Text

Terrapower, LLC, Transmittal of Kemmerer Unit 1 Historic Properties Treatment Plan
	ML25043A426
Person / Time
Site:	Kemmerer File:TerraPower icon.png
Issue date:	02/11/2025
From:	George Wilson; TerraPower
To:	; Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Document Control Desk
Shared Package
ML25043A425	List: ML25043A426;
References
	TP-LIC-LET-0395
	Download: ML25043A426 (1)
	v • d • e

Enclosure 1 transmitted herewith contains SUNSI. When separated from enclosure, this transmittal document is decontrolled 15800 Northup Way, Bellevue, WA 98008 www.TerraPower.com P. +1 (425) 324-2888 F. +1 (425) 324-2889 February 11, 2025 TP-LIC-LET-0395 Docket Number 50-613 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555-0001 ATTN: Document Control Desk

Subject:

Transmittal of Kemmerer Unit 1 Historic Properties Treatment Plan TerraPower, LLC (TerraPower) on behalf of US SFR Owner, LLC (USO), a wholly owned subsidiary of TerraPower, submits this letter to provide the Kemmerer Unit 1 Historic Properties Treatment Plan. is the Kemmerer Unit 1 Historic Properties Treatment Plan which contains the sensitive unclassified nonsafeguards information (SUNSI) related to historical artifacts and should be withheld from public disclosure under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3). The U.S. Code Title 16, Conservation, Section 470hh, Confidentiality of Information concerning the nature and location of archeological resources, and the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, Section 106, as amended, require that these historically significant locations not be publicly disclosed. Enclosure 2 is the redacted Kemmerer Unit 1 Historic Properties Treatment Plan.

This letter and enclosure make no new or revised regulatory commitments.

If you have any questions regarding this submittal, please contact Nick Kellenberger at nkellenberger@terrapower.com.

I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and accurate.

Executed on February 11, 2025.

February 11, 2025 Page 2 of 2 Sincerely, George Wilson Senior Vice President of Regulatory Affairs TerraPower, LLC

Enclosures:

1. Kemmerer Unit 1 Historic Properties Treatment Plan (SUNSI)

2. Kemmerer Unit 1 Historic Properties Treatment Plan (Public) cc:

Mallecia Sutton, NRC Josh Borromeo, NRC Patricia Vokoun, NMSS Daniel Barnhurst, NMSS Nathan Howard, DOE Jeff Ciocco, DOE

TP-LIC-LET-0395 Sensitive Unclassified Nonsafeguards Information Submitted Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)

ENCLOSURE 1 Kemmerer Unit 1 Historic Properties Treatment Plan (SUNSI)

TP-LIC-LET-0395 ENCLOSURE 2 Kemmerer Unit 1 Historic Properties Treatment Plan (PUBLIC)

A Cultural Resource Historic Properties Treatment Plan for Sites 48LN740 and 48LN8940 as part of TerraPower, LLCs Natrium Demonstration Project, Lincoln County, Wyoming Prepared for:

TerraPower, LLC 15800 Northup Way Bellevue, WA 98008 (425) 324-2888 Bechtel 12011 Sunset Hills Road Reston, VA 20190-5918 (571) 392-6300 Prepared by:

Mark Karpinski, M.A.

Tetra Tech 4750 West 2100 South, Suite 400 Salt Lake City, Utah 84120 (801) 364-1064 Fax (801) 364-2021 Tetra Tech Project No. 117-0533105 January 2025 For Official Use Only: Disclosure of Site Locations Prohibited (43 CFR 7.18)

Project

Title:

A Cultural Resource Historic Properties Treatment Plan for Sites 48LN740 and 48LN8940 as part of TerraPower, LLCs Natrium Demonstration Project, Lincoln County, Wyoming Authors:

Mark Karpinski Report Date:

January 2025 Agency(-ies):

United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO)

Tetra Tech No.:

117-8198003 Site Location:

The Project is situated approximately 5 miles south of the city of Kemmerer in Lincoln County, Wyoming. The Project crosses Section 32 of T21N R116W; Sections 1, 2, 11, and 12 of T20N R117W; and Sections 7, 8, 17, 19, and 20 of T20N R116W.

6th Principal Meridian, [7.5' quadrangle U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maps Elkol, Wyoming (1979) and Kemmerer, Wyoming (1985)].

Landownership:

Privately Held Abstract:

Previously recorded cultural resource site 48LN740 and newly documented site 48LN8940 are located within the direct APE and macro-corridor respectively developed for the Natrium Demonstration Project near the existing Naughton Power Plant south of the community of Kemmerer in Lincoln County, Wyoming. Based on a Class III cultural resource inventory completed by Tetra Tech in 2022, the Project has a potential to adversely affect one or both sites (Karpinski 2025). The NRC requested a Historic Properties Treatment Plan (HPTP) be developed to further investigate the elements of each site that contributes to its eligibility for inclusion on the NRHP; determine if the Project will adversely affect those elements at each site; and, if so, develop the methodology to mitigate the potential adverse effects caused by the Project.

Both site 48LN740 and 48LN8940 are largely similar multicomponent artifact scatters with features. Both are eligible for inclusion on the NRHP under Criterion D for the potential contributions identified subsurface cultural resource components could make to our understanding of regional prehistory, including, but not limited to, chronology, subsistence and resource processing practices, and spatial patterning. The HPTP methodology is applicable to both sites and can be applied as needed based on the material encountered during investigations. If the defined contributing elements can be avoided by the Project, no further work beyond appropriate NRC and/or SHPO-required avoidance measures will be required. If the Project is determined to have an adverse effect on one or both sites, the data recovery methodology can be applied to one or both.

([HPSWHGIURPGLVFORVXUHE\\VWDWXWH

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

AND PROJECT BACKGROUND........................................................ 1 1.1 Project Location................................................................................................... 2 2.0 CULTURAL RESOURCE SITE BACKGROUNDS.......................................................... 4 48LN740 - Multicomponent Artifact Scatter with Features, Eligible under Criterion D...... 4 48LN8940 - Multicomponent Artifact Scatter with Features, Eligible under Criterion D.. 13 3.0 HPTP METHODOLOGY................................................................................................ 18 3.1 Definition of the Identified Subsurface Cultural Resource Component(s)........... 19 3.2 Data Recovery Research Design....................................................................... 21 3.2.1 HPTP Specific Cultural Chronology..................................................................... 21 3.2.2 Relating the Sites to the HPTP Cultural Chronology........................................... 24 3.2.3 Data Recovery Specific Research Questions...................................................... 25

4.0 BACKGROUND

RESEARCH....................................................................................... 26 5.0 DATA RECOVERY METHODOLOGY.......................................................................... 26 5.2 Communication Throughout During Field Work.................................................. 27 5.3 Incidental Discovery: Human Remains and Funerary Objects............................ 27 5.4 Laboratory Analysis........................................................................................... 28 5.4.1 Artifact Processing and Analysis.......................................................................... 28 5.4.2 Stone Tool and Debitage Analysis....................................................................... 28 5.4.3 Faunal Analysis.................................................................................................... 28 5.4.4 Feature Fill Flotation............................................................................................ 29 5.4.5 Radiometric Sample Processing.......................................................................... 29 5.4.6 Protein Residue Analysis..................................................................................... 29 5.4.7 Post-Analysis Artifact Handling............................................................................ 29 6.0 REPORTING AND DISSEMINATION........................................................................... 30 6.1.1 Preliminary Data Recovery Results Report......................................................... 30 6.1.2 Data Recovery Technical Report......................................................................... 30 6.1.3 Professional Presentations and Information Dissemination................................ 31 7.0

SUMMARY

.................................................................................................................... 31

8.0 REFERENCES

.............................................................................................................. 32 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Project Study Area, Direct APE, and HPTP Site Locations........................................ 3 Figure 2. Site 48LN740, Resource Overview, Facing Southwest. Beth Karpinski (5/14/2022).

