ML24284A175

NRC-002D - Kairos Power LLC, Construction Permit Application - Environmental Report, Rev. 0 (July 14, 2023)

ML24284A175
Person / Time
Site:	Hermes  File:Kairos Power icon.png
Issue date:	07/14/2024
From:	NRC/OGC
To:	NRC/SECY
SECY RAS
References
RAS 57144, 50-611-CP, 50-612-CP
Download: ML24284A175 (0)

Text

1 Environmental Report (Non-Proprietary)

NRC Staff Exhibit NRC-002D

© 2023 Kairos Power LLC Hermes 2 Non-Power Reactor Environmental Report H2-ER-000001 Revision 0 July 2023

EnvironmentalReport

MasterTableofContents

KairosPowerHermes2,Units1and2 i

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MasterTableofContents

Section Title Page

CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

OFTHEENVIRONMENTALREPORT.......................................................11 1.2 SITEHISTORY....................................................................................................................11 1.3 PURPOSEANDNEEDFORTHEPROPOSEDACTION.........................................................12 1.4 REGULATORYPROVISIONS,PERMITS,ANDREQUIREDCONSULTATIONS.......................12

1.5 REFERENCES

.....................................................................................................................12

CHAPTER2 PROPOSEDACTION

2.1 PROPOSEDACTION..........................................................................................................21 2.1.1 References.......................................................................................................................22 2.2 SITELOCATIONANDLAYOUT...........................................................................................24 2.2.1 ProjectSiteLocation........................................................................................................24 2.2.2 SiteLayout.......................................................................................................................24 2.2.3 Chemical,DieselFuel,andHazardousandRadioactiveMaterialReceipt,Holding, StorageAreas...................................................................................................................24 2.2.4 References.......................................................................................................................24 2.3 NONPOWERREACTOR....................................................................................................27 2.3.1 References.......................................................................................................................27 2.4 WATERCONSUMPTIONANDTREATMENT....................................................................210 2.4.1 References.....................................................................................................................210 2.5 COOLINGANDHEATREMOVALSYSTEMS.....................................................................212 2.5.1 References.....................................................................................................................212 2.6 WASTESYSTEMS............................................................................................................213 2.6.1 References.....................................................................................................................213 2.7 STORAGE,TREATMENT,ANDTRANSPORTATIONOFRADIOACTIVEAND NONRADIOACTIVEMATERIALS......................................................................................215 2.7.1 NewandIrradiatedFuel................................................................................................215 2.7.2 LowlevelRadioactiveWaste.........................................................................................215 2.7.3 NonradioactiveMaterials..............................................................................................215 2.7.4 References.....................................................................................................................216

CHAPTER3 DESCRIPTIONOFTHEAFFECTEDENVIRONMENT

3.1 REGIONALCLIMATOLOGY................................................................................................31 3.1.1 References.......................................................................................................................32 3.2 WATERRESOURCES.........................................................................................................34 3.2.1 Hydrology.........................................................................................................................34 3.2.2 FacilityWaterUse............................................................................................................34

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3.2.3 References.......................................................................................................................34 3.3 SOCIOECONOMICS...........................................................................................................36 3.3.1 Demography....................................................................................................................36 3.3.2 CommunityCharacteristics..............................................................................................37 3.3.3 References.......................................................................................................................39 3.4 ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE.............................................................................................318 3.4.1 Methodology..................................................................................................................318 3.4.2 References.....................................................................................................................319

CHAPTER4 IMPACTSOFPROPOSEDCONSTRUCTION,OPERATIONS,ANDDECOMMISSIONING

4.1 LANDUSEANDVISUALRESOURCES................................................................................41 4.1.1 LandUse...........................................................................................................................41 4.1.2 VisualResources..............................................................................................................42 4.1.3 References.......................................................................................................................43 4.2 AIRQUALITYANDNOISE..................................................................................................45 4.2.1 AirQuality........................................................................................................................45 4.2.2 Noise................................................................................................................................46 4.2.3 References.......................................................................................................................47 4.3 GEOLOGICENVIRONMENT..............................................................................................49 4.3.1 References.......................................................................................................................49 4.4 WATERRESOURCES.......................................................................................................410 4.4.1 Hydrology.......................................................................................................................410 4.4.2 WaterUse......................................................................................................................411 4.4.3 WaterQuality.................................................................................................................411 4.4.4 Monitoring.....................................................................................................................412 4.4.5 References.....................................................................................................................412 4.5 ECOLOGICALRESOURCES...............................................................................................413 4.5.1 ImpactsfromConstruction............................................................................................413 4.5.2 ImpactsfromOperations...............................................................................................413 4.5.3 ImpactsfromDecommissioning....................................................................................414 4.5.4 References.....................................................................................................................414 4.6 HISTORICANDCULTURALRESOURCES..........................................................................415 4.6.1 Construction,Operation,andDecommissioning...........................................................415 4.6.2 References.....................................................................................................................415 4.7 SOCIOECONOMICS.........................................................................................................416 4.7.1 SocioeconomicsImpacts................................................................................................416 4.7.2 Transportation...............................................................................................................418 4.7.3 PublicRecreationalFacilities.........................................................................................418 4.7.4 References.....................................................................................................................418 4.8 HUMANHEALTH............................................................................................................421 4.8.1 NonradiologicalImpacts................................................................................................421 4.8.2 RadiologicalImpacts......................................................................................................421 4.8.3 RadiologicalMonitoring.................................................................................................423 4.8.4 References.....................................................................................................................424 4.9 WASTEMANAGEMENT..................................................................................................428 4.9.1 SourcesandTypesofWasteCreated............................................................................428

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4.9.2 References.....................................................................................................................428 4.10 TRANSPORTATION.........................................................................................................429 4.10.1 References.....................................................................................................................430 4.11 POSTULATEDEVENTS.....................................................................................................432 4.11.1 EventCategories............................................................................................................432 4.11.2 References.....................................................................................................................433 4.12 ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE.............................................................................................434 4.12.1 References.....................................................................................................................434 4.13 CUMULATIVEEFFECTS...................................................................................................435 4.13.1 LandUseandVisualResources......................................................................................435 4.13.2 AirQualityandNoise.....................................................................................................435 4.13.3 GeologicEnvironment...................................................................................................436 4.13.4 WaterResources............................................................................................................436 4.13.5 EcologicalResources......................................................................................................437 4.13.6 HistoricalandCulturalResources..................................................................................437 4.13.7 SocioeconomicEnvironment.........................................................................................437 4.13.8 HumanHealth................................................................................................................438 4.13.9 WasteManagement......................................................................................................438 4.13.10 Transportation...............................................................................................................439 4.13.11 EnvironmentalJustice....................................................................................................439 4.13.12 Conclusion......................................................................................................................439 4.13.13 References.....................................................................................................................440

CHAPTER5 ALTERNATIVES

5.1 NOACTIONALTERNATIVE...............................................................................................51 5.2 REASONABLEALTERNATIVES...........................................................................................51 5.3 EVALUATIONOFREASONABLEALTERNATIVESITEDISCUSSION.....................................52 5.4 COSTBENEFITOFTHEALTERNATIVES.............................................................................52 5.5 COMPARISONOFTHEPOTENTIALENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS.....................................52

5.6 REFERENCES

.....................................................................................................................53

CHAPTER6 CONCLUSIONS

6.1 UNAVOIDABLEADVERSEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS....................................................61 6.2 RELATIONSHIPBETWEENSHORTTERMUSESANDLONGTERMPRODUCTIVITYOFTHE ENVIRONMENT................................................................................................................63 6.3 IRREVERSIBLEANDIRRETRIEVABLECOMMITMENTSOFRESOURCES.............................63

6.4 REFERENCES

.....................................................................................................................64

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MasterListofAcronyms

KairosPowerHermes2,Units1and2 iv Revision0

ListofAcronyms

AC alternatingcurrent ALARA aslowasreasonablyachievable ARDP AdvancedReactorDemonstrationProgram CFR CodeofFederalRegulations CO carbonmonoxide CP constructionpermit CRSEC buildingminimumcrosssectionalarea DAW dryactivewaste DHRS decayheatremovalsystem DIAMTR ventinsidediameter DOE DepartmentofEnergy DOT DepartmentofTransportation EFPY effectivefullpoweryears EIS EnvironmentalImpactStatement EMF electromagneticfields EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency ER EnvironmentalReport ETTP EastTennesseeTechnologyPark EXIT ventaveragevelocity FAA FederalAviationAdministration FEMA FederalEmergencyManagementAgency GHG greenhousegases GIS geographicalinformationsystem HBLDG containmentbuildingheight HEATR ventheatemissionrate HF hydrogenfluoride HRR Heatrejectionradiator HSTACK ventreleaseheight IHTS intermediateheattransportsystem IHX intermediateheatexchanger INL IdahoNationalLaboratory ISG InterimStaffGuidance KOP keyobservationpoint LCD localclimatologicaldata LLRW lowlevelradioactivewaste LOS levelsofservice LWR lightwaterreactor MEI maximallyexposedindividual MGD milliongallonsperday MHA maximumhypotheticalaccident MTU metrictonsofuranium MW megawatts MWth megawattsthermal NCDC NationalClimaticDataCenter

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KairosPowerHermes2,Units1and2 v

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ND nodataavailable NESC NationalElectricSafetyCode NOx nitrogenoxides NRC NuclearRegulatoryCommission NWS NationalWeatherService OL operatinglicense ORNL OakRidgeNationalLaboratory ORR OakRidgeReservation PCB polychlorinatedbiphenyl PGS powergenerationsystem PHTS primaryheattransportsystem PHX primaryheatexchanger PLEV windsensorheight PSAR PreliminarySafetyAnalysisReport RBHVAC ReactorBuildingheating,ventilation,andairconditioningsystem ROI regionofinfluence ROW rightofway SLEV windheight TCA TennesseeDepartmentofTransportation TDEC TennesseeDepartmentofEnvironmentandConservation TDOT TennesseeDepartmentofTransportation TEDE totaleffectivedoseequivalent TMS tritiummanagementsystem TRISO TRIstructuralISOtropic UCO uraniumoxycarbide UCOR conversioncorrectionfactor USACE U.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers USC UnitedStatesCode USCB U.S.CensusBureau USEPA U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency

© 2023 Kairos Power LLC Chapter 1 Introducon Hermes 2 Non-Power Reactor Environmental Report Revision 0 July 2023

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Introduction

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 1i Revision0 TABLEOFCONTENTS

CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................11

1.1 INTRODUCTION

OFTHEENVIRONMENTALREPORT..................................................................11 1.2 SITEHISTORY..............................................................................................................................11 1.3 PURPOSEANDNEEDFORTHEPROPOSEDACTION...................................................................12 1.4 REGULATORYPROVISIONS,PERMITS,ANDREQUIREDCONSULTATIONS.................................12

1.5 REFERENCES

...............................................................................................................................12

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Introduction

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 1ii Revision0 ListofTables

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 1iii Revision0 ListofFigures

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Introduction

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 11 Revision0 CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

OFTHEENVIRONMENTALREPORT InaccordancewiththeprovisionsofTitle10oftheCodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)Part50Domestic LicensingofProductionandUtilizationFacilities,andsupportingguidance,KairosPowerisproviding thisEnvironmentalReport(ER)insupportofanapplicationtoconstructandoperateanonpowertest reactor(Hermes2)facilitywithintheHeritageCenterIndustrialPark(HeritageCenter)inOakRidge, Tennessee.

ThisERisprovidedwiththeconstructionpermitapplicationasrequiredby10CFR51.50(a).TheER providesinformationtotheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)tofacilitatepreparationofan EnvironmentalImpactStatement(EIS)inaccordancewiththeprovisionsof10CFR51SubpartA NationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct-RegulationsImplementingSection102(2).Thischapterprovidesan introductiontotheassessmentoftheenvironmentaleffectsofconstruction,operation,and decommissioningofthisfacilityonthesiteandsurroundingareas.

ThisERfollowsandisorganizedconsistentwiththeNRCguidanceprovidedinFinalInterimStaff Guidance(ISG)AugmentingNUREG1537,Part1,Chapter19,andsupportstheregulatoryreviewthatis performedbytheNRCunder10CFR51.ThisERreliessignificantlyonthesiteandenvironmental informationprovidedintheERfortheKairosPowerHermesnonpowerdemonstrationreactor (Reference1),whichissimilarlyorganized.ThisHermes2ERdescribestheproject,potential alternatives,andthemethodsandsourcesusedintheenvironmentalimpactanalysiswheredifferent fromtheHermesER.Newandsignificantinformationidentifiedregardingtheproposedsiteand environment(relativetotheHermesER)isalsoincluded.

ThisERsummarizestheenvironmentalimpactsofconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningand describesanyadditionalpotentialimpactsnotalreadyconsideredintheHermesER(Reference1).The purposeandneedfortheproposedactionareprovidedinSubsection1.3.Amoredetaileddescription oftheproposedactionisprovidedinChapter2ofthisER.

1.2 SITEHISTORY ThesitehistoryisthesameasprovidedintheHermesER(Reference1).Nonewandsignificant informationregardingsitehistoryhasbeenidentified.

TheproposedsitefortheHermes2testreactorfacility(facility)istheformerlocationofBuildingK33 andwillbephysicallylocatednorthofandadjacenttotheHermestestreactorfacility.Afigureofthe siteisprovidedinFigure1.11oftheHermesER(Reference1).

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 12 Revision0 1.3 PURPOSEANDNEEDFORTHEPROPOSEDACTION Theproposedfederalactionistheissuanceofaconstructionpermitandanoperatinglicenseunderthe provisionsof10CFR50,whichwouldallowtheconstructionandoperationofanonpowertestreactor facilitytodemonstratethekeytechnologiesoftheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,HighTemperature Reactor(KPFHR)forfuturecommercialdeployment.Thereactordesignisanadvancednuclearreactor technologythatleveragesTRIstructuralISOtropic(TRISO)particlefuelinpebbleformcombinedwitha lowpressurefluoridesaltcoolant.

KairosPower'sreactordevelopmentprogram,whichtheHermes2testreactorunitswouldsupport,is describedinSection1.3oftheERfortheKairosPowerHermesnonpowerreactor(Reference1).In additiontothebasesoutlinedfortheneedandsitingoftheproposedactionintheHermesER,the Hermes2reactorsitingisfurtherbasedonthefollowing:

Facilitatingrapiddemonstrationofamultiunitnonpowerreactorwithsharedpowerconversion systemsinsupportofKairosPowersiterativedevelopmentapproach Reducingcommercialcostuncertaintybydemonstratingpowerconversionsystemandpower transmissionsystemintegrationandamultiunitreactorfacility Retainingconstructionworkforcecompetencyanddemonstratingmultiunitconstructionand iterationofconstructionmethods ThisprojectisalignedwiththeDOEsobjectivetodemonstrateadvancednuclearreactors,withagoalof designinganddevelopingsafeandaffordablereactortechnologiesthatcanbelicensedanddeployed overthenext10to14years.

Theenvironmentalfactorsandimpactsrelatedtotheelectricalpowertransmissionsystemofthis proposedactionareaddressedintheAppendixofthisreport.

1.4 REGULATORYPROVISIONS,PERMITS,ANDREQUIREDCONSULTATIONS Informationregardingregulatoryprovisions,permits,andrequiredconsultationsisthesameas providedintheHermesER(Reference1).

Nonewandsignificantinformationregardingregulatoryprovisions,permits,orrequiredconsultations concerningtheHermes2facilityhasbeenidentified.

1.5 REFERENCES

1. KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

© 2023 Kairos Power LLC Chapter 2 Proposed Acon Hermes 2 Non-Power Reactor Environmental Report Revision 0 July 2023

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ProposedAction

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 2i Revision0 TABLEOFCONTENTS

CHAPTER2 PROPOSEDACTION............................................................................................................21 2.1 PROPOSEDACTION...................................................................................................................21 2.1.1 References..................................................................................................................22 2.2 SITELOCATIONANDLAYOUT....................................................................................................24 2.2.1 ProjectSiteLocation...................................................................................................24 2.2.2 SiteLayout...................................................................................................................24 2.2.3 Chemical,DieselFuel,andHazardousandRadioactiveMaterialReceipt,Holding, StorageAreas,andUtilities.........................................................................................24 2.2.4 References..................................................................................................................24 2.3 NONPOWERREACTOR.............................................................................................................27 2.3.1 References..................................................................................................................27 2.4 WATERCONSUMPTIONANDTREATMENT.............................................................................210 2.4.1 References................................................................................................................210 2.5 COOLINGANDHEATREMOVALSYSTEMS...............................................................................212 2.5.1 References................................................................................................................212 2.6 WASTESYSTEMS.....................................................................................................................213 2.6.1 References................................................................................................................213 2.7 STORAGE,TREATMENT,ANDTRANSPORTATIONOFRADIOACTIVEAND NONRADIOACTIVEMATERIALS...............................................................................................215 2.7.1 NewandIrradiatedFuel...........................................................................................215 2.7.2 LowlevelRadioactiveWaste....................................................................................215 2.7.3 NonradioactiveMaterials.........................................................................................215 2.7.4 References................................................................................................................216

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 2ii Revision0 ListofTables

Table2.11:EstimatedMaterialsConsumedDuringConstructionPhaseMaterial..................................23 Table2.21:NearbyFacilitiesSupplement................................................................................................25 Table2.61:EstimatedTypeandQuantityofRadioactiveWastes..........................................................214

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ProposedAction

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 2iii Revision0 ListofFigures

Figure2.21:Hermes2ReactorSite..........................................................................................................26 Figure2.31:Hermes2ReactorProcessFlowDiagramforthePrimaryHeatTransportSystemand IntermediateHeatTransportSystem........................................................................................................28 Figure2.41:WaterBalanceDiagram......................................................................................................211

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 21 Revision0 CHAPTER2 PROPOSEDACTION 2.1 PROPOSEDACTION TheProposedFederalActionisissuanceofaConstructionPermit(CP)andsubsequentOperatingLicense (OL)foratwounitnonpowerreactorfacility(Hermes2)totestanddemonstratethekeytechnologies, designfeatures,andsafetyfunctionsoftheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooledHighTemperature Reactor(KPFHR)technology.Thefacilitywouldalsoprovidedatathatmaybeusedforthevalidationof safetyanalysistoolsandcomputationalmethodologiesusedforthedesigningandlicensingfutureKP FHRreactors.

TheapplicantforthisCPandtheOLandownerofthefacilityisKairosPowerLLC,(KairosPower).

InformationaboutKairosPowerisprovidedwiththePreliminarySafetyAnalysisReport(PSAR).Asthe ownerandlicensee,KairosPowerhasthenecessaryauthorityandcontrolrelatedtotheconstruction andoperationofthefacilityoncetheCPandtheOLareapproved.

KairosPowerisrequestingNRCreviewandapprovaloftheCPapplicationtosupportconstructionof safetyrelatedstructures,systems,andcomponentsanticipatedtobeginasearlyasmid2025.The earliestprojecteddatesforcompletionofconstructionismid2027forunit1andmid2028forunit2.

Thefacilityisexpectedtohavean11yearoperationallicense.Therefore,decommissioningactivities wouldbeexpectedtobeinitiatedaftertheoperationalphaseforunit1endsandisanticipatedtobegin in2039.

Theconstructionrequirementsforeachunitareexpectedtobesimilartotherequirementsnecessary fortheHermesnonpowerdemonstrationreactorfacilityasdescribedintheHermesEnvironmental Report(ER)(Reference1).TheHermesandHermes2reactorswillgenerallybeconstructedsequentially (someconstructionactivitiesmaybedoneinparallelorsharedacrossthesite)andwillsharea constructionworkforce.Additionalmaterialsnecessaryforconstructionbutnotalreadylistedinthe HermesERaregiveninTable2.11.

Theconstructionphaseofthisprojectisestimatedtorequireanaverageof424onsiteworkers(850at peaktimes)andamonthlyaverageof426truckdeliveriesandeightoffsiteshipmentsofconstruction debris.Table2.11showsestimatesformaterialsthatwouldbeconsumed.Additionally,approximately 63,600gallonsofdieselfuel(asaboundingassumption,fuelisassumedtobediesel)isassumedtobe consumedonanaveragemonthlybasis.Theseestimatesareconservativelyestimatedtobetwicethose proposedforthesingleunitHermesreactorfacility.Constructionactivitiesareestimatedtoaffectan estimated138acresofland,ofwhichanestimated30acreswouldbepermanentlydisturbedfor operationofthefacility.Almostallofthispermanentlydisturbedareaiscoincidenttothepermanently disturbedareaidentifiedfortheHermesfacility(Reference1).

Staffing,material,andwastedisposalrequirementsforeachunitduringpreoperationandoperation areexpectedtobesimilartheHermesreactor(Reference1).Alowpressure,moltensaltcoolant,i.e.,

Li2BeF4(Flibe)andtheintermediatecoolant57NaF:43BeF2(BeNaF)wouldbeshippedtothesitepriorto startup.Flibeisestimatedtobedeliveredin40shipmentsof1toneachpriortostartup.Anadditional 40shipmentsofFlibe(approximatelyonetoneach)areestimatedtobedeliveredtothefacilitybefore theendofthefirsttwoyearsofoperation.Theseshipmentestimatesareconservativelyestimatedtobe twicethoseproposedinthesingleunitHermesER.BeNaFisestimatedtobedeliveredin32shipments ofapproximately9tonseachpriortostartup.

Duringoperations,anestimatedaverageof59workersperweekday(101fulltimepositions)are requiredforstaffing.Operationalactivitieswillrequireanestimatedmonthlyaverageof30truck

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 22 Revision0 deliveriesandeightoffsitewasteshipments.32shipmentsperyearofBeNaF(9tonseach)willbe deliveredtothefacilityforthedurationofoperations.Hazardousmaterialsthatwouldbestoredonsite insmallquantitiesincludenewFlibe,BeNaF,andanhydroushydrogenfluoride.Aboundingvalueof approximately43,110gallonsofdieselfuelforthestandbydieselgeneratorwouldbecontainedin onsitestoragetanks.Theseestimatesareeitherscaledorconservativelyestimatedtobetwicethose proposedforthesingleunitHermesreactorfacility.

Itisestimatedthatpostoperationaldecommissioninginformationandrequirementsareidenticalto thosedetailedfortheHermesreactor(Reference1)astheHermes2unitswillbedecommissionedin series.

2.1.1 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 23 Revision0 Table2.11:EstimatedMaterialsConsumedDuringConstructionPhaseMaterial Material Amount Concrete 58,000cubicyards StructuralSteel 980tons SteelSheetPilings 1,040tons PrecastPiles 18,600tons PrecastPanels(12thick) 8,800tons Asphalt 9,000cubicyards Stone 26,000cubicyards Roofing/Siding 250,000squarefeet TemporaryStructure(Tent) 306,000squarefeet

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 24 Revision0 2.2 SITELOCATIONANDLAYOUT 2.2.1 ProjectSiteLocation Theoverallsite(Figure2.21)andlocation,nearbyfacilities,andsensitivepopulationsarethesameas describedinSection2.2.1oftheHermesER(Reference1).Thesiteencompassesapproximately185 acresandislocatedwithintheEastTennesseeTechnologyPark(ETTP)onthesitesoftheFormerK33 FacilityandFormerK31Facility.Thereactorfacilitywouldbelocatedatapproximately35°5619.1 latitude,and84°2411.6longitude.

Table2.21supplementsthelistofnearbyfederalfacilities,industrialfacilities,transportation,and residentialfacilitiesthatwereidentifiedintheHermesER(Reference1).Noadditionalnewand significantinformationregardingtheprojectsitelocationwasidentified.

2.2.2 SiteLayout Figure2.21showstheplannedlayoutofmajorstructuresforthefacility.Itisassumedthat approximately30acreswouldbepermanentlydisturbedforoperationsofthefacility.Someonsite structuresaresharedwiththeHermesfacility(e.g.,AdministrationBuilding,MaintenanceandStorage Building,andSecuritybuilding)andarenotshownonthisfigure.Thefollowingadditionalsitestructures fortheHermes2facilityareshowninFigure2.21:

ReactorBuildings AuxiliarySystemsBuilding TurbineBuilding Switchyard 2.2.3 Chemical,DieselFuel,andHazardousandRadioactiveMaterialReceipt,Holding,Storage Areas,andUtilities Informationregardingchemical,dieselfuel,andhazardousandradioactivematerialreceipt,holding, storageareas,utilities,andmonitoringstationsforHermes2isidenticaltothedescriptionsinSections 2.2.3through2.2.5oftheHermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionthatsomemonitoringstations, suchasradiologicalmonitorsalongthesiteboundary,maybesharedbetweenHermesandHermes2.

Noadditionalnewandsignificantinformationregardingchemical,dieselfuel,andhazardousand radioactivematerialreceipt,holding,storageareas,utilities,andmonitoringstationswasidentified.

