Regulatory Guide 1.120: Difference between revisions

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{{Adams
{{Adams
| number = ML13350A276
| number = ML12216A013
| issue date = 06/30/1976
| issue date = 11/30/1977
| title = Fire Protection Guidelines for Nuclear Power Plants
| title = Fire Protection Guidelines for Nuclear Power Plants
| author name =  
| author name =  
| author affiliation = NRC/OSD
| author affiliation = NRC/RES, NRC/OSD
| addressee name =  
| addressee name =  
| addressee affiliation =  
| addressee affiliation =  
Line 10: Line 10:
| license number =  
| license number =  
| contact person =  
| contact person =  
| document report number = RG-1.120
| document report number = RG-1.120, Rev. 1
| document type = Regulatory Guide
| document type = Regulatory Guide
| page count = 23
| page count = 29
}}
}}
{{#Wiki_filter:--U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY  
{{#Wiki_filter:Revision 1*U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY  
COMMISSION
COMMISSION  
June 1976 REGULATORY  
November 0 REGULATORY  
GUIDE OFFICE OF STANDARDS  
GUiDE OFFICE OF STANDARDS  
DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT
REGULATORY  
4, 1977 i REGULATORY  
GUIDE 1.120 FIRE PROTECTION  
GUIDE 1.120 FIRE PROTECTION  
GUIDELINES  
GUIDELINES  
FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS I" IN ka)USNRC REGULATORY  
FOR NUCLEAR POWR PLANTS USNRC REGULATORY  
GUIDES Commenis should be sent to the Secretary ot the Commission.
GUIDES Comments should be sent to the Secretary of 'he Commmion.


U S, Nurlea, Regulatory Guides are issued Io describe and make available to the public Regulatory Commission.
US, Nuclea Regu.latofy Comm,ssmon.


Washington.
Washington.


0 C 20M55. Attention Dfockeling and methods acceptable to the NRC stall of implementing specific pan. ol the Service Section Commission's regulations, to delineate techniques used by the staf in evoalu The guides atre Issued in the following ten broad divisions saing specific problems or postulated accidanls, or to provide guidance to app!.cents. Regulatory Guides are niot substilutes torreggulallort, and compliance I. Powew Reaclors 6 Products with them Is not required.
D.C. 20$55, Artentton Docketing and Servwce Regulatory Guides are issued to descnibe and make available to the public method, h..acceptable to the NRC Staff of rolementing specific parts of the Commfln'SSaonth regulations.


Methods end solutions difflerenl from those set out in 2. Research and Test Reactors 7 Tranrporletion the guides will be acceptable It they provid, a beei* for the findings requitel to 3. Fuels and Materials Facilities
to delineate techniques used by the stallf in evaluating sW.fAc problems The gukles we isued in the followesnq ten broad divisions or postulated accidents.
8 Occupational Health the Issuance or continuance olf permit or license by the Co nmmission
4 Environmental and Siting 9 Antitrust Review Comments and suggestions for improvements in these guides are encouraged
6 Malteials and Plant Protection
10 General at all times. and guides will be revised. as appropriate, to accommodate com ments and o reflect new information or eipeflenc.


However. cuminonts nim Copies of published guides may be obtained by wrttien request indicatilig the Ihis guide. I received within about two months alter its Issuance wilt hr par divisions desired 1o thi U S Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washinglton
or to provide guidance to applicants.
0 C licularly uselul in evaluating the need fo, an early revision 2 .Allention.


Director.
Regulatory Guides ae not substitutes lor regulations.


Office of Standards Oevalopment
and comrpliance with them is not reluired.


==A. INTRODUCTION==
1. Power Reactors 6. Products Methods and solutions dilflerent Irom those set Out it the guides will be CC- 2. Reseach and Test Reactors 7. Transportation able if they Provde a beak for the findings requimte to the issuance or co rtu 3 uels and Mltarrils Facilitices oOccutIinanal Health of a permit or license by the Com .4. Environmental and String 9. Antitrust Review 5. Materials and Plant Protection
General Design Criterion
10. General Comments and sumsion$ for in thee guides we encouraged at sil Requests for single copies o t issued guides 1which may be or for place-times, and guides will be revosed, as appropriate.
3, "Fire Protection" of Appendix A, "General Design Criteria for Nluclear Power Planlts," to 10 CFR Part 50, "Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," requires that structures, systems, and components important to safety be designed and loc,3ted to minimize, consistent with other safety requirements, the probability and effect of fires and explosions.


Noncombustible and heat-resistant materials are required to be used wherever prac-tical throughout the unit, particularly in locations such as the containment and control roo
to accommodate commnenst and ment on an automatic distribution hst for singlecoies olf future guides in specific to reflect new, information or experience.


====m. Criterion ====
This guide was revised as a result of divisions should be made in Writng Io the US. Nuclear Regulatory Commissont.
3 also requires that-fire detection and suppression systems of appropriate capacity and capability be provided and designed to minimize the adverse effect of fires on structures, systems, and components important to safety and that firefighting systems be designed to ensure that their failure, rupture, or inadvertent operation does not significantly impair the safety capability of these structures, systems, anid components.


This guide presents guidelines acceptable to the NRC staff for implementing this criterion in the development of a fire protection program for nuclear power plants. The purpose of the fire protection program is to ensure the capability to shut down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition and to minimize radioactive releases to the environment in the event of a fire. If designs or methods different from the guidelines presented herein are used, they must provide fire protection comparable to that recommended in the guidelines. -jitable bases and justification should be provided for alternative approaches to establish aL.eptable implementa- tion of General Design Criterion
substantive comments received from the public and additional stalfl review. Washington.
3.This guide addresses fire protection only for safety-related systems and equipment in nuclear power plants. It does not give guidance on separation criteria for redundant cable systems. Such guidance is included in Regulatory Guide 1.75, "Physical Independence of Elec-trical Systems." Economic and property loss considerations will probably dictate additional requirements for the fire protection program.


==B. DISCUSSION==
D.C. 20555. Attention Director.
The fire protection program for a nuclear power plant consist; of design features, personnel, equipment, and procedures.


Management participation in the program should begin with early design concepts and plant layout work and continue through plant operation.
Division of Document ControL This guide, originally issued for comment in June 1976, was revised as a result of substantive comments received from the public and additional staff review.It is now being issued for an additional extended comment period of one year.


A qualified staff should be responsible for engineering and design of fire protection systems for nuclear power plants. This staff should also be responsible for fire prevention activities, maintenance of fire protection systems, training, and manual firefighting activities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page


The equipment portion of the fire protection program comprises all equipment that provides fire detection, annunciation, control, containment, suppression, and extinguishment.
==A. INTRODUCTION==
....................................................................
1


It is the combination of all these that provides the needed defense-in-depth protection of the public health and safety.There have been 32 fires in operating U.S. nuclear power plants through December 1975. Of these, the fire on March 22, 1975, at Browns Ferry nuclear plant was the most sever
==B. DISCUSSION==
...................................................................
I 1. Defense in Depth ...........................................................
2 2. Use of Water on Electrical Cable Fires .....................................
2 3. Establishment and Use of Fire Areas ........................................  
3


====e. With approximately ====
===4. Definitions ===
250 operating reactor years of experience, one may infer a frequency on the order of one fire per ten reactor years. Thus, on the average, a nuclear power plant may experience one or wore fires of varying severity during its operating life. WASH-1400, "Reactor Safety Study -An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants," dated October 1975, concluded that the Browns Ferry fire did not affect the validity of the overall risk assess-ment. In any event, cost-effective fire protection measures should be instituted to significantly decrease the frequency and severity of fires.A document entitled "The International Guidelines for the Fire Protection of Nuclear Power Plants," (IGL) 1974 Edition, 2nd Reprint, published on behalf of the National Nuclear Risks Insurance Pools and Association, provides a step-by-step approach to assessing the fire risk in a nuclear power plant and describes protective measures to be taken as a part of the fire protec-tion of these plants. It provides useful guidance in this important area. The fluclear Energy Liability and Property Insurance Association (NIELPIA)
................................................................
hds prepared a document entitled "Soecifica- tions for Fire Protection of New Plants" which gives general conditions and valuable criteria.
C. REGULATORY
POSITION .............................................................
5 1. Overall Requirements of the Fire Protection Program .........................  
5


A special review group organized by NRC under Dr. Stephen H. Hanauer, Technical Advisor to the Executive Director for Operations, to study the Brcwns Ferry fire issued a report, NUREG-0050,"Reconviendatiot.
====a. Personnel ====
..............................................................
5 b. Fire Hazard Analysis ...................................................
5 c. Fire Suppression System Design Basis ...................................
6 d. Simultaneous Events ....................................................
6 e. Implementation of Fire Protection Programs .............................
7 2. Administrative Procedures, Controls, and Fire Brigade .......................
7 3. Quality Assurance Program ...................................................
8 a. Design Control and Procurement Document Control ........................
9 b. Instructions, Procedures, and Drawings .................................
9 c. Control of Purchased Material, Equipment, and Services ..................  
9


Related to Drowns Ferry Fire," in February 1976, which contains recommendations applicable to all nuclear power plants. This guide uses the applicable information contained in these documents.
====d. Inspection ====
.............................................................
9 e. Test and Test Control ..................................................
9 f. Inspection, Test, and Operating Status .................................
9 g. Nonconforming Items ....................................................
9 h. Corrective Action ......................................................
9 i. Records ................................................................
9 j. Audits .................................................................
9 4. General Plant Guidelines
....................................................
9 a. Building Design ........................................................
9 b. Control of Combustibles
................................................
9 c. Electrical Cable Construction, Cable Trays, and Cable Penetrations
..... 9


1.120-3 For the user's convenience, some of the terms related to fire protection are presented below with their definitions as used in this guide: Approved -signifies that devices or assemblie%
====d. Ventilation ====
have been tested and accepted for a specific purpose or application by a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
............................................................
13 e. Lighting and Communication
.............................................
13 5. Fire Detection and Suppression
.............................................
14


Automatic
====a. Fire Detection ====
-self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some impersonal influence such as a change in current, pressure, temperature, or mechanical configuration.
..........................................................
14 b. Fire Protection Water Supply Systems ...................................
14 c. Water Sprinkler and Hose Standpipe Systems .............................
16 d. Halon Suppression Systems ..............................................
16 e. Carbon Dioxide Suppression Systems .....................................
17 f. Portable Extinguishers
.................................................
17 6. Guidelines for Specific Plant Areas ........................................
17 a. Primary and Secondary Containment
.......................................
17 b. Control Room Complex ...................................................
18 c. Cable Spreading Room ....................................................
19 f.TABLE CONTENTS (Cont'd)Page d. Plant Computer Rooms ..............................................
19 e. Switchgear Rooms .......................................................
20 f. Remote Safety-Related Panels ...........................................
20 g. Safety-Related Battery Rooms ...........................................
20 h. Turbine Building .......................................................
20 i. Diesel Generator Areas .................................................
20 j. Diesel Fuel Oil Storage Areas ..........................................
21 k. Safety-Related Pumps ...................................................
21 1. New Fuel Area ..........................................................
21 m. Spent Fuel Pool Area ...................................................
21 n. Radwaste and Decontamination Areas .....................................
21 o. Safety-Related Water Tanks ...............
.............................
21 p. Records Storage Areas ..................................................
22 q. Cooling Towers .........................................................
22 r. Miscellaneous Areas ....................................................
22 7. Special Protection Guidelines
..............................................
22 a. Storage of Acetylene-Oxygen Fuel Gases .................................
22 b. Storage Areas for Ion Exchange Resins .................................
22


Combustible Sources -any material that will burn or sustain the combustion process whether or not it exhibits flame unoer exposure fire conditions that can exist at their point of application.
====c. Hazardous Chemicals ====
....................................................
22 d. Materials Containing Radioactivity
.....................................
22


Concealed
==D. IMPLEMENTATION==
-if space containing combustible material is inaccessible to the extinguishing agent, the combustibles are ronsidered to be concealed.
..................................................................
22 REFERENCES
...........................................................................
23


Design Basis Fires -fires that cause the most damage or the most severe exposure to the area or systems being considered.
==A. INTRODUCTION==
General Design Criterion
3, "Fire Protection," of Appendix A, "General Design Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants," to 10 CFR Part 50, "Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," requires that structures, systems, and components important to safety be designed and located to minimize, consistent with other safety requirements, the probability and effect of fires and explosions.


They are fires-that may develop in local areas assuming no manual, automatic, or other firefighting action has been initiated, the fire has passed flashov!r (i.e., the temperature at which auto-ignition of other combustibles in the area will occur), and the fire has reached its peak burning rate.Electrical Conduit -rigid or flexible tubing, usually either steel or aluminium, in which electrical cables are run.Enclosed -surrounded by a case that will prevent a person from accidentally contacting live electrical parts. Can also apply to flammable liquids that are contained or encased in fire-resistive materials or buildings.
Noncombustible and heat-resistant materials are required to be used~wherever prac-tical throughout the unit, particularly in locations such as the containment and control roo


Fire Area -that portion of a building or plant that is separated from other areas by bound-ary fire barriers (walls, floors, or roofs) with any openings or penetrations protected with seals or closures having a fire resistance rating equal to that of the barrier.Fire Barrier -those components of construction (walls, floors, or roofs) that are rated by approving laboratories in hours of resistance to fire and are used to prevent the spread of fire.Fire Break -a feature of construction that prevents fire propagation along the length of cables or prevents spreading of fire to nearby combustibles within a given fire area or fire zone.Fire Brigade -the team of plant personne l assigned to firefighting and who are trained in the fighting of fires by ,n approved training progra
====m. Criterion ====
3 also requires that fire detection and suppression systems of appropriate capacity and capability be provided and designed to minimize the adverse effect of fires on structures, sys-tems, and components important to safety and that firefighting systems be designed to ensure that their failure, rupture, or inadvertent operation does not significantly impair the safety capabil-ity of these structures, systems, and components.


====m. Fire Detectors ====
This guide presents guidelines acceptable to the NRC staff for implementing this criterion in the development of a fire protection program for nuclear power plants. The purpose of the fire protection program is to ensure the capability to shut down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition and to minimize radioactive releases to the environment in the event of a fire. It implements the philosophy of defense-in-depth protection against the hazards of fire and its associated effects on safety-related equipment.
-a device designed to automatically detect the presence of fire and initiate an alarm system (see the National Fire Protection Association Standard NFPA 72E, "Automatic Fire Detectors").
Some typical fire detectors are classified as follows: Heat Detector -a device that detects abnormally high temperature or rate-of-temperature rise..Smoke Detector -a device that detects the visible or invisible particles of combustion.


Flame Detector -a device that detects the infrared, ultraviolet, or visible radiation produced by a fire.Products of Combustion Detector -a detector whose actuation mechanism depends upon pyrolysis or combustion products.Fire Protection Program -the components, procedures, and personnel utilized in carrying out alTiactivities of fire protection.
If designs or methods different from the guidelines recommended herein are used, they must provide equivalent fire protection.


It includes such things as fire prevention, detection, annunciation, control, confinement, suppression, extinguishment, administrative procedures, fire brigade organization, inspection and maintenance, training, quality assurance, and testing.Fire Rating -the endurance period of a fire barrier or structure;
Suitable bases and justification should be provided for alternative approaches to establish acceptable implementation of General Design Criterion
it defines the period of resistance to a standard fire exposure before the first critical point in behavior is observed. (See NFPA 251.)1.120-4 Fire Suppression
3.This guide addresses fire protection programs for safety-related systems and equipment and for other plant areas containing fire hazards that could adversely affect safety-related systems.It does not give guidance for protecting the life safety of the site personnel or for protection against economic or property loss. This guide supplements Regulatory Guide 1.75, "Physical Independence of Electrical Systems," in determining the fire protection for redundant cable systems.
-capability for control and extinguishing of fires (firefighting).
ual fire suppression activities include the use of hoses or portable extinguishers.


Automatic fire suppression includes the use of fixed systems such as water sprinklers, Halon, or carbon dioxide.Fire Zones -subdivisions of fire areas in which the fire suppression systems are designed to combat particular types of fires. The concept of fire zone aids in defining to the firefighter the fire parameters and the actions that would be necessary.
==B. DISCUSSION==
There have been 32 fires in operating U.S. nuclear power plants through December 1975. Of these, the fire on March 22, 1975, at Browns Ferry nuclear plant was the most sever


Noncombustible
====e. With approximately ====
-materials, no part of which will ignite and burn when subjected to fire.Raceway -any channel that is designed expressly for holding wires, cables, or bus bars and is used solely for this purpose.Restricted Area -any area to which access is controlled by the licensee for purposes of protecting individuals fror exposure to radiation and radioactive materials.
250 operating reactor years of experience, one may infer a frequency on the order of one fire per ten reactor years. Thus, on the average, a nuclear power plant may experience one or more fires of varying severity during its operating life. Although WASH-1400, "Reactor Safety Study -An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants," dated October 1975, concluded that the Browns Ferry fire did not affect the validity of the overall risk assessment, the staff concluded that cost-effective fire protection measures should be instituted to significantly decrease the frequency and severity of fires and consequently initi-ated the development of this guide. In this development, the staff made use of many national standards and other publications related to fire protection.


Safety-Related Systems and Components
The documents discussed below were particularly useful.A document entitled "The International Guidelines for the Fire Protection of Nuclear Power Plants," (IGL) 1974 Edition, 2nd Reprint, published on behalf of the National Nuclear Risks Insurance Pools and Association, provides a step-by-step approach to assessing the fire risk in a nuclear power plant and describes protective measures to be taken as a part of the fire protec-tion of these plants. It provides useful guidance in this important area. The Nuclear Energy Liability and Property Insurance Association (NELPIA) and the Mutual Atomic Energy Reinsurance Pool (MAERP) have prepared a document entitled "Specifications for Fire Protection of New Plants," which gives general conditions and valuable criteria.
-systems and components required to shut down the reactor, mitigate the consequences of postulated accidents, or maintain the reactor in a safe shutdown condition.


Srrinkler System -a system of overhead piping and components from the first supply valve to the point where water discharges from the system to the fire area. The system is usually activated by heat or smoke from a fire. The system sometimes includes a controlling and/or a sectionalizing valve that is activated by a fire detection system and a device for actuat-ing an alarm when the system is in operation.
A special review group organized by NRC under Dr. Stephen H. Hanauer, Technical Advisor to the Executive Director for Operations, to study the Browns Ferry fire issued a report, NUREG-005O, "Recommendations Related to Browns Ferry Fire," in February 1976, which contains recommendations applicable to all nuclear power plants.This guide uses the applicable information contained in these documents.


Sprinkler systems may be classified as follows: Wet Pipe -a system employing automatic closed-head (fusible link operated)
The fire protection program for a nuclear power plant presented in this guide consists of design features, personnel, equipment, and procedures that provide the defense-in-depth protec-tion of the public health and safety. The purpose of the program is to prevent significant fires, to ensure the capability to shut down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition, and to minimize radioactive releases to the environment in the event of a significant
sprinklers attached to a piping system containing water and connected to a water supply so that water discharges immediately from sprinklers opened by a fire.DryPipe -a system employing automatic closed-head sprinklers attached to a piping system containing air or nitrogen under pressure, the release of which, as from the opening of a sprinkler, permits the water pressure to open a valve known as a dry-pipe valve. The water then flows into the piping system and out the open sprinklers.
1.120-1 fire. To meet this objective, it is essential that management participation in the program begin with early design concepts and plant layout work. and continue through plant operation and that a qualified staff be responsible for engineering and design of fire protection systems that provide fire detection, annunciation, confinement, and suppression for the plant. The staff should also be responsible for fire prevention activities, maintenance of fire protection systems, training, and manual firefighting activities.


Preaction System -a system employing automatic closed-head sprinklers attached to a piping system containing air that may or may not be under pressure, with a fire detec-tion system installed in the same areas as the sprinklers.
It is the combination of all these that provides the needed defense-in-depth protection of the public health and safety.Some of the major conclusions that emerged from the Browns Ferry fire investigations warrant emphasis and are discussed below.1. Defense in Depth Nuclear power plants use the concept of defense in depth to achieve the requ'ired high degree of safety by using echelons of safety systems. This concept is also applicable to fire safety in nuclear power plants. With respect to the fire protection program, the defense-in-depth princi-ple is aimed at achieving an adequate balance in: a. Preventing fires from starting;b. Detecting fires quickly, suppressing those fires that occur, putting them out quickly, and limiting their damage; and c. Designing plant safety systems so that a fire that starts in spite of the fire preven-tion program and burns for a considerable time in spite of fire protection activities will not prevent essential plant safety functions from being performed.


Actuation of the fire detection system, as by a fire, opens a valve that permits water to flow into the sprinkler piping system and to be discharged from any sprinklers that have been opened by the fire.Deluuge_5ystem
No one of these echelons can be perfect or complete by itself. Strengthening any one can compensate in some measure for weaknesses, known or unknown, in the others.The primary objective of the fire protection program is to minimize both the probability and consequences of postulated fires. In spite of steps taken to reduce the probability of fire, fires are expected to occur. Therefore, means are needed to detect and suppress fires with particular emphasis on providing passive and active fire protection of appropriate capability and adequate capacity for the systems necessary to achieve and maintain safe plant shutdown with or without offsite power. For other safety-related systems, the fire protection should ensure that a fire will not cause the loss of function of such systems, even though loss of redundancy within a system may occur as a result of the fire. Generally, in plant areas where the potential fire damage may jeopardize safe plant shutdown, the primary means of fire protection should consist of fire barriers and fixed automatic fire detection and suppression systems. Also, a backup manual firefighting capability should be provided throughout the plant to limit the extent of fire damage. Portable equipment consisting of hoses, nozzles, portable extinguishers, complete person-nel protective equipment, and air breathing equipment should be provided for use by properly trained firefighting personnel.
-a system employing open-head sprinklers and/or nozzles attached to a piping system connected to a water supply through a valve that is opened by the opera-tion of a fire detection system installed in the areas where the sprinklers or nozzles are located. When this valve opens, water flows into the piping system and discharges from all sprinklers or nozzles attached thereto.Standpipe and Hose Systems -a fixed piping system connected to a water supply to provide effective fire hose streams in the shortest possible time to specific areas inside the building.The Browns Ferry fire and subsequent events have shown potential inadequ.cie:
in fire pro-tection. Some of the major conclusions that emerged from the Browns Ferry fire investigations warrant emphasis and are discussed below.1. Defense in Depth Nuclear power plants use the concept of defense in depth to achieve the required high degree of safety by using echelons of safety systems. This concept is also applicable to fire safety in nuclear power plants. With respect to the fire protection program, the defense-in-depth principle is aimed at achieving an adequate balance in: a. Preventing fires from starting;b. Detecting fires quickly, suppressing those fires that occur, putting them out quickly, and limiting their damage; and 1.120-5 c. Designing plant safety systems so that a fire that starts in spite of the fire preven-tion program and burns for a considerable time in spite of fire protection activities will not prevent essential plant safety functions from being performed.


Nio one of these echelons can be perfect or complete by itself. Strengthening any one can compensate in some measure for weaknesses, known or unknown, in the others.The primary objective of the fire protection program is to minimize both the probability and consequences of postulated fires. In spite of steps taken to reduce the probability of fire in the design of the plant, it is expected that fires will occur. Therefore, leans should be nro-vided to detect, control, and extinguish fires. This can be done by providing fixed fire detec-tion and suppression systems of appropriate capability and adequate capacity in areas where the potential fire damage may jeopardize safe plant shutdown.
Access for effective manual application of fire extinguishing agents to combustibles should be provided.


Backup manual firefighting capability should be provided throughout the plant to limit the extent of a fire by providing portable equipment consisting of hoses, nozzles, portable extinguishers, and iir breathing equipment for use by properly trained firefighting personnel.
The adequacy of fire protection for any particular plant safety system or area should be determined by analysis of the effects of the postulated fire relative to maintaining the ability to safely shut down the plant and minimize radioactive releases to the environment in the event of a fire.Fire protection starts with design and must be carried through all phases of construction and operation.


A nuclear power plant must maintain its capability to combat a fire under any operating condition with fuel on site. A single failure in the fire prot-cltion system or direct support systems should not impair both primary and backup plant fire pirotectioni capability.
A quality assurance (QA) program is needed to identify and rectify errors in design, construction, and operation and is an essential part of defense in depth.2. Use of Water on Electrical Cable Fires Experience with major electrical cable fires shows that water will promptly extinguish such fires. Since prompt extinguishing of the fire is vital to reactor safety, fire and water damage to safety systems is reduced by the more efficient application of water from fixed systems spraying directly on the fire rather than by manual application with fire hoses. Appropriate firefighting procedures and fire training should provide the techniques, equipment, and skills for the use of water in fighting electrical cable fires in nuclear plants, particularly in areas containing a high concentration of electric cables with plastic insulation.


For example, to avoid such a consequence, the pumping portion of fire protection water supply systems should be redundant and independent, including associated power supplie.s alnd controls.
This is not to say that fixed water systems should be installed everywhere.


Also, failure or inadvertent operation of the fire suppression system should not result in failure of safety-related systems or components.
Equipment that may be damaged by water should be shielded or relocated away from the fire hazard and the water.Drains should be provided to remove any water used for fire suppression and extinguishment to ensure that water accumulation does not incapacitate sfety-related equipment.


Postulated fires or fire protection system failures need not be considered concurrent with other plant accidents or the most severe natural phenomena, e.g., fire and a LOCA or fire and the Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE). However, in the event of the SSE, the fire protection system should be capable of delivering water from manual hose stations located within hose reach of areas containing equipment required for safe shutdown.
1.120-2
44 3. Establishment and Use of Fire Areas Separate fire areas for each division of safety-related.systems will reduce the possibility of fire-related damage to redundant safety-related equipment.


The water supply for thi. condition may be obtained by manual operator actuation of valves in a connection to the hose standpipe header from a normal Seismic Category I water system such as the essential service water systemn. Thus at least manual hose and portable fire protection capability must be provided for all pottulated design basis events requiring plant shutdown.
Fire areas should be established to separate redundant safety divisions and isolate safety-related systems from fire hazards in non-safety-related areas. Particular design attention to the use of separate isolated fire areas for redundant cables will help to avoid loss of redundant safety-related cables. Separate fire areas should also be employed to limit the spread of fires between components that are major fire hazards within a safety division.


The fire protection systems should, however, because of the higher probability of occurrence, retain their original design capability for (1) natural phenomena of less severity and greater frequency (approximately once in 10 years)such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, ice storms, or small-intensity earthquakes that are characteristic of the site geographic region and (2) for potential man-created site-related events such as oil barge collisions and aircraft crashes that have a reasonable probability of occurring at a specific plant site. The effects of lightning strikes should be included in the overall plant fire protection system.Fire protection starts with design and must be carried through in all phases of construction and operation.
Where redundant systems cannot be separated by fire barriers, as in containment and the control room, it is necessary to employ other measures to prevent a fire from causing the loss of function of safety-related systems.Within fire areas containing components of a safety-related system, special attention should be given to detecting and suppressing fires that may adversely affect the system. Measures that may be taken to reduce the effects of a postulated fire in a given fire area include limiting the amount of combustible materials, installing fire-resistant construction, providing fire stops or fire-retardant coating in cable trays, installing fire detection systems and fixed fire suppres-sion systems, or providing other protection suitable to the installation.