Unaltered.

.......................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 3. Site 48LN740, Expanded Area Overview, Facing North. Beth Karpinski (9/23/2024).

Unaltered.

.......................................................................................................................... 11 Figure 4. Site 48LN740, Site Sketch Map............................................................................... 12 Figure 5. Site 48LN8940, Resource Overview, facing Southwest. Beth Karpinski (4/27/2022).

Unaltered.

.......................................................................................................................... 16 TP-LIC-LET-0395 SUBJECT TO DOE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. DE-NE0009054 Copyright © 2025 TerraPower, LLC. All Rights Reserved

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 ii Figure 6. Site 48LN8940, Site Sketch Map............................................................................. 17 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.

Site 48LN740 Lithic Tool Descriptions....................................................................... 6 Table 2.

Site 48LN740 Debitage.............................................................................................. 7 Table 3.

Site 48LN740 Feature Descriptions........................................................................... 7 Table 4.

Site 48LN740 Historic Artifact Assemblage................................................................ 8 Table 5.

Site 48LN8940 Lithic Tool Descriptions................................................................... 13 Table 6.

Site 48LN8940 Debitage.......................................................................................... 14 Table 7.

Site 48LN8940 Feature Descriptions....................................................................... 14 Table 8.

Site 48LN8940 Historic Artifact Assemblage............................................................ 15 Table 9.

Wyoming Basin Cultural Chronology (Metcalf 1987; Creasman and Thompson 1997)

.......................................................................................................................... 21 TP-LIC-LET-0395 SUBJECT TO DOE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. DE-NE0009054 Copyright © 2025 TerraPower, LLC. All Rights Reserved

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

AND PROJECT BACKGROUND TerraPower, LLC (TerraPower) is proposing the Natrium advanced reactor demonstration project (Natrium Demonstration or Project) near the existing Naughton Power Plant south of the community of Kemmerer in Lincoln County, Wyoming. The Project Site consists of the reactor, energy storage system, and associated facilities to be constructed within this area. The full extent of impacts from the construction of these facilities are anticipated to occur within the Project Site.

A final route has not been determined for the electric transmission line and water pipeline from the Project Site to the immediate vicinity of the Naughton Power Plant. Macro-corridors for each were defined to capture the potential range of feasible options for the routes. A common macro-corridor, water macro-corridor, and electrical macro-corridor encompass the extent of potential impacts that could occur during construction of the transmission lines and water pipeline.

Tetra Tech was contracted by Bechtel, a contractor of TerraPower, to conduct the appropriate Class III cultural resource inventory that would allow a proper assessment of potential affects to cultural resources as required by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA), the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the regulations of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for compliance with Section 106 of the NHPA. The cultural resource Areas of Potential Effects (APEs) (36 CFR §800.16(d)) were defined in collaboration with TerraPower, Bechtel, and Tetra Tech in conformance with Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) guidelines and standards (SHPO 2012, 2022a, 2022b). The direct APE for physical effects was defined as the combined 711-acre area that includes the Project Site and Macro-corridors.

In 2022, prior to the development of the direct APE, Tetra Tech completed a Class III cultural resource inventory of a 1,537-acre Study Area defined by TerraPower, Bechtel, and Tetra Tech.

The Study Area encompasses the 711-acre direct APE. As a result of the inventory, previously recorded cultural resource site 48LN740 was revisited and newly documented site 48LN8940 was documented within the Study Area. Site 48LN740 has been previously determined to be eligible for inclusion on the NRHP under Criterion D. The project direct APE as currently planned will remove portions of the site including an area recommended as contributing to the sites NRHP eligibility. Site 48LN8940 is located within the macro-corridor direct APE and is recommended eligible for inclusion on the NRHP under Criterion D. The exact location of the electric transmission and water pipeline rights-of-way has not yet been determined within the macro-corridor, but the developed rights-of-way may or may not be able to avoid the recommended contributing portions of the site 48LN8940. Based on discussions with the NRC and outlined in the Class III cultural resource technical report developed by Tetra Tech (Karpinski 2025) the Project was assumed to have a potential adverse effect to both sites, which qualify as historic properties under Section 106 of the NHPA.

The Historic Properties Treatment Plan (HPTP) is being developed to further investigate the elements of each site that contribute to its eligibility for inclusion on the NRHP and, if the Project will adversely affect those elements, and, if so, mitigate the potential adverse effects caused by the Project. The HPTP methodology will further evaluate both sites to define the horizontal and vertical extent of the identified subsurface cultural resource components by using geophysical remote sensing and auger test probes (ATPs). Based on the results of that task, Project design will be evaluated and modified, if possible, and a formal determination can be made of the nature of, and extent of, the Projects potential effect to each sites contributing elements. If the determination is made that the Project will have an adverse effect to either site, the HPTP methodology outlines the measures needed to be completed to mitigate those determined adverse effects.

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 2

1.1 Project Location The Project is situated approximately 5 miles south of the city of Kemmerer in Lincoln County, Wyoming. The Project crosses Section 32 of T21N R116W; Sections 1, 2, 11, and 12 of T20N R117W; and Sections 7, 8, 17, 19, and 20 of T20N R116W.

(Figure 1), 6th Principal Meridian, [7.5' quadrangle U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maps Elkol, Wyoming (1979) and Kemmerer, Wyoming (1985)].

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTJ.5AT80.TD <*0<I8TKT<AAIATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 12 Figure 4.

Site 48LN740, Site Sketch Map.

([HPSWHGIURP'LVFORVXUHE\\6WDWXWH:LWKKHOG8QGHU&)5D

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 18 3.0 HPTP METHODOLOGY Tetra Tech developed the following methodology based on our previous HPTP development and execution experience for undertakings with similar sites throughout the Wyoming Basin. Both site 48LN740 and 48LN8940 are largely similar multicomponent artifact scatters with features. Both are eligible for inclusion on the NRHP under Criterion D for the potential contributions identified subsurface cultural resource components could make to our understanding of regional prehistory, including, but not limited to, chronology, subsistence and resource processing practices, and spatial patterning. The historic components at each site were noncontributing to each sites NRHP eligibility and do not require further investigation under an HPTP. Each sites documented surface prehistoric component includes lithic tools, debitage, and HAR scatters. Therefore, the following HPTP methodology is applicable to both sites.

