ML18023B080

Amendment to Environmental Report, Dated November 30, 1972

ML18023B080
Person / Time
Site:	Susquehanna
Issue date:	11/30/1972
From:	Pennsylvania Power & Light Co
To:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
Download: ML18023B080 (126)

Text

SSES TABLE OF CONTENTS FORWARD

SUMMARY

1.0 NTRODUCTION 1 ~ 1 DESCRXPTXON OF PLANT AND SITE 1.2 THE NEED FOR POWER 2 ~0 THE SITE 2~ 1 LOC XON OF THE PLANT 2.2 HU ACTIVXTES IN THE ENVRIONS 2.3 HISTOR C AND CULTURAL SIGNXFICANCE 2 ' GEOLOGYt MINERAL RESOURCES AND SOILS 2 ' HYDROLOG 2.6 METEOROLOG AND CLIMATE 2~7 BIOTA 3 ' THE PLANT 3.1 EXTERNAL APPEA E OF THE PLANT 3 ' TRANSMISSION LINE 3.3 REACTOR AND STEAM E CTRIC SYSTEM 3' WATER USE 3' HEAT DXSSXPATXON SYST g 3' THE RADXOACTIVE WASTE SYSTEMS 3.7 CHEMICAL AND SANITARY WAS ES 3 ' RECREATION AND CONSERVATIO 4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SITE PREPA TION AND PLANT CONSTRUCTION 4.1 PLANS ~ SCHEDULES, AND MANPOWER REQUIREMENT S 4 ' EFFECT ON HUMAN ACTIVITIES 4 ' EFFECT ON TERRAIN, VEGETATION~ AND WILDLIFE 4 ~4 EFFECTS ON ADJACENT WATERS AND AQUATIC LIFE 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF PLANT OPERATION 5.1 EFFECTS OF RELEASED HEAT 5~2 EFFECTS OF RELEASED RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS 5 ' EFFECTS OF RELEASED CHEMICAL AND SANITARY WASTES 5.4 FUEL TRANSPORTATION

SSES 5.5 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF PLANT OPERATION N

6.0 RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE PLANT 6 ~ 1 RADXOLOGICAL ACCIDENT CLASSXFICATION 6.2 METHODS OF DETERMINING RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT 6.3 TRANSXENT AND ACCIDENT OCCURENCES 6 ' ENVIRONMENTAL XMPACT ANALYSXS 6.5 PROBABXLITY IN PERSPECTIVE 7.0 ANY ADVERSE ENVXRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHXCH OT BE AVOIDED SHOULD THE PROP AL E XMPLEMENTED 8.0 ALTERNATIVES AND COST-BENEFXT 8 ~ 1 INTRODUCT ION 8.2 SOURCES OF POWER 8 ' ALTERNATE SITES AND SITE SELECTION 8.0 ALTERNATE HEAT DXSSIPATXON METHODS 8.5 ALTERNATE RADWASTE SYSTEMS 8 ' ALTERNATE TRANSMISSXON LINE ROUTES AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 8.7 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 9.0 THE RELATXONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM OF MAN S ENVIRONMENT AND TH MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-PRODUCTIVITY 10.0 ANY IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRXEVABLE MMXTMENTS OF RESOURCE WHI H WOULD BE INVOLVED XN THE PROPOSED ACTION HOULD IT BE XMPLEMENTED 11.0 ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVALS AND CONSULATXON

SSES LIST OF TABLES Table 1.2.1 Projected PP&L System Loads And Capacity Table 1.2.2 PP&L Service Regions Table 1.2.3 Generating Station Capacity As Of 5/1/72 Table 2.2.1 Communities Within 5 Miles Of The Site With 1,000 Or More Population In 1970 Table 2.2.2 Land Use Of Counties Within 20, Miles Of The Site Table 2. 2. 3 Proportion Of Gross Sales For Agricultural And Livestock Products 1968 Table 2. 2. 4 Distribution Of Labor, Force Table 2. 2. 5 Susquehanna River Water Use Municipal, Industrial And Public Susquehanna SES Site To Havre-De-Grace, Maryland Table 2. 5. 1 Chemical Analyses Of The North Branch Susquehanna River At the Site April 1968 Through August 1970 Table 2.5.2 Radiostrontium Concentrations In Susquehanna River Average Concentration, Picocuries/

Liter Table 2. 6. 1 Wind Frequency Distribution In Percent By Wind Direction Versus Wind Speed Classes For Pasquill Stability Class A,C,E, & G Table 2.6.2 Annual Average Relative Concentration (Dilution Factor) At The Restricted Area Boundary Table 2. 6. 3 Cumulative Percentage Frequency Distribution Of Pl'ume Length Per Wind Direction Sector Table 2. 6.4 Cumulative Percentage Frequency Distribution Of Plume Length Per Wind Direction Sector

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SSES Table 3.2.1 Land Use Susquehanna SES To Lackawanna 500-kV Line Table 3.2.2 Population Distribution Susquehanna SES To Lackawanna 500-kV Line Table 3. 2. 3 Land Use - Susquehanna SES To Frackville 500-kV Line Table 3. 2. 4 Population Distribution Susquehanna SES To Frackville 500-kV Line Table 3. 4. 1 Chemical Analysis Of The North Branch Susquehanna River At The Site April 1968 Through August 1970 Table 5.2.1 Expected Radionuclides Released To Susquehanna River Table 5.2.2 Expected Gaseous Emissions To The Atmosphere Table 5. 2. 3 Population Dose (Man-Rem) From Gaseous Emissions Normal Releases During Full Power Operation Table 5.2. 4 Population Dose (Man-Rem) From Gaseous Emission Intermittent Releases From Vacuum Pump Operation Table 5.2.5 Dose From Drinking Water And Eating Fish Table 5.2.6 Summary Of The Dose Calculations Table 5.4.1 Container Design Requirements Table 6.2.1 Summary Of Population Exposure From Natural And Man-Made Background Compared With Nuclear Radiological Effects Table 6.3.1 Summary Of Population Exposure From Natural And Man-Made Background Compared With Nuclear Radiological Effects Table 6.5.1 Table Of Event Probabilities Table 8.2.1 Dollar Costs Nuclear Versus Fossil Fuel Two 1100 MW Units

f I SSES LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.0.1 Site Vicinity Map Figure 1.1.1 Site Aerial View Figure 1.1.2 Facilities Plan Figure 1.2.1 PJM Bulk Power System Planned By 1981 Figure 1.2.2 PPGL Service Area Figure 2.2.1 Density of Population (1970)

Figure 2. 2. 2 Sh. 1 Site Vicinity Map Showing Present And Future Population Distribution, 0 To 10 Miles Figure 2.2.2 Sh. 2 Site Vicinity Map Showing Present And Future Population Distribution, 0 To 10 Miles Figure 2.2.3 Sh. 1 Regional Map Showing Present And Future Population Density, 0 To 50 Miles Figure 2.2.3 Sh. 2 Regional Map Showing Present And

-Future Population Density, 0 To 50 Miles Figure 2. 2. 4 Public Ground Water Supplies Figure 2.2.5 Well Locations Figure 2.5.1 Low Flow Frequency And Flow Duration Figure 2.6.1 Annual And Inversion Wind Rose 1960 To 196 4 Figure 2.6.2 Precipitation-Wind Distribution As Percent of Total Wind Observations, 1960 To 196 4 Figure 2.6.3 Technique For Computation of Cooling Tower Plume -Lengths

SSES TURBINE-GENERATORS Length 300 feet TRANSFORMERS Capacity 1, 280,000 kilovolt-amperes Voltage Step-up Unit ¹1 - 230 F 000 volts Unit, ¹2 - 500,000 volts Cooling Oil

'EACTORS Type Boiling water, direct cycle Coolant Water Moderator Water Core Coolant Flnr Rate 450,000 gallons per minute Feedwater Inlet Temp. 380 degrees Fahrenheit Steam Outlet Temperature 545 degrees Fahrenheit Coolant Pressure 1,020 pounds per square inch Steam Capacity 13,432,000 pounds per hour Heat Output 11 200i000 000 British thermal units per hour FUEL CORES Pellets Material Uranium dioxide (UO2)

Enrichment 2 to 3 percent Length 0.5 inches Diameter 0.487 inches Number 11 million Total weight, UO2 190 tons Rods Material Zircaloy -2 Cladding Thickness 0.032 inches Outside Diameter 0.563 inches Length 13.33 feet Number 37'36

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SSES sewage. This building will be approximately 40 feet long, 30 feet wide, and 15 feet above grade.

1 The Service and Administration Office Building will be approximately 200 feet square, with a height of 70 feet above grade.

first aid It will contain offices and meeting rooms, a room, store rooms, a machine shop and locker facilities.

The Engineered Safeguards Service Water Pumphouse will contain the residual heat removal service water pumps and emergency service water pumps to supply water for shutdown cooling and for emergency core cooling.

long; 36 feet wide, and 31 feet above It grade.

will be 86 feet In addition to the buildings, two hyperbolic cooling towersg and an intake structure and pumphouse on the Susquehanna River will be located on the site.

The cooling towers will be reinforced concrete structures about 500 feet high and about 500 feet in diameter at their base.

A 300 foot meteorological towerwas erected containing instruments to monitor meterological data. A small building,,located at the base of the tower, houses some additional instrumentation.

The intake structure and pumphouse is located on the floodplain at the edge of the site and provides makeup water for the closed cooling system.

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J' SSES 2 2 HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN THE ENVIRONS 2.2.1.1 'rese t Po ulat on The area around the Susquehanna site is sparsely populated, except for small towns. Few dwellings are found in the hills, and there are almost none in the mountains.

Population data for towns within five miles of the site are found in Table 2.2.1.

Salem Township has a population density classed as "100 to 300 persons per square mile,< ranking it among one of the lowest density townships in the county (Ref. 2-1) . The population of Salem Township is 3890 people.

The 1970 Bureau of Census data places the population of Luzerne County at 339,446. The Luzerne County Planning Commission projects an increase to 536,210 by 2000. Most of the population is centered in the metropolitan Wilkes-Barre area, approximately 20 miles northeast cf the site.

Secondary population centers are Pittstcn (25 miles northeast) and Hazleton (15 miles southwest) . There are a few smaller towns, but the remainder of the county is generally sparsely populated. The population density of Luzerne County is shown in Figure 2.2.1.

221.2 t e Po at'on It is anticipated that, as many as 2,500 workers will be employed during peak construction activity (1975 to 1977)

Some-of these workmen will be permanent local residents and others will temporarily move into the area during construction. PPSL's construction experience shows that most workers .commute more than 30 miles when major highways are present. Most workers are expected to be travelers, that is, workers traveling more than 30 miles from the plant each day. The number of workers (peak manpower) that will be on the site by year are:

1973 - 300 . 1976 2500 1979 800 1974 1800 1977 '- 2400 1980 250 1975 - 2300 1978 - 1500 1981 - 100 The estimated population and population densities for the year 2020 within a 10-mile and 50-mile radius of the site are shown on Figures 2.2.2 (Sheets 1 and 2) and 2.2.3 (Sheets 1 and 2) . Two methods were used to arrive at these estimates. For the Luzerne County area within 10 miles of the site (over 80 percent of the total area in a 10-mile 2%2 1

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SSES There are two military defense facilities within fifty miles of the site. The nearest is the Tobyhanna facility located about 38 miles to the east. The Edward Martin Military Reservation, at Indiantown Gap, is approximately 50 miles southwest of the site.

No nuclear facilities are located within a 50-mile radius of the site. The closest nuclear facility is scheduled to be the Limerick Station, 70 miles to the south southeast, being developed by the Philadelphia Electric Company.

There are no schools within 2 miles of the site. The closest hospital to the site is Berwick Hospital with 195 beds.

22.2 1 az-iculture Approximately 23$ of the 891 square miles in Luzerne County are utilized for farming by about 800 farms.. Farm revenue in 1965 amounted to about $ 9,500,000. In 1970, 0.69% of the total work 'force in the county was employed in agriculatural activities (Ref. 2-11). The countyis agricultural sales are broken down as in Tables 2.2.3 (Ref. 2-3).

The amount of tillable land on the site is about 300 acres and includes both floodplain and upland areas. The only current farming on the site is by a tenant farmer working about 175 acres of floodplain land. All of the tillable land is scheduled to be removed from agricultural production as the result of the development of a large recreation area on the floodplain and the construction and operation of power plant structures and transmission facilities.

In the past, the floodplain land has produced crops of tomatoes, potatoes, squash and corn~ but it has been some years since most or all of the land was simultaneously farmed. Since there are 85,000- acres of land classified as agricultural in Luzerne County (Ref. 2-11) the removal of some 300 acres from production is not expected to result in a significant adverse envircnmental impact. Quite the contrary, in fact, for more than 175 acres of this tillable land will be developed as a picnic and camping area for general public use. This plan is detailed in Appendix C ~

It can reasonably be expected that this development will have a beneficial environmental impact.

2.2.2.2 Commerce Labor and Industrur There has been limited commercial development. in Luzerne County largely because of the rugged topography, and

'consequently much'f the county remains essentially undeveloped.

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SSES water within the basin is expected to increase to more than 31 million gallons per day by 1980.

The cities of Chester, Pennsylvania, and Baltimore, Maryland, both outside the Susquehanna River basin, are using 80 million gallons of Susquehanna River water each day to satisfy municipal and industrial needs. About one-third of this is diverted via Chester to the Delware River drainage region and the other two-thirds to the Chesapeake Bay area, by way of Baltimore. By 2020, an estimated three million residents outside the basin will be dependent on this source for more than 800 million gallons per day for muncipal and industrial supplies.

Those municipal, private, and industrial water systems .

downstream from the site which do not tap groundwater and minor tributaries are expected to rely mere on the Susquehanna River in the future, as the capacities of the other sources are exceeded.

Present water use by downstream municipalities and industries is shown in Table 2.2.5. Most of the industries contacted indicated no water usage from the Susquehanna River. Ground water is the major source of industrial water supply.

