ML17053D808
| ML17053D808 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Nine Mile Point  |
| Issue date: | 05/09/1977 |
| From: | Burris B, Tsai Y STONE & WEBSTER ENGINEERING CORP. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML17053D800 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8306080294 | |
| Download: ML17053D808 (24) | |
Text
SUBMERGED MULTIPORT DIFFUSER THERMALDISCHARGES FROM CONCEPTUAL DESIGN TO POSTOPERATIONAL SURVEY by YJTsai BEBurris Stone 4 WebsCeI i'
830'b080294 830bOb PDR ADOCK 05000410 A
PDR Proceedings of the Conference on Waste Heat Management and Utilization 9-11 May 1977, Miami Beach, Florida Vol 3, PP X-B-49-69
0
SUBIKRGZD tCJLTIPORT DIFFUSER LH~~ML DISCHARGES FROM CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 0 POSTOPi'OPTIONAL SURVEY Y, J Tsai and B. E, Burris Stone 8c Webster Engineering Corporation
- Boston, Ya,ssachusetts U.S.AD ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the design concept and thermal predictions for the James A. FitzPatrick Plant diffuser prior to the construction as well as the methodology and results of a series of postoperational thermal plume mapping.
Preoperational lake surveys were performed to provide detailed hydrographi-cal data for conducting and evaluating the hydraulic model and analytical studies.
Near-field and far-field thermal plumes were predicted by the laboratory and mathematical models for various lake current conditions.
Three postoperational hydrothermal surveys were conducted in June,
- August, and October, 1976.
Three-dimensional thermal patterns are documented for ranges of ambient temperatu".es, current speeds and directions, and strati-fied and unstratified lake cond'ons.
In addition, the dif user perfcr-mance in terms of dilution factors was given by dye concentrations existing in the lake after releasing dye into the circulating water system.
These field surveys represent the first comprehensive performance test of a major multiport thermal diffuser Predicted and observed thermal plumes are compared, while dye concentration information is used. to gain better understanding of the miMng mechanism and performance of the diffuser jets with respect to the natural lake ther-mal stratification and lake currents INTRODUCTION The James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant, utilizing a submerged multi-port diffuser once through cooling discharge sys em, has been in commercial operation since July 1975.
The 850 MMe plant is located on'the south side of Lake Ontario near
- Oswego, New York.
The plant withdraws a maximun of 825 cfs from Lake Ontario for plant cooling.
'Flow from an intake tunnel under the lake bottom enters a free surface sc'reen well from which three vertical shaft centrifugal pumps withdraw 785 cfs, and circulate it through the main condenser to produce a 32.4 F temperature rise at full load.
In addition, a meum of 40 cfs is withdrawn for ser-vice water requirements, which will produce a 13.5 F rise in temperature.
A total of 825 cfs will therefore
'r~ discharced with a meximum temps"ature
rise of 31 '
F at the offshore points of discharge after flowing from a 0
free surface well through a tunnel under the lake bottom The heat rejec-tion rate in the condenser is 5.714 x 10 Bt~,
The concept of intake and discharge structures is to produce thermal pat-
'terns which would comply with the New York State thermal discharge criteria prevailing at the time of design The design criteria were the natural surface ambient water temperature, which should not be raised more than 3 F
except within a radius of 300 ft or equivalent area from the point of dis-
- charge, and the thermal discharges should be confined to the epilimnetic area DESIGN CONCEPT AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES The basic concept of the discharge structure consists of multiple submerged ports forming a diffuser.
Sufficiently high initial jet velocities and relative submergence below the water surface produce rapid dilution of the condenser cooling water by entraining large 'quantities of colder ambient lake water, The characteristics of the diluted surface flow layer formed after the initial jet entrainment zone will be such that the intake will be in a region void of warm water and thus provide assurance that no recircu-lation will occur.
To provide a sound basis for developing and predicting the effect of the plant cooling water discharge, field.surveys were conducted to measure lake temperatures and lake currents.