Furthermore, quality assurance (QA) programs are needed to identify and rectify errors in design, construction, and operation and are an essential part of defense in depth.This guide is intended to implement the pHlosophy of defense-in-depth protection against the hazards of fire and its associated effects on safety-related equipment.
The fire hazard analysis will be the mechanism to determine that fire areas have been properly selected.Suitable design of the ventilation systems can limit the consequences of a fire Oy preventing the spread of the products of combustion to other fire areas. It is important that means be provided to ventilate, exhaust, or isolate the fire area as required and that consideration be given to the consequences of failure of ventilation systems due to fire causing loss of control for ventilating, exhausting, or isolating a given fire area. The capability to ventilate, exhaust, or isolate is particularly important to ensure the habitability of rooms or spaces that must be attended in an emergency.


2. Use of Water on Electrical Fires Experience with major electrical fires shows that water should be used if initial attempts to put out a cable fire with other agents are not immediately successful.
In the design, provision should be made for personnel access to and escape routes from each fire area.4. Definitions For the user's convenience, some of the terms related to fire protection are presented below with their definitions as used in this guide: Approved -tested and accepted for a specific purpose or application by a nationally recog-nized testing laboratory.


Since prompt extin-guishing of the fire is paramount to reactor safety, damage would be reduced by discreet applica-tion of water from automatic sprinklers rather than manual application with fire hoses. The widespread opinion and practice that emphasize the reasons for not using water as contrasted to those for its prompt and proper use are a concern. Firefighting procedures and fire training should provide the techniques, equipment, and skills for the use of water in fighting electrical fires in nuclear plants, particularly in areas containing a high concentration of electric cables with plastic insulation.
Automatic
-self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some impersonal influence such as a change in current, pressure, temperature, or mechanical configuration.


I e This is not to say that water systems should be installed everywhere.
Combustible Material .- material that does not meet the definition of noncombustible.


Equipment that may be damaged by water should be shielded or relocated away from the fire hazard and the water.Drains should be provided to remove any water used for fire suppression and extinguishment.
Control Room Complex -the zone served by the control room emergency ventilation system (see Standard Review Plan 6.4, "Habitability Systems").
Fire Area -that portion of a building or plant that is separated from other areas by bound-ary fire barriers.Fire Barrier -those components of construction (walls, floors, and the'ir supports, including beams, joists, columns, penetration seals or closures, fire doors, and fire dampers that are rated by approving laboratories in hours of resistance to fire and are used to prevent the spread of fire.Fire Stop -a feature of construction that prevents fire propagation along the length of cables or prevents spreading of fire to nearby combustibles within a given fire area or fire zone.Fire Brigade -the team of plant personnel assigned to firefighting and who are equipped for and trained in the fighting of fires..Fire Detectors
-a device designed to automatically detect the presence of fire and initiate an alarm system and other appropriate action (see NFPA 72E, "Automatic Fire Detectors").
Some typical fire detectors are -classified as follows: Heat Detector -a device that detects a predetermined (fixed) temperature or rate of temperature rise.Smoke Detector -a device that detects the visible or invisible products of combustion
1.120-3 Flame Detector -a device that detects the infrared, ultraviolet, or visible radiation produced by a fire.Line-Type Detector -a device in which detection is continuous along a path, e.g., fixed-temperature, heat-sensitive cable and rate-of-rise pneumatic tubing detectors.


3. Establishment and Use of Fire Areas The concept of separate fire areas for each division of safety equipment that requires redundancy will facilitate the installation of automatic water extinguishing systems since it will reduce the possibility of water damaging redundant safety-related equipment.
Fire Protection Program -the integrated effort involving components, procedures, and person-nel utilized in carrying out all activities of fire protection.


1.120-6~1 Fire areas should be established based on the amount of combustible material present and considering suitably cljosen design basis fires so that adequate protection can be provided for safety-related systems and equipment.
It includes system and facility design, fire prevention, fire detection, annunciation, confinement, suppression, administrative controls, fire brigade organization, inspection and maintenance, training, quality assurance, and testing.Fire Rating -the endurance period of a fire barrier or structure;
it defines tAe period of resistance to a standard fire exposure before the first critical point in behavior is observed (see NFPA 251).Fire Suppression
-control and extinguishing of fires (firefighting).
Manual fire suppres-sion is the use of hoses, portable extinguishers, or manually actuated fixed systems by plant personnel.


Design basis fires are those fires that result in the most duimage or most severe exposure to the area or systems being considered.
Automatic fire suppression is the use of automatically actuated fixed systems such as water, Halon, or carbon dioxide systems.Fire Zones -the subdivisions of fire areas in which the fire suppression systems are designed to combat particular types of fires.Noncombustible Material a. material, no part of which will ignite and burn when subjected to fire.b. material having a structural base of noncombustible material, as defined in a., with a surfacing not over 1/16 inch thick that has a flame spread rating not higher than 50 when measured using ASTM E-84 Test, "Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials." Raceway -refer to Regulatory Guide 1.75.Restricted Area -any area to which access is controlled by the licensee for purposes of protecting individuals from exposure to radiation and radioactive materials.


Within each area, special attention should be given to limiting the amount of combustible material ane to providing effective barriers and fire-resi3tive coatings to reduce the spread of a fire in these areas. A design basis fire should be assumed, and provisions should be made to limit the consequence of such a fire by providing fire barriers w.ith suitable separation between redundant systems and components that are provided to carry out required safety functions.
Safety-Related Systems and Components
-systems and components required to shut down the reactor, mitigate the consequences of postulated accidents, or maintain the reactor in a safe shutdown condition.


This separation is enhanced if the plant is divided into suitable fire areas since redundant safety equipment can then be placed in separate fire areas.Particular design attention should be given to the use of separate isolated fire areas for redundant cables to avoid loss of redundant safety-related cables.Provisions should also be made to limit the consequences of a fire by suitable design of the ventilation systems so 'hat the spread of the products of combustion to other areas of the* plant is prevented.
Secondary Containment
-a structure that completely encloses primary containment, used for controlling containment leakage.Sprinkler System -a network of piping connected to a reliable water supply that will dis-tribute the water throughout the area protected and will discharge the water through sprin-klers in sufficient quantity either to extinguish the 'fire entirely or to prevent its spread.The system, usually activated by heat, includes a controlling valve and a device for actu-atilhg an alarm when the system is In operation.


Means should be provided to ventilate, exhaust, or isolate the area as required.
The following categories of sprinkler systems are defined in NFPA 13, "Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems": Wet-Pipe System Dry-Pipe System Preaction System Deluge System Combined Dry-Pipe and Preaction System On-Off System Standpipe and Hose Systems -a fixed piping system with hose outlets, hose, and nozzles connected to a reliable water supply to provide effective fire hose streams to specific areas inside the building.Water Spray System -a network of piping similar to a sprinkler system except that it uti-lizes open-head spray nozzles. NFPA 15, "Water Spray Fixed Systems," provides guidance on these systems.1. 120-4 C. REGULATORY
POSITION 1. Overall Requirements of the Fire Protection Program a. Personnel Responsibility for the overall fire protection program should be assigned to a desig-nated person in the upper level of management who has management control over the organizations involved in fire protection activities.


The power suppiy and controls for the area ventilation system should be from outside the area, and the power and control cables should not pass through the area.In the design, consideration should be given to providing personnel access to and escape routes from each fire area. The emergency plans for all plants should lay out access and escapeto cover the event of a fire in critical areas of the plant.C. REGULATORY
This person should retain ultimate responsibility even though formulation and assurance of program implementation is delegated.
POSITION I. Overall Reqcuirements of the Fire Protection Program a. Personnel Responsibility for the overall fire protection program should be assigned to a desig-nated person in the upper level of management.


This person should retain ultimate responsibility even though formulation and assurance of program implementation is delegated.
Such delegation of authority should be to a staff composed of personnel prepared by training and experience in fire protection and personnel prepared by training and experience in nuclear plant safety to provide a balanced approach in directing the fire protection program for the nuclear power plant.The staff should be responsible for: (1) Coordination of fire protection program requirements, including consideration of potential hazards associated with postulated fires, with building layout and systems design.(2) Design and maintenance of fire detection, suppression, and extinguishing systems.(3) Fire prevention activities.


Such delegation of authority should be to staff personnel prepared by training and experience in fire protection and nuclear plant safety to provide a balanced approach in directing the fire protection program for the nuclear power plant.The fire protection staff should be responsible for: (1) Coordination of building layout and systems design with fire area requirements, including consideration of potential hazards associated with postulated design basis fires.(2) Design and maintenance of fire detection, suppression, and extinguishing systems.(3) Fire prevention activities.
(4) Training and manual firefighting activities of plant personnel and the fire brigade.(5) Pre-fire planning.On sites where there is an operating reactor and construction or modification pf other units is underway, the superintendent of the operating plant should have the lead responsibility for site fire protection.(NOTE: NFPA 6, "Recommendations for Organization of Industrial Fire Loss Prevention," contains useful guidance for the organization and operation of the entire fire loss prevention program.)b. Fire Hazard Analysis The overall fire protection program should allow the plant to maintain the ability to perform safe shutdown functions and minimize radioactive releases to the environment in the event of a fire. A major element of this program should be the evaluation of potential fire hazards throughout the plant and the effect of postulated fires on safety-related plant areas.Fire initiation should be postulated at the location that will produce the most severe fire, assuming an ignition source is present at that point. Fire development should consider the potential for involvement of other combustibles, both fixed and transient, in..the fire area.Where automatic suppression systems are installed, the effects of the postulated fire sho~ld be evaluated with and without actuation of the automatic suppression system.(1) A detailed fire hazard analysis should be made during initial plant design to reflect the proposed construction arrangement, materials, and facilities.


(4) Training and manual firefighting activities of plant personnel and the fire brigade.( NOTE: NIFPA 6, "Recommendations for Organization of Industrial Fire Loss Prevention," contains useful guidance for organization and operation of the entire fire loss prevention program.)b. Design Bases The overall fire protection program should be based on evaluation of potential fire hazards throughout the plant and the effect of postulated design basis fires relative to main-taining ability to perform safe shutdown functions and minimize radioactive releases to the environment.
This analysis should be revised periodically as design and construction progress and before and during major plant modifications.


c. Backup Total reliance should not be placed on a single automatic fire suppression system.Appropriate backup fire suppression capability should be provided.d. Single-Failure Criterion A single failure in the fire suppression system should not impair both the primary and backup fire suppression capability.
(2) The fire hazard analysis should be a systematic study of (a) all elements of the fire protection program being proposed to ensure that the plant design has included adequate identification and evaluation of potential fire hazards and (b) the effect of postulated f~res relative to maintaining the ability to perform safe shutdown functions and minimizing radioactive releases to the environment.


For example, redundant fire water pumps with independent
(3) Experienced judgement is necessary to identify fire hazards and the consequences of a postulated fire starting at any point in the plant.- Evaluation of the consequences of the postulated fire on nuclear safety should be performed by persons thoroughly trained and experi-enced in reactor safety. The person conducting the analysis of fire hazards should be thoroughly trained and experienced in the principles of industrial fire prevention and control and in fire phenomena from fire initiation, through its development, to propagation into adjoining spaces.The fire hazard analysis should be conducted by or under the direct supervision of an engineer who is qualified for Member grade in the Society of Fire Protection Engineers.
1.120-7 power supplies and controls should be provided.


Postulated fires or. fire protection system failures need not be considered concurrent with other plant accidents or the most severe natural phenomena.
(4) The fire hazard analysis should separately identify hazards and provide appro-priate protection in locations where safety-related losses can occur as a result of: 1.120-5 (a) Concentrations of combustible contents, including transient fire loads due to combustibles expected to be used in nurmal operations such as refueling, maintenance, and modifica-tions-(b) Continuity of combustible contents, furnishings, building materials, or combinations thereof in configurations conducive to fire spread;(c) Exposure fire, heat, smoke, or water exposure, including those that may necessitate evacuation from areas that are required to be attended for safe shutdown;(d) Fire in control rooms or other locations having critical safety-related functions;(e) Lack of adequate access or smoke removal facilities that impede fire extin-guishment in safety-related areas;(f) Lack of explosion-prevention measures;(g) Loss of electric power or control circuits;
and (h) Inadvertent operation of fire suppression systems.(5) The fire hazard analysis should verify that the fire protection program guidelines of the regulatory position of this guide have been met. To that end, the report on the analysis should list applicable elements of the program, with explanatory statements as needed to identify location, type of system, and design criteria.


However, in the event of the most severe earthquake, i.e., the Safe Shutdown Earth-quake (SSE), the fire suppression system should be capable of delivering water to manual hose stations located within hose reach of areas containing equipment required for safe plant s;iut-down. The fire protection systems should, however, retain their original design capability for (1) natural phenomena of less severity and greater frequency (appruximately once in 10 years)such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, ice storms, or small-intensity earthquakes that are characteristic of the site geographic region and (2) for potential man-created site-related events such as oil barge collisions or aircraft crashes that have a reasonable probability of occurring at a specific plant site. The effects of lightning strikes should be included In the overall plant fire protection program.e, Fire Suppression Systems Failure or inadvertent operation of the fire suppression system should not incapacitate safety-related systems or components.
The report should identify any deviations from the regulatory position and should present alternatives for staff review. Justification for deviations from the regulatory position should show that an equivalent level of protection will be achieved.


Fire suppression systems that are pressurized during normal plant operation should meet the guidelines specified for moderate energy systems outside containment in Section 3.6.1 of the Standard Review Plan, NUREG-75/087.
Deletion of a protective feature without compensating alternative protective meas-ures generally will not be acceptable, unless it is clearly demonstrated that the protective measure is not needed because of the design and arrangement of the particular plant.c. Fire Suppression System Design Basis (1) Total reliance should not be placed on a single fire suppression system. Appro-priate backup fire suppression capability should be provided.(2) A single active failure or a crack in a moderate-energy line (pipe) in the fire suppression system should not impair both the primary and backup fire suppression capability.


f. Fuel Storage Areas The fire protection program (plans. personnel, and equipment)  
For example, neither the failure of a fire pump, its power supply, or controls nor a crack in a moderate-energy line in the fire suppression system should result in loss of function of both sprinkler and hose standpipe systems in an area protected by such primary and backup systems.(3) As a minimum, the fire suppression system should be capable of delivering water to manual hose stations located within hose reach of areas containing equipment required for safe plant shutdown following the Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE). In areas of high seismic activity, the staff will consider on a case-by-case basis the need to design the fire detection and suppres-sion systems to be functional following the SSE.(4) The fire-protection systems should retain their original design capability for (a)natural phenomena of less severity and greater frequency than the most severe natural phenomena (approximately once in 10 years) such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, ice storms, or small-intensity earthquakes that are characteristic of the geographic region and (b) potential man-created site-related events such as oil barge collisions or aircraft crashes that have a reasonable probability of occurring at a specific plant site. The effects of lightning strikes should be included in the overall plant fire protection program.(5) The consequences of inadvertent operation of or a crack in a moderate energy line in the fire suppression system should meet the guidelines specified for moderate-energy systems outside containment in Section 3.6.1 of the Standard Review Plan, NUREG-75/087.
for buildings stoting new reactor fuel and for adjacent fire zones tha: could affect the fuel storage zone should be fully operational before fuel is received at the site.g. Fuel Loading The fire protection program for an entire reactor unit should be fully operational prior to initial fuel loading in that reactor unit.h. Multiple-Reactor Sites On multiple-reactor sites where there are operating reactors and construction of remaining units is being completed, the fire protection program should provide continuing evalua-tion and include additional fire barriers, fire protection capability, and administrative controls necessary to protect the operating units from construction fire hazards. The superintendent of the operating plant should have the lead responsibility for site fire protection.


i. Simultaneous Fires Simultaneous fires in more than one reactor unit need not be considered.
d. Simultaneous Events (1) Fires need not be postulated to be concurrent with non-fire-related failures in safety systems, other plant accidents, or the most severe natural phenomena.


Because of separation requirements, a fire involving more than one reactor unit need not be considered except for facilities shared between units.2. Administrative Procedures, Controls, and Fire Brigade a. Administrative procedures consistent with the need for'maintaining the performance of the fire protection system and personnel in nuclear power plants should be provided..Guidance is contained in the following publications:
(2) On multiple-reactor sites, unrelated fires need not be postulated to occur simulta-neously in more than one reactor unit. The effects of fires involving facilities shared between units and fires due to man-created site-related events that have a reasonable probability of 1.120-6 occurring and affecting more than one reactor unit (such as an aircraft crash) should be considered.
NFPA 4 -Organization for Fire Services NFPA 4A -Organization of a Fire Department NFPA 6 -Industrial Fire Loss Prevention NFPA 7 -Management of Fire Emergencies NFPA 8 -Management Responsibility for Effects of Fire on Operations NFPA 27 -Private Fire Brigades b. Effective administrative measures should be implemented to prohibit bulk storage of combustible materials inside or adjacent to safety-related buildings or systems during operation or maintenance periods. Regulatory Guide 1.39, "Housekeeping Requirements for Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants," provides guidance on housekeeping, including the disposal of combustible materials.


c. Normal and abnormal conditions or other anticipated operations such as modifications (e.g., breaking fire stops, impairment of fire detection and suppression systems) and refueling activities should be reviewed by appropriate levels of management and appropriate special action and procedures such as fire watches or temporary fire barriers implemented to ensure adequate fire protection and reactor safety. In particular:
e. Implementation of Fire Protection Programs (1) The fire protection program (plans, personnel, and equipment)  
1.120-8  
for buildings storing new reactor fuel and for adjacent fire areas that could affect the fuel storage area should be fully operational before fuel is received at the site. Such adjacent areas include those whose flames, hot gases, and fire-generated toxic and corrosive products may jeopardize safety and surveillance of the stored fuel.(2) The fire protection program for an entire reactor unit should be fully operational prior to initial fuel loading in that reactor unit.(3) On reactor sites where there is an operating reactor and construction or modifica-tion of other units is under way, the fire protection program should provide for continuing evaluation of fire hazards. Additional fire barriers, fire protection capability, anid adminis-trative controls should be provided as necessary to protect the operating unit from construction fire hazards.2. Administrative Procedures, Controls, and Fire Brigade a. Administrative procedures consistent with the need for maintaining the performance of the fire protection system and personnel in nuclear power plants should be provided.Guidance is contained in the following publications:
(1) Work involving ignition sources such as welding and flame cutting should be done under closely controlled conditions.
NFPA 4 -Organization for Fire Services NFPA 4A -Organization of a Fire Department NFPA 6 -Industrial Fire Loss Prevention NFPA 7 -Management of Fire Emergencies NFPA 8 -Management Responsibility for Effects of Fire on Operations NFPA 27 -Private Fire Brigades NFPA 802 -Recommended Fire Protection Practice for Nuclear Reactors.b. Effective administrative measures should be implemented to prohibit bulk storage of combustible materials inside or adjacent to safety-related buildings or systems during operation or maintenance periods. Regulatory Guide 1.39 provides guidance on housekeeping, including the disposal of combustible materials.


Procedures governing such work should be reviewed and approved by persons trained and experienced in fire protection.
c. Normal and abnormal conditions or other anticipated operations such as modifications (e.g., breaching fire barriers or fire stops, impairment of fire detection and suppression systems)and transient fire load conditions such as those associatedwith refueling activities should be reviewed by appropriate levels of management and the fire protection staff. Appropriate special action and procedures such as fire watches or temporary fire barriers should be implemented to ensure adequate fire protection and reactor safety. In particular:
(1) Work involving ignition sources such as welding and flame cutting should be done under closely monitored conditions that are controlled by a permit system. Procedures governing such work should be reviewed and approved by persons trained and experienced in fire protection.


Persons performing and directly assisting in such work should be trained and equipped to prevent and combat fires. If this is not possible, a person qualified in fire protection should directly monitor the work and function as a fire watch.(2) Leak testing and similar procedures such as airflow determination should use one of thc conmercially available aerosol techniques.
Persons performing and directly assisting in such work should be trained and equipped to prevent and combat fires. If this is not possible, a person trained in firefighting techniques and plant emergency procedures should directly monitor the work and function as a fire watch. In instances where such operations may produce flame, sparks, or molten metal through walls or penetrations, care should be taken to inspect both rooms or areas (see NFPA-51B, "Cutting and'Welding Processes").
(2) Leak testing and similar procedures such as airflow determination should use one of the commercially available techniques.


Open flames or combustion-generated smoke should not be permitted.
Open flames or combustion-generated smoke should not be permitted.


(3) Use of combustible material, e.g., HEPA and charcoal filters, dry ion exchange resins, or othrr combustible supplies, in safety-related rreas should be controlled.
(3) Use of combustible material, e.g., HEPA and charcoal filters, dry ion exchange resins, or other combustible supplies, in safety-related areas should be controlled.


Use of wood inside buildings containing safety-related systems or equipment should be permitted only when suitable noncombustible substitutes are not available.
Use of wood inside buildings containing safety-related systems or equipment should be permitted only when suitable noncombustible substitutes are not available.
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Such materials should be allowed into safety-related areas only when they are to be used immediately.
Such materials should be allowed into safety-related areas only when they are to be used immediately.


Their possible and probable use should be considered in the fire hazard analysis to determine the adequacy of the installed fi:-e protection systems.d. Nuclear power plants are frequently located in remote areas at '.ome distance from public fire dcpartments.
Their possible dnd probable use should be :onsidered in the fire hazard analysis to determine the adequacy of the installed fire protection systems and the effects on safety-related equipment.
 
Also, first response fire departments are often volunLeer.
 
Public fire department response should be considered in the overall fire protection program. However, the plant should be designed to be self-sufficient with respect to firefighting activities and rely on tile public response only for supplemental or backup capability.


C. The need for good organization, training, and equipping of fire brigades at nuclear power plant sites requires that effective measures be implemented to ensure proper discharge of these functions.
1.120-7
(4) Disarming of fire detection or fire suppression systems should be controlled by a permit system. Fire watcheL shuuid be established in areas where systems are so disarmed.d. The plant should be designed to be self-sufficient with respect to firefighting activ-ities to protect safety-related plant. areas. Public fire department response should be provided for in the overall fire protection program for supplemental and backup capability.


The g'. .i.nce in Regulatory Guide 1.101, "Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants," should be followed as applicable.
e. The need foy good organizatiun, training, and equipping uf fire brigades at nuclear power plant. sites requires that effective measures be implemented to ensure proper discharge of these functions.


(1) Successful flrefiqhting requires testing and maintenance of the fire protection equipment, and the emergency lighting and communication, as well as practice as brigades for the people who miust utilize the equipment.
The guida-ce in Regulatory GuidE 1.101, "Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants," should be followed as applicable.(I) Successful firefighting requires testing dnd maintenance of the fire protection equipment and the emergency lighting and communication, as well as practice as trigades for the people who must utilize the equipment.


A test plan that lists the individuals and their respon-sibilities in connection with routine tests and inspections of the fire detection and protection systems should be developed.
A test plan that lists the individuals and their respon-sibilities in connection with routine tests and inspections of the fire detection and protection systems should be developed.


The test plan should contain the types, frequency, and detailed procedures for testing. Procedures should also contain instructions on maintaining fire protec-tion during those periods when the fire protection system is impaired or during periods of plant maiintenance, e.g., fire watches or temporary hose connections to water systems.(2) Basic training is a necessary element in effective firefighting operation.
The test plan should contain the types, frequency, and oetailed procedures for testing. Procedures should also contain instructions on maintaining fire protec-tion during those periods when the fire protection system is impaired or during periods of plant maintenance, e.g., fire watches or temporary hose connections to water systems.(2) Basic training is a necessary element in effective firefighting operation.


In order for a fire brigade to operate effectiv.ely, it must operate as a team. All members must know what their individual duties are. They must be familiar with the layout of the plant and with equipment location and operation in order to permit effective firefighting operations during times when a particular area is filleq with smoke or is insufficiently lighted. Such training can only be accomplished by conducting drills several times a year (at least quarterly)  
In order for a fire brigade to operate effectively, it must operate as a team. All members must know what their individual duties are. They must be familiar with the layout of the plant and with equipment location and operation in order to permit effective firefighting operations during times when a particular area is filled with smoke or is insufficiently lighted. Such training can only be accomplished by conducting drills and classroom instruction several times a year (at least quarterly)  
so that all members of the fire brigade have had the opportunity to train as I team testing itself in the major areas of the plant. The drills should include the simulated use of equipment ii each area and should be preplanned and postcritiqued to establish the training objective of the drills and determine how well these objectives have been met. These drills should periodically (at least annually)  
so that all members of the fire brigade have had *the opportunity to train as a team testing itself in the major areas of the plant. The drills should include the simulated use of equipment in each area and should be preplanned and postcritiqued to establish the training objective of the drills and determine how well these objectives have been met. These drills should provide for local fire department participation periodically (at least annually).
include local fire department participation where possible.
Such drills also permit supervising personnel to evaluate the effectiveness of communications within the fire brigade and with the on-scene fire team leader, the reactor operator in the control room, the plant physical security organization, and any other command post.(3) To have proper coverage during ail phases of operation, miembers of each shift crew should be trained in fire protection.


Such drills also permit supervising personnel to evaluate the effectiveness of communications within the fire brigade and with the on-scene fire team leader, the reactor operator in the control room, and the offsite commuand post.(3) To have proper coverage during all phases of operation, members of each shift crew should be trained in fire protection.
Training of the plant fire brigade should be coordinated with the local fire department so that responsibilities and duties are delineated in advance.This coordination should be part of the training course and should be included in the training of the local fire department staff. The plant fire brigade should not include any of the plant physical security personnel required to be available to fulfill the response requirements of paragraph
73.55(h)(2)
of 10 CFR Part 73, "Physical Protection of Plants and Materials.." Local fire departments should be provided training in operational precautions when fighting fires on nuclear power plant sites and should be made .aware of the need for radiological protection of personnel and the special hazards associated with a nuclear power plant site.(4) NFPA 27, "Private Fire Brigade," should be followed in organization, training, and fire drills. This standard also is applicable for the inspection and maintenance of firefighting equipment.


Training of the plant fire brigade should be coordinated with the local fire department so that responsibilities and duties are delineated in advance.lhis coordination should be part of the training course and implemented into the training of the local fire department staff. Local fire departments should be educated in the operational pre-cautions when fighting fires on nuclear power plant sites. Local fire departments should be made aware of the need for radioactive protection of personnel and the special hazards associated with a nuclear power plant site.(4) NFPA 27, "Private Fire Brigade," should be followed in organization, training, and fire drills. This standard also is applicable for the inspection and maintenance of firefighting equipment.
Among the standards referenced in this document, NFPA 197, "Training Standard on Initial Fire Attacks," should be utilized as applicable..
NFPA booklets and pamphlets listed in NFPA 27 may be used as applicable for training references.