The, plant Circulaing Water and normal Service Water Systems will be closed loop systems using hyperbolic natural draft cooling towers as their heat sink. When the two generating units are operating at maximum capacity, an average of about 50 cfs (22,000 gpm) and a peak of 62 cfs (27,800 gpm) will be required from the external water supply to replace water lost by evaporation in the cooling towers. The details of these systems are discussed in Subsection 3.5.

During shutdown the maximum quantity of water taken from the river will be significantly less than that required for normal operation.

Recreational Water Use Waterways of the" Susquehanna River basin are used for all types of recreation; these uses are expected to place an ever increasing demand on the resource. Recreational use of the Susquehanna River now totals almost 37 million user-days per year. By 2020, recreational use should increase to over 203 million user-days per year with an estimated 23 million annual fishing days, assuming no restrictions due to poor water quality.

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SSES TABLE 2.2.1 COMMUNITIES WITHIN 5 MILES OF THE SITE WITH 1,000 OR MORE POPULATION IN 1970 Distance and Direction Communit 1950 1960 1970 From Site Mocanagua 1496 1104 N. A. 3 N Shickshinny 2156 1845 1648 4 N Nescopeck 1907 1934 1875 4.5 WSW East Berwick 1077 1258 N. A. 4.5 Wsw Berwick 14010 13353 12142 5 WSW Wapwallopen N.A. N.A. 250 1 ESE Salem Twp. 3124- 3890 N. A. Not Available Source: U. S. Census of Population - 1950, 1960 and 1970 (Preliminary)

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SUSQUEHANNA RIVER WATER USE MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL AND PUBLIC SUSQUEHANNA SES SITE TO HAVRE-DE-GRACE, MARYLAND TABLE 2.2.5 Location Quantity User Name River Miles Use Class (NcNd) Comment

1. Berwick Water Co. ,Berwick 8.0 M Sb .None For emergency use only. Not used for 8 years. Pump removed.

Serves about 20-25 thousand persons

2. Blocmsburg Water Co. Bloomsburg 19.4 M Sb NA

3. Campbell. Soup Co. Bloomsburg 19.4 I None None No use of river water

4. Danville Borough Danville 27.4 M Pr 2.0 Mgd Will expand use. Serves about 8,000 persons

5. Merck a Co. Danville 27. 4 I Pr 1.0 Mgd Serves about 500 persons. Large 35.0 Mgd quantity for cooling, small for process.

6. Danville State Hospital Danville 27.4 Pu Pr NA Serves about 4,000 persons

7. Sunbury Mun. Auth. Sunbury 38.5 M Pr 4.0 Mgd Four summer months only. Plum Creek supplies remainder. Serves about 15,000 persons. Allocated 4.0 Mgd

8. Celotex Corp. Sunbury 38.5 I None None

9. PP &L (SES) Sunbury 38.5 I Pr 245 Mgd

10. Shamokin Dam Municipal Shamokin 44.4 M Pr NA Serves about 2,000 persons Auth.

ll. Millersburg Water Co. Millersburg 69.4 M Sb NA

12. Harrisburg Mun. Auth. Harrisburg 91.0 M Sb NA

13. International Paper Co. Harrisburg 91.0 . I NA NA Cooling

14. 'Bethlenem Steel Co. Harrisburg 91.0 I NA NA

15. Borough of Steelton Steelton 93.4 M Pr 1.7 Mgd Allocated 5.0 Mgd Water Co.

16. Bethlehem Steel Co. Steelton- 93.4 I Pr 1.3 Mgd'ooling

17. Metropolitan Edison Middletown 100.2 I Pr 245 Mgd (SES)

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TABLE 2.2.5 CONT'D Location Quantity User Name River Miles Use Class (MGD) Comment

18. Metropolitan Edison Yorkhaven 105.2 Pr 11,782 Mgd (HES)

19. PP&L (SES) Brunner Island 108.0 I Pr 745 Mgd

20. Wrightsville Water Co. Wrightsville 119.0 M Pr NA

21. Columbia Water Co. Columbia 119.0 M Pr 1.8 Mgd

22. Lancaster Water Auth. Lancaster Pr 8.0 Mgd Based on old date. Allocated 24.0 Mgd *Not on River

23. York Water Co. York

• M Sb NA ~Not on River

24. Safe Harbor Water Safe Harbor 129.7 M Pr 79,527 Mgd Power Corp. (HES)

25. PP &L (SES) Holtwood 137.9 I Pr 65 Mgd

26. PP &L (HES) Holtwood 137.9 I Pr 21,337 Mgd

27. Phila. Electric (PS) Muddy Run 140.4 I Pr 12,931 Mgd

28. Phila. Elec. (NS) Peachbottom 143. 0 I NA 0.03 Mgd

29. Phila. Elec. &-Susque-hanna Power Co. (HES)

Conowingo 154.3 I Pr 53,018 Mgd

30. Chester Water Auth. Chester

• M Sb NA *Not on River

31. Baltimore Water Auth. Baltimore, Md.

• M Sb NA *Not on River

32. Havre-de-Grace Havre-de-Grace, Md. M Pr 1.4 Mgd Municipal Auth. 162.0 Note: River miles are from Susquehanna SES site LEGEND NA L888 EhND Note available (SES) Steam Electric Staticn (HES) Hydroelectric Station (PS) Pumping Station (NS) Nuclear Station I Industrial M Municipal Pu Public Pr Primary Sb Standby Mgd Million gallons per day

SSES 2 3 The National Register of Historic Places lists the Dennision House, 35 Dennision Street:, Forty Fort, Pennsyvlania approximately 21 miles northeast of the site, as the nearest historical place.

There are three areas of cultural interest within the site locale: the North Branch Canal, Council Cup and a local cemetery.

The North Branch Canal is located between the river and U.S.

Route 11. At the present the canal is in disrepair. The Susquehanna SES site has been closely tied to the early economic development of the North Branch Valley since first traversed by the North Branch Canal, an it important was link in the Susquehanna Canal System. The North Branch Canal provided a new water route for the transport of anthracite mined in the Wilkes-Barre area and thus contributed heavily to the valley's prosperity by opening up new markets for coal all along the far-flung Pennsylvania Canal System.

The North Branch experienced its greatest business growth in the years before and during the Civil War. With the coming of the railroads, other canals and however, it canal systems.

declined Part of in importance as did the canal, including that part which cuts across the Susquehanna SES site, continued in business until the early 1900s.

Council Cup has been used as an Indian meeting site and is located on the east side of the river at a high point where surveillance of the river valley is quite advantageous.

This area has cultural interest because it has been documented as the site of a council meeting in 1793 to settle a land dispute between Indians and settlers.

According to local legend, among Indian nations.

it is also the site of meetings Archeologists have reported that the site is not likely to produce significant artifacts because there is no evidence of a permanent encampment on the bluff.

A small cemetery is located in the northern part of the site. It is outside the exclusion cemetery is via a public road, and area. Access to the not through the site property. The cemetery will not be disturbed in any way during'onstruction or operation of the facility.

The Union Reformed and Lutheran Church in Wapwallopen is the first of thesethatlandmarks.

the On-site inspection has and other buildings surrounding established houses the church will hide the power line structures and conductors from view.

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SSES (see Figure 2.2.5) the river is shallow; its low flow depth was about five feet. Near Mapwallopen the depths increase to more than seven feet and the bottom contour is generally more uniform except for a shallow rock ledge at Bell Bend.

At Wapwallopen the river changes course abruptly, with a'0o turn to the west. This pool area, called Bell Bend, is up to fourteen feet deep. At its mouth, Wapwallopen Creek has a large delta of rock and gravel. Below this point, the river widens to 500 yards and become shallower. Downstream from Beach Haven, a flat bedrock area extends to the mouth of Nescopeck Creek; a large riffle area gives way to a deep pool below this point.

Water quality at the Susquehanna SES site has been monitored by PPSL monthly since 1968. The maximum total dissolved solids of record is 389 parts per million (ppm), and the lowest of record is 80 ppm. Hardness has ranged from 248 ppm to 52 ppm, and the recorded water temperature has ranged from 85OZ to 34oF. Average water quality, based on the samples collected, is presented in Table 2.5. 1. The data collected by PPSL is generally compatible with water quality records collected by the U.S. Geological Survey for the Susquehanna River at Danville, approximately 30 river miles downsteam from the site (1964 through 1967) .

Pumping of acid water from deep mines has caused significant fish kills in the past. In 1961, a major fish kill was caused by acid mine water when the pH at Berwick dropped from 7.0 to 3.5 and the total iron increased from 5 ppmto 40 ppm (Ref. 2-5) . PPSL records from 1968 to 1970 show that the pH has only varied from 6.5 to 7.4 and is considered acceptable for freshwater aquatic life.

Water uses and water quality criteria have been designated for the North Branch of the Susquehanna River, from the Lackawanna River to its confluence. These uses and criteria are prescribed by Chapter 93, Water Quality Criteria of these Rules and Regulations of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources.

Very little data are available on background radiation levels of the river. The quality of a river reflects, in part, the condition of its watershed. 'The amount of sediment in the water is an index of the soil, the density and kind of vegetation, and the intensity and amount of rainfall on the river~s watershed. Similarly, the amount of dissolved solids in the water is another index of the watershed. The radiological burden of a river is governed by these same factors.

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SSES project will be on the order of 200 gpm. Ground water hydrology of the site indicates that, if wells are to be used, the needed quantity of water probably could be developed from wells located on the flocd plain adjacent to the river. Such wells probably would induce recharge from the river, theregy limiting the extent of the cone of depression surrounding the wells. Although water levels would be lowered as a result of pumpage from wells, this effect would not be expected to extend beyond the property owned by PPSL and would last only as long as the wells are pumped. Near-term pumping tests will be conducted to establish the distances involved. There would probably be no adverse effect on the other wells in the valley from a well or wells producing 200 gpm.

The ground water table in the area is a subdued replica of the surface topography. At the site the water table is found generally within 35 feet of the ground surface, usually just below the bedrock surface but sometimes within the overburden soils. Ground water contours constructed from water level measurements in drill holes show that the ground water at the site moves eastward from the elevated site to the adjacent river flood plain. Permeability tests of the glacial materials and the underlying bedrock show that the rate of movement of the ground water is slow.

• These tests indicate that the'ermeability of the glacial materials varies from 2.2 x 10-~ Cm/Sec to 4.5 x 10-~ Cm/Sec vertically, and 2 x 10-~ Cm/Sec horizontally. Permeability of the rock varies from 3 x 10-4 Cm/Sec to 4 x 10-~o Cm/Sec.

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SSES TABLE 2.5.1 CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE NORTH BRANCH QU NA I A THE S TE APRIL 68 THROUGH AUGUST 1970*

Minimum Maximum A~vera e Silica (Si02) 0. 09 5.1 3.4 Iron (Fe) 0.02 1.72 0.40 Aluminum (Al) 0.00 0.56 0.10 Manganese (Mn) 0.00 0.95 0.11 Calcium (Ca) 12.6 65.2 32.9 Magnesium (Mg) 3.4 21.8 9.6 Sodium (Na) 6 Potassium (as Na) 0.00 9.4 2.7 Bicarbonate (HC03) ~

25.6 81.8 55.2 Sulfate (SO~) 12.8 155 60.0 Chloride (CX) 3.6 18.2 10.8 Nitrate (N03) 0.5 4.0 1.7 Phosphate** 0.00 0.4 0.21 Dissolved Solids 79.6 388.8 206.8 Hardness as CaC03 51.5 248.0 125.0 Dissolved Oxygen 7.8 14.2 10.6 Biochemical Oxygen Demand 0.8 6.6 2.9 (5 day BOD)

Temperature F. 34 85 63 pH 6.5 7.4 Color 5.5 111.0 38.8 All values in parts per million (ppm), except those for temperature, pH and color.

• PP6L Records Biweekly samples

• • Based on only three samples

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SSES (22.5o acrs or sectors) using the following techniques:

350o~ 360o~ 10o to sector 1 (N),

204'04 to sector 2 (NNE),

404~ 50o to sector 3 (NE),

60o, 70o to sector 4 (ENE),

80o; 90o~ 100o to sector 5 (E), etc.

20 The other adjustment consisted of including the "calm" wind observations in the lowest speed (2-3 mph) range. This was done for each lapse-rate class by distributing the number of calm wind occurrences over the 16 sectors in proportion to the frequency distribution of the lowest speed range. The eight sets of wind rose data are reproduced in Table 2.6.1.

Annual average relative concentration (dilution factors) at the restricted area boundary were computed from the standard formula (Ref. 2-9) for a continuous-ground level source:

0.0l f f where o~ is obtained I 2

.-"./-) = 0.02032

<z X from the Pasquill-Gifford curves (sm (Ref.

)

2-10) for a distance x between source and the restricted area boundary. The wind speed u is specified as a mean for each speed range, e.g., 8-12 mph is taken as 10 mph or 4.47 m/s; f is the frequency of occurence (%) of the wind for a given sector. The factor 2mx/n is the arc length of each sector 'over which long-term horizontal dispersion is assumed uniform. The minimum distance from source to the restricted area boundary for n=16 sectors is indicated in Table 2.6.2.

The computation of relative concentraticn X/Q was accomplished by digital computer. Results were obtained for the seven main lapse-rate (or stability) classes, for five wind speed ranges and then added to give the annual average X/Q values for each of the 16 wind sectors. These are shown in Table 2.6.2.

Special consideration was given to the stabilitv class "G~~ for which the lapse-rate is greater than 4DC/100m/

since no ez curves exist for this case. Here,o~ values for Class F, scaled by the factor (2.5)-/a, were used.

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k SSES There are no known tall structures in the area, either existing or proposed, which would be of sufficient height to intersect the plume. Therefore, the wetting or icing problem associated with the plume does not appear to be significant.

