinguish 11 In all cases; even ~he most extreme, the final objective always is to extinguish the fire.
This is true even where it is first necessary to confine the fire, then bring.it under control and finally extinguish it.
In extremely rare ahd unusual tircumstances, a fire may be allowed to burn itself out as a 1ast resort.
We have not endorsed this alternative as the design condition b~ca~se of the potential deleterious effects on plant operation associated with the toxic and corrosive effects of the smoke and adcH ti oiia l sys tern failures that may occur.
.To acnieve ariy ohe; *or* all of the major* objectives;* the fire briga.de must perform severai functions.
Some of these are:
(a)*. Locate. the fire arid ascertain its potential;.
- -fb( tocaiifo the fire, alleviate smoke and heat conditions, improve
. ' vi's ibi 1 ity; ahd facilitate the advance. of hose ii nes; (c).* Extfr1guish the fire by application of a sufficient amount of the correct extinguishing medium;_
- (d)
Minimize damage by the judicious use of water*o~ other extinguishing*
_agent;**
. ~.*:
- (e).Prote¢t pers*onnel, provide ventilation, self-contained b'reathing equi plllent and jJrotecti ve backup capab1 li ty ;*
- (f)
- Coordinate aetivities through adequate supervision and communication.
jb**a~scertain tne potential °'f each srecific fire, and to determine the*
- req\\Hred functiohs, there are certain primary factors that must be *
- evaluated by the fire brigade leader at that time.
Some of these primary factors are: life hazard for occupants and for personnel, location of fire. extent of fire on arr1val, shutdown equipment and fixed suppression systems ih the fire building, construction of fire building, construction of exposures, area of exposures, proximity of-exposures, structural collapse of fire building, heat conditions, smoke conditionsJ visibility, exposure hazard, and class of fire.
- Tliese are objectives from the beginning to the end of every fire suppression operation.
A
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Some. of these factors interact and the combination of effects of such factors also require the. consideration of the fire brigade leader.
C.
Fi re Brigade Ac ti ans The actiohs req~ired of the fire btigade to achieve. the. performance objectives depend largely on the complexity of the fire; however,.
the shift fire brigade should be capable of perfonning a spectrum of actions for any fire~
If a fire alarm sounds for any area of the plant the ~allowing actions should be taken by the fire brigade:
(a)
The fire brigade leader and all brigade members should immediately
- res pond to the ri re area.
- (b). Th~ brigade leader should respond directly to the fire area, with an extinguisher that he obtains on the way, and with adequate equipment for communications and a portable hanqlight.
'(c)
The other brigade members should respond to the fire area with
. a personal self-contained breathing apparatus and a portable extinguisher.
-'Ifon':arrival.at the fire area, an incipient fire is in progress, the fo:lloW:fog actiOns should be taken by the.fire brigade:
(a)
An immediate attack should be made on the fire in an attempt to extinguish.
(b) *Additional extin.guishers should be obtained from the immediate area.
. :(c)* A hose line should be stretched to the fire area as a precautio~..
Additional self-contained b~eathing apparatus and spare
- cylinders should be obtaihed immediately to be ready for use if necessary.
- .If the fire is not extihguished in its incipient stage, the following actio_ri~ may be *required
- .
. (a)
Place the necessary cal ls for off-site assistance.
(b)-;Tf ladders are required to reach the fire, fire ladders should
- * * ***be obtained.
(C) If the fire involves.electrical equipment, the equipment should be de-~nergized. This action requires coordination with operating P!=!rsonnel to assure it will not affect the continued safe operation
- of the pl ant.
('d)
(e)
(f) if smoke cbh~it1~hs are such that visibility is impaired,
'ventiiation *may be required either in the form of activation of fixed s.Y'stems or by the use of portable smoke ejectors.
ff jt becbm~s H~tessary to use water fog, precautibiis shouid
. be takeh to pr~v~ht water damage to electrical equipment not 11 'j f t *_ l
.. f Iii 1 ' ~
inyolvep:1~ 1tlie fire.
This may require the use of protectiv~
- water ~hie 1 di hg.
If it pecdmes hecessary to use water fog,.a second hose line, from a
~tartlp1p~ or;exterj9r hose station should be prepared to serve as a batk up to the initial hose line.
t9)
H.tlle_f~r~ ~rea i~ one that contains a special ~azarq such, as
.*a: fla~hi~pJe.br tqrnpustible liquids; some of th~ brigade members*
.shbuH1 obtdin and prepare the spedal equipment necessa'ry for that bf 9pe~~_ti~H~.i,.. e.; foam iri s gallon cans, pick up tube, foam ap~lititB~ Shd lid§e lines.
