BECO-86-063, Semiannual Marine Ecology Rept 28,Jan-June 1986s
| ML20215M846 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Pilgrim |
| Issue date: | 06/30/1986 |
| From: | Richard Anderson, Oxsen A BOSTON EDISON CO. |
| To: | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, MASSACHUSETTS, COMMONWEALTH OF |
| References | |
| BECO-86-063, BECO-86-064, BECO-86-63, BECO-86-64, NUDOCS 8611030359 | |
| Download: ML20215M846 (178) | |
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MARINEEC0LOGYSTUDIES RELATEDTOOPERATION0FPII.GRIMSTATION SEMI-ANNUAL.REPORTN0.28 REPORTPERIOD: JANUARY 1986THROUGHJUNE1986 DATEOFISSUE: OCTOBER 31,1986 Compiled and Reviewed by: - n M$r e eries Biologist
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TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I Summary II Introduction III M',rine Blota Studies IIIA Marine Fisheries Studies Semi-Annual Report on Monitoring to Assess Impact of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station on Marine Fisheries Resources of Western Cape Cod Bay, Proa ect Report No. 41 (January - June 1986) (Mass. Dept. of Fisheries, Wildlife and Recreational Vehicles; Division of Marine Fisheries) IIIB Benthic Studies Benthic Algal and Faunal Monitoring at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January 1986 - June .1986 (Battelle New England Marine Research Lab) IIIC Plankton Studies Ichthyoplankton Entrainment Monitoring at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January - June 1986 (Marine Research, Inc.) IIID Impingement Studies Impingement of Organisms at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station: January
- June 1986. (Boston Edison Company)
IV Minutes of Meeting 65 of the Administrative-Technical Committee, Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station 11
SUMMARY
Highlights of the environmental surveillance and monitoring program results obtained over this reporting period (January - June 1986) are presented be-low: PNPS was in outages from March - June 1986 with virtually no thermal discharge present during this time frame. Marine Fisheries Studies:
- 1. Pelagic fish mean catch from January - June 1986 at the gill net sta-tion (97.8 fishes / set) decreased 24.2% from 1985 when 129.0 fishes /
set were taken. Pollock (60.5%), Atlantic herring (9.0%) and cunner (8.0%) made up 78% of the total catch. Cunner accounted greatly for the decrease in overall pelagic fish catch as their catch rate was 71.0% less than in 1985. Striped bass which accounted for less than 1% of the catch, were sampled in much lower numbers than the previous year, possibly due to a lack of an attracting thermal effluent.
- 2. Shrimp trawl catch from January - June 1986 recorded twenty-four ben-thic fish species with little skate (34.8%), winter flounder (26.9%),
windowpane (14.4%), winter skate (9.3%) and yellowtail flounder (3.2%) composing 887. of the total . Mean CPUE for all species was lowest at the PNPS Discharge Station (23.1) and 28.2 for all stations pooled in 1986 (3.4 fishes / tow more than in 1985). CPUE from January June 1986 for winter flounder was highest at the Intake and White Horse Beach Stations, respectively. The smallest winter flounder and windowpane recorded were sampled in the intake embayment. 1-1
- 3. Adult lobster mean monthly catch rato per pot haul in April - June 1986 was 0.62 lobsters (0.33 in 1985). This is the highest spring value since lobster fishery statistics recording commenced in 1970.
The surveillance area (thermal plume) catch rate was 0.42 while the reference area (control) was 0.34; the opposite trend as 1985 when there was a thermal discharge. ;
- 4. In May - June 1986 fish observational dive surveys five species were observed in the discharge area. Pollock (47.0%) and cunner (45.8%)
were the most numerous species seen. No fish showed abnormal be-havior and no gas bubble disease symptoms were observed on routine observational dives. Cunner and tautog were in greatest concentra-tions in the direct path of the PNPS discharge, being observed in
- most abundance at the station in the distal end of the discharge l canal. Blue mussel proliferation and algal growth in the discharge canal and ~outside of it were dense following PNPS outages commencing in early March 1986.
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- 5. Atlantic silverside accounted for 53.1% of the May and June 1986 haul seine (shore zone) fish catch, with sand lance spp. second in abun-dance (19.0%) and a total of twelve species collected. Shrimp (Crangon septemspinosa) doi..inated the invertebrate catch. CPUE and diversity were highest in the PNPS intake embayment where sand lance spp. were dominant. A deeper seine net (10' compared to 6'), to more effectively sample the intake, was utilized. I I-2
- 6. The April - June 1986 shorefront sportfish sur y at Pilgrim Station provided incomplete data because of limited access to the fishing area necessitated by labor strikes. Also, PNPS experienced outages commencing in early March 1986 which resulted in no thermal discharge to attract sportfish species.
- 7. A research lobster study commenced in late-June 1986 and recorded 0.14 adult lobsters per pot as a catch rate in 120 pot-hauls. The limited data currently available for this new monitoring program did not justify impact analysis at this time.
Impingement Studies:
- 1. The mean January - June 1986 impingement collection rate was 0.54 fish /hr. The rate ranged from 0.10 fish /hr (January) to 0.97 fish /hr (June) with Atlantic herring comprising 33.3% of the catch, followed by Atlantic silverside 23.3%, and grubby 10.1%.
- 2. In June 1986, when the fish impingement rate was 0.97, Atlantic her-ring accounted for /7.6% of the fishes collected. Fish impingement rate was 3 times lower than in 1985 possibly because Pilgrim Station had one circulating water pump off during most of the 1986 period.
- 3. The mean January - June 1986 invertebrate collection rate was 0.74/hr with the sand shrimp accounting for 47.2% and horseshoe crab 31.7% of the catch. Six American lobsters were caught.
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- 4. Initial impinged fish survival at the end of the Pilgrim Station in-take sluiceway was 25.5% for static washes and 83.3% for continuous washes.
Benthic Studies:
- 1. No new species of fauna were added to the list of sampled blota as a result of analysis of the March 1986 samples.
- 2. There was no statistically significant difference in pooled number of species among stations. Species richness between the PNPS discharge and both of the reference (control) stations (Manomet and Rocky Points) was not significantly different in March 1986.
- 3. Greatest faunal densities in March 1986 occurred at Rocky Point.
Faunal densities were higher at the Effluent than at Manomet Point. A significant difference was found between Manomet Point, and both Rocky Point and the Effluent. Changes in rank were not found among stations for density without mussels (Mytilus edulis).
- 4. There was no significant difference between pairs of stations statis-tically tested for dominance patterns with 10 of the 15 dominant species at each station being shared. Species diversity was lowest at the Effluent Station exhibiting the large numbers of mussels there.
- 5. No additional algal species were encountered in the study area during March 1986. Algal species occurrence homogeneity was high among all three stations.
I-4
- 6. Algal biomass data indicated similar total algal biomass at Rocky Point, Macomet Point and the Effluent station. Mean Chondrus biomass values were significantly highest at Manomet Point, and Phyllophora at Rocky Point.
- 7. March and June 1986 mappings of the near-shore acute impact zones were performed. A decrease in the total near-field impact zone of 117. is evident when comparing March and June 1986 results, probably because of the PNPS outage begun on April 11.
Entrainment Studies:
- 1. A total of 34 species of fish eggs and/or larvae were found in the January - June 1986 entrainment collections.
- 2. Egg collections for January - April 1986 (winter-early spring spawning) were dominated by Atlantic cod, winter flounder and four-beard rockling. May and June (late spring - summer spawning) egg samples were most representative of Atlantic mackerel, labrids and fourbeard rockling.
- 3. Larval collections for January - April 1986 were dominated by sand lance, rock gunnel and grubby. For May and June larvae radiated shanny, winter flounder, Atlantic mackerel, cunner and fourbeard rockling dominated.
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- 6. No lobster larvae cere collected in the entrainment samples for January - June 1986.
- 5. In no cases did high densities require contingency sampling to be initiated.
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INTRODUCTION A. Scope and Objective This is the twenty-eighth semi-annual report on the status and results of the environmental surveillance and monitoring programs related to the operation of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS). The monitoring pro-grams discussed in this report relate specifically to the Western Cape Cod Bay ecosystem with particular emphasis on the Rocky Point area. This is the sixteenth semi-annuel report in accordance with the environmental monitoring and reporting requirements of the PNPS Unit 1 NPDES Permit from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (#MA0003557) and Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control (#359). A multi-year (1969-1977) re-port incorporating marine fisheries, benthic, plankton /entrainment and impingement studies was submitted to the NRC in July 1978 as required by the PNPS Appendix B, Tech. Specs. Programs in these areas have been con-tinued under the PNPS NPDES permit. Amendment #67 (1983) to the PNPS Tech. Specs deleted Appendix B non-radiological water quality require-ments as the NRC felt they are covered in the NPDES Permit. The objectives of the Environmental Survelliance and Monitoring Program are to determine whether the operation of PNPS results in measurable ef-fects on the marine ecology and to evaluate the significance of any ob-served effects. If an effect of significance is detected, Boston Edison Company has committed to take steps to correct or mitigate any adverse situation. II-l
These studies are guided by an Administrative-Technical Committee thich was chaired by a member of the Mass. Division of Water Pollution Control in 1986 and whose membership includes representatives from the University of Massachusetts, the Mass. Division of Water Pollution Control, the Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA), the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, the U.S Environ-mental Protection Agency and Boston Edison Company. Copies of the Minutes of the Pilgrim Station Administrative-Technical Committee meetings held during this reporting period are included in Section IV. B. Marine Biota Studies l
- 1. Marine Fisheries Studies A modified version of the marine fisheries monitoring, initiated in 1981, is being conducted by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Division of Marine Fisheries (DMF).
The occurrence and distribution of fish around Pilgrim Station and at sites outside the area of temperature increase are being monitored. Pelagic species were sampled using gill net (1 station) collections g (Figure 1) made at monthly intervals. In 1981, shrimp trawling and Y I haul seining were initiated which provide more PNPS impact-related sampling of benthic fish and shore zone fish, respectively. Shrimp trawling is done twice/ month at 4 stations (Figure 2) and haul seining twice/ month during May - October at 4 stations (Figure 1). II-2 l l l
Monitoring is conducted of local lobster stock catch statistics for areas in the proximity of Pilgrim Station (Figure 4). Catch statis-tics are collected approximately weekly throughout the fishing season (May-November). A finfish observational dive program was initiated in June 1978. SCUBA gear is utilized on b1 weekly dives from May-October (weekly mid-August to mid-September) at 6 stations (Figure 2) in the PNPS thermal plume area. A sportfishing creel census performed in 1983 and 1985 to determine the fishing effort, catch and economic value of this activity at the PNPS shorefront recreation area was terminated for 1986. In 1986, an experimental, lobster pot trawl monitoring effort was initiated to eliminate any biases associated with the collection of lobster stock catch statistics for determining PNPS effects. Eight 5-pot lobster trawls were fished in the thermal plume and control areas around PNPS (Figure 3). Results of the marine fisheries monitoring during the reporting period are presented in Section IIIA.
- 2. Benthic Studies The benthic monittoring described in this report was conducted by Battelle New England Marine Labs, Ouxbury, Massachusetts.
II-3
The benthic flora and fauna cere sampled at three locations at depths of 10 feet (MLW) (Figure 1). Quantitative (rock substratum) samples were collected, and the dominant flora and fauna in each plot were recorded. Sampling was conducted two times per year (March and September) to determine blotic changes, if any. Transect sampling off the discharge canal to determine the extent of the denuded and stunted zones is conducted four times a year (March, June, September and December). Results of the benthic surveys reported during this period are discussed in Section IIIB.
- 3. Plankton Studies Since August 1973, Marine Research, Inc. (MRI) of Falmouth, Massachu-setts, has been studying and monitoring entrainment in Pilgrim Sta-tion cooling water of fish eggs and larvae, and lobster larvae (from 1973-1975 phytoplankton and zooplankton were also studied). Figure 5 shows the entrainment contingency sampling station locations. Infor-mation generated through these studies has been utilized to make periodic modifications in the sampling program to more efficiently address the question of the effect of entrainment. These modifica-tions have been developed by the contractor, and reviewed and ap-proved by the Pilgrim A-T Committee on the basis of the program re-sults. Plankton monitoring in 1986 emphasized consideration of ichthyoplankton entrainment. Results of the ichthyoplankton entrain-ment monitoring for this reporting period are discussed in Section IIIC.
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- 4. Impingement Studies The Pilgrim 1 impingement monitoring program speciates and quantifies the organtsms carried onto the four intake traveling screens. Since January 1979, Marine Research, Inc. has been conducting impingement sampling with results being reported on by Boston Edison Company.
A-new screen wash slutceway system was installed at Pilgrim I in 1979 at a total cost of approximately $150,000. This new sluiceway system was required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Mass. Division of Water Pollution Control as a part of NPDES Permit
#MA0003557. Special fish survival studies conducted from 1980-1983 to determine its effectiveness in protecting marine life were termin-ated in 1984, and a final report on them appears in Marine Ecology Semi-Annual Report #23.
Results of impingement monitoring and survival program for this re-porting period are discussed in Section IIID. C. Fish Surveillance Studies Weekly fish spotting overflights are conducted as part of a continuing effort to monitor the times when large concentrations of fish might be expected in the Pilgrim vicinity. Regularly from May-October since 1978, btweekly dive inspections have been conducted of the Pilgrim discharge canal in order to evaluate fish barrier net durability, and effectiveness in excluding fishes from the discharge canal. 11-5
Annual summary reports for these efforts for 1986 eill be presented in Semi-Annual Report No. 29. D. Station Operation History The daily average, reactor thermal power levels from January through June 1986 are shown in Figure 6. As can be seen, PNPS was in an outage during a major portion of this reporting period. E. 1986 Environmental Programs A planning schedule bar chart for 1986 environmental monitoring programs related to the operation of Pilgrim Station, showing task activities and milestones from December 1985 - June 1987, is included as Figure 7. II-6
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SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT ON MONITORING TO ASSESS IMPACT OF PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION ON MARINE FISHERIES RESOURCES OF WESTERN CAPE COD PAY ProJact Report No. 41 (January-June, 1986) By Robert P. Lawton, Vincent J. Malkoski, Steven J. Correia, Brian Kelly, Gary Nelson, Buell Hollister, and Mando Borgatti l September 30, 1986
- Massachusetts Department of Fisheries, l Wildlife, and Environmental Law Enforcement Division of Marine Fishet ies 100 Cambridge Street Boston, Massachusetts 02202 l
l l l
l l ! TABLE OF CONTENTS Sestien East I. Executive Summary III.A.- 1 II. Introduction III.A.- 4 l III. Results III.A.- 5
- 1. Commercial Lobster Pot-Catch Statistics III.A.- 5
- 2. Controlled Research Lobster Fishing III.A.- 8
- 3. Nearshore Benthic Finfish III.A.-12
- 4. Pelagic and Benthi-Pelagic Fishes III.A.-16
- 5. Shorezone Fishes III.A.-19
- 6. Underwater Finfish Observations III.A.-21
- 7. Sportfishing III.A.-24 IV. Highlights of Results III.A.-26 V. Acknowledgements III.A.-27 VI. Literature Cited III.A.-28 l
l l l l III.A.-ii
LIST OF TABLES Inkle Base
- 1. Expanded numbers and percent composition of III.A.-13 finfish captured by nearshore trawling in the vicinity of Pilgrim Station, January-June,1986.
- 2. Expanded trawl catch data (total length and III.A.-14 catch-per-unit-effort) for dominant demersal community species occuring in the vicinity of Pilgrim Station, January-June, 1986.
- 3. Gill not catch a data (7 panels of 3.8-5.2 cm III.A.-17 mesh) from the vicinity of Pilgrim Station, January-June, 1986.
- 4. Shore-zone fishes captured by haul seine at III.A.-20 four stations in the vicinity of Pilgrim Station from May-June, 1986.
- 5. Abundance and size ranges associated with the III.A.-22 occurrence of all species observed during underwater observations at PNPS from May-June, 1986.
t l i III.A.-iii I
LIST OF FIGURES Einure Essa
- 1. Distribution of lobster pots sampled III.A.- 6 April-June, 1986 off Pilgrim Nuclear l Power Station.
- 2. Location of experimental lobster III.A.- 9 gear (5-pot trawls) for Marine Fisheries studies off Pilgrim Station.
III.A.-iv
1 I. EXEGUIIME EWMMOBY Gemmersial Lehniac Esi:Gaisb Einbarx From April-June (spring), 1986 we sampled the trap-catch of two commercial lobstermen who fish in the vicinity of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station. Sample size included a total of 841 pots I
- hauled and 1,788 lobsters captuFed. The percent of legal-sized (CL L Simm) Ichsters in the total catch was 29%. Legal catch a
rate for the inshore area averaged 0.62 legals per pot-haul which is almost double that of last year's spring rate. More legal lobsters per unit effort were caught in the impacted area this cpring than in 1985. Genirelled Bennatsb Lehniac Einbion An experimental lobster study, designed to elucidate the relationship between power plant operation and lobster catch, was initiated in late-June, 1986. Sampling stations were allocated randomly to reference and surveillance areas and then cystematically fished using pot trawls. Fishing effort was ctandardized for each sampling event. During a week of sampling (three sampling trips), data were obtained from'120 pot-hauls. A total of 92 lobsters was captured in the study area of which 18% were of legal size. Legal catch rate for the week averaged 0.14 lobsters per pot-haul. We tagged 17 legals of which 1 was recaptured in June by a commer,cial fisherman. , Nearnberm annibis Einfish A bottom trawl survey of groundfish in the pilgrim area was conducted biweekly January-June, 1986. A total of 1,636 fish representing 24 species was sampled in 58 trawl town. Overall III.A.-1 l
catch-per-unit-effort (pooled species) in the Pilgrim area i for the first half of 1986 was unchanged from last year. Little skate, winter flounder, and windowpane were numerically dominant in the catches. Spatially, little skate were by far most abundant off White Horse Beach; winter flounder, in the Intake embayment, and windowpane in Warren Cove. Catches of the major groundfish generally fluctuated from 1985 levels, Enlanis and Benibirenlanis Einham Monthly overnight gill-net sets garnered 587 fish comprising 22 species. Overall catch per unit effort for all species combined has been on a dcwnward trend the last three years. Comprising 60% of the catch, pollock was by far the dominant benthi-pelagic species in the Pilgrim area for the first half of 1986. Atlantic herring and cunner were a distant second and third in abundance, respectively. Fa'r fewer striped bass were captured this spring presumably because of the absence of the thermal discharge. Ebstazene Einban Twelve species, totaling 147 fish, were captured in 31 haul seine sets during the months of May and June. Atlantic silverside, sand launce, and Atlantic tomcod comprised over 80% of the total catch. Diversity and catch per set were highest in the Pilgrim intake embayment and lowest at Manomet Point. , underwater Einfish Qhamtva11sna Observational dives were performed from 2 May through 23 l June, 1986. Five species of finfish -pollock, cunner, tautog, sea i raven, and rock gunnel- were sighted. Pollock and cunner III.A.-2
l l L comprised approximately 93% of the total finfish recorded. No l ctriped bass were sighted. As a result of the plant outages that began in early March, greatly enhanced growth of blue mussels and cigae was observed in and around the discharge canal. Emerifiabina l l Sportfish landings at Pilgrim Shorefront recreational area were markedly down this spring from other years. Presumably the obsence of the thermal discharge current adversly affected catches in the discharge area. Sportfishing achivity decreased with fewer angler visits and reduced fishing success noted. Only oix finfish species were creeled; cunner and winter flounder led the meager catch totals. l l III.A.-3
II. INIgggggIlgN Surveillance by the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries is ongoing to assess environmental change induced by Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station. Ecological studies of fisheries resources in the surrounding waters of Western Cape Cod Bay for 1986 are funded by Boston Edison Company under Purchase Order No. 68297. Sampling data collected from reference and surveillance stations during January-June, 1986, are summarized and discussed in relation to past findings. It i.s noted that the plant
- operated consistently during this period until 7 March, after which outages negated waste heat removal, while current flow was reduced as one circulating seawater pump was turned off.
Measurements, counts, percentages, and indices of abundance are used in this progress report to identify trends and/or relationships in the data both spatially and temporally. I i III.A.-4 t
III. BEHWLIE
- 1. GQUMEBGIBL LQBSIEB EQI G8IGH EISUEBY Data collection commenced in April and continued through June, 1986 with a total of 841 pots containing 1,788 lobsters campled during this reporting period. The number of sampling trips' thic spring was limited due to the late deployment of gear by one fisherman and the hauling out of another fisherman's vessel for repair. The distribution of pots sampled by quadrat is depicted in Figure 1.