Among the standards referenced in this document, the following should be utilized: NFPA 194, "Standards for Screw Threads and Gaskets for Fire Hose Couplings," NFPA 196, "Standard for Fire Hose," NFPA 197, "Training Standard on Initial Fire Attacks," and NFPA 601, "Recommended
In addition, courses in fire preven-tion and fire suppression that are recognized or sponsored by the fire protection industry should be utilized.3. Quality Assurance Program .The quality assurance (QA) programs of applicants and contractors should ensure that the guidelines for design, procurement, installation, and testing and the administrative controls for the fire protection systems for safety-related areas are satisfied.
1.120-9 ENAMMMMOME"
Manual of Instructions and Duties for the Plant V~Atchman on Guard." UFPA booklts and pamphlets listed on page 27-11 of Volume 8, 1971-72, are also applicable for good training references.


In addition, courses in fire prevention and fire suppression that are recognized and/or sponsored by the fire protection industry should be utilized.3. Quality Assurance Program Quality assurance (QA) programs of applicants and contractors should be developed and implemented to ensure that the requirements for design, procurerr!nt, installation, and testing and administrative controls for the fire protection program for safety-related areas as defined in this guide are satisfied.
The QA program should be under the management control of the QA organization.


The progra;:i should be under the management control of the QA organization.
This control consists of (1) formulating a fire protection QA program that incorporates suitable requirements and is acceptable to the management responsible for fire protection or verifying that the program incorporates suitable requirements and is acceptable to the management responsible for fire protection and (2) verifying the effectiveness of the QA program for fire protection through review, surveillance, and audits.Performance of other QA program functions for miee,,,g the fire.protection program requirements may be performed by personnel outside of the QA organi-.dtion.


The QA program criteria that apply to the fire protection program should include the following:
The QA program for fire protection
a. Design Controi and Procurement Document Control Measures should be established to ensure that all design-related guidelines of tUe regulatory position of this guide are included in design and procurement documents and that deviations therefrom are controlled.
1.120-8 should be part of the overall plant QA program. It should satisfy the specific criteria listed below.a. Design and Procurement Document Control Measures should be established to ensure that the guidelines of the regulatory position of this guide are included in design and procurement documents and that deviations therefrom are controlled.


b. Instructions, Procedures, and Drawings Inspections, tests, administrative controls, fire drills, and training that govern the fire protection program should be prescribed by documented instructions, procedures, or drawings and should be accomplished in accordance with these documents.
b. Instructions, Procedures, and Drawings Inspections, tests, administrative controls, fire drills, and training that govern the fire protection program should be prescribed by documented instructions, procedures, or drawings and should be accomplished in accordance with these documents.
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e. Test and Test Control A test program should be established and implemented to ensure that testing is performed and verified by inspection and audit to demonstrate conformance with design and system readiness requirements.
e. Test and Test Control A test program should be established and implemented to ensure that testing is performed and verified by inspection and audit to demonstrate conformance with design and system readiness requirements.


1ihe tests should be performed in accordance with written test procedures;  
The tests should be performed in accordance with written test procedures;  
test results should be properly evaluated and acted on.f. Inspection, Test, and Operating Status Measures should be established to provide for the identification of itermis that have satisfactorily passed required tests and inspections.
test results should be properly evaluated and acted on.f. Inspection, Test, and Operating Status Measures should be established to provide for the identification of items that have satisfactorily passed required tests and inspections.


9. Nonconforming Items Measures should be established to control items that do not conform to specified require-ments.to prevent inadvertent use or installation.
g. Nonconforming Items Measures should be established to control items that do not conform to specified requirements to prevent inadvertent use or installation.


h. Corrective Action Measures should be established to ensure that conditions adverse to fire protection such as failures, malfunctions, deficiencies, deviations, defective components, uncontrolled combustible material, and nonconformances are promptly identified, reported, and corrected.
h. Corrective Action Measures should be established to ensure that conditions adverse to fire protection, such as failures, malfunctions, deficiencies, deviations, defective components, uncontrolled combustible material, and nonconformances, are promptly identified, reported, and corrected.


i. Records Records should be prepared and maintained to furnish evidence that the criteria enu-merated above are being met for activities affecting the fire protection program.J. Audits Audits should be conducted and documented to verify compliance with the fire protection program, including design and procurement documents, instructions, procedures and drawings, and inspection and test activities.
i. Records Records should be prepared and maintained to furnish evidence that the criteria enumer-ated above are being met for activities affecting the fire protection program.j. Audits Audits should be conducted and documented to verify compliance with the fire protection program, including design and procurement documents, instructions, procedures, and drawings, and inspection and test activities.


1.120-10-I
4. General Plant Guidelines a. Building Design (1) Fire barriers with a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours should be used, except as noted in other paragraphs, to: (a) Isolate safety-related systems from any potential fires in non-safety-related areas that could affect their ability to perform their safety function;1.120-9 (b) Separate redundant divisions or trains of safety-related systems from each other so that both are not subject to damage from a single fire hazard; and (c) Separate individual units on a multiple-unit site unless the requirements of General Design Criterion
4. General Plant Guidelines a. Building Design (I) Plant layouts should be arranged to: (a) Iso. 'e safety-related systems from unacceptable fire hazards and (b) Separate redundant safety-related systems from each other so that both are not subject to damage from a single Fire hazard.(2) In order to atzomplish a.(l) above, safety-related systems and fire hazards should be identified throughout the plant. Therefore, a detailed fire hazard analysis should be niade during initial plant design.(3) For multiple-reactor sites, cable spreading rooms should not be shared between reactors.
5 can be met with respect to fires.(2) Appropriate fire barriers should be provided within a single safety division to separate components that present a fire hazard to other safety-related components or high concen-trations of safety-related cables within that division.(3) Each cable spreading room should contain only one redundant safety division.Cable spreading rooms should not be shared between reactors.


Eaci coble spreading room should be separated from other areas of thp plant by barriers (walls and floors) having a minimum fire resistance of three hours. Cabling for redundant safety divisions should te separated by walls having three-hour fire barriers.(4) Interior wall and structural components, thermal insulatinn materials, radiation shielding materials, and soundproofing should be noncombustible.
Cable spreading rooms should be separated from each other and from other areas of the plant by barriers having a minimum fire resistance of three hours. d (4) Interior wall and structural components, thermal insulation materials, radiation shielding materials, and soundproofing should be noncombustible.


Interior finishes should be noncomlbustible or listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory such as Factory Mutual or Underwriters Laboratory, Inc. , for flame spread, s-roke, and fuel contribution of 25 or less in its use configuration (ASTM E-84 Test, "Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials").
Interior finishei should be noncombustible or listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory such as Factory Mutual or Underwriters Laboratory, Inc., for: (a) Surface flamespread rating of 50 or less when tested under ASTM E-84, and (b) Potential heat release of 3500 Btu/Ib or less when tested under ASTM D-3286 or NFPA 259.1 Materials that are acceptable for use as interior finish without evidence of test and listing by a nationally recognized laboratory are the following:
(5) Metal deck roof construction should be noncombustible (see the building materials directory of the Underwriters Laboratory, Inc.) or listed as Class I by Factory Mutual System Approval Guide.(6) Suspended ceilings and their supports should be of noncombustible construction.
Plaster, acoustic plaster Gypsum plasterboard (gypsum wallboard)
Any of the above, plain, wallpapered, or painted with oil- or water-base paint Ceramic tile, ceramic panels Glass, glass blocks Brick, stone, concrete blocks, plain or painted Steel and aluminum panels, plain, painted, or enameled Vinyl tile, vinyl-asbestos tile, linoleum, or asphalt tile on concrete floors.(5) Metal deck roof construction should be noncombustible, listed as "acceptable for fire" in the UL Building Materials Directory, or listed as Class I in the Factory Mutual System Approval Guide.(6) Suspended ceilings and their supports should be of noncombustible construction.


Concealed spaces should be devoid of combustibles.
Concealed spaces should be devoid of combustibles except as noted in Regulatory Position C.6.b.(7) Transformers installed inside fire areas containing safety-related systems should be of the dry type or insulated and cooled with noncombustible liquid. Where transformers filled with combustible fluid are located in non-safety-related areas, there should be no openings in the fire barriers separating such transformers from areas containing safety-related systems or equipment.


(7) Hign-voltage/high-amperage transformers installed inside buildings containing safety-related systems should be of the dry type or insulated and cooled with noncombustible liquid.(8) Buildings containing safety-related systems should be protected from exposure or spill fires involving oil-filled transformers by: C Locating such transformers at least 50 feet distant or a Ensu,'ing that such building walls within 50 feet of oil-filled transformers are without openings and have a fire resistance rating of at least three hours.(9) Floor drains sized to remove expected firefighting waterflow should be provided in those areas where fixed water fire suppression systems are inst~lled.
(8) Buildings containing safety-related systems should be protected from exposure or spill fires involving outdoor oil-filled transformers by providing oil spill confinement or drainage away from the buildings and: Locating such transformers at least 50 feet distant from the building, or Ensuring that such building walls within 50 feet of oil-filled transformers are without openings and have a fire resistance rating of at least three hours.The concept of using a potential heat release limit of 3500 Btu/lb is similar to the "limited combustible" concept with its like limit, as set forth in NFPA 220.1.120-10 *
(9) Floor drains sized to remove expected firefighting waterflow without flooding safety-related equipment should be provided in those areas where fixed water fire suppression-systems are installed.


Drains should also be provided in other areas where hand hose lines may be used if such firefighting water could cause unacceptable damage to equipment in the area. Equipment should be installed on pedestals, or curbs should be provided, as required, to contain water and direct it to floor drains. (See NFPA 92, "Waterproofing and Draining of Floors.")  
Floor drains should also be provided in other areas where hand hose lines may be used if such firefighting water could cause unacceptable damage to safety-related equip-Sment in the area (see NFPA-92, "Waterproofing and Draining of Floors").
Drains in areas containing combustible liquids should have provisions for preventing the spread of the fire throughout the drain system. Water drainage from areas that may contain radioactivity should be sampled and analyzed before discharge to the environment.
Where gas suppression systems are installed, the drains should be provided with adequate seals or the gas suppression system should be sized to compensate for the loss of the suppression agent through the drains.Drains in areas containing combustible liquids should *have provisions for preventing the spread of the fire throughout the drain system. Water drainage from areas that may contain radioactiv- ity should be collected, sampled, and analyzed before discharge to the environment.


(10) Floors, walls, and ceilings enclosing separate fire areas should have a minimum fire rating of three hours. Penetrations in these fire barriers, including conduits and piping, should be sealed or closed to provide a fire resistance rating at least equal to that of the barrier itself. Door openings should be protected with equivalent rated doors, frames, and hardware that have been tested and approved by a nationally recognized laboratory.
(10) Floors, walls, and ceilings separating fire areas should have a minimum fire rating of three hours. Openings through fire barriers around conduit or piping should be sealed or closed to provide a fire resistance rating at least equal to that required of barrier itself. Door openings should be protected with equivalently rated doors, frames, and hardware that have been tested and approved by a nationally recognized laboratory.


Such doors should be normally closed and locked or alarmed with alarm and annunciation in the control room.Penetrations for ventilation systems should be protected by a standard "fire door damper" where required. (See IIFPA 80, "Fire Doors and Windows.")
Such doors should be normally closed and delay-alarmed with alarm and annunciation in the control room, locked closed, or equipped with automatic self-closing devices using magnetic hold-open devices that are activ-ated by smoke or rate-of-rise heat detectors protecting both sides of the opening. The status of doors equipped with magnetic hold-open devices should be indicated in the control room. Fire barrier openings for ventilation systems should be protected by a "fire door damper" havi~ng a rating equivalent to that required of the barrier (see NFPA 80, "Fire Doors and Windows").
b. Control of Combustibles
Flexible air duct coupling in ventilation and filter systems should be noncombustible.
(1) Safety-related systems should be isolated or separated from combustible materials.


When this is not possible because of the nature of the safety system or the combustible material, 1.120-11 special protection should be provided to prevent a fire from defeating the safety system function.Such protection may involve a combination of automatic fire suppression and construction capable of withstanding and containing a fire that consumes all combustibles present. Examples of such combustible materials that may not be separable from the remainder of its system are: (a) Emergency diesel generator fuel oil day tanks.(b) Turbine-generator oil and hydraulic control fluid systems.(c) Reactor coolant pump lube oil system.(2) Bulk gas storage (either compressed or cryogenic.)  
(11) Personnel access routes and escape routes should be provided for each fire area.Stairwells outside primary containment serving as escape routes, access routes for firefighting, or access routes to areas containing equipment necessary for safeshutdown should be enclosed in masonry or concrete towers with a minimum fire rating of two hours and self-closing Class B fire doors.(12) Fire exit routes should be clearly marked.b. Control of Combustibles
should not be permitted inside structures housing safety-related equipment.
(1) Safety-related systems should be isolated or separated from combustible materials.-When this is not possible because of the nature of the safety system or the combustible material, automatic fire suppression should be provided to limit the consequences of a fire.h. (2) Use and storage of compressed gases (especially oxygen and flammable gases) inside buildings housing safety-related equipment should be controlled.


Storage of flanrnable gas such as hydrogen should be located outdoors or in separate detached buildings so that a fire or explosion will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment. (See NFPA 50A, "Gaseous Hydrogen Systems.")
Bulk storage of flammable gas should not be permitted inside structures housing safety-related equipment and should be suffi-ciently remote that a fire or explosion will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment (see NFPA 6, "Industrial Fire Loss Prevention").
Care should be taken to locate high-pressure gas storage containers with the long axis parallel to building walls. This will minimize the possibility of wall penetration in the event of a container failure. Use of compressed gases (especially flammable and fuel gases)inside buildings should be controlled. (See NFPA 6, "Industrial Fire Loss Prevention.")
(3) It is recognized that halogenated compounds are used to improve the fire retardancy of cable insulation;
(3) The use of plastic materials should be minimized.
insulating and jacketing materials should be chosen to have a high flame resistance and low smoke and offgas characteristics without degrading the required electrical and physical properties.


In particular, halogenated plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and neoprene should be used only when substitute noncombustible materials are not available.
However, plastic materials should not be used for other applications unless suitable noncombustible materials are not available.


All plastic materials, including flamie- and fire-retardant materials, will burn with an intensity and Btu production in a range similar to that of ordinary hydrocarbons.
(4) Storage and usage of flammable liquids should, as a minimum, comply with the requirements of NFPA 30, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." c. Electrical Cable Construction.


When b'irning, they produce heavy dense smoke that obscures visibility and can plug air filters, especially charcoal and HEPA. The haioqenated plastics also release free chlorine and hydrogen chloride, which are toxic to humans corrosive to equipment.
Cable Trays, and Cable Penetrations
(1) Only metal should be used for cable trays. Only metallic tubing should be used for conduit. Thin-wall metallic tubing should not be used. Flexible metallic tubing should only be used in short lengths to connect to equipment.


(4) Storage of flammable liquids shoula, as a minimum, comply with the requirements of NFPA 30, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." c. Electrical Cable Construction, Cabe Trays, and Cable Penetrations
Other raceways should be made of noncombustible material.(2) Redundant safety-related cable systems outside the cable spreading room.should be separated from each other and from potential fire exposure hazards in non-safety-related areas by fire barriers with a minimum fire rating of three hours. These cable trays should be provided with continuous line-type heat detectors and should be accessible for manual firefighting.
(1) Only noncombustible materials should be used for cable tray construction.


(2) See Regulatory Position C.6.c. for fire protection guidelines for cable spreading rooms.(3) Automatic water sprinkler systems should be provided for cable trays outside the cable spreading room. Cables should be designed to allow wetting down with deluge water without electrical faulting.
Cables should.be designed to allow wetting down with fire suppression water without electrical faulting.


Manual hose stations and portable hand extinguishers should be provided as backup. Safety-related equipment in the vicinity of such cable trays that does not itself require water fire protection but is subject to unacceptable damage from sprinkler water dis-charge should be protected from sprinkler system operation or malfunction.
Manual hose stations and portable hand extinguishers should be provided.


(4) Cable and cable tray penetration of fire barriers'(vertical and horizontal)
Safety-related equipment in the vicinity of such cable trays that does not itself require fixed water suppression systems but is subject to unacceptable damage from water should be protected.
should be sealed to give protection at least equivalent to that provided by the fire barrier.The design of fire barriers for horizontal and vertical cable trays should, as a minimum, meet the requirements of ASTM E-119, "Fire Test of Building Construction and Materials," including the hose stream test.(5) Fire breaks should be installed every 10 feet along horizontal and vertical cable routings to prevent the propagation of a fire. Flame- or fire-retardant coatings may be used as a fire break for grouped electrical cables to limit spread of fire in cable routings. (Possible cable derating owing to use of such coating materials must be considered during design.)(6) Electric cable constructions should as a minimum pass the current IEEE No. 383 flame test. (This does not imply that cables passing this test will not require additional fire protection.)
(7) To the extent practical, cable construction that does not give off corrosive gases while burning should be used.(8) Cable trays, raceways, conduit, trenches, or culverts should be used only for cables. Miscellaneous storage should not be permitted nor should piping for flammable or com-bustible liquids or gases be installed in these areas.1.120-12
(9) The design of cable tunnels, culverts, and spreading rooms should provide for automatic or manual smoke venting as required to facilitate manual firefighting capability.


(10) Cables in the control room should be kept to the minimum necessary for operation of the control room. All cables entering the control room should terminate there. Cables should not be installed in floor trenches or culverts in the control room.
1.120-11 Safety-related cable trays of a single division that are separated from redundant divisions by a fire barrier with a minimum rating of 3 hours and are normally accessible for manual firefighting should be protected from the effects of a potential exposure fire by providing automatic water suppression in the area where such a fire could occur. Automatic area protection, where provided, should consider cable tray arrangements and possible transient combustibles to ensure adequate water coverage for areas that could present an exposure hazard to the cable system. Manual hose standpipe systems may be relied upon to provide the primary fire suppression (in lieu of automatic water suppression systems) for safety-related cable trays of a single division that are separated from redundant safety divisions by a fire barrier with a minimum rating of 3 hours and are normally accessible for manual firefighting if all of the following conditions are met: #(a) The number of equivalent2 standard 24-inch-wide cable trays (both safety-related and non-safety-related)
in a given fire area is six or less;(b) The cabling does not provide instrumentation, control, or power to systems required to achieve and maintain cold shutdown;
and (c) Smoke detectors are provided in the area of these cable-routings, and con-tinuous line-type heat detectors are provided in the cable trays.Safety-related cable trays that are not accessible for manual fighting should be protected by a zoned automatic water system with open-head deluge or open directional spray nozzles arranged so that adequate water coverage is provided for each cable tray. Such cable trays should also be protected from the effects of a potential exposure fire by providing auto-matic water suppression in the area where such a fire could occur.In such plant areas as primary and secondary containment or other areas where it may not be possible because of other overriding design features necessary for reasons of nuclear safety to separate redundant safety-related cable systems by 3-hour-rated fire barriers, cable trays should be protected by an automatic water system with open-head deluge or open directional spray nozzles arranged so that adequate water coverage is provided for each cable tray. Such cable trays should also be protected from the effects of a potential exposure fire by providing automatic water suppression in the area where such a fire could occur. The capability to achieve and maintain safe shutdown considering the effects of a fire involving fixed and potential transieni combustibles should be evaluated with and without actuation of the automatic suppression system and should be justified on a suitably defined basis.(3) Cable and cable tray penetration of fire barriers (vertical and horizontal)
should be sealed to give protection at least equivalent to that required of the fire barrier. The design of fire barrier penetrations for horizontal and vertical cable trays should be qualified by tests.3 The penetration qualification tests should use the time-temperature exposure curve specified by ASTM E-119, "Fire Test of Building Construction and Materials." Openings inside conduit larger than 4 inches in diameter should be sealed at the fire barrier penetration;
these seals should be qualified by tests as described above. Openings inside conduit 4 inches or less in diameter should be sealed at the fire barrier and should be qualified by tests as described above unless the conduit extends at least 5 feet on each side of the fire barrier and is sealed either at both ends or at the fire barrier with noncombustible material to prevent the passage of smoke and hot gases. Fire barrier penetrations that must maintain environmental isolation or pressure differentials should be qualified by test to maintain the barrier integrity under the conditions specified above.(4) Fire stops should be installed every 20 feet along horizontal cable routings in areas that are not protected by automatic water systems. Vertical cable routings.


====d. Ventilation====
should have fire stops installed at each floor/ceiling level. Between levels or in vertical cable chases, fire stops should be installed at the midheight if the vertical run is 20 feet or more but less than 30 feet or at 15-foot intervals in vertical runs of 30 feet or more unless such vertical cable routings are protected by automatic water systems directed on the cable trays. Individual fire stop designs should prevent the propagation of a fire for a minimum period of thirty minutes when tested for the largest number of cable routings and maximuia cable density.2 Trays exceeding
(1) The products of combustion that need to be removed from a rpecific fire area should be evaluated to determine how they will be controlled.
24 inches should be ccunted as two trays; trays exceeding
48 inches should be counted as three trays, regardless of tray fill.3 Penetration qualification test criteria are under development.


Smoke and corrosive gases should generally be automatically discharged directly outside to a safe location.
Guidance is currently available in the form of a draft standard, "Standard for Cable Penetration Fire Stop Test Procedure," being developed by Task Force 12-40 of the IEEE Insulated Conductors Committee.


Smoke and gases containing radioactive materials should be monitored in the fire area to determine if release to the environment is within tho permissible limits of the plant Technical Specifications.
1.120-12
(5) Electric cable constructions should, as a minimum, pass the flame test in the current IEEE Std 383, (This does not imply that cables passing this test will not require fire protection.)
(6) Cable raceways should be used only for cables.(7) Miscellaneous storage and piping for flammable or combustible liquids or gases should not create a potential exposure hazard to safety-related systems.


(2) Any ventilation system designed to exhaust smoke or corrosive gases should be evaluated to ensure that inadvertent operation or single failures will not violate the controlled areas of the plant design. This requirement includes containment functions for protection of the public and maintaining habitability for operations personnel.
====d. Ventilation====
(1) The products of combustion and the means by which they will be removed from each fire area should be established during the initial stages of plant design. Consideration should be given to the installation of automatic suppression systems as a means of lioiting smoke and heat generation.


(3) The power supply and controls for mechanical ventilation systems should he run outside the fire area served by the system.(4) Fire suppression systems should be installed to protect charcoal filters.(C) The fresh-air supply intakes to areas containing safety-related equipment or systems shou;d be located remote from the exhaust air outlets and smoke vents of other fire areas to minir.-ize the possibility of contaminating the intake air with the products of combustion.
Smoke and corrosive gases should generally be discharged directly outside to an area that will not affect safety-related plant areas. The normal plant ventilation system may be used for this purpose if capable and available.


(6) Stairvells should be designed to minimize smoke infiltration during a fire.Staircases should serve as escape routes and access routes for firefighting.
To facilitate manual firefighting, separate smoke and heat vents should be provided in specific areas such as cable spreading rooms, diesel fuel oil storage areas, switchgear rooms, and other areas where the potential exists for heavy smoke conditions (see NFPA 204 for additional guidance on smoke control).(2) Release of smoke and gases containing radioactive materials to the environment should be monitored in accordance with emergency plans as described in the guidelines of Regula-tory Guide 1.101, "Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants." Any ventilation system designed to exhaust potentially radioactive smoke or gases should be evaluated to ensure that inadvertent operation or single failures will not violate the radiologically controlled areas of the plant design. This requirement includes containment functions for protecting the public and maintain-ing habitability for operations personnel.


Fire exit routes should be clearly marked. Stairwells, elevators, and chutes should be enclosed in masonry towers with a minimum fire rating of three hours and automatic fire doors at least equal to the enclosure construction at each opening into the building.
(3) Special protection for ventilation power and control cables may be required.


Elevators should not be used during fire emergencies.
The power supply and controls for mechanical ventilation systems should be run outside the fire area served by the system where practical.


(7) Smoke and heat vents may be useful in specific areas such as cable spreading rooms, diesel fuel oil storage areas, and switchgear rooms. When natural-convection ventilation is used, a minimum ratio of 1 square foot of vent area per 200 square feet of floor area should be provided.
(4) Engineered-safety-feature filters should be protected in accordance with the guidelines of Regulatory Guide 1.52, Any filter that includes combustible materials and is a potential exposure fire hazard that may affect safety-related components should be protected as determined by the fire hazard analysis.(5) The fresh-air supply intakes to areas containing safety-related equipment or.systems should be located remote from the exhaust air outlets and smoke vents of other fire areas to minimize the possibility of contaminating the intake air with the products of combustion.


If forced-convection ventilation is used, 300 cfm should be provided for every 200 square feet of floor area. See NFPA 204 for additional guidance on smoke control.(8) Self-contained breathing apparatus using full-face positive-pressure masks approved by ?LIOSH (Nlational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -approval formerly given by the U.S. Bureau of Mines) should be provided for fire brigade, damage control, and control room personnel.
(6) Stairwells should be designed to minimize smoke infiltration during a fire.(7) Self-contained breathing apparatus using full-face positive-pressure masks approved by NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -approval formerly given by the U.S. Bureau of Mines) should be provided for fire brigade, damage control, and control room personnel.


Control room personnel may be furnished breathing air by a manifold system piped from a storage reservoir if practical.
Control room personnel may be furnished breathing air by a manifold system piped from a storage reservoir if practical.


Service or operating life should be a minimum of one-half hour for the self-contained units.At least two extra air bottles should be located on site for each self-contained breathing unit. In addition, an onsite 6-hour supply of reserve air should be provided and arranged to permit quick and complete replenishment of exhausted supply air bottles as they are returned.
Service or rated operating life should be a minimum of one-half hour for the self-contained units.At least two extra air bottles should be located on site for each self-contained breathing unit. In addition, an onsite 6-hour supply of reserve air should be provided and arranged to permit quick and complete replenishment of exhausted supply air bottles as they are returned.


If compressors are used as a source of breathing air, only units approved for breath-ing air should be used. Special care must be taken to locate the compressor in areas free of dust and contaminants.
If compressors are used as a source of breathing air, only units approved for breathing air should be used; compressors should be operable assuming a loss of offsite power. Special care must be taken to locate the compressor in areas free of dust and contaminants.