- jt t:Be H~.is i.H_a c;ani=Jned space and its ~xact locatfon cannot reaCli ly tie deterrriihed; the fire brigade leader may commit a 11
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.li,1.s P.~rsq!J~~~ ~a, t~~.. atterrtpt. to 1 oca te the frr~ '* b~t s_h9u_.l ct. do So orilY, after a i 1 other requ1 red preparatory actions have been
- cafri~ci but:
type U)
H=.dli§, ~f ~He.Bt,]9a9~ iTI~)nb~~s;, wh.o ar¢: atti.veiy extinguishihg_.
t.he _f.j,r.~,,cfr,.~tH~mp~~n_g,to,,l~c"ate the f1.~,. bec?mt:.trappe~. or incapat1tated in anyway;; otner. l::ir~gade, members would be required.to rescue. If the q*,_
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injury. were sudi that tHe injured party were overcome by smoke or.*
.s~ver~H~ JH3i.Jr~~-~Jit 1.e~st bne of: the other.. members woutct oe requirea*
. to atteHa
- th~ irljJrgCJ to attempt to safe his 1i fe.
(j) if ih~ tl~~ k~~ Hci~ be~~ ~~i{ngliished when offsite assistance arrives.
at t~e.:f"}r~. lo~~tiori, t~e bffsite,people should be divided into teams.
. to ci~s1~~ tH~ fit~.f~g~ti~g b~~ration with each team having a member of the plant brigade assigned as leader.
tdr any,giv~h ~rea.Br %~re, the ~riit~al actions of ihe brigade*require suffi'cient.,Persol-lnei to ~~t] ~gui ~h.. t~e incipient fire and to prepare for the fire.tij~t.~ay.b~~ur,if the,ihti~ient fi~e is not extinguish~d, Therefore, the brigad~.. shdLil<;I be. ~dequate)y staff~d so that the above actions can be performed if requir~d by a particular fire.
_hb1~ i.~iHdif~tes.how.these: required actions would be carried ()Ut by a five member fir:e.brigaqe. _Not.a)l a~tions assigned to each member will.necessarily be carried out for every fire; however, for the spectrum of fires that may reason ab iy be expected tp occur; the brigade shoui.d ~e capable' of performing the actions as shown. tHe five member fire brigade is the minimum complement
~h~t can provide su~f~cieht personnel so that these actions may be.cartied out.
D.
Typical Response to a Postulated Fire in a Nuclear Plant The following outline describes how a brigade would respond to a postulated fire and carry out the actions discussed in the previous sections.
The outline illustrates the need for some actions simultaneously and some sequentially. It also illustrates that the specific ~ircumstances that determines the course of the fire will determine the specific actions required.
The actions being performed by the fire brigade leader and the fire brigade members are summarized in Table 1.
- 1.
The fire brigade leader and all brigade members should initiate their response to the announced fire area.
- 2.
The fire brigade leader should respond directly to the announced fire area with portable corrrrnunication equipment.
He evaluates the situation, and advises the control room and formulates an*
action plan.
- 3.
~ach memb~r of the fire brigade including the fire brigade leader obtains a fire extinguisher from a location along the way and bring it to the fire area.
These should be brought from a remot~ location
- to assure that sufficient extinguishers will be available.
Those in
- the immediate fire area may have been used by the discoverer
- of the fire.
4~*
Each member of the fire brigade should also bring a self-contained breathing apparatus for use by the brigade members.
- 5.
If conditions are such that self-contained breathing apparatus masks will have to be. worn by the brigade members, no member should enter the fire area without a mask.
If necessary one or more, depending on the need, brigade members should be sent to.
obtain additional self-contained breathing apparatus in suffi*~ient number so that each brigade member and the fire brigade le~der will have a unit.
At least one man should be sent to obtain spare air cylinders, at
- least one per self-contained breathing apparatus being used.. (NOTE:
Recent tests at Syracuse Fire Dept. Training Academy showed that
- the 1/2 hour rated mask, pressure demand type, was breathed down in as little as 7 to 15.minutes during fire fighting activities).
- 6.
If the brigade members wil 1 pass by the personnel protective clothing*
storage area, they should obtain their fire fighting gear and bring it to the fire scene.
If such clothing is needed but is not brought to the scene, at least on~ man should be sent to obtain such clothin~.
'-~
10 -
- 7.
If the source of the fire or smoke can be readily determined, the brigade leader should order the following simultaneous actions:
(a)
At 1 east two ( 2) man to begin a di re ct attack on the fire with suitable extinguishers and, (b) the remaining two (2) men to prepare to*assist with additional extinguishers and/or to stretch at least one 1-.1/2 11 standpipe hose line to be used as a back up to the extinguishers.
If the fire is readily extinguished by the initial extinguisher application, the brigade leader should make a careful examina-
. tion of the fire area to insure that the fire has been completely ex ti ngui shed and to try to determine the point of origin and the cause of the fire.
He would be assisted by at least one
.brigade member.
Consideration should be given for the need for a fire watch in the area for a period of up to 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />.
The remain1ng brigade members would be directed to return the fire fighting equipment brought to the fire location to its proper storage area ensuring that it is in proper working order*and in readiness for another fire.
A critique of the fire fighting operation should be held.immediately after the*fire to evaluate the pre-fire strategies for the fire area and to determine the efficiency of the fire brigade and the effectiveness of the operation.
- 8.
If the smoke conditions ~re such that the location of the source of the fire and smoke cannot readily be determined, the brigade leader shol)ld order the following simultaneous actions:
(a)
The control room to notify the off-site fire department*
and plant on-call personnel.