We sampled a total of 525 legal ( 181mm carapace length) lobsters in the Plymouth area within the three month period, yielding monthly mean catch rates of 0.98, 0.58, and 0.51 legal lobsters per pot haul for April-June, respectively. A seasonal mean for April-June of 0.62 legals per pot is nearly double last year's spring mean rate of 0.33. Coastwide, the Massachusetts lobster resource underwent.an early spring molt in 1985 and 1986 d due to' warmer than average water temperatures (Bruce Estrella, . 1 personal communication) . Statewide , however, the 1986 spring , coastal lobster landings were well below the banner spring of i 1985, suggesting that overall a smaller number of lobsters molted into legal size. l A legal catch rate of 0.42 (46 legals /110 pot-hauls) for the surveillance quadrats (H-11 & 12, I-11 & 12) is more than double that of last year's value of 0.17. This index I 1B.Estrella, Marine Fisheries Biologist, Coastal Lobster Investigations, Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries, Sandwich Ma. III.A.-5
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=
l increase parallels the one mentioned above for the general Plymouth area. It should be noted that waste heat discharged from Pilgrim Station initially ceased on 7 March, 1986 with the temporary outages of the facility. The mean spring legal catch per pot haul for reference quadrats (E13 & 14, F-13, J-11) of C. 34 (28 legals /82 pots) is slightly greater than the 1985 rate of 0.26 for the same period. i III.A.-7
'l 2. GQNIBQLLED BEEE88GU LQBEIES EIEUING Initiated in June of 1986, an experimental lobster study was designed to clarify the relationship (interaction) between Pilgrim Station thermal output (operational status) and lobster pot catch rate as an index of lobster abundance for the discharge area. Although the study was to begin in early June, administrative problems precluded commencement until June 23. We are presently conducting controlled research fishing in what we believe to be ecologically similar reference and surveillance areas in the environs of the power plant. Two reference areas were selected to measure natural variability and to be certain that the direction of change is the same in both unaffected locations. Population characteristics may vary within a d'esignated reference area; thus, measurements at a single site may be inadequato as a description for the entire area. Eight stations are presently sampled- four (A-D) in the surveillance area (quadrats I-11, I-12, and H-11) and four (E-H) in the reference areas (quadrats G-12, G-13, J-11, and J-12) (Figure 2). Because of the plant outage, all sampling stations are being monitored this year without the influence of waste heat on the environment, which will allow us to determine if prestress data are similar over time at both reference and treatment areas. The sampling period will cover the months of high commercial catches, June-September. In late June, we set out 40 commercial vinyl coated wire lobster traps (91x51x30 cm) in the study area. Eight trawls (five traps / trawl; traps spaced about 30m apart; trawl III.A.-8
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buoyed at each end) were randomly deployed establishing sampling stations and systematically fished throughout the defined sampling strata enabling us to standardize the distribution of sampling effort. Pots, which are individually numbered, were hauled Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, weather permitting, and soak-time (duration of a set) recorded. At each station, traps were emptied of lobsters, rebaited, and redeployed. To standardize the effect of bait on catchability, flounder racks exclusively were used to bait the pots. For each lobster sampled, the location of capture, carapace length (CL), sex, missing claws, presence of eggs (ovigorous), shell hardness, and pathology were recorded. We released all lobsters in the area of capture. To ascertain the recapture rate of legal lobsters, we are tagging all lobsters 2 81 mm CL prior to their release with a coded yellow cinch tag placed proximal to the dactyl portion of the left cheliped to allow normal claw functioning. The nature of the tagging study was announced to the general public and commercial lobstermen to enlist their cooperation for recapture information. On a weekly basis, surface and bottom water temperatures were l recorded at each station. During the last week of June, we completed three sampling trips totaling 120 pot-hauls. We obtained data on 92 lobsters and tagged 17 legals. Mean catch rate for the study area of legal and sub-legal lobsters was 0.14 and 0.62 per pot-haul, respectively. Legal catch rates for June of 1985 and 1986, i l III.A.-10 1
1 1 l obtained from monitoring the commercial fishery of the area, were G.20 and 0.51 legal lobsters per pot haul, respectively. Cublegal lobsters ranged in size from 52-80 mm CL (E = 70 mm) and legals, 82-92 mm (E = 86 mm). No tagged lobsters were recaptured by our gear. One, however, was recaptured in June by a commercial fisherman one-half mile north of Pilgrim Station. This lobster was at-large but one day. Water temperatures recorded on 23 June at surveillance Stations A,B, and D were casentially homogeneous on the surface and bottom indicating good mixing in the water columns whereas, a 4 to 5 C difference between the surface and cooler bottom waters at Statians C and E-H (reference) reflects thermal stratification. Presumably the lack of thermal stratification in the Discharge area can be attributed to the discharge current (minus waste heat) and resulting turbulence. i l III.A.-11
- 3. NgesgegBE BENIMIG EINE186 l
i Our nearshore bottom trawl survey for 1986 commenced in l early January and continued through June. Statiors in Warren Cove, off White Horse Beach, in the area of the D'scharge, and in the Intake embayment at the power plant were sampled biweekly-during the winter and spring 1986 period, with 58 tows completed. Catches for tows greater than or equal to le minutes, but less l than the standard 15 minute duration, were multiplied by an expansion factor (15 minutos/ actual tow minutes). Tows of less than 10 minute duration were rejected A Etieri. A total of 1,636 finfish, comprising 24 species , was collected in the study area (Table 1). Twenty-one species and 1,416 finfish were collected for the same period in 1985. CPUE (mean catch per standard 15 minute tow) for all stations and species pooled was 28.2 fish / tow, which was somewhat larger than last year's mean value of 24.8 fish / tow. CPUE for all species pooled wac. highest (34.1)off White Horse Beach, and lowest in the area of the Discharge (23.1) . For the same sampling period in 1985, CPUE was greatest in the Intake embayment, but lowest in Warren Cove. Five species : little skate (Rgag RCiDeggg), winter flounder (PERMdEElRMCSDREIRE AERC1EADME), windowpane (Hgggbibglggg agggggg), winter skate (RAJA SER11A1A) and yellowtail flounder (L15A0d4 fECEME1DRA) comprised 88% of the total catch. Little skate was numerically dominant, comprising 35% of the catch. Station CPUE ranged from 7.8 in the Intake embayment III.A.-12
Table 1. Expanded numbers and percent composition of finfish captured by nearshore trawling in the vicinity of Pilgrim Station, January-June,1986. Sp;cies Sta. 1 Sta. 3 Sta. 4 Sta. 6 Totals % catch Discharge Intake E_ s .- Little skate .103 L143':j 4 229 94; 569 34.8 Winter flounder 40 N 93 ifj 131 jl76s 1 440 26.9 Windowpane 84 { '^49 fil 62 ,j 403 f j 235 14.4 Winter skate 31 P:32 il 66 h 23, '! 152 9.3 Red hake 16 10 ~ l 6 ' ? 20'. d 52 3.2 Ysilowtail flounder 0 ? 21: j
- 17 ;'131j 51 3.1 H ka spp. I r ? 26'c q 15 L 10 9 42. 2.6 Oczn pout 6 n. 21 lj 6 #
' 40j 14 0.9 Atirntic cod 2 ;6 j 2 J2: 1 12 0.7 Atirntic silverside 4 T'10 p ! 4 , !3) j 11 0.7 White hake 0 : 70'hj 0 ; :.9_ Q 9 0.6 Cunner 1 k l-211 3 12. "pj 8 0.5 Lcnghorn sculpin 1 t= 0' A 3 e _ '4: 1 8 0.5 M 0.5 R;ck gunnel 1 F ,2:: 0 -5i'r 8 R2inbow smelt 3 E ~32 0 3 l0J. (j; 6 0.4 Summer flounder 0 . i3. el 1 , 913 3) 5 0.3 Silver hake 4 h CO ' 'l 0 , , . 0 .1 e 4 0.2 f: :.0{d Blugback herring 2 0 (0 2 0.1 N:rthern searobin 1 7 0 =, li 1 ,(0{ i 2 0.1 Pellock 0 k10,d 0 ,2) p 2 0.1 Atig.ntic herring 1 0 1 0 ' 11 0 7: 107 C; 1 0.0 Bicek sea bass f 0.0 1
0 f 10' -0, )1 0 70)] 1 Grubby 0 0 x133 M: 1 71 1 0.0 0.0 Pip fish 0 '0: 0 1 0: sgj . j
$/ Pooled species ;, y: .f.;
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Number of tows 13 c:il7aq 16 412 ;
- 58 Tot:1 fish 302 4"392r ell 546 33967 3 1,636 Cstch/ tow 23.2 C ;23.1d 34.1 28.2 Prreent catch 18.5 ' 2 24.0 .
- 33.4 [;33.0j%
224.2 Sh d:d columns are data collected at surveillance stations. t I ! III.A.-13 l l
Table 2. Expanded trawl catch data (total length and catch-per-unit-effort) for dominant demersal community species occurring in the vicinity of Pilgrim Station, January-June, 1986. Little Winter Winter skate flounder Windowpane skate STATION 1 Size range (cm) 11-51 10-39 11-30 35-43 Mean size (cm) 34.7 26.2 24.4 40.8 Mean catch / tow 7.9 3.1 6.5 2.4 STATION 3 Sizc range (cm) T5!~50FN@39IT~ ~ c,9-317 - " 35-821 Mean size (cm) b34.64 . . )T30.0 ? 4
. 720.2? >
, 43.0i Discharge Mean catch / tow iL8.4LM@;&q: ' ,i2.9 m % dl.9j 1
STATION 4 Size range (cm) 21-54 9-41 12-36 35-51 Mean size (cm) 37.8 29.0 21.3 40.5 Mean catch / tow 14.3 8.2 3.9 4.1 STATION 6 ~ Size range (cm) )NSF7~T7-46TT7NIF2C'53715' 41 Mean size (cm) F36#f ff. s-27.3 .< 4418.75 n;, J 42;7] Intake Mean catch / tow [E l. F ~ _i14.7 M G w h 3.3f ' al.93 Shaded rows are data collected at surveillance stations. III.A.-14
to 14.3 off White Horse (Table 2). For the same sampling period in 1985, catch rate was lowest in Warren Cove (4.2) and highest in the Intake (14.2). Winter flounder ranked second (27%) in trawl totals with the highest CPUE obtained in the Intake at 14.7 fish / tow and the lowest recorded in Warren Cove at 3.1. Relative abundance in Warren Cove was down from last year but remained virtually the came in the Discharge area and White Horse Beach stations. Windowpane ranked third, comprising 14% of the total. CPUE, ranging from 2.9-6.5, was up at all stations from last year. Abundance was greatest in Warren Cove and the lowest in the Discharge. Comprising 9% of the total catch, winter skate was the fourth in the dominance hierarchy. Catch values ranged from 1. 9 in the Discharge area to 4.1 off White Horse beach. Compared to last year, CPUE increased off White Horse but declined in the Discharge and Intake embayment. The greatest numbersof demersal fish species were caught in the Discharge area and White Horse Beach. However, no conclusive findings can be deduced from a limited data set collected over only two seasons. l i III.A.-15 l 1
~.-- , _ . . , - - - - - - - - , - , - - - - - ---._-,,-.-r., , . , , . - - - . - -
- 4. EELOGIG BNQ EENINI:EELBSIG EISHER A total of 587 fish, representing 22 species was gill netted during 6 overnight sets made during the period January ,
I through June, 1986 (Table 3). Pollock (2911AEb1ME XiCEDE), Atlantic herring (Qlygge bgCgDEME DACRDBMg), and cunner (IAM19991AhCME AdEERCEME) comprised 78% of the total catch. Overall-catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) for pooled species was 97.8 fish per set, which is somewhat lower than the 1985 value of 129.9. Mean CPUE for the same time period in 1983 (227.8) and 1984 (189.8) points to a general downward trend. However, as this decline has occurred over periods of both high power plant output and outage, it appears that natural variability is an influencing factor. Comprising 60% of the gill-net catch, pollock was by far the dominant species captured. Atlantic herring (9%) and cunner i (8%) were a distant second and third in abundance, respectively. 1 I Other species common to the area were alewife (91g33 EERMd2DACRDEME), tautog (Iggiggg gD1113), and northern searobin (EC19091ME EAC211Dgg), although none of these represented more than 6% of the total catch. Striped bass (d9C9DE 2AMB11115) were sampled infrequently (3 individuals), as contrasted with 1985 when they ranked fourth (65 individuals) in catch for the same period. Their scarcity is likely due to the absence of a heated effluent at Pilgrim Station which resulted from a series of outages that began in early March. An attraction to the thermal discharge by this species was discussed by Lawton et al. (1986). III.A.-16
Table 3. Gill net catch data (7 panels of 3.8-15.2 cm mesh) from the vicinity of Pilgrim Station, January-June, 1986. Size
% of Range Species Number total fish (mm)
Pollock 355 60.5 203-392 FL Atlantic herring 53 9.0 155-285 FL Cunner 47 8.0 112-261 TL Alewife 33 5.6 134-293 FL Trutog 28 4.8 191-475 TL Northern sea robin 16 2.7 260-340 TL Scup 12 2.0 174-2.49 FL Atlantic menhaden 9 1.5 220-310 FL Smooth dogfish 8 1.4 800-1040 TL Winter flounder 6 1.0 271-366 TL S a raven 5 --- 158-444 TL Striped bass 3 307-515 FL Little skate 2 460-496 TL Rainbow smelt 2 216-218 TL Atlantic cod 1 255 TL Atlantic mackerel 1 406 FL Atlantic tomcod 1 255 FL
< 1.0 800 TL Bluefish I Longhorn sculpin 1 325 TL R ck gunnel 1 128 TL Silver hake 1 415 FL Spiny dogfish 1 -- 920 TL Total 587 FL = fork length TL = total length I III.A.-17 l
Of the remaining species (Table 3), most were represented only by a single individual and comprised less than 1% of the total catch. III.A.-18
- 5. ESQBEIQNE EIEMES A total of 147 fish, representing 12 species, was captured in 31 haul seine sets completed during four sampling days over the months of May and June (Table 4). Approximately 1,800 common chrimp (QCADE9D ERQiREEDID9EME) were also collected. Water temperature and salinity at the time of sampling ranged from 9.0 to 17.0 C and 29.0 to 34.0 % , respectively.
Three taxa - Atlantic silverside (dRDidia ERDid1A), sand lance (8mmggylg3 spp.), and Atlantic tomcod (Migtggggga igmggd) - comprised over 80% of the total catch. Atlantic silverside, the > numerically dominant species, accounted for 53.1% of the catch and was the only finfish to be captured at all seine sampling sites. Sand lance ranked second in overall catch, but were taken only at the Intake Station. Diversity, as measured by the total number of species captured, was highest in the Pilgrim Intake embayment and was lowest at Manomet Point. Catch per set, as an index of overall abundance, was also highest in the Intake and lowest at Manomet Point. As a result of the small sample sizes involved, it is difficult to comprehensively analyze species diversity and relative abundance trends during the May-June sampling period. III.A.-19
Table 4. Shore-zone fishes captured by haul seine at four stations in the vicinity of Pilgrim Station from May-June, 1986. Station 2 3 4 6 Warren Pilgrim Long Manomet Total Percent of Species Cove IntakeI Point Point Number total catch! 25 l'6 ' 36 1 78 53.1 Atlantic silverside Sand lance spp.* flI28j ; 28 19.0 12 16 10.9 Atlantic tomcod 1 [f , L 3 ' . J, ' 6.8 10 Rainbow smelt f $10 < + 4 2.7 Winter flounder 5 3-- -0 1 2.0 3 Bay anchovy 3 .
~2- d; 1 3 2.0 Threespine stickleback R 1
Northern pipefish ,] 1 f(L 1 Longhorn sculpin -11'
- fj Atlantic lumpfish [y ;j l 4.0 g 21}
p Windowpane (; s! ,;j 1 I ? Inland silverside I?! [j L 29 b, T66~. 51 1 147 Total no. of fish Number of sets 8 k,77; ' 8 8 31 4.7 Catch / set 3.6 9' 6.4 0.1 Total no. of species 3 b . 44;9-24
- 9.4):410 V d5 1 12 Percent of total catch 19.7 I- 34.7 0.7
*Not separated by species 1
45.7 m x 3.0 m seine Shaded column is data from surveillance area.
- 6. UNQgBHelg8 EINElgd gSggayGIlgNS Biweekly observational dives at the six stations located in and around the discharge canal commenced on 2 May, with four dives made through 23 June, 1986. Five species of finfish (Table
- 5) were recorded, as well as blue mussels (Myt1193 gdglig),
starfish (Ostgrigs spp.), and horseshoe crabs (Limulgg gglygbgmyg). Water temperatures in the observational area ranged from 9.5-18.9 C at the surface and 8.0-16.5 C on the bottom. Ambient water temperatures (measured in the Intake embayment) ranged from 9.5-17.0 C and 9.0-17.0 C at the surface and bottom, respectively. In the absence of a thermal discharge resulting from station outages that began in early March, blue mussels proliferated in the discharge area. Extending seaward of the discharge canal to the large erratic at station C1, the mussel bed formed a dense carpet, broken only by patches grazed bare by starfish. Algal growth in and around the discharge area was also onhanced. We observed thick stands of rockweed (@sggghyllgm spp.) in the stunted zone (Stations Si and S2), luxuriant growth of algal species in the control zone (Stations C1 and C2), and newly emerging fronds of kelp (Laminaria spp.) attached to boulders that form the bottom of the discharge canal. The most common finfish species were pollock (Pgliaghigs M1 CEDE) and cunner (Tagtggglgbtyg adaggt393), together comprising about 93% of the total fish observed (Table 5). Pollock were sighted primarily in small groups of 30 to 50 individuals and were most often found at Station C2. Cunner were III.A.-21
Table 5 . Abundance and station locations associated with the occurrence of all species observed during underwater observations at PNPS from May-June, 1986. Number Station observed % of where most Species by divers total fish abundant Pollock 119 47.0 C 2 Cunner 116 45.8 D 2 Tautog 16 6.3 D 2 Sea raven 1 0.4 Dg Rock gunnel 1 0.4 C 2 III.A.-22
oighted at all stations but most frequently at Station D2 (mouth of the discharge canal). The only other species seen in any abundance was tautog (Tagtgga guitis) observed at Station D2. No striped bass (Mgegen s3331111s) were sighted, but this is not curprising because Pilgrim Station is not releasing heated offluent during the outage. The attraction of striped bass to the plant's thermal discharge was reported by Lawton et al. (1986). Of the fish observed, no abnormalities in appearance or ber.;tvfor were noted. III.A.-23
- 7. SEQBIEISHING Sportfish catch at Pilgrim Station for the period, April-June, 1986 was recorded by security personnel at the water front in a cooperative effort to maintain at least a limited data base on the recreational fishery of the . area. A questionnaire was employed to obtain creel data on weather, wind and sea conditions, number of fishermen, location of shore fishing, and catch by species.
The Shorefront again opened to the public in April. A total of 52 anglers reportedly fished there that month, primarily for groundfish off the outer intake breakwater. No fish were caught. It was during this month that the power plant went into an extended outage. In May labor strikes at Pilgrim Station curtailed fishing effort, in that the Shorefront was closed for part of the month. Only 28 anglers fished there, with only one winter flounder (EERMd991RMC9DREIRE AMRCiEADgE) landed. Activity, increased in June when 163 angler-trips were made to the area; favorable weather conditions enhanced fishing effort. It is noted, however, that for almost three weeks of that month, the Shorefront was again closed to the public because of labor strikes. Six finfish species were caught in June totalling 49 individuals: 27 cunner (Iggigg91BhCME AdERREEME), 12 winter flounder, S striped bass (M9EQDE EAEB11115), 3 pollock (2911AEb1ME VIERDE), 1 tautog (Igylgge QD1112), and 1 bluefish (2958195M5 EA11girig). Overall, angler activity and sportfish catch were the lowest recorded for the spring season since the III.A.-24 l 1
Shorefront opened in April, 1973. Apparently, labor strikes at the plant and the April-June station outage negatively affected the recreational fishery at Pilgrim Shorefront. t l l III.A.-25
IV. HIGHLIEUIE DE BESULIS Based on the data collected to date (30 June, 1986) by the Division of Marine Fisheries for the current study year, there were, in general, no unusual findings to report for the finfish assemblages observed in the area around Pilgrim Station. The plant did enter outages on 7 March, with attendant changes to the benthic community observed by divers. However, these changes and the decreased attractiveness of the discharge area to game-fish (and fishermen), resulting from the absence of a thermal effluent, were also noted for the outage year of 19N4 (Lawton et al. 1985) and should be expected for periods of prolonged outage. With limited 1986 data available at this time, it is difficult to ascribe fluctuations in relative abundance and local distribution for many species to cause. III.A.-26
- v. sggggyLggggggNIg We acknowledge the contributions of the numerous staff members of the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries who cssisted in phases of field sampling especially Neil Churchill end Joseph O' Gorman; and of Leigh Bridges in editing the final manuscript. We thank John Karbott and Chris Kyranos for allowing us to sample their lobster pot catches ; and W. C. Sibley and Richard Schneider for overseeing the collection of creel data at the Shorefront area. Also, greatly appreciated is the work of Carleen Mackin for typing this report. Finally, we thank Robert D. Anderson and the Pilg-im Advisory-Technical Committee for overseeing the entire study program.
l l l l l l III.A.-27 M -
-- + + - - -- + - - -
VI. LIIg_RATU_RE Q1IgQ Lawton, R. P. , C. Sheehan, V. Malkoski, S. Correia, and M. Borgatti. 1985. Annual report on monitoring to assess impact of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station on marine J fisheries resources of western Cape Cod Bay. Project j
, Report No. 38 (January-December, 1984). ID: Marine i Ecology Studies Related to Operation of Pilgrim Station, Semi-Annual Report No. 25. Boston Edison Company.