It is not likely that the plume would affect the flight of aircraft over the plant. The closest airport is approximately 4 miles southwest of the plant and will not be significantly affected by the operation of the cooling towers. It is a relatively small airfield with a grass runway and is used by light aircraft.

Conditions that produce long plumes are often accompanied by fog, rain or low clouds; that is, conditions which would themselves normally restrict light aircraft operations.

Immediately over the cooling towers, light aircraft would probably experience mild to moderate turbulence due to the heat in the plume.

A non-visible plume, or <train~~ containing water vapor, heat and suspended salts will exist in the atmosphere for some distance beyond the visible plume. The length of this identifiable train will depend on the rate of mixing with the ambient air and upon variations in these parameters caused by other physical features.

The amount of water vapor injected into the atmoshphere by the cooling towers at maximum load will vary between approximately 40 cfs (18,000 gpm) and 62 cfs (27,800 gpm) depending on ambient air conditions. This amount of moisture has been compared to that which would be put into the atmosphere by evapotranspiration if approximately 10 square miles of buildings and pavement in a city were replaced with vegetation.

Since plumes will usually rise several thousand feet, the heat and remaining moisture will be dissipated at this altitude. Depending upon ambient temperature conditions, the temperature of plumes leaving the tower will vary between approximately 50OF and 110oF.

~~Suspended salts~~ are impurities, particulates, and dissolved solids that will be present in the intake river water, which will be added as make-up to the Circulating Water System. As water splashes over the baffles of the cooling tower, salts small enough to become suspended in the air flow and carried up and out of the tower will become part of the plume. The quantity of salts and the chemical content of the plume will depend largely on the chemical quality of the service water. It is estimated that a service water impurity content of 770 pram will result in the concentration of less than 62 ppm in the plume. There will 2 6-6

SSES be 110 pounds per acre per year deposited in the immediate vicinity of the cooling towers. These airborne salts will settle to the ground in a pattern determined by prevailing meteorological conditions. Xn general, salt deposition will be the greatest near the cooling towers and will decrease in concentration with distance away from the towers. The distribution of the salt deposition will be commensurate with the areal coverage of the visible plume. Since the salts are water soluble, most of these deposits will be redissolved by precipitation and will flow back to the Susquehanna River. The impact of these salts both on/and off-site will be insignificant.

2. 6-7

SSES Sus ue anna SES Frackville 500-kv Line PPSL proposes to employ the same criteria and other considerations in designing this line as previously detailed for the Susquehanna SES Lackawanna 500-kv line. The primary structure type will be the self-supporting, lattice steel, single-circuit structure as shown in Figure 3.2.3. All related foundations, conductor hardware configurations, and color combinations are identical. It is estimated that approximately 125 structures will be required to complete the Susquehanna SES-Frackville 500-kv line.

The single major difference between these lines however,,is that tubular steel H-frame structures will be used for the first two and one-half miles of the line from the Susquehanna SES 500/230-kv Substation to a point beyond the Susquehanna River crossing. The reasons for this decision are as follows:

The proximity of this portion of the line to the site vicinity.

2~ To standardize, insofar as practicable, the appearance of all structues crossing the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of the plant site.

3~ To achieve a degree of compatibility between the appearance of the line and existing and expected development patterns along U.S. Route 11 and in the, vicinitY of the Borou g h of Beach Haven.

3.2.2.3 Radio and Television Interference/Audible Noise The generation of radio frequency noise signals under both fair and foul weather conditions will be minimized by the selection of optimum conductor sizes, phase bundle configurations, and phase spacings. No structures will be located near any commercial radio, television or microwave transmitting facilities. No line location is planned which would parallel any existing telephone, telegraph, or other communication facility to an extent that inductive interferenc'e to the operation of such facility would result.'oise in the audible frequency range is a phenomenon which is present on all electrical transmissionn lines. At 230-kv, the noise is usually inaudible. At 500-kv, however, the noise amplitude that is an important design consideration.

A two-conductor bundle configuration will be used for the 500-kv transmission lines. This design has proven successful in reducing audible noise on existing PPSL 500-kv lines and is generallyused by other utilities as well. In addition, widths of the planned rights-of-way should 3~ 2 7

SSES TABLE 3.2.2 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION SUSQUEHANNA SES TO LACKAWANNA 500-KV LINE County Township/Borough/Ci ty Percent Census Years Change 1970 1960

~Townshi Luzerne Salem +24.5 3890 '3124 Union +63.2 1253 768.

Hunlock -18.2 1682 2057 Plymouth 6.1 2614 2783 Kingston +13.7 6196 5450 Exeter +42.8 1869 1309 Lackawanna Ransom 4.4 1196 .1251 BoroucOh Luzerne Shickshinny 8.6 1685 1843 Plymouth 8.3 9536 10401 Larksville -10.3 3937 4390 Edwardsville 1.4 5633 5711 Swoyersville + 0.5 6786 6751 West Wyoming +15.6 3659 3166 Kingston 9.6 18325 20261 Exeter 1.6 4670 4747 Lackawanna Dickson City 0.5 7698 7738 Blakely + 0.3 6391 6374

~Ci t Luzerne Wilkes-Barre Lackawanna Scranton 7. 1 . 103564 111443

SSES 3~ 4 MATER USE Figure 3.4. 1 presents the Susquehanna SES water use'iagram.

The diagram depicts, in detail, the flow',paths to and from the various plant water systems.

The river intake will withdraw an average of 32,000 gpm from the river flow for the makeup of evaporation loss from the cooling towers, blowdown losses, and domestic uses. This amounts to less than 15% of the minimum design river flow(540cfs) . This use will not appreciably influence the downstream river level. The intake structure will be

'designed to ensure minimal destruction of the aquatic biota.

This will be done by designing a structure having low water velocities (not greater than 0.75 fps) through the intake entrance and with features, which discourage fish entrapment and provide for fish escape.

The quality of water in the Susquehanna River for a two-year period from 1968 to 1970 as measured by PPSL is presented in Table 3.4.1. Details of water 'and waste treatment are discussed in Subsections 3.7.1 and 3.7. 2.

3 4-1

I Il I I

4 C '!

4 F

1 II

SSES gpm for 2 units, the pond holdup capacity will be slightly greater than the 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> holdup needed to ensure a fairly constant river discharge temperature, i.e., fluctuations in blowdown water temperature will not appreciably affect the temperature of outflow from the The outflow quality will be monitored and discharged pond.

to the river.

During a normal shutdown, the spray systems will be operative. Approximately 900, 2~~ hollow cone spray nozzles located above the pond surface will effect the required cooling. The spray pond will also function as a heat sink during emergency shutdown conditions. Under this mode of operation, makeup water need not be added to the pond to achieve its safety function. Water will be circulated through the spray system, as before, to effect the required cooling.

3.5.2 6 Intake and Discharcae Structures Both the make-up water intake structure and the discharge arrangement will be located on the Susquehanna River. The intake will draw a screened water supply of 32,000 gpm (design yearly average) for the make-up of water losses from evaporation in the cooling towers, blowdown from cooling tower basins, and domestic usage. The discharge arrangement will'erve to dispose of blowdown, effluent from the radwaste system, and sewage treatment effluent into the river.

Preliminary studies have indicated that a conventional type intake comprised of a combined reinforced concrete river intake and pumphouse structure with trash racks and traveling screens will be feasible. The intake structure would contain four pumps each rated at 13,500 gpm. Water velocity through the bar racks would'be limited to 0.75 fps in order to allow mobile organisms to escape from within the influence zone of the intake. Side openings would also be provided to permit the escape of less mobile organisms before being drawn onto the traveling screens. Due to the low minimum water level, a conventional type design will require a dredged channel which will need some maintenance.

Training walls or fender piles may also be required to protect the structure from debris during floods.

The discharge arrangement will be composed of a buried pipe leading to a submerged outlet in the river about 600 feet downstream of the intake structure. An investigation is presently being made concerning a diffusion arrangement that may be incorporated for efficient mixing of effluent and river water.

3. 5-5

.a SSES 3 6 THE RADTOACTTVE WASTE SYSTEMS 3 6 1 General The Radioactive Waste Systems are designed to provide controlled handling and disposal of liquid, gaseous, and solid wastes. These wastes will be routed from each unit to a common radwaste building for processing for re-use or disposal. Most of the liquid radioactive wastes will be processed and re-used in the plant, while only a small fraction of low-level waste may be discharged to the Susquehanna River. Gaseous radioactive wastes will be processed by separation, removal, and retention of radioactive gases and particulates prior to release of the decontaminated gases. The liquid and gaseous effluents will be continuously monitored. The discharge will be automatically stopped if the effluent concentrations exceed applicable regulatory limits. Solid radioactive wastes from plant operations will be packaged in Department of Transportation approved containers prior to shipment off-site for permanent disposal.

The design objective of the Liquid and Gaseous Radwaste Systems is to reduce the activity in the liquid and gaseous wastes to meet the criteria to numerical dose limits of Appendix I of 10 CFR part 50. The solid Radwaste System is not expected to contribute significantly either to the discharge of radioactive effluents or to the off-site radiation dose.

3.6.2 Li uid Wastes The Liquid Radwaste System collects, monitors, treats and prepares radioactive liquid so that most of it can be reused in the plant. This system will be common to both Units 1 and 2. The Liquid Radwaste System consists of four basic subsystems: equipment drains, floor drains, chemical drains and laundry drains as shown in Figure 3.6.1.

Equipment, will be selected, arranged and shielded to permit operation, inspection, and maintenance within regulatory limits for personnel exposures. Clean-up equipment will include filters, demineralizers, and waste evaporators.

Cross connections between the subsystems will provide additional flexibility for the batch processing of the wastes by alternate methods using the various clean-up equipment.

The equipment drains have the highest concentration of radioactive inpurities (approximately <10-~uCi/ml). A closed collection system collects equipment leakage from

3. 6-1

SSES each unit and routes it to the Radwaste Building. After processing by filtration and ion exchange the water flows to the equipment drain sample tanks where the water is satisfactory for re-use condensate storage tank. If itit is sampled. If is returned to the the sample reveals high conductivity (approximately >1 u mho/cm) or high radioactivity (approximately >10-~) the water is returned to the system for reprocessing. Filter media and ion-exchange resins used for this processing when exhausted are processed within the Solid Radwaste System for off-site shipment.

3.6. 2. 2 Floor Drains The floor drains generally contain a low concentration of radioactive impurities (approximately <10-~uCi/ml) and some dissolved and suspended solids (200 ppm). These drains include cooler drains, area drains, base plate drains, and other miscellaneous low activity drains. The processing and disposition of this waste is similar to that of the equipment drains. If chemical analysis indicates that the processed drainage meets condensate storage tank water quality requirements, the batch is discharged to the condensate storage tank.

3.6.2.3 Chemical Drains The chemical drains also have low concentrations of radioactive impurities (approximately <10-~uCi/ml) . The liquids, which consist of laboratory drains, decontamination solutions, and waste water, are processed by waste evaporators to concentrate the volume of radioactive waste and to allow re-use or discharge of the purified distillate.

Treatment by filtration and ion exchange is not suitable due to the chemical compositions of these drains. The evaporator concentrates are processed within the Solid Radwaste System for off-site shipment. The distillate is sampled prior to return to the condensate storage tank or prior to discharge to determine the neccesity of further processing.

3 6 2.4 ~Laundr Drains The laundry drains have the lowest concentration of radioactive impurities (<10-5uCi/m1) . These wastes are from decontamination of equipment, personnel decontamination showers, and laundry waste water. Because of a tendency to foul ion exchange resins increasing carryover in evaporators, these wastes are kept separate from other liquid wastes. They are processed by filtration and then sampled prior to being discharged.

3.6.2.5 S stem Desi n 3 6-2

SSES The Liquid Radwaste System design is such that wastes resulting from normal plant operations are accommodated and processed as described above. The system design also provides for handling of the large volumes of waste expected to result from refueling and maintenance activities. The system design will also handle malfunctions of a short te'rm nature such as increased valve seal and/or pump seal leakage. Experience from operating stations has been factored into the radwaste design. Normal operating practices are to process the wastes through the subsystems provided. Batch sampling of the wastes is done to ensure that each batch meets specified water quality and radioactivity requirements. Wastes not meeting these

,requirements are recycled for reprocessing or are sent to a surge tank available.

if processing capacity is not immediately The Liquid Radwaste System is arranged below grade in the radwaste building. The basement can be likened to a bathtub so that leakage and/or spillage is retained by concrete compartments. These liquids are returned to the Liquid Radwaste System through the radwaste drain system.

Protection against accidental discharge will be provided by

'esign redundancy, instrumentation for radiation detection,-

and alarm systems which detect abnormal operational conditions. The radwaste facility arrangement and the methods of waste processing provide a substantial degree of confinement of the wastes within the plant. This assures that in the 'event of a failure of the Liquid Radwaste System or errors in the operation of the system, potential for inadvertent release of liquids is minimized.

The liquid effluents will be discharged at a rate of 10 to 50 gpm into the retention pond. This will provide dilution and adequate mixing prior to discharge 'into the Susquehanna River. Table 5.2. 1 in subsection 5.2. 1 itemizes the expected annual discharge of radioactive materials from the Liquid Radwaste Systems.

3.6 3 Gaseous Wastes The Gaseous Radwaste System will monitor, process, and control the releases of radioactive gases from the facility.

The design will provide adequate time to take corrective action, if necessary,-to control and limit the activity release rates.

Gaseous wastes originating in the reactcr travel with the main steam through the power conversion systems. The Gaseous Radwaste System collects the gases from the main condenser. These wastes include activation gases (N-13, N-16 and 0-19) arising during normal plant operations, fission 3 6-3

0 SSES 3~7 3.7. 1 ~

Chemical Washes 3.7. 1. 1 Raw Water Treatment System Waste Susquehanna River water will be treated for use as makeup to the reactor. Treatment will consist of clarifying the raw river water by additions of a coagulant (alum), coagulant aid, alkali for pH adjustment, and sodium hypochlorite. The clarified water will be filtered and demineralized. The demineralizer will then consist of cation, anion, and mixed bed ion-exchangers.