3.1 Geophysical Subcontractor and Professional Laboratory Services Tetra Tech will be partnering with Cannon Heritage Consultants to complete the geophysical remote sensing summarized in Section 3.2.1.1 and utilize their flotation laboratory services for processing feature fill summarized in Section 5.4.4. Tetra Tech will also be using the available laboratory services for radiocarbon dating provided by Beta Analytic as summarized in Section 5.4.5 and protein residue analysis provided by PaleoResearch Institute as summarized in Section 5.4.6.

Cannon Heritage Consultants - A Utah-based cultural resource consultant with decades of experience working across the western United States. Principal Investigator Kenneth P. Cannon, PhD, RPA has over 25 years of experience in cultural resource management. George Crothers, PhD, RPA works for Cannon Heritage Consultants as a lead geophysicist and is former associate professor at the University of Kentucky focused on applying geophysical analysis in archaeology.

The company offers geophysical prospecting using several instruments including, but not limited, to: Magnetometer surveys have been profitable for locating cultural anomalies that are of interest to archaeologists in both historic and prehistoric contexts. A resistivity meter is also used in conjunction with a magnetometer to provide a second line of evidence of likely cultural anomalies below the ground surface. Finally, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is used to provide a time series and greater depth to subsurface visibility. The GPR survey provides a reading of disturbances in the soils that are not always depicted with magnetometer or resistivity analysis.

These lines of assay provide a unique management tool to our clients that can facilitate and guide testing procedures to areas likely to contain archaeological resources.

Beta Analytic - A Florida-based radiocarbon dating laboratory providing services to the fields of archaeology and late quaternary geology since 1979. The labs commitment to meet the scientific communitys demand for fast yet accurate carbon dating analysis led to immediate success. Beta Analytic was founded by Murry Tamers, Ph.D., D.Sc. and Jerry Stipp, Ph.D. They have both been instrumental in the development of radiocarbon dating methodology since 1959 and have published more than 100 papers. Dr. Tamers was a director for university radiocarbon dating labs for twenty years before he commercialized radiocarbon dating analysis as Beta Analytic chairman and lab director.

PaleoResearch Institute - The Colorado-based PaleoResearch Institute was formed by Linda Scott Cummings, PhD. to conduct archaeobotanic research in a contract setting, leading the industry in innovation, analysis, and interpretation of the past. Their goals are to maintain excellence in extraction, identification, and analysis of the materials they work with, to promote excellence in the interpretation of those materials and in reports, and to promote development TP-LIC-LET-0395 SUBJECT TO DOE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. DE-NE0009054 Copyright © 2025 TerraPower, LLC. All Rights Reserved

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 19 and use of state-of-the-art techniques for the analysis and interpretation of archaeobotanic records. Work conducted in a contract setting is particularly subject to time and budget constraints, so the above must be accomplished in a timely manner.

3.2 Definition of the Identified Subsurface Cultural Resource Component(s)

Tetra Tech will utilize a combination of geophysical remote sensing and ATPs within each site boundary to fully define the horizontal and vertical extent of the subsurface cultural resource components already identified at each site. Fully defining the subsurface cultural resource components at each site will establish the contributing/non-contributing portions of each site. The results can be used to define what, if any, effect the Project will have on either site, direct project modifications to avoid defined contributing areas so the project has no adverse effect to one or both sites, and/or direct data recovery efforts to mitigate an adverse effect should the project need to remove contributing portions of either site.

3.2.1.1 Geophysical Remote Sensing Geophysical remote sensing in archaeology has a long tradition (for reviews see Clark 2000; Conyers and Goodman 1997; Weymouth and Huggins 1985), but its application remained largely with European researchers. In his seminal article, Kvamme (2003) brought the American archaeological community's attention to the power and potential for geophysical application to the archaeology of North America. Its application in North American archaeology has been steadily on the rise ever since. Today, its application extends beyond academic research and is now routine in many cultural resource management contexts (e.g., Ernenwein and Hargrave 2009).

Geophysical prospection provides two benefits to the archaeological community in the form of efficient and non-destructive survey. Geophysical surveys have the potential to provide detailed subsurface mapping over a large area. The surveys are often quite detailed and can provide non-destructive imagery of subsurface archaeological deposits unachievable through traditional archaeological methods. These qualities of geophysical survey, namely efficient survey and detailed non-destructive subsurface description, provide an intuitive utility of archaeo-geophysics for cultural resource management.

Based on the soils in the survey area, the type of features that may be encountered, and the size of the area to be surveyed, Tetra Tech in a collaboration with Cannon Heritage Consultants, will use a combination of magnetometry and ground-penetrating radar as two complementary techniques most suitable for the project. Magnetometry is a passive technique particularly useful for sensing thermoremanent signatures such as those produced by kilns, bricks, hearths, and fired areas, and more subtle features composed of magnetically enriched iron oxides that form in topsoil. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) utilizes radar waves to measure the differential reflective properties of subsurface soil strata or buried features. Electromagnetic pulses are transmitted from an antenna, propagate through the ground, and reflect off buried discontinuities such as stratigraphic changes, rocks, foundations, graves, and pits.

To help define the horizontal and vertical extent of identified subsurface cultural components at each site, magnetometry will be used first over the aeolian deposits and at least a 5 m area surrounded each aeolian deposit. The areas will be denuded of vegetation by hand using standard landscaping clippers, saws, and non-mechanical weed whackers prior to the geophysical surveys.

Based on the magnetometry results, additional areas may be subjected to further denuding and magnetometry as determined by on-site investigators. Afterward, smaller portions of the areas subjected to magnetometry will be subject to GPR. The GPR will be used to further define cultural TP-LIC-LET-0395 SUBJECT TO DOE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. DE-NE0009054 Copyright © 2025 TerraPower, LLC. All Rights Reserved

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 23 Thompson 1997; Larson 1997). The Wyoming Basin appears to have been continuously occupied by seasonally mobile groups practicing a broad-based subsistence adaptation utilizing various forms of subsurface basin features of varying size and shape for resource processing and storage. While archaeologists have focused on mass kill sites and their contribution to group subsistence and culture across the region, excavation of residential sites starting in the Early Archaic show daily animal protein consumption appears to be mostly rabbit, both jackrabbits and cottontails. However, evidence of mass rabbit drives like those documented archaeologically and ethnographically in the Great Basin has not been discovered in the Wyoming Basin to date.