Data obtained from these surveys were used in analytic and hydraulic model studies to develop the hydraulic design of the structures and to ensure that the temperature patterns to be produced.
by plant operation would comply with the thermal discharge criteria of the State of New York The following is a list of the environmental studies which lead to the'inal design 'of the plant cooling water circulating system:
A, Field Studies 1 ~
Continuous recording of currents and temperatures at various depths for six months from late spring to fall 2.
Two overall lake current pattern surveys using drogues 3.
Two overall surface temperature pattern surveys using airborne infrared radiometry.
4.
Four temperature profiles in deep water by traversing with single thermistor.
B, Meteorolo ical Studies Collection of wind speed and direction data from four weather stations I
and
'...".e ".d'.ace.".t:linc Mile."oint St" cn "::':omcter to correlate wi'.'
lake currents.
C draulic Model Studies 1 ~
Basic study of submerged jet dilution to determine characteristics of surface layer (1/26 scale)
~
2~
Lake model To select optimum orientation and direction of dis-charge (1/50 vertical, 1/200 horizontal scales)
~
3, Details of discharge structure Selection of design characteristics of discharge nozzles (1/50 scale)+
4.
Complete discharge and intake model, Location and design of intake; temperature patterns with lake-currents (1/81 scale)
~
D Anal tic Studies 1 ~
Develop basic concept and design features of structures.
2.
Predict overall hydrothermal patterns of cooling water discharge.
STUDY RESULTS AND ADOP.ED DESIGN Lake Conditions Lake current and temperature measurements prov'ded detailed information on the physical lake environment at the James A FitzPatrick site.
Lake cur-rents at the site are primarily wind induced and low in magnitude, usually only a few tenths of a foot per second.
The currents generally follow the lake topography.
Temperatures of the lake water vary according to atmo-spheric conditions.
The thermocline exists at 40 to 50 ft below the surface in deep water during late summer.
The lake structures are in the epilimnion during times of stratification.
In the vicinity of the lake structures, significant natural upwellings have been recorded, with colder hypolimnetic water replacing epilimnetic water. [1],
[2]
aulic Model Tests and Final Desi n The extensive hydraulic model testing program, in conjunction with analytic
- studies, was used to develop the hydraulic design of tne intake and discharge structures.
A submerged diffuser structure discharging high velocity jets which produce rapid decrease in condenser cooling water temperature was selected as the final discharge structure of the power plant.
The design of the diffuser was complicated by the fact that the direction of he warm surface flow has to be determined in order to locate an intake in a region unaffected by the warm water Also, the existence of the Nine Mile Point Power Plant 3200 ft to the west was a factor, s"nce the cumulative effects of both plants had to be considered, The most desirable scheme turned out to be a single line of submerged jets essentially parallel to the hore,with
.thc jets dis='.".urging horizon'..","... ".= ard the l~~~ce.
A otal of 1
j-.ts are
discharged, in pairs from six diffuser heads at an initial velocity of 14 fps at 5 to 6 ft above lake bottom, The direction of the discharge is lakeward and essentially perpendicular to the bottom contours.
Fig.
1 shows the arrangement of intake and discharge system and Fig. 2 depicts the discharge structure diffuser head..
For all lake current conditions, i~e no current, eastward and westward, currents ranged from 0.2 fps to 0.8 fps, the model test results showed the surface water temperature would not be raised more than 3
F outside the permissible zone.
It was also shown that the concept and location of the intake structure are satisfactory.
No recirculation of warm water was detected with or without lake currents.
Basic results from the model tests of the flow pattern and temperature distribution along a section perpendicu-lar to the shoreline through the J'ames A FitzPatrick lake structures are shown on Fig. 3 A more detailed description of the field study and hydraulic model test programs with the adopted design of intake and discharge structures can be found elsewhere.[3]
Far-Field Thermal Plume Prediction Because of physical size limitations which precluded determining the overall site temperature patterns from the hydraulic models, the overall thermal patterns at the site were predicted analytically using the hydrothermal conditions determined from the model tests in the vicinity of the discharge structure.