Boston, MA, U. S. A. Lawton, R. P., V. J. Malkoski, S. J. Correia, J. B. O'Gorman, and M. R. Borgatti. 1986. Progress report on studies to evaluate possible effects of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station on the Marine Environment.- Project Report No. 40. ID: Marine Ecology Studies Related to Operation of Pilgrim Station, Semi-Annual Report No. 27. Boston Edison Company. Boston, MA, U. S. A. 1 III.A.-28
! FINAL I ! SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT l Number 28 to BOSTON EDISON COMPANY on i BENTHIC ALGAL AND FAUNAL MONITORING AT THE PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION January-June 1986 Mark D. Curran Janet M. Kennedy Lee S. McKay Nancy B. Alff John W. Williams 15 October 1986 i BATTELLE New England Marine Research Laboratory 397 Washington Street Duxbury, Massachusetts 02332 Battelle is not engaged in research for advertising, sales promotion, or publicity purposes, and this report may not be reproduced in full or in part for such purposes.
i l l I \ l TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
.. ..... ...... i INTRODUCTION... . . . 1 METHODS. . .. : z . .. 3 RESULTS. _. -. :. . 5 FAUNAL STUDIES . .. _. 5 ALG AL STUDIES. _ .... . . ._. .. . .. ... 20 QUALITATIVE TRANSECT SURVEY. . . .... .. .. 30 DISCUSSION. . .. . . . - . .. . 34 LITERATURE CITED. .. . . .- .. .. ... ... .. . ........ ........ 38 i l l
LIST OF TABLES l PAGE Table 1. Faunal Species Richness, March 1986..... .. ... . .. .. .. . 6 i Table 2. Faunai Densities With and Without Mytilus edulis, March 1986. 8 Table 3. Rank Order of Abundance for the 15 Dominant Species, March 1986. .--
.- 10 Table 4. Information Theory Diversity Values (Shannon-Weiner) by Replicate and for Station Data, March 1986... .. . 12 Table 5. Information Theory Diversity Values (Shannon-Weiner)
Excluding Mytilus edulis by Replicate and Station Data, March 1986.... --
. . - .. .. I2 l Table 6. Expected Number of Species for Pooled Station Data Using Rarefied Sample Sizes of M=50, 400,750,1000 and 5000. ..... ... 14 Table 7. Species Groups Identified by Inverse Cluster Analysis of March 1986 Benthic Faunal Data . . .. .... .. .. I9 Table 8. Dry Weight Biomass Values (g/m2) for Chondrus crispus, Phyllophora spp., Epiphytes, the Remaining Benthic Species, and Total Algal Biomass for Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent Subtidal (10' MLW) Stations for March 1986.. ...-... 25 Table 9. Colonization Values for Chondrus crispus and Phyllophora
, spp. for the Manomet Point, Effluent, and Rocky Point Subtidal (10' MLW) Stations for March 1986. ..- .. . 28 Table 10. Colonization Index Value for Chondrus crispus and Phyllophora spp. for the Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent Subt'.dal (10' MLW) Stations for March 1986.. .. . . .. 29 Table 11. Divers' Logs Describing Appearance of Denuded and Stunted Zones, March 31, 1 98 6..... . ..... .... . . .. . ........ .. ........ 33 Table 12. Divers' Logs Describing Appearance of Denuded and Stunted Zones, June 1 9, 1 93 6. ..... .... ........ . .. ........... . .... .... . 35 l l i w 4
,_e__- . . - _ ,_,.,r,,__,_...,,--_-_.--c.-. _ ,,...,,__-.r__ _, _ , ,.._, __ , , , _ . ,_,,,_ _ _ _, ,,_, .. -__-_. , _ . , . - - - . . ~ - - _ . , _ _ _ , , -
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 1. Location of the Rocky Point, Effluent, and Manomet Point Subtidal (10' MLW) Stations _ - - .. 4 Figure 2. Dendrogram Showing Results of Cluster Analysis of March 1986 Data Using Bray-Cartis and Group Average Sorting. Shaded Area Highlights Effluent Replicates .. 15 Figure 3. Dendrogram Showing Results of Cluster Analysis of March 1986 Data Using NESS and Flexible Sorting. Shaded Area Highlights Effluent Replicates -z -. 16 Figure 4. Dendrogram Showing Results of Inverse Cluster Analysis of March 1986 Data Using Bray-Curtis and Group Average Sorting. Shaded Areas Highlight Different Species Groups. ..... 18 Figure 5. Nodal Analysis of Constancy for Species and Replicate Groups Determined for March 1986 Data. Shaded Area Highlights Effluent Replicate Group. . . - ... . 21 Figure 6. Algal Community Overlap (Jaccard's Coefficient of Community) and Number of Species Shared Between Replicate Pairs at the Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent Subtidal Stations (10' MLW), March 1986.....-. - 24 Figure 7. Configuration of Denuded and Stunted Zones for i March 31,1986 ..- m-...-. 31 Figure 8. Configuration of Denuded and Stunted Zones for June 19,1986 ~ : -_. _ . . . 34 l Figure 9. Configuration of Denuded and Stunted Zones for December 1985 and March and June 1986.. .... . . 37 l I 1 i l i l
i EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
This report presents the results of benthic algal and faunal studies conducted from January through June 1986 relative to the operation of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) in Plymouth, Massachusetts, under Purchase Order No. 68288. Quantitative samples were collected in March 31, 1986, and qualitative impact zo ;e surveys were conducted on March 31 and June 19, 1986. Of particular interest during this reporting period was the prolonged power outage that began at PNPS in April 1986 and was continuing at the time of this writing, as well as outages that preceded this in March 1986. These investigations represent the most recent phase of an extensive long-term monitoring effort by Boston Edison Company (BECO) to assess the impact of PNPS on the inshore benthic community of western Cape Cod Bay. The benthic monitoring program has been refined in scope during the past several years by the Pilgrim Administrative Technical Committee in conjunction with Boston Edison Company and currently consists of the follov'ing components: e Semi-annual quantitative sampling (March and September) at the Effluent station, and at the Rocky Point and Manomet Point reference stations. e Quarterly mapping (March, June, September, and December) of the nearfield acute impact zones by means of diver observation. A variety of analytical techniques were used to assess community structure. Specific data on algal biomass, dominant fauna, and densities of selected faunal species were also investigated. Field collections and laboratory analysis te':hniques were in most cases identical with techniques used by former contractors. Every effort was made to ensure that the long-term comparability of the database would not be compromised because of a change in contractors over the course of the program. We have carefully noted any changes in techniques that were deemed advisable. QUANTITATIVE STUDIES As in previous samplings, five replicate 0.1089 m2 benthic samples were collected with scuba at three stations: Effluent, Manomet Point, and Rocky Point. Samples were preserved in the field and transported to the laboratory, where the faunal and alga!
11 fractions were separated and analyzed. Data were analyzed on the Battelle VAX system using sof tware that had previously been used to analyze PNPS data. Faunal Studies l Systematics. No new faunal species were added to the taxonomic list associated with the benthic monitoring studies at PNFS as a result of analysis of the March 1986 qucntitative samples. Species Richness. In March 1986, the Manomet Point reference station had the highest number of faunal species for pooled replicates, followed by the Effluent station and the Rocky Point station. Average species per replicate ranked the Manomet Point station first, followed by the Rocky Point station and the Effluent station. The observed differences in the numbers of species per replicate were found.not to be significant (at p=.05). A jacknifed estimate of species richness ranked the Manomet Point station first, fo!! owed by the Effluent station and the Rocky Point station, with a significant difference between the Manomet Point and Rocky Point stations (at p=.05). Faunal Density. Total faunal densities were highest at the Rocky Point station in March 1986, followed by the Effluent and Manomet Point stations. Significant differences (at p=.05) were noted between the Manomet Point station and both the Effluent and Rocky Point stations. Removing Mytilus edulis from the data resulted in no overall change in ranks among the three stations. Species Dominance. Replicate samples from all three stations contained high percentages of arthropods. Ten species were shared among the 15 dominant species at each of the stations; 9 of these were arthropods. Of the 15 dominant species in replicate samples from the Manomet Point station in March 1986,10 were also found among the 15 ! dominant species in samples collected at the Effluent station. The Rocky Point and Effluent stations shared 13 of the same 15 dominant species. The Spearman's _ rank correlation procedure noted positive correlations between all three stations; however, l only the Manomet Point vs. Rocky Point and Effluent vs. Rocky Point pairings were significant (at p=.05). l Species Diversity. In March 1986, the Manomet Point station exhibited the highest species diversity for total fauna, followed by the Rocky Point station and the Effluent station. Removing Mytilus edulis from the data resulted in a decrease in diversity at both the reference stations and an increase in diversity at the Effluent station. This change in diversity was due to the high numbers of Mytilus at the Effluent station relative to the I reference stations. i
l l iii Measures of Similarity. Normal cluster analyses performed on the March 1986 replicate data showed the replicate samples collected at the reference stations to be more similar to one another than to any of the Effluent station replicate samples. This has been the case for most of the previous samplings. Inverse cluster analyses resulted in six species groups, including one large group composed of 23 species that have shown a tendency to group together for the past three samplings. A nodal analysis of the replicate and species groups indicated that two of the species groups accounted for much of the dissimilarity between the reference and Effluent stations. Algal Studies Systematics. No additions to the cumulative algal species list were made as a result of analysis of the March 1986 samples. Algal Community Description. The rock and cobble substrata found at the Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent stations were heavily colonized by red macroalgae during the March 1986 collections, especially by Chondrus crispus and Phyllophora spp. Epiphytic algal species were observed at all three stations, with Chondrus and Phyllophora serving as the primary hosts. The most commonly observed epiphytes were Spermothamnion repens, Polysiphonia spp., grstoclonium purpurem, Ceramium rubrum, Phycodrys rubens, and Callophyllis cristata. Algal Community Overlap. The Manomet Point and Rocky Point stations showed the highest species overlap between stations (90.9 percent). The Manomet Point and Effluent stations showed the lowest overlap (,.9 percent). The community overlap between stations indicated that the Effluent station differed from the reference stations, but there was a high degree of homogeneity (>75 percent) in terms of species occurrence among all i three stations. Algal Biomass. In March 1986, Chondrus crispus biomass was significantly higher (at p=.05) at the Manomet Point station than at either the Rocky Point station or the Effluent station. Phyllophora spp. biomass was significantly higher (at p=.05) at the Rocky Point station than at either of the other two stations. Biomass for the remaining benthic species (RBS) category was significantly higher (at p=.05) at the Effluent station than at the reference stations. The significant differences among the individual biomass categories balanced one another out, resulting in no significant differences among the stations for total algal biomass. l Chondrus/Phyllophora Colonization Index. Phyllophora spp. was more heavily l colonized with both algal and faunal epiphytes than Chondrus crispus in March 1986.
iv Colonization values for Phyllophora were highest at the Effluent station, which correlated well with total epiphytic biomass data. Chondrus showed its greatest colonization values at the Manomet Point station, as a result of the greater biomass of Chondrus at that station. QUALITATIVE TRANSECT SURVEY The diver-transect study was conducted with particular care to ensure comparability with previous work. Methods were identical to those used in previous years, involving a fixed line stretched offshore along the discharge canal centerline and a moveable line placed perpendicular to the fixed line. This transect was traversed by divers who noted the boundaries of the stunted and denuded Chondrus zones immediately adjacent to the effluent canal. The total area encompassed by the denuded zone in March 1986 was 765 m2, a 17 percent reduction of the denuded zone as compared with December 1985 (925 m2). The stunted zone observed in March 1986 equaled 560 m2, a 90 percent increase in the size of the stunted zone since December 1985 (295 m2). The total nearfield impact area for the March 1986 transect survey equaled 1325 m2 ; 9 percent greater than that measured in December 1985. The total area contained within the denuded zone in June 1986 was 312 m2, a 6 percent increase in this zone as compared with March 1986. An additional 364 m2 was contained within the stunted zone, for a total nearfield impact area of 1176 m2 This represented a 35 percent reduction in the size of the stunted zone and an 11 percent reduction in the size of the total impact area since March 1986. Additional observations during 1986 and 1987 will be required to determine if the same lagged recovery within the acute impact zones noted in response to the refueling outage of 1984 will be seen in response to the outage begun in April 1986.
SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT Number 28 to BOSTON EDISON COMPANY on BENTHIC ALGAL AND FAUNAL MONITORING AT THE PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION 3anuary 1986 - June 1986 Mark D. Curran Janet M. Kennedy Lee S. McKay Nancy B. Alff John W. Williams INTRODUCTION This report presents the results of the most recent series of benthic monitoring surveys performed at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS). The surveys
- are part of a long-term monitoring effort by Boston Edison Company to assess the impact
! on the inshore benthic community of the thermal effluent frorn the 655 MW nuclear steam-electric generating station. PNPS is located on the northwest shore of Cape Cod Bay, five miles southeast of Plymouth Harbor, Massachusetts. The quantitative algal and l faunal data presented and analyzed in this report were derived from field collections conducted on March 31, 1986. Qualitative transect data were collected on March 31 and June 19,1986. 1 I l
The specifications for times of sampling and procedures follow guidelines established by the Pilgrim Administrative Technical Committee (PATC) and adopted by Boston Edison Company. The sampling program was modified in the summer of 1981 to include (1) semi-annual (September, March) benthic sampling (quarterly samples were taken from September 1974 to June 11, 1981); (2) three quantitative sampling sites (Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent Station); (3) Five replicate samples (0.1089 m2) from each of the three stations (three replicates were taken from September 1974 through June 1980; six replicates were taken from September 1980 through June 1931); and (4) diver-conducted transect surveys to be performed quarterly (September, December, March, June) from December 1981 to assess localized effects of PNPS cooling water discharge on nearfield benthic communities. Of particular interest during this reporting period were power outages of some - l duration beginning on March 7,1986, as well as the prolonged power outage at PNPS that began in April 1986 and was continuing at the time of this submission. To put the outages in persps etive with the benthic monitoring program, the first quantitative samples and qualitative observations of 1986 were taken just prior to the initiation of the extended outage (March 31, 1986). The second qualitative transect survey was conducted two months after initiation of the extended outage (June 19, 1986). Because the outage that. began in April 1986 is expected to last for at least ore > ear, one may expect that responses within the benthic communities to the lack of thermal effluent / current from PNPS will begin to be observed in 1986/1987, and that these responses will be similar to those noted during 1984 and 1985 when PNPS experienced record minimum (1934) and maximum (1985) power output. These responses were summarized in Semi-Annual Report No. 27 (BECO,1986) and included the following: e A change in the relative rankings of the Effluent and reference stations in terms of species richness; the Effluent station typically ranked last prior to the 1984 outage, but ranked second in March 1985. e Species diversity values at the Effluent station that were more similar to the reference stations than would be typical if PNPS were operating. e A lagged recovery at the effluent impact zones resulting in macroalgal growth within the previously denuded Chondrus zones. 2
Because of the timing of sample collection relative to the power outages during the first half of 1936, the responses discussed above will most likely not be apparent until the second half of 1986. The current report serves as a progress report that will be expanded upon in Semi-Annual Report No. 29 (which will present and interpret 4 results for the entire year). Results presented in the current report will focus on interstation comparisons (i.e., Effluent vs. reference stations) to assess PNPS-related im pe. cts. We employed a variety of analytical techniques to assess impacts on benthic community structure. In addition, we investigated specific data on algal biomass, i dominant fauna, and densities of selected species. Where appropriate, we have incorporated biological interpretation of results. J Battelle's Project Manager for the PNPS algal and faunal investigations is Mr. Mark Curran. Algal taxonomy was performed by Mr. Lee McKay. Faunal taxonomy was conducted by Ms. Janet Kennedy and Ms. Nancy Alff. Field logistics and collections were supervised by Mr. John Williams. Additional personnel participating in this project included Dr. Cary Tuckfield, Mr. Phillip Nimeskern, Mr. Robert Williams, Mr. Eugene Ruff, Mr. Russell Winchell, and Ms. Ann Loftus.
. METHODS I
A detailed description of the field, laboratory, and analytical procedures that pertain to the current report can be found in Semi-Annual Report No. 27 (BECO,1986). As in previous samplings, five replicate 0.1089 m2 benthic samples were collected with scuba at three sites: Effluent, Manomet Point, and Rocky Point (Figure 1). The Manomet Point and Rocky Point stations were selected as reference sites. Quantitative samples were preserved in the field and returned to the laboratory, where faunal and algal fractions were separated and analyzed. Qualitative transect data were collected using a fixed line stretched offshore along the discharge canal centerline and a moveable line
,placed perpendicular to the fixed line. The transect was traversed by divers who noted the boundaries of the stunted and denuded Chondrus zones that extend offshore from the
- effluent canal. Quantitative data were analyzed on the Battelle VAX system using sof tware that had previously been used to analyze PNPS benthic data.
i l 3 l
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RESULTS Results of analyses of data collected from January through June 1986 are presented. Results from the Effluent station have been highlighted in tables and figures to distinguish them from results for the two reference stations. FAUNAL STUDIES Systematics No new faunal species were added to the taxonomic list associated with the benthic monitoring studies at PNPS as a result of analysis of the March 1936 quantitative samples. The taxonomic list consists of 463 invertebrate species that have been observed at the three monitoring stations during the course of the program. Species Richness Species richness values in March 1936 are presented in Table 1 for all three i stations. Data are presented as total species per replicate for each station, with a mean value over all replicates at each station and a cumulative total representing pooled species numbers at each station. Because the area included within each replicate is 0.1089 m2 (1039 cm2), the cumulative species total at each station represents a total area of 0.5445 m2 (5445 cm2), In March 1986, the Manomet Point reference station had 36 species for pooled replicates, the highest number among the three stations. T he Manomet Point station was followed by the Effluent station with 79 species and the Rocky Point reference station with 72 species. Average species per replicate (S) again ranked the Manomet Point station first (51.6), followed by the Rocky Point station (49.8), and the Effluent station (44.3). The observed differences in numbers of species per replicate at each station (S) in March 1986 were tested for significance via a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the program ONEWAY of the SPSS statistical package. These differences were found not to be significant (p > .05, F=1.9058, df=2/12). A subsequent Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) multiple range test supported these findings. 5
TABLE 1. FAUNAL SPECIES RICHNESS, MARCH 1986. Station / Number of Jacknis-d Estimats A Replicate No. Species (5) Species Richness (S) Var (S) (195% CI) Effluen: 4
.. usfd
, . .w ~e.%efj th! ? . SA&5'hb5]$ ik?NE-Total Species MOM @i ' W?.;1236 20116.?