The McKean technocomplex is roughly contemporaneous with the Pine Spring Phase of the Wyoming Basin (Kornfeld et al. 2010, 114-122; Metcalf 1987, 244-246). The technocomplex comprises the McKean Lanceolate, Duncan, Hanna, and Mallory projectile point types, which tend to co-occur over the span of the complex, but with a gradual shift in prominence over time from the early dominance of the McKean Lanceolate to the later dominance of the Duncan, Hanna, and Mallory varieties. The McKean technocomplex is widespread across the northwestern plains and was characterized by proficient bison hunting and extensive use of plant foods. Grinding stones (manos and grinding slabs) that appeared in terminal Paleoindian and increased during Early Plains times become even more common during the Middle Plains Archaic (Kornfeld et al. 2010, 114). The increase in grinding stones and appearance of bell-shaped pits as the period progresses has been argued to show a focus on starchy root-based geophyte exploitation such as biscuitroot (Joyce et al. 2022). The primary different between the Middle and Late Plains Archaic in Wyoming is the disappearance of the McKean technocomplex and the appearance various large side notched projectile points such as Pelican Lake (Kornfeld et al. 2010, 122).

Subsistence evidence from Late Archaic sites continues to reflect bison centered procurement on the Great Plains portions of Wyoming while the foothills, mountains, and basins reflect broad-based subsistence practices. In southwestern Wyoming, including the Wyoming Basin, large corner notched points are typically associated with Elko Series projectile points. The type was originally developed for Late Archaic-aged large corner notched projectile points found in the Great Basin; however, since then it has become a frequently used catch all type for Late Archaic corner notched points of similar point morphologies west of the Continental Divide. Perishable artifact finds in dry caves in Wyoming have suggested cultural connections to the Great Basin culture area during the Late Archaic; however, the evidence remains too small to clearly draw connections ((Kornfeld et al. 2010, 129) 3.3.1.2 Late Prehistoric Period Continuities in subsistence and settlement pattern exist between the Plains Archaic and the Late Prehistoric period in Wyoming prehistory, but there are also some important differences (Kornfeld et al. 2010, 129-135; Metcalf 1987, 247-250; Thompson and Pastor 1995, 54-55). The transition from the former period to the latter is marked by a reduction in projectile point sizes, thought to signify the widespread adoption of the bow and arrow as the primary hunting weapon. Another development is the introduction of pottery, which is represented by various traditions including ones with affiliations to the Missouri River Basin, the Great Basin, the Colorado Plateau, and even, occasionally, sherds of pottery originating in the American Southwest. Most striking, however, is an apparent jump in the number of dated components: toward the end of the Late Plains Archaic the number of radiocarbon dates begins to increase rapidly, reaching a peak in the Late Prehistoric period at about 1200 to 1000 years BP and then falling off rapidly (Kornfeld et al.

2010, 130). This dramatic rise and fall in the number of radiocarbon dates is widely interpreted as indicating a much more extensive presence of human groups in the basins of Wyoming, suggesting several centuries of particularly favorable conditions in the region. In the Wyoming TP-LIC-LET-0395 SUBJECT TO DOE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. DE-NE0009054 Copyright © 2025 TerraPower, LLC. All Rights Reserved

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 24 Basin, the Uinta Phase corresponds to the spike in radiocarbon dates seen throughout the state, while the Firehole Phase marks the final episode of prehistory in the region, ending around 1500 to 1700 AD with the Protohistoric period and the beginnings of European influences across the indigenous cultures of North America (Thompson and Pastor 1995, 54-62). In the Wyoming Basin the increase in radiocarbon dates during this time roughly corresponds to the similar appearance and proliferation with the Fremont cultural complex of the Colorado Plateau and Wasatch Front.

There is no evidence of agriculture in the Wyoming Basin during the Late Prehistoric period (Metcalf 1987, 247). Environmental research has shown only small areas near the present-day Flaming Gorge Reservoir were climatically suitable for cultivation of the common domesticates associated with groups such as the Fremont. Material evidence of logistical resource procurement by Fremont groups or heavily influenced groups appears throughout southwest Wyoming. During the Firehole Phase earlier and better made pottery types are less frequently found and Intermountain Ware, a type also referred to as Shoshonean, becomes dominant (Metcalf 1987, 249). The causes and nature of the material change between the Uinta Phase and Firehole Phase is still unknown. Groups of Numic language speakers migrating out of the Mojave Desert into the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains appear to have entered the region; however, how existing groups in the region interacted with them is still unknown.

3.3.2 Relating the Sites to the HPTP Cultural Chronology Site 48LN740 is reported to have yielded temporally diagnostic material dating the Early Archaic (beginning 6000 BC) through the Late Prehistoric (ending AD 1700). Site 48LN8940 had one documented projectile point that could be associated with a known temporal type dating from AD 1 to 500 spanning the latter Late Archaic and early Late Prehistoric Periods. Both documented surface components appear to reflect behaviors associated with at least prehistoric subsistence and resource processing practices.

Early Archaic sites are comparatively rare compared to other Archaic ages sites across the Wyoming Basin. The time period has been characterized as one where the basins of Wyoming, such as the Wyoming Basin, were abandoned due to adverse climate conditions of long-term continuous drought cause by the Altithermal. Early Archaic evidence collected across the basins in the last few decades have called into question the Altithermal abandonment theories. Site 48LN740 has a potential to add important information to the database of Early Archaic sites within Wyoming Basin.

Excavated Late Archaic sites in the Wyoming Basin reflect a continuity in subsistence and settlement patterns between the earlier Archaic periods and the Late Prehistoric period. The primary marker used to divide the Late Archaic from the Late Prehistoric is the appearance of smaller projectile points associated with the emergence of the bow and arrow. Site 48LN740 had several large corner notched projectile points associated with a Late Archaic aged type. The site has a potential to contribute to the understanding of Late Archaic prior to the introduction of the bow and arrow.

Late Prehistoric aged sites are the most encountered site across the Wyoming Basin. Both the number of temporally diagnostic artifacts and radiocarbon dates rise significantly during this period, which has been attributed to both a significant population increase and intensified utilization of the region. Site 48LN740 has several projectile points that are associated with Late Prehistoric Rosegate type common for the Wyoming Basin and the Great Basin and Plateau cultural areas to the west. The projectile point recovered from site 48LN8940 is associated with the Besant temporal type that crosses the Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric Periods. The point type is comparatively rare compared to Rosegate types in the Wyoming Basin but commonly TP-LIC-LET-0395 SUBJECT TO DOE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. DE-NE0009054 Copyright © 2025 TerraPower, LLC. All Rights Reserved

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 25 found in the Great Plains portions of Wyoming to the north and east. The two sites have a potential to contribute to our understanding of the Late Prehistoric period.

3.3.3 Data Recovery Specific Research Questions 3.3.3.1 Cultural Chronology The HPTP methodology will include refining the temporal ranges for the documented prehistoric components at each site. Currently, the documented surface scatters at the sites appear to reflect similar behavior practices with temporal diagnostics covering a broad swath of time. Tetra Tech will collect C-14 samples from any datable cultural features or other datable cultural material encountered during data recovery field work (see Section 6.0). At least four samples will be submitted for processing upon completion of field work. If a significant number of datable features and/or material are encountered, a representative sample may be dated with remaining collected samples submitted for curation if the landowner for the site choses to curate collected material.