The clarifier will produce a sludge which will consist basically of river water with the suspended solids of the river concentrated to approximately 0.5-3% solids by weight.

In addition there will be a small amount of aluminum, sulfate, and polyelectrolyte mixed in. The average yearly flow of the sludge blow-off is expected to be 1.5 gpm, which is quite small when compared to the flow of 10,000 gpm returning from the pond to the river.

The makeup system filters will be backwashed periodically and this backwash effluent will be basically river water.

This backwash water will be mixed with the discharge water from the pond.

The makeup demineralizers will be periodically regenerated with sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions. The regenerant waste will be collected in a neutralization basin or tank where the pH will be adjusted. This water will then be slowly mixed with the pond.

Approximatley 15,800 gallons per day (11 gpm) of regenerant waste will be produced. The regenerant waste will be river water concentrated approximately 6 times, with the addition of approximately 1,700 ppm of sodium sulfate. The total dissolved solids concentration will be in the neighborhood of 3,000 ppm. The neutralized demineralizer waste, when mixed with the discharge from the spray pond, will result in an increase of 3 to 5 ppm total dissolved solids of the retention pond discharge. It is expected that the regenerant waste neutralization tank will be emptied in 0 hours0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />. The rate of discharge will then be approximately 66 gpm and result in an increase of 23 ppm dissolved solids in the pond discharge.

3~ 7 1

SSES

3. 7. 1. 3 Circulatin Water-B owdown prom Caulis~Tower Makeup water to the circulating water system is Susquehanna River water. This water will concentrate approximately 3.7 times in the system due to evaporation in the cooling tower.

The cycles of concentrations will be controlled by blowing down to the pond at the approximate rate of 5,000 gpm per cooling tower.

Sulfuric acid will be added continuously to the circulating water to prevent scaling and to maintain a pH between 7.2 and 7.6. The sulfuric acid is consumed in this process with a resultant increase in sulfates and a proportional decrease in alkalinity.

Chlorine will be added intermittently to the circulating water to prevent slime buildup in the condenser tubes. The chlorine residual at the cooling tower basin will be less than 1 ppm. This chlorine residual is completely consumed in the pond. Further, only one unit will be chlorinated at a time. The discharged water from the pond to the Susquehanna River will have a chlorine residual of zero.

Studies shall be carried out to determine what waste stream monitoring will be required.

3.7.2 Domestic and Sanitar Water ~S stems The domestic water system will provide water for the potable water supply and the Sewage Treatment System necessary for normal plant operations and shutdown periods. Domestic water will'be supplied from the river via the Makeup Water Treatment System. Approximately 30 gpm will be processed by means of a clarifier, filter, and chlorinator located in the circulating water pumphouse. A storage tank will provide for short duration draw-offs of up to 100 gpm. The domestic water system will be independent from the fire protection system except during construction. A supply for the combined domestic and fire system during the construction period will be pumped from wells sunk on the flood plain below the plant.

treatment in the It form is likely that only a minimum amount of of chlorination will be required for water from the wells.

The plant will be served by a dual aeration sewage treatment system. Both units will be required for the approximate eight-year construction period. Thereafter, the plant facilities can be handled by one of the two units. The plant sewage disposal system will not receive radioactive laundry or decontamination solutions. The visitors sewage disposal facilities will be independent of the plant system.

3e 7 2

SSES 4 ' EFFECTS ON HUMAN ACTIVITIES A plant Project committee will serve as a means to assess the needs and problems associated with the project.

Typically, the committee is composed of six local residents and two representatives of PPGL. The primary purpose of the committee is to foster an understanding between the company and the area residents of each other's goals, and to cooperate in achieving these goals in order to develop the area's economy and resources. The committee will enable local residents to serve as a sounding board between the company and the community, and provide local people with a means of channelling suggestions'r asking questions concerning the construction projects. Similar committees have been formed at other PPGL facilities and have been quite successful.

During the peak construction period, the work force will increase to approximately 2,500 men (see Subsection 2.2.1.2) . Data from another PPSL construction project in a similar rural location indicate that 10% of the workers travel less than 15 miles, 54% travel between 15 and 40 miles, and 36% travel more than 40 miles (distances are for one-way trips) . Many of these workers will already be in the area. Therefore, no significant adverse effect on the community (such as additional services) is expected. The total monthly payroll during the period of peak activity (1975-1977) will be approximately $ 4,000,000. This will have a positive economic effect on the region.

The addition of 2,500 jobs to the local payroll will increase the economic base of the area. Site activity is planned to commence in early 1973 and will run through 1981 total monthly payroll during the period of peak activity'he (1975<<1977) will be approximately $ 4,000,000. The local community may be faced with providing additional services, such as sewage facilities or school facilities, but expenditures by construction workers for housing, food, clothing and other items will offset the cost of community services. Overall, the impact is positive rather than negative, and in either case is relatively short-lived.

The sewage treatment system described in Subsection 3.7.2 will handle sanitary water during the construction phase as well as the operational phase of the Susquehanna SES. All removal and ultimate disposal of sanitary wastes will be in accordance with standards of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. The handling of sanitary wastes at the plant site will be considered one of the first priorities at the start of construction. The storage, handling and disposal of cleaning materials, oils, oily wastes, etc., will be in compliance with the applicable regulations.

4. 2-1

W SSES During construction, chipping machines will be used to dispose of small trees during clearing operations and the utilization of closed incinerator burning of trash and debris is presently being reviewed and evaluated. In addition, a fire protection system will be established.

Some combustion products will be released to the atmosphere as a result of operating diesel-powered machinery. These items should have no significant effect upon the environment. During the site preparation phase of construction, dust control measures will be used to reduce dust levels. These measures will consist primarily of sprinkling and will continue as required throughout the construction program. To further reduce the amount of dust generated, roads and parking lots will be surfaced as soon as practical. In certain areas of the construction site, including roads and parking areas, until they are pavedi rains will tend to wash loose soil off the site. In order to reduce mud runoff, the drainage will be channelled into the setting basins and only after clearing will the water be allowed to drain off.

Construction activities will create some unavoidable noise.

The activities which create the most noise will be scheduled to best reduce the off-site impact (i.e. blasting, etc.,

will be done during day-light hours and not at night).

There may be traffic congestion entering and leaving the job site, partidularly at starting and quitting time. If multiple shifts are necessary, there will be a smooth and orderly transition between shi fts to reduce the likelihood of tra ffic congestion. Discussions are presently underway with the'ennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) concerning ways to keep traffic congestion to a minimum.

Several transmission line corridors will be selectively cleared in accordance with the provisions and specifications of PPEL's Vegetation Management Program. These procedures involve maximum retention of existing low ground cover in the right-ofmay area, preservation of existing tree growth in ravines and gullies where adequate clearence to line conductors can be obtained, and the "tailoring" of existing tree growth along improved roads crossed by these lines to retain a natural screen between road traffic and the cleared right-of-way strip. Where existing tree growth adjacent to improved roads cannot be retained because of interference with line reliability, selected varieties of low growing trees and shrubs will be planted to provide a permanent screen between the cleared right-of~ay and road traffic.

It is the policy of PPGL to take all steps reasonable to minimize the impact of the Susquehanna SES on the flora and fauna of the area.

4 '-2

'I I

SSES 5.0 uz*

5.1 EFFECTS OF RELEASE HEAT 5 1.1 Thermal D'schar e Thermal discharge from the Susquehanna SES will consist primarily of heat rejected to the atmosphere by the cooling towers. Each of 'the two cooling towers. will have,a design heat load of 8 x 10~ BTU/hr. An additional thermal discharge takes place in the continuous blowdown of water from the pond. Overflow from the pond will be discharged into the Susquehanna River together with water from the radwaste and domestic water treatment systems. Studies are under way to determine the optimum discharge arrangement.

The blowdown from the cooling .towers is expected to be 10,000 gpm (22.3 cfs). The estimated temperature of this blowdown is 93~ F and 74.2< F for August and December respectively. Tower blowdown will be discharged directly into the pond. The capacity of the pond will ensure a minimum retention period of 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />. The blowdown water will flow through the pond and will lose some of its heat by surface heat, transfer prior to determined that the maximum discharge.

blowdown It has been temperature after leaving the pond will be 89.50F and 63oF for August and December conditions respectively. The. heat in the blowdown flow will be dispersed into the Susquehanna River from which it will eventually be dissipated surface heat transfer.

to the atmosphere by Tentatively, the outflow from the pond will be discharged into the Susquehanna River by means of a diffuser located at the river bottom at the lowest elevation of about 480 ft.

MSL. Discharge from the diffuser would take place through a series of small ports about 4 inches in diameter discharging the flow at a 45~ angle with the horizontal in the direction of the river flow with an estimated velocity of 6 feet per second, as shown in Fig. 5.1. 1 The orientation of the ports are selected so that jet action will not cause scouring of the river bed and to increase the rate of dilution from the ambient river water.

The outflow from the pond will result in increased river temperatures in the downstream vicinity of the proposed diffuser. The extent 'and the magnitude of this affected zone depends primarily upon the rate of discharge, the temperature of the blowdown over the ambient river temperatu're, the velocity of discharge, the diffuser port size and the magnitude of the river flow.

A preliminary study has been made in order to predict the characteristics of thermal isotherms in the Susquehanna 5 1-1

SSES at the downstream end of the elemental volume array.

has It is assumed the momentum of the outfall been dissipated at this point.

The solution of the dispersion model was obtained by using the following hydraulic data:

Cross sections from the 1966 survey were used to obtain characteristic values of average velocities, shear velocities, and hydraulic radii for flow conditions analyzed.

20 Lateral and vertical dispersion coefficients were evaluated from the 'sectional data and the semi-empirically derived dispersion coefficient equations.

It was found that for August climatic conditions, with a river flow of 1000 cfs, the 2oF (rise in river temperature above ambient) isotherm extends about 20 feet from the diffuser. The calculated isotherms are shown in Figures 5.1.2 and 5. 1.3. With the same climatic conditions and a median flow of 3400 cfs the 2oF isotherm would probably not reach the surface, as shown in Figure 5.1.4.

For December climatic conditions, with a river flow of 2600 cfs, the 2OF isotherm extends about 750 feet downstream from the diffuser. Thes'e isotherms are shown in Figures 5.1.5 and 5.1.6. Analysis of the condition at a river flow of 12,800 cfs showed that the 2OF isotherm would not reach the surface, as shown in Figure 5. 1.7.

For the cases analyzed, the maximum width of the 2OF isotherm is less than 100 feet. The reduction in the plume length between December and August is mainly due to the reduction in the estimated temperature difference between the blowdown and the river temperature.

It is seen that the heated water discharge from Susquehanna SES will not exceed the temperature limits of the Pennsylvania Power Water Quality Standards under both critical and average river flow conditions outside a small (less than 100 foot) mixing zone. Water quality standards including thermal standards for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania are presented in subsection 2.5. 1.

5 1.2 Effects on Biota During the operation of the Susquehanna SES there will be essentially no effect on aquatic organisms from the thermal discharge as discussed in subsection 5. 1.1. Periphyton which move with the water currents may be effected in the area of the thermal plume but this will have a limited

5. 1-3

I SSES 5.2.1 ' Gaseous f ue ts The design of the cryogenic Offgas System, coupled with design fuel cladding performance, provides for delay and retention sufficent to reduce the. expected annual average release rate to 9.3 pCi/sec. This release rate is based on an input to the offgas system of 100,000 pCi/sec design basis of a 30 minute old mixture of noble gases. The expected input and discharge are 1/4 these amounts. The Gaseous Radwaste System is described in Section 3.6. The system is expected to remove essentially all of the iodine and particulate radioactivity in the processed gases.

The annual average emission rates and isotopic compositon of gas released by the off-gas treatment is included in Table 5 '.2. In additon to the essentially continuous release shown in Table 5.2.2 intermittent release from the mechanical vacuum pump discharge occurs approximately 40 hours4.62963e-4 days <br />0.0111 hours <br />6.613757e-5 weeks <br />1.522e-5 months <br /> each year. This gas is discharged to the atmosphere via the turbine building exhaust and consists of approximately 5760 curies per year of Xe-133 and approximately 860 curies per year of Xe-135.

5.2.1.3 Sol'd Effluents The solid radwaste system is not expected to release radioactive material to the environment. Solid radwastes are packaged in sealed containers prior to shipment.

We are all exposed to radiation in varying degrees from the ground, sky, and air around us as well as from the food we eat. The degree of exposure depends on where we live, the type of house we live in, and type of food we eat. The average natural radiation dose to persons lving in thh United States is estimated to be about 0.125 rem per year.

For some individuals, the dose from natural background radiation is more than twice this average.

The sources of this dose are cosmic rays and naturally occurring radioactive elements in the earth, the food we eat, the water we drink, -and the air we breathe. The exposure to cosmic radiation increases with elevation above sea level. We receive radiation directly from many minerals containing uranium and thorium isotopes in the ground or in the construction materials in our homes. A radioisotope of potassium is the most significant radioactive substance in our food. An additonal small amount of dose is received thorugh radioactive materials in water and air.

The dose to persons living near the plant, in additon-to that received fiom natural background, has been calculated 5 2-2

/1 SSES for each type of release and each ~~pathway to man." These very low levels of dose are not expected to produce any measurable effects in an individual. When large numbers of persons are exposed to these low levels of radiation, effects on persons in the group (somatic effects) or descendents of the group (genetic effects) could possibly occur. For this reason, it is appropriate to compare the dose to a large population group from operation of the plant with the dose that group receives from natural background.

One measure of the population dose is to add all the radiation doses received by all individuals in the population group. This resulting quantity is referred to as man-rem. The natural background dose within a 50 mile radius of this site is computed to about 2,000,000 man-rem based on the population in 1970 and 3,000,000 man-. rem based on the projected population in the year 2020.