[M';6MieSO fah '$iwiU%:;;f.M E.* i Manomet Point 1 58 2 57 3 43 4 51 5 49 S 51.6 Total Species 36 108.4 1 19.42 48.96 Rocky Point 1 55 2 46 3 53 4 44 5 51 5 49.3 Total Species 72 37.2 1 16.24 34.24 6
A A jacknifed estimate of species richness (S) was calculated for each of the three stations sampled in March 1986, using a procedure developed by Heltshe and Forrester (1983). The Jacknife procedure for calculating species richness accounts for the fact that finite random samples of a population are not a true representation of a i population. The jacknifed estimate of species richness is a function of the number of
" unique" species present at each 4:ation; " unique" being defined as those species present in A
one and only one replicate at a station. A variance (var S) and 9' cent confidence intervals were also calculated. The Jacknifed values for species richness (Table 1) again A ranked the Manomet Point station first with 108.4 1 19.42 species (var S=48.%), followed A by the Effluent station with 100.6 1 12.46 species (var S=20.16), and the Rocky Point A station with 37.2 1 16.24 species (var S=34.24). A Student's t-test performed on station pairs indicated a significant difference between the Manomet Point and Rocky Point reference stations (p < .05, t=2.32, df=8), with no significant differences between either of the other station pairs (MP vs. EF, EF vs. RP). Faunal Density Benthic macrofaunal densities per replicate and per square meter were calculated for data collected in March 1986 and are presented in Table 2. Because of the tendency in the past for extremely high densities of juvenile mussels (Mytilus edulis) to obscure differences in faunal densities among the stations, data are presented both with and without Mytilus counts. In addition, logio (x) transformations of the data are presented. Total faunal densities were highest at the Rocky Point station in March 1986, with replicate values ranging from 15,068 to 27,236 individuals (i=19,639). The Effluent station ranked second, with replicate values ranging from 12,968 to 26,996 individuals (x = 18,005). The Manomet Point station exhibited the lowest faunal densities among the three stations, with replicate values ranging from'7,596 to 16,312 individuals (i=10,720). Faunal densities per square meter ranged from 180,286 individuals at the Rocky Point station to 98,410 individuals at the Manomet Point station. Differences in total faunal densities between the three stations were tested for significance by means of a one-way ANOVA, using log-transformed data to make the variance independent of the mean (Sokol and Rohlf,1969). A significant difference was noted among the three stations by the 7 - r--s--+ v- - w- y. ,,,,,.-y. - , , y,--,-yy -- ww, ,% v-_,--+_y.-.7,w,--.,.,m- - - . . , . . - - , - . - , , - - - , - , , - - , _, - _ww-.- ,,w- ,,-,,.--.i' ,r
TABLE 2. FAUNAL DENSITY WITH AND WITHOUT MYTILUS EDULIS, MARCH 1986. Density w/o Station / Density Log to(x) Mytilus Log to(x) Density Replicate No. Gndividuals) Density Gndividuals) w/o Mytilus Effluent h. W dkhTM:W4
't _
1p fk Miy[il%yffiiV;F if r 1 iINWlRP5j.{$ t39%7 ige /:yFffe47 ,Y?ih@26%;;{?p"ff[g{, MH%36W.M@hlfff,;3flg)2$0Sgy .Q & M 3 2 ' 4 i% 3 h . Di4 ##u%%iW@iQhr.5g;1;gi4Wssi
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m2 Manomet
$652Gf g . m e'A m .m.wm a x m x e v W N $ min C i 'V S C Y $ D H iG8 f ? ? A Q f. R N Ut A
1 16312 4.213 15208 4.132 2 9524 3.979 8504 3.930 3 7956 3.901 7444 3.372 4 7596 3.331 7264 3.361 5 12212 4.087 11132 4.047 i 1072) 4.030 9910 3.996 m2 93410 90974 Rocky Point 1 27236 4.435 24644 4.392 2 16040 4.205 13016 4.114 3 23523 4.372 21432 4.331 4 15068 4.173 13196 4.120 5 16324 4.213 14020 4.147 i 19639 4.293 17262 4.237 m2 130286 153465 8
I' ANOVA procedure (p < .05, F=6.3944, df=2/12). A subsequent SNK multiple range test indicated significant differences between the Manomet Point station and both the Effluent and Rocky Point stations. The relative ranks of the three stations remained unchanged when the March 1986 data were reexamined with Mytilus counts removed (Table 2). The Rocky Point station ranked first with a mean density of 17,262 individuals, followed by the Effluent station with a mean density of 12,101 individuals, and the Manomet Point station with a mean density of 9,910 individuals. A one-way ANOVA performed on log-transformed data with Mytilus removed, fo!! owed by an SNK multiple range test, showed a significant difference between the Manomet Point and Rocky Point stations (at p=.05). Species Dominance The 15 numerically dominant species present in replicate samples collected at each station for the March 1986 samplings are shown in Table 3. Data are presented as numbers per replicate (x) and percent composition at each station. As has been the case during all previous samplings, replicate samples from all three stations contained high percentages of arthropods. This is typical of the rocky subtidal habitats sampled in relation to this study (Davis and McGrath,1984). Ten species were shared among the 15 dominant species present at each of the stations; nine of these were arthropods and the tenth was Mytilus edulis. Of the 15 dominant species in replicate samples from the Manomet Point station in March 1986, 10 were also found among the 15 dominant species in samples collected at the Effluent station. In addition, four of the five dominant species at both stations were the same. Mytilus edulis composed approximately 33 percent of the fauna at the Effluent station, whereas Mytilus composed only about 3 percent of the total fauna at the Manomet Point station. The second most dominant species at the Effluent station j in March 1936 (Corophium insidiosum) did not appear among the 15 dominant species at the Manomet Point station. The 15 dominant species observed at the Effluent station composed approximately 97 percent of the total fauna present, compared with 93 percent at the Manomet Point station. The Rocky Point station shared 13 of the same 15 dominant species with the Effluent station in March 1986. This included three of the five most dominant species (Ischyrocerus anguipes, Jassa falcata, and Mytilus edulis). Mytilus edulis was not as 9
TABLE 3. RANK ORDER OF ABUNDANCE FOR THE IS DOMINANT TAXA MARCH 1986. Number Station / Taxa (x/ replicate) Percent Effluent m"iu X- .'w" M *in . . .Y.~W; aA " ^
.: a.-h , w.n Mytilus edutis F q:f?d.%.A390k 0? t':'*1.' E32 M;u..'. .* ~. ..- _$ -
Corophium insidiosum M M-Q'p[,h'j/G3922 M. .RQ*3ttt;61&: Y$,iU.f..{.y)19.Dr.910l[f.E*Ih:c y;:* Jassa falcata W4 Isenvrocerus anguipes [f:]; ,.fe-/!L9G0t.94N7$1'N.5.,3 -33;3SIQfl3tH];,'.'$2..
..op$ ' l,r?
Caprela penantis -t. .ytty.GZ31Y,77j '-3-5d(/ -Q..- fj,. 4 Pontotencia inermis F3.04:rqp;E.h2 9~gpqn.a:F iji ]#.Q.'y,['g: Acarina Q@Mg g rje M K r[,.g.
.,Q -f r Coroohium acutum '
. 4dtJ4MAQ,,.>p'8/;IQ.OMy;fy,.f<^"C.i g ,
Mitrella lunata Caitiopaus laevisculus ?p:'.?d?$y fi.g M g.d' r d235 [. ,'? p '734pr % ;g.r.j.9 P'@d&3W
/ 3li.(,d.j.p./1$r@ .7 A 5Tt;,;,.g' #
Procoloides hoimesi 7 MJ'r s?)$122"%.KQ'7MM$31J31:i'c 0.96ip.T - rc. w Corophium sp. ~~ G m *k;g u.c r. , gi.33.Qt.p,td[.[.0Mfy.:f;' ' '.j"y,1:g% isenyroceridae juv. Harmothoe spp.Juv. 0[c - 6- .t:v0.6EN. ., .. . v- c,-v . Dexamine thes ;.,e + ,.y w.13f.e.w.
.- s.
- . . < c Total of 13 5pecies T .MF- ic .<ft I n2r%w-"c.., ..;_.; 'l.l*j"'7
/' O.62 " . 4' uw2.6.M4T U Y.E; Remaining Fauna - 64 spp. ' % . @ M M '$3 h 4 4.g / ' M ': L'95'.'N E -# '
Total Fauna - 79 spp. ' v.13005a9 M r$1 M !aDW Cc[~
.n. @??. M%.a.nw. sam: eu4.sa.??)uA Manomet Point Jassa falcata 3030.4 23.27 Isenvrocerus anguines 2224.0 20.73 Mytitus edutis 309.6 7.33 Capretta penatis 740.3 6.91 Acarina 630.3 6.33 Deramine thea 300.3 4.67 Corophium acutum 390.4 3.64 3roboloides hotmesi 363.2 3.39 Dontoteneta inermis 336.0 3.13
.Vargarites belicinus 1%.3 [.34 Dorophium bonetti 196.0 [.33 Cingula medieus 123.2 1.13 Ischyroceridae juv. II6.0 1.03 Pleusvmtes glaber 107.2 1.00 Capre!!idae spp.juv. 103.2 0.96 Total of 13 Species 9913.4 92.32 Remaining Fauna - 71 spp. 301.6 7.43 Total Fauna - 36 spp. 10720.0 100.0 Rocky Point tschyrocerus anguines 6034.4 30.33 Jassa falcata 4240.0 21.39 Mytitus edutis 2377.6 12.!!
Pontogencia inermis 1323.0 7.73 Acarina 1303.6 7.67 Proboloides holmesi 312.0 4.13 Coroonium acutum 373.6 2.92 Caorella panantis 469.6 2.39 Cattiopius taevisculus 271.2 1.33 Corophium bonetti 263.0 1.36 Detamine thea 213.6 1.09 Harmothoe spp. juv. 207.2 1.06 Ischyroceridae juv. 104.3 0.33 Lacuna vincta 94.4 0.43 Mitrella lunata 93.6 0.43 Total of 13 Species 13313.6 93.30 Remaining Faur'a - 37 spp. 323.6 4.20 Total Fauna . 72 spp. 19639.2 100.00 l l 10
abundant at the Rocky Point station as it was at the Effluent station (12 percent vs. 33 percent) and Corophium insidiosum, the second most dominant species at the Effluent station, was not among the 15 dominant species at the Rocky Point station. The 15
- dominant species observed at the Rocky Point station composed approximately 96 percent of the total fauna found in those replicates.
The patterns of species dominance described for the Ma ch 1986 sampling were tested for significant correlations between stations. All species that were among I the top 15 dominants at each station were ranked according to their mean abundance over l the three stations. These ranks were then used as input for the Spearman rank correlation procedure (Zar,1974); all three possible pairings were tested (EF vs. MP, EF vs. RP, MP vs. RP). The Spearman's procedure noted positive correlations between all three station pairs; however, only the MP vs. RP and EF vs. RP pairings were found to be significant (at p=.05, two-tailed test). ! Species Diversity i Shannon-Weiner diversity (H') and evenness (3') values were calculated for replicate and station data collected in March 1986. These values are presented in Tables 4 and 5 of this report. In the past, H' and 3' have been calculated for data with and without Mytilus edulis because the Shannon-Wiener index is disproportionately influenced by the presence of a single overwhelmingly dominant species. Mytilus has of ten occurred in such high numbers at all three stations that this species has masked diversity patterns. l Although examination of Table 3 shows that Mytilus was not overly abundant in ! comparison with other dominant faunal species in March 1986, values calculated with and l - without Mytilus have been included in this report for consistency with past reports. In March 1986, the Manomet Point station exhibited the highest species diversity (H') for total fauna (Table 4), with an index value of 3.61 (range = 3.27 to 3.30), followed by the Rocky Point station with a value of 3.23 (range = 2.60 to 3.31), and the , Effluent station with a value of 3.07 (range = 2.35 to 3.29). The same pattern was noted for evenness (3'), with the three stations exhibiting very similar values to one another. Excluding Mytilus edulis from the data (Table 5) decreased diversity at both reference stations and increased diversity at the Effluent station. This is explained by~the nature of the Shannon-Wiener index and the fact that Mytilus was the single most dominant species at the Effluent station (33 percent), as compared with 12 percent at the 11 v- - - - - - --,-e- m r,--- ,m,,,- ,-mne- --n , , - - y y4-- - p, , , -,, m, pm m,,- n,, n n mm . m ~ r, w n---m ewma n ---- ,_me-ews,,--+wn ng-s,
- TABLE 4. INFORMATION THEORY DIVERSITY VALUES (SHANNON-WIENER) BY j REPLICATE AND FOR STATION DATA, MARCH 1986.
Replicate Manomet Point Rocky Point Effluent
. H' J' M' 3' M' 3' ON.
1 3.27 0.56 2.60 0.45 f- 5 _ l
!".7.9Ms 2 3.71 0.64 3.31 0.60 !t2.M @3p$';;d M. .,
p:.
.v w. . . 3 --s..
.; t;er: , ^ '.v5 . O 3 3.42 0.63 2.97 0.52 fe19R@y!2?032'-
Tf:. .-Adiy;[ t '.; 4 3.30 0.67 2.98 0.54 @lT;('2.31Q4.9l0J 9 e, 9.9. '.' .rc,d .';4
. ..l a?-. . .
5 3.50 0.62 3.30 0.58 .r 0J9J
- .'t.29.'c; m..+y . . . ;p 6 AV;<?.;c:
5 ;., , Station 3.61 0.56 3.23 0.52 ,7;,$'.0ff[... . . < ..r: ..n { ;
}$ @ fMI.3@ $.9 .~ _
TABLE 5. INFORMATION THEORY DIVERSITY VALUES (SHANNON-WIENER) EXCLUDING MYTILUS EDULIS BY REPLICATE AND STATION DATA, MARCH 1986. Replicate Manomet Point Rocky Point Effluent H' J' M' T H' T NX9l'.:2%;;;;i.'.%. 1 3.12 0.53 2.37 0.41 1 LM.a.~MhQ$.
,.: . .;c..
- .
- ,.ec: .
-l:a 0.5d:t 2 3.61 0.62 3.22 0.59 kr'.~3.02 w;;,. . . e:.-: .;e> ..~, -. :, U f 839'..
I 3 3.23 0.61 2.73 0.49 ] 32. .<
,p._y '
046.I l 4 3.70 0.66 2.73 0.51 - 0.52!
'.,,..2.86.: : : . , . ': ,
, e,- ::. . + j i' 5 3.36 0.60 3.16 0.56 c .:J.3..:. .$ 2: . V : ,' . 0 Q .
;... f . ^ l 'G s ;. * ~ . .* . . . > ,
Station 3.49 0.54 3.07 0.50 , .:3421: . ; .> . Od 1. _
..,3..,- .
l 12
Rocky Point station and 3 percent at the Manomet Point station. The relative abundance of Mytilus at the Effluent station had the effect noted earlier on the H' calculation. Removing Mytilus from the data also changed the relative ranks of the three stations, with Manomet Point ranking first (H'=3.49), followed by the Effluent station (H'=3.21), and the Rocky Point station (H=3.07). Evenness changed only slightly at the three stations by removing Mytilus. Hurlbert's (1971) expected species index of diversity was calculated for pooled station data collected in March 1986. This procedure compares samples, or in this case stations, by reducing the number of individuals found at each station to a common size (m). The number of individuals was varied (m = 50, 400, 750,1000, and 5000), because the number of species one can expect from a sample increases as the number of individuals increases. Results of this procedure are presented in Table 6. It is apparent that the relationships between stations as determined by the Hurlbert's procedure are the same as those determined by the Shannon-Wiener procedure. That is, the Manomet Point station showed a higher degree of diversity than the Rocky Point station in March 1936, and the J Rocky Point station was followed by the Effluent station. Measures of Similarity By Replicate Normal cluster analyses utilizing two different procedures were performed on log transformed data (logio x+1) collected during March 1986. The first procedure is one of the most widely used indices in benthic ecology: the Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient combined with group average sorting. This procedure tends to stress the importance of common or dominant species and all but eliminates rarer species from the analysis. The second measure of similarity, the Normalized Expected Species Shared (NESS) combined with flexible sorting, tends to emphasize the contribution of the less common species. ! Because there is no universally accepted method for performing cluster analyses, use of I Bray-Curtis and NESS provides greater insight into the data than either method alone. The Bray-Curtis and NESS procedures performed on the March 1936 data resulted in the similarity groupings presented in Figures 2 and 3. As has been the case for many of the previous collections, the two procedures produced very similar results. All of l the reference station replicates (Group 1) showed a high degree of similarity to one another as compared to the Effluent station replicates (Group 2). Both procedures also 13 i
i I 1 TABLE 6. EXPECTED NUMBER OF SPECIES FOR POOLED STATION DATA USING j RAREFIED SAMPLE SIZES OF M = 50, 400, 750, 1000, 5000. i l l Species Species Species Species Species Per 50 Per 400 Per 750 Per 1000 Per 5000 l Individuals Individuals Individuals Individuals Individuals
.y.; s. : .
l Effluent jdin.)jsj;,
;;gn.~ m . .2. .fj
.:e, . .O[5[j.,
g2fipj $?y@ M d'27.K; . j'$,.Zj [-[MS)..,'i. . . s9212'g, Manomet 14.5 31.5 33.0 41.3 63.5 Point Rocky 11.3 26.5 32.9 36.0 54.3 Point l l 14
.5-
>, .6 -
._s.
2_ E i 55 .7 - ! m 1 - I s-3 1 O l l 8~ 2 c >, 1 . i ']- m - g , .;. I l c'o i
.9 -
! i i Replicate RP1 MP1 MP5 MP4 MP2 MP3 RP2 RP3 RPS RP4 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF5 EF4 ! ! 1 I i a i I i Figure 2. Dendrogram Showing Results of Cluster Analysis of March 1986 Dato Using Bray-Curtis and Group Average Sorting. Shaded Area Highlights Elliuent Replicates. t
I i
.4 -
I
; .5 -
l i i i .6 - i x j t
- u
?
E i g .7 - cn I (O W s z .8 - 1 2 I wMi l
.9 - '
i Replicate RP1 MP4 MP1 MP3 MP5 MP2 RP2 RP4 RP3 RP5 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 l 1 i i 2 i Figure 3. Dendrogram Showing Results of Cluster Analysis of March 1986 Dato Using Ness and Flexible Sorting. Shaded Area Highlights Efiluent Replicates. _ _ _
tended to group the reference station replicates together by station. The exception to this pattern for both procedures was Rocky Point Replicate 1, which showed closer similarity to the Manomet Point replicates than to the other Rocky Point replicates. The critical observation to be made in Figures 2 and 3 is that the faunal communities of the reference stations are distinctly different from the community at the Effluent station. As noted in Semi-Annual Report No. 27 (BECO,1936), this difference is probably due to the transitional nature of the Effluent station faunal communities, which react to varying degrees as the acute impact zones recorded during our qualitative transect surveys expand and contract. This difference has been apparent throughout the duration of the benthic monitoring program. By Species Benthic faunal data collected during March 1936 were analyzed by inverse clustering procedures to identify species that exhibited similarities to one another based on their occurrence at each of the three stations. The Bray-Curtis procedure was used to produce the cluster groups shown in Figure 4. Species that occurred at fewer than six replicates per sampling were dropped from the analyses. Six major species groups resulted from the cluster analyses performed on the March 1986 data (Figure 4, Table 7). The first group (Group A) consisted of 23 species and was the largest of the species groups. Most of the species that composed Group A in March 1986 have shown a tendency to group together in previous cluster analyses (BECO, 1985; 1936), indicating that they are characteristic of all three stations'throughout the year. In March 1986, Group A was made up of species that were present in between 12 and 15 of the total 15 replicate samples collected, which accounts for the similarity noted between these species by the Dray-Curtis procedure. Nodal Analysis Nodal analysis is a method for relating normal and inverse classifications to aid in the interpretation of cluster analyses (Boesch,1977). This method uses two-way tables that show the replicate groups on a vertical side and species groups on a horizontal side. The point of the analysis was to measure constancy, which is defined as a proportion 17
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r i ) TABLE 7. SPECIES GROUPS IDENTIFIED BY INVERSE CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF MARCH 1986 BENTHIC FAUNAL DATA. i l l Group A Group C ) Idotea phosphorea Hlatella arctica J Caprella linearis Eulalia viridis - ) Pleusymtes glaber Ischyroceridae juv. Lacuna vincta Group D , j- Mitre!!a lunata "
; Harmothoe spp. Juv. Amphithoe rubricata i Calliopius laevisculus Caprella nr. septentionalis Corophium spp. Nereis spp.
1 Corophium acutum i Proboloides holmesi
! Dexamine thea Group E i Pontogeneia inermis j Acarina Amphipoda Juv.
} Capre!!a penantis Omalogyra atomus
- Ischyroceridae angulpes l Jassa falcata j, Mus edulis Group F 1 Idotea balthica
- l Phy!!odoce maculata Corophium insidiosum
; Leptonacea sp. A Crepidula piens.
. Nemertea Nereis zonata i Nerels pelagica ' i I Group B . 1 r Corophium bonelli l Cingula aculeus .