(9) Where total flooding gas extinguishing systems are used, area intake and exhaust ventilation dampers should close upon initiation of gas flow to maintain necessary gas concentra- tion. (See NJFPA 12, "Carbon Dioxide Systems," and NFPA 12A, "Halon 1301 Systems.")
(8) Where total flooding gas extinguishing systems are used, area intake and exhaust ventilation dampers should be controlled in accordance with NFPA 12, "Carbon Dioxide Systems," and NFPA 12A, "Halon 1301 Systems, to maintain the necessary gas concentration.
e. Lighting and Communication Lighting and two-way voice communication are vital to safe shutdown and emergency response in the event of fire. Suitable fixed and portable emr-gency lighting and communication devices should be provided to satisfy the following requirements:
(1) Fixed emergency lighting should consist of sealed beam units with individual
8-houw minimum battery power supplies.1.120-13
*(2) Suitable sealed-beam battery-powered portable hand lights should be provided for emergency use.(3) Fixed emergency conrnunication should use voice-powered headsets at preselected stations.*
sodb(4) Fixed repeaters installed to permit use of portable radio communication units should be protected from exposure fire damage.5. Fire Detection and Suporession a. Fire Detection* (1) Fire detection systems should, as a minimum, comply with NFPA 72D, "Standard for the Installation, Maintenance and Use of Proprietary Protective Signaling Systems." (2) Fire detection systems should give audible and visual alarm and annunciation in the control room. Local audible alarms should also sound at the location of the fire.(3) Fire alarms should be distinctive and unique. They should not be capable of being confused with any other plant system alarms.(4) Fire detection and actuation systems should be connected to the plant emergency power supply.* b. Fire Protection Water Supply Systems (1) An underground yard fire main loop should be installed to furnish anticipated water requirements.


NFPA 24, "Standard for Outside Protection," gives necessary guidance for such installation.
e. Lighting and Communication Lighting and two-way voice communication are vital to safe shutdown and emergency response in the event of fire. Suitable fixed and portable emergency lighting and communication devices should be provided as follows: (1) Fixed self-contained lighting consisting of fluorescent or sealed-beam -units with individual
8-hour-minimum battery power supplies should be provided in areas that must be manned 1.120-13 for safe shutdown and for access and egress routes to and from all fire areas. Safe shutdown areas include those required to be manned if the control room must be evacuated.


It references other design codes and standards developed by such organiza-tions as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Water Works Associa-tion (AWWA). Lined steel or cast iron pipn should be used to reduce internal tuberculation.
(2) Suitable sealed-beam battery-powered portable hand lights should be provided for emergency use by the fire brigade and oth'r operations personnel required to achieve safe plant shutdown.(3) Fixed emergency communications independent of the normal plant communication system should be installed at preselected stations.(4) A portable radio communiLations system should be provided for use by~the fire brigade and other operations personnel required to achieve safe plant shutdown.


Such tuberculation deposits in an unlined pipe over a period of years can significantly reduce waterflow through the combination of increased friction and reduced pipe diameter.
This system should not interfere with the communications capabilities of the plant security force. Fixed repeaters installed to permit use of portable radio communication units should be protected from exposure fire damage. Preoperational and periodic testing should demonstrate that the frequencies used for portable radio communication will not affect the actuation of protective Velays.5. Fire Detection and Suppression a. Fire Detection (1) Area fire detection systems should be provided for all areas that contain, or present potential fire exposure to, safety-related equipment.


Means for treating and flushing the systems should be provided.
(2) Fire detection systems should, as a minimum, comply with the requirements of Class A systems as defined in NFPA 72D, "Standard for the Installation, Maintenance and Use of Proprietary Protective Signaling Systems," and Class I circuits as defined in NFPA 70, "National Electrical Code." (3) Fire detectors should, as a minimum, be selected and installed in accordance with NFPA 72E, "Automatic Fire Detectors." Preoperational and periodic testing of pulsed line-type heat detectors should demonstrate that the frequencies used will not affect the actuation of protective relays.(4) Fire detection systems should give audible and visual alarm and annunciation in the control room. Where zoned detection systems are used in a given fire area, lccal means should be provided to identify which detector zone has actuated.


Approved visually indicating sectional control valves, such as post indicator valves, should be provided to isolate portions of the main for maintenance or repair without shutting off the entire system.The fire main system piping should be separate from service or sanitary water system piping.* (2) A conmon yard fire main loop may serve multi-unit nuclear power plant sites if cross-connected between units. Sectional control valves should permit maintaining independence
Local audible alarms should sound in the fire area.(5) Fire alarms should be distinctive and unique so they will not be confused with any other plant system alarms.(6) Primary and secondary power supplies should be provided for the fire detection system and for electrically operated control valveb for automatic suppression systems. Such primary and secondary power supplies should satisfy provisions of Section 2220 of NFPA 720. This can be accomplished by: (a) Using normal offsite power as the primary ,upply with a four-hour battery supply as secondary supply; and (b) Having capability for manual connection to the Class lE emergency power bus within four hours of loss of offsite power. Such connection should follow the applicable guide-lines in Regulatory Guides 1.6, 1.32, and 1.75.b. Fire Protection Water Supply Systems-(l) An underground yard fire main loop should be installed to furnish anticipated water requirements.
*of the individual loop around each unit. For such installations, common water supplies may also be utilized.


The water supply should be sized for the largest single expected flow. For multiple-reactor sites with-widely separated plants (approaching I mile or more), separate yard fire main loops should be used.(3) If pumps are required to meet system pressure or flow requirements, a sufficient number of pumps should be provided so that lO1 capacity will be available with one pump inactive (e.g., three 50% pumps or two 100% pumps). The connection to the yard fire main loop from each fire pump should be widely separated, preferably located on opposite sides of the plant. Each pump should have its own driver with independent power supplies and control. At least one pump should be driven by nonelectrical means, preferably diesel engine. Pumps and drivers should be located in rooms separated from the remaining pumps and equipment by a minimum three-hour fire wall. Alarms indicating pump running, driver availability, or failure to start should be pro-vided in the control room.Details of the fire pump installation should, as a minimum, conform to NFPA 20,"Standard for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps." (4) Two separate, reliable water supplies should be provided.
NFPA 24, "Standard for Outside Protection," gives necessary guidance for such installation.


If tanks are used, two 100% (minimum of 300,000 gallons each) system capacity tanks should be installed.
It references other design codes and standards developed by such organiza-tions as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Water Works Associa-tion (AWWA). Type of pipe and water treatment should be design considerations with tuberculation as one of the parameters.


They should be so interconnected that pumps can take suction from either or both. However, a leak. in one tank or its piping should not cause both tanks to drain. The main plant fire water supply capacity should be capable of refilling either tank in a minimum of eight hours.Common tanks are permitted for fire and sanitary or service water storage. When this is done, however, minimum fire water storage requirements sheuld be dedicated by means of a vertical standpipe for other water services.1.120-14
Means for inspecting and flushing the systems should be provided.Approved visually indicating sectional control valves such as post indicator valves should be provided to isolate portions of the main for maintenance or repair without shutting off the supply to primary and backup fire suppression systems serving areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment.
(5) The fire water supply (total capacity and flow rate) should be calculated on the basis of the largest expected flow rate for a period of two hours, but not less than 300,000 gal-lons. This flow rate should bn based (conservatively)
on 1,000 gpm for manual hose streams plus the greater of: (a) All sprinkler heads open and flowing in the largest designed fire area or (h) The largest open-head deluge system(s)
operating.


,6) Lakes or freshwater ponds of sufficient size may qualify as sole source of water for fire protection but require at least two intakes to the pump supply. When a comminon water supply is permitted for fire protection and the ul:imate heat sink, the following conditions should also be satisfied: (a) The additional fire protection water requirements are designed into the total storage capacity and (b) Failure of the fire protection system should not degrade the function of the ultir:ate heat sink.(7) Outside ;anual hose installation should be sufficient to reach any location with.an effective hose stream. To accomplish this, hydrants should be installed approximately every 250 feet on the yard main system. The lateral to each hydrant from the yard main should be controlled by a visually indicating or key-operated (curb) valve. A hose house equipped with hose and combination nozzle and other auxiliary equipwent recoiimended in TIFPA 24. "Outside Pro-tection." S;houJld be provided as needed but at least ever'y 1,000 feet.Threads cowpatible with those used by local fire departments should he provided on all hydrants.
The fire main system piping should be separate from service or sanitary water system piping, except as described in Regulatory Position C.5.c.(4).
1.120-14
(2) A common yard fire main loop may serve multi-unit nuclear power plant sites if cross-connected between units. Sectional control valves should permit maintaining independence of the individual loop around each unit. For such installations, common water supplies may also be utilized.


hose couplings, and standpipe risers.c*. 1 , neand _andpi p Sytd.(1) Each automatic sprinkler system and manual hose station standpipe should have ar independent connection to the plant underground water main. Headers fed from each end are per-mitted inside buildings to supply multiple sprinkler and standpipe systems. When provided, such headers are considered an extension of the yard main system. The header arrangement should be such that no sinmle failure can impair both the primary and backup fire protection systems. Each spriNkler and standpipe system should he equipped with 0S&Y (outside screw and yoke) gate valve or other approved shutoff valve and waterflow alar,. Safety-related equipment that does not itself require sprinkler water fire protection but is subject to unacceptable damage if wet by sprinkler water discharge should be protected by water shields or baffles.(2) All valves in the fire water systems should be electrically supervised.
For multiple-reactor sites with widely separated plants (approaching I mile or more), separate yard fire main loops should be used.(3) If pumps are required to meet system pressure or flow requirements, a sufficient number of pumps should be provided to ehsure that 100% capacity will be available assuming failure of the largest pump or loss of offsite power (e.g., three 50% pumps or two 100% pumps). This can be accomplished, for example, by providing either: (a) Electric-motor-driven fire pump(s) and diesel-driven fire pump(s); or (b) Two or more Seismic Category I Class 1E electric-motor-drieven fire pumps connected to redundant Class 1E emergency power buses (see Rgulatory Guides 1.6, 1.32, and 1.75).Individual fire pump connections to the yard fire main loop should be separated with sectionalizing valves between connections.


The elec;trical super'visicn signal Should indicate in the control room and other appropriate command locatiuns in the plant. (See MIFPA 26, "Supervision of Valves.")(3) Automatic sprinkler systems should, as a minimum, conform to requirements of appropriate standards such as nFPA 13, "Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems." and N1FPA 15, "Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems." (4l) Interior manual hose installation should be able to reach any location with at least one effective hose stream. To accomplish this. standpipes with hose connections equipped with a maximum of 75 feet of 111/2-inch woven jacket-lined fire hose and suitable nozzles should he provided in all buildings, including containment, on all floors and should be spaced at not more than 100-foot intervals.
Each pump and its driver and controls should be located in a room separated from the remaining fire pumps by a fire wall with a minimum rating of 3 hours. The fuel for the diesel fire pump(s) should be separated so that it does not provide a fire source exposing safety-related equipment.


Individual standpipes should be at least 4 inches in diameter for multiple hose connections and 2-1/2 inches in diameter for single hose connections.
Alarms indicating pump running, driver availabil- ity, failure to start, and low fire-main pressure should be provided in the control room.Details of the fire pump installation should, as a minimum, conform to NFPA 20,"Standard for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps." (4) Two separate, reliable freshwater supplies should be provided.


These systems should follow the requirements of NIFPA 14, "Standpipe andHose Systems," for sizing, spacing, and pipe support requirements.
Saltwater or brackish water should not be used unless all freshwater supplies have been exhausted.


Hose stations should be located outside entrances to normally unoccupied areas and inside normally occupied areas. Standpipes serving hose stations in areas housing safety-related equipment should have shutoff valves and pressure-reducing devices (if applicable)  
If tanks are used, two 100% (minimum of 300,000 gallons each) system capacity tanks should be installed.
outside the area.Provisions should be made to supply water at least to standpipes and hose connec-tionis for manual firefighting in areas within hose reach of equipment required for safe plant shutdown in the event of a Safe Shutdown Earthquake.


The standpipe system serving such hose stations should be analyzed for SSE loading and should be provided with supports to ensure system 1.120-15 pressure integrity.
They should be so interconnected that pumps can take suction from either or both. However, a leak in one tank or its piping should be isolable so that it will not cause both tanks to drain.Water supply capacity should be capable of refilling either tank in eight hours or less.Common tanks are permitted for fire and sanitary or service water storage. When this is done, however, minimum fire water storage requirements should be dedicated by passive means, for example, use of a vertical standpipe for other water services.(5) The fire water supply should be calculated on the basis of the largest expected flow rate for a period of two hours, but not less than 300,000 gallons. This flow rate should be based (conservatively)
on 750 gpm for manual hose streams plus the largest design demand of any sprinkler or deluge system as determined in accordance with NFPA 13 or NFPA 15. The fire water supply should be capable of delivering this design demand over the longest route of the water supply system.(6) Freshwater lakes or ponds of sufficient size may qualify as sole source of water for fire protection but require at least two intakes to the pump supply. One hundred percent capacity should be available following the loss of any one intake. When a common water supply is permitted for fire protection and the ultimate heat sink, the following conditions should also be satisfied: (a) The additional fire protection water requirements are designed into the total storage capacity and (b) Failure of the fire protection system should not degrade the function of the ultimate heat sink.(7) Outside manual hose installation should be sufficient to provide an effective hose stream to any onsite location where fixed or transient combustibles could jeopardize safety-related equipment.


The piping and-valves for the portion of hose standpipe system affected by this functional requirement should at least satisfy ANSI Standard B31.1, "Power Piping." The water supply for this condition may be obtained by manual operator actuation of valves in a connection to the hose standpipe header from a normal Seismic Category I water system such as the essential service water system. The cross connection should be (a) capable of providing flow to at least two hose stations (approximately
To accomplish this, hydrants should be Installed approximately every 250 feet on the yard main system. A hose house equipped with hose and combination nozzle and other auxiliary equipment recommended in NFPA 24, "Outside Protection," should be provided as needed, but at least every 1,000 feet. Alternatively, mobile means '6df providing hose and associated equipment, such as hose carts or trucks, may be used. When provided, such mobile equipment should be equivalent to the equipment supplied by three hose houses.Threads compatible with those used by local fire departments should be provided on all hydrants, hose couplings, and standpipe risers.1.120-15 c. Water Sprinkler and Hose Standpipe Systems (1) Sprinkler systems and manual hose station standpipes should have connections to the plant underground water main so that no single active failure or crack in a moderate-energy line can impair both the primary and backup fire suppression systems. Alternatively, headers fed from each end are permitted inside buildings to supply both sprinkler and standpipe systems, provided steel piping and fittings meeting the requirements of ANSI B31.1, "Power Piping," are tsed for the headers up to and including the first valve supplying the sprinkler systems where such headers are part of the seismically analyzed hose standpipe system. When provided, such headers are considered an extension of the yard main system. Hose standpipe and automatic water suppression systems serving a single fire area should have independent connections to the yard main systems. Each sprinkler and standpipe system should be equipped with OS&Y flputside screw and yoke) gate valve or other approved shutoff valve and waterflow alarm. Safety-related equip-ment that does not itself require sprinkler water fire protection but is subject to unacceptable damage if wet by sprinkler water discharge should be protected by water shields or baffles.(2) Control and sectionalizing valves in the fire water systems should be electrically supervised or administratively controlled.
75 gpm per hose station) and (b) designed to the same standards as the Seismic Category I water system; it should not degrade the performance of the Seismic Category I water system.(5) The proper type of hose nozzle to be supplied to each area should be based on the fire hazard analysis.


The usual combination spray/straight-stream nozzle may cause unacceptable mechanical damage (for example, to delicate electronic equipment in the control room) and be unsuitable.
The electrical supervision signal should indicate in the control room. All valves in the fire protection system should be periodically checked to verify position (see NFPA 26, "Supervision of Valves").(3) Fixed water extinguishing systems should, as a minimum, conform to requirements of appropriate standards such as NFPA 13, "Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems," and NFPA 15, "Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems." (4) Interior manual hose installation should be able to reach any location that contains, or could present a fire exposure hazard to, safety-related equipment with at least one effective hose stream. To accomplish this, standpipes with hose connections equipped with a maximum of 100 feet of 1-1/2-inch woven-jacket, lined fire hose and suitable nozzles should be provided in all buildings on all floors. Individual standpipes should be at least 4 inches in diameter for multiple hose connections and 2-1/2 inches in diameter for single hose connections.


Electrically safe nozzles should be provided at locations where electrical equipment or cabling is located.(6) Certain fires such as those involving flammable liquids respond well to foam suppression.
These systems should follow the requirements of NFPA 14, "Standpipe and Hose Systems," for sizing, spacing, and pipe support requirements.


Consideration should be given to use of any of the available foams for such special-ized protection application.
Hose stations should be located as dictated by the fire hazard analysis to facilitate access and use for firefighting operations.


These.include the more common chemical and mechanical low-expansion foams, high-expansion foam, and the relatively new aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF).d. Halon Suppression Systems The use of Halon fire extinguishing agents should, as a minimum, comply with the requirements of NFPA 12A and 12B, "Halogenated Fire Extinguishing Agent Systems -Halon 1301 and Halon 1211." Only UL or FM approved agents should be used.In addition to the guidelines of 11FPA 12A and 128, preventive maintenance and testinn of t0e systems, including check-weighing of Nie Halon cylinders, should be done at least quarterly.
Alternative hose stations should be provided for an area if the fire hazard could block access to a single hose station serving that area.Provisions should be made to supply water at least to standpipes and hose connec-tions for manual firefighting in areas containing equipment required for safe plant shutdown in the event of a Safe Shutdown Earthquake.


Particular consideration should also be given to: (1) Minimum required Halon concentration and soak time.(2) Toxicity of Halon.(3) Toxicity and corrosive characteristics of thermal decomposition products of HaIon.e. Carbon Dioxide Suppression Systems-The use of carbon dioxide extinguishing systems should, as a minimum, coaiply with the requirements of NFPA 12, "Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems." Particular consideration should also be given to: (1) Minimum required C0 2 concentration and soak time;-(2) Toxicity of C0 2;(3) Possibility of secondary thermal shock (cooling)
The piping system serving such hose stations should be analyzed for SSE loading and should be provided with supports to ensure system pressure integrity.
damage;(4) Offsetting requirements for venting during C0 2 injection to prevent overpressuriza- tion versus sealing to prevent loss of agent;(5) Design requirements from overpressurization;
and (6) Possibility and probability of C0 2 systems being out of service because of per-sonnel safety consideration.


C0 2 systems are disarmed whenever people are present in an area so protected.
The piping and valves for the portion of hose standpipe system affected by this functional require-ment should, as a minimum, satisfy ANSI B31.1, "Power Piping." The water supply for this condition may be obtained by manual operator actuation of valves in a connection to the hose standpipe header from a normal Seismic Category I water system such as the essential service water system.The cross connection should be (a) capable of providing flow to at least two hose stations (approx-imately 75 gpm per hose station) and (b) designed to the same standards as the Seismic Category I water system; it should not degrade the performance of the Seismic Category I water system.(5) The proper type of hose nozzle to be supplied to each area should be based on the fire hazard analysis.


Areas entered frequently (even though duration time for any visit is short) have often been found with C0 2 systems shut off.f. Portable Extinquils'rs Fire extinguishers should be provided in accordance with guidelines of NFPA 10, "Port-able Fire Extinguishers, Installation," and IDA, "Portable Fire Extinguishers, Maintenance and Use." Dry chemical extinguishers should be installed with due consideration given to cleanup problems after use and possible adverse effects on equipment installed in the area.1.120-16
The usual combination spray/straight-stream nozzle should not be used in areas where the straight stream can cause unacceptable mechanical damage. Fixed fog nozzles should be provided at locations where high-voltage shock hazards exist. All hose nozzles should have shutoff capability. (Guidance on safe distances for water application to-live electrical equipment may be found in the "NFPA Fire Protection Handbook.")
6. Guidelines for Specific Plant Areas a. Primary and Secondary Containment
(6) Certain fires, such as those involving flammable liquids, respond well to foam suppression.
(1) Normal Operation
-Fire protection requirements for the primary and secondary containment areas should be provided on the basis of specific identified hazards. For example:° Lubricating oil or hydraulic fluid system for the primary coolant pumps Cable tray arrangements and cable penetrations Charcoal filters Because of the general inaccessibility of these areas during normal plant opera-tion, protection should be provided by automatic fixed systems. Automatic sprinklers should be installed for those hazards identified as requiring fixed suppression.


Operation of the fire protection systems should not compromise the integrity of the containment or other safety-related systems. Fire protection activities in the containment areas should function in conjunction with total containment requirements such as control of contaminated liquid and gaseous release and ventilation.
Consideration should be given to use of mechanical low-expansion foam systems, high-expansion foam generators, or aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) systems, including the AFFF deluge system. These systems should comply with the requirements of NFPA 11, NFPA 1lA, and NFPA l1B as applicable.


Fire detection systems should alarm and annunciate in the control room. The type of detection used and the location of the detectors should be most suitable to the particular type of fire that could be expected from the identified hazard. A primary containment general area fire detection capability should be provided as backup for the above-described hazard detec-tion. To accomplish this, suitable smoke detectors (e.g., visual obscuration, light scattering, and particle counting)
d. Halon Suppression Systems Halon fire extinguishing systems should, as a minimum, comply with the requirements of NFPA 12A and 128, "Halogenated Fire Extinguishing Agent Systems -Nalon 1301 and Halon 1211." Only UL-listed or FM-approved agents should be used. Provisions for locally disarming automatic Halon systems should be key locked and under strict administrative control. Automatic Halon 1.120-16 extinguishing systems should not be disarmed unless controls as described in Regulatory Position C.2.c. are provided.In addition to the guidelines of NFPA 12A and 12B, preventive maintenance and testing of the systems, including check-weighing of the Halon cylinders, should be done at least quarterly.
should be installed in the air recirculation system ahead of any filters.Automatic fire suppression capability need not be provided in the primary contain-ment atmospheres that are inerted during normal operation.


However, special fire protection requirements during refueling and maintenance operations should be satisfied as provided below.(2) Refueling and  
Particular consideration should also be given to: (1) Minimum required Halon concentration, distribution, soak time, and ventilation control;(2) Toxicity of Halon;(3) Toxicity and corrosive characteristics of the thermal decomposition products of Halon; and (4) Location and selection of the activating detectors.


===1. laintenance ===
e. Carbon Dioxide Suppression Systems Carbon dioxide extinguishing systems should, as a minimum, comply with the requirements of NFPA 12, "Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems." Where automatic carbon dioxide systems are used, they should be equipped with a predischarge alarm system and a discharge delay to permit personnel egress. Provisions for locally disarming automatic carbon dioxide systems should be key locked and under strict administrative control. Automatic carbon dioxide extinguishing systems should not be disarmed unless controls as described in Regulatory Position C.2.c. are provided.Particular consideration should also be given to: (1) Minimum required CO 2 concentration, distribution, soak time, and ventilation control;(2) Anoxia and toxicity of CO 2;(3) Possibility of secondary thermal shock (cooling)
-Refueling and maintenance operations in containment may introduce additional hazards such as contamination control materials, decontamination sup-plies, wood planking, temporary wiring, welding, and flame cutting (with portable compressed fuel!:as supply). Possible fires would not necessarily be in the vicinity of fixed detection and suppression systems.Management procedures and controls necessary to ensure adequate fire protection are discussed in Section C.I. In addition, manual firefighting capability should be permanently installed in containment.
damage;(4) Conflicting requirements for venting during CO injection to prevent overpressuriza- tion versus sealing to prevent loss of agent; ind (5) Location and selection of the activating detectors.


Standpipes with hose stations and portable fire extinguishers should be installed at strategic locations throughout containment for any required manual firefighting operations.
f. Portable Extinguishers Fire extinguishers should be provided in areas that contain, or could present a fire exposure hazard to, safety-related equipment in accordance with guidelines of NFPA 10, "Portable Fire Extinguishers, Installation, Maintenance, and Use." Dry chemical extinguishers should be installed with due consideration given to possible adverse effects on safety-related equipment installed in the area.6. Guidelines for Specific Plant Areas a. Primary and Secondary Containment
(1) Normal Oeration -Fire protection requirements for the primary and secondary containment areas should be provided for hazards identified by the fire hazard analysis.


Adequate self-contained breathing apparatus should be provided near the contain-ment entrances for firefighting and damage control personnel.
Examples of such hazards include lubricating oil or hydraulic fluid system for the primary coolant pumps, cable tray arrangements and cable penetrations, and charcoal filters. Secause of the general inaccessibility of primary containment during normal plant operation, protection should be provided by automatic fixed systems. The effects of postulated fires within the primary containment should be evaluated to ensure that the integrity of the primary coolant system and the contain-ment is not jeopardized assuming no action is taken to fight the fire.Operation of the fire protection systems should not compromise the integrity of the containment or other safety-related systems. Fire protection activities in the containment areas should function in conjunction with total containment requirements such as ventilation and control of contaminated liquid and-gaseous release.1.120-17 In primary containment, fire detection systems should be provided for each fire hazard. The type of detection used and the location of the detectors should be the most suitable for the particular type of fire hazard identified by the fire hazard analysis.A general area fire detection capability should be provided in the primary contain- 6 ment as backup for the above-described hazard detection.


These units should be independent of any breathing apparatus or air supply systems provided for general plant activities.
To accomplish this, suitable smoke or heat detectors compatible with the radiation environment should be installed.


b. Control Room The control room is essential to safe reactor operation.
For secondary containment areas, cable fire hazards that could affect sat..Y should be protected as described in Regulatory Position C.4.c(2).
The type of detection
.stem for other fire hazards identified by the fire hazard analysis should be the most suitable for the particular type of fire hazard.(2) Refueling and Maintenance
-Refueling and maintenance operations in containn nt may introduce additional hazards such as contamination control materials, decontamination siupplies, wood planking, temporary wiring, welding, and flame cutting (with portable compressed-gas fuel supply). Possible fires would not necessarily be in the vicinity of fixed detection and suppres-sion systems. Management procedures and controls necessary to ensure adequate fire protection for transient fire loads are discussed in Regulatory Position C.I.Manual firefighting capability should be permanently installed in containment.


It must be protected against disablino fire damage and should be separated from other areas of the plant by floors, walls, and roof having minimum fire resistance ratings of three hours.Control room cabinets and consoles are subject to damage from two distinct fire hazards: (1) Fire originating within a cabinet or console and (2) Exposure fires involving combustibles in the general room area.Manual firefighting capability should be provided for both hazards. Hose stations and portable water and Ilalon extinguishers should be located in the control room to eliminate the need for operators to leave the control room. An additional hose piping shutoff valve and pressure-reducing device should be installed outside the control room.NJozzles that are compatible with the hazards and equipment in the control room should be provided for the manual hose station. The nozzles chosen should satisfy actual firefighting needs, satisfy electrical safety, and minimize physical damage to electrical equipment from hose stream impingement.
Standpipes with hose stations and portable fire extinguishers should be installed at strategic locations throughout containment for any required manual firefighting operations.