The radiocarbon results will be analyzed along with the collected stratigraphic data and documented temporally diagnostic artifacts to refine as much as possible the cultural chronology of each site. The complied information will be used to try and answer such questions as the number and frequency of site occupation.

3.3.3.2 Subsistence Practices The study of subsistence practices in prehistoric human populations has focused on the observable changes through time. The research has particularly focused on suspected prehistoric hunter-gatherer populations due to the assumption that such populations are more sensitive to shifts in the subsistence resource base. Research has shown that temporal environmental shifts change the availability, location, and density of food resources across the landscape. Prehistoric hunter-gatherer groups are theorized to have modified their adaptions and cultural practices is response to such changes (Kelly 1995). In the Wyoming Basin, significant amounts of archaeological research have centered on the material evidence for hunter-gatherer subsistence practices (see Kornfeld et al. 2010, Francis and Larson 1996).

Site specific research into subsistence practices center on analyzing physical evidence to determine prehistoric methods of procurement, processing, consumption, and storage of one or more identified food resources. Thermal features, such as hearths, can yield significant subsistence practice data and will be focused on during data recovery. Feature field recovery and laboratory methods will collect information that can contribute understanding to such things as function and duration. Zooarchaeology method and theory has made significant contributions to the study of prehistoric subsistence practices throughout the Wyoming Basin. By studying the animal bone recovered within and around hearth features questions can be answered regarding resource exploitation, processing, and consumption.

3.3.3.3 Intra-Site Spatial Organization How prehistoric groups organized their space can be as informative as the cultural material encountered in a specific area (Kroll and Price 1991). Such organization can provide evidence to cultural constructs that, in themselves, leave no direct material signature. Ethnographic and archaeological hunter-gatherer studies have provided insight into group makeup, organization, and division of labor. Collection of such data has been standard practice in Wyoming; however, the spatial data has been limited by how much of the subsurface cultural components is exposed.

Ethnographic research suggests a typical archaeological investigation only uncovers approximately a third of the utilized living space at even short-term hunter-gatherer campsites TP-LIC-LET-0395 SUBJECT TO DOE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. DE-NE0009054 Copyright © 2025 TerraPower, LLC. All Rights Reserved

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 26 (OConnell et al. 1991). For the investigation of encountered subsurface cultural components found at each site, the methodology will attempt to collect a broader spatial data set than is typical to try and answer questions regarding hunter-gatherer intra-site spatial organization.

4.0 BACKGROUND

RESEARCH Tetra Tech will continue background research throughout the HPTPs data recovery execution as necessary based on the adverse effects being mitigated. The research will focus on regional specific research and the broader professional body of knowledge that could support field work and interpretations of the recovered data in relation to the HPTP research questions. The published information and gray literature will be searched and reviewed as available.

5.0 DATA RECOVERY METHODOLOGY The following data recovery methodology will be applied as needed to mitigate the determined adverse effects to one or both sites. An adverse effect in this case is defined as the removal of a portion of either site that contributes to the sites eligibility for inclusion on the NRHP under criterion D. Contributing portions will retain aspects that further study could contribute information regarding prehistory, which for the HPTP has been defined as the subsurface cultural resource components at each site. Data recovery work will conform to standard archaeological excavation practice (e.g. Renfew and Bahn 1991) to yield information to support of the HPTP research design. The specific application of the methodology will be at the Principal Investigators (PI) discretion based on the results from work outlined in Section 3.1 and the determined extent of the adverse impact being mitigated.

The following methods will be applicable to both sites. Documentation of on-site work will utilize Tetra Techs cultural resource electronic and paper-based recordation forms. Form types include, but are not limited to, photographic logs, artifact catalogs, excavation unit, feature excavation, and daily progress tracking forms. The PI will be responsible for reviewing all forms and data collected in the field on a nightly basis to ensure the data is correct as well as stored and filed properly.

Tetra Tech will establish an electronic 1 by 1 m grid with a primary datum over the site using the Trimble GEOXM and supported submeter receiver. Placement of the grid will be informed by the results of the 2022 ATP testing, geophysical remote sensing, and additional ATP testing. The grid will also be used for artifact point provenience, feature mapping, and overall site mapping. UTM coordinates will be recorded in NAD83, Zone 12 North. Photographs will be taken using a digital camera with at least a 16 megapixel resolution. Site overview photograph positions will be GPS point located. Project photologs will be maintained and record the date, camera, exposure number, subject, orientation, and GPS derived UTM coordinates for overview photographs.

All surface artifacts that fall within the established electronic grid over each site will be point provenienced and collected in plastic bags with labels detailing the bags content, catalog number, provenience information, name of collector, and date of collection. Collected artifacts will be transported to Tetra Techs Salt Lake Office laboratory for cleaning and analysis (see Section 5.4). Collection process for surface artifacts will also be applied to subsurface artifacts. Artifacts recovered from screened matrix during excavation will be collected per general class with appropriate provenience information for sorting and analysis in a laboratory setting.

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 27 All 1 by 1 m excavations will be correlated to the overall electronic site grid and completed using manual excavation techniques. A qualified archaeological technician will hand excavate using a flat bladed shovel and trowel as necessary. The unit(s) will be excavated in 10 cm arbitrary levels within natural stratigraphy. All removed sediment will be screened through 1/4 inch wire mesh and all artifacts collected from the screen. The back dirt pile will be established in areas already disturbed and/or determined to be culturally sterile. The back dirt will be returned to all completed 1 by 1 m units at the end of data recovery work. Each 1 by 1 m unit will be excavated below ground surface until either two 10-cm culturally sterile levels are encountered or the PI determines further excavation is unwarranted.

5.1.1.2 Feature Excavation Each discovered subsurface feature will be excavated using standard excavation methods. The entire horizontal extent of feature will be exposed. The exposed feature will be mapped, photographed, and a feature form will be started. Once initial documentation is completed, the feature will be excavated by quarters within 10 cm arbitrary levels in natural/cultural stratigraphy.

Profile maps will be completed after each quartering. Bulk feature fill samples will be collected for the entire feature for laboratory processing and analysis. C-14 samples will be collected from each feature per standard collection practices.

5.2 Communication Throughout During Field Work During field work, Tetra Techs on-site PI will provide regular updates regarding work progress to TerraPower, Bechtel, and Tetra Techs PM. The progress reports will be in email form with updates on investigation progress, completed tasks, and summary of the findings since last communication. Communication with consulting parties, tribal entities, and agency points of contact will be handled as outlined in a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed prior to the commencement of work.

5.3 Incidental Discovery: Human Remains and Funerary Objects The incidental discovery of human remains and/or funerary objects will be handled in accordance the State of Wyomings Protocol for Consultation, Repatriation, and Reinterment of Human Remains from State and Private Lands in Wyoming. Though not anticipated, if human remains and/or funerary objects are encountered all work within a 30 m (100 ft) radius of the discovery will be halted. After the discovery is secured and work halted, the discoverer will immediately notify the appropriate NRC, TerraPower, Bechtl, and Tetra Tech representatives that will be outlined in the MOA. The designated on-site ES&H Lead at the time of the discovery will then immediately notify the Lincoln County Sheriffs Office ((307) 877-3971).