The whole body gamma doses should be compared to the background dose. The external body beta dose affects only the external parts of the body (e.g. skin) which are less sensitive to radiation than other parts of the body. The iodine doses listed affect primarily the thyroid gland, which again is less sensitive to radiation than other parts of the body.

For many years standards committees and scientists have exerted considerable effort to determine the effect of radiation on man. As a result, a set of guidelines has been developed to define maximum levels of radiation dose which are acceptable for any individual and for large population groups. The recommended annual limits for non-occupational exposure are 0.5 rem for an individual and 0. 17 rem/person for a large population group.

The most significant dose comes from gaseous emmisions to the atmosphere (direct radiation-submersion dose). The aquatic pathways are of secondary importance.

Although tritium is released to the atmosphere along with noble gases, the beta radiation energy from tritium is too low to represent an external (to the body) radiation hazard.

~

Furthermore the dilution capacity of moisture in the air is so great that uptake of tritium into the body and the subsequent radioactivity are removed prior.to release; therefore, the only significant exposure from atmospheric releases is from noble gases, isotopes of krypton and xenon.

Emissions to the atmosphere during normal full-power operations are shown in Table 5.2.3. Atmosphereic submersion, where one is completely surrounded by the cloud of radioactive gas, will be the primary source of external exposure from these gaseous emissions. The basic equation 5 2-3

SSES used to calculate submersion dose is D~0.25 EX where D is rad/sec, E is average MEV/ disintergration and X is curies/m~. This basic equation was changed to rem/year =

7.88 x 10~ EQX/Q. Values for E and Q (curies/sec) were determined from istopic distribution of, gaseous emissions as shown in Table 5.2.2. The value of E includes. beta although some of the beta radiation does not represent whole body (somatic) or genetic dose. Values for X/Q were based on annual average meteorology. The maximum annual average submersion dose rate at the site boundary of the plant has been estimated for normal full power operation based on anticipated meteorology to be 0.48 mrem/year without any correction for occupancy and shielding. Consideration of occupancy and shielding will reduce the dose to an individual by at least a factor of two so that the maximum individual dose will be 0.24 mrem/year from normal full power operation.

To estimate population dose (man-rem), meteorological dilution factors and submersion dose rates were estimated for the mid-point of each of the population sectors indicated by the distances and directions given in Table 5.2.3 in man-rem per year and was calculated by multiplying

'the sector mid-point dose rate in rem/year by the population in each sector. These values are summarized in Table 5.2.3.

The total population dosewas calculated by summing the man-rem values in each sector out to 50 miles. The total population dose thus determined is 1. 44 man-rem/year vithout any correction for occupancy or shielding. This is approximately 5 x 10-~% of the dose to the same population group from natural background radiation.

In addition to normal releases during full power operation, Xe-133 and Xe-135 will be released on an intermittent basis from operation of the mechanical vacumm pump. Annual average meteorology can not be used in this case because the release occurs for a short period of time following a shut-down and during subsequent start-up of the reactor. Total time involved in this type of release is expected to be 40 hour4.62963e-4 days <br />0.0111 hours <br />6.613757e-5 weeks <br />1.522e-5 months <br />s/year. The maximum annual average concentration at the site perimeter, based on 40 hour4.62963e-4 days <br />0.0111 hours <br />6.613757e-5 weeks <br />1.522e-5 months <br /> Pasquill F metrorology, vill be 1 ~ 1 x 10-8 pCi/cc for Xe-133 and 1.64 x 10-~ pCi/cc for Xe-135. Using the Internation Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) method of dose calculation (Ref. 5-2),

these concentrations will represent annual doses of 0.0185 rem from Xe-133 and 0.0082 rem from Xe-135. However,, most of this is skin dose An independent calculation of the whole 5-3, body, skin, and lung dose has been made using references 5-4g and 5-5. These calculations over-estimate the skin dose because some of the beta particles, internal conversion electrons, and Auger electrons will not penetrate deeply enough to expose radiation sensitive tissue. However, the

,energy from these radiations are assumed to be absorbed 5 2-4

0 SSES EXHIBIT A DOSE TO MAN FROM A CLOUD OF Xe AND Xe Given: A cloud of l. lxl0 pCi/cc 133 Xe and l. 64xl0 -9pCi/cc

~ 135 Xe, averaged over one year.

Data for calculations of 138 Ze dose.

Radiation Me'an'o. MeV ~rad Disxntegratxon gCi-h Bl . 007 .0753 .0011 B2 .993 .1006 .2132 KIC (From LIC (From yl) .0023 .0436 .0002 yl) .0015 .0742 .0002 MIC (From yl) .0005 .0786 .0001 KIC (From y2) . 4724 .450 . 0454 LIC (From y2) .0787 .0757 .0127 MIC (From y2) .0984 .0800 .0168 r

LX ray .0737 .0043 .0007 Auger KLL 80358 .0254 .0019 KLX .0157 .0297 .0010 KXY ~ 0026 .0340 .0002 LMM .438 .0033 .0031 MXY 1.13 .0010 .0024 Total Non-penetrating Radiation .2990 g-rad pCi-h yl2 . 0023

. 3499

. 0796

.0810

. 004

.605 y .004 .1605 .0001 X rays Ka . 2297 . 031 .0152 KB .1173 . 030 .0077 KB .0633 .035 .0047 KB .0134 .036 .0010 Total Penetrating Radiation ,.0896'-rad

~Cx-h

SSES 133Xe Lung dose from Assumed volume of 3500 ml, weight of 1000g.

Then lung concentration =3'.'5x'10'0

.3xl.lxl0

= 3.85xl0 gCi lung gm The absorbed fraction for lung for a source distributed in lung is = .09 for the average photon energy.

The lung dose is (0.299 = (.09x0.861) 3.85x10 x365x24 1.04 10 4 rad I

. 1 mrad internal"

=3.4 mrad total 5.2-10

SSES 135 Data for Xe dose Mean'. No. ."feV Radiation D'is'integration Bl .97 .3 .620

.03 .183 .012 B2 kIC .049 .214 .022 L, M,.....IC .01 yl .91 ,25 .485 Y2 .009 .36 .007 y3 .03 .61 .039

.531

-9 Conc .1.64xl0 ~Ci/cc

l. 64x~.0 pCi/gm

1. 293

l. 268xlO pCi/gm Skin dose from 135 Ze

(.654 = .531)x1.268xlO x365x24

= 1.32x10 rads/yr

=13.2 mrads/yr 4W 135 Xe Total body dose from

.53lxl.llxlO

+ 5.9 mrads/yr 4'iY Total body = 2.95 mrads/yr 2 5.2-11

SSES 135 Xe Lung dose from Absorbed fraction for average photon energy is = .05 9

Lung concentration = 3.5x10 .3 xl.64x10'0

= 5.74xlO +Ci lung gm Lung dose is (.654 = .05z531)x5.74xlO x365x24

-5 rads 3.4xlO

.034 mrads internal

= 2.98 mrads total Summary of dose to man 133X Whole Body 3.3 mrem/year Skin 14.3 mrem/year Lung 3.4 mrem/year 135X Whole Body 3.0 mrem/year Skin 6.6 mrem/year Lung 3.0 mrem/year C. The standard AEC calculation (10CFR 20 Appendix B, Table 2, Column 1 = 500 mrem/year) yields the following dose assumed to be to the whole body:

133 Xe = 18.5 mrem/year (1) 135 Xe = 8.2 mrem/year (2) 5.2-12

B 0

SSES TABLE 5;2.6

SUMMARY

OF THE DOSE CALCULATIONS Individual Dose (mrem) Population Dose (man-rem)

Source W~B Skin ~Lun T~hroiB Bone Whole Bod or Genetic Direct Radiation from Gaseous Emission G Design Fuel Leakage (a) Full Power Operation Intermittent Vacuum Pump 0 24 ** l. 44 Discharge 3.2 15 3.2 7.5 Aquatic Pathways 0.081 0.066 0.090 Negligible Natural Background 140 280,000

• WB = Whole Body Gl = Gastrointestinal tract

• • Skin dose was not calculated separate for normal full power is included in the valve for -whole body.

I C SSES 5 ' EFFECTS OF RELEASED CHEMICAL AND SANITARY WASTES Neither aquatic and terrestrial inhabitants of the Susquehanna SES site and Susquehanna River will be harmed from chemicals released with water discharged .to the river.

Less than 0. 1 mg/1 (ppm) of free chlorine is expected to be discharged into the river at the Site. The minute amounts of chloramines discharged into the river will have no harmful effect, on organisms present. The amount of iron released is dependent on quality of the river water. During certain parts of the year as much 1.72 mg/1 (ppm) of iron has been observed to be present. Operation of the Susquehanna SES will not add additional iron to the river.

Commonwealth standards state that the amount of iron discharged should not exceed 1.5 mg/1 (ppm) . Since there is already a concentration of iron PPSL does not expect a harmful effect on aquatic organisms to result from the discharge.

Adjustment by addition of sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid to the chemical and sanitary systems will keep discharged water within applicable limits. All discharges from the plant will meet all requirements of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources.

5 3-1"

SSES reactor irradiation. This, coupled with the high melting point of the fuel pellets assures that during a shipping cask accident, there is very little potential for any radioactivity other than the noble gases being released into the cask cavity. Mechanical properties of the irradiated react to substantially mitigate the consequences of an accident by tightly binding the fission products within the basic fuel assembly.

There are several features which are typical of all shipping casks, such as heavy stainless steel shells on the inside and outside separated by dense shielding material, such as depleted uranium. Additionally, the cask has extended surface area for dissipation of decay heat and will be equipped with an energy absorbing impact structure to absorb the energy of the 30-ft free fall and to limit the forces imposed on the cask and contents. The cask also contains a basket which is provided to support the fuel during transport. Additionally, for high exposure fuel provisions will be made for a hydrogenous material such as water to provide for absorption of the fast neutrons generated through spontaneous fission and alpha-n reactions of the transuranium isotopes.

5.4.1.2 or al Shi ment Radiolo ical Results The principal environmental effect from these shipments would be the direct radiation dose from the shipments as they move from the reactor to the reprocessing plant. In this regard, it has been assumed that the shipments are made at the maximum permitted level of 0.01 rem per hour at six feet from the nearest accessible surface. Based on this and with the nearest person assumed to be 100 feet from the centerline of the tracks, (assuming transportat'ion is by it rail)- is estimated that the dose rate at that point would be 0.0002 rem per hour. This would fall off to 0.00001 rem per hour at about 300 feet beyond which the radiation exposure received by the population .is negligible.

Event P obab't Considerati ns Spent fuel shipments are planned, scheduled, and deliberate, and therefore fall in the "normal" probability category by definition (see subsection 6.5).

5 4-2

I lh

SSES 5.4.'}.3 Accident Occurrences Radiolo ical Results A principal environmental effect from an accident would be whole body radiation due to the increased radiation levels from the release of noble gases. Considering the dose attenuation effects with distance it can be concluded that the direct radiation dose effects to the general population will be negligible. Calculations indicate that without a substantial quantity of decay heat in the shipping cask plus the addition of external heat, such as from a fire, there would be no release of the fission gases. However, this accident is evaluated according to 10CPR71 criteria which considers that 1000 Ci of gaseous activity is released to the environment. On this basis and considering a population density of 334 people per square mile, the population exposure as shown in Table 6.1 is orders of magnitude below normal background.

Similar calculations were done for the iodine to determine the dose to the thyroid. Results of this calculation indicate that the total thyroid exposure is also orders'f magnitude below background. It can therefore be concluded that this accident will have negligible effects on the total environment.

Event probabilit Considerations This is a transportation accident involving either truck or rail shipments. The probability is a function of the manner of shipment (truck or rail), the distance shipped, the accident rate as a function of distance, and the probability of a release, given an accident.

The cask is designed to withstand the impact of a 30 foot free fall onto a non-yielding surface, so the probability of rupturing the cask, given the accident, is extremely low.

The distance travelled is a variable depending on the location of the fuel reprocessing plant to which shipment" is made. The probability of an accident per mile travelled is probably about the same for truck and rail shipments, but more truck shipments are required due to the smaller size of casks used on trucks. The effect of various other special precautions such as routing speed limitations, and expert driving are -factors that need to be considered.

Based on these factors, the probability of the spent fuel cask transportation accident is at the lower end of the emergency condition or the higher end of the fault condition, with the higher values associated with truck shipment.

5. 4-3

II '

SSES In the aquatic part of the program, sampling will include surface water samples from the Susquehanna River, -Nescopeck Creek, the Salem Reservoir, Lily Lake, site ponds and the swamps adjacent to the plant. Tritium analyses will be performed. Samples of well water will be collected from about eight locations in the area. The aquatic food chain constituents will include the collection of bottom sediments and fish. Bottom sediments from the Susquehanna River will be collected upstream and downstream from the plant site and from Nescopeck and Salem Creeks. Fish will be obtained from the Susquehanna River, Nescopeck Creek and Lily Lake.

Analyses will be performed for Strontium -90 in the bone matter and gamma scanning also will be performed.

The overall monitoring program sampling frequencies will depend upon type of samples being collected. Air-borne particulates, well waters, surface waters, rainfall, slime, bottom sediments, and milk will be collected and analyzed monthly or quarterly. Most vegetative types will be collected three times per year during the growing seasons, while soil samples will be collected semi-annually.

5.5.4 Appropriate physical and chemical parameters of the intake water, pond waters and water at the discharge point will be continuously monitored. Such factors as temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, sulfates, radiation and total dissolved solids will be measured as necessary.

5 5~ 5 5~5 5~ 1 A uatic Biolo~

Beginning in the fall of 1970, studies were initiated of fishes and bottom dwelling organisms in the site area.

Emphasis will be placed on the spawning growth and movement of fishes through the area. An estimate of the nature and extent of the sport fishery will be obtained. Surface drift, which can be. important, will also belookedsampled within the general area. The water will also be at from the standpoint of floating planktonic organisms. Aquatic plants will mapped be and identified. Specimens will be collected and made available to firms who will perform radioactivity background studies. It is planned to take water temperature, oxygen and pH readings with regular collections of fishes and other organisms.