- Margarites helicinus Metopella carinata i 1
l Onchidoris aspera Amphipholis squamata ; Nicolea sp. i Nicotea zostericola ! 1 Photoe minuta j Aivania areolata , j Eualus pusiolus 5trongylocentrotus droebachiensis i Caprellidae spp. Juv. l Ophlopholus aculeata v I l l 19 i i i,_.....-.._.,._..___
. . - . _ . _ _ _ . , , . - - - ~ _-.__.--._..._.m.-_-, --
derived from the number of occurrences of a species group in a replicate group as compared with the total possible occurrences. Nodal constancy for the March 1936 data is presented in Figure 5. Replicate and species groups are based on cluster analyses using the Bray-Curtis procedure (Figures 2 and 4, Table 7). Constancy was calculated for each cell (node) where a replicate group and a species group intersect. A value of I resulted when all species of a species group occurred in all replicates of a replicate group; a value of 0 resulted when none of the species in a species group occurred in any replicates of a rep!!cate group. The nodal analysis performed on March 1986 data showed that Species Group A was characteristic of the overall ecology in the vicinity of PNPS (Figure 5). Group A exhibited high constancy for both replicate groups (0.88 and 0.91). As was pointed out earlier in this report, the species of this group have tended to show a high degree of similarity to one another during the past three sampling periods (BECO, 1985; 1986). It should also be noted that many of these species consistently appear among the dominant species at all three stations. The nodal analysis also explains the low degree of similarity between the reference stations (Group 1) and the Effluent station (Group 2). Examination of Figure 5 shows that Species G[oup B was highly constant among the reference station replicates (0.33) but only moderately constant at the Effluent station (0.33). A similar situation existed for Species Group F, which was highly constant at the Effluent station (0.93) butonly moderately constant at the reference stations (0.33). One member of Group F (Corophium insidiosum) was a dominant faunal species at the Effluent station, but did not occur in significant numbers at either of the reference stations. These observations f regarding the patterns of constancy for various species groups help to define the causes ! underlying the difference between the Effluent station and the reference stations. I l I , ALGAL STUDIES 1 Systematics No additions to the cumulative algal species list presented in Semi-Annual Report No.16 (BECO,1980) have been made as a result of analysis of the March 1956 l j samples. Species identifications and taxonomic determinations were based on the works of Bold and Wynne (1973), Dawson (1966), South (1976), and Taylor (1957). j l 20 l
SPECIES GROUPS A B C D E F cn n_
] 1 0.88 0.83 0.70 0.70 0.55 0.33 CONSTANCY $ 0.7 - 1.0 Very High w 0.5 - 0.7 High k 0.3 - 0.5 Moderate U
0.1 - 0.3 Low
. ... < 0.1 Very Low cc 2 10.91i 10.33iji j 0.60i! 10.53s !!0.30i! !!0.93il e
Figure 5. Nodal Analysis of Constancy for Species and Replicate Groups Determined for March 1986 Data. Shaded Area Highlights Effluent Replicate Group. t I
Algal Community Description The rock and cobble substrata found at the Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent stations were heavily colonized by red macroalgae during the March 1986 collections. Biomass of Chondrus crispus was highest at the Manomet Pcint station and lowest at the Effluent station. Lowest biomass of Phyllophora spp. was also recorded at the Effluent station, with its highest relative biomass occurring a't the Rocky Point station. The relatively high number of benthic species other than Chondrus and Phyllophora spp. at the Effluent station in March 1986 distinguished this station from the l Manomet Point and Rocky Point stations. Polyides rotundus, Ahnfettia plicata (class I Rhodophyta), and Desmerestia aculeata (class Phaeophyta) were the most prominent other
~
benthic species at the Effluent station. Desmarestla aculeata, Laminaria spp., and Gracilaria tikvahlae were noted only in samples collected at the Effluent station. Epiphytic algal species were observed at all tnree stations in March 1936 and were an important component of the algal communities in terms of total algal biomass. Chondrus crispus and Phyllophora spp. were the primary host species, but other benthic species, including Ahnfettia plicata, Polyides rotundus, and Corallina officinalis also served as hosts for epiphytes. Red macroalgae of the class Rhodophyta were the most abundant epiphytes in terms of species numbers and biomass contribution. The most commonly observed epiphytic species were Spermothamnion repens, Polysiphonia spp., Cystoclonium purpurem, Ceramium rubrum, Phycodrys rubens, and Callophyllis cristata. Gracilaria tikvahlae, considered an important indicator of warm-water habitats, was co!!ected in only one of the replicate samples from the Effluent station in March 1986. However, during the March 31, 1986, transect survey, Gracilaria tikvahlae was observed frequently within the' denuded and stunted zones. This indicates the localizerf affect that the ~ thermal discharge had in the area of the effluent canal. Favorable conditions that had been created for Gracilaria within the acute impact zone did not extend far enough offshore (about 140 m) to reach the quantitative Effluent station. During the June 19, 1936, transect survey, divers reported that the abundant Gracilaria tikvahlae community noted within the denuded zone in March was absent. This observation, linked with the power outage experienced by PNPS since April 1936, again demonstrated the association that has been recorded in the past (BECO,1936) between the thermal effluent and the occurrence of Gracilaria tlkvahiae. 22
Algal Community Overlap Community overlap was calculated for the March 1986 data using Jaccard's Coefficient of Community (Greig-Smith,196 ) to measure the similarity in algal species composition between the Manomet Point, Effluent, and Rocky Point stations. The coefficient provides a mathematical evaluation of the similarity between two replicates or stations using only species occurrence, without making reference to any differences in the abundance of the species observed. Species occurrence records of the 38 indicator species were used for all community overlap calculations. Results of community overlap comparisons between replicate samples for each station for the March 1986 collecting period are presented in matrix form in Figure 6. Ranges of replicate overlap were 61.9 percent to 82.4 percent at the Manomet Point station,75.0 percent to 95.0 percent at the Rocky Point station, and 54.2 percent to 31.3 percent at the Effluent station'. The Manomet Point and Rocky Point st' tions a showed the highest overlap between stations at 90.9 percent. Manomet Point and the Effluent station had the lowest overlap between stations at 76.9 percent. The community overlap between stations indicated that the Effluent station differed from the Rocky Point and Manomet Point stations, but that there was a high degree of homogeneity (> 75 percent)in terms of species occurrence between all three stations. Algal Blomass Chondrus crispus Blomass. Chondrus crispus biomass values calculated for the Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent stations for March 1986 are presented in Table
- 3. In March 1936, the range of individual biomass was greatest at the Manomet Point station (366.23-799.12 g/m2), followed by the Rocky Point station (24.97-399.61 g/m2),
and the Effluent station (47.19-371.51 g/m2). At the Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent stations the mean Chondrus biomass made up 62 percent, 32 percent, and 30 percent of the total algal biomass, respectirely. The Manomet Point station had the highest mean blomass value for Chondrus (603.31 g/m2), followed by the Rocky Point station (271.!! g/m2), and the Ef fluent station (165.94 g/m2). The mean Chondrus biomass at the Effluent station in March 1986 was 72 percent lower than the Manomet Point station and 38 percent lower than the Rocky Point station. The observed differences in Chondrus crispus biomass among the three stations 23
i i i 4 i I 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 16 13 15 16 1 15 16 16 17 1 2 80.0 13 15 16 Number of 2 75.0 18 18 17 Number of ! Species Species ! 3 65.0 65.0 14 14 Shared 3 80.0 94.7 19 18 Shared 1 - 4 78.9 78.9 82.4 15 4 76.2 90.0 95.0 18 5 76.2 76.2 70.0 75.0 5 89.5 85.0 90.0 85.7 1 i l Percent Overlap Percent Overlap ! A. MANOMET POINT STATION B. ROCKY POINT STATION OVERLAP BETWEEN STATIONS I 4 m Number of Community Shared Species Overlap i j Station Pair I 1 2 3 4 5 Manomet Point-Rocky Pt. 20 90.9 1
;;.,._C/yl8
,d[1('., *:, Q{'jj[1( Manomet Point-Effluent 20 76.9
'i:,.;;;U; .-y . N.
2 *SIX;[y ,. #-1'1,7.,f13;[, 13/, Number of Rocky Point-Effluent 21 80.8
- 3::) ., .-:.
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~
; jr5 Species
) 3 72.7], 7 J3,9 7 -
14" '14: Shared 4 _ _w, . , , .
- -e ~:?, ' '.4; i 4 . 59.1 i .- : 54.2 a 6,6.7. .
//,7.3(;
l 5 59.1 34.2. . 66.7 . 77.4.
} ,
Percent Overlap j C. EFFLUENT STATION j FIGURE 6. i ALGAL COMMUNITY OVERLAP (JACCARD'S COEFFICIENT OF COMMUNITY) AND NUMBER OF SPECIES SHARED j BETWEEN REPLICATE PAIRS AT THE MANOMET POINT, ROCKY POINT AND EFFLUENT SUBTIDAL STAT'ONS (10' MLW), MARCil 1986. _ __
~
TABLE 3. DRY WEIGHT BIOMASS GROLE63(g/m*) FOR CHONDRUS CRISPUS, PHYLLOPHORA spp., EPIPHYTES, THE JEMAINING I BENTHIC SPECIES, AND TOTAL ALGAL BIOMASS FOR MANOMET PT., ROCKY PT., AND EFFLUENT SUBTIDAL (l? l MLC) STATIONS FOR MA'ZCH 1936. Chondrus Phyllophora Remaining Epiphytic Totat AIgal Station Rep. crispus spp. Benthic Species Species (Total) Biomass MANOMET PT. I 743.35 (71%) 225.33 (21%) 14.37 (1%) 62.51 (6%) 1051.56 2 557.50 (66%) 206.27 (25%) 16.25 (2%) 60.13 (7%) 340.15 3 799.12 (51%) 549.70 (35%) 5.05 (0.3%) 203.93 (13%) 1557.35 4 366.23 (6'rE) 114.57 (22%) 5.69 (1%) 44.30 (3%) 531.43 5 545.29 (63%) 229.04 (27%) 3.12 (0.4%) 31.93 (10%) 359.34 X 603.31 (62%) 265.03 (27%) 9.00 (1%) 90.67 (9%) 963.07 e ROCKY PT. I 313.36 (34%) 469.65 (51%) 3.03 (0.3%) 137.24 (15%) 923.23 m u' 2 313.55 (37%) 330.33 (45%) 21.66 (3%) 130.99 (15%) 351.53 3 399.61 (41%) 459.37 (47%) 23.04 (2%) 33.63 (9%) 970.70 4 24.97 (4%) 401.99 (72%) 10.10 (1%) 121.92 (22%) 553.97 5 294.04 (34%) 473.55 (55%) 4.41 (0.5%) 96.39 (11%) 373.39 R 271.11 (32%) 437.93 (54%) 12.45 (1%) 115.05 (14%) 336.57
~ rf ' ' '. . . _._ ~ ' "f,': * ';g..!p c - KL'jG-flf ' .. ';q{+'.QQ h 'Jg.L';?.;_;,qqy.'F.Qq y p;ny p c
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. g;,,i;-(35 3 ~i 156 19 - (37%): : 7106.5sa :- - (25%): . .
7.50.95.' , m (12%) W #.' , il3;38,'yc.+ -(27%)42740 ' t . *n60,tM 4 - 2371.51 I($1%)- '.260.5.i d :-()$%) . c 1.01 ' .
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5 122.74 ' . (24%) , ' b 246.94 - ' .(47%) 35.34 - l- . M..')(22%) ~ r5,7. 0,72,- !
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i were examined by means of a one-way ANOVA, and a significant difference was noted , among the stations (p <.05, F=ll.9065, df=2/12). An SNK multiple range test indicated that Chondrus biomass values were significantly higher at the Manomet Point station in March 1986 than at either the Rocky Point station or the Effluent station. Phyliophora spp. Biomass. Phyllophora spp. biomass values for the March 1986 collecting period are given in Table 3. The range of individual biomass was greatest at the Manomet Point station (114.57-549.70 g/m2), followed by the Effluent station (106.58-260.53 g/m2), and the Rocky Point station (380.33-473.55 g/m2). Phyllophora spp. made up 54 percent of the total algal biomass at the Rocky Point station, fo!! owed by the Effluent station (37 percent), and the Manomet Point station (27 percent). The Rocky Point station had the highest mean biomass value for Phyllophora spp. at 437.98 g/m2 Mean Phyliophora. spp. biomass at the Manomet Point station equated 265.03 g/m 2 , followed by the Effluent station with 205.30 g/m2 The mean biomass value at the Effluent station was 53 percent less than the Rocky Point station and 23 percent less than the Manomet Point Station. A one-way ANOVA (p <.05, F=6.6157, df=2/12) followed by an SNK multiple range test indicated a significant difference in Phyllophora spp biomass between the Rocky Point station and both the Effluent and Manomet Point stations. . Biomass of Remaining Benthic Species. The algal biomass category designated remaining benthic species (RBS) is composed of all benthic algae excluding Chondrus crispus, Phyllophora, spp., Laminaria spp., and algal epiphytes. Polyides rotundus, Ahnfeltia plicata, and Chaetomorpha spp. were important benthic species at all three stations. Desmarestia aculeata was present only at the Effluent station and Corallina officinalis was an important benthic species at the Rocky Point and Manomet Point stations. Although Sphacelaria cirrosa was noted at all three stations, it was not significant in terms of biomass because of its small morphology. Blomass data for the RBS for March 1986 are presented in Table 3. The Effluent station had the highest range of RBS biomass values (1.01-113.24 g/m2), with the Rocky Point station ranked second (3.03-23.04 g/m2), and the Manomet Point station ranked third (3.12-16.25 g/m2). The RBS biomass for the Effluent station was 33 percent and 77 percent higher than the Manomet Point and Rocky Point station, respectively. The highest mean biomass values occurred at the Effluent station (32.97 g/m2), with the Rocky Point and Manomet Point stations equaling 12.45 g/m2 and 9.00 g/m2, respectively. The RBS biomass of the Effluent station was signficantly higher than the reference stations (at p=.05). 26
Epiphytic Algal Biomass. Epiphytic algal biomass values for March 1936 are presented in Table S. During this program, epiphytes have traditionally been noted to be more abundant on Phyllophora spp. than on Chondrus crispus. One explanation for this phenomenon has been that Phyllophora sp. can support a greater biomass of algal epiphytes as a result of its sturdier morphology (BECO,1936). In March 1986, mean epiphytic biomass values were highest at the Effluent station (135.37 g/m2), followed by the Rocky Point station (!!5.05 g/m2), and the Manomet Point station (90.67 g/m2). One would not expect the Effluent station to exhibit higher epiphytic biomass than the reference stations given the fact that both Phyllophora and Chondrus (the primary host species) had higher biomass at the reference stations. It should be pointed out, however, that the greater mean biomass of epiphytic species at the Effluent station was not significantly higher than the biomass values for the reference stations (p >.05, F=1.2434, df = 2/12). Total Algal Blomass. Total mean algal biomass for March 1936 is given in Table S. The Manomet Point station had the highest biomass value (968.07 g/m2), followed by the Rocky Point station (336.57 g/m2), and the Effluent station (559.58 g/m2), The Manomet Point station was 42 percent and 14 percent greater than the Effluent and Rocky Point stations, respectively. Individual replicate ranges for total algal biomaas in March 1936 at the Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent stations were 531.43-1557.35 g/m2, 553.97-923.23 g/m2, and 427.30-734.35 g/m2 respectively. No significant differences were noted between the three stations for total algal biomass (at p=.05). Chondrus/Phyllophora Colonization Index Study Colonization values for Chondrus crispus and Phyllophora spp. in March 1936 are presented in Table 9. Colonization values are determined for the primary host species (Chondrus and Phyllophora spp.) and refer to the abundance of algal epiphytes or invertebrate species colonizing the two hosts. A numerical grade from 1 to 4 Is given for each host for flora and fauna, with a score of I denoting minimal colonization of the host species by invertebrates or algae and a score of 4 indicating over 75% colonization. The Colonization Index values presented in Table 10 represent the sum of replicate values for both algal and faunal colonization for each station. An inspection of the data presented in Table 10 indicates that Phyllophora spp. is more heavily colonized with both algae and fauna than Chondrus. This has been the 27
TABLE 9. COLONIZATION VALUES FOR CHONDRUS CRISPUS AND PflYLLOPHORA SPP. FOR THE MANOMET POINT, EFFLUENT, AND ROCKY POINT SUBTIDAL (10' MLW) STATIONS FOR MARCH 1986. A) CHONDRUS CRISPUS Algal Colonization Faunal Colonization Manomet Pt. Rocky Pt. Effluent Manomet Pt. Rocky Pt. Effluent Replicate
%.35 ' ';]
I 2 2 's! .2 2 2 y($ 2 2 U;;';il.3 I+, 2 i: .::di 3 3 1 I 3 .U.Wi f(QJ[,'j 2 1 yQ7(4 4 1 1 p.1+% ! ! 5 -:Vff# s 3 1 1h**
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B) PilYLLOPilORA spp. Algal Colonization Faunal Colonization Manomet Pt. Rocky Pt. Effluent Manomet Pt. Rocky Pt. Effluent Replicate sfe#9.l _ . .-, 1 3 4 't!4.4;S 3 3 '.T.;3 2 3 3 PN5;.Y 3 3 3 // '
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4 3 3 $23$ 3 2 .iMQ 5 3 2 ? 3T.4: 3 3 l:) L.4
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TABLE 10. COLONIZATION INDEX VALUES FOR CHONDRUS CRISPUS AND PHYLLOPHORA SPP. FOR THE MANOMET PotNT, ROCKY POINT, AND EFFLUENT SUBTIDAL (10' MLW) STATIONS FOR MARCH 1986. Station Colonization Index Chondrus crispus Manomet Point 21 Rocky Point 13 Effluent ': AI2'
* .~...
Phyliophora spp. Manomet Point 29 Rocky Point 29 Effluent .: 3
.e M 29
_ - _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ ____.._.,.__,._____._.y._y, _ . . , . ., , . _ _ . _ _ _ , _ _ _ , , . _ . _ _ . - . _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - ___-_____-._-._v,.-- ._ --
L l '. l I typical observation for previous samplings. The colonization values for Phyllophora spp. . were greatest at the Effluent station, which correlates we!! with earlier observations regarding total epiphytic biomass. Conversely, Chondrus showed its greatest colonization values at the Manomet Point station. This is probably the result of the greater biomass of I Chondrus at that station. i
- QUALITATIVE TRAN5ECT SURVEY l
1 i The qualitative transect surveys of acute nearfleid impact zones were initiated in January 1980 and have been conducted quarterly since 1982. Two surveys were performed during the current reporting period (March 31 and June 19), bringing the total surveys conducted since 1980 to 22. For a comprehensive review of the results of surveys conducted from January 1980 to June 1983, see Semi-Annual Report 22 to Boston Edison Co. (BECO,1983). Detailed results of the mapping conducted in March and June 1986 are presented below. March 1986 Transect Survey The extent of the denuded and stunted areas immediately offshore from PNPS, as measured on March 31, 1986, is shown in Figure 7. As in previous reports, the denuded zone was defined as being essentially devoid of Chondrus crispus; whereas the stunted zone was defined as having Chondrus of decreased sire and density compared with conditions considered normal for this species. These operational definitions must be modified somewhat while taking measurements to the left (northwest) of the discharge canal because shallower water depths in this area preclude normal Chondrus development. In March 1986, the denuded zone extended approximately' 70 meters of fshore along the centerline of the effluent discharge canal. .As in previous years, the denuded zone was much more expanded to the lef t (northwest) of the transect line, ranging in lateral extent from 9 to 15 meters. Two prominent peaks, at 30 m and 30 m, were observed on the northwest side. The right (southeast) portion of the denuded zone was of relatively uniform width, averaging about 4 meters out from the transect line. A large boulder that is nearly exposed at mean low water, and that is used as a landmark by our dive team and the Diviston of Marine Fisheries dive team,is plotted in Figure 7 and serves as a visual fix for the proper placement of our transect !!ne. 30
METERS r80 7
-60 <> Normal Chandrus Growth Chondrus Stunted Chondrus Denuded Zone 560m2
, 765m2 -
-50<>
Boulder
-40' '
1 Sparse -'
-Chandrus Stunted Zone Chandrus I and 5 -
-30 Fucus Growth
-20 ,..
i i ! i i i ! I i l
- 10 l Suemerged Jetty i i : i
- q :W l
Effluent Canal i i i i e i e 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 METERS Figure 7. Configuration of Denuded and Stunted Zones for March 31,1986. 31
- _ _ _ _ _ = _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ - - _ . . _ _ . ._ _ _ --
The stunted zone in March 1986 extended 31 meters offshore along the discharge centerline.1.lke the denuded zone, the stunted zone was much broader on the ! northwest side of the transect line. The southeast portion of the stunted zone was narrow, averaging approximately 6 meters out from the transect line. The descriptions of algal communities in the denuded and stunted areas are reproduced from the divers' log in Table !!. During the qualitative survey, algal species noted as being present within the Chondrus denuded zone included Ahnfettia spp., Gracilaria, Corallina officinalis, Enteromorpha spp., and Codium spp. The total area encompassed by the denuded zone in March 1936 was 765 m2, a 17 percent reduction of the denuded zone as compared with December 1985 (925 m2). The stunted zone observed in March 1936 equaled 560 m2, a 90 percent increase in the size of the stunted zone since December 1985 (295 m2). The total nearfield impact area for the March 1986 transect survey equated 1325 m2[9 percent greater than that measured in December 1985. June 1986 Transect Survey Results of the transect mapping for June 19, 1936, are presented in Figure 3. The denuded zone extended approximately 75 m along the transect line in June 1986. The southeast extent of this zone ranged from 2 to 6 m, and the northwest ranged from 5 to 13
- m. The prominent peaks noted on the northwest portion of the denuded zone in March had disappeared in June. The stunted zone observed in June 1986 extended approximately 30 m offshore along the discharge centerline. The stunted zone ranged in width from 1 m on the southeast side to 5 m on the northwest side.