2.2.4 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 25 Revision0 Table2.21:NearbyFacilitiesSupplement ProjectName SummaryofProject Location (fromReactor Building)

Status PotentiallyAffectedResource(s)

KairosPowerHermesFacility Nonpowernucleardemonstration reactorfacility Withinsiteboundary Proposed Landuse,waterresources,socioeconomics, humanhealth,transportation

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 26 Revision0 Figure2.21:Hermes2ReactorSite

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 27 Revision0 2.3 NONPOWERREACTOR ThedesignoftheHermes2reactorisidenticaltotheHermesreactorasdescribedinsection2.3ofthe HermesER(Reference1),withsomeexceptions.Hermes2willproduceelectricity,butiscategorizedas anonpowerreactorundertheprovisionsof10CFR50.22,asnotmorethan50percentoftheannual costofowningandoperatingthefacilityisdevotedtotheproductionofmaterials,products,orenergy forsaleorcommercialdistribution,ortothesaleofservices,otherthanresearchanddevelopmentor educationortraining.Thefacilitywillcontaintwounits,eachwithamaximumthermalpowerof35 megawatts(MW)thermal(MWth)andintermediateheattransportsystem(IHTS)loopswhichreject heatviaasteamsuperheatertoasharedtraditionalpowergenerationsystem(PGS).Aheatrejection radiator(HRR)isprovidedintheprimaryheattransportsystem(PHTS)torejectheatdirectlytothe atmospherewhenthePGSisnotinservice.Thepurposeofthefacilitywillbetodemonstratethedesign featuresandsafetyfunctionsofthetechnologyaswellasdemonstrateelectricalpowergeneration usingthetechnology.Figure2.31showstheprocessflowdiagramforthereactorunitsandtheir primaryandintermediateheattransportsystems.Figure2.32showstheprocessflowdiagramforthe sharedpowergenerationsystem.

Thereactorvessel,internalstructures,andmoderator/reflectoraredesignedtolastthelifeofthe facility.

Therequiredstartupfissileinventoryisestimatedtobenogreaterthan25kilograms(kg)235Uperunit or50kg235Utotal.

NootheradditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER (Reference1).

2.3.1 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 28 Revision0 Figure2.31:Hermes2ReactorProcessFlowDiagramforthePrimaryHeatTransportSystemandIntermediateHeatTransportSystem

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 29 Revision0 Figure2.32:Hermes2ReactorProcessFlowDiagramforthePowerGenerationSystems

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 210 Revision0 2.4 WATERCONSUMPTIONANDTREATMENT Detailsconcerningwatersourcing,treatment,consumption,anddischargeperunitfortheHermes2 facilitywillgenerallynotdifferfromthewatersourcing,treatment,consumption,anddischarge describedfortheHermesfacility(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseintotalwatersourcing, consumption,anddischargetoaccountfortwounitsandthebalanceofplantsystems.

Servicewaterrequiredforthechilledwatersystemisestimatedtobeapproximately68gallonsper minute(gpm)or0.1milliongallonsperday(MGD).Servicewaterrequiredforthepotablewaterand bathroomsisestimatedtobeapproximately32gpmor0.04MGD.Sanitarywastewaterwouldbe dischargedtotheRarityRidgeWastewaterTreatmentPlantatanestimatedrateofapproximately32 gpm(0.04MGD).Demineralized(treated)waterrequiredfortheDHRSisestimatedtobeapproximately 2gpm(lessthan0.01MGD).ThisflowwouldoffsettheestimatedevaporationratefromtheDHRS.

Treatedwaterwouldalsobeusedtoprovidemakeupwatertothespentfuelcoolingsystem, componentcoolingwatersystem,andchilledwatersystem,eachataflowrateoflessthan1gpd.

Treatedwaterforthesesystemswouldbedemineralizedandtreatedonsiteusingmunicipalwater.

treatedwaterfortheDHRSmaybeshippedtothesiteandstoredonsiteasneeded.Thesizeofthe treatedwatertankisexpectedtobenolargerthan75,000gallonsandthetankisexpectedtobe locatedoutsidetheReactorBuildings.

Figure2.41showsawaterbalancediagramfortheHermes2facility.Inadditiontowaterneedsperunit detailedinFigure2.41oftheHermesER(Reference1),theHermes2facilitywouldrequireadditional municipalwateratarateof15gpm(0.02MGD)toprovidemakeupwaterforthesharedpower generationsystemsevaporativelosses.Waterforthepowergenerationsystemswouldbetreated onsite.Whilethevolumeofstoredfireprotectionsystemwaterisapproximately2,880cubicmetersto accountfortwounits,thedischargeandrefillratesandtimesareidenticaltotheHermesfacility (Reference1).

Noothernewandsignificantinformationregardingwatersourcing,treatment,consumption,and dischargewasidentified.

2.4.1 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 211 Revision0 Figure2.41:WaterBalanceDiagram

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 212 Revision0 2.5 COOLINGANDHEATREMOVALSYSTEMS DetailsconcerningcoolingandheatremovalsystemsfortheHermes2reactorgenerallydonotdiffer fromthedetailsprovidedfortheHermesreactorinsection2.5oftheHermesER(Reference1).Each unitwillincludeadecayheatremovalsystem(DHRS).TheHermes2reactordesignincludesan intermediateheattransportsystem(IHTS)inadditiontotheprimaryheattransportsystem(PHTS) detailedintheHermesER(Reference1).

ThePHTSwouldberesponsiblefortransferringtherequired,normaloperatingheatloadfromthe reactorthroughtheintermediateheatexchanger(IHX)totheintermediateheattransportsystem (IHTS).TheIHTSisresponsiblefortransferringtherequired,normaloperatingheatloadtothepower generationsystemthroughsuperheaters.Fractionsoftheheatloadnotusedbythesharedpower generationsystemarerejectedtoaircooledcondensersandsubsequentlythesurroundingatmosphere, whichwouldbetheultimateheatsink.Thisheatloadwouldincludeallnormalsteadyoperatingloads andwouldbeapproximately55MWth(upto70MWthwithnopowerconversion).ThePHTSalso includesaheatrejectionradiator(HRR)thatisusedduringplantstartupandnormalshutdownfor residualheatremovalthatmayberequiredwhenthepowergenerationsystemsareoffline.IfthePHTS, IHTS,powerconversionsystems,orHRRweretobeunavailablewhenresidualheatremovalisrequired, theDHRSwillbeutilizedinstead.Theaircooledcondensersareexpectedtobelocatedneartheturbine building.

Noothernewandsignificantinformationregardingcoolingandheatremovalsystemswasidentified.

2.5.1 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 213 Revision0 2.6 WASTESYSTEMS WastegeneratedattheHermes2facilityduringthephasesofconstruction,operation,and decommissioningisqualitativelynodifferentfromthewastesysteminformationdescribedinSection 2.6andTable2.61oftheHermesER(Reference1)exceptforwastestreamsuniquetoHermes2such astheusedintermediatecoolant.Thequantitiesofeachwastestreamareincreasedfromtheamounts presentedintheHermesER(Reference1)toaccountforbothunits.Additionalestimatedquantitiesof theradioactivewastespecifictotheHermes2reactordesignaredescribedinthefollowingsectionand areprovidedinTable2.61.

Afterremovaloftheintermediatesaltfromitscirculatingsystem,itwouldbecollectedinstorage containersandallowedtocoolandsolidifyduringstorage.Theintermediatesaltwouldthenbe disposedinsolidform.

Thehandling,packing,storage,andshippingareasforwastesystemswillbesharedbetweenunits.

Thetritiummanagementsystem(TMS)describedinSection2.6.1.2.3oftheHermesER(Reference1) hastheadditionfunctionsoftritiumseparationfromargonintheIHTScovergasandtritiumseparation fromdryairinheatrejectionradiator(HRR)enclosure.TheTMSwouldalsoproduceanadditionalwaste streamofhighspecificactivitytritiumonmolecularsieve.

Operationofthefacilityisestimatedtogenerateapproximately776,000usedpebblesbetweenthetwo unitsoverthe10effectivefullpoweryears(EFPY)ofthe11yearoperatinglife.Theonsitespentfuel pebblecanisterstoragesystemwillhavesufficientstoragecapacityfor10EFPYoflicensedreactor operation.

Radiationdosetothepublicfromnuclearreactorfacilitiesnearthefacilityincludescontributionsfrom theKairosPowerHermesnonpowerreactorinadditiontofacilitiesdiscussedinSection2.6.3.2ofthe HermesER.TheKairosPowerHermesnonpowerreactorisplannedtobeconstructedadjacenttothe Hermes2Facility.ThisfacilityisdiscussedinmoredetailinSection4.13.

ThepollutionpreventionprogramisexpectedtobesimilartotheprogramdescribedintheHermesER (Reference1).

Noothernewandsignificantinformationregardingwastesystemswasidentified.

2.6.1 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

PacificNorthwestNationalLaboratory.2020.EnvironmentalImpactsfromTransportationof FuelandWastestoandfromNonLWRs.PNNL29365.September2020.

3.

AtomicEnergyCommission.1972.EnvironmentalSurveyofTransportationofRadioactive MaterialtoandfromNuclearPowerReactors.WASH1238.December1972.

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 214 Revision0 Table2.61:EstimatedTypeandQuantityofRadioactiveWastes Description Matrix 10CFR61.55 WasteClass Contents Volume/year No.of Shipments/year Destination IGSCapture Materials Solid B

ZrBased GetterAlloy, H3 20ft3 1

WasteControl Specialists IHTSCapture Materials Solid B

Molecular Sieve,H3 20ft3 1

WasteControl Specialists HRR Enclosure Capture Materials Solid B

Molecular Sieve,H3 20ft3 1

WasteControl Specialists ReactorCell Capture Materials Solid B

Molecular Sieve,H3 1,320ft3 8

WasteControl Specialists Flibe Solid BorC Be,H3,C14, Activation, Fission,and Transmutation Products

Onlyshippedat decommissioning (6shipments)

WasteControl Specialists BeNaF Solid AorB H3 5,090ft3 16 EnergySolutions orWasteControl Specialists DryActive Waste(DAW) Solid A

PPE,filtersetc.

<6,422ft3(a)

<19(b)

EnergySolutions orWasteControl Specialists LiquidWaste Liquid A

Activated wateror maintenance liquids(i.e.,

cleaners)

Thisvalueisnot expectedtobe significant.

Thisvalueisnot expectedtobe significant.

EnergySolutions SpentFuel Solid

77,600fuel pebblesin approximately 36canisters Shippedat decommissioning orforfuel qualification testing FederalFacility (a)Basedon4655gallondrumspershipment.

(b)ThetotalLLRWwasteshipmentsperunitwouldbeboundedby46annualshipments,thenumberofshipmentsfroman880 MWereferencereactor(Reference2,Reference3).

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 215 Revision0 2.7 STORAGE,TREATMENT,ANDTRANSPORTATIONOFRADIOACTIVEAND NONRADIOACTIVEMATERIALS Thesourcing,storage,treatment,andtransportationofradioactiveandnonradioactivematerialsforthe Hermes2facilityonaperunitbasiswillgenerallynotdifferfromthestorage,treatment,and transportationofradioactiveandnonradioactivematerialsfortheHermesfacilityasdescribedin Section2.7oftheHermesER(Reference1).

2.7.1 NewandIrradiatedFuel FuelshipmentsduringoperationsfortheHermes2facilitywouldcontinueoveranestimated11year licenseperiod.Thespentfuelstoragearea,thestoragepool,andtheaircooledcavitywillbeas describedfortheHermesfacilityintheHermesERforeachunit.Thetotalstoragecapacitybetween bothunitsissufficientfor10EFPYofthe11yearsoflicensedreactoroperationofbothunits.

Noothernewandsignificantinformationregardingneworirradiatedfuelwasidentified.

2.7.2 LowlevelRadioactiveWaste Anestimated240drumsofFlibewastewouldbegeneratedovertheassumed11yearlicensedlifeof thefacility.ThewastewouldrequireaTypeBshippingcask.ThecapacityofaTypeBcaskisdependent ontheshieldingnecessary.Assumingaminimumofsixdrumspercask,240drumswouldrequire40 caskshipments.Alternatively,TypeBdrumscouldbeusedlikelyresultinginmoredrumspershipment andfewershipments.

Duringoperations,BeNaFsaltusedtotransferheatfromtheintermediateheatexchanger(IHX)tothe steamgeneratorwouldbepumpedthroughtheIHTS.TheBeNaFsaltwouldbeapproximately57 percentNaFand43percentBeF2bymol.UsedradioactiveBeNaFsaltwouldbepumpedintostorage containersandallowedtocoolpriortobeingshippedtoWasteControlSpecialistsforClassBLLRW disposalortoEnergySolutionsforClassALLRWdisposal.Thesedestinationsrepresentbounding transportationdistancesfortherespectiveLLRWClasses.Noothertreatmentwouldberequired.Based onanestimated295tonsofBeNaFsaltshippedtothesiteannually,anaverageof16truckshipments peryearwouldberequiredtoshipanequivalentamountofsaltwaste.Wastecontainerswouldnot requireradiationshielding.