The Sheriffs office will determine whether the discovery is forensic in nature. Law enforcement will determine, in consultation with the coroner, state Archaeologist, a physical anthropologist, or other professional familiar with human skeletal anatomy if the remains are definitively human.

Forensic findings will be handled under the direction of the Sheriffs office and Coroner. If the find is determined by law enforcement to be non-forensic, then the coroner will notify the State Archaeologist. The State Archaeologist will be responsible for assessing the remains to determine A) appropriate documentation, B) cultural affiliation, and C) possible recovery means. The State Archaeologist would contact appropriate Tribal entities if the remains are determined to be of Native American cultural affiliation. Non-tribal affiliated remains will be handled as outlined in Section 7 of State of Wyomings Protocol for Consultation, Repatriation, and Reinterment of Human Remains from State and Private Lands in Wyoming. Tribally affiliated remains will be TP-LIC-LET-0395 SUBJECT TO DOE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT NO. DE-NE0009054 Copyright © 2025 TerraPower, LLC. All Rights Reserved

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 28 handled as outlined in Section 8 of State of Wyomings Protocol for Consultation, Repatriation, and Reinterment of Human Remains from State and Private Lands in Wyoming.

5.4 Laboratory Analysis Tetra Techs Salt Lake Office maintains a climate controlled archaeological laboratory for the processing and analysis of recovered cultural material from data recovery operations. Bulk feature sample processing will be stored and processed by Cannon Heritage Consultants as appropriate at its offsite laboratory facilities. All artifacts within the grid on the surface and encountered during excavation will be collected for laboratory analysis except unmodified HAR as described in Section 5.4.1 below.

5.4.1 Artifact Processing and Analysis The collected cultural material is expected to be predominately stone tools, lithic debitage, and faunal remains. The potential exists for the recovery of groundstone artifacts, bone tools, and non-utilitarian artifacts. The potential for prehistoric ceramics and non-bone organic material (e.g.

cordage or basketry) is considered low for sites in the Wyoming Basin. In-field recovery will collect artifacts by material type/class (if recovered from screen) or specific point provenience (if found in context). What will not be collected is HAR. Encountered HAR will be documented in the field based on physical characteristics (e.g. cracked, reddened, size class), sorted by size class, and weighted in bulk by class. Research into HAR has shown type of analysis such as this are effective in determining a features possible functions throughout its use life (Blackhouse and Johnson 2007, Dering 1999, Pagoulatos 1992, Stiger 2001, Thoms 2009, and Troyer 2014).

Further analysis of collected artifacts will occur in a laboratory setting. Prior to specific artifact analysis, artifacts will be appropriately prepared (ie. washing, labeling, etc. as appropriate) and further subdivided from material classifications into initial functional classifications (e.g. biface, mano, etc.). Individual artifact class analysis will include, but not be limited to, material, form, modification (if any), and method of manufacture. Reference guides, regional research, and other informational sources will be used to assist in the analysis. Analysis related to other artifacts classes (e.g. stone tools, groundstone, and/or ceramics) will be standard observation/description analysis specific to the class. All artifact analysis will be tracked electronically in our artifact catalog database(s) and paper backup.

5.4.2 Stone Tool and Debitage Analysis Stone tools analysis will conform to methodologies that focus on the analysis of each artifact and its characteristic (e.g. Odell 2004). Each tool will be grouped by overall class prior to analyzing specific characteristics. Additional analysis like Protein Residue Analysis (see Section 5.4.6) may be applied to a sample of stone tools. The information will be collected in a database format to allow for assemblage level analysis in support of the HPTP research questions.

Debitage analysis will conform to current methodologies that focus on the analysis of each flake and its characteristics (e.g. Odell 2004). If the recovered debitage is significantly numerous to render such individual flake analysis impractical, mass aggregate analysis methods will be applied to the debitage. The information will be collected in a database format to allow for assemblage level analysis in support of the HPTP research questions.

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 29 Faunal bone will be analyzed per standard zooarchaeological analysis practice (e.g. Reitz and Wing 1999). The analysis can provide information on subsistence practices, processing, seasonality, and even potentially social organization based on element selection. Recovered specimens will be categorized from general to specific as artifact completeness allows. Each fragment will be categorized, as possible, by species, age, side, and element. Bones will be dry brushing for examination of potential evidence of processing including cut marks and any other cultural modifications. Depending on the size and nature of the bone assemblage, further analysis, like Minimum Number of Identified Specimens and, if possible further analysis including Minimum Number of Individuals, will be employed to analyze the assemblage to examine consumption patterns across the sites and through time.

5.4.4 Feature Fill Flotation Tetra Tech, in partnership with Cannon Heritage Consultants, will subject recovered feature fill to flotation analysis to identify, collect, and analyze any organic (e.g. seeds or bone) or inorganic (e.g. micro-debitage) artifacts potentially present in collected feature fill. Laboratory based machine flotation can recovery artifacts not typically recoverable as a field recovery setting that will not have on site floatation facilities. The recovered material will be cataloged and analyzed as any recovered artifact. The data can contribute to questions of subsistence practice and intrasite and regional resource utilization.

5.4.5 Radiometric Sample Processing At least four collected radiometric dating samples will be submitted to Beta Analytic for processing and reporting. Additional samples will be processed as appropriate to support the research design. If the landowner decides to curate the recovered cultural material, non-processed samples will be submitted along with the rest of the collected material for curation. The samples will be collected and submitted per the guidelines of the desired curation facility. Tetra Tech will work closely with the Beta Analytic to ensure timely processing and quality results. The dates will assist in placing the site into the regional cultural chronology and inform on potential changes or continuities of specific subsistence practices and landscape utilization patterns.

5.4.6 Protein Residue Analysis Lithic tools and/or groundstone recovered from subsurface contexts, ideally associated with radiometrically datable material and/or features, may be submitted (or a sample if assemblage is large) to PaleoResearch Institute for protein residue analysis. The analysis detects any animal and plant proteins on the artifacts. The data can contribute to questions of subsistence practice and regional resource utilization. PaleoResearch Institute will handle the processing and reporting on the submitted samples. Tetra Tech will work closely with the PaleoResearch Institute to ensure timely processing and quality results.

5.4.7 Post-Analysis Artifact Handling The site is located on privately held lands; therefore, any recovered cultural material, beyond human remains and funerary objects (see Section 5.3), is the property of the landowner.

Therefore, collected artifact curation is not required to conform to guidelines outlined in 36 CFR

§ 79 including curation of material at a federally recognized facility. The landowner from which the material was taken decides how the collected cultural material will be handled post-analysis.

If the landowner decides they want the material returned to them, once all field and laboratory work has been completed and NRC has been satisfied under the terms of the MOA, Tetra Tech will prepare and return all recovered cultural material in a method desired by the landowner.