Analytic solutions of heat dispersion from the discharge were obtained for the condition of a static lake and for the condition of lake currents of different speeds.
For a static lake, analytic solutions for the discharge plume were obtained, by analogy to a hypothetical surface jet.
This hypothetical jet is defined such that it simulates the velocity and temperature distribution found in the model approximately 300 ft downstream from the diffuser structure.
The predicted temperature pattern is shown in Fig 4
It is evident that a symmetrical plume is formed lakeward of the diffuser, with a relatively rapid drop in temperature due to dispersion'o analyze overall temperature patterns with lake currents, it was necessary to establish the center line of the discharge plume.
The cooling water discharge is deflected in the direction of the prevailing current as the velocity of the jets decreases.
Using the entire flow field as a single jet, available data on deflection of jets in moving environments were used to establish the flow center line.
Lateral spread of the flow field along the center line was computed by considering the dispersion of a continuous line source Fig 5 shows the predicted temperature patterns for eastward current of 0.2 fps.
In general, low current speeds produce a broader plume with less total area within the 0.5 F temperature rise isotherm than is the case for high currents.
Analyses of heat loss to the atmosphere indicate only a small decrease in plume temperature at any point.
The above-described analytical methods have been compiled by Argonne National Laboratory in the report "Statemf-the-Art of Analytical Modeling."[4]
POSTOPERATIONAL HYDROTHERMAL SURVEYS A program of hydrothermal field surveys were undertaken for the James A.
FitzPatrick plant to determine the three&imensional thermal patterns pro-duced by the joint operation of a nearby 600 MVe station and the FitzPatrick plant.
In addition the program vas to determine the diffuser performance of the James A. FitzPatrick plant based on dye concentrations existing in the lake after releasing dye into the FitzPatrick plant circulating vater system~
In 1976, extensive three-dimensional thermal and dye patterns vere obtained in June,
- August, and October.
The diffuser discharge plume was documented by on-boat temperature and dye measurements while traveling along established transects.
The survey boat vas. specially equipped vith a boat mounted fix-ture to record temperatures at 1, 2, 6, lO, and 15 ft and dye concentrations at 1, 6, and 10 ft simultaneously.
A 2(g solution of Hhodamine MT dye vas injected into the plantts circulating water system at a rate of 7.5 pounds per hour.
Injection of the dye upstream of the circulating water pumps assured that the dye vas fully mixed prior to leaving the diffuser.
Back-ground fluorescence vas determined before dye release was begun to allov for correction of all dye concentrations measured during the survey.
A mini-mum of 'f2 hours of dye release vas allowed for the establishment of steady state conditions in the lake The nearfield study area consisted of a system of transects marked by buoys and spaced typically 200 ft apart.
In addition, a farfield study area was established to document the extent of the thermal plume in the flov-away zone and, the interaction vith the thermal plume of the nearby 600 MVe pover plant.
Figure 6 shows the location of the transects defining the nearfield and farfield study areas.
In addition to the measurements made along the transects, temperature and dye concentrations vere obtained at 27 vertical profiling stations An in situ tower, located 2,000 feet east of the centerline of the diffuser and 1,000 feet offshore, continuously recorded lake current speed and direction, lake temperature, and, lake level duxing the survey period.
Aquatec, Incorporated of South Burlington, Vermont was contracted to carry out the field work.
A total of 22 resolutions of the thermal plumes and dye concentrations in the FitzPatrick discharge area vere obtained during 1976.
The time span required, for each plume resolution was general+ limited to one and a half hours with one boat utilized for horizontal transects and tvo boats for vertical profiling.
Five resolutions per day vere attempted, how-ever, veather conditions occasionally limited the number of resolutions taken in a day.
The survey results have been grouped into typical,-plume configurations which represent the plume behavior under various sets of lake conditions.
Lake conditions considered of importance in effecting the behavior of the thermal plume are ambient temperature, lake current, lake level, and the amount of thermal stratification, Plant eratin Conditions During the hydrothermal surveys of 1976 the James A. FitzPatrick plant was operating at loads ranging between 85 and 93 percent of its rated megawatt capacity.