InadditiontotheClassBtritiumcapturewastestreamsnotedintheHermesER(Reference1),theTMS wouldseparatetritiumfromtheIHTScovergasandtheHRRenclosure.Thiswastewillbehandled, stored,andtransportedinthesamemannerastheotherTMSwastestreamsdescribedintheHermes ER(Reference1).

ThetotalnumberofLLRWshipmentshasnotbeencalculated.ThetotalnumberofLLRWshipments wouldbeexpectedtobeboundedbythe46annualshipmentsofLLRWperunitprovidedforan880 MWereferencereactordescribedinNRCguidance(Reference2).

Noothernewandsignificantinformationregardinglowlevelradioactivewastewasidentified.

2.7.3 NonradioactiveMaterials NonradioactiveFlibeisanticipatedtobeshippedtothesiteinapproximately40initial1tonshipments priortostartupwithanadditional40tonsestimatedtobeshippedbeforetheendofthefirsttwoyears ofoperation.TheFlibewouldbestoredintheReactorBuilding.NonradioactiveBeNaFsaltwouldbe shippedtothefacilityatanestimatedrateof295tonsperyearinapproximately32shipments(9tons pershipment)andstoredintheintermediatesaltvessellocatedintheReactorBuilding.Thefacility

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ProposedAction KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 216 Revision0 wouldalsoreceiveuptotwentyfour4,000gallonshipmentsoftreatedwatereachmonthasneededto supplementthemunicipalwatertreatedonsitefortheDHRS.

Anhydroushydrogenfluoride(HF)wouldbeshippedtothefacilityatnomorethan200poundsperyear inapproximately2shipments(100poundspershipment)andstoredintheintermediateheattransport systemtritiummanagementsystemlocatedintheReactorBuilding.HFdisposalisincludedinthe disposedvolumeofIHTScapturematerials(seeTable2.61).

Noothernewandsignificantinformationregardingnonradioactivematerialswasidentified.

2.7.4 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

AtomicEnergyCommission,1972.EnvironmentalSurveyofTransportationofRadioactive MaterialtoandfromNuclearPowerReactors.WASH1238.December1972.

© 2023 Kairos Power LLC Chapter 3 Descripon of the Aected Environment Hermes 2 Non-Power Reactor Environmental Report Revision 0 July 2023

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DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 3i Revision0 TABLEOFCONTENTS

CHAPTER3 DESCRIPTIONOFTHEAFFECTEDENVIRONMENT..................................................................31 3.1 REGIONALCLIMATOLOGY......................................................................................................31 3.1.1 References............................................................................................................................32 3.2 WATERRESOURCES................................................................................................................34 3.2.1 Hydrology..............................................................................................................................34 3.2.2 FacilityWaterUse.................................................................................................................34 3.2.3 References............................................................................................................................34 3.3 SOCIOECONOMICS.................................................................................................................36 3.3.1 Demography.........................................................................................................................36 3.3.2 CommunityCharacteristics...................................................................................................37 3.3.3 References............................................................................................................................39 3.4 ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE...................................................................................................318 3.4.1 Methodology......................................................................................................................318 3.4.2 References..........................................................................................................................319

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 3ii Revision0 ListofTables

Table3.11:RegionalPrecipitationExtremes............................................................................................33 Table3.31:HistoricPopulationandGrowthRatesofROICounties......................................................311 Table3.32:ProjectedPopulationandGrowthRatesofROICounties...................................................312 Table3.33:Demographic(RaceandEthnicity)CharacteristicsofROICounties(Page1of2)...............313 Table3.34:MedianHouseholdandPerCapitaIncomeLevelsinROICounties.....................................315 Table3.35:CivilianLaborForceandUnemploymentRates...................................................................316 Table3.36:EmploymentbyIndustry......................................................................................................316 Table3.37:PercentofIndividualsandFamiliesLivingBelowtheCensusPovertyThresholdinROI Counties................................................................................................................................317 Table3.38:HousingUtilization...............................................................................................................317 Table3.41:2021ThresholdsforIdentificationofMinorityandLowincomeEnvironmentalJustice CommunitiesinROICounties...............................................................................................320 Table3.42:MinorityPopulationStatisticsforBlockGroupswithina5MileRadiusoftheSite...........320 Table3.43:LowIncomePopulationStatisticsforBlockGroupswithina5MileRadiusoftheSite.....321

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 3iii Revision0 ListofFigures

Figure3.21:FEMAFloodHazard...............................................................................................................35

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 31 Revision0 CHAPTER3 DESCRIPTIONOFTHEAFFECTEDENVIRONMENT PertheinterimstaffguidanceissuedforNUREG1537concerningenvironmentalreport(ER)formatand contentandconsistentwith10CFR51AppendixA(6),thedescriptionoftheaffectedenvironmentis includedpredominantlybyreference.Detailsconcerningtheaffectedenvironmentarenearlyidentical tothedetailsprovidedintheHermesERfortheKairosPowerHermesnonpowerreactorfacilitytobe constructedonthesameproperty(Reference1).ImpactsonthesedetailsweregiveninChapter4ofthe HermesERandwerecategorizedexclusivelyasSMALL(Reference1).Onlydescriptionswhichvaryfrom thosegivenintheHermesERarepresentedhere.SizespecificHermesfacilityinformation(e.g.,the totalmunicipalwaterusedbythefacilitydaily)isdoubledfortheHermes2facilityunlessotherwise stated.Noothernewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedasidefromthatpresentedbelow.

3.1 REGIONALCLIMATOLOGY AreatemperaturesandprecipitationaveragesforOakRidgepresentedintheHermesER(Reference1) havebeenupdatedtoreflecttheavailabilityofmorerecentdata.InJanuary,thenormaldailymaximum temperatureisabout48degreesFahrenheit(°F)withanormaldailyminimumtemperatureofabout 30°F,basedon30yearsofdata.InJuly,thenormaldailymaximumtemperatureisabout89°F,whilethe normaldailyminimumtemperatureisabout69°Fbasedon30yearsofdata(19912020)fromthe NationalClimaticDataCenter(NCDC)(Reference3).Theseupdatedtemperaturesdifferfromthevalues presentedintheHermesER(Reference1)byapproximately1°F.Relativehumidityintheregion averaged71percentbasedona30yearperiodofrecordfromtheKnoxvillelocalclimatologicaldata (19912020)fromtheNCDC(Reference4)comparedto73percentasreportedintheHermesER (Reference1).ThesiteislocatedinTennesseeClimateDivision1,alsoknownastheEastTennessee ClimateDivision.

Precipitationaveragesabout56inchesannually(Reference3)comparedtoabout51inchesasreported intheHermesER(Reference1).Latewinter(January-March)isusuallythewettestseason,withmore thanabout16inches,comparedtoabout14inchesasreportedintheHermesER(Reference1).Thelate summer-earlyautumn(August-October)isthedriestseason,withmorethan10inches,comparedto lessthan10inchesasreportedintheHermesER(Reference1).

RegionalclimatologyandsevereweatheranalysesgiventheHermesER(Reference1)havebeen updatedtoreflecttheavailabilityofmorerecentdatacovering19502022(Reference4).Meteorological databasereferencesusedtosupporttheHermesERhavebeenexaminedforupdates(Reference5and Reference6).Onlynewinformationispresentedhere.

In2021twotropicalsystemspassedwithina50mileradiusofthesite.Bothweretropicaldepressions whentheypassedthroughthearea.In2022asystemwhichhadbeenclassifiedasahurricanecame withina50mileradiusofthesite,butbythetimeitreachedthearea,itwasdowngradedtoatropical depression,anddissipatedovereasternTennessee.

ReviewoftheNCDCstormeventsdatabasefortheperiodofJanuary1,1950,throughDecember31, 2022,showsthattherewasonlyonetropicalstormonSeptember16,2004,nearRoaneCounty,andit causedminimaldamage.ThisstormwasassociatedwithHurricaneIvan,asreportedintheHermesER (Reference1).

InnearbyKnoxCounty,severehail(3/4inchindiameterorlarger)hasbeenreported94timesduring 1950-2022(Reference4),comparedto93timesasreportedintheHermesER(Reference1).

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 32 Revision0 ThunderstormsarecommonintheOakRidgeregionwithanormalrangeof3465dayswith thunderstormsbasedondatacollectedfrom20012021attheORR(Reference7).Thisrangeofdaysis identicaltotherangereportedintheHermesER(Reference1).

Areviewofcloudtogroundlightningstrikedatafroma10yearperiodfrom20112019atthesite indicatesthat7ofthe10yearshadalightningstrikeoccurringwithin500hundredfeetofthesiteor besidethesite(Reference8).Oneoftheseyears,2012,wasayearwithanexceptionallyhighnumberof cloudtogroundlightningstrikes.Elevenlightningstrikesoccurredwithinthesiteboundarywithseveral morestrikesoccurringwithin500hundredfeetofthesite(Reference9).

WithrespecttotheinformationpresentedintheHermesER(Reference1),theupdateddatadescribed aboveforregionalclimatologyinformationreflectsmalldifferencesanddonotnoticeablyaffect conclusionsdrawninChapter4.

3.1.1 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

NationalClimaticDataCenter,DataTools:19912020NormalsforOakRidge,TN,Chattanooga, TN,Knoxville,TN,andNashville,TN,Website:https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo web/datatools/normals,accessedMarch2023.

3.

NationalClimaticDataCenter,19912020AnnualLocalClimatologicalData(LCD)forKnoxville, TN,accessedMarch2023.

4.

NationalClimaticDataCenter,StormEventsDatabase,Retrievedfrom:

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents,accessedMarch27,2023.

5.

NationalWeatherServiceClimateNOWDatawebsite.Daily/Monthly19912020Normalsfor Knoxville,TNandChattanooga,TN,https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=mrx,accessed March2023.

6.

NationalWeatherServiceClimateNOWDatawebsite.Daily/Monthly19912020Normalsfor Nashville,TN,https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=ohx,accessedMarch2023.

7.

ORNLThunderstormDays20012021.OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,OakRidgeReservation Meteorology-ClimateData,Normals,andExtremes-SevereWeatherStatistics-OakRidge Area,Retrievedfrom:https://metweb.ornl.gov/~krbirdwell/web/TStorms_ORNL_2021.pdf.

AccessedMay16,2023.

8.

HeritageCenterAnnualLightningStrikesArchive.OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,OakRidge ReservationMeteorology-ClimateData,Normals,andExtremes-SevereWeatherStatistics-OakRidgeArea,Retrievedfromhttps://metweb.ornl.gov/~krbirdwell/web/Lightning/.Accessed May16,2023.

9.

2012EastTennesseeTechnologyParkLightningStrikes.OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,Oak RidgeReservationMeteorology-ClimateData,Normals,andExtremes-SevereWeather Statistics-OakRidgeArea,Retrievedfrom https://metweb.ornl.gov/~krbirdwell/web/Lightning/2012%20All%20strikes%20ETTP.jpg.

AccessedMay16,2023.

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 33 Revision0 Table3.11:RegionalPrecipitationExtremes Station PeriodofRecord(years)

NormalAnnualRainfall (inches)

NormalAnnualSnowfall (inches)

OakRidgeNWSStation 30(a) 55.53 5.7 KnoxvilleNWSStation(b) 30 51.93 4.6 ChattanoogaNWSStation(b) 30 55.00 3.6 NashvilleNWSStation(b) 30 50.51 4.7 (a)(Reference2)

(b)(Reference3,Reference5,andReference6)

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 34 Revision0 3.2 WATERRESOURCES AreawaterresourcedescriptionspresentedintheHermesER(Reference1)havebeenupdatedas applicabletoreflectthelocationandfireprotectionrequirementsofthefacility.

3.2.1 Hydrology 3.2.1.1 SurfaceWater ThefacilityisnotlocatedwithinaFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)100yearfloodplain (seeFigure3.21) 3.2.2 FacilityWaterUse ThetotalamountofwaterusedbythefacilityisgiveninSection2.4.Thefireprotectionsystemwould infrequentlyuse3,170gpm(4.56MGD),ofwaterfromapproximately2,880cubicmetersofstoredfire protectionsystemwaterwhichservicesbothunits.Theinfrequentuserateofthefireprotectionsystem waterisidenticaltotheratereportedintheHermesER(Reference1).Thevolumeofstoredfire protectionsystemwaterpresentedintheHermesER(Reference1)is1,440cubicmeters.Themakeup requirementforoneunitisapproximately800gpm(1.15MGD)tosatisfytherequired8hourlimiton thefireprotectionsystemrefillperiod.Themakeuprequirementrateofthefireprotectionsystem waterisidenticaltotheratereportedintheHermesER(Reference1).Municipalwaterissuppliedby theCityofOakRidgeandhasacapacityof12MGDofwater,asmentionedintheHermesER(Reference 1,Reference2,andReference3).