1.120-1l Fire detection in the control room, cabinets, and consoles should be provided by smoke and heat detectors in each fire area. Alarm and annunciation should be provided in the control room. Fire alarms in other parts of the plant should also be alarmed and annunciated in the control room.Breathing apparatus for control room operators should be readily available.
The contain-ment penetrations of the standpipe system should meet the isolation requirements of General Design Criterion
56 and should be Seismic Category I and Quality Group B.Adequate self-contained breathing apparatus should be provided near the contain-ment entrances for firefighting and damage control personnel.


Control room floors, ceilings, supporting structures, and walls, including penetrations and doors, should be designed to a minimum fire rating of three hours. All penetration seals should be airtight.The control room ventilation intake should be provided with smoke detection capability to automatically alarm locally and isolate the control room ventilation system to protect opera-tors by preventing smoke from entering the control room. Manually operated venting of the con-trol room should be available so that operatorshave the option of venting for visibility.
These units should be independent of any breathing apparatus or air supply systems provided for general plant activities and should be clearly marked as emergency equipment.


Cables should not be located in concealed floors and ceiling spaces. All cables that enter the control room should terminate in the control room. That is, no cabling should be simply routed through the control room from one area to another.Safety-related equipment should be mounted on pedestals, or the control room should have curbs and drains to direct water away from such equipment.
b. Control Room Complex The control room complex (including galleys, office spaces, etc.) should be protected against disabling fire damage and should be separated from other areas of the plant by floors, walls, and roof having minimum fire resistance ratings of three hours. Peripheral rooms in the control room complex should have automatic fire suppression and should be separated from the control room by noncombustible construction with a fire resistance rating of one hour. Ventila-tion system openings between the control room and peripheral rooms should have automatic smoke dampers that close on operation of the fire detection or suppression system. If a carbon dioxide flooding system is used for fire suppression, these dampers should be strong enough to support the pressure rise accompanying carbon dioxide discharge and seal tightly against infiltration of carbon dioxide into the control room.Manual firefighting capability should be provided for: (I) Fire originating within a cabinet, console, or connecting cables; and (2) Exposure fires involving combustibles in the general room area.Portable Class A and Class C fire extinguishers should be located in the control room.A hose station should be installed immediately outside the control room.Nozzles that are compatible with the hazards and equipment in the control room should be provided for the manual hose station. The nozzles chosen should satisfy actual firefighting needs, satisfy electrical safety, and minimize physical damage to electrical equipment from hose stream impingement.


Such drains should be provided with means for closing to maintain integrity of the control room in the event of other accidents requiring control room isolation.
Smoke detectors should be provided in the control room, cabinets, and consoles.


c. Cable Spreading Room The primary fire suppression in the cable spreading room should be an automatic water system such as closed-head sprinklers, open-head deluge, or open directional spray nozzles.Deluge and open spray systems should have provisions for manual operation at a remote station;however, there should be provisions to preclude inadvertent operation.
If redundant safe-shutdown equipment is located in the same control room cabinet or console, addi-tional fire protection measures should be provided.


Location of sprinkler heads or spray nozzles should consider cable tray sizing and arrangements to ensure adequate water coverage.
Alarm and local indication should be provided in the control room.Breathing apparatus for control room operators should be readily available.


Cables should be designed to allow wetting down with deluge water without electrical faulting.Open-head deluge and open directional spray systems should be zoned so that a single failure will not deprive the entire area of automatic fire suppression capability.
The outside air intake(s)
for the contrnl room ventilation system should be provided with smoke detection capability to alarm in the control room to enable manual isolation of the control room ventilation system and thus prevent smoke from entering the control room.1.120-18 s Venting of smoke produced by fire in the control room by means of the normal ventila-tion system is acceptable;
however, provision should be made to permit isolation of the recircu-lating portion of the normal ventilation system. Manually operated venting of the control room should be available to the operators.


The use of foam is acceptable, provided it is of a type capable of being delivered by a sprinkler or deluge system, such as an aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF).An automatic water suppression system with manual hoses and portable extinguisher backup is acceptable, provided: (1) At least two remote and separate entrances are provided to the room for access by fire brigade personnel and (2) Aisle separation provided between tray stacks should be at least three feet wide and eight feet high.Alternatively, gas systems (Halon or C0 2) may be used for primary fire suppression if they are backed up by an installed water spray system and hose stations and portable extinguishers immediately outside the room and if the access requirements stated above are met.Electric cable construction should, as a minimum, pass the flame test in IEEE Std 383,"IEEE Standard Type Test of Class IE Electric Cables, Field Splices and Connections for Nuclear Power Generating Stations." Drains to remove firefighting water should be provided with adequate seals when gas extinguishing systems are also Installed.
All cables that enter the control room should terminate in the control room. That is, no cabling should be simply routed through the control room from one area to another. Cables in the control room should be kept to the minimum necessary for plant operation.


Redundant safety-related cable divisions should be separated by walls with a three-hour fire rating, For multiple-reactor unit sites, cable spreading rooms should not be shared between reactors.
Cables in underfloor and ceiling spaces should meet the separation criteria given in Regulatory Guide 1.75. Air-handling functions should be ducted separately from cable runs in such spaces; i.e., if cables are routed in underfloor or ceiling spaces, these spdtes should not be used as air plenums for ventilation of the control room. Fully enclosed electrical raceways in such underfloor and ceiling spaces, if over one square foot in cross-sectional area, should have automatic fire suppression inside. Area automatic fire suppression should be provided for underfloor and ceiling spaces if used for cable runs unless all cable is run in 4-inch or smalle)steel conduit or the cables are in fully enclosed raceways internally protected by automatic firn suppression.


Each cable spreading room of each unit should have divisional cable separation as stated above and be separated from the other and the rest of the plant by a wall with a minimum fire rating of three hours. (See NFPA 251, "Fire Tests, Building Construction and Miaterials," or ASTM E-119, "Fire Test of Building Construction and Materials," for fire test resistance rating.)1.120-18 The ventilation system to the cable spreading room should be designed to isolate the area upon actuation of any gas extinguishing system in the area. In addition, smoke venting of the cable spreading room may be desirable.
c. Cable Spreading Room The primary fire suppression in the cable spreading room should be an automatic water system such as closed-head sprinklers, open-head deluge system, or open directional water spray system. Deluge and open spray systems should have provisions for manual operation at a remote station; however, there should be provisions to preclude inadvertent operation.


Such smoke venting systems should ;,c controlled automatically by the fire detection or suppression system as appropriate.
Location of sprinkler heads or spray nozzles should consider cable tray arrangements and possible transient combustibles to ensure adequate water coverage for areas that could present exposure hazards to the cable system. Cables should be designed to allow wetting down with water supplied by the fire suppression system without electrical faulting.Open-head deluge and open directional spray systems should be zoned.The use of foam is acceptable.


Capability for remote manual control should also be provided.d. Plant Computer Room Computer rooms should be separated from other areas of the plant by barriers having a.inini:um fire resistance rating 'of three hours. Automatic fire detection should be provided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Manual hose stations and portable water and Halon fire extinguishers should be provided.e. Switchgear Rooms Switchgear rooms should be separated from the remainder of the plant by barriers with a minimum fire rating of three hours. Redundant switchgear safety divisions should be separated by three-hour fire rated barriers.
Automatic gas systems (Halon or C0 2) may be used for primary fire suppression if they are backed up by a fixed water spray system.Cable spreading rooms should have: (1) At least two remote and separate entrances for access by fire brigade personnel;
(2) An aisle separation between tray stacks at least 3 feet wide and 8 feet high;(3) Hose stations and portable extinguishers installed immediately outside the room;(4) Area smoke detection;
and (5) Continuous line-type heat detectors for cable trays inside the cable spreading room.Drains to remove firefighting water should be provided.


Automatic fire detectors should alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm lotally. All cables that enter the switchgear room should terminate there. These rooms should not be used for any other purpose. Fire hose stations and portable fire extinguishers should be readily available.
When gas systems are installed, drains should have adequate seals or the gas extinguishing systems should be sized to compensate for losses through the drains.A separate cable spreading room should be provided for each redundant division.


Equipment should be located on pedestals or curbs, and drains should be provided to direct water away from safety-related equipment. (See NIFPA 92M, "Waterproofing and Draining of Floors.")
Cable spreading rooms should not be shared between reactors.
Remote manually actuated ventilation should be provided for venting smoke when manual fire suppression effort is needed.f. Remote Safety-Related Panels The general area housing remote safety-related panels should be provided with automatic fire detectors that alarm locally and alarm and annunciate in the control room. Combustible ,aterials should be controlled and limited to those required for operation.


Portable extinguishers and manual hose stations should be provided.g. Station Battery Rooms Battery rooms should be protected against fire explosions.
Each cable spreading room should be separated from the others and from other areas of the plant by barriers with a minimum fire rating of three hours.The ventilation system to each cable spreading room should be designed to isolate the area upon actuation of any gas extinguishing system in the area. Separate Manually actuated smoke venting that is operable from outside the room should be provided for the cable spreading room.d. Plant Computer Rooms Computer rooms for computers performing safety-related functions that are not part of the control room complex should be separated from other areas of the plant by barriers having a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours and should be protected by automatic detection and 1.120-19 fixed automatic suppression.


Battery rooms should be separated from each other and other areas of the plant by barriers having a minimum fire rating of three hours inclusive of all penetrations and openings. (See NIFPA 69, "Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems.")
Computers that are part of the control room complex but not in the control room should be separated and protected as described in Regulatory Position C.6.b. Computer cabinets located in the control room should be protected as other control room equipment and cable runs therein. Non-safety-related computers outside the control room complex should be separated from safety-related areas by fire barriers with a minimum rating of three hours and should be protected as needed to prevent fire and smoke damage to safety-related equipment.
Battery rooms should be provided with hydrogen concentration detectors that alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. The detector alarm setpoint should be no greater than 2 vol-` hydrogen concentration.


Ventilation systems in the battery roommms should be capable of maintaining the hydrogen concentration well below the detector alarm setpoint.
Manual hose stations and portable fire extinguishers should be provided in areas that contain, or could present a fire exposure hazard to, safety-related equipment.


Standpipe and hose and portable extinguishers should be provided.h. Turbine Lubrication and Control Oil Storage and Use Areas A blank fire wall having a minimum resistance rating of three hours should separate all areas containing safety-related systems and equipment from the turbine oil systems.i. Diesel Generator Areas Diesel generators should be separated from each other and other areas of the plant by fire barriers having a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours.Automatic fire suppression such as AFFF, foam, or sprinklers should be installed to combat any diesel generator or lubricating oil fires. Automatic fire detection should be pro-vided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Drainage for firefighting water and means for local manual venting of smoke should be provided.Day tanks with total capacity up to 1100 gallons are permitted in the diesel generator area under the following conditions:
e. Switchgear Rooms Switchgear rooms containing safety-related equipment should be separateIrfrom the remainder of the plant by barriers with a minimum fire rating of three hours. Redundant switch-gear safety divisions should be separated from each other by barriers with a three-hour fire rating. Automatic fire detectors should alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Cables entering the switchgear room that do not terminate or perform a function there should be kept at a minimum to minimize the combustible loading. These rooms should not be used for any other purpose. Fire hose stations and portable fire extinguishers should be readily available outside the area.Equipment should be located to facilitate access for manual firefighting.
(1) The day tank is located in a separate enclosure with a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours, including doors or penetrations.


These enclosures should be capable of containing the entire contents of the day tanks. The enclosure should be ventilated to avoid accumulation of oil fumes.1.120-19
Drains should be provided to prevent water accumulation from damaging safety-related equipment (see NFPA 92M, "Waterproofing and Draining of Floors").
(2) The enclosure should be protected by an automatic fire suppression system such as AFFF or sprinklers.
Remote manually actuated ventilation should be provided for venting smoke when manual fire suppression effort is needed (see Regulatory Position C.4.d).f. Remote Safety-Related Panels Redundant safety-related panels remote from the control room complex should be separated from each other by barriers having a minimum fire rating of three hours. Panels providing remote hot shutdown capability should be separated from the control room complex by barriers having a minimum fire rating of three hours. The general area housing remote safety-related panels should be provided with automatic fire detectors that alarm locally and alarm and annunciate in the control room. Combustible materials should be controlled and limited to those required for operation.


j. Diesel Fuel 0il Storage Areas Diesel fuel oil tanks with a capacity greater than 1100 gallons should not be located inside the buildings containing safety-related equipment.
Portable extinguishers and manual hose stations should be readily available in the general area.g. Safety-Related Battery Rooms Safety-related battery rooms should be protected against fires and explosions.


They should be located at least 50 feet from any building containing safety-related equipment or, if located within 50 feet, they should be housed in a separate building with construction having a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours. Buried tanks are considered as meeting the three-hour fire resistance require-ments. See ?lFPA 30, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code," for additional guidance.When located in a separate building, the tank should be protected by an automatic fire suppression system such as AFFF or sprinklers.
Battery rooms should be separated from each other and other areas of the plant by barriers having a minimum fire rating of three hours inclusive of all penetrations and openings.


Tanks should not be located directly above or below safety-related systems or equipment regardless of the fire rating of separating floors or ceilings.k. Safety-Related Pumps Pump houses and rooms housing safety-related pumps or other safety-related equipment should be separated from other areas of the plant by fire barriers having at least three-hour ratings. These rooms should be protected by automatic sprinkler protection unless a fire hazards analysis can demonstrate that a fire will not endanger other safety-related equipment required for safe plant shutdown.
D.C. switchgear and inverters should not be located in these battery rooms. Automatic fire detection should be provided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Ventilation systems in the battery rooms should be capable of maintaining the hydrogen concentration well below 2 vol-%.Loss of ventilation should be alarmed in the control room. Standpipe and hose and portable extinguishers should be readily available outside the room.h. Turbine Building The turbine building should be separated from adjacent structures containing safety-related equipment by a fire barrier with a minimum rating of three hours. Openings and penetra-tions in the fire barrier should be minimized and should not be located where the turbine oil system or generator hydrogen cooling system creates a direct fire exposure hazard to the barrier.Considering the severity of the fire hazards, defense in depth may dictate additional protection to ensure barrier integrity.


Early warning fire detection should be installed with alarm and annunciation locally and in the control room. Local hose stations and portable extinguishers should also be provided.Equipment pedestals or curbs and drains should be provided to remove and direct water away from safety-related equipment.
i. Diesel Generator Areas Diesel generators should be separated from each other and from other areas of the plant by fire barriers having a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours.Automatic fire suppression should be installed to combat any diesel generator or lubri-cating oil fires; such systems should be designed for operation when the diesel is running without affecting the diesel. Automatic fire detection should be provided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Hose stations and portable extinguishers should be readily available outside the area. Drainage for firefighting water and means for local manual venting of smoke should be provided.1.120-20
 
Day tanks with total capacity up to 1100 gallons are permitted in the diesel generator area under the following conditions:
Provisions should be made for manual control of the ventilaticn system to facilitate smoke removal if required for manual firefighting operation.
(1) The day tank is located in a separate enclosure with a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours, including doors or penetrations.


1. New Fuel Area Hand portable extinguishers should be located within this area. Also, local hose stations should be located outside but within hose reach of this area. Automatic fire detection.
These enclosures should be capable of containing the entire contents of the day tanks and:should be protected by an automatic fire suppression system, or (2) The day tank is located inside the diesel generator room in a diked enclosure that has sufficient capacity to hold 110% of the contents of the day tank or is drained to a safe location.I. Diesel Fuel Oil Storage Areas *Diesel fuel oil tanks with a capacity greater than 1100 gallons should not be located inside buildings containing safety-related equipment.


should alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Combustibles should be limited to a minimum in the new fuel area. The storage area should be provided with a drainage system to preclude accumulation of water.The storage configuration of new fuel should always be so maintained as to preclude criticality for any water density that might occur during fire water application.
If above-ground tanks are used, they should be located at least 50 feet from any building containing safety-related equipment or, if located within 50 feet, they should be housed in a separate building with construction having a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours. Potential oil spills should be confined or directed away from buildings containing safety-related equipment.


m. Spent Fuel Pool Area Protection for the spent fuel pool area should be provided by local hose stations ind portable extinguishers.
Totally buried tanks are acceptable outside or under buildings (see NFPA 30, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code," for additional guidance).
Above-ground tanks should be protected by an automatic fire suppression system.k. Safety-Related Pumps Pump houses and rooms housing redundant safety-related pump trains should be separated from each other and from other areas of the plant by fire barriers having at least three-hour ratings. These rooms should be protected by automatic fire detection and suppression unless a fire hazard analysis can demonstrate that a fire will not endanger other safety-related equipment required for safe plant shutdown.


Automatic fire detection should be provided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and to alarm locally.n. Radwaste Building The radwaste building should be separated from other areas of the plant by fire barriers having at least three-hour ratings. Automatic sprinklers should be used in all areas where combustible materials are located. Automatic fire detection should be provided to annunciate and alarm in the control room and alarm locally. During a fire, the ventilation systems in these areas should be capable of being isolated.
Fire detection should alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Hose stations and portable extinguishers should be readily accessible.


Water should drain to liquid radwaste building sumps.o. Decontamination Areas The decontamination areas should be separated from other areas of the plant by fire barriers having at least three-hour ratings. These areas should be protected by automatic sprinklers.
Floor drains should be provided to prevent water accumulation from damaging safety-related equipment (see Regulatory Position C.4.a.(9)).
Provisions should be made for manual control of the ventilation system to facilitate smoke removal if required for manual firefighting operation (see Regulatory Position C.4.d).1. New Fuel Area Hand portable extinguishers should be located within this area. Also, hose stations should be located outside but within hose reach of this area. Automatic fire detection should alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Combustibles should be limited to a minimum in the new fuel area. The storage area should be provided with a drainage system to preclude accumulation of water.The storage configuration of new fuel should always.be so maintained as to preclude criticality for any water density that might occur during fire water application.


Automatic fire detection should be provided to annunciate and alarm in the control room and alarm locally. The ventilation system should be capable of being isolated.
m. Spent Fuel Pool Area Protection for the spent fuel pool area should be provided by local hose stations and portable extinguishers.


Local hose stations and hand portable extinguishers should be provided as backup to the sprinkler system.1.120-20
Automatic fire detection should be provided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and to alarm locally.n. Radwaste and Decontamination Areas Fire barriers, automatic fire suppression and detection, and ventilation controls should be provided unless the fire hazard analysis can demonstrate that such protection is not necessary.
______________________________________________________________________________
I p. Safety-Related Water Tanks Storage tanks that supply water for safe shutdown should be protected from the effects of fire. Local hose stations and portable extinguishers should be provided.


Portable extin-guishers should be located in nearby hose houses. Combustible materials should not be stored next to outdoor tanks. A minimum of 50 feet of separation should be provided between outdoor tanks and combustible materials where feasible.q. Records Storage Areas Records storage areas should be protected with automatic preaction sprinkler systems.Early warning fire detectors should be provided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and to alarm locally. Local hose stations and portable extinguishers should serve as backup. (See rFPA 232AM, "Manual for Fire Protection for Archives and Records Centers," Regulatory Guide 1.88,"Collection, Storage, and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Quality Assurance Records," and ANSI N45.2.9, "Requirements for Collection, Storage, and Maintenance of Quality Assurance Recordc for Nuclear Power Plants.")r. Cooling Towers Cooling towers should be of noncombustible construction or so located that a fire will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment.
0. Safety-Related Water Tanks Storage tanks that supply water for safe shutdown should be protected from the effects of an exposure fire. Combustible materials should not be stored next to outdoor tanks.1.120-21 p. Records Storage Areas Records storage areas should be so located and protected that a fire in these areas doer not expose safety-related systems or equipment (see Regulatory Guide 1.88, "Collection, Storage, and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Quality Assurance Records").
q. Cooling Towers Cooling towers should be of noncombustible construction or so located and protected that a fire will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment.


Cooling towers should be of non-combustible construction when the basins are used for the ultimate heat sink or for the fire protection water supply.s. Miscellaneous Areas Miscellaneous areas such as shops, warehouses, and auxiliary boiler rooms should be so located that a fire or effects of a fire, including smoke, will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment.
Cooling towers should be of noncombustible construction when the basins are used for the ultimatepeat sink or for the fire protection water supply.r. Miscellaneous Areas Miscellaneous areas such as shops, warehouses, auxiliary boiler rooms, fuel oil tanks, and flammable and combustible liquid storage tanks should be so located and protected that a fire or effects of a fire, including smoke, will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment.


Fuel oil tanks for auxiliary boilers should be buried or provided with dikes to contain the entire tank contents.7. Sýpecal Protection Guidelines a. Meldinq and Cutting Acetylene-Oxygen Fuel Gas Systems This equipment is used in various areas throughout the plant. Storage locations should be chosen to permit fire protection by automatic sprinkler systems. Local hose stations and portable equipment should be provided as backup. The requirements of NFPA 51 and 51B are applicable to these hazards. A permit system should be required to utilize this equipment.(Also see C.2 herein.)b. Storage Areas for Dry Ion Exchange Resins Dry ion exchange resins should not be stored near essential safety-related systems.Dry unused resins should be protected by.automatlc wet pipe sprinkler installations.
7. Special Protection Guidelines a. Storage Acetylene-Oxygen Fuel Gases Gas cylinder storage locations should not be in areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment or the fire protection systems that serve those safety-related areas.- A permit system should be required to use this equipment in safety-related areas of the plant (also see Regulatory Position C.2).b. Storage Areas for Ion Exchange Resins Unused ion exchange resins should not be stored in areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment.


Detection by smoke and heat detectors should alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally.Local hose stations and portable extinguishers should provide backup for these areas. Storage areas of dry resin should have curbs and drains. (See NFPA 92M, "Waterproofing and Draining of Floors.")c. Hazardous Chemicals Hazardous chemicals should be stored and protected in accordance with the recommenda- tions of NFPA 49, "Hazardous Chemicals Data." Chemical storage areas should be well ventilated and protected against flooding conditions since some chemicals may react with water to produce ignition.d. Materials Containing Radioactivity Materials that collect and contain radioactivity such as spent ion exchange resins, charcoal filters, and HEPA filters should be stored in closed metal tanks or containers that are located in areas free from ignition sources or combustibles.
c. Hazardous Chemicals Hazardous chemicals should not be stored in areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment.


These materials should be protected from exposure to fires in adjacent areas as well. Consideration should be given to requirements for removal of isotopic decay heat from entrained radioactive materials.
d. Materials Containing Radioactivity Materials that collect and contain radioactivity such as spent ion exchange resins, charcoal filters, and HEPA filters should be stored in closed metal tanks or containers that are located in areas free from ignition sources or combustibles.


1.120-21
These materials should be protected from exposure to fires in adjacent areas as well. Consideration should be given to requirements for removal of decay heat from entrained radioactive materials.


==D. IMPLEMENTATION==
==D. IMPLEMENTATION==
The purpose.of this section is to provide information to applicants regarding the NRC staff's plans for using this regulatory guide.Except in those cases in which the applicant proposes an acceptable alternative method for complying with specified portions of the Conmission's regulations, the method described herein will be used in the evaluation of submiittals in connection with construction permit applications docketed after February 28, 1977.If an applicant wishes to use this regulatory guide in developing submittals for applica-tions docketed on or before February 28, 1977, the pertinent portions of the application will be evaluated on the basis of this guide.1.120-22 REFERENCES
The purpose of this section is to provide information to applicants regarding the NRC staff's plans for using this regulatory guide.This guide is being issued for an extended public comment period of one year.1.120-22 REFERENCES
National Fire Protection Association Codes and Standards 1IFPA 4, "Organization of Fire Services." INFPA 4A, "Fire Department Organization." NFPA 6, "Industrial Fire Loss Prevention." NFPA 7, "Fire Emergencies flangement." rIFPA , "Effects of Fire on Operations, Management Responsiblity." NFPA IC, "Portable Fire Extinguishers, Installation." tJFPA IOA, "Port-able Fire Extinguishers, Maintenance and Use." NFPA 11, "Foaw Extinguishing Systems." IJFPA 12, "Carbon Dioxide Systems." IIFFA 12A, "Halon 1301 Systems.'NFPA 12U,, "Halon 1211 Systems." NiFPA 14, "Standpipe and Hose Systems." NFPA 15, "Water Spray Fixed Systems." NFFPA 20, "Centrifugal Fire Pumps." N;FPA 24, "Outside Protection."'IFPA 26, "Supervision of Valves." 1jFPA 27, "Private Fire Brigade." NFPA 30, "Flamimable Combustible Liquids Code." IIFPA 49, "Hazardous Chemicals Data." NFPA 50A, "Gaseous Hydrogen Systems." NFPA 69, "Explosion Prevention System." NFPA 72D, "Proprietary Signaling Systems." IIFPA 60, "Fire Doors and Vindows." NFPA 9214, "Waterproofing and Draining of Floors," r1FPA 194, "Fire Hose Connections." NFPA 196, "Fire Hose." IJFPA 197, "Initial Fire Attack, Training, Standard On." NIFPA 204, "Smoke and Heat Venting Guide." NiFPA 232 AM, "Archives and Record Centers." NFPA 251, "Fire Tests, Building Construction and Materials." 1.120-23 NFPA 601, "Guard Service in Fire Loss Prevention." U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Documents NUREG-O050, "Recommendations Related to Browns Ferry Fire," Report by Special Review Group, published Februdry 1976.WASH-1400 (NUREG-75/014), "Reactor Safety Study -An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S.Commercial Nuclear Power Plants," published October 1975.Standard Review Plan 9.5.1, "Fire Protection System." Standard Review Plan 3.6.1, "Plant Design for Protection Against Postulated Piping Failures in Fluid Systems Outside Containment." Appendix A, "General Design Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants," to 10 CFR Part 50, "Licens-ing of Production and Utilization Facilities," General Design Criterion  
National Fire Protection Association Codes and Standards NFPA 4-1977, "Organization of Fire Services." NFPA 4A-1969, "Fire Department Organization." NFPA 6-1974, "Industrial Fire Loss Prevention." NFPA 7-1974, "Fire Emergencies Management." NFPA 8-1974, "Effects of Fire on Operations, Management Responsiblity." NFPA 10-1975, "Portable Fire Extinguishers, Installation, Maintenance, and Use." NFPA 11-1975, "Foam Extinguishing Systems." NFPA llA-1970, "High Expansion Foam Systems." NFPA 11B-1974, "Synthetic Foam and Combined Agent Systems." NFPA 12-1973, "Carbon Dioxide Systems." NFPA 12A-1973, "Halon 1301 Systems." NFPA 12B-1973, "Halon 1211 Systems." NFPA 13-1976, "Sprinkler Systems." NFPA 14-,1974, "Standpipe and Hose Systems." NFPA 15-1973, "Water Spray Fixed Systems." NFPA 20-1973, "Centrifugal Fire Pumps." NFPA 24-1973, "Outside Protection." NFPA 26-1958, "Supervision of Valves." NFPA 27-1975, "Private Fire Brigade." NFPA 30-1973, "Flammable Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA 51B-1976 "Cutting & Welding Processes." NFPA 69-1973, "Explosion Prevention Systems." NFPA 70-1975, "National Electrical Code." NFPA 720-1975, "Proprietary Protective Signaling Systems." NFPA 72E-1974, "Automatic Fire Detectors." NFPA 80-1975, "Fire Doors and Windows." NFPA 921M-1972, "Waterproofing and Draining of Floors." NFPA 197-1966. "Initial Fire Attack, Training, Standard On." NFPA 204-1968, "Smoke and Heat Venting Guide." 1.120-23 NFPA 220-1975, "Types of Building Construction." NFPA 251-1975, "Fire Tests, Building Construc:tion and Materials." NFPA 259-1976, "Test Method for Potentential Heat of Building Materials." NFPA 8021974, "Recommended Fire Protection Practicefor Nuclear Reactors." U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Documents  
3, "Fire Protection." Regulatory Guide 1.39, "Housekeeping Requirements for Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants." Regulatory Guide 1.70, "Standard Format and Content of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants," Revision 2, Section 9.5.1.Regulatory Guide 1.75, "Physical Independence of Electrical Systems." Regulatory Guide 1.88, "Collection, Storage, and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plant Quality Assurance Records." Regulatory Guide 1.101, "Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants." Other Documents ANSI Standard B31.1, "Power Piping." ANSI Standard N45.2.9, "Requirements for Collection, Storage, and Maintenance of Quality Assurance Records for Nuclear Power Plants." ASTM E-84, "Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials." ASTM E-119, "Fire Test of Building Construction and Materials." IEEE Std 383-1974, "IEEE Standard of Type Test of Class IE Electric Cables, Field Splices and Connections for Nuclear Power Generating Stations," April 15, 1974.NELPIA, "Specifications for Fire Protection of New Plants." RP-0O-69, "Recommended Practical Control of External Corrosion on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems," Material Association of Corrosion Engineers.
0 NUREG-0050, "Recommendations Related to Browns Ferry Fire," Report by Special Review Group, February 1976.WASH-1400 (NUREG-75/014), "Reactor Safety Study -An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S.Commercial Nuclear Power Plants," October 1975.NUREG-75/087, "Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants." Section 9.5.1, "Fire-Protection System." Section 3.6.1, "Plant Design for Protection Against Postulated Piping Failures in Fluid Systems Outside Containment." Section 6.4, "Habitability Systems." Appendix A, "General Design Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants," to 10 CFR Part 50, "Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," General Design Criterion  
 