5.5.5.2 Tezr~estr'al A biological study will be initiated at least four years prior to Unit 1 fuel loading. A wildlife inventory will be performed. Species population, diversification, 5 5-4

SSES reproduction rates and habitat associations will be studied.

Particular emphasis will be placed on the wetland area in the southern portion of the site.

A study and monitoring program will be conducted for at least two years after Unit 2 is in operation. This program will evaluate the effect of the construction and operationa of the plant on the terrestrial biota.

These studies will include the tagging of organisms in order to evaluate the reproduction, growth rates and food chain of test species, inventories and observations of typical fauna and flora, and a comparison of conditions prior to construction with those after operation. Monitoring will be coordinated with the radiological monitoring program.

Information and data developed during these studies will be used to develop management programs designed to enhance the site environment.

5.5.6 I  !.H As part of PPSL concern with the environment, a noise control program is being developed to avoid major noise problems associated with the, operation of the plant.

5 5-5

~ I h

~

SSES Due to the limited mobility of the particulate fission products they exist in lesser quantities in effluents and so their contribution to the overall environmental effects is negligible and therefore neglected in this analysis.

Depending on the type of leak (i.e., steam or liquid) the potential for noble gas release may or may not exist. If the leak were between the main steam line isolation valve and turbine one could expect a release of noble gas activity; whereas if the leak were liquid, due to the relative insolubility of noble gases in water, one would expect no gaseous contribution from this source. For the iodine activity the environmental effects were determined by comparing the average annual concentrations at various radial distances in 16 sectors (22.5O/sector) to the Maximum Permissible Concentration in Air (MPC~) as set forth in 10CFR20 Appendix B table 2 column 2.

O~y Where D

Thyroid Thyroid dose (rem/yr)

X.

D f Dose conversion factor (i.e.,Q, 1.5r/yr.), other parameters as i previously defined.

The thyroid dose equation applies to the dose in a given sector at a radial distance R. Therefore, to determine the integrated population exposure it is necessary to multiply this thyroid dose equation by the population distribution in a given sector and at the given distance R and sum this product for all sectors and distances to 50 miles.

Concerning the whole body dose effects from the release of noble gas activity, the steam and hence activity release rate, is based on an equivalent 7 gpm water leak. The cloud gamma exposures are based on those mathematical models presented in reference 6-2 and are presented in Table 6.3.1.

The cummulative 50 mile thyroid exposure to the general population is 18 man-rem. The allowable thyroid exposure is orders of magnitude above typical whole body dose effects because of the limited biological effects on the thyroid gland. However, for the purpose of this evaluation the thyroid exposure is compared on the same level as the whole 6 ~ 3-2

SSES XJ Where XJ Average annual isotopic airborne concen-tration of the i" isotope (pCi/cc)

Accumulative frequency for wind speed, stability and sector (dimensionless) th Plant release rate of the (uCi/sec) i isotope Horizontal and vertical diffusion coefficients (cm)

Wind speed (cm/sec)

YiZ Horizontal and vertical distances from plume centerline (cm)

Sector angle over which plume is averaged (radians)

Distance from release point to detector position (cm) 6.3.5. 1.2 Radiolo ical Results The integrated man-rem exposure for this accident is between 10-~ and 10-~ of those exposures recieved from normal radiation background. It can, therefore, be concluded that this event is negligible with regard to the environmental effects.

6.3.5. 1.3 Event Probabilit Considerations Spent fuel is transferred from the reactor to the fuel pool by means of the refueling hoist. Each fuel bundle,to be removed is grappled in the reactor, lifted vertically until the bottom of the fuel transfer channel is cleared and then transported across the fuel pool but always under water. A brake is provided to prevent excessive drop velocity. A limit switch is provided to prevent excessive lifting velocity.

The accident postulated assumes that a spent fuel bundle drops from the maximum height above the core, falls through 6 3-9

l SSES D. Th roid Inhalation Dose 8 hrs. 30 da s) where D.

inh Inhalation dose received between 8 hrs. and 30 days (rem) 6.3.7.1.2 adiolo ical Resul'ts The resulting environmental effects for this accident are presented in Table 6.3. 1. As noted the effects are orders of magnitude. below these resulting from normal background.

It can therefore be concluded that the envrionmental effects as a consequence of this accident are negligible.

6.3.7. 1.3 Event Probabilit Considerations The probability of a large break severance should fall within the range of an Emergency Condition based on estimates of pipe failure rates contained in the literature and on the number of pipes that satisfy the conditions for a large break design basis accident.

The probability that an LPCI injection valve will be unable to open when desired should also fall within the range of an emergency condition based on an analysis using failure rates from reference 22, 23, and 24 considering anticipated downtime and the interval between injection valve tests.

Since each probability is low and the outcomes are not critically interdependent, the joint probability of pipe break and injection valve failure is expected to be extremely low placing this event in the fault condition.

6.3.7.2 Steam Line Break Accident The postulated accident is a sudden, complete severance of one main steam line outside the drywell with subsequent release of steam and water containing radioactive products to the pipe tunnel and the turbine building. Since this accident does not result in any fuel damage, the environmental effects are limited to those radiological doses which may be received as a consequence of exposure to the activity associated with the primary coolant.

6 3-15

t SSES reactor is at full power, the maximum rod worth is approximately 1$ , resulting in the perforation of less than 10 rods, but with a high probability that none will actually fail.

6.3.7.3. 1 Calculation of Sources and Doses In addition to the assumed failure of 10 rods, the radiological effects are also based on a rated steam and recirculation flow, an iodine carry-over fraction of 1%, and a main steam line isolation valve closure time of 4 seconds.

In addition to isolating the main steam line (MSL) the MSL radiation monitors also isolate the normal off-gas system thereby bottling the activity between the MSL isolation valves and the offgas isolation valves. The primary source of leakage from the system will therefore be via the turbine gland seals and will be due to changes in environmental pressure with respect to the turbine condenser.

The airborne activity in the condenser is a function of the partition factor, volume of air and water, and chemical species of the fission product activity. The values associated with these parameters are: a partition factor of 10o for iodine, a condenser plus turbine free volume of 2. 1 x 10~ ft~ and a condensate volume of 1. 2 x 104 ft~.

6.3.7. 3.2 Radiol ical Results As noted in table 6..3.1, the radiological exposures for this accident are orders of magnitude below those effects received from normal background.

It can therefore be concluded that from this accident are negligible.

environmental effects 6.3.7. 3.3 Event Probabilit Considerations In order for a rod to drop from the core, it must first become detached from the drive, remain lodged in position while the drive is withdrawn from the core, and then, while the drive's still withdrawn, become dislodged and fall freely. This is a complex series of events, there being many possible actions (or inactions) that are interrelated, but this is offset by the many annunciators and procedures that are meant to avoid such an event. The rods are tested daily providing many opportunities for the rod to become uncoupled, and many opportunities for detection as well.

Actual experience has been good. However, conservative judgement indicates that this event should be assigned as an emergency condition.

6 3-17

SSES the man-rem comparisons are made for the population within a 50 mile radius. If there are one million people living within a 50 mile radius, the natural radiation background will result in about 14Q,QOO man-rem per year. Table 6.2.1 lists man-rem/year from natural background for this plant location.

6.4.2 Man-Made Radiation Back round Man has added to his radiation exposure from nature in a number of ways. The largest contribution by far has been from medical exposure. It has been estimated (Ref. 6-7) that 94 percent of man-made exposure is from this radiation and of this, 90 percent is attributed to diagonistic X-rays.

Typically, an average of 55 mrem per year (30) is received by the average United States citizen. More recent reports seen to indicate that 35.5 mrem per year is a more appropriate average. Specific example of average exposures per X-ray to an individual are 25-50 mrem from an average chest X-ray, 200 mrem from an average gastro-intestinal tract examination and a range of 5<<200 mrem for a fluoroscopic examination (Ref. 6-8).

Additionally small levels of radiation can be received from luminous watch dials (about 2 mrem/year) and television viewing (1 to 10 mrem/year) . Therefore, the resultant man-.

made radiation received by the average citizen ranges between 50 to 100 mrem per year.

Man-Rem From Man-Made Radiation Total population exposure from man-made sources is more difficult to evaluate since there can be an individual choice made as to whether such radiation is received.

However, reasonable assumptions can be made in order to make estimates of man-rem per year since it, is not feasible to monitor the population dose by measuring the dose to the individuals.

The population dose as a result of viewing television to a sample million people can be estimated. Typically an individual would receive about 1-10 mrem/year from watching TV. Assuming the average dose received is 5 mrem/year, then this results in 5000 man-rem/year. Looking at this same population one can determine the man-rem as a result of exposure from luminous-dial watches. If only 10 percent of this example population are exposed to 2 mrem/year, then the resultant population dose is 200 man-rem/year.

It has been estimated (Ref. 6-29) that medical exposure accounts for 94 percent, of the total genetically significant dose (GSD) from man-made sources, and of this, 90 percent is attributed to diagnostic x-rays. The estimated mean annual 6 4

SSES 8.2 SOURCES OF POWER 8.2.1 Introduction A number of alternative methods of providing power to meet PPSL's increasing load requirements have previously been examined. It has been determined that the only practical alternative which can provide the needed long-term base load power for PPSL's service area is the construction of nuclear and/or fossile fuel plants. The addition of the Susquehanna SES nuclear units is the choice for the 1979-1981 period.

Nuclear facilities are more practical, given the time constraints imposed on PPEL by increasing consumer demands.

Purchase of power from other utilities in the qnatities required is generally unfeasible from several standpoints.

The entire question of alternative sources of, power is discussed in the following sections.

8.2.2 ,

Alternative of Not Providin Power One alternative of the Susquehanna SES is that of not building a generating'station at all. In today's society, adequate electric service is considered essential to the continued well-being of the public. Section 401 of the Pennsylvania Public Utility imposes an obligation on electric utilities to furnish and maintain reliable, adequate, efficient, 'safe and reasonable service and facilities. This service shall be reliable and without unreasonable interuptions or delays.

At the present time load curtailment arrangements have been made with larger industrial customers who are able to reduce their operations for a short time during power emergencies.

Other customers will generally tolerate voltage reductions and or load curtailment under abnormal or emergency conditions. They would find frequent non<<emergency curtailments of service unacceptable. Large-scale, long-

duration, customer interruptions can have an adverse effect on the public. For instance, the absence of lights endangers public health, safety, and security, food spoils in the absence of refrigeration, and, lack of transportation in certain areas can leave people stranded in vulmerable situations~ etc. If such -load curtailment were intended to be an .alternative to supplying the customer's demandi someone would be forced to make difficult decisions about who should get power and who should not. The effect on the public of denying service to whole blocks of customers as an

-alternative to buidling a new plant cannot be estimated.

Load growth forecasts, indicate that if new generating capacity is not added on the PPEL system in the years 1979-1981 some load curtailment may be necessary and will be a 8 2-1

SSES The use of either combustion turbines or die'sels in continuous operation (necessary for, providing base-load powe'r) is not only expensive in terms of fuel consumption but also results in higher maintenance costs, since these units are not designed for 24-hour-a-day operation.

Delays in bringing large base load generating units into service have been met on the PJM member systems extensively by the installation of combustion turbines. Their continued large-scale installation as a substitute for base load generation is not.desirable either technically or economically for the reasons stated. Such capacity already installed and scheduled on PJM will represent 21% of the total installed capacity by the summer of 1973.

Combustion turbine units in conjunction with small steam turbines form a combined-cycle unit. While these "packaged" units are considerably more efficient than conventional combustion turbines and range in size from 200 MWe - 350 MWe, they, too, can not be considered an alternative to a large base-load steam unit, since they burn the same expensive fuels as do conventional combust'ion turbines and diesel units (typically natural gas or,, No. 2 fuel oil).

When economical means are devised to permit these units to burn residual or crude.oil, as in large power boilers, then combined cycle units could be reconsidered by PPSL.

Depending on the circumstances this type of generating capacity might then be justified.

8.2 4.3

~ H droelectric Generation The rapid response capabilities of both conventional and pumped storage hydroelectric facilities make them desirable for peaking requirements. Conventional hydroelectric plants might be used for base-load generation but their potential capacities in the Pennsylvania area are far smaller than that required by PPGL.

Pumped storage is becoming an important source of power generation in the Northeast U.S., but mainly as a source of

,peaking power. Pumped storage facilities, by their nature/

are a limited energy source capable of operating in the generating mode only part-time. Also, considering variations of customer demand during a day or week, pumped storage is typically limited to about 20% of the output of a continuously operated plant at maximum capacity. Thus, pumped storage is not a feasible alternative to a.base-load steam plant.

8 '-4

8 ' ' Nuclear Versus Fossil Fuel In this analysis the competing alternatives are two 1100 mw nuclear or fossil units scheduled for commercial operation in 1979 and 1981. Oil with less than 1% sulfur content and coal with less than 2.5% sulfur content are considered as alternatives. Both system and mine-mouth coal plants located in Pennsylvania are considered. The predicted unavailability of natural gas as a fuel supply eliminates gas-fired plants as a practical alternative.

Both domestic and foreign low sulfur content oil reserves, in the quantities necessary for the next 30 years for a plant of this siie, are expected to be unreliable. To assure reliability of a coal supply, PPSL should be able to control blocks of coal each containing not less than 30 million tons of economically,coverable of coal. Such blocks-are relatively scarce in Pennsylvania. Coal from large blocks outside Pennsylvania would be more costly because of the higher transportation costs.

4 Unlike coal and oil, uranium is economically available in the quantities needed for the 30 year period. For this reason uranium has been selected as the fuel source for these units.