WithrespecttotheinformationpresentedintheHermesER(Reference1),theupdateddatadescribed aboveforwaterresourceinformationreflectsmalldifferencesanddonotnoticeablyaffectconclusions drawninChapter4.

3.2.3 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

CityofOakRidgeTennessee,Operations,Website:

http://www.oakridgetn.gov/department/PublicWorks/Divisions/Services,accessedAugust31, 2021 3.

Smith,D.,Officialsbreakgroundonnew$78.3Mwaterplantforthecity,OakRidger,October 20,2022.Retrievedfromhttps://www.oakridger.com/story/news/2022/10/21/officialsbreak groundonnew783mwaterplantforcity/69573126007/,accessedonApril27,2023.

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 35 Revision0 Figure3.21:FEMAFloodHazard

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 36 Revision0 3.3 SOCIOECONOMICS SocioeconomicinformationpresentedintheHermesER(Reference1)hasbeenupdatedtoreflectthe availabilityofmorerecentdatawhereapplicable.

3.3.1 Demography 3.3.1.1 ResidentPopulation Populationdatawasgatheredusing20172021AmericanCommunitySurvey5yearestimates.The HermesER(Reference1)uses20152019AmericanCommunitySurvey5yearestimatesandchangesin estimatesreportedbelowfromtheHermesER(Reference1)arelessthan7percent.

3.3.1.1.1 ResidentPopulationofCommunitiesinRegionofInfluence Table3.31showsthehistoricresidentpopulationestimatesforcountiesintheregionofinfluence(ROI) andtheStatethatdifferfromthevaluesprovidedinTable3.71oftheHermesER(Reference1).

Between1990and2021,populationintheROIincreased36.2percentoverall,from499,781to680,789.

Ratesofgrowthvariedfrom12.4percent(AndersonCounty)to73.9percent(LoudonCounty).During thesameperiod,populationgrew40.6percentintheState,from4,877,185to6,859,497(Reference2, Reference3,Reference4,andReference5).

In2021,theCityofOakRidge,TennesseelocatedinAndersonandRoaneCountiesapproximately8.9 milessouthwestofthesite,hadpopulationof31,087.TheCityofKnoxville,Tennessee,locatedinKnox Countyapproximately26.5mileswestofthesite,hadapopulationof189,339(Reference5).

WithrespecttotheinformationpresentedintheHermesER(Reference1),theupdateddatadescribed aboveforresidentpopulationinformationreflectsmalldifferencesanddonotnoticeablyaffect conclusionsdrawninChapter4.

3.3.1.1.2 RegionofInfluenceResidentPopulationGrowthProjection Table3.42showsprojectedpopulationintheROIandtheState.Populationisprojectedtoincrease5.3 percent(from680,125to716,615)between2021and2026intheROI.Growthisprojectedinall counties.RoaneCountyisprojectedtogrowtheleast(1.3percent);LoudonCountyisprojectedtogrow themost(9.0percent).Duringthesameperiod,theStateisprojectedtogrow5.4percent(from 6,859,497to7,231,338)(Reference5andReference7).

Populationgrowthof9.0percentisprojectedintheROIbetween2026and2040.AsshowninTable3.3 2,ROIpopulationisprojectedtoincreasefrom716,615to780,903by2040.Growthisprojectedforall ROIcountiesduringthisperiod,withtheexceptionofRoaneCounty,whichisprojectedtodecrease2.6 percent.LoudonCountyisprojectedtogrowthemost(12.9percent).Duringthesameperiod,theState isprojectedtogrow9.1percent(from7,231,338to7,888,046)(Reference5andReference7).

TheyearsusedintheROIpopulationgrowthprojectionsreportedintheHermesER(Reference1)are 20192026and20262031.WithrespecttotheinformationpresentedintheHermesER(Reference1),

theupdateddatadescribedaboveforROIpopulationprojectioninformationreflectsmalldifferences anddonotnoticeablyaffectconclusionsdrawninChapter4.

3.3.1.1.3 RaceandEthnicityoftheResidentPopulationintheRegionofInfluence AsshowninTable3.33,in2021theminoritypopulationintheROIwas16.2percent,lessthantheState (27.1percent)andthenation(40.6percent).Knox(18.6percent)andLoudon(13.4percent)Counties hadthelargestproportionofminoritypopulationswithintheROI.RoaneCountyhadthesmallest minoritypopulation(7.7percent).ThelargestminoritygroupswithintheROIincludedAfricanAmerican (6.7percent)andHispanic/Latinogroups(4.5percent)(Reference8).Withrespecttotheinformation

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DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 37 Revision0 presentedintheHermesER(Reference1),theupdateddatadescribedabovefortheraceandethnicity oftheresidentpopulationreflectsmalldifferencesanddonotnoticeablyaffectconclusionsdrawnin Chapter4.

3.3.2 CommunityCharacteristics 3.3.2.1 Economy Economicdatawasgatheredusing20172021AmericanCommunitySurvey5yearestimatesandthe BureauofEconomicAnalysis.TheHermesER(Reference1)uses20152019AmericanCommunity Survey5yearestimatesandtheBureauofEconomicAnalysis.Changesinincomeestimatesreported belowdifferfromtheHermesER(Reference1)bylessthan$7,000.Changesinlaborforce, unemploymentrates,andpovertyratesreportedbelowdifferfromtheHermesER(Reference1)byless than2.4percent.

3.3.2.1.1 Income(PopulationandHousehold)

AsshowninTable3.44,percapitaincomefor2021withintheROIrangedfrom$23,436(Morgan County)to$36,450(KnoxCounty).Duringthesameperiod,thestatespercapitaincome($32,908)was withintherangeoftheROIvalues.ThenationspercapitaincomewasgreaterthantheROIandthe State($37,638)(Reference9).

In2021,medianhouseholdincomefortheROIrangedfrom$45,133(MorganCounty)to$66,151 (LoudonCounty).TheUnitedStateshadhighermedianhouseholdincome($69,021)thantheROI,while thevalueforTennessee($58,516)fellwithintheROIrange(seeTable3.34)(Reference9).

3.3.2.1.2 LaborForceandUnemployment Table3.35showsunemploymentratesandthenumberofindividualsinthelaborforcein2021.

UnemploymentratesforMorgan(8.6percent)countywashigherthanboththeState(5.3percent)and thenation(5.5percent)whileKnox(4.1percent)andLoudon(3.3percent)countieshadlowerratesof unemployment(Reference9).Anderson(5.2percent)andRoane(5.3percent)hadsimilarratestothe Stateandnation(Reference9).Table3.36showsthetotalnumberofpeopleemployedaswellasthe typesofemployment.IntheState,healthcare/socialassistance(10.3percent)andgovernment(10.6 percent)categoriescomprisedthehighestpercentageofjobs.ThisisalsoreflectedintheUnitedStates data.WithintheROIgovernmentjobsarethehighestpercentageinMorgan(27.5percent)andRoane (13.3percent)countieswithAnderson(9.9percent),Knox(10.4percent),andLoudon(9.2percent) countiesreflectingsimilarpercentagestothatoftheState.Themanufacturingsectorprovidedthe highestpercentageofjobsinAndersonCounty(25.5percent)andLoudonCounty(15.3percent).In KnoxCountyhealthcareandsocialassistanceprovidedthehighestnumberofjobswith12.5percentof thelaborforceemployedinthesector(Reference10).

3.3.2.1.3 PovertyRates AsshowninTable3.37,in2021thelowincomepopulationintheROIwas13.3percent,representing thepercentageoftheindividualswithincomebelowthepovertylevel.Duringthesameperiod,the povertyratewas14.3percentand12.6percentintheStateandnationrespectively.In2021,the percentageoffamilieswithincomebelowthepovertylevelintheROIwas8.4percent.Duringthesame period,thepovertyratewas10.0percentand8.7percentintheStateandnationrespectively (Reference11).

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DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 38 Revision0 3.3.2.1.4 EconomicSummary WithrespecttotheinformationpresentedintheHermesER(Reference1),theupdateddatadescribed aboveforeconomicinformationreflectsmalldifferencesanddonotnoticeablyaffectconclusionsdrawn inChapter4.

3.3.2.2 Housing Table3.38showsthetotalnumberofhousingunits(302,880)intheROIin2021.Thetotalnumberof housingunitsin2019was298,372asreportedintheHermesER(Reference1).Thenumberofoccupied andvacantunitswas273,734and29,146respectively,comparedto267,055and31,317respectively,as reportedintheHermesEr(Reference1).TherentalvacancyratefortheROIwas9.6percent,lowerthan Tennessee(11.5percent)andthenation(11.2percent).TherentalvacancyratereportedintheHermes ER(Reference1)fortheROIwas10.5percent,lowerthanTennessee(12.4percent)andthenation (12.1percent).Rentalvacancyratesrangedfrom8.3percent(KnoxCounty)to16.9percent(Roane County),comparedto8.9percentto18.5percentasreportedintheHermesER(Reference1).The medianhomevaluefortheROIrangedfrom$104,300$238,100whiletheStatesmedianhomevalue was$193,700andthenationsmedianhomevaluewas$244,900(Reference2).Themedianhomevalue fortheROIreportedintheHermesER(Reference1)rangedfrom$102,000$222,500whiletheStates medianhomevaluewas$167,200andthenationsmedianhomevaluewas$217,500(Reference2).

WithrespecttotheinformationpresentedintheHermesER(Reference1),theupdateddatadescribed aboveforavailablehousingunitsreflectsmalldifferencesanddonotnoticeablyaffectconclusions drawninChapter4.

3.3.2.3 Transportation ATrafficAssessmentwascompletedinJuly2021andtheresultsofthisassessmentareprovidedinthe HermesER(Reference1).Basedontheprojectionsforthisstudy,existingroadwaysvolumescangrow by2percentannuallyandstillbeatlessthan25percentofcapacityforplanninglevelofservice(LOS) gradeCroadsby2025perTable3.712oftheHermesER(Reference1).AsexplainedintheHermesER (Reference1),2percentisaconservativeestimateoftrafficgrowthwithintheETTPcomplex.

3.3.2.4 TaxPaymentInformation Propertytaxesarealsocollectedeitherbythecountyorlocalgovernment.Asthefacilityislocated withinRoaneCounty,apropertytaxrateof$2.34per$100assessedvaluewouldapply(Reference12).

TheestimatedcountypropertytaxreportedintheHermesER(Reference1)is$2.26per$100assessed value.AddedtothiswouldbetheCityofOakRidgepropertytaxof2.32percent,foratotalof$4.66per

$100ofassessedvalue(Reference13),comparedto$4.57per$100ofassessedvalueasreportedinthe HermesER(Reference1).Overall,cityfundingrepresentsapproximately25.16percentoftotalschool revenues,providing$18,694,146forfiscalyear2022(Reference14)and$18,077,939forfiscalyear2021 (Reference1).

WithrespecttotheinformationpresentedintheHermesER(Reference1),theupdateddatadescribed abovefortaxpaymentinformationreflectsmalldifferencesanddonotnoticeablyaffectconclusions drawninChapter4.

3.3.2.5 PublicServices PotablewaterforthesiteissuppliedbytheCityofOakRidgePublicWorksDepartment(Reference15).

Thecurrentsystemregularlysuppliesatotalof6to8MGDwitharegularlydeliverablemaximumof12 MGD.ThereplacementfacilitydiscussedintheHermesER(Reference1)hasamaximumcapacityof16 MGDisexpectedtobecompletedin2025(Reference16).

EnvironmentalReport

DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 39 Revision0 3.3.3 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

NationalBureauofEconomicResearch,1900CensusU.S.DecennialCountyPopulationData, 19001990,Website:https://www.nber.org/research/data/censususdecennialcounty populationdata19001990,accessedJuly23,2021.

3.

U.S.CensusBureau,2000TotalPopulation2000DecennialCensus.Table:P001,Website:

https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=P001&g=0100000US_0400000US47_0500000US47001, 47093,47105,47129,47145_1600000US4755120&y=2000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P001&hidePr eview=true&tp=true,accessedJuly23,2021.

4.

U.S.CensusBureau,2010CensusTableResults,Website:

https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?text=population&g=0100000US_0400000US47_0500000U S47001,47093,47105,47129,47145_1600000US4755120&y=2010&d=DEC%20Summary%20File

%201&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1&hidePreview=true&cid=P001001&tp=true,accessedJuly23, 2021.