3, "Fire Protection." Regulatory Guide 1.6, "Independence Between Redundant Standby (Onsite) Power Sources and Between Their Distribution Systems." Regulatory Guide 1.32, "Criteria for Safety-Related Electric Power Systems for Nuclear Power Plants." Regulatory Guide 1.39, "Housekeeping Requirements for Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants." Regulatory Guide 1.52, "Design, Testing, and Maintenance Criteria for Engineered-Safety- Feature Atmosphere Cleanup System Air Filtration and Adsorption Units of Light-Water- Cooled Nuclear Power Plants." Regulatory Guide 1.70, "Standard Format and Content of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants," Revision 2, Section 9.5.1.Regulatory Guide 1.75, "Physical Independence of Electrical Systems." Regulatory Guide 1.88, "Collection, Storage, and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plant Quality Assurance Records." Regulatory Guide 1.101, "Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants." Other Documents ANSI Standard B31.1-1973, "Power Piping." ASTM D-3286, "Test for Gross Calorific Value of Solid Fuel by the Isothermal-Jacket Bomb Calorimeter
Factory Mutual System Approval Guide -Equipment, Materials, Services for Conservation of Property.International Guidelines for the. rire Protection of Nuclear Power Plants, National Nuclear Risks Insurance Poois, 2nd Report (IGL).Underwriters Laboratories Rating List.1.120-24}}
(1973)." ASTM E-84, "Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials  
(1976)." ASTM E-119, "Fire Test of Building Construction and Materials  
(1976)." IEEE Std 383-1974, "IEEE Standard for Type Test of Class IE Electric Cables, Field Splices, and Connections for Nuclear Power Generating Stations," April 15, 1974.MAERP-NELPIA, "Specifications for Fire Protection of New Plants." 1.120-24 Factory Mutual System Approval Guide -Equipment, Materials, Services for Conservation of Property."International Guidelines for the Fire Protection of Nuclear Power Plants," National Nuclear Risks Insurance Pools, 2nd Report (IGL).NFPA Fire Protection Handbook.Underwriters Laboratories Rating List.Underwriters Laboratories, "Building Materials Directory." 1.120-25 UNITED STATES 0(ICLEAR REGULATORY
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Revision as of 11:49, 26 July 2018

Fire Protection Guidelines for Nuclear Power Plants
ML12216A013
Person / Time
Issue date: 11/30/1977
From:
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, NRC/OSD
To:
References
RG-1.120, Rev. 1
Download: ML12216A013 (29)
v • d • e


Revision 1*U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY

COMMISSION

November 0 REGULATORY

GUiDE OFFICE OF STANDARDS

DEVELOPMENT

4, 1977 i REGULATORY

GUIDE 1.120 FIRE PROTECTION

GUIDELINES

FOR NUCLEAR POWR PLANTS USNRC REGULATORY

GUIDES Comments should be sent to the Secretary of 'he Commmion.

US, Nuclea Regu.latofy Comm,ssmon.

Washington.

D.C. 20$55, Artentton Docketing and Servwce Regulatory Guides are issued to descnibe and make available to the public method, h..acceptable to the NRC Staff of rolementing specific parts of the Commfln'SSaonth regulations.

to delineate techniques used by the stallf in evaluating sW.fAc problems The gukles we isued in the followesnq ten broad divisions or postulated accidents.

or to provide guidance to applicants.

Regulatory Guides ae not substitutes lor regulations.

and comrpliance with them is not reluired.

1. Power Reactors 6. Products Methods and solutions dilflerent Irom those set Out it the guides will be CC- 2. Reseach and Test Reactors 7. Transportation able if they Provde a beak for the findings requimte to the issuance or co rtu 3 uels and Mltarrils Facilitices oOccutIinanal Health of a permit or license by the Com .4. Environmental and String 9. Antitrust Review 5. Materials and Plant Protection

10. General Comments and sumsion$ for in thee guides we encouraged at sil Requests for single copies o t issued guides 1which may be or for place-times, and guides will be revosed, as appropriate.

to accommodate commnenst and ment on an automatic distribution hst for singlecoies olf future guides in specific to reflect new, information or experience.

This guide was revised as a result of divisions should be made in Writng Io the US. Nuclear Regulatory Commissont.

substantive comments received from the public and additional stalfl review. Washington.

D.C. 20555. Attention Director.

Division of Document ControL This guide, originally issued for comment in June 1976, was revised as a result of substantive comments received from the public and additional staff review.It is now being issued for an additional extended comment period of one year.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page

A. INTRODUCTION

....................................................................

1

B. DISCUSSION

...................................................................

I 1. Defense in Depth ...........................................................

2 2. Use of Water on Electrical Cable Fires .....................................

2 3. Establishment and Use of Fire Areas ........................................

3

4. Definitions

................................................................

C. REGULATORY

POSITION .............................................................

5 1. Overall Requirements of the Fire Protection Program .........................

5

a. Personnel

..............................................................

5 b. Fire Hazard Analysis ...................................................

5 c. Fire Suppression System Design Basis ...................................

6 d. Simultaneous Events ....................................................

6 e. Implementation of Fire Protection Programs .............................

7 2. Administrative Procedures, Controls, and Fire Brigade .......................

7 3. Quality Assurance Program ...................................................

8 a. Design Control and Procurement Document Control ........................

9 b. Instructions, Procedures, and Drawings .................................

9 c. Control of Purchased Material, Equipment, and Services ..................

9

d. Inspection

.............................................................

9 e. Test and Test Control ..................................................

9 f. Inspection, Test, and Operating Status .................................

9 g. Nonconforming Items ....................................................

9 h. Corrective Action ......................................................

9 i. Records ................................................................

9 j. Audits .................................................................

9 4. General Plant Guidelines

....................................................

9 a. Building Design ........................................................

9 b. Control of Combustibles

................................................

9 c. Electrical Cable Construction, Cable Trays, and Cable Penetrations

..... 9

d. Ventilation

............................................................

13 e. Lighting and Communication

.............................................

13 5. Fire Detection and Suppression

.............................................

14

a. Fire Detection

..........................................................

14 b. Fire Protection Water Supply Systems ...................................

14 c. Water Sprinkler and Hose Standpipe Systems .............................

16 d. Halon Suppression Systems ..............................................

16 e. Carbon Dioxide Suppression Systems .....................................

17 f. Portable Extinguishers

.................................................

17 6. Guidelines for Specific Plant Areas ........................................

17 a. Primary and Secondary Containment

.......................................

17 b. Control Room Complex ...................................................

18 c. Cable Spreading Room ....................................................

19 f.TABLE CONTENTS (Cont'd)Page d. Plant Computer Rooms ..............................................

19 e. Switchgear Rooms .......................................................

20 f. Remote Safety-Related Panels ...........................................

20 g. Safety-Related Battery Rooms ...........................................

20 h. Turbine Building .......................................................

20 i. Diesel Generator Areas .................................................

20 j. Diesel Fuel Oil Storage Areas ..........................................

21 k. Safety-Related Pumps ...................................................

21 1. New Fuel Area ..........................................................

21 m. Spent Fuel Pool Area ...................................................

21 n. Radwaste and Decontamination Areas .....................................

21 o. Safety-Related Water Tanks ...............

.............................

21 p. Records Storage Areas ..................................................

22 q. Cooling Towers .........................................................

22 r. Miscellaneous Areas ....................................................

22 7. Special Protection Guidelines

..............................................

22 a. Storage of Acetylene-Oxygen Fuel Gases .................................

22 b. Storage Areas for Ion Exchange Resins .................................

22

c. Hazardous Chemicals

....................................................

22 d. Materials Containing Radioactivity

.....................................

22

D. IMPLEMENTATION

..................................................................

22 REFERENCES

...........................................................................

23

A. INTRODUCTION

General Design Criterion 3, "Fire Protection," of Appendix A, "General Design Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants," to 10 CFR Part 50, "Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," requires that structures, systems, and components important to safety be designed and located to minimize, consistent with other safety requirements, the probability and effect of fires and explosions.

Noncombustible and heat-resistant materials are required to be used~wherever prac-tical throughout the unit, particularly in locations such as the containment and control roo

m. Criterion

3 also requires that fire detection and suppression systems of appropriate capacity and capability be provided and designed to minimize the adverse effect of fires on structures, sys-tems, and components important to safety and that firefighting systems be designed to ensure that their failure, rupture, or inadvertent operation does not significantly impair the safety capabil-ity of these structures, systems, and components.

This guide presents guidelines acceptable to the NRC staff for implementing this criterion in the development of a fire protection program for nuclear power plants. The purpose of the fire protection program is to ensure the capability to shut down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition and to minimize radioactive releases to the environment in the event of a fire. It implements the philosophy of defense-in-depth protection against the hazards of fire and its associated effects on safety-related equipment.

If designs or methods different from the guidelines recommended herein are used, they must provide equivalent fire protection.

Suitable bases and justification should be provided for alternative approaches to establish acceptable implementation of General Design Criterion 3.This guide addresses fire protection programs for safety-related systems and equipment and for other plant areas containing fire hazards that could adversely affect safety-related systems.It does not give guidance for protecting the life safety of the site personnel or for protection against economic or property loss. This guide supplements Regulatory Guide 1.75, "Physical Independence of Electrical Systems," in determining the fire protection for redundant cable systems.

B. DISCUSSION

There have been 32 fires in operating U.S. nuclear power plants through December 1975. Of these, the fire on March 22, 1975, at Browns Ferry nuclear plant was the most sever

e. With approximately

250 operating reactor years of experience, one may infer a frequency on the order of one fire per ten reactor years. Thus, on the average, a nuclear power plant may experience one or more fires of varying severity during its operating life. Although WASH-1400, "Reactor Safety Study -An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants," dated October 1975, concluded that the Browns Ferry fire did not affect the validity of the overall risk assessment, the staff concluded that cost-effective fire protection measures should be instituted to significantly decrease the frequency and severity of fires and consequently initi-ated the development of this guide. In this development, the staff made use of many national standards and other publications related to fire protection.

The documents discussed below were particularly useful.A document entitled "The International Guidelines for the Fire Protection of Nuclear Power Plants," (IGL) 1974 Edition, 2nd Reprint, published on behalf of the National Nuclear Risks Insurance Pools and Association, provides a step-by-step approach to assessing the fire risk in a nuclear power plant and describes protective measures to be taken as a part of the fire protec-tion of these plants. It provides useful guidance in this important area. The Nuclear Energy Liability and Property Insurance Association (NELPIA) and the Mutual Atomic Energy Reinsurance Pool (MAERP) have prepared a document entitled "Specifications for Fire Protection of New Plants," which gives general conditions and valuable criteria.

A special review group organized by NRC under Dr. Stephen H. Hanauer, Technical Advisor to the Executive Director for Operations, to study the Browns Ferry fire issued a report, NUREG-005O, "Recommendations Related to Browns Ferry Fire," in February 1976, which contains recommendations applicable to all nuclear power plants.This guide uses the applicable information contained in these documents.

The fire protection program for a nuclear power plant presented in this guide consists of design features, personnel, equipment, and procedures that provide the defense-in-depth protec-tion of the public health and safety. The purpose of the program is to prevent significant fires, to ensure the capability to shut down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition, and to minimize radioactive releases to the environment in the event of a significant

1.120-1 fire. To meet this objective, it is essential that management participation in the program begin with early design concepts and plant layout work. and continue through plant operation and that a qualified staff be responsible for engineering and design of fire protection systems that provide fire detection, annunciation, confinement, and suppression for the plant. The staff should also be responsible for fire prevention activities, maintenance of fire protection systems, training, and manual firefighting activities.

It is the combination of all these that provides the needed defense-in-depth protection of the public health and safety.Some of the major conclusions that emerged from the Browns Ferry fire investigations warrant emphasis and are discussed below.1. Defense in Depth Nuclear power plants use the concept of defense in depth to achieve the requ'ired high degree of safety by using echelons of safety systems. This concept is also applicable to fire safety in nuclear power plants. With respect to the fire protection program, the defense-in-depth princi-ple is aimed at achieving an adequate balance in: a. Preventing fires from starting;b. Detecting fires quickly, suppressing those fires that occur, putting them out quickly, and limiting their damage; and c. Designing plant safety systems so that a fire that starts in spite of the fire preven-tion program and burns for a considerable time in spite of fire protection activities will not prevent essential plant safety functions from being performed.

No one of these echelons can be perfect or complete by itself. Strengthening any one can compensate in some measure for weaknesses, known or unknown, in the others.The primary objective of the fire protection program is to minimize both the probability and consequences of postulated fires. In spite of steps taken to reduce the probability of fire, fires are expected to occur. Therefore, means are needed to detect and suppress fires with particular emphasis on providing passive and active fire protection of appropriate capability and adequate capacity for the systems necessary to achieve and maintain safe plant shutdown with or without offsite power. For other safety-related systems, the fire protection should ensure that a fire will not cause the loss of function of such systems, even though loss of redundancy within a system may occur as a result of the fire. Generally, in plant areas where the potential fire damage may jeopardize safe plant shutdown, the primary means of fire protection should consist of fire barriers and fixed automatic fire detection and suppression systems. Also, a backup manual firefighting capability should be provided throughout the plant to limit the extent of fire damage. Portable equipment consisting of hoses, nozzles, portable extinguishers, complete person-nel protective equipment, and air breathing equipment should be provided for use by properly trained firefighting personnel.

Access for effective manual application of fire extinguishing agents to combustibles should be provided.

The adequacy of fire protection for any particular plant safety system or area should be determined by analysis of the effects of the postulated fire relative to maintaining the ability to safely shut down the plant and minimize radioactive releases to the environment in the event of a fire.Fire protection starts with design and must be carried through all phases of construction and operation.

A quality assurance (QA) program is needed to identify and rectify errors in design, construction, and operation and is an essential part of defense in depth.2. Use of Water on Electrical Cable Fires Experience with major electrical cable fires shows that water will promptly extinguish such fires. Since prompt extinguishing of the fire is vital to reactor safety, fire and water damage to safety systems is reduced by the more efficient application of water from fixed systems spraying directly on the fire rather than by manual application with fire hoses. Appropriate firefighting procedures and fire training should provide the techniques, equipment, and skills for the use of water in fighting electrical cable fires in nuclear plants, particularly in areas containing a high concentration of electric cables with plastic insulation.

This is not to say that fixed water systems should be installed everywhere.

Equipment that may be damaged by water should be shielded or relocated away from the fire hazard and the water.Drains should be provided to remove any water used for fire suppression and extinguishment to ensure that water accumulation does not incapacitate sfety-related equipment.

1.120-2

44 3. Establishment and Use of Fire Areas Separate fire areas for each division of safety-related.systems will reduce the possibility of fire-related damage to redundant safety-related equipment.

Fire areas should be established to separate redundant safety divisions and isolate safety-related systems from fire hazards in non-safety-related areas. Particular design attention to the use of separate isolated fire areas for redundant cables will help to avoid loss of redundant safety-related cables. Separate fire areas should also be employed to limit the spread of fires between components that are major fire hazards within a safety division.

Where redundant systems cannot be separated by fire barriers, as in containment and the control room, it is necessary to employ other measures to prevent a fire from causing the loss of function of safety-related systems.Within fire areas containing components of a safety-related system, special attention should be given to detecting and suppressing fires that may adversely affect the system. Measures that may be taken to reduce the effects of a postulated fire in a given fire area include limiting the amount of combustible materials, installing fire-resistant construction, providing fire stops or fire-retardant coating in cable trays, installing fire detection systems and fixed fire suppres-sion systems, or providing other protection suitable to the installation.

The fire hazard analysis will be the mechanism to determine that fire areas have been properly selected.Suitable design of the ventilation systems can limit the consequences of a fire Oy preventing the spread of the products of combustion to other fire areas. It is important that means be provided to ventilate, exhaust, or isolate the fire area as required and that consideration be given to the consequences of failure of ventilation systems due to fire causing loss of control for ventilating, exhausting, or isolating a given fire area. The capability to ventilate, exhaust, or isolate is particularly important to ensure the habitability of rooms or spaces that must be attended in an emergency.

In the design, provision should be made for personnel access to and escape routes from each fire area.4. Definitions For the user's convenience, some of the terms related to fire protection are presented below with their definitions as used in this guide: Approved -tested and accepted for a specific purpose or application by a nationally recog-nized testing laboratory.

Automatic

-self-acting, operating by its own mechanism when actuated by some impersonal influence such as a change in current, pressure, temperature, or mechanical configuration.

Combustible Material .- material that does not meet the definition of noncombustible.

Control Room Complex -the zone served by the control room emergency ventilation system (see Standard Review Plan 6.4, "Habitability Systems").

Fire Area -that portion of a building or plant that is separated from other areas by bound-ary fire barriers.Fire Barrier -those components of construction (walls, floors, and the'ir supports, including beams, joists, columns, penetration seals or closures, fire doors, and fire dampers that are rated by approving laboratories in hours of resistance to fire and are used to prevent the spread of fire.Fire Stop -a feature of construction that prevents fire propagation along the length of cables or prevents spreading of fire to nearby combustibles within a given fire area or fire zone.Fire Brigade -the team of plant personnel assigned to firefighting and who are equipped for and trained in the fighting of fires..Fire Detectors

-a device designed to automatically detect the presence of fire and initiate an alarm system and other appropriate action (see NFPA 72E, "Automatic Fire Detectors").

Some typical fire detectors are -classified as follows: Heat Detector -a device that detects a predetermined (fixed) temperature or rate of temperature rise.Smoke Detector -a device that detects the visible or invisible products of combustion

1.120-3 Flame Detector -a device that detects the infrared, ultraviolet, or visible radiation produced by a fire.Line-Type Detector -a device in which detection is continuous along a path, e.g., fixed-temperature, heat-sensitive cable and rate-of-rise pneumatic tubing detectors.

Fire Protection Program -the integrated effort involving components, procedures, and person-nel utilized in carrying out all activities of fire protection.

It includes system and facility design, fire prevention, fire detection, annunciation, confinement, suppression, administrative controls, fire brigade organization, inspection and maintenance, training, quality assurance, and testing.Fire Rating -the endurance period of a fire barrier or structure;

it defines tAe period of resistance to a standard fire exposure before the first critical point in behavior is observed (see NFPA 251).Fire Suppression

-control and extinguishing of fires (firefighting).

Manual fire suppres-sion is the use of hoses, portable extinguishers, or manually actuated fixed systems by plant personnel.

Automatic fire suppression is the use of automatically actuated fixed systems such as water, Halon, or carbon dioxide systems.Fire Zones -the subdivisions of fire areas in which the fire suppression systems are designed to combat particular types of fires.Noncombustible Material a. material, no part of which will ignite and burn when subjected to fire.b. material having a structural base of noncombustible material, as defined in a., with a surfacing not over 1/16 inch thick that has a flame spread rating not higher than 50 when measured using ASTM E-84 Test, "Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials." Raceway -refer to Regulatory Guide 1.75.Restricted Area -any area to which access is controlled by the licensee for purposes of protecting individuals from exposure to radiation and radioactive materials.

Safety-Related Systems and Components

-systems and components required to shut down the reactor, mitigate the consequences of postulated accidents, or maintain the reactor in a safe shutdown condition.

Secondary Containment

-a structure that completely encloses primary containment, used for controlling containment leakage.Sprinkler System -a network of piping connected to a reliable water supply that will dis-tribute the water throughout the area protected and will discharge the water through sprin-klers in sufficient quantity either to extinguish the 'fire entirely or to prevent its spread.The system, usually activated by heat, includes a controlling valve and a device for actu-atilhg an alarm when the system is In operation.

The following categories of sprinkler systems are defined in NFPA 13, "Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems": Wet-Pipe System Dry-Pipe System Preaction System Deluge System Combined Dry-Pipe and Preaction System On-Off System Standpipe and Hose Systems -a fixed piping system with hose outlets, hose, and nozzles connected to a reliable water supply to provide effective fire hose streams to specific areas inside the building.Water Spray System -a network of piping similar to a sprinkler system except that it uti-lizes open-head spray nozzles. NFPA 15, "Water Spray Fixed Systems," provides guidance on these systems.1. 120-4 C. REGULATORY

POSITION 1. Overall Requirements of the Fire Protection Program a. Personnel Responsibility for the overall fire protection program should be assigned to a desig-nated person in the upper level of management who has management control over the organizations involved in fire protection activities.

This person should retain ultimate responsibility even though formulation and assurance of program implementation is delegated.

Such delegation of authority should be to a staff composed of personnel prepared by training and experience in fire protection and personnel prepared by training and experience in nuclear plant safety to provide a balanced approach in directing the fire protection program for the nuclear power plant.The staff should be responsible for: (1) Coordination of fire protection program requirements, including consideration of potential hazards associated with postulated fires, with building layout and systems design.(2) Design and maintenance of fire detection, suppression, and extinguishing systems.(3) Fire prevention activities.

(4) Training and manual firefighting activities of plant personnel and the fire brigade.(5) Pre-fire planning.On sites where there is an operating reactor and construction or modification pf other units is underway, the superintendent of the operating plant should have the lead responsibility for site fire protection.(NOTE: NFPA 6, "Recommendations for Organization of Industrial Fire Loss Prevention," contains useful guidance for the organization and operation of the entire fire loss prevention program.)b. Fire Hazard Analysis The overall fire protection program should allow the plant to maintain the ability to perform safe shutdown functions and minimize radioactive releases to the environment in the event of a fire. A major element of this program should be the evaluation of potential fire hazards throughout the plant and the effect of postulated fires on safety-related plant areas.Fire initiation should be postulated at the location that will produce the most severe fire, assuming an ignition source is present at that point. Fire development should consider the potential for involvement of other combustibles, both fixed and transient, in..the fire area.Where automatic suppression systems are installed, the effects of the postulated fire sho~ld be evaluated with and without actuation of the automatic suppression system.(1) A detailed fire hazard analysis should be made during initial plant design to reflect the proposed construction arrangement, materials, and facilities.

This analysis should be revised periodically as design and construction progress and before and during major plant modifications.

(2) The fire hazard analysis should be a systematic study of (a) all elements of the fire protection program being proposed to ensure that the plant design has included adequate identification and evaluation of potential fire hazards and (b) the effect of postulated f~res relative to maintaining the ability to perform safe shutdown functions and minimizing radioactive releases to the environment.

(3) Experienced judgement is necessary to identify fire hazards and the consequences of a postulated fire starting at any point in the plant.- Evaluation of the consequences of the postulated fire on nuclear safety should be performed by persons thoroughly trained and experi-enced in reactor safety. The person conducting the analysis of fire hazards should be thoroughly trained and experienced in the principles of industrial fire prevention and control and in fire phenomena from fire initiation, through its development, to propagation into adjoining spaces.The fire hazard analysis should be conducted by or under the direct supervision of an engineer who is qualified for Member grade in the Society of Fire Protection Engineers.

(4) The fire hazard analysis should separately identify hazards and provide appro-priate protection in locations where safety-related losses can occur as a result of: 1.120-5 (a) Concentrations of combustible contents, including transient fire loads due to combustibles expected to be used in nurmal operations such as refueling, maintenance, and modifica-tions-(b) Continuity of combustible contents, furnishings, building materials, or combinations thereof in configurations conducive to fire spread;(c) Exposure fire, heat, smoke, or water exposure, including those that may necessitate evacuation from areas that are required to be attended for safe shutdown;(d) Fire in control rooms or other locations having critical safety-related functions;(e) Lack of adequate access or smoke removal facilities that impede fire extin-guishment in safety-related areas;(f) Lack of explosion-prevention measures;(g) Loss of electric power or control circuits;

and (h) Inadvertent operation of fire suppression systems.(5) The fire hazard analysis should verify that the fire protection program guidelines of the regulatory position of this guide have been met. To that end, the report on the analysis should list applicable elements of the program, with explanatory statements as needed to identify location, type of system, and design criteria.

The report should identify any deviations from the regulatory position and should present alternatives for staff review. Justification for deviations from the regulatory position should show that an equivalent level of protection will be achieved.

Deletion of a protective feature without compensating alternative protective meas-ures generally will not be acceptable, unless it is clearly demonstrated that the protective measure is not needed because of the design and arrangement of the particular plant.c. Fire Suppression System Design Basis (1) Total reliance should not be placed on a single fire suppression system. Appro-priate backup fire suppression capability should be provided.(2) A single active failure or a crack in a moderate-energy line (pipe) in the fire suppression system should not impair both the primary and backup fire suppression capability.