(b)
Two brigade members and the leader to.put on.self-contained bre~thing apparatus, take suitable extinguishers and enter the fire area to attempt to locate the fire.
(c)
The remaining brigade members to put on self-contained 'breathing apparatus and stretch a 1.:.1/2 11 hose line from the closest standpipe location and assure that the hose has sufficient length to effectively reach the fire area.
( d)
After the hose 1 i ne is stretched and ready to be operated*,
at least one member should remain with the line while the other(s) go to obtain additional equipment usch as smoke ejectors, ladders if necessary, spare air cylinders, protective covers for water sensitive equipment, and any other Hems that would be of need in the fire and damage control effort.
(e)
If while the above activity is going on-the fire source is located by the leader and the two brigade members. they would immediately attempt to extinguish the fire with their extinguishers.
(If successful, the steps subsequent to extinguish-ment outlined in 7 above would be followed).
- 9.
If the fire is not readily extinguished by the use of extinguishers, the following actions should be undertaken by the fire brigade as ordered by the fire brigade leader.
(a)
The 1-1/2 11 hose line that has been stretched as a pre-cauthionary measure should be advanced into the fire area by at least two brigade members and; (b)
The remaining brigade members should simultaneously stretch an additional 1-1/2 11 hose line from the closest available standpipe location to the area immediately outside or adjacent to the fire area and be prepared to use this line to provide protective spray and/or as a backup attack line if the fire severity demands.
(NOTE:
It is likely that the second 1-1/2 11 hose line will have to have additional hose added to reach the fire area).
(c)
Once the second line is readied for use and if its immediate use is not required, the fire brigade leader may.
direct one or more of the back up men to take steps to pro~*
vide protection for electrical equipment or to set up portable ventilation equipment to evacuate smoke and heat, or to obtain additional special equipment that may be required if the fire is not controlled and extinguished in a short time.
(d)
If the brigade.leader and the men attacking the fire with the 1-1/2 11 hose line are successful in extinguishing the fire, the steps subsequent to extinguishment contained-*
in 7 above should be followed.
- 10.
If the fire is not extinguished by the ;attack with 1-1/2 11 hose lin~s. the area may become untenable as a result of either heqt or smoke or both.
In this situation the fire brigade leader should order the following actions by the fire brigade.
(a) All personnel shouid back out of the fire area and take positions where they can either keep the fire contained,by the use of the hose 1 i nes from the perimeter openings or* *
(b)
The area should be sealed off, if possible, by closing the flire doors and the hose lines should be used by brigade* _
members to attempt to keep the fire from passing through any penetrations or ducts or fire doors or the exterior walls by spraying water on the potentially dangerous areas to keep it cooled down.
(c)
If the situation develops to this extent in a relatively short time period (less than 15-20 minutes) it may be necessary for the brigade leader to direct that one individual hold the 1-1/2 11 hose line from a suitable braced position while the other members are sent for addition~ back up hose line~. additional air supply, and to check surrounding areas and floors above the fire for possible extension of the fire.
(d)
The fire fighting objective would now become a matter.of*
- confine, control and extinguish (or allow to burn out).
When this occurs there wi 11 be a very serious problem of smoke and.
heat removal which will require the efforts of all available personnel as they a~rive from off-site. *
(e)
Decisions will have to be made regarding the direction the smoke and heat is to be routed with serious consideration given to the poss1ble d~mage the smoke and/or heat mi~ht cause to equipment that is re 1 ati vely r_emote from the fire.
iv. CONCLUSION.
_On the basis of its onsite evaluations of the fire protectiori program for 70 ope~ating facilities, the NRC staff has fourid that:
l'.
- .The specific actions for the control and extinguishment of potential fires vary greatly from area to area within a given plant;
- 2.
The specific actions which the fire brigade may be required.
cannot be precisely defined prfor to the fire;
~-
Although the fire fightin~ actions as described previously in this*reportmay not be appliC:able to each and every plant*
area, all pl~nts contain areas i~portant to plant safety which require consideration of these fire fighting actions.
- 4.
AbnormaleVents cannot be precluded for each and every potenti a 1
- .fire situation, some margin in brigade size is warranted to comp~nsate for the potential unanticipated events such as~
- a.
Failure of detection systems to promptly alert plant personnei of th~ onset.of a fire condition.
- b.
Failure of automatic suppression systems to actuate to limit fire damage.
- c.
Personnel injury in the act of fire fighting.
- d.
Failure of administrative controls of combustible materials in situation~ wh~ch could impact systems important to safety.
- 5.
The minimum fire b~igade shift size cannot be based only upon the po ten ti al fire cpnsequences and their apparent impact on the capability to safely shutdown because this is contradictory to both the philosophy of defense-in-depth and the general design criterion requirement to minimize the adverse effects of fires.
Bas~d oh the above, we conclude that:.
- l.
All operating plant sites should have an onsite fire briagde shift complement of at least five trained persons.
....: 2.
One member should be assigned as fire brigade leader and at the time of the fire, he should be free of all duties so that he can devote his attention to assessment of the fire situati9n and direction of fire fighting activities.
- 3.