5.

U.S.CensusBureau,TotalPopulationTableB010032021AmericanCommunitySurvey5Year CensusTableResults,Website:

https://data.census.gov/table?text=population&g=010XX00US_040XX00US47_050XX00US4700 1,47093,47105,47129,47145_160XX00US4740000,4755120&tid=ACSDT5Y2021.B01003&moe=fa lse 6.

U.S.CensusBureau.TennesseeCombinedStatisticalAreas(CSAs)andCounties.2021.Website:

https://www.census.gov/geographies/mappingfiles/timeseries/geo/cartographic boundary.html,accessedMarch7,2023 7.

TennesseeStateDataCenter.2021BoydCenterforBusinessandEconomicResearch,Boyd CenterPopulationProjections.Website:https://tnsdc.utk.edu/estimatesandprojections/boyd centerpopulationprojections/,accessedMarch7,2023 8.

U.S.CensusBureau,HispanicorLatinoOriginbyRaceTableB03002,20172021American CommunitySurvey5YearEstimates.Website:

https://data.census.gov/table?q=B03002&g=0100000US_0400000US47_0500000US47001,4709 3,47105,47129,47145_1600000US4755120&tid=ACSDT5Y2021.B03002&moe=false,accessed March7,2023 9.

U.S.CensusBureau,SelectedEconomicCharacteristicsTableDP03,20172021American CommunitySurvey5YearEstimates.Website:

https://data.census.gov/table?q=DP03:+SELECTED+ECONOMIC+CHARACTERISTICS&g=0100000 US_0400000US47_0500000US47001,47093,47105,47129,47145_1600000US4755120&tid=ACSD P5Y2021.DP03&moe=false,accessedMarch7,2023 10.

BureauofEconomicAnalysis.2021CAEMP25NTotalFullTimeandPartTimeEmploymentby NAICSIndustry1/.Website https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/?reqid=70&step=30&isuri=1&major_area=4&area=47131&year=20 18&tableid=33&category=733&area_type=4&year_end=

1&classification=naics&state=47000&statistic=1&yearbegin=

1&unit_of_measure=levels#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyNCwyOSwyNSwzMSwyNiwyN ywzMCwzMF0sImRhdGEiOltbIm1ham9yX2FyZWEiLCI0Il0sWyJ0YWJsZWlkIiwiMzMiXSxbImNsYXN

EnvironmentalReport

DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 310 Revision0 zaWZpY2F0aW9uIiwiTkFJQ1MiXSxbInN0YXRlIixbIjQ3MDAwIl1dLFsiQXJlYSIsWyI0NzAwMCIsIjQ3 MDAxIiwiNDcwOTMiLCI0NzEwNSIsIjQ3MTI5IiwiNDcxNDUiXV0sWyJTdGF0aXN0aWMiLCItMSJdLF siVW5pdF9vZl9tZWFzdXJlIiwiTGV2ZWxzIl0sWyJZZWFyIixbIjIwMjEiXV0sWyJZZWFyQmVnaW4iLCI tMSJdLFsiWWVhcl9FbmQiLCItMSJdXX0=,accessedMarch7,2023 11.

U.S.CensusBureau,SelectedEconomicCharacteristicsTableB17021,20172021American CommunitySurvey5YearEstimates.Website:

https://data.census.gov/table?q=B17021:+POVERTY+STATUS+OF+INDIVIDUALS+IN+THE+PAST+

12+MONTHS+BY+LIVING+ARRANGEMENT&g=0100000US_0400000US47_0500000US47001,470 93,47105,47129,47145_1600000US4755120&tid=ACSDT5Y2021.B17021&moe=false,accessed March7,2023 12.

RoaneCountyTennessee,AssessorofProperty,Website:https://roanecountytn.gov/assessor ofproperty/,accessedApril20,2023.

13.

CityofOakRidgeTennessee,TaxRates,Website:https://www.oakridgechamber.org/incentives taxes#:~:text=Oak%20Ridge%20Property%20Taxes,Tennessee%20counties%3A%20Anderson%2 0and%20Roane,accessedApril20,2023.

14.

OakRidgeBoardofEducation,"OakRidgeSchoolsRY2021AdoptedBudget,"

https://www.ortn.edu/BusinessOffice/ORS_FY20212022_Adopted_Budget.pdfaccessedApril 20,2023.

15.

Huotari,J.,"ConstructionofnewwaterplantcouldstartinMay,becompletenextyear,"Oak RidgeToday,February7,2021.Retrievedfrom https://oakridgetoday.com/2021/02/07/constructionofnewwaterplantcouldstartinmay becompletenextyear/.

16.

Smith,D.,Officialsbreakgroundonnew$78.3Mwaterplantforthecity,OakRidger,October 20,2022.Retrievedfromhttps://www.oakridger.com/story/news/2022/10/21/officialsbreak groundonnew783mwaterplantforcity/69573126007/.AccessedonApril27,2023.

17.

USCB2021.SelectedHousingCharacteristics.TableDP04.20172021AmericanCommunity Survey5YearEstimates.Website:

https://data.census.gov/table?q=Occupancy+Status+housing+units&g=0100000US_0400000US4 7_0500000US47001,47093,47105,47129,47145&tid=ACSDP5Y2021.DP04&moe=false,accessed March7,2023

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DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 311 Revision0 Table3.31:HistoricPopulationandGrowthRatesofROICounties County 1990 2000 2010 2021 PercentChange 19902021 Anderson 68,250 71,330 75,129 76,683 12.4 Knox 335,749 382,032 432,226 475,286 41.6 Loudon 31,255 39,086 48,556 54,349 73.9 Morgan 17,300 19,757 21,987 21,158 22.3 Roane 47,227 51,910 54,181 53,313 12.9 TotalROI 499,781 564,115 632,079 680,789 36.2 Tennessee 4,877,185 5,689,283 6,346,105 6,859,497 40.6 Sources:(Reference2,Reference3,Reference4,andReference5)

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 312 Revision0 Table3.32:ProjectedPopulationandGrowthRatesofROICounties County 2021 Projected2026 Projected2039 PercentChange 20212026 PercentChange 20262039 Anderson 76,683 79,416 81,792 3.6 3.0 Knox 475,286 502,133 557,494 5.6 11.0 Loudon 54,349 59,243 66,914 9.0 12.9 Morgan 21,158 21,842 22,119 3.2 1.3 Roane 53,313 53,981 52,585 1.3 2.6 TotalROI 680,789 716,615 780,903 5.3 9.0 Tennessee 6,859,497 7,231,338 7,888,046 5.4 9.1 Sources:(Reference5andReference7)

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DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 313 Revision0 Table3.33:Demographic(RaceandEthnicity)CharacteristicsofROICounties(Page1of2)

County TotalPopulation White Minority BlackorAfricanAmerican AmericanIndianand AlaskaNative Total Total Total Total AndersonCounty 76,683 67,575 88.1%

9,108 11.9%

2,395 3.1%

215 0.3%

KnoxCounty 475,286 387,046 81.4%

88,240 18.6%

39,875 8.4%

497 0.1%

LoudonCounty 54,349 47,084 86.6%

7,265 13.4%

640 1.2%

42 0.1%

MorganCounty 21,158 19,269 91.1%

1,889 8.9%

1,162 5.5%

43 0.2%

RoaneCounty 53,313 49,191 92.3%

4,122 7.7%

1,586 3.0%

188 0.4%

TotalROI 680,789 570,165 83.8%

110,624 16.2%

45,658 6.7%

985 0.1%

Tennessee 6,859,497 5,002,855 72.9%

1,856,642 27.1%

1,120,548 16.3%

10,292 0.2%

UnitedStates 329,725,481 196,010,370 59.4%

133,715,111 40.6%

40,196,302 12.2%

1,936,842 0.6%

Source:(Reference8)

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DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 314 Revision0 Table3.33:Demographic(RaceandEthnicity)CharacteristicsofROICounties(Page2of2)

County Asian NativeHawaiianand OtherPacificIslander OtherRace HispanicorLatino TwoorMoreRaces Total Total Total Total Total AndersonCounty 1,069 1.4%

57 0.1%

323 0.4%

2492 3.2%

2,557 3.3%

KnoxCounty 10,741 2.3%

233 0.0%

1,614 0.3%

21,823 4.6%

13,457 2.8%

LoudonCounty 461 0.8%

223 0.4%

5084 9.4%

815 1.5%

MorganCounty 35 0.2%

11 0.1%

312 1.5%

326 1.5%

RoaneCounty 385 0.7%

19 0.0%

52 0.1%

1107 2.1%

785 1.5%

TotalROI 12,691 1.9%

320 0.0%

2,212 0.3%

30,506 4.5%

17,614 2.6%

Tennessee 124,495 1.8%

3,518 0.1%

19,258 0.3%

395,967 5.8%

182,564 2.7%

UnitedStates 18,554,697 5.6%

555,712 0.2%

1,208,267 0.4%

60,806,969 18.4%

10,456,322 3.2%

Source:(Reference8)

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DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 315 Revision0 Table3.34:MedianHouseholdandPerCapitaIncomeLevelsinROICounties

Anderson County KnoxCounty Loudon County Morgan County Roane County Tennessee UnitedStates MedianHouseholdIncome(dollars) 55,414 62,911 66,151 45,133 60,044 58,516 69,021 PerCapitaIncome(dollars) 30,544 36,450 36,308 23,436 34,366 32,908 37,638 Source:(Reference9)

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DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 316 Revision0 Table3.35:CivilianLaborForceandUnemploymentRates

Anderson County KnoxCounty Loudon County Morgan County Roane County TotalROI Tennessee UnitedStates CivilianLaborForce 34,578 248,118 25,053 7,824 24,434 340,007 3,380,708 166,672,597 UnemploymentRate 5.2%

4.1%

3.3%

8.6%

5.3%

NA 5.3%

5.5%

Source:(Reference9)

NANotapplicable,asonlyratesreportedbyofficialsourcesarereported.

Table3.36:EmploymentbyIndustry

AndersonCounty KnoxCounty LoudonCounty MorganCounty RoaneCounty Tennessee UnitedStates Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total employment (numberofjobs) 53,000

334,026

25,928

5,489

26,835

4,248,764

201,142,600

Farm employment 444 0.8 942 0.3 1,034 4.0 444 8.1 538 2.0 74,724 1.8 2,588,000 1.3 Construction 2,587 4.9 20,479 6.1 1,848 7.1 382 7.0 NA NA 256,215 6.0 11,673,300 5.8 Manufacturing 13,523 25.5 14,601 4.4 3,963 15.3 375 6.8 1,115 4.2 365,296 8.6 13,081,600 6.5 Retailtrade 4,420 8.3 37,309 11.2 3,779 14.6 389 7.1 2,457 9.2 423,358 10.0 19,120,800 9.5 Healthcareand socialassistance 4,959 9.4 41,637 12.5 1,713 6.6 557 10.1 2,038 7.6 436,136 10.3 22,880,500 11.4 Accommodation andfoodservices 3,300 6.2 26,337 7.9 1,795 6.9 173 3.2 1,423 5.3 312,784 7.4 13,554,000 6.7 Otherservices (non government) 2,493 4.7 18,164 5.4 1,695 6.5 425 7.7 1,275 4.8 248,168 5.8 10,963,000 5.5 Governmentand government enterprises 5,229 9.9 34,677 10.4 2,377 9.2 1,510 27.5 3,580 13.3 448,490 10.6 24,048,000 12.0 Source:(Reference10)

NA-Notshowntoavoiddisclosureofconfidentialinformation;estimatesareincludedinhigherleveltotals.

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 317 Revision0 Table3.37:PercentofIndividualsandFamiliesLivingBelowtheCensusPovertyThresholdinROICounties

Anderson County Knox County Loudon County Morgan County Roane County Total ROI Tennessee United States PercentageofIndividualswhoseIncomein thePast12MonthsisbelowPovertyLevel 15.4 12.7 12.2 21.8 13.7 13.3 14.3 12.6 PercentageofFamilieswhoseIncomeinthe Past12MonthsisbelowPovertyLevel 10.4 7.3 9.7 18.4 9.7 8.4 10.0 8.7 Source:(Reference11)

Table3.38:HousingUtilization

AndersonCounty Knox County LoudonCounty Morgan County RoaneCounty TotalROI Tennessee UnitedStates Total housing units 35,139

209,529

24,241

8,559

25,412

302,880

3,011,124

139,647,020

Occupied housing units 30,973

192,077

21,801

7,110

21,773

273,734

2,664,791

124,010,992

Vacant housing units 4,166

17,452

2,440

1,449

3,639

29,146

346,333

15,636,028

Vacancy Rate 11.9%

8.3%

10.1%

16.9%

14.3%

9.6%

11.5%

11.2%

Median HomeValue

$161,400

$208,900

$238,100

$104,300

$162,900 NA

$193,700

$244,900 Source:(Reference17)

NANotapplicable,asonlyratesreportedbyofficialsourcesarereported.