, Descriptions of the algal communities encountered by divers in June 1986 are summarized in Table 12. A number of significant observations were noted during this survey regarding the denuded zone. Dense mussel (Mytilus edulis) populations were noted by divers, along with patches of bare substrate apparently grazed by the starfish Asterias forbesi. Gracilaria tikvahlae was absent from the survey zones during the June 1936 transect survey. Species collected by hand from within the impact zone included Bonnemaisonia hamifera and Chordia flagelliformis.
The total area contained within the denuded zone in June 1986 was 312 m2, a 6 percent increase compared with March 1936. An additional 364 m2 was contained within the stunted zone, for a total nearfield impact area of !!76 m2 This represents a 35 32
TABLE 11. DIVERS' LOGS DESCRIBING APPEARANCE OF DENUDED AND STUNTED ZONES, MARCH 31,1986. Measurement Zone (meters) Transect Distance North (3100) South (1300) Effluent This area was denuded of Chondrus. Dense Cracilaria with bleached tips, juvenile mussels and barnacles. 30 m Denuded of Chondrus to 14 m and Denuded of Chondrus to 4 m. Stunted to stunted to 16 m. Sparse Chondrus 5 m. and Focus outside this area. 40 m Denuded of Chondrus to 10 m and Denuded of Chondrus to 3 m. Stunted to stunted to 21 m. Corra!Ina. 5 m. Codium. Gracilaria and Enteromorpha observed within the denuded zone. Sparse Chondrus and Focus outside the measurement zone. < 50 m Denuded of Chondrus to 15 m. Denuded of Chondrus to 3 m. Stunted to Stunted to 22 m. Corralina, 5 m. Gracilaria, Codium, and Ahnfeltia 1 observed within the denuded zone. Sparse Chondrus and Fucus beyond the measurement zonMe large boulder was observed just to the north of the transect line and just west of the 50 m mark. 60 m Denuded of Chondrus to 9 m and Denuded of Chondrus to 3 m. Stunted to i stunted to 20 m. Corralina,, 5 m. i Ahnfeltla, and Gracilaria observed l within the denuded zone. Sparse Chondrus and Focus observed outside l the measurement area. 70 m Denuded of Chondrus to 5 m. End of denuded zone on transect line. Stunted to 11 m. Gracilarla Stunted to 2 m. and Codium observed within the denuded zone. Sparse Chondrus and Fucus observed beyond the measurement area. End of denuded zone on transect line. i 76 m End of denuded zone on the transect line. 30 m Stunted Chondrus to 4 m. ! 33
METERS 80 l
--70Mi Normal Chondrus Growth Chonorus - 6 0*
ni Chondrus Denuded Stunted Zone j Zone 812m g 2 i 364m2 Boulder /
/--50 i Chondrus Stunted Zone o o -
-l. (Jo Sparse Chondrus t and
-30 Fucus Growth
--20 i
i
- : i i
! ! i i i ! - 10 i i Submergeo Jettf i i i
- g:
i
- M Elltuent Canct 30 2O lb b 1O 2O $0 METERS Figure 8. Configuration of Denuded and Stunted Zones for June 19,1986.
34
l TAGLE 12. DIVERS' LOGS DESCRIBING APPEARANCE OF DENUDED AND STUNTED ZONES, JUNE 19,1986. Measurement Zone (meters) Transect Distance North (3100) South (1300) i Effluent This area inside the effluent canal was denuded of Chondrus and virtually devoid of other algae except for thin Enteromorpha and Ulva coverage. Nearly 100% mussel coverage (Mytilus edulls,1-20 m) observed. Many cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) and crabs (Cancer sp.) observed within the canal area. 30 m Denuded of Chondrus to 12 m. Stunted Denuded of Chondrus to 3 m. Stunted Chondrus to 17 m. Chondrus to 5 m. j 40 m Denuded of Chondrus to 12 m. Stunted Denuded of Chondrus to 3 m. Stunted to 17 m. Chondrus to 4 m. 50 m Denuded of Chondrus to 13 m. Stunted Denuded of Chondrus to 3 m. Stunted Chondres to 17 m. Sparse Fucus, Chondrus to 5 m. Chondrus, and Corallina were observed beyond the stunted zone. The 50 m mark of the transect line fell just inside the large boulder. 60 m Denuded of Chondrus to 9 m. Stunted Denuded of Chondrus to 4 m. Stunted to 12 m. Dense mussel coverage Chondrus to 5 m. Codium and Ulva (Mytilus edulis,1-2 cm) observed observed. Observed deteriorating (dead) with Asterias sp. starfish grazing. Gracilaria. Evidence of deteriorating Gracilaria. Codium was observed within the denuded zone. , 70 m Denuded of Chondrus to 5 m. Stunted Denuded of Chondrus to 4 m. Stunted Chondrus to 11 m. Asterias sp. and Chondrus to 5 m. Many rocks 100% bare and Codium observed within the due Asterias grazing, denuded zone. i 75 m End of denuded zone on the transect line. i 4 30m End of stunted zone on the transect line. i l 35 1
percent reduction in the size of the stunted zone and an 11 percent reduction in the size f of the total impact area since March 1936. Transect results for December 1935 and March and June 1986 are presented in Figure 9 for comparison. f DISCUSSION Efforts to assess the impact of the thermal effluent associated with the area of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station on algal and faunal communities have been complicated in recent years by the erratic operation of the station. PNPS has experienced drastic minima and maxima in the level of reactor output, from an all-time los annual maximum dependable capacity factor (MDC) of 0.1 in 1984 to an all-time high annual MDC of 84.4 in 1985. These fluctuations in PNPS operation have resulted in various departures from the typical relationships between the Effluent and reference stations that are sampled as part of this study. These responses were summarized in Semi-Annual Report No. 27 (BECO,1936) and in the INTRODUCTION to the current report, and therefore will not be repeated here. As was noted earlier, the quantitative samples analyzed for this report were collected immediately prior to the initiation of another extended power outage at PNPS. Transect surveys of the effluent canal area reported here were conducted just before and two months af ter the beginning of this outage. The outage is expected to continue at least through the first quarter of 1987. It would appear, therefore, that PNPS will again experience a negligible power year (April 1936- April 1937) following an extremely productive year (1985). This continues a four-year cycle of high output years followed by low output years. Based on past observations regarding the recovery of algal and faunal communities in the vicinity of the effluent discharge during periods of low power output (BECO,1936), we would expect to see similar evidence of recovery from PNPS impact in samples to be collected during September and December 1986. Pooled species richness values for faunal samples collected in March 1936 ranked the Manomet Point reference station first, folloued by the Effluent and Rocky Point stations. Although no significant differences were noted between stations for pooled species richness, a jacknifed species richness procedure showed a significant difference between the Manornet Point and Rocky Point stations. 36
i f i mETEMS March ,so 1986 b sa ~~** cs .sa ns '*-" s' ** a o.a ,, . 2-* oz. D:cember .. so , 1985 ,G I I
-sa ,,
I So.r.. %g lioat Zea.
= _ . . ,,,, -m- 2- . 3, i.
-z o, e.
p w $ = 54< i 75 percent) between stations in March 1986. Chondrus crispus biomass was significantly higher at the Manomet Point station; whereas Phyllophora spp. biomass was significantly higher at the Rocky Point station. Despite these differences for the two dominant species, total algal biomass was not significantly different among the stations. Combined biomass of Chondrus and Phyllophora, along with the other algal categories, was enough to offset individual differences between the stations. 38
As reported earlier, the acute impact zones observed during the effluent canal transect surveys experienced a 90 percent increase in the size of the stunted zone and a 9 percent increase in the size of the total impact area between December 1935 and March 1936. This was followed by a 35 percent reduction in the size of the stunted zone and an 11 percent reduction in the size of the total impact area from March to June 1986. It would appear that the impact zones had begun to respond to the cessation of thermal effluent from PNPS during the period from March to June 1986, evidenced by recovery within the zones (reduced area). The same response was noted to the outage of 1984 (BECO,1986), and at that time the recovery seemed to be lagged in relation to the be61 nning and ending of the outage. Further observations during 1986 and 1987 will determine if the same lagged trend is repeated. i i 39 l
LITERATURE CITED Boesch, D.F.1977. Application of numerical classification in ecological investigations of water pollution. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Report 600/3-77-033.114 pp. Bold, H.C. and M.J. Wynne.1978. Introduction to the Algal Structure and , Reproduction. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 706 pp. Boston Edison Co.1980. Marine ecology studies related to operation of Pilgrim-Station. Semi-Annual Report No.16 1985. Marine ecology studies related to operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-Annual Report No. 26. 1986. Marine ecology studies related to operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-Annual Report No. 27. Davis, J.D. and R.A. McGrath.1984. Some aspects of nearshore benthic macrofauna in western Cape Cod Bay. In,: Observations on the Ecology and Biology of Western Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies. John D. Davis and Daniel Merriman (Ed.) Springer-Verlag, New York,228 pp. Dawson, E.Y.1966. Marine Botany An Introduction. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York. 371 pp. Grieg-Smith, P.1964. Quantitative Plant Ecology. 2nd Ed. Butterworths, Washington. 256 pp. Heltshe, J.F. and N.E. Forrester.1983. Estimating species richness using the jacknife procedure. Biometrics. 2: 1-11. Hurlbert, S.H.1971. The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology. 5_2,: 2 577-586. Lee, R.E.1980. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, New York. 478 pp. Parke, M. and P. Dixon. 1976. Checklist of the British marine algae. 3rd revision. Jour. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. %: 817-843. Sokol, R.R. and F. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 775 pp. South, G.R. 1976. A checklist of marine algae of eastern Canada. Ist Revision. Jour. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 56: 817-843. Taylor, W. R.1957. Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. 309 pp. Zar, J.H.1974. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 620 pp. 40
Ichthyoplankton Entrainment Monitoring at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station January - June 1986 Submitted to Boston Edison Company Boston, Massachusetts l by Marine Research, Inc. Falmouth, Massachusetts i September 12, 1986 Revised October 7, 1986 i I I I
TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION PAGE I
SUMMARY
l II INTRODUCTION 2 III METHODS 3 IV RESULTS 11 V LITERATURE CITED l7 APPENDIX A* Al APPENDIX B B1
*Available upon request.
4 8 9 1 J J l
1 SECTION I
SUMMARY
l Ichthyoplankton samples were collected from the Pilgrim Nuclear Power l Station discharge canal in triplicate twice per month in January and February, weekly from March through June. This report covers the January through June sampling period while all 1986 sampling will be summarized in an annual report to be, issued at the end of April 1987. Through the first six months of 1986, 34 species of fish were represented in the collections; 15 species were represented by eggs and 31 species by larvae. The winter-early spring spawning period (January-April) was repre-sented primarily by Atlantic cod, winter flounder, and fourbeard rockling eggs as well as sand lance, rock gunnel, and grubby larvae. The late spring-summer spawning group was represented in May and June. At that time Atlantic mackerel, the labrids, and fourbeard rockling dominated among the eggs while winter flounder, radiated shAnny, rockling, mackerel, and cunner did so among the larvae. No contingency sampling due to unusually high densities was required between January and June of 1986, and no lobster larvae were found. l l l i l 1
2 SECTION II INTRODUCTION This progress report briefly summarizes results of ichthyoplankton sampling conducted at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) from January through June 1986 by Marine Research, Inc. (MRI) for Boston Edison Company (BECo) under Purchase Order No. 68289. A more detailed report covering 1986 data will be prepared following the December collection periods. e m -__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ h
3 SECTION III METHODS Entrainment sampling at PNPS for January-June 1986 consisted of col-lecting triplicate samples twice monthly in January and February followed by weekly sets of triplicates from March through June. All samples were collected from rigging mounted approximately 30 meters from the headwall of the discharge canal (Figure 1) at low tide during daylight hours. A 0.333-mm mesh, 60-em diameter plankton net affixed to this rigging was ctreamed in the canal for 6 to 12 minutes depending on the abundance of plankton and detritus. In each case, a minimum of 100 m 8 of water was campled. Exact filtration volumes were calculated using a General Oceanics Model 2030 digital flowmeter mounted in the mouth of the net. All samples were preserved in 10% Formalin an'd returned to the labor-ctory for microscopic analysis. Fish eggs and larvae were identified to the lowest distinguishable taxonomic category and counted. Common and ccientific names followed Robins et al. (1980). In most cases, species were identifiable. In certain cases, however, eggs--particularly in the carly stages of development--could not be identified at the species level in the preserved samples. In such cases, species were grouped. A brief description of each of these egg groupings is given below.
- Gadidae-Glyptocephalus group (Atlcatic cod, Gadus morhua; haddock, Melanogrammus aeolefinus; pollock, Pollachius virens; and witch flounder, C1yptocephalus cynoglossus): egg diameters overlap, no oil globule present. Stage III eggs (those containing embryos whose i
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tails have grown free of the yolk; Ahlstrom and Counts 1955) are sepa-rated based on relative size and pigmentation combinations. Haddock eggs are difficult to identify until shortly before hatching (late stage III). Because of this, some early stage III haddock eggs may have been identified as cod eggs. This error should be quite small judging from the relatively low numbers of late stage III haddock eggs and haddock larvae collected at PNPS. The gadidae-Glyptocephalus grouping was not considered necessary in January and February because ' it is unlikely that witch flounder spawn during these months (Fahay 1983) and haddock spawning is not likely to occur in peak. numbers 1 during January and February (Hardy 1978) . All eggs of the gadidae-Glyptocephalus type were therefore classified as either cod or pollock based on differing egg diameters during those two months.
- Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus group (fourbeard rockling, Enchelyopus cimbrius; hake, Urophycis spp.; and butterfish, Peprilus triacanthus):
egg and oil globule diameters overlap. Stage III eggs are separated based on differences in embryonic pigmentation. _
- Merluccius-Stenotomus-Cynoscion group (silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis; l
scup, Stenotomus chrysops; and weakfish, Cynoscion regalis): egg and oil globule diameters overlap. Stage III eggs are separated based on j differences in embryonic pigmentation. l
- Labridae-Limanda g oup (tautog, Tautoga onitis; cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus; and yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea): no oil
6 l l l globule present, egg diameters overlap. Stage III eggs are separated into labridae and yellowtail flounder based on differences in embryonic pigmentation. A high percentage of the two species of labrid eggs are distinguishable, but only with individual, time-consuming measurement (Marine Research 1977). Labrid eggs are therefore grouped in all three stages of development in PNPS samples.
- Paralichthys-Scophthalmus group (fourspot flounder, Paralichthys oblongus, and windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus): oil globule and egg diameters as well as pigmentation are quite similar. Separation of these two species, even at Stage III, remains uncertain. They are therefore grouped in all cases.
Eggs of the bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) and striped anchovy (Anchoa hepsetus) are easily distinguishable, but their larvae are not. Eggs of these fishes were therefore listed by species while the larvae are listed simply as Anchoa spp. Several other groups of eggs and larvae were not identified to species because adequate descriptions of each species are not available at this time. These groupings are as follows:
- Urophycis spp. - consists of the red hake (jf. chuss), the spotted hake (jl. regia), and the white hake (JQ. tenuis). Most larvae (and eges) in this genus collected at PNPS are probably red hake (see summary la Hardy 1978).
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- Menidia spp. - consists of the inland silverside (Ji. beryllina) and Atlantic silverside (ji. menidia). Atlantic silverside larvae are probably more likely to occur as far north as Plymouth based on their more northern distribution.
- Ammodytes sp. - No species designation was given the sand lance because considerable taxonomic confusion exists in the literature (see for example Richards et al. 1963; Scott, 1968, 1972; Winters 1970; Fahay 1983). Meyer et al. (1979) examined adults collected on Ste'lwagen l Bank and classified them as A,. americanus (= A,. hexapterus).
This population is probably the source of larvae entrained at PNPS. Prionotus spp. - consists of the northern searobin (j[. carolinus) and the striped searobin (j[. evolans). Larval rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), cunner, and winter , flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) were classified into three or four arbitrary developmental stages because these species have been of particular interest in studies at PNPS. These developmental stages and corresponding length ranges are given below. Rainbow smelt St age I - from hatching until the yolk sac is fully absorbed (5-7 mm TL) . Stage II - from the end of stage I until dorsal fin rays become visible (6-12 mm TL). Stage III - from the end of stage II onward (11.5-20 mm TL).-
0 8 Cunner Definitions of developmental stages are the same as for smelt larvae. Observed size ranges for each' stage are: stage I, 1.6-2.6 mm TL; stage II, 1.8-6.0 mm TL; stage III, 6.5-14 mm TL. Winter flounder Stage I - from hatching until the yolk sac is fully absorbed (2.3-2.8 mm TL) . Stage II - from the end of stage I until a loop or coil forms in the gut (2.6-4 mm TL). Stage III - from the end of stage II until the left eye migrates past the midline of the head during transformation (3.5-8 mm TL). Staga IV - from the end of stage III onward (7.3-8.2 rm TL) . Generally entire samples were examined for fish larvae and all but the most abundant types of fish eggs. When a species was especially abundant, subsamples were obtained with a plankton splitter modified from Motoda (1959; see also Van Guelpen et al.1982) . Samples collected from May through October were examined completely for larval lobster (Homarus . americanus) . When the Cape Cod Bay ichthyoplankton study was completed in 1976, a contingency sampling plan was added to the entrainment monitoring program. This plan was designed to be implemented if eggs or larvae of any dominant . species proved to be " unusually abundant" in the PNPS discharge samples.
" Unusually abunoant" was defined as any mean density, calc ulated over three replicates, which was found to be 50s greater than the hienest mean density observed during the same month from 1975 through 1985.
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A-_J a_2 9 . The contingency sampling plan consisted of taking additional sets cf triplicates from the PNPS discharge on subsequent dates to monitor the temporal extent of the unusual density. An optional offshore sampling regime was also established to study the spatial distribution of the Cpecies in question. The offshore contingency program consisted of single,
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cblique tows at each of 13 stations (Figure 2) on both rising and falling tides for a total of 26 samples. Any contingency sampling required cuthorization from Boston Edison personnel. e 9 e i l
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11 , SECTION IV RESULTS ; Population densities, per 100 m8 of water, for each species listed by date, station, and replicate are presented for the January-June period of 1*36 in Appendix A (available upon request). The occurrence of eggs and larvae of each species by month appears in Table 1. Ichthyoplankton collections made from January through April generally . ! contain representatives of the winter-early spring spawning fishes. The 4 number.of species taken amounted to 6 in January, 8 in February, and 16 in both March and April. Samples contained few eggs since species contributing most to entrainment during the period spawn demersal, adhesive eggs which are not subject to entrainment. Atlantic cod, winter flounder, and fourbeard rockling contributed most to the catch. Atlantic cod accounted for all the eggs taken in January and February, 6.2% in March, and 3.0% of the eggs taken in April with respective monthly mean densities per 100 m* of water of 0.6, , t 0.4, 0.4, and 0.2. Winter flounder contributed 93.2% of the eggs in March with a monthly mean density of 6.1 per 100 m of water and 15.9% of the eggs 8 taken in April with a monthly mean of 1.2 per 100 m . Since flounder eggs 8 1 are demersal and adhesive, their densities in the PNPS discharge canal cannot be considered representative of densities in the waters around Rocky Point. Those which were entrained were probably dislodged from the bottom by currents. Fourbeard rockling did not appea- in the collections until April at which time i they accounted for 56.4% of the catch with a mean density of 4.3 per 100 m 8 of water. 4 8
, . _ ~ ~ . _ . . . _ , _ _ _ , . . . - . _ , . - , ,._-_,,.,....,-m,,,_.-c_,m, .
12 Table 1. Species of fish eggs (E) and larvae (L) obtained in ichthyoplankton collections from the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station discharge canal, January-June 1986. Species Jan Feb Mar Apr May June l Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) E/L Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) Bay anchovy E (Anchoa mitchilli) Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) Goosefish E (Lophius americanus) Fourbeard rockling (Enchelyopus cimbrius) E E/L E/L
;, d mo hua) O Ib / !b O /
Silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) E/L E/L Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) Pollock (Pollachius virens) (Urophycis spp.) E E/L Silversides (Menidia spp.) Northern pipefish (Syngr:athus fuscus) n Weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) Wrasses E E (Labridae) Tautog
- (Tautoga onitis) L L Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus)
i l 13 l l l Table 1 (continued) . Species Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Snakeblenny (Lumpenus lumpretaeformis) Radiated shanny (Ulvaria subbifurcata) Rock gunnel (Pholis gunnellus) Wrymouth (Cryptacanthodes maculatus) Sand lance (Ammodytes sp.) Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) E/L E/L Searobins E (Prionotus spp.) Grubby (Myoxocephalus aenaeus) Longhorn sculpin (M. octodecemspinosus)
- Shorthorn sculpin scorpius) b b (M,.