Four members should be capable of acting individually or as teams to perform the spectrum of basic fire fighting action which may be required e.g., locating the fire, operation of portable extinguisher or hose lines, transporting equipment to the fire scene, or rescue work,
LEADER TABLE l MANPOWER REQUIRED FOR FIRE FIGHTING ACTIONS FIRST & SECONr:f BRIGADE:
MEMBERS A.
ACTIONS REQUIRED FOR FIRE NOT EXTINGUISHED BY PERSON(s) WHO DISCOVERED FIRE.
Respond to fire with portable fire extinguisher Respond to fire with self-contained breating apparatus.
Locate fire or source of smoke Evaluate the fire situation and the area involved to detennine the effective actions to be taken and maintain conununication with control room.
(Required for all fires.
Direct fire fighting activities by the fire brigade members.
Respond to fire with portable fire ex ti ngui she rs.
Respond to fire with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Locate tire or source of smoke.
Operate fire extinguishers on the fire (if fire location is deter-mined)~
THIRD & FOURTH BRIGADE MEMBERS Res pond to fire with portab*l f fire extinguishers.
~
Respond to fire with self-contained breathing apparatu.
Locate fire or source of smoe~
Operate fire extinguishers or*the fire (if fire location*is deer-mi ned).
Stretch at least** one 1-1/2" hose line to be used as back~p to extinguishers.
TABLE 1 (cont.)
B'.
ADDITIONAL ACTIONS REQUIRED FOR FIRE NOT EXTINGUISHED WITH PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS At the scene of the fire, continuously evaluate the fire condition as it develops.
Direct the activities of the other members and observe the fire fighting operation and judge its effectiveness and safety. Consider alternative actions that may be required as a result of changing conditions.
Consider the consequences of actions being taken in regard to their impact on the overall safe shutdown capability of the plant.
The fire team leader should riot be-come involved in the actual fire fi ghtirg process to the extent that he-is unable to carry out the*
responsibilities of continuous evaluation and decision making.
Communicate with control room regarding fire status, equipment that may become disabled, need fcir off-site assistance, ~tc.
Extend and prepare to operate a 1-1/2" hose line or a single 2-1 /2" hose 1 i ne from an exterior hose house.
Attempt fire extinguishment as a two person team using one fire hose.
Obtain fire fighting protective clothing for fire brigade members.
( lf not brought on 1st response).
Obtain specia 1 equipmer.t for fire e fighting operations - ladder, foam, ventilation, breathing air.
Take steps to cover electrical.
equipment to prevent water damage.
When necessary, extend and prepare to operate a 1-112" hose line or a single 2-1/2" hose 1 i ne from an exterior hose house.
Perform relief and rescue duties
. as required.
~ --*** - :.
,(
TABLE l (cont:)
. C:
ADDITIONAL ACTIONS REQUIRED FOR FIRE *THAT, DEMANDS ASSISTANCE BY OFF-SITE PERsONNEL All actions required in B:
Be prepared to provide *rescue* of en:..
dangered personne 1 or fire brigade
- members if necessary.
Provide off-site fire fighting with sufficient information so they under-stand the situation as it exists on their arrival, the objective of the operation, the actions being taken to achieve the objective, advice and supervision of their actions in coordination with the fire brigade.
Be prepared to provide rescue of en-dangered personnel or fire brigade members if necessary, Serve as guide, coordinator and control person for off-site fire department.
Isolate and co~fine.fire.
Use hoses to cool and protect barriers.
Survey barriers for possible b~ak through and extent ion of fire
- FOOTNOTES:
Operations in fire areas should always be a team effort of at least two members for the purpose of improved operation and personal safety.
Be prepared to provide rescue of endangered personnel or fire brigade members if necessary.
Serve as guide, coordinator and control persqn for off-site fire department.
Isolate and confine fire.
Use hoses to tool and protect barriers.
Survey barriers for possible e
break through and extention of fire.
If these two members are not fully trained fire brigade
- members, they would be replaced by the off-shift personnel when they arrive.
~..
\\.
'PCNDIX A e
.STAFF RESPONSE TO SELECTED LICENSEE'S ARGUMENTS
- 1.
Historical Fi.res.
Some licensees argue that the majority of histori<tal fires* in nuclear power plants were either self-extinguished: or were extinguished. by a small response force.
Further, a large number of these fires *occurred during t~e construction phase of the plants.
The NRC does not deem the size of historical fires a significant factor in determining the size of the minimum fire brigade.
The small fires that self-extinguish or the fires that are easily extinguished present little, if any, threat to public health and safety.
Further, the circumstances that lead to fires in the construction phase are not precluded after the plant goes into operation.
New
- const.r.uction at the site, major plant modifications and maintenance activities produce. similar circumstances at an operating plant.
. lt i~ the fires that do not;self-extinguish because of 11off-design 11 coriditions or are not promptly extinguished at operating plant sites which may present a threat to the plants capability to achieve an~ maintain safe shutdown conditions.
For example, a temporary breakdown in the administrative controls over the use of combustibles arid i gni ti on source, a failure to detect a fire early, or adverse unanticipated events which either delay prompt extinguishment or
.lead to rapid fire development may lead toward the development of a severe fire.