The June and August surveys were conducted at plant loads of 780 and 790 megawatt, respectively The plant load, during the October survey was at 725 megawatt.
The average temperature rise across the plant was approximately 29 F for the June and August survey and 26 F for the October survey.
June Surve At this time of year, Lake Ontario exhibits a warming trend with weak ther>>
mal stratification During thy survey period, the lake surface temperatures fluctuate between 47 F and 62 F while the currents are variable in magni-tude from both easterly and westerly directions at the study area.
On June 4 and 13,
- 1976, 6 different plume resolutions were obtained.
Each near-field plume resolution consisted of 6 temperature maps and 3 dye con-centration maps.
One map each of temperature and dye concentration were obtained for the far-field study area; In the near-field study area, the 6 temperature maps consist of isotherms in increments of 1
F for 1-, 2-,
0 6-, 10-, and 15-ft depths and the surface temperature rise above ambient.
The three dye concentration maps consist of isopleths in parts per billion for 2-, 6-, and 10- ft depths Both temperature and dye concentration maps for the far-field study area are measured at 1
5 ft from the water su"face In addition to the above, 27 vertical temperature and dye concentration profiles. are documented over the study areas.
The horizontal transect and vertical information yields the complete 3&imensional plume characteristic prevailing at the time of measurement.
Fig.
6 represents the temperature rise above ambient at the water surface (1 ft depth) for June 13, 1976.
This run was considered to be representa-tive of the weak stratified lake, condition with an insignificant lake cur-rent.
Dye contours at the 2 ft depth taken for the same period of time as the thermal measurements are shown on Fig. 7.
Temperature rise observed at the water surface were less than 2 F within an area equivalent to a 300 ft radius circle for all six measurements.
This illustrates that in respect to the surface temperature rise, the diffuser during the weak thermal stratified lake condition performs at a thermal efficiency better than that assumed for design
The plant cooling water is veil mixed vith the ambierit lake vater, forming a uniform thermal plume thickness of approximate 20 ft directed offshore from the diffuser.
The well defined. dye plumes truely represent the con' figuration of the heated plume discharged from the diffuser.
No dye con-centration vas found in the intake structure and near shore areas'u st Surve The lake experienced moderate thermal stratification during the tvo-day survey on August 19 and 20; 19)6.
Temperature differences betveen surface and bottom vaters vere up to 6 g in the study area vith average natural surface vater temperatures of 69 F and 71 F for August 19 and 20, respectively.
A total of 10 different plume resolutions, 5 per day, vere obtained.
Fig. 8 represents the near-field surface plume map for a moderate strati-fied lake condition with an average westvard current at 0.20 fps.
The varmer surface vater overlying the diffuser is noticeably cooled by the surfacing of the thermal plume Fig. 9 demonstrates that the boundary of the thermal plume as marked. by dye coincides vith the region in which sur-face cooling is observed.
The presence of lower surface vater temperatures at the diffuser discharge area vas caused by entrainment of large quantities of cool bottom vater into the discharge jets and efficient mixing vith varmer surface vater.
There was no noticeable warm surface plume formed during the survey period.
As evidenced in the June survey, the dye plumes also exhibited a veil defined configuration in respect to the plume thickness, concentration level
- contour, and plume boundary.
Except for one near-field plume resolution and scattered small areas, all of the dye concentration maps indicated a dilu-tion factor of more than 10 vas achieved in the near-field rapid mixing The effect of a submerged diffuser discharge on the overlying warmer surface vater is further demonstrated in the far-field temperature measurements as shovn on Fig, 10 The nearby Nine Nile Point Station discharge created a
relatively thin warm surface layer at the Z. A. FitzPatrick site area The diffuser discharge essentially lovered the temperature of the near-field surface water and increased the temperature of a limited area in the far-field for no more than 1
F, by pushing the surface isotherms further toward the direction of the diffuser discharge Very insignificant dye concentra-tions vere detected in the intake water shaft.
October Surve The third survey of 1976 vas conducted on October 7 and 8.