For example, neither the failure of a fire pump, its power supply, or controls nor a crack in a moderate-energy line in the fire suppression system should result in loss of function of both sprinkler and hose standpipe systems in an area protected by such primary and backup systems.(3) As a minimum, the fire suppression system should be capable of delivering water to manual hose stations located within hose reach of areas containing equipment required for safe plant shutdown following the Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE). In areas of high seismic activity, the staff will consider on a case-by-case basis the need to design the fire detection and suppres-sion systems to be functional following the SSE.(4) The fire-protection systems should retain their original design capability for (a)natural phenomena of less severity and greater frequency than the most severe natural phenomena (approximately once in 10 years) such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, ice storms, or small-intensity earthquakes that are characteristic of the geographic region and (b) potential man-created site-related events such as oil barge collisions or aircraft crashes that have a reasonable probability of occurring at a specific plant site. The effects of lightning strikes should be included in the overall plant fire protection program.(5) The consequences of inadvertent operation of or a crack in a moderate energy line in the fire suppression system should meet the guidelines specified for moderate-energy systems outside containment in Section 3.6.1 of the Standard Review Plan, NUREG-75/087.

d. Simultaneous Events (1) Fires need not be postulated to be concurrent with non-fire-related failures in safety systems, other plant accidents, or the most severe natural phenomena.

(2) On multiple-reactor sites, unrelated fires need not be postulated to occur simulta-neously in more than one reactor unit. The effects of fires involving facilities shared between units and fires due to man-created site-related events that have a reasonable probability of 1.120-6 occurring and affecting more than one reactor unit (such as an aircraft crash) should be considered.

e. Implementation of Fire Protection Programs (1) The fire protection program (plans, personnel, and equipment)

for buildings storing new reactor fuel and for adjacent fire areas that could affect the fuel storage area should be fully operational before fuel is received at the site. Such adjacent areas include those whose flames, hot gases, and fire-generated toxic and corrosive products may jeopardize safety and surveillance of the stored fuel.(2) The fire protection program for an entire reactor unit should be fully operational prior to initial fuel loading in that reactor unit.(3) On reactor sites where there is an operating reactor and construction or modifica-tion of other units is under way, the fire protection program should provide for continuing evaluation of fire hazards. Additional fire barriers, fire protection capability, anid adminis-trative controls should be provided as necessary to protect the operating unit from construction fire hazards.2. Administrative Procedures, Controls, and Fire Brigade a. Administrative procedures consistent with the need for maintaining the performance of the fire protection system and personnel in nuclear power plants should be provided.Guidance is contained in the following publications:

NFPA 4 -Organization for Fire Services NFPA 4A -Organization of a Fire Department NFPA 6 -Industrial Fire Loss Prevention NFPA 7 -Management of Fire Emergencies NFPA 8 -Management Responsibility for Effects of Fire on Operations NFPA 27 -Private Fire Brigades NFPA 802 -Recommended Fire Protection Practice for Nuclear Reactors.b. Effective administrative measures should be implemented to prohibit bulk storage of combustible materials inside or adjacent to safety-related buildings or systems during operation or maintenance periods. Regulatory Guide 1.39 provides guidance on housekeeping, including the disposal of combustible materials.

c. Normal and abnormal conditions or other anticipated operations such as modifications (e.g., breaching fire barriers or fire stops, impairment of fire detection and suppression systems)and transient fire load conditions such as those associatedwith refueling activities should be reviewed by appropriate levels of management and the fire protection staff. Appropriate special action and procedures such as fire watches or temporary fire barriers should be implemented to ensure adequate fire protection and reactor safety. In particular:

(1) Work involving ignition sources such as welding and flame cutting should be done under closely monitored conditions that are controlled by a permit system. Procedures governing such work should be reviewed and approved by persons trained and experienced in fire protection.

Persons performing and directly assisting in such work should be trained and equipped to prevent and combat fires. If this is not possible, a person trained in firefighting techniques and plant emergency procedures should directly monitor the work and function as a fire watch. In instances where such operations may produce flame, sparks, or molten metal through walls or penetrations, care should be taken to inspect both rooms or areas (see NFPA-51B, "Cutting and'Welding Processes").

(2) Leak testing and similar procedures such as airflow determination should use one of the commercially available techniques.

Open flames or combustion-generated smoke should not be permitted.

(3) Use of combustible material, e.g., HEPA and charcoal filters, dry ion exchange resins, or other combustible supplies, in safety-related areas should be controlled.

Use of wood inside buildings containing safety-related systems or equipment should be permitted only when suitable noncombustible substitutes are not available.

If wood must be used, only fire-retardant- treated wood (scaffolding, lay-down blocks) should be permitted.

Such materials should be allowed into safety-related areas only when they are to be used immediately.

Their possible dnd probable use should be :onsidered in the fire hazard analysis to determine the adequacy of the installed fire protection systems and the effects on safety-related equipment.

1.120-7

(4) Disarming of fire detection or fire suppression systems should be controlled by a permit system. Fire watcheL shuuid be established in areas where systems are so disarmed.d. The plant should be designed to be self-sufficient with respect to firefighting activ-ities to protect safety-related plant. areas. Public fire department response should be provided for in the overall fire protection program for supplemental and backup capability.

e. The need foy good organizatiun, training, and equipping uf fire brigades at nuclear power plant. sites requires that effective measures be implemented to ensure proper discharge of these functions.

The guida-ce in Regulatory GuidE 1.101, "Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants," should be followed as applicable.(I) Successful firefighting requires testing dnd maintenance of the fire protection equipment and the emergency lighting and communication, as well as practice as trigades for the people who must utilize the equipment.

A test plan that lists the individuals and their respon-sibilities in connection with routine tests and inspections of the fire detection and protection systems should be developed.

The test plan should contain the types, frequency, and oetailed procedures for testing. Procedures should also contain instructions on maintaining fire protec-tion during those periods when the fire protection system is impaired or during periods of plant maintenance, e.g., fire watches or temporary hose connections to water systems.(2) Basic training is a necessary element in effective firefighting operation.

In order for a fire brigade to operate effectively, it must operate as a team. All members must know what their individual duties are. They must be familiar with the layout of the plant and with equipment location and operation in order to permit effective firefighting operations during times when a particular area is filled with smoke or is insufficiently lighted. Such training can only be accomplished by conducting drills and classroom instruction several times a year (at least quarterly)

so that all members of the fire brigade have had *the opportunity to train as a team testing itself in the major areas of the plant. The drills should include the simulated use of equipment in each area and should be preplanned and postcritiqued to establish the training objective of the drills and determine how well these objectives have been met. These drills should provide for local fire department participation periodically (at least annually).

Such drills also permit supervising personnel to evaluate the effectiveness of communications within the fire brigade and with the on-scene fire team leader, the reactor operator in the control room, the plant physical security organization, and any other command post.(3) To have proper coverage during ail phases of operation, miembers of each shift crew should be trained in fire protection.

Training of the plant fire brigade should be coordinated with the local fire department so that responsibilities and duties are delineated in advance.This coordination should be part of the training course and should be included in the training of the local fire department staff. The plant fire brigade should not include any of the plant physical security personnel required to be available to fulfill the response requirements of paragraph

73.55(h)(2)

of 10 CFR Part 73, "Physical Protection of Plants and Materials.." Local fire departments should be provided training in operational precautions when fighting fires on nuclear power plant sites and should be made .aware of the need for radiological protection of personnel and the special hazards associated with a nuclear power plant site.(4) NFPA 27, "Private Fire Brigade," should be followed in organization, training, and fire drills. This standard also is applicable for the inspection and maintenance of firefighting equipment.

Among the standards referenced in this document, NFPA 197, "Training Standard on Initial Fire Attacks," should be utilized as applicable..

NFPA booklets and pamphlets listed in NFPA 27 may be used as applicable for training references.

In addition, courses in fire preven-tion and fire suppression that are recognized or sponsored by the fire protection industry should be utilized.3. Quality Assurance Program .The quality assurance (QA) programs of applicants and contractors should ensure that the guidelines for design, procurement, installation, and testing and the administrative controls for the fire protection systems for safety-related areas are satisfied.

The QA program should be under the management control of the QA organization.

This control consists of (1) formulating a fire protection QA program that incorporates suitable requirements and is acceptable to the management responsible for fire protection or verifying that the program incorporates suitable requirements and is acceptable to the management responsible for fire protection and (2) verifying the effectiveness of the QA program for fire protection through review, surveillance, and audits.Performance of other QA program functions for miee,,,g the fire.protection program requirements may be performed by personnel outside of the QA organi-.dtion.

The QA program for fire protection

1.120-8 should be part of the overall plant QA program. It should satisfy the specific criteria listed below.a. Design and Procurement Document Control Measures should be established to ensure that the guidelines of the regulatory position of this guide are included in design and procurement documents and that deviations therefrom are controlled.

b. Instructions, Procedures, and Drawings Inspections, tests, administrative controls, fire drills, and training that govern the fire protection program should be prescribed by documented instructions, procedures, or drawings and should be accomplished in accordance with these documents.

c. Control of Purchased Material, Equipment, and Services Measures should be established to ensure that purchased material, equipment, and services conform to the procurement documents.

d. Inspection A program for independent inspection of activities affecting fire protection should be established and executed by or for the organization performing the activity to verify conformance with documented installation drawings and test procedures for accomplishing the activities.

e. Test and Test Control A test program should be established and implemented to ensure that testing is performed and verified by inspection and audit to demonstrate conformance with design and system readiness requirements.

The tests should be performed in accordance with written test procedures;

test results should be properly evaluated and acted on.f. Inspection, Test, and Operating Status Measures should be established to provide for the identification of items that have satisfactorily passed required tests and inspections.

g. Nonconforming Items Measures should be established to control items that do not conform to specified requirements to prevent inadvertent use or installation.

h. Corrective Action Measures should be established to ensure that conditions adverse to fire protection, such as failures, malfunctions, deficiencies, deviations, defective components, uncontrolled combustible material, and nonconformances, are promptly identified, reported, and corrected.

i. Records Records should be prepared and maintained to furnish evidence that the criteria enumer-ated above are being met for activities affecting the fire protection program.j. Audits Audits should be conducted and documented to verify compliance with the fire protection program, including design and procurement documents, instructions, procedures, and drawings, and inspection and test activities.

4. General Plant Guidelines a. Building Design (1) Fire barriers with a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours should be used, except as noted in other paragraphs, to: (a) Isolate safety-related systems from any potential fires in non-safety-related areas that could affect their ability to perform their safety function;1.120-9 (b) Separate redundant divisions or trains of safety-related systems from each other so that both are not subject to damage from a single fire hazard; and (c) Separate individual units on a multiple-unit site unless the requirements of General Design Criterion 5 can be met with respect to fires.(2) Appropriate fire barriers should be provided within a single safety division to separate components that present a fire hazard to other safety-related components or high concen-trations of safety-related cables within that division.(3) Each cable spreading room should contain only one redundant safety division.Cable spreading rooms should not be shared between reactors.

Cable spreading rooms should be separated from each other and from other areas of the plant by barriers having a minimum fire resistance of three hours. d (4) Interior wall and structural components, thermal insulation materials, radiation shielding materials, and soundproofing should be noncombustible.

Interior finishei should be noncombustible or listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory such as Factory Mutual or Underwriters Laboratory, Inc., for: (a) Surface flamespread rating of 50 or less when tested under ASTM E-84, and (b) Potential heat release of 3500 Btu/Ib or less when tested under ASTM D-3286 or NFPA 259.1 Materials that are acceptable for use as interior finish without evidence of test and listing by a nationally recognized laboratory are the following:

Plaster, acoustic plaster Gypsum plasterboard (gypsum wallboard)

Any of the above, plain, wallpapered, or painted with oil- or water-base paint Ceramic tile, ceramic panels Glass, glass blocks Brick, stone, concrete blocks, plain or painted Steel and aluminum panels, plain, painted, or enameled Vinyl tile, vinyl-asbestos tile, linoleum, or asphalt tile on concrete floors.(5) Metal deck roof construction should be noncombustible, listed as "acceptable for fire" in the UL Building Materials Directory, or listed as Class I in the Factory Mutual System Approval Guide.(6) Suspended ceilings and their supports should be of noncombustible construction.

Concealed spaces should be devoid of combustibles except as noted in Regulatory Position C.6.b.(7) Transformers installed inside fire areas containing safety-related systems should be of the dry type or insulated and cooled with noncombustible liquid. Where transformers filled with combustible fluid are located in non-safety-related areas, there should be no openings in the fire barriers separating such transformers from areas containing safety-related systems or equipment.

(8) Buildings containing safety-related systems should be protected from exposure or spill fires involving outdoor oil-filled transformers by providing oil spill confinement or drainage away from the buildings and: Locating such transformers at least 50 feet distant from the building, or Ensuring that such building walls within 50 feet of oil-filled transformers are without openings and have a fire resistance rating of at least three hours.The concept of using a potential heat release limit of 3500 Btu/lb is similar to the "limited combustible" concept with its like limit, as set forth in NFPA 220.1.120-10 *

(9) Floor drains sized to remove expected firefighting waterflow without flooding safety-related equipment should be provided in those areas where fixed water fire suppression-systems are installed.

Floor drains should also be provided in other areas where hand hose lines may be used if such firefighting water could cause unacceptable damage to safety-related equip-Sment in the area (see NFPA-92, "Waterproofing and Draining of Floors").

Where gas suppression systems are installed, the drains should be provided with adequate seals or the gas suppression system should be sized to compensate for the loss of the suppression agent through the drains.Drains in areas containing combustible liquids should *have provisions for preventing the spread of the fire throughout the drain system. Water drainage from areas that may contain radioactiv- ity should be collected, sampled, and analyzed before discharge to the environment.

(10) Floors, walls, and ceilings separating fire areas should have a minimum fire rating of three hours. Openings through fire barriers around conduit or piping should be sealed or closed to provide a fire resistance rating at least equal to that required of barrier itself. Door openings should be protected with equivalently rated doors, frames, and hardware that have been tested and approved by a nationally recognized laboratory.

Such doors should be normally closed and delay-alarmed with alarm and annunciation in the control room, locked closed, or equipped with automatic self-closing devices using magnetic hold-open devices that are activ-ated by smoke or rate-of-rise heat detectors protecting both sides of the opening. The status of doors equipped with magnetic hold-open devices should be indicated in the control room. Fire barrier openings for ventilation systems should be protected by a "fire door damper" havi~ng a rating equivalent to that required of the barrier (see NFPA 80, "Fire Doors and Windows").

Flexible air duct coupling in ventilation and filter systems should be noncombustible.

(11) Personnel access routes and escape routes should be provided for each fire area.Stairwells outside primary containment serving as escape routes, access routes for firefighting, or access routes to areas containing equipment necessary for safeshutdown should be enclosed in masonry or concrete towers with a minimum fire rating of two hours and self-closing Class B fire doors.(12) Fire exit routes should be clearly marked.b. Control of Combustibles

(1) Safety-related systems should be isolated or separated from combustible materials.-When this is not possible because of the nature of the safety system or the combustible material, automatic fire suppression should be provided to limit the consequences of a fire.h. (2) Use and storage of compressed gases (especially oxygen and flammable gases) inside buildings housing safety-related equipment should be controlled.

Bulk storage of flammable gas should not be permitted inside structures housing safety-related equipment and should be suffi-ciently remote that a fire or explosion will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment (see NFPA 6, "Industrial Fire Loss Prevention").

(3) It is recognized that halogenated compounds are used to improve the fire retardancy of cable insulation;

insulating and jacketing materials should be chosen to have a high flame resistance and low smoke and offgas characteristics without degrading the required electrical and physical properties.

However, plastic materials should not be used for other applications unless suitable noncombustible materials are not available.

(4) Storage and usage of flammable liquids should, as a minimum, comply with the requirements of NFPA 30, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code." c. Electrical Cable Construction.

Cable Trays, and Cable Penetrations

(1) Only metal should be used for cable trays. Only metallic tubing should be used for conduit. Thin-wall metallic tubing should not be used. Flexible metallic tubing should only be used in short lengths to connect to equipment.

Other raceways should be made of noncombustible material.(2) Redundant safety-related cable systems outside the cable spreading room.should be separated from each other and from potential fire exposure hazards in non-safety-related areas by fire barriers with a minimum fire rating of three hours. These cable trays should be provided with continuous line-type heat detectors and should be accessible for manual firefighting.

Cables should.be designed to allow wetting down with fire suppression water without electrical faulting.

Manual hose stations and portable hand extinguishers should be provided.

Safety-related equipment in the vicinity of such cable trays that does not itself require fixed water suppression systems but is subject to unacceptable damage from water should be protected.

1.120-11 Safety-related cable trays of a single division that are separated from redundant divisions by a fire barrier with a minimum rating of 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br /> and are normally accessible for manual firefighting should be protected from the effects of a potential exposure fire by providing automatic water suppression in the area where such a fire could occur. Automatic area protection, where provided, should consider cable tray arrangements and possible transient combustibles to ensure adequate water coverage for areas that could present an exposure hazard to the cable system. Manual hose standpipe systems may be relied upon to provide the primary fire suppression (in lieu of automatic water suppression systems) for safety-related cable trays of a single division that are separated from redundant safety divisions by a fire barrier with a minimum rating of 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br /> and are normally accessible for manual firefighting if all of the following conditions are met: #(a) The number of equivalent2 standard 24-inch-wide cable trays (both safety-related and non-safety-related)

in a given fire area is six or less;(b) The cabling does not provide instrumentation, control, or power to systems required to achieve and maintain cold shutdown;

and (c) Smoke detectors are provided in the area of these cable-routings, and con-tinuous line-type heat detectors are provided in the cable trays.Safety-related cable trays that are not accessible for manual fighting should be protected by a zoned automatic water system with open-head deluge or open directional spray nozzles arranged so that adequate water coverage is provided for each cable tray. Such cable trays should also be protected from the effects of a potential exposure fire by providing auto-matic water suppression in the area where such a fire could occur.In such plant areas as primary and secondary containment or other areas where it may not be possible because of other overriding design features necessary for reasons of nuclear safety to separate redundant safety-related cable systems by 3-hour-rated fire barriers, cable trays should be protected by an automatic water system with open-head deluge or open directional spray nozzles arranged so that adequate water coverage is provided for each cable tray. Such cable trays should also be protected from the effects of a potential exposure fire by providing automatic water suppression in the area where such a fire could occur. The capability to achieve and maintain safe shutdown considering the effects of a fire involving fixed and potential transieni combustibles should be evaluated with and without actuation of the automatic suppression system and should be justified on a suitably defined basis.(3) Cable and cable tray penetration of fire barriers (vertical and horizontal)

should be sealed to give protection at least equivalent to that required of the fire barrier. The design of fire barrier penetrations for horizontal and vertical cable trays should be qualified by tests.3 The penetration qualification tests should use the time-temperature exposure curve specified by ASTM E-119, "Fire Test of Building Construction and Materials." Openings inside conduit larger than 4 inches in diameter should be sealed at the fire barrier penetration;

these seals should be qualified by tests as described above. Openings inside conduit 4 inches or less in diameter should be sealed at the fire barrier and should be qualified by tests as described above unless the conduit extends at least 5 feet on each side of the fire barrier and is sealed either at both ends or at the fire barrier with noncombustible material to prevent the passage of smoke and hot gases. Fire barrier penetrations that must maintain environmental isolation or pressure differentials should be qualified by test to maintain the barrier integrity under the conditions specified above.(4) Fire stops should be installed every 20 feet along horizontal cable routings in areas that are not protected by automatic water systems. Vertical cable routings.

should have fire stops installed at each floor/ceiling level. Between levels or in vertical cable chases, fire stops should be installed at the midheight if the vertical run is 20 feet or more but less than 30 feet or at 15-foot intervals in vertical runs of 30 feet or more unless such vertical cable routings are protected by automatic water systems directed on the cable trays. Individual fire stop designs should prevent the propagation of a fire for a minimum period of thirty minutes when tested for the largest number of cable routings and maximuia cable density.2 Trays exceeding

24 inches should be ccunted as two trays; trays exceeding

48 inches should be counted as three trays, regardless of tray fill.3 Penetration qualification test criteria are under development.

Guidance is currently available in the form of a draft standard, "Standard for Cable Penetration Fire Stop Test Procedure," being developed by Task Force 12-40 of the IEEE Insulated Conductors Committee.

1.120-12

(5) Electric cable constructions should, as a minimum, pass the flame test in the current IEEE Std 383, (This does not imply that cables passing this test will not require fire protection.)

(6) Cable raceways should be used only for cables.(7) Miscellaneous storage and piping for flammable or combustible liquids or gases should not create a potential exposure hazard to safety-related systems.

d. Ventilation

(1) The products of combustion and the means by which they will be removed from each fire area should be established during the initial stages of plant design. Consideration should be given to the installation of automatic suppression systems as a means of lioiting smoke and heat generation.

Smoke and corrosive gases should generally be discharged directly outside to an area that will not affect safety-related plant areas. The normal plant ventilation system may be used for this purpose if capable and available.

To facilitate manual firefighting, separate smoke and heat vents should be provided in specific areas such as cable spreading rooms, diesel fuel oil storage areas, switchgear rooms, and other areas where the potential exists for heavy smoke conditions (see NFPA 204 for additional guidance on smoke control).(2) Release of smoke and gases containing radioactive materials to the environment should be monitored in accordance with emergency plans as described in the guidelines of Regula-tory Guide 1.101, "Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants." Any ventilation system designed to exhaust potentially radioactive smoke or gases should be evaluated to ensure that inadvertent operation or single failures will not violate the radiologically controlled areas of the plant design. This requirement includes containment functions for protecting the public and maintain-ing habitability for operations personnel.

(3) Special protection for ventilation power and control cables may be required.

The power supply and controls for mechanical ventilation systems should be run outside the fire area served by the system where practical.

(4) Engineered-safety-feature filters should be protected in accordance with the guidelines of Regulatory Guide 1.52, Any filter that includes combustible materials and is a potential exposure fire hazard that may affect safety-related components should be protected as determined by the fire hazard analysis.(5) The fresh-air supply intakes to areas containing safety-related equipment or.systems should be located remote from the exhaust air outlets and smoke vents of other fire areas to minimize the possibility of contaminating the intake air with the products of combustion.

(6) Stairwells should be designed to minimize smoke infiltration during a fire.(7) Self-contained breathing apparatus using full-face positive-pressure masks approved by NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health -approval formerly given by the U.S. Bureau of Mines) should be provided for fire brigade, damage control, and control room personnel.

Control room personnel may be furnished breathing air by a manifold system piped from a storage reservoir if practical.

Service or rated operating life should be a minimum of one-half hour for the self-contained units.At least two extra air bottles should be located on site for each self-contained breathing unit. In addition, an onsite 6-hour supply of reserve air should be provided and arranged to permit quick and complete replenishment of exhausted supply air bottles as they are returned.

If compressors are used as a source of breathing air, only units approved for breathing air should be used; compressors should be operable assuming a loss of offsite power. Special care must be taken to locate the compressor in areas free of dust and contaminants.

(8) Where total flooding gas extinguishing systems are used, area intake and exhaust ventilation dampers should be controlled in accordance with NFPA 12, "Carbon Dioxide Systems," and NFPA 12A, "Halon 1301 Systems, to maintain the necessary gas concentration.

e. Lighting and Communication Lighting and two-way voice communication are vital to safe shutdown and emergency response in the event of fire. Suitable fixed and portable emergency lighting and communication devices should be provided as follows: (1) Fixed self-contained lighting consisting of fluorescent or sealed-beam -units with individual

8-hour-minimum battery power supplies should be provided in areas that must be manned 1.120-13 for safe shutdown and for access and egress routes to and from all fire areas. Safe shutdown areas include those required to be manned if the control room must be evacuated.

(2) Suitable sealed-beam battery-powered portable hand lights should be provided for emergency use by the fire brigade and oth'r operations personnel required to achieve safe plant shutdown.(3) Fixed emergency communications independent of the normal plant communication system should be installed at preselected stations.(4) A portable radio communiLations system should be provided for use by~the fire brigade and other operations personnel required to achieve safe plant shutdown.

This system should not interfere with the communications capabilities of the plant security force. Fixed repeaters installed to permit use of portable radio communication units should be protected from exposure fire damage. Preoperational and periodic testing should demonstrate that the frequencies used for portable radio communication will not affect the actuation of protective Velays.5. Fire Detection and Suppression a. Fire Detection (1) Area fire detection systems should be provided for all areas that contain, or present potential fire exposure to, safety-related equipment.

(2) Fire detection systems should, as a minimum, comply with the requirements of Class A systems as defined in NFPA 72D, "Standard for the Installation, Maintenance and Use of Proprietary Protective Signaling Systems," and Class I circuits as defined in NFPA 70, "National Electrical Code." (3) Fire detectors should, as a minimum, be selected and installed in accordance with NFPA 72E, "Automatic Fire Detectors." Preoperational and periodic testing of pulsed line-type heat detectors should demonstrate that the frequencies used will not affect the actuation of protective relays.(4) Fire detection systems should give audible and visual alarm and annunciation in the control room. Where zoned detection systems are used in a given fire area, lccal means should be provided to identify which detector zone has actuated.

Local audible alarms should sound in the fire area.(5) Fire alarms should be distinctive and unique so they will not be confused with any other plant system alarms.(6) Primary and secondary power supplies should be provided for the fire detection system and for electrically operated control valveb for automatic suppression systems. Such primary and secondary power supplies should satisfy provisions of Section 2220 of NFPA 720. This can be accomplished by: (a) Using normal offsite power as the primary ,upply with a four-hour battery supply as secondary supply; and (b) Having capability for manual connection to the Class lE emergency power bus within four hours of loss of offsite power. Such connection should follow the applicable guide-lines in Regulatory Guides 1.6, 1.32, and 1.75.b. Fire Protection Water Supply Systems-(l) An underground yard fire main loop should be installed to furnish anticipated water requirements.

NFPA 24, "Standard for Outside Protection," gives necessary guidance for such installation.

It references other design codes and standards developed by such organiza-tions as the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Water Works Associa-tion (AWWA). Type of pipe and water treatment should be design considerations with tuberculation as one of the parameters.

Means for inspecting and flushing the systems should be provided.Approved visually indicating sectional control valves such as post indicator valves should be provided to isolate portions of the main for maintenance or repair without shutting off the supply to primary and backup fire suppression systems serving areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment.

The fire main system piping should be separate from service or sanitary water system piping, except as described in Regulatory Position C.5.c.(4).

1.120-14

(2) A common yard fire main loop may serve multi-unit nuclear power plant sites if cross-connected between units. Sectional control valves should permit maintaining independence of the individual loop around each unit. For such installations, common water supplies may also be utilized.

For multiple-reactor sites with widely separated plants (approaching I mile or more), separate yard fire main loops should be used.(3) If pumps are required to meet system pressure or flow requirements, a sufficient number of pumps should be provided to ehsure that 100% capacity will be available assuming failure of the largest pump or loss of offsite power (e.g., three 50% pumps or two 100% pumps). This can be accomplished, for example, by providing either: (a) Electric-motor-driven fire pump(s) and diesel-driven fire pump(s); or (b) Two or more Seismic Category I Class 1E electric-motor-drieven fire pumps connected to redundant Class 1E emergency power buses (see Rgulatory Guides 1.6, 1.32, and 1.75).Individual fire pump connections to the yard fire main loop should be separated with sectionalizing valves between connections.