Because of the possibility of these fires, the staff deems it prudent to maintain a site fire brigade which can promptly extinguish such fires in safety related areas with sufficient inargfn in size to account for adverse conditions*and events.
- 2.
- Offsite Assistance Some licensee_s.argue that the minimum fire brigade may be less than five
. p*erso.ns because of substantial offsite assistance.
The NRC concludes that the delay in prompt fire extinguishment incurred by reliance upon support from offsite fire departments or the call back of plant personnel does not provide an acceptable*
alternative to meeting the miniimum manpower requirements for an onsite
- fire brigade.
Offsite fire departments could be committed to fighting fire elsewhere when a call goes out for their assistance.
In many areas weather conditions could delay the response of offsite fire de~~rtments as well as operating personnel called back for additional asiistance.
While the NRC recognizes the importance of a
~~e~lanned utilization of offsite fire departments and call back*
personnel, such assistance does not justify a reduction of an adequate onsite fire brigade to provide an immediate initial attack on *a fire.
j
. *9
- 3.
Availability of Onsite Personnel Some licensees argue that the potential for fire is greater during times when there is more than the minimum complement. of plant operating per~onnel on onsite.
In general, this is the period from about 8 to 5 on hormal work days.
tt is during these periods during which normal maintenance operations are performed.
While the NRC recognizes the greater potential for fire during such time, this does not alleviate the need for an adequate fire brigade on the other shifts. It appears that there are sufficient personnel on site on all shifts to provide a five man fire brigade.
In it~ pos*i ti on paper on 11Manpower Requirements for Operating Reactors 11
- the NRC addressed the sharing of available onsite personnel such as the security forces as a means of meeting the manpower require-ments for a five man fire brigade.
The issue is not the availability of onsite per*sonnel who could be utilized to combat fires; but rather the effe~tive utiliiafion of manpower resources to establish a
- '.trained team that responds to a fire and effectively performs
.those*action which are essential to fire fighting..
~. :
9TTACHMENT 2
. e **
i_.
STAFF POSITION
'1* I
- rt-
- ~....-i ',
... *_-*,1:
1; MINIMUM FIRE BRIGADE TRA NING.
I CONCERN i
During our evaluation of the training given to fire brigade members, the r
issue of whether all members -0f a five man fire brigade need be given i.dentical training has been considered.
In several instances licensees have proposed two levels of training for fire brigade members.
These
- evaluations have established the minimum acceptable level of training.
STAFF POSITION We prefer that all fire brigade members receive training in accordance with the staff guidelines set forth in "Nuclear P*lant Fire. Protection Functional Responsibilities, Administrative Controls and Quality Assurance," June 14, 1977:
Attachment l...
(Note:
Copies Fire Protection Organization Fire Brigade Training Fire Fighting Procedures of these attachments are enclosed)
Wh~re the five man fire brigade has two levels of training, at least
- three* members shall have training which fully conforms to the staff guideliries; however, two members may be
~xcep'ted from the training requ.ire-.
merits_, i sted below:
- l. :
l.Oa (6) The direction and coordination of the fire fighting activ.ities.
. 1 ~.Oa (9) Detailed review of fire fighting procedures and procedure changes.*
i:oa (10)
Review of latest plant modifications and changes in fire fighting plans.
The excepted personnel should have general training in these subjects.
. *The only portion of this item excepted is that associated with the fire fighting strategies which have beeri developed to conform with attachment 5,
- itP.m d. "The strategies established for fighting fires in all safety-related areas and areas presenting a hazard to safety-related equip-ment."
. Excerpts frp111;
Nµ~l~ar P1~nt fire Protection Functional Responsibilities, Administrative GRntrc:>l§, t:!nn Qy~litY As.~rnrance" (June 14, 1977).
Att~~hm~nt 1i
~1r@ Prat@£tion Organization. ri rn ~rig~~§ Tr~ infog
~tt~chm~nf ~;
- Fir-§ ri~Bting Procedures
Attic!iment No.
. FIRE PROTECTION ORGA~HZATfON ___ *-
1.0 The organizational responsibilities and lines of communication per-
_taining to fire protection should be defined between the various
~ositi~ns through the use of organizational charts and functional descriptions of 'ach position's res;>onsibilities. Asa minimum the positions/organization~ responsible for the following should be.
designated:
- l.
The uppe~ level offsite mana;e~ent posit~on which has management res;:icnsibi lity fo*r the for:!'lulatfon~ implementation, an*d a*ssess-rr.ent of the effectiveness of the nuclea:- plant fire proteqion program.
- b. *The ~ffsite management position(s) directly responsible for (1) for~ul~ting, implementing, and perioditally assessing the effectiveness of the fire pro:ection program for the licensee's n~clear power plant including fire drills and training CQn-ducted.by the fire brigade and plant personnel.
The results of these a~sessments should be reoorted to the upper level manage!':lent position responsi.ble for fire protection with recommendations for improvements or corrective actions a$
. deeme.d necessary.
(2~
U~in~ the following NF?A Public~tions *for.guidance to dev~
elo~ the fire protection program:
No. 4 *.