EnvironmentalReport

DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 318 Revision0 3.4 ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE Atotalof11censusblockgroupslocatedwithina5mileradiusofthesitewereevaluatedforpotential environmentaljusticeimpacts.Table3.41identifiesthresholdsforeachcountyfortheidentificationof minorityandlowincomecommunitieswithinthe5mileradiustraversingthecounties.

3.4.1 Methodology Datafrom20172021AmericanCommunitySurvey5YearEstimates,alongwithGISsoftware,were usedtodeterminetheminorityandlowincomecharacteristicsofresidentpopulationsbyblockgroup.

TheHermesER(Reference1)usesdatafrom20152019AmericanCommunitySurvey5yearEstimates.

11blockgroupsmetthesecriteriaandwereevaluatedagainstthethresholdsshowninTable3.41 (Reference2andReference3).

3.4.1.1 MinorityPopulations Table3.42showsthepercentageofminoritypopulationsineachblockgroupwithinthe5mileradius, andthecountyinwhichtheblockgroupislocated.Noneofthe11blockgroupsmetthegreaterthan 50percentminoritypopulationthresholdindicatingpotentialenvironmentaljusticepopulations.None oftheminoritypercentagesinanyofthe11blockgroupswithinthe5mileradiusexceededthe20 percentgreaterthresholds(23.5percentinRoaneCountyand27.7percentinMorganCounty) comparedto27.3percentand27.9percentasreportedintheHermesERforeachcountyrespectively asshowninTable3.41(Reference1andReference2).Therefore,therearenominoritypopulations subjecttoconsiderationaspotentialenvironmentaljusticecommunitiesofconcernina5mileradiusof theproposedsite.

Overall,theaggregateminoritypopulationofblockgroupsinthe5milestudyareawas7.6percent (Reference4)comparedto6.2percentasreportedintheHermesER(Reference1).AsshowninTable 3.33,thisissignificantlylessthanthe5countyROI(16.2percent)andthestate(27.1percent) comparedto15.4percentand26.2percentasreportedintheHermesER(Reference1)respectively.

3.4.1.2 LowIncomePopulations Table3.43showsthepercentageoflowincomepopulationsineachblockgroupwithinthe5mile radius,andthecountyinwhichtheblockgroupislocated.Noneofthe11blockgroupsmetthegreater than50percentlowincomepopulationthresholdindicatingpotentialenvironmentaljustice populations.Noneofthe11blockgroupsexceededthe20percentgreaterthresholds(33.7percentin RoaneCountyand41.8percentinMorganCounty)comparedto33.8percentand42.8percentas reportedintheHermesERforeachcountyrespectivelyasshowninTable3.41(Reference1and Reference3).Therefore,therearenolowincomepopulationssubjecttoconsiderationaspotential environmentaljusticecommunitiesofconcern(Reference3)withina5mileradiusofthesite.

Overall,theaggregatelowincomepopulationofblockgroupsinthe5milestudyareawas8.5percent comparedto12.6percentasreportedintheHermesER(Reference1andReference3).Asshownin Table3.37,thisislessthanthe5countyROI(13.3percentcomparedto14.7percentasreportedinthe HermesER)andsignificantlylessthantheState(14.3percentcomparedto15.2percentasreportedin theHermesER)(Reference1).

WithrespecttotheinformationpresentedintheHermesER(Reference1),theupdateddatadescribed aboveforenvironmentaljusticeinformationreflectsmalldifferencesanddonotnoticeablyaffect conclusionsdrawninChapter4.

EnvironmentalReport

DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 319 Revision0 3.4.2 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

U.S.CensusBureau,HispanicorLatinoOriginbyRaceTableB03002,20172021American CommunitySurvey5YearEstimates.Website:

https://data.census.gov/table?q=B03002&g=010XX00US_040XX00US47_050XX00US47001,4709 3,47105,47129,47145_1500000US471291104003,471450301001,471450301002,471450302032

,471450302061,471450302062,471450302063,471450307001,471450308022,471450309002,47 1459801001_160XX00US4755120&tid=ACSDT5Y2021.B03002&moe=false 3.

U.S.CensusBureau,SelectedEconomicCharacteristicsTableB17021,20172021American CommunitySurvey5YearEstimates.Website:

https://data.census.gov/table?q=B17021:+POVERTY+STATUS+OF+INDIVIDUALS+IN+THE+PAST+

12+MONTHS+BY+LIVING+ARRANGEMENT&g=010XX00US_040XX00US47_050XX00US47001,470 93,47105,47129,47145_1500000US471291104003,471450301001,471450301002,47145030203 2,471450302061,471450302062,471450302063,471450307001,471450308022,471450309002,4 71459801001&tid=ACSDT5Y2021.B17021&moe=false 4.

NUREG2183,EnvironmentalImpactStatementfortheConstructionPermitfortheSHINE MedicalRadioisotopeProductionFacility,October2015.

EnvironmentalReport

DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 320 Revision0 Table3.41:2021ThresholdsforIdentificationofMinorityandLowincomeEnvironmentalJustice CommunitiesinROICounties County MinorityThreshold (Rate+20%)

LowincomeThreshold (Rate+20%)

Morgan 28.9%

41.8%

Roane 27.7%

33.7%

Source:(Reference2andReference3)

Table3.42:MinorityPopulationStatisticsforBlockGroupswithina5MileRadiusoftheSite BlockGroup Total Population Aggregate Minority Population Percent Minority Population BlockGroup1,CensusTract301,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,917 88 4.6%

BlockGroup2,CensusTract301,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,726 252 14.6%

BlockGroup2,CensusTract302.03,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 2,264 239 10.6%

BlockGroup1,CensusTract302.06,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,175 37 3.1%

BlockGroup2,CensusTract302.06,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,025 23 2.2%

BlockGroup3,CensusTract302.06,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,403 109 7.8%

BlockGroup1,CensusTract307,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 870 110 12.6%

BlockGroup2,CensusTract308.02,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,551 333 21.5%

BlockGroup2,CensusTract309,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 4,292 100 2.3%

BlockGroup1,CensusTract9801,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 0

0 0.0%

BlockGroup3,CensusTract1104,MorganCounty,Tennessee 990 21 2.1%

TotalBlockGroupsin5mileRadius 17,213 1,312 7.6%

RoaneCounty,Tennessee 53,313 4,122 7.7%

MorganCounty,Tennessee 21,158 1,889 8.9%

Source:Reference2

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DescriptionoftheAffectedEnvironment

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 321 Revision0 Table3.43:LowIncomePopulationStatisticsforBlockGroupswithina5MileRadiusoftheSite BlockGroup Total Population Persons Below Poverty Level Percentof Persons Below Poverty Level BlockGroup1,CensusTract301,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,917 113 5.9%

BlockGroup2,CensusTract301,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,719 0

0.0%

BlockGroup2,CensusTract302.03,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 2,264 164 7.2%

BlockGroup1,CensusTract302.06,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,175 306 26.0%

BlockGroup2,CensusTract302.06,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 994 43 4.3%

BlockGroup3,CensusTract302.06,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,403 79 5.6%

BlockGroup1,CensusTract307,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 870 68 7.8%

BlockGroup2,CensusTract308.02,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 1,551 154 9.9%

BlockGroup2,CensusTract309,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 4,274 432 10.1%

BlockGroup1,CensusTract9801,RoaneCounty,Tennessee 0

0 0.0%

BlockGroup3,CensusTract1104,MorganCounty,Tennessee 990 99 10.0%

TotalBlockGroupsin5mileRadius 17,157 1,458 8.5%

RoaneCounty,Tennessee 52,669 7,220 13.7%

MorganCounty,Tennessee 18,442 4,028 21.8%

Source:(Reference3)

© 2023 Kairos Power LLC Chapter 4 Impacts of Proposed Construcon, Operaons, and Decommissioning Hermes 2 Non-Power Reactor Environmental Report Revision 0 July 2023

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Impacts

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 4i Revision0 TABLEOFCONTENTS

CHAPTER4 IMPACTSOFPROPOSEDCONSTRUCTION,OPERATIONS,ANDDECOMMISSIONING...........41 4.1 LANDUSEANDVISUALRESOURCES.....................................................................................41 4.1.1 LandUse................................................................................................................................41 4.1.2 VisualResources...................................................................................................................42 4.1.3 References.............................................................................................................................43 4.2 AIRQUALITYANDNOISE.......................................................................................................45 4.2.1 AirQuality.............................................................................................................................45 4.2.2 Noise.....................................................................................................................................46 4.2.3 References.............................................................................................................................47 4.3 GEOLOGICENVIRONMENT....................................................................................................49 4.3.1 References.............................................................................................................................49 4.4 WATERRESOURCES.............................................................................................................410 4.4.1 Hydrology............................................................................................................................410 4.4.2 WaterUse...........................................................................................................................411 4.4.3 WaterQuality......................................................................................................................411 4.4.4 Monitoring..........................................................................................................................412 4.4.5 References...........................................................................................................................412 4.5 ECOLOGICALRESOURCES....................................................................................................413 4.5.1 ImpactsfromConstruction.................................................................................................413 4.5.2 ImpactsfromOperations....................................................................................................413 4.5.3 ImpactsfromDecommissioning.........................................................................................414 4.5.4 References...........................................................................................................................414 4.6 HISTORICANDCULTURALRESOURCES...............................................................................415 4.6.1 Construction,Operation,andDecommissioning................................................................415 4.6.2 References...........................................................................................................................415 4.7 SOCIOECONOMICS..............................................................................................................416 4.7.1 SocioeconomicsImpacts.....................................................................................................416 4.7.2 Transportation....................................................................................................................418 4.7.3 PublicRecreationalFacilities...............................................................................................418 4.7.4 References...........................................................................................................................418

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 4ii Revision0 4.8 HUMANHEALTH..................................................................................................................421 4.8.1 NonradiologicalImpacts.....................................................................................................421 4.8.2 RadiologicalImpacts...........................................................................................................421 4.8.3 RadiologicalMonitoring......................................................................................................423 4.8.4 References...........................................................................................................................424 4.9 WASTEMANAGEMENT.......................................................................................................428 4.9.1 SourcesandTypesofWasteCreated..................................................................................428 4.9.2 References...........................................................................................................................428 4.10 TRANSPORTATION..............................................................................................................429 4.10.1 References...........................................................................................................................430 4.11 POSTULATEDEVENTS..........................................................................................................432 4.11.1 EventCategories.................................................................................................................432 4.11.2 References...........................................................................................................................433 4.12 ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE..................................................................................................434 4.12.1 References...........................................................................................................................434 4.13 CUMULATIVEEFFECTS........................................................................................................435 4.13.1 LandUseandVisualResources...........................................................................................435 4.13.2 AirQualityandNoise...........................................................................................................435 4.13.3 GeologicEnvironment.........................................................................................................436 4.13.4 WaterResources.................................................................................................................436 4.13.5 EcologicalResources...........................................................................................................437 4.13.6 HistoricalandCulturalResources.......................................................................................437 4.13.7 SocioeconomicEnvironment..............................................................................................437 4.13.8 HumanHealth.....................................................................................................................438 4.13.9 WasteManagement............................................................................................................438 4.13.10Transportation....................................................................................................................439 4.13.11EnvironmentalJustice.........................................................................................................439 4.13.12Conclusion...........................................................................................................................439 4.13.13References...........................................................................................................................440

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 4iii Revision0 ListofTables

Table4.21:TotalEmissions-ConstructionRelatedEquipmentandTrucks............................................48 Table4.71:ProjectedROILaborAvailabilityandOnsiteLaborRequirementsatPeakMonthof Construction,OperationsandDecommissioningSchedules..............................................420 Table4.81:SummaryofMajorChemicalInventoryandQuantity.........................................................425 Table4.82:AdditionalPotentialOccupationalHazards.........................................................................425 Table4.83:AnnualTotalEffectiveDoseEquivalenttothePublicatBoundingDoseReceptors...........426 Table4.84:ListofInputsApplicabletotheXOQDOQModeling............................................................427 Table4.101:UpdatestoAnnualDoseandRiskFactorsforShipmentofRadioactiveMaterial.............431 Table4.131:AdditionalPast,Present,andReasonablyForeseeableProjectsandOtherActions ConsideredintheCumulativeEffectsAnalysis...................................................................441 Table4.132:CumulativeImpactsonEnvironmentalResources,IncludingtheImpactsoftheProposed Project.................................................................................................................................442

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 4iv Revision0 ListofFigures

Figure4.11:SimulationoftheProposedFacility.....................................................................................44

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CHAPTER4 IMPACTSOFPROPOSEDCONSTRUCTION,OPERATIONS,ANDDECOMMISSIONING Thischapterprovidesananalysisoftheimpactsofconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningofthe facility.Overallimpactrankingsaregiventoeachenvironmentalresourceevaluated.Unlessotherwise defined,criteriafollowedtheguidancegiveninNRCImpactRankingsin10CFR51SubpartA, Appendix°B,TableB1,Footnote3asfollows:

SMALL-Environmentaleffectsarenotdetectableoraresominorthattheywouldneither destabilizenornoticeablyalteranyimportantattributeoftheresource.