Seas' nail (Liparis atlanticus) b b b Gulf snailfish b b (L. coheni) Fourspot flounder (Paralichthys oblongus) Windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus) E/L E/L Witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoc tossus) E/L E/L Amerion plaice (Hippoglossoides plat cisoides) Yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) E E E/L E Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronecter. americanus) / /b /b b
0 14 Larval collections during the winter-early spring period were dominated by sand lance, rock gunnel (Pholis gunnellus), and grubby (Myoxocephalus aenaeus). Larval sand lance densities per 100 m 8 increased over the seasonal period averaging 1.3 in January, 0.1, in February, 9.2 in March, and 35.7 in April. These values accounted for 31.2, 1.2, 6.7, and 25.6% of each month's respective total larval catch. Rock gunnel displayed monthly mean densities of 1.1 per 100 m 8 in January, 5.4 in February, 58.4 in March, and 8.4 in April, values which accounted for 28.1, 67.2, 42.8, and 6.0% of each respective month's ca,tch. Grubby did not appear in the collections until February at which time they contributed 10.8% of the month's larvae with a mean density of 0.9 per 100 m 8 of water. They increased in number in March and again in April showing respective monthly mean densities of 60.0 and 71.9 per 100 m8 of water; percent contribution for these densities was 44.0 and 51.5. - May and June collections (along with July) consist of'the late spring-summer spawners. A total of 18 species was represented in May, 20 in June. Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) , the lab' rids, and fourbeard rockling dominated the egg catch during the two months. Atlantic mackerel accounted for 42.1% of all eggs in May, 11.9s of those in June. Mean densities amounted to 116.1 per 100 m8 of water in May, 276.7 in June. Combined with the labridae-Limanda group, tautog and cunner eggs contributed 20.5% of the eggs in May with a monthly mean of 56.4 per 100 m8 of water and 81.2% of the eggs in June with a mean of 1888.6 per 100 m 8 . Including eggs categorized as Ench.lyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus, fourbeard rockling accounted for an addition.1 24.9% of
^
the eggs in May, 5.1% of the eggs in June; monthly mean densities per 100 m8 were 68.5 and 119.5, respectively. Assuming that most labridae-Limanda eggs J
15 were in fact labrids and most Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus eggs in fact rockling appears justified based on the relatively small numbers of yellow-tail flounder and hake late-stage eggs and larvae taken during May and June. Larval collections were dominated numerically by winter flounder, radiated shanny (Ulvaria subbifurcata), and fourbeard rockling in May followed by mackerel, cunner, and rockling in June. Monthly mean densities of 7.4, 5.8, and 5.5 per 100 m 8 of water were recorded in May for flounder, shanny, and rockling, respectively, values which represented 30.7, 24.0, and 22.8% of all larvae. In June respective menthly mean densities per 100 m' of water for mackerel, cunner, and rockling amounted to 113.2, 40.4, and 21.1 while representing 57.0, 20.3, and 10.6% of the larvae. Appendix B lists mean monthly densities for each of the numerical dominants collected over the January-June period extt:nding back to 1975. A perusal of the data through the first half of 1986 suggests the following:
- Species of eggs which appeared to be abundant in 1986 included fourbeard rockling in April and May, windowpane in May, and mackerel in June.
- Larvae which appeared to be abundant included rock gunnel, grubby, and winter flounder in March, winter flounder in April, rockling in May, and mackerel in June.
- American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) eggs were absent in March and relatively uncommon during April and May.
I l
16 None of the densities observed during the January-June period of 1986 reached the " unusually abundant" criterion as defined on page 9 of Methods under the contingency sampling plan. No lobster larvae were found in samples taken through June. G 9 4
17 SECTION V LITERATURE CITED Ahlstrom, E.H. and R.C. Counts. 1955. Eggs and larvae of the Pacific hake, Merluccius productus. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Bulletin 56(99):295-329. Fahay, M.P. 1983. Guide to the early stages of marine fishes occurring in the western northern Atlantic Ocean, Cape Hatteras to the southern Scotian Shelf. Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, Volume 4, 423p. Hardy, J.D., Jr. 1978. Development of fishes of the mid-Atlantic Bight. An atlas of egg, larval and juvenile stages. Volume II. Anguillidae through syngnathidae. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Service Progre.m. 458p. Khan, N.Y. 1971. Comparative morphology and ecology of the pelagic larvae of nine cottidae (Pisces) on the northwest Atlantic and St. Lawrence drainage. Ph.D. thesis, University of Ottawa. 234p. Marine Research, Inc. 1977. Investigations of entrainment of ichthyoplankton at the Pilgrim Station and Cape Cod Bay ichthyoplankton studies, March-December 1977; twelve-month summary for 1977, Cape Cod Bay ichthyoplankton studies. III.C.2-1. In: Marine Ecology Studies Related to Operation of Pilgrim Station, Semi-Annual Report No.11. Boston Edison Company. Meyer, T. U. , R. A. Cooper, and R.W. Langton. 1979. Pelative abundance, behavior, and food habits of the American sand lance, Ammodytes americanus, from the Gulf of Maine. Fishery Bulletin U.S. 77:243-253. Motoda, S. 1959. Devices of simple plankton apparatus. Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University 7:73-94. Richards, S.W., A. Perlmutter, and D.C. McAneny. 1963. A taxonomic study of the genus ~ Ammodytes from the east coast of North America (Teleostei: Ammodytes). Copeia 1963(2):358-377. Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea, and W.B. Scott. 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 12. 174p. Scott, J.S. 1968. Morphometrics, distribution, growth, and maturity of offshore sand lance (Ammodytes dubius) on the Nova Scotia banks. Journal.of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25:1775-1785.
. 1972. Morphological and meristic variation in Northwest Atlantic sand lances (Ammodytes). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 29:1673-1678.
18 Van Guelpen, L., D.F. Markle, and D.J. Duggan. 1982. An evaluation of accuracy, precision, and speed of several zooplankton subsampling techniques. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 40:226-236. Winters, G.H. 1970. Meristics and morphometrics of sand lance in the
~ Newfoundland area. Journal of the Fisherf.es Research Board of Canada i 27:2104-2108.
e i e a l l f l i
A1 1 Appendix A.* Densities of fish eggs and larvae, per 100 m 8 of water, recorded in the PNPS discharge canal by species, date, and replicate, January-June 1986.
*This appendix is available by request.
k l i 4 l i a e e
B1 Appendix B Mean monthly densities and range per 100 m8 of water for the dominant species of fish eggs (pages B3-B14) and larvae , (pages B15-B26) entrained at PNPS, January-June 1975-1986: Some standardization of data sets was required to adjust for changes in the sampling program which have occurred over the years:
- 1. Only 0.333-mm mesh net data were used in those cases (1975) when field sampling was carried out using both 0.333 and 0.505 mesh nets.
- 2. When, as in 1976 and 1977, 24-hour sampling series were conducted, the samples taken nearest the ' time of daylight low tide were selected for comparison since this conforms to the routine specification for the time of entrainment sampling used in all subsequent years.
- 3. For the same reason only daylight low tide data were used when, in 1975, samples were also taken at high tide and/or at night.
- 4. Cod and pollock egg densities were summed to make up the category
" gadidae"'since these eggs were not distinguished prior to 1976.
In January and February when witch flounder do not spawn, all three egg stages are included in this category. During the remaining months early-stage eggs are included with the gadidae-Clyptocephalus group.
- 5. Beginning in April when the Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus grouping became necessary, the listing for Enchelyopus cimbrius includes only late-stage eggs, the two early stages being included with the grouped eggs.
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- 6. Since the Brosme-Scomber grouping was not considered necessary after 1983, grouped eggs were added to S. scombrus eggs in the table for 1975-1983 (B. brosme eggs havin'g always been rare) .
- 7. Sculpin larvae were identified to species beginning in 1979 following Khan (1971). They are shown"by species beginning with that year as well as added together Myoxocephalus spp.) for comparison with prior years.
- 8. Similar results are shown for seasnail larvae which were not speciated prior to 1981.
- 9. Although samples were in fact taken once in April 1976 and once in March and August 1977, comparisons with other years when sampling was weekly are not valid and consequently do not appear in the table.
Data collected in 1974 were not included because samples were not collected at low tide in all cases.
- 10. When extra sampling series were required under the contingency sampling regime, results were included in calculating monthly mean densities.
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- e. 25 b M 46.0 0-104 56.8 82.2 231.6 47.2 E9 116.4 0-424 0-11 0-308 0.2-355 57-621 0-195 2 - 70 5 Pvtonotwo app. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10.1 62 12 5 y 21.0 34.0 22.2 11.7 96 Paret echt b.e-Scophthalmus 0-64 0-19 b O-169 0-76 7-67 0-64 0-43 b7 Htppeelosealdes pistessoides 6 - 'O 16 0 9
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M ECCS 1984 1985 1986 erewoortia tyrannus O O O Cadidae-Cly.ytocephalus 2.0 1.0 0.6 0-8 O-1 0-5 Cadidae* (1.0) (0.5) (0.2) Q Q Q Cadus morhua 1.0 0.5 0.2 0-5 0-2 0-2 Pollachlue wtrens O O O Enchetyopus-Orophycis-Peprtius 8.5 14.9 46.0 t2 El 0-98 3-109 v N Enchetyon e einbrius e.4 9.e 22.5 O-44 1-22 0-52 Urophyets opp. O 0.9 0.1 . O-9 O-1 faheidae-Limanda 9.5 1464.8 54.0 MO O-4622 2-225 Labridae 0.4 2.6 2.4 0-5 0-16 0-13
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Prionotus opp. O O.3 g O 7.5 25.0 27.4 Paralichth n " _It.halmue 3 3-e5 2-92 utppoglosseldes plateosoides 2.4 1.4 0.5 0-6 O-7 O-2 Y***1 59.5 4051.5 275.8 19-123 33-21505 75-513
- Represents late-stage C. morhua and P. wirees egge.
- Includes erooms-Scamber, 1975-1983.
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R7 (2.0) 67 5h ( 9. 7) 575 ( 3.2 ) 532 (02) 0-4 5T 0-5 C *d " * " r h" * - N O 7 N b b5 b2 5N Postschtu. .tr... - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Enchelvopue-uroohve t -Pe,r:1ue 28.5 11.3 24.4 75.8 38.0 14.7 93.7 M 39.8 16-55 2-25 0-96 0-308 17-98 M 4-634 0-19 6-160 as 3,0 25.6 51.5 14.7 24 3 49.8 18.4 6.9 14.0 C Ench lyopus etabetus 1-76 9 90 5-114 0-33 M 2-51 7-38 573 0-39 1.5 0.7 47 43 10.2 22 99 18 27 t'roohyc t e opp. A 57 5h5 5%4 5Ti di 5h 5h 5% L e b r id e s-L imend o 2432.0 699.0 5739.1 1317.7 5217.8 631 0 3497.7 1607.8 6978.7 609-5561 147 2258 289-19078 24-3876 1080-10 $05 2 M 66 184-12537 276-4588 57-17918 137.1 75.4 185.4 90.6 - 216,3 101.6 199.0 155.2 189.7 Lebetdee 0-294 6252 7-249 26-1181 50-774 13-191 82-1492^ 75-238 14-650 S'"b** **"D"*
.* 126.3 M 55.0 151.8 18.0 40.8 155.9 135.2 144.1 4 - 746 0.8-19 6-199 0-360 4-41 0-100 3-10 83 0-663 5-202 Prionotus opp. 0 0 E t -- M 0.5 M M 0.5 Q e3 0-2 0-2 0- 4 0-7 0-2 0-5 P e r e i t e ht hv e-S cophthalmu e 1 8' .'2 17.2 38.6 41.8 61.2 27.5 64.3 38.7 45.2
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-84 16.3 38.0 18.4 29.1 11.1 30.3 y t 2 2-18 4 29 0-129 13-40 11-75 0-98 1-49 0.5-7
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y-------w - r - y--- - . -A - - _ -6 ,h-r 5 1JLWAE 1984 1935 1946 i 0.1 0.1 Clupea hareneus harenqto g- O g 4.4 5.5 Encheiropus cimbrius 0 0-6 0-27 0.2 Tautogolabrus adspereue 0 0 g 1 0.9 15.6 5.8 Ulvaria subbifercare o-4 0-75 1-16 tp Pholto gunnellus , M ytes sp. Sc- u r scambrus 0
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1.9 2.1 0.5
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LID *'.11 *PP. Q1 0-30 M 3.3 15.7 2.2 L. atlanticus 0-11 0-30 0-6 L. cohenL 0 0 0 9.6 14.1 7.4 Pseudopleuronectes americanus 0-27 0-27 2-13 33.7 55.4 24.1 O-64 3-79 15-41
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- 0-1 J
Encholyo.nas cimbrius 0.1 2s.3 21.1 E 3-73 2-74 50.7 40.4 Tautocolabrus adsperous 0 0-20e 0-157 1.0 3.4 2.4 Ulvania subbifurcata 0-4 1-5 0-6 Pho11e gunnelles 0 0 e 0.1 M nes sp. g 0 0 1 0.1 86.5 113.2 Se h r scambrus g 0-376 0-393 1 Myomocephalus opp. O O O M. senaeus 0 0 0
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M) (1.6) (2.6) 1
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i 4.7 2.2 1.3 d Pseudopleuronectes americamus 0-24 0-7 0-4 11.3 201.6 198.6 T***I 0-41 4-641 17-463 I l . i
l IMPINGEMENT OF ORGANISMS AT PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION (January - June 1986) i Prepared by: _
-A_ _- ,
Robert D. Anderson Senior Marine Fisheries 1 Biologist i Regulatory Affairs and Programs Boston Edison Company October 1986 i i
- ., .- - - _ , . - - - . , . ,..,-.._--,-,,,.,n,.,---..,.,----n_---.--,..,.-,,.,.,,n..n. . - - , . ...v,n-...- , - - ,,r ., ,. - . ., , _ . _ , , , . _e
l Herring
'"" ny:l::;,llllllll;;; .u,mm ,
) num. l Alewife u"ri"","inni" % Smelt i L I TT \ Canner S$0SI COMMON ly Q V 5;j,,,,;g, impinged species
. _ . - . _ . - .-. -- _. --__.- _ - . . . . ~. ..
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Pa5L' i 1
SUMMARY
I 2 INTRODUCTION 2 1 3 METH005 AND MATERIALS 5 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7 1 4.1 Fishes 7 4.2 Invertebrates 7 4.3 Fish Survival 11 5 CONCLUSIONS 13 6 LITERATURE CITED 14 I1
LIST OF FIGURES Floure Page 1 Location of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station 3 2 Cross-Section of Intake Structure of Pilgrim 4 Nuclear Power Station LIST OF PLAT'ES Plate 1 The 300 foot long Pilgrim Station, concrete screenwash slutceway is molded from 18" corrugated metal pipe, and meanders over breakwater rip rap. 2 Fish survival testing is done at the end of the slutceway where it discharges to ambient temperature intake waters. l
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g - LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Monthly Impingement for All Fishes Collected From 8 Pilgrim Station Intake Screens, January-June 1986 2 Species, Number, Total Length (mm), Weight (gms) 9 and Percentage for All Fishes CoIIected From Pilgrim Station Impingement Sampling, January-June 1986 3 Monthly Impingement for All Invertebrates Collected 10 From P11 grim Station Intake Screens, January-June 1986 4 Survival Summary for the Fishes Collected During 12 Pilgrim Station Impingement Sampling, January-June 1986. Initial, One-Hour and Latent (56-Hour) Survival Numbers are Shown Under Static (8-Hour) and Continuous Wash Cycles iv l l I
1 SECTION I i
SUMMARY
Fish 1mpingement averaged 0.54 fish / hour during the period January-June 1986. Atlantic herring (Clupea harenaus). Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) and grubby (Myoxocephalus aenaeus) accounted for 66.7% of the fishes collected. Initial impingement survival for all fishes from static screen wash collec-tions was approximately 25% and from continuous screen washes 83%. The collection rate (no./hr.) for all invertebrates captured from January-June 1986 was 0.74. Sand shrimp (Crangon septemspinosa) and horseshoe crab (Limu-lus polyphemus) accounted for 78.9% of the invertebrates impinged. Mixed spe-cles of algae collected on intake screens amounted to 983 pounds. l The comparatively low fish (0.54) and invertebrate (0.74) impingement rates from January-June 1986 reflected one circulating water pump's inoperability during the P1Igrim Station 1986 outages from March-June.
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SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (lat. 41'56' N, long. 70*34' W) is located on the northwestern shore of Cape Cod Bay (Figure 1) with a licensed capacity of 655 MWe. The unit has two circulating water pumps with a capacity of approxi-mately 345 cfs each and five service water pumps with a combined capacity of 23 cfs. Water is drawn under a skimmer wall, through vertical bar-racks spaced approximately 3 inches on center, and finally through vertical travelling water screens of 3/8 inch wire mesh (Figure 2). There are two travelling water screens for each circulating water pumr.. This document is a report pursuant to operational environmental monitoring and reporting requirements of NPDES Permit No. 0003557 (EPA) and No. 359 (Mass. DNPC) for Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, Unit I. The report describes im- , pingement of organisms carried onto the vertical travelling water screens at Unit I. It presents analysis of the relationships between impingement, envi-ronmental factors, and plant operatiqnal variables. The report is based on data collected from screen wash samples during January-June 1986.
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x SECTION 3 METHODS AND MATERIALS Three screen washings each week were performed from January-June 1986 to pro-vide data for evaluating the magnitude of marine biota impingement and asso-clated survival. The total weekly collection time was 24 hours (three sepa-rate 8-hour periods: morning, afternoon and night). Two collections repre-sented dark period sampling and one represented light period sampling. At the beginning of each collection period, all four travelling . screens were washed. Eight hours later, the screens were again washed (minimum of 30 minutes each) and all organisms collected. When screens were being washed continuously, one hour collections were made at the end of the regular sampling periods, and they represented two light periods and one dark period on a weekly basis. Water nozzles directed at the screens washed imp,inged organisms and debris into a slutceway that flowed into a trap. The original trap is made of gal-vanized screen (3/8-inch mesh) attached to a removable steel frame and col-lected impinged biota, in the screenhouse, shortly after being washed off the screens. A second trap was designed and used for sampling, in conjunction olth sluiceway survival studies, consisting of a section of half 18" corru-gated metal pipe with 3/16-inch nylon, delta mesh netting attached. Impinged biota sampled by this trap were collected at the end of a 300' sluiceway where initial, one-hour and latent (56-hour) fish survival were determined for static (8-hour) and continuous screenwash cycles. Plates 1 and 2 provide views of the beginning and end of this sluiceway structure which was constructed in 1979.
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Variables recorded for organisms were total numbers, and individual total lengths (r.a) and weights (gms) for up to 20 specimens of each species. A ran-dom sample of 20 fish or invertebrates was taken whenever the total number for a species exceeded 20; if the total collection for a species was less than 20, a'll were measured and weighed. Field work was conducted by Marine Research, Inc. Intake seawater temperature, power level output, tidal stage, number of circu-lating water pumps in operation, time of day and date were recorded at time of collections. The collection rate (#/ hour) was calculated as number of organ-1sms impinged per collecting period divided by the total number of hours in that collecting period. All common and scientific names in this report follow the American Fisheries Society (1980) and Smith (1964).
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SECTION 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Fishes In 293 collection hours,159 fishes of twenty-one species (Table 1) were col-lected from Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station intake screens during January-June 1986. The collection rate was 0.54 fish / hour. Atlantic herring (Clupea harenqus) was the most abundant species accounting for 33.3% of all fishes collected (Table 2). Atlantic silverside (14enidia menidia) and grubby (Myoxo-cephalus aenaeus) accounted for 23.3 and 10.1% of the total number of fishes collected. Atlantic herring were impinged in high numbers during June 25. These were primarily juvenile fish that averaged 66 mm total length. The Atlantic silverside were mostly impinged in February and March, as is typical, and gr.ubby during February and May. The January-June 1986 fish impingement rate decreased by a factor of about 3 from the rate for the same period in 1985 (1.75). This decrease is possibly attributable to absence of one circulating water pump operating from March-June 1986. 4.2 Invertebrates In 293 collection hours, 218 invertebrates of 12 species (Table 3) were col-lected from Pilgrim Station intake screens between January-June 1986. The collection rate was 0.74 invertebrates / hour. Two species, sand shrimp (Cran-gon septemspinosa) and horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), accounted for 47.2 and 31.7%, respe:tively, of the total number of invertebrates collected.