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 30 Tetra Tech carries a curation agreement with the University of Wyoming Archaeological Repository (UWAR). If the landowner choses to curate the material at UWAR, once all field and laboratory work has been completed and NRC determined the adverse affect(s) have been mitigated and gives permission under the MOA, Tetra Tech will prepare and submit all recovered cultural material for curation to UWAR. The material will be prepared per current UWAR guidelines, and the costs of curation will be paid by the project.

6.0 REPORTING AND DISSEMINATION Reports will be completed for work completed either or both sites as part of the execution of the HPTP depending on overall project schedule. TerraPower and Bechtel are still working on designs for both the nuclear facilities and the electric transmission and water line ROWs. The finalized design of the nuclear facilities is expected to occur sooner than the design for the electric transmission and water line ROWs. The execution of the HPTP on site 48LN740 could occur sooner than 48LN8940; therefore, multiple preliminary and final date recovery reports may be needed to be completed for the project.

6.1.1 Preliminary Data Recovery Results Report Once on-site work has been completed at one or both sites, a preliminary mitigation report will be composed within 30 days for review and determination under their Section 106 authority if the field work portion of the HPTP has been satisfactorily completed under the MOA. The primary report will be a summary technical report reviewing all data recovery efforts, a summary of recovered data results, and preliminary analysis of recovered cultural material. NRC and SHPO will have 30 days to review and comment on the preliminary report. The purpose of the report will be to provide NRC and SHPO the basis for approving that the on-site mitigation efforts have been sufficiently completed and TerraPower can proceed with any on-site construction efforts at either site while post-field laboratory analysis and technical reporting, which can be a several month to year long process depending on the amount of recovered cultural material requiring analysis, is completed by Tetra Tech.

6.1.2 Data Recovery Technical Report A professional technical mitigation report will be produced that meets all NRC and SHPO standards and requirements. The report will be organized and scaled as appropriate to clearly present the information gathered in the field and resulting laboratory analysis. The general report outline will be the following:

x Overview of the Project x

Historic Context of the Site including Background Research Results x

Review of Research Design x

Mitigation Methodology x

Mitigation Results o Surface Component Documentation o On-Site Excavations o Artifact Review, Discussion, and Analysis x

Analysis of All Findings Compared to Research Design x

Conclusions and Discussion x

Appendices (as appropriate)

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 31 Additionally, an updated Wyoming site form will be completed within the WyoTrack Investigation developed for the HPTP for each site. The report will be produced for formal review and acceptance by NRC and SHPO. A draft version of the full report will be provided to the agencies for review and comment through WyoTrack. Upon receipt of comments, Tetra Tech will produce a final report and submit it in WyoTrack.

6.1.3 Professional Presentations and Information Dissemination Tetra Techs cultural resource staff have a professional obligation to disseminate the data recovery results among the cultural resource professional community. Tetra Tech may comply with this obligation via oral presentation(s) to the regional professional meetings such as the Rocky Mountain Anthropological Society Meetings and/or Wyoming Professional Archaeological Society. If the recovery data appears suitable, peer reviewed article(s) may be produced for publication in technical professional journals such as Plains Anthropologist. Appropriate sensitive cultural resource information will be redacted from any presentations. NRC, TerraPower, Bechtel, and SHPO will be dually acknowledged for their support and assistance toward the successful execution of all work.

Any public outreach will be developed as a collaboration between NRC, TerraPower, and Bechtel.

with 7.0

SUMMARY

Previously recorded cultural resource site 48LN740 and newly documented site 48LN8940 are located within the direct APE and macro-corridor respectively developed for the Natrium Demonstration Project near the existing Naughton Power Plant south of the community of Kemmerer in Lincoln County, Wyoming. Based on a Class III cultural resource inventory completed by Tetra Tech in 2022, the Project has a potential to adversely affected one or both sites (Karpinski 2025). The NRC requested a HPTP be developed to further investigate the elements of each site that contributes to its eligibility for inclusion on the NRHP; determine if the Project will adversely affect those elements at each site; and, if so, develop the methodology to mitigate the potential adverse effects caused by the Project.

Both site 48LN740 and 48LN8940 are largely similar multicomponent artifact scatters with features. Both are eligible for inclusion on the NRHP under Criterion D for the potential contributions identified subsurface cultural resource components could make to our understanding of regional prehistory, including, but not limited to, chronology, subsistence and resource processing practices, and spatial patterning. The HPTP methodology is applicable to both sites and can be applied as needed based on the material encountered during investigations.

If the defined contributing elements of the site can be avoided by the Project, no further work beyond appropriate NRC and/or SHPO required avoidance measures will be required. If the Project is determined to have an adverse effect on one or both sites, the data recovery methodology can be applied to one or both.

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 32

8.0 REFERENCES

Backhouse, Paul N. and Eileene Johnson 2007 Hearth Life: An Experimental Examination of Site-Formation Processes Acting Upon Upland Hunter-Gatherer Camp Site Assemblages on the Southern High Plains. Plains Anthropologist 52(202): 175-194.

Birr, Mallok, and Latady 1982 Site 48LN740 Office of the Wyoming State Archeologist Form. Copies available to authorized personnel through secured access to the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office WyoTrack database (https://shpo.uwyo.edu/).

Black, Kevin D.

1991 Archaic Continuity in the Colorado Rockies: The Mountain Tradition. Plains Anthropologist 36:1-29.

Clark, Anthony 2001 Seeing Beneath the Soil: Prospecting Methods in Archaeology. Routledge, Oxon.

Conyers, L.B. and D. Goodman 1997 Ground Penetrating Radar - An Introduction for Archaeologists. Altamira, London.

Currit, R. L.

2024 Re: WL32304, Kemmerer/US 189, Wildlife Crossings, Uinta and Lincoln Counties (DBI_WY_2023_586, DBU_WY_2024_54). Letter of January 31 from Richard L. Currit, Senior Archaeologist, Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office, to Stephanie Lowe, Cultural Resources Specialist, Wyoming Department of Transportation. On file at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office, Cheyenne.

2025 Re: TerraPower Natrium Reactor Project - Kemmerer Unit 1 Preconstruction Activities (DBI_WY_2024_515, DBU_WY_2024_1128). Letter of January 28 from Richard L. Currit, Senior Archaeologist, Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office, to Amy B. Shanahan, Cultural Resources Specialist, Department of Energy. On file at the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office, Cheyenne.

Creasman Steven D. and Kevin W. Thompson 1997 Archaic Settlement and Subsistence in the Green River Basin of Wyoming. In Changing Perspectives of the Archaic on the Northwestern Plains and Rocky Mountains, edited by Mary Lou Larson and Julie E. Francis. pp 243-304. The University of South Dakota Press, Vermillion, South Dakota.

Dering, Phil 1999 Earth-Oven Processing in Archaic Period Economies: An Example for a Semi-Arid Savannah in South-Central North America. American Antiquity 64(4): 659-674.

Ernenwein, Eileen G. and Michael L. Hargrave 2009 Archaeological Geophysics for DoD Field Use: A Guide for New and Novice Users.

ESTCP Project SI-0611. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program.