No. 4A No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. *
- "Organization for Fire Services"
- "Organization of a Fire Department" "Industrial Fire Loss Prevention"
- "Management of Fire Emergencies" f *.'.
- "Management Responsibilities for Effects of Fire on Operations" "Private Fire Brigades"
~
- c.
ihe onsite manage'.nent position resi'onsible for the overall.*
administration of the plant operations and emergency plari~ ~hich include the fire protection and prevention program and.which provides a single point of control and contact for all contingencies.
(2)
{3)
(4)
,*-;.. t
( s.)
z ime1@m~rt~ pe~ipdi~ i~spections to: m1n1mize the a~ount
~f combustibles in safety related areas1 deter.ttine the
~ffectiyeness of housekeeping practices1 assure the ava11-
~~ility ~nd acceptable condition of all fire protection
$>'_gerns/equi pmen t, emergency breathing a pp a ra tus, emergency 1ighting. coimi~nication equipment, fire stops, penetration S,eils.~nd fire retardant coatings1 and assures prompt and
~ffective correctiv.e actions are taken to correct conditions adverse *to fire protection and preclude their recurrence.
~
- l I
~,,
is rpspof1sible for the fire fighting training for operating p,l~n~ pe.r.sonnel and the plant's fire brigade; design and..
~~le~~ion of equipment; perio~ic-inspection and testing of f.ir.e protection systems and equipment in accordance with
~s~~~li~h~d pr6cedures a~d eval~ate test results and deter~
~; '1e th_e acceptability of the sys te!':ls under test.
~HiHs** in the critique of an fi.re ~ri11S to detennine
,hp,~ ~~11 ~he training o_bjectives hav, been met.
r~'!i~w~ ~nd, ~v~lu,a,tes proposed.work activi~i.es to i~_entify
~l?;~e,n.ti~l ~ransient fire load_s.
i.(11,P,lements a. pro.gram for indoctrina,tion of all p.1ant co~tractor pe~~6nnel in appropriate*administrltive pro~;-
ce.dures ~h.i ch iinpl ement the. fire protection program~. *,
~n,~ th~ ~m~r~ency Erocedures ~elativ,e t~ fire p,rotectie~.*
(6) implements, ~ program for instructio"n of personnel on the,.
proper handling of-accidental ~vents such.as leaks o~.
s,pi 11s of flammable materials that are related to fir~
pr.otection.
~
~* The onsite position responsible. for fire protection quality*.
assurance.
Thi~ position should, be responsible for assuring-the effective implementation of the *fire protection program by planned* in-s~~c~ions and schedu~ed audits.
He should assure and verify that r.es~1ts of these inspectio~s or audits are promptly re~
ported to cognizant management personn.. 1.
I
- f.
The positicns which are part of the ~lant fire brigade (1)
The plant fire brigade positions snould be responsible for fighting fires. The authority and responsibility Of each fire brigade positi.on relative to fire protect.ion should
. be clearly defined.
(2)
The responsibilities of each fire brigade position should correspond with the actions req~ired by the fire fightini procedures.
(3)
The responsibilities of the fire brigade members ~nder normal plant. conditions, should not conflict with their responsibilities during a fi~e emergency.
(4) ihe minim.um number of trained fire brigademe~bers avail-able onsite for each operating shift sho~ld be consistent with the'. activities required to combat the most significant fire.
The size of the fire brigade should be based upon*
the functions required to fight fires with ~dequate allow~
ance for injuries.
(5)
- The recorrrnendations for organization, training, and equip-.
ment of "PRI'JATE FIRE BRIGADES" as specified in NFPA
- .No. 27-1975, incl~ding the a~plicable NF?A publi~ations listed in the Appendix to ~FPA No. 27, are tonsidered.
appropriate criterii! for organ.iziiig, training, and operating a plant fire brigade.
2.0 Qualifications.
- a. *The position responsible for formulation and implementation of the Fire Protect~on Program should have, within hf, organ-ization, or as a consultant, a Fire Protection* Engineer is a gradya te of an engineering curri cu 1 um of accepted s tand*i ng and,
shall hav~ ctimpl~ted not l~ss than six years of engineering attainment indicative of growth in engineering competency and
- achievement, three of which shall h~ve been in respohsible
- .. charge of fire protection engineering work.
These requirements are the eligibility requirements as a Member in. the Society of Fi re Protection Engineers.
.-1
J
~* The *i~* rigade me~oers qualifi~ations should include sati~
f~dciry t mpletion of a physical examination for perfonnirig
-tr¢nuous aptivity, and of the fire brigade *taining described in Attach~eht No. 2.
- c.
The personnel responsible for the maintenance and testing of the Fire Prote~tion Systems should be qualified by training and ex~erience for such work.
d!
The ~ef~6hnt1 res~onsible for the training of the fire bri~ade
~h~~1d be q~a1ified by training and exper~ence for such work.
Attachment No. 2 FIRE BRl~Ot TRAINING The tra~ning' pro;ram snould assure that the cac*abilit; to fight potential fires is established and maintained.