Each pump and its driver and controls should be located in a room separated from the remaining fire pumps by a fire wall with a minimum rating of 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br />. The fuel for the diesel fire pump(s) should be separated so that it does not provide a fire source exposing safety-related equipment.

Alarms indicating pump running, driver availabil- ity, failure to start, and low fire-main pressure should be provided in the control room.Details of the fire pump installation should, as a minimum, conform to NFPA 20,"Standard for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps." (4) Two separate, reliable freshwater supplies should be provided.

Saltwater or brackish water should not be used unless all freshwater supplies have been exhausted.

If tanks are used, two 100% (minimum of 300,000 gallons each) system capacity tanks should be installed.

They should be so interconnected that pumps can take suction from either or both. However, a leak in one tank or its piping should be isolable so that it will not cause both tanks to drain.Water supply capacity should be capable of refilling either tank in eight hours or less.Common tanks are permitted for fire and sanitary or service water storage. When this is done, however, minimum fire water storage requirements should be dedicated by passive means, for example, use of a vertical standpipe for other water services.(5) The fire water supply should be calculated on the basis of the largest expected flow rate for a period of two hours, but not less than 300,000 gallons. This flow rate should be based (conservatively)

on 750 gpm for manual hose streams plus the largest design demand of any sprinkler or deluge system as determined in accordance with NFPA 13 or NFPA 15. The fire water supply should be capable of delivering this design demand over the longest route of the water supply system.(6) Freshwater lakes or ponds of sufficient size may qualify as sole source of water for fire protection but require at least two intakes to the pump supply. One hundred percent capacity should be available following the loss of any one intake. When a common water supply is permitted for fire protection and the ultimate heat sink, the following conditions should also be satisfied: (a) The additional fire protection water requirements are designed into the total storage capacity and (b) Failure of the fire protection system should not degrade the function of the ultimate heat sink.(7) Outside manual hose installation should be sufficient to provide an effective hose stream to any onsite location where fixed or transient combustibles could jeopardize safety-related equipment.

To accomplish this, hydrants should be Installed approximately every 250 feet on the yard main system. A hose house equipped with hose and combination nozzle and other auxiliary equipment recommended in NFPA 24, "Outside Protection," should be provided as needed, but at least every 1,000 feet. Alternatively, mobile means '6df providing hose and associated equipment, such as hose carts or trucks, may be used. When provided, such mobile equipment should be equivalent to the equipment supplied by three hose houses.Threads compatible with those used by local fire departments should be provided on all hydrants, hose couplings, and standpipe risers.1.120-15 c. Water Sprinkler and Hose Standpipe Systems (1) Sprinkler systems and manual hose station standpipes should have connections to the plant underground water main so that no single active failure or crack in a moderate-energy line can impair both the primary and backup fire suppression systems. Alternatively, headers fed from each end are permitted inside buildings to supply both sprinkler and standpipe systems, provided steel piping and fittings meeting the requirements of ANSI B31.1, "Power Piping," are tsed for the headers up to and including the first valve supplying the sprinkler systems where such headers are part of the seismically analyzed hose standpipe system. When provided, such headers are considered an extension of the yard main system. Hose standpipe and automatic water suppression systems serving a single fire area should have independent connections to the yard main systems. Each sprinkler and standpipe system should be equipped with OS&Y flputside screw and yoke) gate valve or other approved shutoff valve and waterflow alarm. Safety-related equip-ment that does not itself require sprinkler water fire protection but is subject to unacceptable damage if wet by sprinkler water discharge should be protected by water shields or baffles.(2) Control and sectionalizing valves in the fire water systems should be electrically supervised or administratively controlled.

The electrical supervision signal should indicate in the control room. All valves in the fire protection system should be periodically checked to verify position (see NFPA 26, "Supervision of Valves").(3) Fixed water extinguishing systems should, as a minimum, conform to requirements of appropriate standards such as NFPA 13, "Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems," and NFPA 15, "Standard for Water Spray Fixed Systems." (4) Interior manual hose installation should be able to reach any location that contains, or could present a fire exposure hazard to, safety-related equipment with at least one effective hose stream. To accomplish this, standpipes with hose connections equipped with a maximum of 100 feet of 1-1/2-inch woven-jacket, lined fire hose and suitable nozzles should be provided in all buildings on all floors. Individual standpipes should be at least 4 inches in diameter for multiple hose connections and 2-1/2 inches in diameter for single hose connections.

These systems should follow the requirements of NFPA 14, "Standpipe and Hose Systems," for sizing, spacing, and pipe support requirements.

Hose stations should be located as dictated by the fire hazard analysis to facilitate access and use for firefighting operations.

Alternative hose stations should be provided for an area if the fire hazard could block access to a single hose station serving that area.Provisions should be made to supply water at least to standpipes and hose connec-tions for manual firefighting in areas containing equipment required for safe plant shutdown in the event of a Safe Shutdown Earthquake.

The piping system serving such hose stations should be analyzed for SSE loading and should be provided with supports to ensure system pressure integrity.

The piping and valves for the portion of hose standpipe system affected by this functional require-ment should, as a minimum, satisfy ANSI B31.1, "Power Piping." The water supply for this condition may be obtained by manual operator actuation of valves in a connection to the hose standpipe header from a normal Seismic Category I water system such as the essential service water system.The cross connection should be (a) capable of providing flow to at least two hose stations (approx-imately 75 gpm per hose station) and (b) designed to the same standards as the Seismic Category I water system; it should not degrade the performance of the Seismic Category I water system.(5) The proper type of hose nozzle to be supplied to each area should be based on the fire hazard analysis.

The usual combination spray/straight-stream nozzle should not be used in areas where the straight stream can cause unacceptable mechanical damage. Fixed fog nozzles should be provided at locations where high-voltage shock hazards exist. All hose nozzles should have shutoff capability. (Guidance on safe distances for water application to-live electrical equipment may be found in the "NFPA Fire Protection Handbook.")

(6) Certain fires, such as those involving flammable liquids, respond well to foam suppression.

Consideration should be given to use of mechanical low-expansion foam systems, high-expansion foam generators, or aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) systems, including the AFFF deluge system. These systems should comply with the requirements of NFPA 11, NFPA 1lA, and NFPA l1B as applicable.

d. Halon Suppression Systems Halon fire extinguishing systems should, as a minimum, comply with the requirements of NFPA 12A and 128, "Halogenated Fire Extinguishing Agent Systems -Nalon 1301 and Halon 1211." Only UL-listed or FM-approved agents should be used. Provisions for locally disarming automatic Halon systems should be key locked and under strict administrative control. Automatic Halon 1.120-16 extinguishing systems should not be disarmed unless controls as described in Regulatory Position C.2.c. are provided.In addition to the guidelines of NFPA 12A and 12B, preventive maintenance and testing of the systems, including check-weighing of the Halon cylinders, should be done at least quarterly.

Particular consideration should also be given to: (1) Minimum required Halon concentration, distribution, soak time, and ventilation control;(2) Toxicity of Halon;(3) Toxicity and corrosive characteristics of the thermal decomposition products of Halon; and (4) Location and selection of the activating detectors.

e. Carbon Dioxide Suppression Systems Carbon dioxide extinguishing systems should, as a minimum, comply with the requirements of NFPA 12, "Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems." Where automatic carbon dioxide systems are used, they should be equipped with a predischarge alarm system and a discharge delay to permit personnel egress. Provisions for locally disarming automatic carbon dioxide systems should be key locked and under strict administrative control. Automatic carbon dioxide extinguishing systems should not be disarmed unless controls as described in Regulatory Position C.2.c. are provided.Particular consideration should also be given to: (1) Minimum required CO 2 concentration, distribution, soak time, and ventilation control;(2) Anoxia and toxicity of CO 2;(3) Possibility of secondary thermal shock (cooling)

damage;(4) Conflicting requirements for venting during CO injection to prevent overpressuriza- tion versus sealing to prevent loss of agent; ind (5) Location and selection of the activating detectors.

f. Portable Extinguishers Fire extinguishers should be provided in areas that contain, or could present a fire exposure hazard to, safety-related equipment in accordance with guidelines of NFPA 10, "Portable Fire Extinguishers, Installation, Maintenance, and Use." Dry chemical extinguishers should be installed with due consideration given to possible adverse effects on safety-related equipment installed in the area.6. Guidelines for Specific Plant Areas a. Primary and Secondary Containment

(1) Normal Oeration -Fire protection requirements for the primary and secondary containment areas should be provided for hazards identified by the fire hazard analysis.

Examples of such hazards include lubricating oil or hydraulic fluid system for the primary coolant pumps, cable tray arrangements and cable penetrations, and charcoal filters. Secause of the general inaccessibility of primary containment during normal plant operation, protection should be provided by automatic fixed systems. The effects of postulated fires within the primary containment should be evaluated to ensure that the integrity of the primary coolant system and the contain-ment is not jeopardized assuming no action is taken to fight the fire.Operation of the fire protection systems should not compromise the integrity of the containment or other safety-related systems. Fire protection activities in the containment areas should function in conjunction with total containment requirements such as ventilation and control of contaminated liquid and-gaseous release.1.120-17 In primary containment, fire detection systems should be provided for each fire hazard. The type of detection used and the location of the detectors should be the most suitable for the particular type of fire hazard identified by the fire hazard analysis.A general area fire detection capability should be provided in the primary contain- 6 ment as backup for the above-described hazard detection.

To accomplish this, suitable smoke or heat detectors compatible with the radiation environment should be installed.

For secondary containment areas, cable fire hazards that could affect sat..Y should be protected as described in Regulatory Position C.4.c(2).

The type of detection

.stem for other fire hazards identified by the fire hazard analysis should be the most suitable for the particular type of fire hazard.(2) Refueling and Maintenance

-Refueling and maintenance operations in containn nt may introduce additional hazards such as contamination control materials, decontamination siupplies, wood planking, temporary wiring, welding, and flame cutting (with portable compressed-gas fuel supply). Possible fires would not necessarily be in the vicinity of fixed detection and suppres-sion systems. Management procedures and controls necessary to ensure adequate fire protection for transient fire loads are discussed in Regulatory Position C.I.Manual firefighting capability should be permanently installed in containment.

Standpipes with hose stations and portable fire extinguishers should be installed at strategic locations throughout containment for any required manual firefighting operations.

The contain-ment penetrations of the standpipe system should meet the isolation requirements of General Design Criterion 56 and should be Seismic Category I and Quality Group B.Adequate self-contained breathing apparatus should be provided near the contain-ment entrances for firefighting and damage control personnel.

These units should be independent of any breathing apparatus or air supply systems provided for general plant activities and should be clearly marked as emergency equipment.

b. Control Room Complex The control room complex (including galleys, office spaces, etc.) should be protected against disabling fire damage and should be separated from other areas of the plant by floors, walls, and roof having minimum fire resistance ratings of three hours. Peripheral rooms in the control room complex should have automatic fire suppression and should be separated from the control room by noncombustible construction with a fire resistance rating of one hour. Ventila-tion system openings between the control room and peripheral rooms should have automatic smoke dampers that close on operation of the fire detection or suppression system. If a carbon dioxide flooding system is used for fire suppression, these dampers should be strong enough to support the pressure rise accompanying carbon dioxide discharge and seal tightly against infiltration of carbon dioxide into the control room.Manual firefighting capability should be provided for: (I) Fire originating within a cabinet, console, or connecting cables; and (2) Exposure fires involving combustibles in the general room area.Portable Class A and Class C fire extinguishers should be located in the control room.A hose station should be installed immediately outside the control room.Nozzles that are compatible with the hazards and equipment in the control room should be provided for the manual hose station. The nozzles chosen should satisfy actual firefighting needs, satisfy electrical safety, and minimize physical damage to electrical equipment from hose stream impingement.

Smoke detectors should be provided in the control room, cabinets, and consoles.

If redundant safe-shutdown equipment is located in the same control room cabinet or console, addi-tional fire protection measures should be provided.

Alarm and local indication should be provided in the control room.Breathing apparatus for control room operators should be readily available.

The outside air intake(s)

for the contrnl room ventilation system should be provided with smoke detection capability to alarm in the control room to enable manual isolation of the control room ventilation system and thus prevent smoke from entering the control room.1.120-18 s Venting of smoke produced by fire in the control room by means of the normal ventila-tion system is acceptable;

however, provision should be made to permit isolation of the recircu-lating portion of the normal ventilation system. Manually operated venting of the control room should be available to the operators.

All cables that enter the control room should terminate in the control room. That is, no cabling should be simply routed through the control room from one area to another. Cables in the control room should be kept to the minimum necessary for plant operation.

Cables in underfloor and ceiling spaces should meet the separation criteria given in Regulatory Guide 1.75. Air-handling functions should be ducted separately from cable runs in such spaces; i.e., if cables are routed in underfloor or ceiling spaces, these spdtes should not be used as air plenums for ventilation of the control room. Fully enclosed electrical raceways in such underfloor and ceiling spaces, if over one square foot in cross-sectional area, should have automatic fire suppression inside. Area automatic fire suppression should be provided for underfloor and ceiling spaces if used for cable runs unless all cable is run in 4-inch or smalle)steel conduit or the cables are in fully enclosed raceways internally protected by automatic firn suppression.

c. Cable Spreading Room The primary fire suppression in the cable spreading room should be an automatic water system such as closed-head sprinklers, open-head deluge system, or open directional water spray system. Deluge and open spray systems should have provisions for manual operation at a remote station; however, there should be provisions to preclude inadvertent operation.

Location of sprinkler heads or spray nozzles should consider cable tray arrangements and possible transient combustibles to ensure adequate water coverage for areas that could present exposure hazards to the cable system. Cables should be designed to allow wetting down with water supplied by the fire suppression system without electrical faulting.Open-head deluge and open directional spray systems should be zoned.The use of foam is acceptable.

Automatic gas systems (Halon or C0 2) may be used for primary fire suppression if they are backed up by a fixed water spray system.Cable spreading rooms should have: (1) At least two remote and separate entrances for access by fire brigade personnel;

(2) An aisle separation between tray stacks at least 3 feet wide and 8 feet high;(3) Hose stations and portable extinguishers installed immediately outside the room;(4) Area smoke detection;

and (5) Continuous line-type heat detectors for cable trays inside the cable spreading room.Drains to remove firefighting water should be provided.

When gas systems are installed, drains should have adequate seals or the gas extinguishing systems should be sized to compensate for losses through the drains.A separate cable spreading room should be provided for each redundant division.

Cable spreading rooms should not be shared between reactors.

Each cable spreading room should be separated from the others and from other areas of the plant by barriers with a minimum fire rating of three hours.The ventilation system to each cable spreading room should be designed to isolate the area upon actuation of any gas extinguishing system in the area. Separate Manually actuated smoke venting that is operable from outside the room should be provided for the cable spreading room.d. Plant Computer Rooms Computer rooms for computers performing safety-related functions that are not part of the control room complex should be separated from other areas of the plant by barriers having a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours and should be protected by automatic detection and 1.120-19 fixed automatic suppression.

Computers that are part of the control room complex but not in the control room should be separated and protected as described in Regulatory Position C.6.b. Computer cabinets located in the control room should be protected as other control room equipment and cable runs therein. Non-safety-related computers outside the control room complex should be separated from safety-related areas by fire barriers with a minimum rating of three hours and should be protected as needed to prevent fire and smoke damage to safety-related equipment.

Manual hose stations and portable fire extinguishers should be provided in areas that contain, or could present a fire exposure hazard to, safety-related equipment.

e. Switchgear Rooms Switchgear rooms containing safety-related equipment should be separateIrfrom the remainder of the plant by barriers with a minimum fire rating of three hours. Redundant switch-gear safety divisions should be separated from each other by barriers with a three-hour fire rating. Automatic fire detectors should alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Cables entering the switchgear room that do not terminate or perform a function there should be kept at a minimum to minimize the combustible loading. These rooms should not be used for any other purpose. Fire hose stations and portable fire extinguishers should be readily available outside the area.Equipment should be located to facilitate access for manual firefighting.

Drains should be provided to prevent water accumulation from damaging safety-related equipment (see NFPA 92M, "Waterproofing and Draining of Floors").

Remote manually actuated ventilation should be provided for venting smoke when manual fire suppression effort is needed (see Regulatory Position C.4.d).f. Remote Safety-Related Panels Redundant safety-related panels remote from the control room complex should be separated from each other by barriers having a minimum fire rating of three hours. Panels providing remote hot shutdown capability should be separated from the control room complex by barriers having a minimum fire rating of three hours. The general area housing remote safety-related panels should be provided with automatic fire detectors that alarm locally and alarm and annunciate in the control room. Combustible materials should be controlled and limited to those required for operation.

Portable extinguishers and manual hose stations should be readily available in the general area.g. Safety-Related Battery Rooms Safety-related battery rooms should be protected against fires and explosions.

Battery rooms should be separated from each other and other areas of the plant by barriers having a minimum fire rating of three hours inclusive of all penetrations and openings.

D.C. switchgear and inverters should not be located in these battery rooms. Automatic fire detection should be provided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Ventilation systems in the battery rooms should be capable of maintaining the hydrogen concentration well below 2 vol-%.Loss of ventilation should be alarmed in the control room. Standpipe and hose and portable extinguishers should be readily available outside the room.h. Turbine Building The turbine building should be separated from adjacent structures containing safety-related equipment by a fire barrier with a minimum rating of three hours. Openings and penetra-tions in the fire barrier should be minimized and should not be located where the turbine oil system or generator hydrogen cooling system creates a direct fire exposure hazard to the barrier.Considering the severity of the fire hazards, defense in depth may dictate additional protection to ensure barrier integrity.

i. Diesel Generator Areas Diesel generators should be separated from each other and from other areas of the plant by fire barriers having a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours.Automatic fire suppression should be installed to combat any diesel generator or lubri-cating oil fires; such systems should be designed for operation when the diesel is running without affecting the diesel. Automatic fire detection should be provided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Hose stations and portable extinguishers should be readily available outside the area. Drainage for firefighting water and means for local manual venting of smoke should be provided.1.120-20

Day tanks with total capacity up to 1100 gallons are permitted in the diesel generator area under the following conditions:

(1) The day tank is located in a separate enclosure with a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours, including doors or penetrations.

These enclosures should be capable of containing the entire contents of the day tanks and:should be protected by an automatic fire suppression system, or (2) The day tank is located inside the diesel generator room in a diked enclosure that has sufficient capacity to hold 110% of the contents of the day tank or is drained to a safe location.I. Diesel Fuel Oil Storage Areas *Diesel fuel oil tanks with a capacity greater than 1100 gallons should not be located inside buildings containing safety-related equipment.

If above-ground tanks are used, they should be located at least 50 feet from any building containing safety-related equipment or, if located within 50 feet, they should be housed in a separate building with construction having a minimum fire resistance rating of three hours. Potential oil spills should be confined or directed away from buildings containing safety-related equipment.

Totally buried tanks are acceptable outside or under buildings (see NFPA 30, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code," for additional guidance).

Above-ground tanks should be protected by an automatic fire suppression system.k. Safety-Related Pumps Pump houses and rooms housing redundant safety-related pump trains should be separated from each other and from other areas of the plant by fire barriers having at least three-hour ratings. These rooms should be protected by automatic fire detection and suppression unless a fire hazard analysis can demonstrate that a fire will not endanger other safety-related equipment required for safe plant shutdown.

Fire detection should alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Hose stations and portable extinguishers should be readily accessible.

Floor drains should be provided to prevent water accumulation from damaging safety-related equipment (see Regulatory Position C.4.a.(9)).

Provisions should be made for manual control of the ventilation system to facilitate smoke removal if required for manual firefighting operation (see Regulatory Position C.4.d).1. New Fuel Area Hand portable extinguishers should be located within this area. Also, hose stations should be located outside but within hose reach of this area. Automatic fire detection should alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally. Combustibles should be limited to a minimum in the new fuel area. The storage area should be provided with a drainage system to preclude accumulation of water.The storage configuration of new fuel should always.be so maintained as to preclude criticality for any water density that might occur during fire water application.

m. Spent Fuel Pool Area Protection for the spent fuel pool area should be provided by local hose stations and portable extinguishers.

Automatic fire detection should be provided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and to alarm locally.n. Radwaste and Decontamination Areas Fire barriers, automatic fire suppression and detection, and ventilation controls should be provided unless the fire hazard analysis can demonstrate that such protection is not necessary.

0. Safety-Related Water Tanks Storage tanks that supply water for safe shutdown should be protected from the effects of an exposure fire. Combustible materials should not be stored next to outdoor tanks.1.120-21 p. Records Storage Areas Records storage areas should be so located and protected that a fire in these areas doer not expose safety-related systems or equipment (see Regulatory Guide 1.88, "Collection, Storage, and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Quality Assurance Records").

q. Cooling Towers Cooling towers should be of noncombustible construction or so located and protected that a fire will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment.

Cooling towers should be of noncombustible construction when the basins are used for the ultimatepeat sink or for the fire protection water supply.r. Miscellaneous Areas Miscellaneous areas such as shops, warehouses, auxiliary boiler rooms, fuel oil tanks, and flammable and combustible liquid storage tanks should be so located and protected that a fire or effects of a fire, including smoke, will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment.

7. Special Protection Guidelines a. Storage Acetylene-Oxygen Fuel Gases Gas cylinder storage locations should not be in areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment or the fire protection systems that serve those safety-related areas.- A permit system should be required to use this equipment in safety-related areas of the plant (also see Regulatory Position C.2).b. Storage Areas for Ion Exchange Resins Unused ion exchange resins should not be stored in areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment.

c. Hazardous Chemicals Hazardous chemicals should not be stored in areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment.

d. Materials Containing Radioactivity Materials that collect and contain radioactivity such as spent ion exchange resins, charcoal filters, and HEPA filters should be stored in closed metal tanks or containers that are located in areas free from ignition sources or combustibles.

These materials should be protected from exposure to fires in adjacent areas as well. Consideration should be given to requirements for removal of decay heat from entrained radioactive materials.

D. IMPLEMENTATION

The purpose of this section is to provide information to applicants regarding the NRC staff's plans for using this regulatory guide.This guide is being issued for an extended public comment period of one year.1.120-22 REFERENCES

National Fire Protection Association Codes and Standards NFPA 4-1977, "Organization of Fire Services." NFPA 4A-1969, "Fire Department Organization." NFPA 6-1974, "Industrial Fire Loss Prevention." NFPA 7-1974, "Fire Emergencies Management." NFPA 8-1974, "Effects of Fire on Operations, Management Responsiblity." NFPA 10-1975, "Portable Fire Extinguishers, Installation, Maintenance, and Use." NFPA 11-1975, "Foam Extinguishing Systems." NFPA llA-1970, "High Expansion Foam Systems." NFPA 11B-1974, "Synthetic Foam and Combined Agent Systems." NFPA 12-1973, "Carbon Dioxide Systems." NFPA 12A-1973, "Halon 1301 Systems." NFPA 12B-1973, "Halon 1211 Systems." NFPA 13-1976, "Sprinkler Systems." NFPA 14-,1974, "Standpipe and Hose Systems." NFPA 15-1973, "Water Spray Fixed Systems." NFPA 20-1973, "Centrifugal Fire Pumps." NFPA 24-1973, "Outside Protection." NFPA 26-1958, "Supervision of Valves." NFPA 27-1975, "Private Fire Brigade." NFPA 30-1973, "Flammable Combustible Liquids Code." NFPA 51B-1976 "Cutting & Welding Processes." NFPA 69-1973, "Explosion Prevention Systems." NFPA 70-1975, "National Electrical Code." NFPA 720-1975, "Proprietary Protective Signaling Systems." NFPA 72E-1974, "Automatic Fire Detectors." NFPA 80-1975, "Fire Doors and Windows." NFPA 921M-1972, "Waterproofing and Draining of Floors." NFPA 197-1966. "Initial Fire Attack, Training, Standard On." NFPA 204-1968, "Smoke and Heat Venting Guide." 1.120-23 NFPA 220-1975, "Types of Building Construction." NFPA 251-1975, "Fire Tests, Building Construc:tion and Materials." NFPA 259-1976, "Test Method for Potentential Heat of Building Materials." NFPA 8021974, "Recommended Fire Protection Practicefor Nuclear Reactors." U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Documents

0 NUREG-0050, "Recommendations Related to Browns Ferry Fire," Report by Special Review Group, February 1976.WASH-1400 (NUREG-75/014), "Reactor Safety Study -An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S.Commercial Nuclear Power Plants," October 1975.NUREG-75/087, "Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants." Section 9.5.1, "Fire-Protection System." Section 3.6.1, "Plant Design for Protection Against Postulated Piping Failures in Fluid Systems Outside Containment." Section 6.4, "Habitability Systems." Appendix A, "General Design Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants," to 10 CFR Part 50, "Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," General Design Criterion 3, "Fire Protection." Regulatory Guide 1.6, "Independence Between Redundant Standby (Onsite) Power Sources and Between Their Distribution Systems." Regulatory Guide 1.32, "Criteria for Safety-Related Electric Power Systems for Nuclear Power Plants." Regulatory Guide 1.39, "Housekeeping Requirements for Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants." Regulatory Guide 1.52, "Design, Testing, and Maintenance Criteria for Engineered-Safety- Feature Atmosphere Cleanup System Air Filtration and Adsorption Units of Light-Water- Cooled Nuclear Power Plants." Regulatory Guide 1.70, "Standard Format and Content of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants," Revision 2, Section 9.5.1.Regulatory Guide 1.75, "Physical Independence of Electrical Systems." Regulatory Guide 1.88, "Collection, Storage, and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plant Quality Assurance Records." Regulatory Guide 1.101, "Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants." Other Documents ANSI Standard B31.1-1973, "Power Piping." ASTM D-3286, "Test for Gross Calorific Value of Solid Fuel by the Isothermal-Jacket Bomb Calorimeter

(1973)." ASTM E-84, "Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials

(1976)." ASTM E-119, "Fire Test of Building Construction and Materials

(1976)." IEEE Std 383-1974, "IEEE Standard for Type Test of Class IE Electric Cables, Field Splices, and Connections for Nuclear Power Generating Stations," April 15, 1974.MAERP-NELPIA, "Specifications for Fire Protection of New Plants." 1.120-24 Factory Mutual System Approval Guide -Equipment, Materials, Services for Conservation of Property."International Guidelines for the Fire Protection of Nuclear Power Plants," National Nuclear Risks Insurance Pools, 2nd Report (IGL).NFPA Fire Protection Handbook.Underwriters Laboratories Rating List.Underwriters Laboratories, "Building Materials Directory." 1.120-25 UNITED STATES 0(ICLEAR REGULATORY

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