The wind direc-tion vas generally from the vest and northvest during daylight hours of October 7, 1976.
The wind direction changed overnight and by the time of October 8 daylight hours, the prevailing vind direction vas from the north-east and north.
At the study area, the lake also experienced changing in current directions from eastward during October 7 to the vestvard dw'ng Octoi".-r 8, 1976.
Thc current speeds on Octo<sr 7 were 0.4 fps in tho x-.r.".-
ing and diminished to insignificant magnitudes in the afternoon, During the afternoon of October 8, the lake currents were fairly steady toward the west with speeds of about 0 5 fps Meak thermal stratification was observed on the first day of the survey with approximate 2
F temperature difference between the surface and bottom waters.
However, during the afternoon of October 8, thermal stratification was absent due to substantial mixing by strong onshore winds and waves.
The average natural surface water temperature was 60.5 F during the survey period Total of 6 different plume resolutions were obtained:
two near-field and two far>>field plume resolutions on October 7, and only one resolution for both the near-field and far-field plumes on October 8 due to the rough lake conditions.
Fig.
11 and 12 represent the surface temperature rise above ambient and dye concentration contours, respectively for the homogeneous lake condition with a westward current at 0.5 fps. It is interesting to note that dye concen-tration patterns correlate well with temperature patterns for this homoge-neous lake condition.
DISCUSSION A combination of field, studies, hydraulic model tests, and analytical stud-ies led to the final design of the cooling water intake and discharge struc-tures for the James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Plant.
A good understanding of the hydrographic characteristics of the receiving water body and the behav-ior of diffuser discharges proved to be essential for the final design.
Based on the extensive postoperational surveys conducted during 1976, the design of submerged diffuser and intake structures are adequate and have functioned as expected with minimum impact on the environment Four surveys were planned for 1976 to document the submerged diffuser dis-charge plume resulting from the operation of the James A. FitzPatrick plant under all'ossible lake conditions Due to severe lake conditions during the winter season, the scheduled survey in December was canceled As a result, three surveys were conducted for the months of June, August and
- October, However, during the survey periods the lake experienced wide range of variations in respect to temperature, current and thermal stratification.
The parameters considered important for the purpose of measuring'the thermal plume are those of lake temperature, current speed and direction, lake ther-mal stratification, lake level, onshore and offshore winds, nearby Nine K.le Point Station discharge, and plant operating conditions.
The surveys were conducted for the plant operating continuously at loads greater than 80/o.
Inclusion of the dye tracer measurement program in the survey scope of work has.provided very important information, such as, the interaction of the FitzPatrick plume and the Nine Nile Point plume, the configuration of dif-fuser discharge
- plume, and the mechanisms of diffuser performance The interaction of wo no".."'=.- cooli."..":.'=-er d"'scharges can be easily and clea=ly
assessed by evaluating the temperature and dye concentration maps Under thermal stratified lake conditions, temperature distributions of the thermal plume are not well defined because of the low temperature rise of the plume and. large variation of the natural water temperatures.
Injection of dye into the cooling water system and complete mixing with the discharge water provided a display of the well defined plume in respect to the horizontal boundary extents, plume thickness, anti the aiLcing behavior of jets under all lake conditions.
Since the hydraulic model tests and, analyses were performed for homogeneous lake conditions, meaningful comparison of the predicted and field measured temperatures should be based on the same homogeneous density conditions.
Therefore, with dye concentration information, the actual diffuser perfor-mance for each condition can be evaluated to assess the accuracy of predicted results.
The survey results clearly indicated that the diluted surface warm layer, formed after the initial jet rapid mixing, was directed toward offshore and thus avoid recirculation through the intake structure.
During a majority of all survey periods there was no recirculation, however, for several short periods of time dye was detected in the intake water shaft representing an 0
insignificant amount of temperature rise, less than 1
F.
ACKNOMLEDGHENT The James A FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant is owned by the Power Authority of the State of New York, which sponsored. all the studies that led to the final design and the postoperational field surveys.