The program should con~ist of an initial classroom instruction program followed by periodic classroom
- instruction, practice in fire fighting and fire drills:*
1.0 Classroom Instruction
- a.
The initial classroom instruction should include:
( l )
( 2)
( 3)
. ( 4)
( 5)
( 6)
. --- ( 7)
Identification of the.fire hazards and associated types of fires that ~ould occur in the ~lant, and ari identi-fication of the location of such haza~ds.
Identification of the location of fire fighting equ.ip-ment for each fire area, and fa:-:iiliarization with layout*
of the plant including access and*egress routes to each area.
The pr~per use.of available ~ire fighting equipment, and*
the correct method of*fighting each type of fire. *The' types of 'fires covered should include ~lectrical fires, fires in cables and cab'l e trays' hydrogen fires' 'flam-.:
- maole liquid, waste/debris.fires,, and record rile f1res; Indoctrination of the plant fire fighting plan with specific coverage of each indi*vidual 's resi)onsibi1ities.
The proper use of cor.niunication, lighting, ventilation anc emergency breathing equipment.*
The direction and coordination of the fire fighting activities (fire brigade leaders only) *
- The toxic characteristics of expected products of combustion',
{&)
- The proper method for fighting fires inside buildings and tunnels.
(9)
Detailed review of fire fighting procedures and procedure changes.
(10)
Review of latest plant modifications and changes in fire fighting plans.
2
~~
~h~ iH~t~uct~bH ihouid be provided by ~ualifie~ individu~ls
~h6~1id§~~bli* e~~erien~ed, aMd suitably_ trained in fighting ihe tybe~ of fires that could occur in the plant ~nd in usirig the types of equipment available in the nuclear power plant *.
Membe~s df the "Fire Protection Staff" and Fire Brigade L~aders may condutt this training.
- c.
Instruction should be provided to all fire brigade members and fire brigade leaders.
- a.
Reguf~r biaiined meetings held every 3 r.:onths should.repeat th~ cli~s~6~~ instructi6h program over a t~o year pe~iod.
. 2.'o Pdetice
~r~ctic* iession$ should be held for fire brioade members on the
~tbb~f mit~d~ 6¥ f~ghtihg various tyQes of fi~es of simil~r mag-hit~d~~ to~pl~jitj, a~d ~ifficulty as those ~hich tould octur in a.nuclear 'power ~lant. These sessions should provide brigade members with experience in actual fire extinguishment and the use of em-er~~~~~ br~~t~~h~ a~p'r~tus under ltren~ous ~ohditions. These b~~ct~ci i~~!idns 'ho~ld be ~rti~ided *t regular ihterv*ls but ribt' tb ii~iid 1 9i&~ tar~*~~ 'ir~ brigade memcer..
3.*o.:oHiJs
'F1re o'rigace dH11s should be perfomed in the plant *so that the
~ire 'brfgade *cah pra*ctice as a team.
Drills should i"nclude the_
following:
- a. Asse*ssment of fire alann effectiveness, time required to notify and as~i~bly fi~~ brig~de. ~nd s~lection,* plac~ment and us* of equ~prneRt.
- ' b.
Assess 'each brigade member*'s knowledge of his role in the fire fightih~ ~t~ategy for the area assumed to contain the fire~
Assess the brigade members conformance with established plant fir~ fi~hting procedure~ and use of fire fighting equipment~
i"ncluding 'self-contained emergency breathing apparatus, c:ontnuni-cat~6n equipment, and v~ntil~tioM equipment, to the extent pra*cticabl'e.
'\\I* -
3
- c.
The simulaad use of fire fighting equipment required to cope with the situation and type of fire selected for the.drill.
lhe area and type of fire chosen for the drill should be varied.
su~h that brigade members are trained in fighting fires in all safety related areas containing significant fire hazards.
The situaticin selected should sjmulate the size and arrang*ment of a fire wnich could *reasonably occur in the area selec~ed, a11o~ing fo~ fire development due to the time required to re-spond, to obtain equipment, and organize for the fire, assuming loss of automatic su;:ipression capability.
- d.
Assessment of briga~e leader's direction of the fire fighting effor:, as to thorou~nness, accuracy, and effectiveness.
- e.
The drills should be performed at regular intervals but* not to exceed 3 months for each fire brigade.
At least one drill per year should be p~rformed on a "back shift" for each firt
- brigade.
A sufficient number of these drills, not less than one fer each fire brigade per year, shall be unannounced, to de~
te!"TT!ine the fire readiness of the plant fire brigade leader, brigade, fire prote~tion systems and equipment.
- i.
The drill~ should be pre-planned to establish the training
- objectives of the drill.
The drills should be critiQued.t6.
determine tiow well the training objectives have been met.
Unannounced drills snould have their critiques performed by members of the manageor.ent staff responsible for plant safety and security. At three year intervals, drills should be critiqued by qualified individuals independent of the utilitj's staff.
4.0 Records Records of training provided to each fire brigade member including
.d~ill critiques should be maintained to assure that each me~ber
- receives training in all parts of the training program.
These records of training shoul~ be av~ilable for review.