Table 1. Monthly Impingement For All Fishes Collected From Pilgrim Station Intake Screens. January-June 1986 SDecies Jan. Feb. March ADril May June Totals Atlantic herring 1 52 53 Atlantic silverside 10 24 2 1 37 Grubby 5 1 2 5 3 16 Cunner 1 8 5 14 Winter flounder 1 9 2 1 13 Atlantic tomcod 2 1 1 1 5 Radiated shanny 1 2 3 Silver hake 1 i 1 3 Blueback herring 1 1 2 Rainbow smelt 2 2 Alewife 1 1 American eel 1 1 Atlantic cod 1 1 Bay anchovy 1 1 Little skate 1 1 Peariside 1 1 Rock gunnel 1 1 Smallmouth flounder 1 1 Summer flounder 1 1 Tsutog 1 1 Windowpane 1 1 l TOTALS 4 28 29 11 20 67 159 Collection Time (hrs.) 39 35 46 38 66 69 293 Collection Rate (#/hr.) 0.10 0.80 0.63 0.29 0.30 0.97 0.54 Table 2. Species, Number, Total Length (mm), Weight (gms) and Percentage For All Fishes Collected From Pilgrim Station Impingement Sampling, January-December 1986 Length Mean Weight Mean Percent of Species Number Range Length Range Weight Total Fish Atlantic herring 53 45-77 65 1-4 3 33.3 Atlantic silverside 37 86-130 107 3-12 6 23.3 Grubby 16 50-185 84 2-34 9 10.1 Cunner 14 72-155 114 5-53 26 8.8 Winter flounder 13 53-325 113 1-300 47 8.2 Atlantic tomcod 5 58-151 112 2-28 12 3.1 Radiated shanny 3 91-140 121 6-25 18 1.9 Silver hake 3 112-146 129 8-18 13 1.9 Blueback herring 2 85-120 103 4-14 9 1.3 Rainbow smelt 2 130-150 140 11-19 15 1.3 Alewife 1 90 90 4 4 0.6 American eel 1 - - - - 0.6 Atlantic cod 1 60 60 4 4 0.6 Bay anchovy 1 68 68 3 3 0.6 Little skate 1 452 452 560 560 0.6 Pearistde 1 46 46 1 1 0.6 Rock gunnel 1 - - - - 0.6 Smallmouth flounder 1 62 62 2 2 0.6 Summer flounder 1 290 290 204 204 0.6 Tautog 1 60 60 4 4 0.6 Windowpane 1 170 170 50 50 0.6 E' _g_
Table 3. Monthly Impingement For All Invertebrates Collected From Pilgrim Station Intake Screens, January-June 1986 Species Jan. Feb. March April May June Totals Sand shrimp 13 76 14 103 Horseshoe crab 4 27 38 69 Rock crab 2 4 8 14 Longfin squid 5 4 9 American lobster 2 3 1 6 Common starfish 2 2 4 Nemertea 2 1 1 4 Green crab 1 2 3 Actinaria 1 1 2 Green seaurchin 2 2 Lady crab 1 1 Scoloplos sp. I l TOTALS 0 19 78 21 44 56 218 Collection Time (hrs.) 39 35 46 38 66 69 293 i Collection Rate (#/hr.) 0.00 0.54 1.70 0.55 0.67 0.81 0.74 1 h . - _ . _ _ . _ _ _ ._ _ _ _ _ .__ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
\ The collections of sand shrimp occurred primarily in March, and horseshoe crab during May and June. These months are historically high impingement periods for each of these species. Six specimens of the commercially important Ameri-can lobster (Homarus americanus) were captured from April-June, measuring 33-91 mm in carapace length. Approximately 983 pounds of mixed algae species were recorded during impinge-ment sampling, or 3.4 pounds / hour. Like the January-June 1986 fish impinge-ment rate, both the invertebrate and algae impingement rates were noteably lower than recorded in 1985 probably because of only one circulating water pump operating most of the period due to outages. 4.3 Fish Survival Fish survival data collected while impingement monitoring was conducted are shown in Table 4. Static screen wash collections provided the greatest num-bers of fishes and revealed relatively low initial impingement survival rates for most species. Centinuous screen wash collections had high initial surviv-al rates, although not many fishes were sampled. After 1-hour and 56-hour holding periods data are biased on the low side because of survival pumps being out of service during January and February, or fishes being collected in the screenhouse where no survival facilities are located.
Table 4. Survival Summary for the Fishes Collected During P11grio Station Impingement Sampling, January-June 1986. Initial, One-Hour and Latent (56-Hour) Survival Numbers Are Shown Under Static (8-Hour) and Continuous Wash Cycles. Number Collected Number Surviving Static Cont. Initial 1-Hour' 56-Hour
- Total Length (mm)
Sp:cles Washes Washes Static Cont. Static Cont. Static Cont. Mean Range l l Atlantic herring 52 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 66 45-77 l Atlantic silverside 30 7 8 6 2 0 0 0 107 86-130 Grubby 12 4 6 4 0 - 0 - 84 50-185 Cunner 13 1 3 1 3 - 3 - 114 72-155 Winter flounder 12 1 12 1 1 - 1 - 113 53-325 Atlantic tomcod 3 2 0 2 0 - 0 - 112 58-151 Radiated shanny 3 0 2 - 0 - 0 - 121 91-140 i Sliver hake 2 1 0 1 0 - 0 - 129 112-146 i Blueback herring 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 103 85-120
- Rainbow smelt 2 0 0 -
0 - 0 - 140 130-150 Alewife 1 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 90 90 American eel 1 0 1 - - - - - - - Atlantic cod 1 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 60 60 Bay anchovy 1 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 68 68 Little skate 1 0 1 - 1 - 1 - 452 452 Pearlside 1 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 46 46 Rock gunnel 1 0 1 - 1 - - - - - Smallmouth flounder 1 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 62 62 Summer flounder 1 0 0 - 0 - 0 - 290 290 Tautog 1 0 1 - - - - - 60 60 Windowpane 1 0 1 - 1 - 1 - 170 170 All Species: Number 141 18 36 15 - - - - (7. Surviving) '25.5) (83.3)
- Limited data for some species because survival pumps were down in January and February 1986, or fishes were sampled in the screenhouse.
SECTION 5 CONCLUSIONS
- 1. The average Pilgrim I collection rate for t.he period January-June 1986 was 0.54 fish / hour. The collection rate was comparatively high in 1985, possibly due to one circulating water pump being off during 1986 outages.
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- 2. Twenty-onc species of fish were recorded in 293 impingement collection hours.
- 3. The major species collected and their relative percentages of the total collections were Atlantic herring, 33.3%; Atlantic silverside, 23.31; and grubby, 10.1%.
- 4. The hourly collection rate for invertebrates was 0.74 with sand shrimp 47.2% and horseshoe crab 31.7% of the catch. Six American lobsters were caught. Impingement rates for invertebrates and algae were substantially higher for this period in 1985 than in 1986.
- 5. Initial impinged fish survival was relatively low for most individual
! species during static screen washes, and substantially high for continu-ous washes. I SECTION 6 LITERATURE CITED American Fisheries Society. 1980. A list of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes From the United States and Canada. Spec. Pub. No. 12: 174 pp. Smith, R. I. (Ed.). 1964. Keyes to Marine Invertebrates of the Woods Hole Region. Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, Massachusetts t 4 e
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September 3, 1986 MEMORANDUM TO: Members of Administrative-Technical Committee, Pilgrim Power Plant Investigations FROM: Vincent Malkoski, Recording Secretary, Assistant Marine Fisheries Biologist Division of Marine Fisheries
SUBJECT:
Minutes of the 65th meeting of the Pilgrim Administrative-Technical Committee DATE: June 24, 1986 The 65th Administrative-Technical (A-T) Committee meeting was called to crder on 24 June, 1986 at 10:11 a.m. at the headquarters of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Westborough, Massachusetts, by Chairman Szal. Ten agenda items were addressed. I. Minutes of the 64th Meeting Corrections to the 64th Committee minutes were tendered and are attached cs an addendum to these minutes. Gerry Szal moved that the 64th minutes be cecepted with the appropriate corrections. Jack Finn second, and the motion passed unanimously. II. Pilgrim Station 1985 Operational Review Bob Anderson presented an overview of operations in 1985, centering on Pilgrim Station output for that year as compared with 1984 and 1983, and the importance of this information in the analysis of sampling data. With the plant off-line in 1984, no vaste heat was produced and current flow was reduced er eliminated. Data collected during this period, therefore, can be likened to pre-operational data. Both 1983 and 1985 were years of high plant output (80% and 84.4%, respectively), and comparison of data from these years with data from 1984 provided a good opportunity to refine estimates of plant impact. Overall, Pilgrim Station output, averaged for the period 1972-1985, was 55.6%, comewhat lower than the national average of 65-70% for nuclear power stations.
Regarding 1986 operations, Bob reported that the plant had gone into an outage in early April and would be off-line for an extended period of time. The shutdown was a voluntary move on the part of BECo to allow for mechanical repairs and a reorganization of plant management. Bob also noted that Pilgrim Station had been scheduled to refuel in the fall but might do so sooner as the plant was already off-line, and the fuel had arrived on-site. Bob Lawton asked if the spent fuel was still at the plant and how long it would remain there. Bob Anderson replied that it was stored on-site, and that there was sufficient storage space to last until the early 1990's. III. Discussion of Marine Ecology Semiannual Report #27 Bob Anderson initiated discussion of the semiannual report by presenting information on the structure and format of the fisheries and benthic sections. In both sections, information regarding plant impact could be found in a separate impact section, complete with a table summarizing impact for all years of plant operation. Gerry Szal then asked how the figure representing the estimated value of the sportfishery at Pilgrim Station had been calculated. Bob Lawton replied that the value represented an average " cost to go fishing" for the anglers interviewed and had been calculated by asking each angler what his/her expenses for that day's fishing were, averaging the results, and multiplying the average by the number of fishermen interviewed. Bob also noted that he felt the recreational fishery would be adversely affected by the plant outage. Bob Lawton then reported that he was reviewing the ways in which the fisheries data were analyzed in an effort to update and improve procedures for future reports. One problem in particular was that of serial correlation, which can result from replicating a sampling event at a given station too often within a given period of time. Under such conditions, the act of sa=pling can greatly affect the results obtained. Mike Bilger asked how outages can affect the analysis of data and both Bob Lawton and Bob Anderson commented on the problems in interpreting data from a period with times of both plant output and outage. Bob Anderson informed the committee that until further notice, he would be assuming the duties of Lew Scotton, who was on disability leave. Lew will probably not resume an active role with the A-T committee. IV. 1985 Impingement /Entrainment/ Overflight Monitoring Results Summarizing Pilgrim Station impingement data, Bob Anderson reported that the 1985 impingement rate was one fish per hour (the average to date has been 2.5 fish per hour). A full load maximum of 10,000+ fish impinged was estimated for 1985, which is the 6th highest in 13 years of data collection. Of the fish sampled, representatives of 32 species were found on the screens. The species most often impinged were Atlantic silverside, Atlantic menhaden, and winter flounder. Twenty lobsters were collected; total projected impingement of this species in 1985 was 450. Bob pointed out that recent work to improve the horseshoe crab barrier might also serve to reduce impingement of lobsters.
l l Survival estimates of finfish impinged on the intake screens were 46% for static screen washes and 83% for continuous washes. These values were for initial survival only as there were problems with the pump used to supply water for these studies. Regarding entrainment studies, Bob Anderson reported that he had asked Marine Research Inc. (MRI) to prepare the analysis report in Lew's absence. Ha also requested that more in-depth analyses be performed on the data and that results be reported by season rather than by month. On four occasions in 1985, eggs and larvae were collected in sufficient numbers to warrant contingency sampling. However, analysis of the duplicate samples indicated that there was no serious problem, and special sampling was halted. Carolyn Griswold asked if some information on the fecundity of some of the commonly impinged species could be included in the report as this might aid in interpre-tation of the results. Bob Anderson said he would ask MRI to look into doing so. In comparison with other years, relatively few fish were sighted during waekly overflights. However, on 19 July and 27 October large numbers (400,000 end 120,000, respectively) of Atlantic menhaden were spotted near Pilgrim Station. As neither school of fish moved into the thermal plume, notification of the regulators was not deemed necessary. - As a result of inspection dives made in the discharge canal, Bob Anderson reported that the net was functioning well in keeping the majority of fish out of the upper canal. There was a small incident of gas bubble disease in early August involving juvenile clupeids (mixed blueback herring and Atlantic menhaden) and Atlantic silversides that were small enough to swim through the mesh, but no mortalities were observed. V. 1985 Marine Fisheries Monitoring Results Bob Anderson announced that copies of the final report on gas saturation work done at Pilgrim Station were available and that the final report on winter flounder studies would be mailed to members of the A-T committee in early July. This report would summarize all winter flounder work done since the mid-seventies. Bob Lawton reported that a final report on creel studies would be forthcoming. Summarizing highlights from 1985 monitoring Bob Lawton reported that comparison of the water temperature records collected during sampling from 1983-1985 showed that temperatures in 1984 were generally lower than either 1983 or 1985 which were fouad to have similar profiles. There was determined to be no connection between these lower temperatures and the plant outage of 1984 as water temperatures threughout the state were found to have been lower overall during that year. As requested by the A-T committee, the Division of Marine Fisheries (DMF) conducted sediment analysis at ea:h of the trawl stations as a means of assessing the influence sediment type may have on finfish abundance and hence trawl catches. Vin Malkoski reported on the methods used to both qualitatively
and quantitatively determine bottom type. As there was found to be little difference between the stations in terms of sediment particle size, it is felt that other factors such as depth and water flow patterns may have more of an affect on finfish distribution in the area. Bob Lawton then reported on changes that had been adopted for the 1986 study program. Among these were the dropping of the Rocky Point and Long Point trawl stations and Gray's Beach seining station. Also, in an effort to maintain information on the sportfishery at Pilgrim Station, security personnel at the Shorefront were asked to assist in the completion of a greatly abbreviated creel census form on angling activity. At the previous A-T meeting, Mike Ross requested that a study be designed to address the problem created by lack of control over fishing effort in the cosmarcial lobster sampling program. In response, an experimental study was launched in June of 1986. Forty wire traps, fished in trawls of five pots each, were randomly set within predetermined surveillance and reference areas in the environs of Pilgrim Station (twenty in each area) . Once set, the trawls will remain in the same general area for the duration of the study, as it was felt that moving them within an area would affect sampling error. Selection of the sampling areas was based on existing quadrats and on qualitative diving surveys at the site. To standardize sampling, the pots are identical and are all being fished with a single bait type (flounder racks) . For each lobster trapped, information on carapace length, sex, pathology, area where captured, and pot number were recorded. Sub-legal lobsters were released immediately, and legals af ter being banded with a yellow cinch tag below the lef t claw. In order to gain information on movement and recapture, DMF notified local fishermen, lobster pounds, and the general public as to the nature of the study. In return for tag information, the names of anyone participating will be entered in a lottery for lobster gear at the end of the season. VI. 1985 Benthic Monitoring Results In the absence of Don Miller, Mark Curran of Battelle presented results of 1985 benthic sampling. Mark began by reviewing the procedures used to collect and analyze the samples describing the statistical analyses used to interpret data. Highlighting the data, he reported that during the period March-September,1985, species richness (number of species) in the effluent decreased from previous levels. This decrease was believed to be a lag response to the outage of 1984. A decrease was also noted for blue mussels during this period. Looking at overall faunal density, he reported that there appeared to be no seasonal trends discernable in the data. Following Mark's presentation, discussion ensued regarding algal growth in the stunted zone and the apparent broadening of the zone on the northern side. The area of stunted growth was reduced as a result cf the outage. Gerry Szal asked how the issue of the request for additional money for data analysis had been resolved; Mark replied that data analyses were now being reviewed in-house by a Battelle statistician. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______________._______________________________________________..________j
VII. 1987 Marine Fisheries and Benthic Subcommittees At this time, Bob Anderson proposed that the A-T committee confirm sub-committae membership for 1987 and set meeting dates. He reported that Don Miller had agreed to chair the benthic subcommittee and that membership would remain the same as last year (Bob Leger, Bob Lawton, Goery Szal) except that ha would take the place of Lew Scotton. It was agreed that Mark Curran would attend the next subcommittee meeting to answer any questions about the 1987 study proposal. Bob said he would contact Don to establish a date and meeting place. Jack Finn said he would resume chairmanship of the fisheries subcom=ittee as Mike Ross would not be able to do so. The rest of the committee also remained the same (Bob Anderson, Bob Leger, Bob Lawton, Bob Maietta, and Carolyn Griswold). The next meeting was set for 23 July at Pilgrim Station. VIII. Biofouling Program Update In order to avoid a break in the meeting, an. agenda item was pushed back cnd Bob Anderson asked to report on the biofouling program. Bob reviewed the program and commented on its importance to the operation of the plant. Among the concerns of this program are chlorine monitoring, inspections of the screens and other intake structures, and the responsibility of requesting maintenance when necessary. Bob stated that he felt this program would be taken in-house once the precedures were established and the ' bugs' worked out. Bob Maietta then asked what the fate of the proposed backwash monitoring was. Bob Anderson replied that there had been no heated backwashes thus far in 1986, but that the procedures agreed upon at the last A-T meeting would be followed. Gerry Szal then suggested that further discussion of the matter be taken up at the next subcommittee meeting. IX. PATC Information Request on Accuracy of PNPS Discharge Temperature Monitor Bob Maietta reported on his efforts to follow up on the request made at the last meeting to check on the accuracy of the PNPS temperature -monitor. In the absence of Gerry Szal, Bob was directed to request calibration informa-tion and a graphic presentation of the temperature data over time for periods of high ambient temperature. At the time of the request, it was the feeling of DEQE/WPC that temperature plots were not necessary, but that BECo should provide the calibration information. Copies of his letter to the Company and BECo's response were made available at the meeting. Based on studies that were on-going at the time of the request, BECo reported the monitor was accurate and furnished recent temperature plots for review. Satisfied with the explana-tion, Bob Maietta did not pursue the matter any further. Gerry Szal stated that he would try and obtain the temperature plots requested by the committee. Bob Maietta then asked if DMF could monitor the discharge temperature from time to time. Bob Lawton replied that it would be done when possible.
X. Other Business Bob Maietta reported that he had sent a letter to UMass, Amherst requesting that Linda Deegan become a member of the A-T committee and that she had accepted. Bob Lawton asked for the committee's approval to reduce the form of the half-year report so that more time could be spent on the end-of-year report and on final reports (such as the creel studies). Bob Anderson stated that he felt that this should be a temporary situation, that would exist until the final reports were completed. Gerry Szal moved that the new form be temporarily accepted. Jack Finn second, and the motion passed unanimously. Carolyn Griswold stated that she felt the reports could be stream-lined and the respective sub-committees should work on the subject. XI. Adjournment Meeting adjourned at 3:10 p.m.
MEMORANDUM TO: Members of the Administrative-Technical Committee Pilgrim Power Plant Investigations FROM: Vincent Malkoski, Recording Secretary, Assistant Marine Fisheries Biologist, Division of Marine Fisheries
SUBJECT:
Addendum to the 64th meeting minutes of the Administrative Technical Committee DATE: June 24, 1986 The minutes of the 64th meeting are corrected as follows: Page 2, Section III, 1st paragraph, 3rd sentence: Insert "of lobsters" after ". . . catch rate". VJM/cm e 9
ADMINISTRATIVE-TECHNICAL COMMITTEE MEETING June 24, 1986 Gerald Szal, Chairman Mass. DEQE/DWPC Vincent Malkoski, Recording Secretary Mass. DMF (non-voting advisory membe Robert Anderson BECo. Michael Bilger U.S. EPA, Lexington i i Leigh Bridges Mass. DMF Mark Curran Battelle Jack Finn UMass, Amherst Carolyn Griswold NMFS, Narragansett Robert Lawton Mass. DMF Robert Maietta Mass. DEQE/DWPC
BOSTON EDISON COMPANY BOO BOYLSTON STREET BOSTON. M ASS ACHUSETTs 02199 A.L.OXSEN vicE PotasoENT NUCLE AN OPENATIONS October 31, 1986 BECo 86-064 Mass. Division of Water Pollution Control Permit Section - 7th Floor One Winter Street Boston, MA 02108
Dear Sir:
In accordance with Part I, Paragraph A.7.b. & c. and Attachment I, Paragraph G. of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station NPDES Permit No. MA0003557, the Semi-Annual Marine Ecology Report No. 28 is hereby submitted. This report covers the period from January through June 1986. Very truly yours, RDA: pac cc: Mass. Division of Water Pollution Control Lakeville Hospital Lakeville, MA 02346
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BOSTON EDISON COMPANY B00 BovLSTON STREET BOSTON, M ASSACHUSETTs 02199 A.L.OXSEN 4 USCE PSEStOENT seuCLEAS OpsSATIONS October 31, 1986 BECo 86-063 United States Environmental Protection Agency -: Region I Permits Processing Unit - Room 2109 John F. Kennedy Federal Building Bosten, MA 02203
Dear Sir:
In accordance witn Part I, Paragraph A.7.b & c. and Attachment I, Paragraph G. of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station NPDES Permit No. MA0003557, the Semi-Annual Marine Ecology Report No. 28 is hereby submitted. This report covers the period from January through June 1986. i f Very truly yours,
< V m RDA: pac cc: Regional Administrator U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region I
. John F. Kennedy Federal Building
; Boston, MA 02203 4
4
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