8.2.5. 1 Economic Costs A dollar cost comparison of various power generating facilities is shown in Table 8.2.1. The facilities considered include: Susquehanna SES as planned; a coal plant; an oil plant; and a mine-mouth plant.. All units are assumed to have electrostatic precipitators where applicable and closed-loop cooling towers. Oil is assumed to have a sulfur content which would not require facilities for SO<

removal. Cost of these facilities, including cost of operation, has been included for fossil stations.

An average 70$ -capacity factor was assumed for all facilities, along with a 30-year lifetime. The added transmission line distance for the mine<<mouth plant was assumed to be 270 miles, while the pipeline necessary to bring oil from a nearby port to a typical site was estimated to be 80 miles.

All fuel costs have been escalated to 1980 from a base year when estimates were available. The base year estimates and rates are shown as follows:

8. 2-5

I 1

N

SSES annual plant load factor, evaporation amounts to about 23,500 acre feet per year. To maintain the proper water quality, blowdown will require an additional 10,400 acre feet per year.

8.4.2. 1 Natural Draft Towers The development of an optimum designed heat cycle is so complex that computers.

it can only be done reasonably by the use of Tower performance and its effect on plant output must be evaluated on the basis of hours per year predicted for various ambient temperatures, the resultant generation capability, and the value of the energy generated at the time. As natural draft towers are planned for this plant, a comprehensive computer optimization study has been performed. Typically, there will be a triple pressure condenser designed for a total water flow of 450,000 gpm per unit and a temperature rise of 33.4P at design turbine unit At a nominal maximum summer ambient temperature of 754F wet bulb and 90<F dry bulb, the optimized natural draft tower is required to cool the water to 88.94P.

With a full plant load and at the nominal maximum wet bulb of 75~F, 41 milltion cubic feet per minute (cfm) of air will be discharged from each tower at a velocity of 900 feet per minute (fpm) (10 mph) and a temperature of 109~P. Under a extreme winter condition of OoF, air flow would increase to 66 million cfm and 1450 fpm (16.5 mph), and be discharged at a temperature of 62~P.

Tests conducted by the Environmental System Corporation, and demonstrated under the sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency in cooperation with the Atomic Energy Commission on September 28, 1971, at Oak Ridge, Tennessee indicates that drift loss from cooling towers is typically on the order of 0.005% of the circulating water rate for either mechanical or natural draft towers. Tests conducted by two major tower manufacturers confirm this figure. With an assumed TDS of 770 ppm in the circulating water, and taking into consideration anticipated annual load factor, the total solids carryover that would be discharged from the two units would be on the order of 280 lbs. per day.

The natural draft tower system will be considered as the base system, and capital and operational costs of other schemes will be compared to this system.

8.4 2 2 Mechanical Draft Towers The optimization study on the plant-mechanical draft tower system resulted in a design water flow and condenser temperature rise sufficiently close to that of the natural draft tower to permit comparison of the two systems with the 8 4-2

SSES year. This does not include the effects of potential small difference in pump cost due to the different fill heights for the types of towers nor the increased maintenance required with the active type tower (mechanical draft) and its appurtenances as compared with the passive type (natural draft tower).

On balance then it can be stated that in general the costs for the two systems are equivalent and that no major economic advantage would be gained by the use of mechanical draft towers.

The blowdown from this system will duplicate that of the natural draft system. Drift and solids carryover will also approximate the values suggested in the natural draft tower section. Since the mechanical draft tower discharges at a lower elevation, the fall out pattern from drift, fog, .and winter ice formation from the mechanical draft system would be substantially different from the natural draft system.

The potential envt.ronmental impact of these discharges will be discussed later in this section.

8.4.2.3 Coolin onds The creation of a large cooling pond or artificial lake as a means of dissipating condenser heat has been considered. To properly utilize this system, a number of specific site characteristics should be present. To minimize pumping costs there must be available close to substantial property which is fairly flat and lends itself well to pond construction. Nominally the pond area is about one acre per megawatt; On this basis, the two units at Susquehanna would require at least 2200 acres (3.5 sq. mi.). Reducing pond size much below this figure would necessitate a reduction in plant output'ecause of back pressure limitations on the turbine if an extended period of hot weather were to occur.

Topography of the surrounding plant area suggests that the site is not suited for a cooling pond. The total plant property above the flood plain is 490 acres, and thus the area available for cooling is inadequate The plant area does not lend itself well to pond construction, nor is there any property near the plant that is suitable for this purpose.

Contour maps show substantial variations in elevation in addition to a general 200 'levation drop from the western plant boundary to the U.S. 11 .highway. Por these reasons, a cooling pond is not considered a viable alternative, and a detailed cost analysis was not performed.

8 '-4

I SSES 8.4 3.6 ~No'se

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Neither the noise from falling water in the natural draft wet towers, nor the fan or other noises from mechanical draft towers (either wet or dry types) should not be objectionable at the plant boundary. These noise levels should be lower for natural draft towers than mechanical draft towers.

8 ~ 4o 3o 7 ~S~r A review of the Table .8.4. 1 indicates that for the technological reasons previously stated, the following systems must be considered as being unsuitable for application to the Susquehanna SES.

Cooling ponds Spray ponds Spray canals Natural draft dry cooling towers Mechanical draft, dry cooling towers Once through cooling PPSL is thus left with the'alternative of either wet mechanical draft or wet natural draft cooling towers.

Becuase of the concern for ground fogging and solids carryover, the choice of a natural draft tower is more favorable. Despite the slightly larger investment required, the selection of the natural draft tower clearly will reduce impact on the environment and must be considered the preferred heat dissipation system.

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SSES 8 5 ALT RAD S E S ST S 851 I troduct 'on Nuclear power stations produce radioactive materials that are the waste products of an operating reactor. Only a small amount of these residual materials are ever discharged to the biosphere. The quantity and quality of- wastes discharged vary depending on the engineering design and waste management practices used. The Susquehanna SES will utilize a Radioactive Waste. Processing System which is designed to piovide the treatment and controlled release of radioactive liquid, gaseous and solid water to assure compliance with the:numerical dose limits of Appendix I 10 CFR 50 8.5.2 The system design objective shall be to process radioactive liquid wastes such that the average annual release of

'ill radioactive material in the liqhid effluent from the plant meet to assure compliance with the numerical limits of Appendix I 10 CFR 50.

8.5 3 Gaseous adwaste S stem The Gaseous Radwaste System shall be designed to process gaseous wastes such that the average annual release of radioactive materials in the gaseous effluent from the plant will meet with the numerical limits of Appendix I 10 CFR 50.

8.5 4 BIL" The Solid Radwaste System shall be designed to facilitate the packaging of all potentially radioactive solid wastes for storage and offsite shipment and disposal in accordance with applicable published regulations.

8~5 5 In the Susquehanna SES seclected liquid waste processing system, the liquid radwaste will be treated with a combination of filtration, evaporation and demineralization as shown. in Figure 3.6.1. With interconnections as proposed, any waste can be treated with any one or all of these methods. This provides as much treatment capacity as is currently available (i.e., state-of-the-art technology) and reduces radioactivity to.levels which assure compliance with numerical dose limits of Appendix I to 10 CFR 50.

Further consideration of alternate .liquid radwaste systems is therefore not necessary.

8 5-1

SSES elevation. This alternative will move the line further away from the Sugarloaf Golf Course and also lower the line as viewed from the Golf Course.

Alternative 55. Between Bear Run Junction and Frackville Substation, the line was rerouted slightly.

This alternative served two purposes: It located the line along a property line in an industrial area along LR-53035 and provided a more desirable crossing-of Pa.

Route 61.

8~ 6.2 Alternate Structures Two types of 500 kv structures are planned for the use on the long lines; lattice type and tubular pole "H" frame.

Tubular pole "Y", or slingshot type are available, but were rejected because they are more difficult to erect, more costly and would require extensive foundations.

Guyed lattice structures aie also available, but were rejected in favor of the more reliable self-supporting type tower.

Laminated wood pole structures were not considered because of short spans required and because the extremely long one piece poles would be difficult to handle.

The short 230 kv lines are all in the immediate vicinity of the plant where medium green painted steel poles will be used instead of lattice type steel towers because they will blend .in well with their surroundings. Wood pole structures were not considered because of the heavy loads and resultant short span construction.

8.6.3 Alternate Methods of Transmission Consideration was given to underground construction of both 500-kv transmission lines from Susquehanna SES to Lackawahna and to'rackville, and also the three 230 kv lines in the vicinity of the Susquehanna SES. A feasibility study and cost comparison study were made.

The present state of the art indicates that pipe cable is the only feasible method for underground transmission at the 230-500 kv level. Several other methods are currently under study. They include cable insulated with extruded dielectrics, either conventional or cross-linked polyethylene cable using gas (SF) as a major insulation, cryogenic cable systems and super conducting cable systems.

However, 230 kv pipe cable has been installed commercially 8~ 6-3

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SSES economic benefits discussed here, however, represent only the quantifiable parts of the picture. A number of intangible benefits exist which are difficult even to identify. As an example, for some years there has been a net out-migration of young people from Berwick and the surrounding area, 'as is true of other smaller towns in this part of the'country. The Susquehanna SES will help create an economic and social atmosphere which may tend to slow this process and help these smaller communities stabilize their downward population trends.'.7.3 Costs of Sus uehanna SES The provision of low cost. electrical power to meet increasing consumer demands is not without its environmental costs (economic costs have been discussed in Section 8.2) .

As with other large-scale projects, the construction and operation of the Susquehanna SES will result in certain changes in the environment. 'This increased concern for environmental protection has been matched by an increased demand for electrical power. There is, therefoxe, a set of

'competing priorities associated with the costs and benefits of constructing and operating any electrical power generating facility.

The environmental costs of the proposed project have been quantified to the degree possible and are shown in Table 8.7.2. A discussion of these costs is presented below.

1., Heat Dischar e into River Approximately 70 cfs (32,000 gpm) will be drawn from the river as makeup coolant water. Of this, approximately 22 cfs will be returned to the river. This volume represents about 2.9g and 1.7% of the 7-day low river flow for 20-year and two-year recurrances, respectively. The temperature increase will probably be undetectable a few hundred yards downstream. The magnitude of change, even under the worst conditions of low flow and high ambient temperatures, could not be expected to have any deleterious effect on the river in terms of primary producers and consumers and fish life.

2 ~ Decrease in Coolin Ca acit of River A small decrease in cooling capacity of the river could be expected'o result from the small addition of heat and the evaporative loss of approximatelg 50'fs of river water'rom the cooling towers. The former could increase the average water temperature by 0.15oF for a short 8 ~ 7-7

SSES C ~ Reintroduction of chemicals from organisms killed within the cooling system. The net effect of these concentrations, plus the slight warming of the water, will probably be to increase biological growth for a short distance downstream. But this effect is expected to be negligible when viewed over a signi,ficantly large area of the view.

5. Q lay A 50-70% increase in the total amount of dissolved solids occurring in a small portion (9g) of the low water flow (10-year recurrance) is expected to be barely detectable within 1/4 mile downstream. No effect, can be expected on recreation or on downstream water users because of the relatively small changes in chemical composition.

6 ~ Consum tion of Water A potential loss of up to approximately 50 cfs to downstream domestic or agricultural water users is possible.

7~ Salts Dischar ed from Coolin Towers With the assumed TDS of 770 ppm the expected salt discharge from the cooling towers will be 62 ppm.

8. Chemical Dischar e to Ambient. Air No chemicals are discharged to ambient air.

9~ Chemical Contamination of Ground Water There will be no chemical contamination of ground water.

10.-12 ~ Radionuclear Dischar es to Water Bod ent A r an Contam nat on o Ground Water The proposed method of radwaste treatment is one of the best that current technology is able to provide. Dose to people will be extremely low and within numerical limits in Appendix I 10CPR50. Alternate methods of radwaste treatment were considered in selecting the proposed system.

They have been discussed in Subsection 8.5.

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SSES Fo in and Icin There will be no fogging and icing due to the operation of the cooling towers at the Susquehanna SES.

Raisin /Lowerin of Ground Water Levels Ground water levels will not be raised or lowered.

Land Use Presently, the land within at least a two-mile radius from the site is a mixture of small wooded areas, fields, and farms. The site will remove or disrupt, about 237 acres or less of similar terrain, approximately half of which is now wooded. Major game species in the area are deer, pheasant, rabbit, grouse, dove, woodcock and squirrel. No rare or endangered species are present.

Biologists familiar with the Susquehanna River in the area of the site consider it presently underfished. No significant loss of fish is expected to result from construction or operation of the plant, though a net increase in fishing activity can be expected to result from the attraction of people to the planned park area along the river.

Ambient Noise Other than from cooling towers, there will be no ambient noise associated with the plant.

Aesthetics The plant is designed to blend with the environment and be asthetically compatible.

De radation of Flood Control and Erosion The plant site is such that impact on flood control and it will have erosion.

no 8 ~ 7-1 0

C h SSES TABLE 8.7-2 ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF GENERATION AT PROPOSED SITE Generating Cost Population or Description Alternate Plant Primar Im act Resource Affected of Effect Desi n g 1 a 4

1. Heat Discharge to River 1.1 Primary Producers Limited to area very close to diffuser littl 22 cfs to no effect 1.2 Fish No effect none

2. Decrease in Cool- 2.1 Thermal Capacity Thermal increase loss slight with mixing of ing Capacity of of water to evap. low flow river volume River and no heat loss to air 8n increase of 0.15 F would result.

Loss of about 5.9% of low flow cooling cap-acity

3. Mechanical, Thermal 3.1 Primary Producers Loss of all plankton At low flow maximum Chemical gffects of 6 Consumers entering the intake loss of plankton and Entrainment on Pop- floating insects ulations of River 3.2 Fish All lost which are and some local non screenable (1-14") gain of detritus feeders.

Loss of a portion of young fish living within a few hundred yard radius of intake.

Net effect on system small.~

4. Synergistic Effects 4.1 Primary Producers Change in Production Possible small effect of Chemical concen- & Consumers or Survival for 100-yds.

trations and Thermal Additions on River 4.2 Fish Change in Productio'n Only effect in minute or Survival area near diffuser parts; 5 F or more.