~
- Attachment No. 5 F!RE F:Gr.7!NG PROCECURES Fire fi;~tin~ procedures snould ~e established to co~er such items 1s notification of a fire, fire emergency procedures, and cooroination of fi:-e fi;Ming activities with offsite fire de~art.,,e:its.
The fire fight*
ing procecures s~cula identify:
- 6.
Actions to be taken by individual discovering the tire, such as, noti*ication of contro1 room; atte~pt to extin;ui~h fire, and acti.Ja:~on of local fire sup~ressior. systems.
- b.
- Actions to be taken by the control room operator a~d the*need for bri~ade assistance ucon re~ort *of a fire or receipt of alarm on control roe~ anni.Jnciator panel, s~c~ as:
announcing location of fire over PA system, sounding fire alarms and notifying t~e shift supervisor and the fire brigade leader of*
the type, si:e, and 1ociti~n of the fire.
- c.
Actions to be taken by th~ fire bri;ade after no~ification'by t~e control room o~era:or of~ fire, including:
locatiori to asse~ole; directions given by fire brigade leade~; and resporisi-bi l ities of brigade me~:ers such as selection of fire fignting e~0i;~ent and trans;ortation to ~ire location, selection of protective equi~ment, use of fire suppression systems operating instructio~s. and use of ~replanned strategies* for fi,hting fires in spe:ific areas.
- d.
The stra:~gies established fo~* fighting fires. in all safety-related ar~as and areas presenting a hazard to safety*re~ated equipment.
As a mini~um the followin; subjects should.be covere::
( l )
(2)
(3)
Id~ntificaticn of combustibles in each plant zone covered by the specific fi~e fight1ng procedures.
Fire ex:inguishants best suited for controlling the fires associated with the eo~bustible loadings in* that zone and the nearest location Qf these extin;uishants.
Most f~vorable direction from ~hich to attack a fire in ea~h area, in view of the ventilation direction, access hall~ays, stairs and doors ~hich are most likely to be fire-free, a~d the best station or elevation for fighting the fire.
A specific identification system shall designate all halh~ays, stairs, doers, fire equipmer1t and system*
control lcca:ions, and othe~ items described in the fire fighting ~rocacures. This identification should be used
I j,
in the procedures ana the corresoonding plant items should b~ pro~inently marked so that they can be reccgnized in dim 1 ight.
Al 1 access and egress routes that involve locked doors should b~ specifically identified in the:
procedure with the apprcpri~te prec1utions and metnocs for access specified.
(:) Desigration of ?1ant systems that shou)d be man~ged to reduce the damage*potential during a local fire; location 0 1 local and re~ote controls for such management (e.g.,
a~y hycraulic or electric~1 syste~s in the zone covered by tne specific fire fighting procedure that could increase t~e h~za~js in the area becau~~ of overpres*
surization or e~ectrical ha:ards).
(~} Oesi;natipn of vital heat*sensiti~e system components t!".a: should be ke't ecol while fighting a local fire.
Critical e~uip~ent ~~ich are particularly hazardous combustible sources should be designateo to receive cooling.
(5)
Or~ani:ation of fire fig~ting brig~des and the assign~*nt of special dut~es accorcing to.job title so that all fi~e fighting functions are cove~ed by any com;le(e shift pe~
sonne1.corr.p1ement.
These duties should include command ccntro1 of t~e br~gade, fire hose la~ing, a~p1ying the extin~~ishant to the.fire, advancing support-supplies ~o the fire scene, communication with the control room,
- coordination wi.t:-i outs ice fire depart:nents.
(7). Identification ~adiological and *toxit haza~ds in fire.
zones.
(S)
Ventilation system operation that ~ss~res desired plant pres su!"e di stri ~ti on w~n the vent i1 at ion fl ow is.
modified f~r fire ~cntainment or smok~ clearing cpe~ations.
(9)
Operations requirihg control room and sh{ft ~nginee~
coordin~tion or autnorizatio".
(iO)
Inst~uc~ions for plant operators and general plant per*:
s~nne1 during fire.
~.. The validity of the preplanning strategies should be tested by acorqpriate ful1;dress ari11s to check the logic of the stratei;Y, t~e adequacy of the. equipment, personnel under-s:andi ng, and to uncov~r unforeseeri problems.
.e
- f.
Actions to be ta~en by P1ant Superintendent and his staff. and Security Guarcs aft~r notificati~n of a fire.
\\
- g.
Actions to be taken that w111 coordinate fire fighting acttvities
~itn offsite firt departments, inc1uding:
identification of individual res~onrible for assessing situation and calling in outside fire decartment assistance when ~teded; identification of individual ~ho will* direct fire fighting activities when aided ty offsite fire fighting assistance; provisions for including offsite fire fighting organizations in fire brigade dr~11s a: 1eas: o~ce per year; and previsions for'trainin; offsite fire ~e~ar:ment personnel ift basie r~diation principles, typical rac~a:io~ hazards, and precautions to be taken in.a fire involving radioactive materials in the plant.
The pro-cedures s~oulc *also describe the offsite fire depart~en:'s res~urces ~nd esti~a:ad respcnse time by*the ~ffsite fire department to provioe assistance to the station.