Francis, Julie and Mary Lou Larson 1996 Changing Perspectives of the Archaic on the Northwest Plains and Rocky Mountains.

University of South Dakota Press, Rapid City, South Dakota.

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 33 2020 Paleoindian Archaeology in Wyoming. National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form.

Electronic

document, via https://wyoshpo.wyo.gov/index.php/programs/planning-historic-contexts

[>Prehistoric Period Multiple Property Documents], accessed February 21, 2023.

Harding, William 1994 Site 48LN2336 IMACS Site Form. Copies available to authorized personnel through secured access to the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office WyoTrack database (https://shpo.uwyo.edu/).

Holmer, Richard N.

1986 Common Projectile Points of the Intermountain West. In Anthropology of the Desert West, Essays in Honor of Jesse D. Jennings, edited by Carol J. Condie and Don D. Fowler, pp.89-115. Anthropological Papers No. 110. University of Utah, Salt Lake City.

Joyce, Kaley, Lisbeth A. Louderback, and Erick Robinson 2022 Direct Evidence for Geophyte Exploitation in the Wyoming Basin. American Antiquity 87(2), pp 236-247.

Justice, Noel D.

2002 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of California and the Great Basin. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis.

Karpinski, Mark 2025 A Class III Cultural Resource Inventory for TerraPower, LLCs Natrium Demonstration Project, Lincoln County, Wyoming. Prepared for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

Copies available upon request.

Kelly, Robert L.

1995 The Foraging Spectrum. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

Kornfeld, Marcel, George C. Frison, and Mary Lou Larson (editors) 2009 Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers of the High Plains and Rocky Mountains. Routledge, New York.

Kroll, Ellen M. and T. Douglas Price 1991 The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning, Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, Michael Jochim, series editor. Plenum Press. New York, New York.

Kvamme, Kenneth L.

2003 Geophysical Survey as Landscape Archaeology. American Antiquity 63(3):435-457.

Larson, Mary Lou 1997 Rethinking the Early Plains Archaic. In Changing Perspectives of the Archaic on the Northwest Plains and Rocky Mountains. Mary Lou Larson and Julie E. Francis (editors).

pp 106-137. The University of South Dakota Press, Vermillion, South Dakota.

McNees, Lance 1994 Site 48LN740 IMACS Site Form. Copies available to authorized personnel through secured access to the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office WyoTrack database (https://shpo.uwyo.edu/).

Metcalf, Michael D.

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 34 1987 Contributions to the Prehistoric Chronology of the Wyoming Basin. In Perspectives on Archaeological Resources Management in the Great Plains, editied by Alan J. Osborn and Robert C. Hassler, pp. 233-261. I & O Publishing Company, Omaha.

Merritt, Christopher W.

2014 Historic Artifact Guide. State of Utah, Utah Division of State History. Copies available through the Utah State Historic Preservation Office. Salt Lake City, Utah.

Moe, Jeanne M., editor 1984 Archaeological Investigations of the Kemmerer-South Highway, Wyoming Project SCPF-011-2(3), Lincoln County, Wyoming. Prepared for the Wyoming Highway Department, Cheyenne, by the Office of the Wyoming State Archaeologist, Laramie. Accessible via WyoTrack, DBI_WY_1999_7130.

OConnell, James F., Kristen Hawkes, and Nicholas Blurton James 1991 Distribution of Refuse-Producing Activities at Hadza Residential Base Camps:

Implications for Analyses of Archaeological Site Structure. In The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning, edited by Ellen M. Kroll and T. Douglas Price. pp 61-

76. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology, Michael Jochim, series editor. Plenum Press. New York, New York.

Odell, George H.

2004 Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory, and Technique: Lithic Analysis. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, New York.

Page, Michael K., and Erin Kelley 2024 Results of a Class III Cultural Resource Inventory: US Highway 189, Wildlife Crossings, Uinta and Lincoln Counties, Wyoming. Prepared for the Wyoming Department of Transportation, Cheyenne, by the Office of the Wyoming State Archaeologist, Laramie.

Copies available to authorized personnel through secured access to the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office WyoTrack database, DBI_WY_2023_586 (https://shpo.uwyo.edu/).

Pagoulatos, P.

1992 The Re-Use of Thermally Altered Stone. North American Archaeologist 13: 115-129.

Reiss, David 1991 Site 48LN2335 IMACS Site Form. Copies available to authorized personnel through secured access to the Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office WyoTrack database (https://shpo.uwyo.edu/).

Reitz, Elizabeth J. and Elizabeth S. Wing 1999 Zooarchaeology. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Don Brothwell Series Editor, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Renfrew, Colin and Paul Bahn 1991 Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice. 3rd Edition, Thames and Hudson, London.

Stiger, Mark 2001 Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology of the Colorado High Country. University Press of Colo/rado. Salt Lake City, Utah.

Thoms, A.V.

2009 Rocks of ages: propagation of hot-rock cookery in western North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(3): 573-591.

Historic Properties Treatment Plan for 48LN740 and 48LN8940 Natrium Demonstration Project Tetra Tech January 2025 35 Thompson, Kevin W., and Jana V. Pastor 1995 People of the Sage: 10,000 years of Occupation in Southwest Wyoming. Cultural Resource Management Report No. 67. Archaeological Services Western Wyoming Community College, Rock Springs, WY.

Troyer, Michael D.

2014 Cooking with Rock: An Investigation of Prehistoric Hearth Morphology In Northern Colorado. Masters Of Arts Thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Waitkus, Brian R. and David G. Eckles 1997 Semi-subterranean Pithouse Structures in Wyoming. In Changing Perspectives of the Archaic on the Northwest Plains and Rocky Mountains. Mary Lou Larson and Julie E.

Francis (editors). pp 306-333. The University of South Dakota Press, Vermillion, South Dakota.

Weymouth, John W and R.J. Huggins 1985 Geophysical Surveying of Archaeological Sites. Yale University Press, New Haven.

Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) 2012 Resource Definitions and Recording Guidelines. Electronic copy available online at:

Resource Definitions and Recording Guidelines.pdf (google.com).

2022a Classes of Inventory in Wyoming.

Electronic copy available online at https://wyoshpo.wyo.gov/index.php/programs/review-and-consultation-s106/guidelines-standards-and-legislation/classes-of-inventory-in-wyoming.

2022b Photographic, Archival, and Digital Submission Standards for Reports and Cultural Property Forms.

Electronic copy available online at https://wyoshpo.wyo.gov/index.php/programs/review-and-consultation-s106/guidelines-standards-and-legislation/classes-of-inventory-in-wyoming.

ML25043A426

Contents

Text

Subject:

Enclosures:

Title:

1.0 INTRODUCTION

4.0 BACKGROUND

SUMMARY

8.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

4.0 BACKGROUND

SUMMARY

8.0 REFERENCES

Navigation menu

ML25043A426

Text

Subject:

Enclosures:

Title:

1.0 INTRODUCTION

4.0 BACKGROUND

SUMMARY

8.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

4.0 BACKGROUND

SUMMARY

8.0 REFERENCES

Navigation menu

Search