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SSES TABLE 8.7.2 (Cont'd)

Population or Description Alternate Plane Primar Im act Resource Affected of Effect Desi n 4 1 & 4 125 acres on plateau

15. Land Use 15.1 Agricultural Removal from Production 175 acres on flood plain 15.2 Forestry Removal from Production 50 acres or less of deciduous wood lots may be removed.

15.3 Plants & Animals Loss of Habitat 100 acres or less of field & wood lots in an area of similar habitat at least 100.

times as large.

15.4 Recreational Disturbance to Parks, None Lakes, Historic Sites 15.5 Fishing Loss of Fishing Potential No loss; probably an increase in fishing pressure due to estab-lishment of park area around stream.

15.-;6 Industrial Unavailable to Development None During construction &

16. Ambient Noise 16.1 People Unusually Loud operation OSHA stand-ards will be followed noise problems asso-ciated with natural draft towers.

17- Aesthetics 17.1 People In Terms of Sight, Visual impact of Sound, Odor towers and plumes

18. Degradation of Flood 18.1 People & Risk to Health and None Control & Erosion Property Safety

0

~ 5OOO qPlv1. BL.OWOOWN EVAPORATiOv LINIT 2 UNIT I BLOe OOWH I I, 9OO Q P Iv).

30 OOO CiPM. FROM FROhh GERV.

SERVICE WATER SY57EQ WTR S 5 I iI i z $ > y I

+48o,ooo c pg.

'70 SERV SPRA (

4u) WTR. SYS POhl D ivlAKF-LIP 16,000 C,PQ DOSlhlQ 3O,OOO Cjpg. IvlAKE-up TO SERVICE MAIN COHDEWSERS MeiN CONDENSERS WATF 8 WITE'R S'fST CHLORIHE H2 SO+

Oo5ING RAW WATER MAKE- LIP POTABLE $ SEWAGE TREATMENT DEMISE RAL1ZE DOMESTIC TREATMENT KA ER PLANT 8l GPM CHLORINATE E~G. ~AFEG uAR DS

g. 50 Qpg HEAT EXCHAhlCER5 Ligule CI-ILORINE REACTOR RADKASTE CONTACT TR'EATMEHT TANK (50 CiPM NEUTRAL-

) ZATIOH TAQK II GPQ 5CPM PLlklP HOLIS C NOTE: IO,OOO C,PIVI B2,000 CIPlvl.

uNIT ( FLOW RATES ARE THE S~NF AS LINIT 2, PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHT COMPANY GLjSQUKHAhJQA=; . RI VER SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT Water Use Diagram FIGURE 3. 4. 1

t E GEND RAll ROAD U.S. KI6KWAY SECONDARY ROAD PERMANENT STIKAII INTERMITTENT STREAM PROPERTY LIHE 100 METERS 1000 FEET 5 PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 5 LIGHT COMPANY 5

SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 CO APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT Geographical Features In the Study Area, 1971-1972 FIGURE A. 18

SSES OpD Oquaga and Lordstown very stony silt loam, 8-25 percent slopes.

OpF Oquaga and Lordstown very stony silt loam, 25-80 percent slopes.

PAPAKATING SERIES Papakating are deep, very poorly drained soils of the floodplains. They have developed in loamy sediments washed from mixed grey and red glaciated uplands.

These soils have a moderately slowly permeable subsoil. The water table is normally at the surface during most of the year. They are acid and contain few stone fragments. Most use problems are related to the high water table and to frequent flooding.

Ma in unit:

Papakating silt loam.

RED HOOK SERIES Red Hook are deep, somewhat poorly to poorly drained soils of the glaciated uplands and valleys.

They have developed in loamy, water-worked glacial outwash sediments from mixed gray and red shale and sandstone bedrock. These, soils have a moderately slowly permeable subsoil. The water table normally rises to within a few inches of the surface during parts of the winter and spring months. Red Hook soils are acid and may contain stratified sand and gravel in the subsoil. Most use problems are related to the seasonal high water table and to the moderately slowly permeable subsoil.

Mapg~in unit:

RdB Red Hook loam, 3-8 percent slopes.

TIOGA SERIES Tioga soils are deep, well drained soils of floodplains. They have developed in dark brown to reddish brown, loamy, floodplain sediments washed from mixed grey and red glaciated uplands. These soils are nearly level to gently sloping with a moderate permeability in the subsoil.

They are acid and contain a few stone fragments. Most use problems are related to the occasional flooding hazard. The soil names assigned to the soils of the area are tentative subject to a final correlation prior to the publication of the county-wide soils report. A change in the soil name, however, will not change 'the soil property.

~Ma ~in unit TBb Tioga soilsa B-3

SSES productive deer area even though the numbers are sufficient to attract some hunters. Of the five sites considered, the general area around the McElhatten site is considered the second most abundant in migratory waterfowl. The-overall terrestrial environment is not considered to be unique or have a significantly greater or lesser value than the other sites.

The West Branch of the Susquehanna River, because of mine wastes, is highly acidic upstream and supports a sparse fish population. Although the water quality is improved in the site area, fish life is more limited here than further downstream. The major species of fish in this area are smallmouth bass, catfish, and fallfish. There are no walleye and few muskellunge. Within a ten mile radius of the site there is one major warm water fishing stream and four trout streams.

Water Use:

The estimated cooling water requirements would consume 30.8%

of the 25 year 'recurrence interval seven day low flow past the site, assuming a 70 cfs make up water requirement for two 1,100 mw units with cooling towers.

Industrial use upstream of the site is mainly confined to three chemical plants, a slaughter'house, a paper mill and a

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>opulation= The assumed 1, ~~0 foot exclusion zone of the site would not require the relocation of any existing residents. Due to the rugged terrain and the limited agricultural use, the estimated 1970 population density within the ten mile radius is 93 persons per square mile.

Lock Haven, located 5 miles west of the site with an urban population of 23,603, Jersey Shore, located 5 miles east with an urban population of 10,626 and Williamsport, 15 miles east with and urban population of 89,449, are the major population centers within 30 miles of the site.

Aesthetics:

The site is located in a rural setting. Most of the land is forested and there is a little agriculture. As with any large facility there would be an unavoidable visual impact upon the area. The setting of the immediate area would be changed from a wilderness to an industrial scene.

2 3 Brunner Island Site This site is located on a former island in the Susquehanna River which is now only partially separated from the mainland. The site is approximately seven miles downstream

SSES construction at the McElhatten or Susquehanna sites and probably less than the other two sites.

Major species of fish in the area are saallmouth bass, muskellunge, walleye, rock bass, crappie, catfish and suckers. This section of the river is considered a good producer of muskellunge and a fair producer of walleye and rock bass and is a highly fished area. Within a ten mile radius of the site (in York County) there are two warm water fishing streams and one trout stream.

Water Use:

Water from the Susquehanna River would be used as cooling water for both the existing fossil fuel plant and any proposed nuclear plant. The existing plant uses approximately 1,200 cps of river water. About 62 cfs, or about 1.5 2.5% of the seven day low flow with 20 year recurrence interval, is estimated to be required for cooling two 1,100 megawatt units utilizing cooling towers. Aside from the existing fossil plant, the river is used by the Yorkhaven Hydro facility, 1.5 miles upstream.

Assuming an 1800 foot exclusion zone no residence would have to be moved. The 1970 population density within an area ten miles from the site is 391 persons per square mile.

Listed below are the major cities within 30 miles of the site:

Population Center, Distance Urban Area Population from Site ~~1970 Harrisburg, 15 miles NW 172'90 Lancaster, 20 miles E 59s407 Lebanon, 22 miles NE 40~000 York, 25 miles SW 72'71 Aesthetics:

The regional setting of the area surrounding the site is of a rural nat'ure. The site is currently occupied by a fossil plant, however, and therefore presents an industrialized appearance. The visual impact of placing a nuclear facility and cooling towers would merely add to the industrialized appearance.

2.4 Su~nbur Site The Sunbury site is located in the northeast corner of Snyder County, Pennsylvania. The site is on the west bank of the Susquehanna River, 3.5 miles downstream from the D-7

SSES include the Shamokin Creek Watershed Association and various food processing, paper and steel plants.

Ninety residences from the town of Hummels Wharf would have to be relocated from an assumed 1,800 foot exclusion radius.

The population density within ten miles is 166 persons per square mile.

The following cities are within 30 miles of the site:

Population Center, Distance Urban Area Population from Site Lewisburg/Milton, 12 miles N 34~000 Shamokin, 13 miles E 32~000 Bloomsburg, 21 miles NE 31~494 Williamsport, 28 miles NW 89i449 Sunbury 16t 691 Aesthetics:

Because there is an existing fossil fuel plant on the site, the visual impact of adding a nuclear facility to the existing scene would be to increase the industrial appearance.

2.5 Martins Creek Site The Martins Creek site is in the east central part of the Northampton County, Pennsylvania. This site is beside an existing fossil station upstream of the confluence of the Delaware River with Martins Creek, about 23 miles NE of Easton, Pa. The relatively broad valley of the Delaware River is south of the plant site. The valley at the site varies in width from 300 to 500 feet, three-quarters of a mile upstream, to nearly 1,000 feet wide at the site.

Maximum and minimum elevations within the assumed exclusion area range from 200 to 420 feet msl with two-'hirds of the site lying at between 200 and 240 feet msl. The Delaware River near the site is approximately 500 feet wide.

U.S. Highway 611 passes near the plant. There is a railroad spur from the Penn Central Railroad into the existing fossil plant.

Physical Siting Factors

~Geolo g:

On the portion of the site containing the existing facilities, bedrock averages 35 feet below the surface.

4 SSES Biol~op:

Larger game species of the general area are considered sparse. Dove and pheasant are abundant. The area is not

'sed as a major migration route for birds, but small populations of ducks. (primarily mallards) may remain year round. Much of the habitat consists of farmed land with scattered tree stands generally near the river, but also occurring inland. About one mile north of the site is a fairly large wooded area. In the 'immediate area of the fossil plant, the land is largely open field with about 10 to 15% in trees. There are no known rare or endangered species within the 'area. Construction on this site would remove some wildlife habitat, however, the mix of open farmland and woodlots is not unique to the area.

The Delaware River in the general vicinity of the site is considered to have good water quality and is a good producer of fish life. Forty-four species of fish were collected in 1956-1959 surveys in the area around Martins Creek. The eel, American shad and stripped bass are important species and are all present in the area around Martins Creek.

Water Use The present fossil fuel plant uses approximately 270 cfs of coolant water. A nuclear facility is estimated to use 9.9%

of the seven day low flow, (20 year recurrence interval) .

The present fossil fuel units produce 320 mw two new fossil units with a combined output of 1,600 mw are presently under construction and are planned for operation in 1975 and 1977. A fossil 'fuel plant is located about 10 miles north near Portland, Pennsylvania. In addition a 2,400 mw nuclear facility has also been proposed near that site.

~Po ulatian:

No residences would have to be relocated from within the 1,800 foot exclusion zone of the plant. The population density of the area encompassed by'the ten-mile radius is 355 persons per square mile. Allentown, 20 miles southwest, with a population of 108,926, and Easton, 23 miles with an urban area population of 180,394, Easton, 7 miles southwest an urban area population of 77,594, and Bethlehem, 14 'ith miles southwest with an urban, area population 105,620 are the three major urban areas within 30 miles of the site.

Aesthetics:

The area surrounding the site is of rural setting. Because of the existing fossil plant, however, the immediate site has an industrialized appearance. A nuclear facility would

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TABLE D-1 (Continued) Page 5.

PHYSICAL PACTOR SUSQUEHANNA MC ELHATTEN BRUNNER ISLAND SUNBURY MARTINS CREEK SITING FACTORS DESCRIPTION SITE SITE SITE SITE SITE o Water Users o Coal Plant 9 o Upstream 0 Coal Plant on o Coal Plant o Coal Plant at Mi. Upstream; Heavily Pol- Site (once- on Site Site (once-Acid Mine luted by Acid through cool- (once- through cooling)

Drainage & Mine Drainage. ing) 1~200 cfs, through 270 cfs, T =

Municipal Upstream Tribu- T = 27 F Max, cooling) 27oF Max, Two Sewage From tary Has 3 840 MWe Nuclear 450 cfog, 1,200 MWe Nuclear Upstream. Chemical Plants, Facility 3.5 Mi. T=20F Plants Proposed Stream May 2 Slaughter Upstream, Safe Max, 483 MWe. for Deleware.

Turn Orange Houses, Paper Harbor Hydro Fa- Sewage from in Summer Plant and Small cility 20 Mi. Shamakin Crk.

(reasons un- Airplane Factory. Downstream and Watershed defined) but York Haven Hydro Association.

pH at Site Facility 1.5 Mi. Paper, Food Within Normal Upstream. Other Processing, Limits. Industries in Steel Plants General Area. Within 16 Mi.

Some Indication Upstream.

of Insecticide Pollution.

Population 4 o Estimated o None o None o None o 90 o None Number of Residences Within As-sumed Ex-clusion Zone o Total o 167 Persons/ o 93 Persons/ o 391 Persons/ o 166 Persons/ o 355 Persons/

Population Sq.Mi. Sq.Mi. Sq. Mi. Sq. Mi. Sq. Mi.

Density Within 10-Mile Radius o Total Popu- o 53,000 o 36,000 o 123,000 o 60,009 o 140,781 lation Within 10 Miles of Site o Total Popu- o 265,354 o 105,000 o 598,000 o 189,413 o 363,517 lation Within 20 Miles of Site o Total Popu- o 465,000 o 140,000 o 758,600 o 289,000 o 500,389 lation Within 30 Miles of Site Aesthetics o Existing o Rural o Rural o Industrial o Industrial o Industrial Scene At Site 4 Population Data Based on 1970 Figures. Density Numbers include Township Areas and Persons Either Wholly or At Least 50% Within Ten-Mile Radius of Site.

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