1 ~
Gunwaldsen, R. M., Brodfeld, B., and Hecker, G. E., "Current and Temp-erature Surveys in Lake Ontario for James A FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant," Proceedings, 13th Conference on Great Lakes Research, Interna-tional Association of Great Lakes Research, Vol. II, 1970.
2.
Stone and Mebster Engineering Corporation, "Engineering and Ecological Studies for Design of Intake and Discharge Structures, James A.
FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant, Power Authority of the State of New York, << (Jm.
197O).
3.
Gunwaldsen, R. M., Brodfeld, B and Hecker, G. E., "Cooling Mater Structures for FitzPatrick Nuclear Plant," Journal of the Power Divi-
- sion, ASCE, Vol. 97, No, P04~
Proc Paper 8572,
- December, 1971, pp 767 - 781.
4 Policastro, A. J. and Tokar, J. V., ~Heated - Effluent Dispersion in Large Lakes:
State-of-the-Art of Analytical Modeling, Part 1, Critique of Model Fowulat ons," Argonne National Laboratory, ANl/ES-11, Janua~>
1972
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5 0
SOO MOO ISOO SCALE FEET
+1288,000 HIIIE MILK~HT IIUCLEAR SIATRIH NOTE COCRD>NATES BASED ON ThE NEW YORK STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEM (CENTRAL ZONE)
JAMES A FITZPATRCK HUCLEaR POwER PLAHT o VERTICALPROFILE LOCATION A TRANSECT CONTROL POINT ISOTHERMS ('F) AT 'l.5 FT DEPTH AUGUST 20, I976 TIME: I409-1531 LAKE LEVEL 247.6 FT USLS Figure 10.
Farfield Surface Temperature
IT t X
t 0
t t
t R
00 QITROO+
lgS)cOOO+
AT01 io P
ISi 20 25 SB 60 62 64 TEFT (OF) f/02 bT03 I
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AMBIENTSURFACE TEMPERATURE ~ 600F OMITO)
OSCIIO)~
TW SITU TOCICR aWISO)
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1 1
1 1
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1 1
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NCNC Uat PONT NCICLCAh S)A)0ON NOTE cooRoo)'TEs Basto 0N TIIE NEw mRII STa'. E PIA))E ccAkhNaTE SYSTEM (COITRSI. ZONE)
AICICS A T) TCPATACC NUCCCAR POPCA P11NT II I
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I 0
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0 CCO 000 CCO SQLE-FEET o VERT)CAI. PROFLf.
LOCAT)ON A TRATSECT CONTROI.
POINT TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE AMBIENT('F) AI'FT DEPTH OCTOBER 8, 1976 TIME: 1642-1759 lAKE lEVEI 2 4 6 I FT UJLS Figure 11.
Homogeneous Lake Condition Temperature
CtttPOO+
CtttPOO+
Ot 0$
04 1.0l.t 14
$4$
I$ 4 4$
$ 4 OYE CONCENTRATION VS OS.UTION FACTOR OCTO8ER 8, 6?G OIC CONCCNTRJTNNI I
I,}
SAC IOR 08 00 OS O,S 08 08 I2 00 Io P
OS 0
02 OD 0.0 0.$tItOI 0$tliOI W $IIIIIORCR OANI$0I gueICNT $ICCO'$4$
IOCPTN ~ITI I
1 1
1
'1 1
1
'1
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1
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NWC NRC IDENT NOCLCAR $TATION
$$4$PO+
NOTE COORolNATES 8ASEO ON THE NEW WPIII STA. E Pl ANE COOROWATE STSTEAI (CENTRAL ZONE I AINC$ A CITTMTIICN NOCICAR PONCR PCANT II
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ZOO 400 800 SCALE-FEET o VERTICAL~
LOCATION
~ TRANSECT CONTROI.
PCNNT OYE CONTOURS (ppb)AT2FT OEPTH OCTOBER 8. I976 TIME:1642-I759 LAKE LEVEL 2II6.I FT USLS Figure 12.
Homogeneous Lake Condition Dye