MODERATE-Environmentaleffectsaresufficienttoalternoticeably,butnottodestabilize, importantattributesoftheresource.

LARGE-Environmentaleffectsareclearlynoticeableandaresufficienttodestabilizeimportant attributesoftheresource.

AsnotedinTable4.132oftheHermesER(Reference1),allimpactsfromtheproposedHermesfacility weredeterminedtobeSMALL.

4.1 LANDUSEANDVISUALRESOURCES Thissectionassessestheimpactsofconstructionandoperationonlanduseandvisualresourcesforthe siteandregion.

4.1.1 LandUse Thissectiondiscussesthelanduseimpactsfromconstructionandoperationofthefacility.

4.1.1.1 SiteandRegion ThehistoricandindustrialcontextofthesiteandregionfortheHermes2facilityisgiveninSection 4.1.1.1oftheKairosPowerHermesEnvironmentalReport(ER;Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactstoland useduringconstructionandoperationsweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).

Therefore,impactstolanduseduringconstructionandoperationsofHermes2wouldalsobeSMALL.

UraniumsourcingdetailsfortheHermes2facilityaresimilartodetailsgiveninSection4.1.1.1ofthe HermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseinuraniumusagetoaccountfortwounits andadditionaloperatinglifeofthefacility.Approximately4.66metrictonsofuranium(MTU)wouldbe neededoverthe10effectivefullpoweryears(EFPY)ofthe11yearlicensedoperatinglifeforboth Hermes2reactorunitscomparedtoanaverageof20to33MTUperyearforlightwaterpower reactors.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER(Reference1).

ImpactsfromuraniumsourcingweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).

Therefore,theimpactsfromuraniumsourcingforHermes2onlandusewouldalsobeSMALL.

ThelanduseimpactstothesiteandnearoffsiteareasaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.1.1.1of theHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsonland usetothesiteandnearoffsiteareasweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).

Therefore,theimpactsonlandusetothesiteandnearoffsiteareasforHermes2wouldalsobeSMALL.

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4.1.1.2 SpecialLandUses RegionalspeciallandusesfortheHermes2facilityarethosedescribedinSection4.1.1.2oftheHermes ER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER(Reference1).

ImpactstospeciallanduseclassificationareasweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER (Reference1).Therefore,impactstospeciallanduseclassificationareasduringconstructionand operationofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.

4.1.1.3 AgriculturalResourcesandFacilities AgriculturalresourcesandfacilitiesneartheHermes2facilityarethosedescribedinSection4.1.1.3of theHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand IndirectimpactstoagriculturalresourcesandfacilitiesweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER (Reference1).Therefore,directandindirectimpactstoagriculturalresourcesandfacilitiesfromthe constructionandoperationofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.

4.1.1.4 MajorPopulationCentersandInfrastructure MajorpopulationcentersandinfrastructureneartheHermes2facilityarethosedescribedinSection 3.1andSection4.1.1.4oftheHermesER(Reference1).UpdatestopopulationdatadiscussedinSection 3.3areminoranddonotaltertheconclusionsgivenintheHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand IndirectimpactstomajorpopulationcentersweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER (Reference1).Therefore,directandindirectimpactstomajorpopulationcentersandinfrastructure fromtheconstructionandoperationofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.

4.1.1.5 ImpactsfromDecommissioning DecommissioningactivitiesandresultantlandusesfortheHermes2facilityandsiteareexpectedtobe similartothosedescribedinSection4.1.1.5oftheHermesER(Reference1)withexceptionstothe licensedlifeoftheHermes2facilityandthetimelineofoperationanddecommissioningoftheHermes2 facility.Thelicensedlifeofthefacilityisexpectedtobe11years.Thefacilityisexpectedtobegin operationalactivitiesin2028.Asaresult,decommissioningactivitieswouldbeexpectedtocommence in2039.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand IndirectimpactsfromdecommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).

Therefore,directandindirectimpactsfromthedecommissioningofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.

4.1.2 VisualResources ThevisualresourceimpactsoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.1.2ofthe HermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionoffacilityspecificdimensions.Adesignsimulationofthe proposedfacilityisshowninFigure4.11.ApproximatedimensionsoftheReactorBuildingcomplexfor thevisualimpactassessmentincludeaheightof100feet,alengthof260feet,andawidthof275feet.

TheReactorBuildingswouldeachhaveanapproximatewidthof100feetandtheAuxiliarySystems Buildingwouldhaveanapproximatewidthof75feet,foracombinedwidthof275feet.Thefootprint

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withinthefencedareawouldbeapproximately1,200feetwideby600feetlong.ThefacilitysReactor Buildingswouldhaveventilationstackswithaheightof100feet.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactson visualresourcesduetoconstructionandoperationweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER (Reference1).Therefore,theimpactonvisualresourcesduetoconstructionandoperationofthe Hermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

4.1.3 References

1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),March2023.

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Figure4.11:SimulationoftheProposedFacility

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 45 Revision0

4.2 AIRQUALITYANDNOISE 4.2.1 AirQuality 4.2.1.1 ImpactsfromConstruction TheairqualitydetailsfortheconstructionoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.2.1.1oftheHermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseindurationof constructionrelatedemissionsduetotheconstructionofbothunits.

AiremissionestimatesfortheconstructionphaseoftheHermes2reactorfacilityareprovidedin Table°4.21.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationwasidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsonairquality duetoconstructionweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,the impactstoairqualityduringconstructionoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

4.2.1.2 ImpactsfromOperation TheairqualitydetailsfortheoperationoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section°4.2.1.2oftheHermesER(Reference1).

Thedesignofthefacilityincludesacoolingsystemthatusesexternalmechanicalaircooledcondensers butdoesnotuseopencycle,evaporativecooling.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationwasidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsonairquality duetooperationweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,theimpacts toairqualityduringoperationoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

4.2.1.2.1 GaseousEffluents Airemissionsofnonradiologicalgaseouspollutantsandhazardousairpollutants(HAPs)fromthe operationoftheHermes2facilitywouldbesimilartothosedescribedinSection4.2.1.2.1oftheHermes ER(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreasetohydrocarboncombustionemissionstoaccountfor theintermediatecoolantheater.AiremissionsofnonradiologicalgaseouscriteriapollutantsandHAPs wouldbeemittedduringtheoperationsphasefromintermittentuseofpropanefiredheatersforthe intermediatecoolantlocatedintheintermediateheattransportsystem(IHTS)duringmaintenance activities.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationwasidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsonairquality duetooperationweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,theimpacts toairqualityduringoperationoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

4.2.1.2.2 UraniumFuelCycle Airemissionsdetailsrelatedtovehicleemissions,emissionsfromtheuraniumfuelcycle,other emissions,andreleasepointcharacteristicsfortheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.2.1.2.2oftheHermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseintotaluranium requiredtoaccountfortheincreasedlifeofthefacilityanditstwounits.Approximately4.66MTU wouldbeneededforbothunitsoverthe10EFPYofthe11yearlicensedoperatinglifecomparedtoan averageof20to33MTUperyearforlightwaterpowerreactors.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationwasidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsonairquality duetomining,enrichment,andfuelfabricationactivitiesweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermes

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ER(Reference1).Therefore,theenvironmentalimpactsfromairemissionsgeneratedduringmining, enrichment,andfuelfabricationactivitiesforHermes2wouldbeSMALLandareboundedbyimpacts describedinTableS3of10CFR51.51whichconsiderstheimpactsfromagenericLWRrequiringan averageof33MTUperyear.

4.2.1.3 ImpactsofDecommissioning TheairqualitydetailsforthedecommissioningoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.2.1.3oftheHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationwasidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsonairquality duetodecommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore, impactstoairqualityduringthedecommissioningphaseofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.

4.2.1.4 RequiredPermits ThePermitrequirementsfortheHermes2facilityaresimilartothoselistedinTable1.41and Section°4.2.1.4oftheHermesER(Reference1).Whilethereisnodifferenceinrequiredpermits, CO2°equivalent(CO2e)emissionestimatesdiscussedinSection4.2.1.4oftheHermesER(Reference1) areincreasedtoaccountfortwounits.

Itisexpectedthatduringconstruction,thefacilitycouldproduceupto16,380metrictonsofCO2eper year.Duringoperation,thefacilitycouldproduceupto2,920metrictonsofCO2eperyear.Becausethe emissionsareexpectedtobeunder25,000metrictpy,thefacilitywouldnotbesubjecttoGHG regulations.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationwasidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Therefore,thereisno changeinpermitsrequiredfortheHermes2facilityfromthoseidentifiedintheHermesER.

4.2.1.5 AirQualityandMeteorologicalMonitoring AirqualityandmeteorologicalmonitoringinformationdetailsfortheHermes2facilityareidenticalto thosegiveninSection4.2.1.5oftheHermesER(Reference1).Noadditionalnewandsignificant informationwasidentifiedfromtheHermesER.

4.2.2 Noise 4.2.2.1 ImpactsofConstruction ThenoisesgeneratedduringtheconstructionoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.2.2.1theHermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseintotalnoisetoaccount fortwounitsbeingconstructedoveralongerduration.Constructionwouldhavetemporaryadverse effectsonnoiseandvibrationduringthelikely3yeardurationoftheconstructionbetween2025and 2028.LocalnoisereceptorsandbackgroundnoiselevelsaredescribedinSection4.2.2.1theHermesER (Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsonnoise duetoconstructionequipmentoperationandconstructionrelatedtrafficweredeterminedtobeSMALL intheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,theimpactofnoisefromconstructionequipmentoperation andconstructionrelatedtrafficforHermes2onnearbyresidences,schools,churches,andparkswould beSMALL.

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4.2.2.2 ImpactsofOperation NoisesgeneratedduringoperationoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section°4.2.2.2oftheHermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseintotalnoiseto accountfortwounits,theuseofthepowergenerationsystemsincludingaturbine,andtheuseofadry aircooledcondensers.However,thenearestresidentisapproximately1.1milesawayfromtheproject siteandisseparatedbyforestandtheBlackOakRidge,creatingasoundbufferasnotedintheHermes ER(Reference1).Thepowergenerationsystemswillbehousedwithintheturbinebuilding.Theair cooledcondenserswillnotgeneratenoiselevelsinexcessof70dBAat1000ftfromthecondensers.The daynightaveragenoiselevelwillbeattenuatedtolessthan65dBAatthenearestresident.

NUREG1437,Rev1,GenericEnvironmentalImpactStatementforLicenseRenewalofNuclearPlants, statesthattheDepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopmentusesdaynightaveragesoundlevelsof 55dBA,recommendedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)asguidelinesorgoalsfor outdoorsinresidentialareas.However,noiselevelsareconsideredacceptableifthedaynightaverage soundleveloutsidearesidenceislessthan65dBA.Consideringthatnoiselevelsfromtheaircooled condensersandothermechanicalequipmentareexpectedtobelessthan70dBAat1000ftfromthe towersandthenearestresidenceismorethanfivetimesthatdistance,noiselevelsatthenearest residenceareexpectedtobeattenuatedto65dBAorless.Giventheambientdaynightsoundlevelof 53dBAmeasuredatthesiteboundaryasreportedinTable3.210oftheHermesER(Reference1),

operationalimpactsrelativetothenoiseenvironmentatthelocationofthenearestresidentwouldbe SMALL.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsonnoise duetooperationweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,theimpact ofnoisefromoperationoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

4.2.2.3 ImpactsofDecommissioning NoisesgeneratedduringdecommissioningoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.2.2.3oftheHermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseintotalnoiseto accountfortwounits.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsonnoise duetodecommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,the impactofnoisefromdecommissioningtheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

4.2.3 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

NewYorkCityEnvironmentalQualityReview.TechnicalManual(2021)(Table221).

3.

U.S.DepartmentofTransportation.FederalHighwayAdministrationHighwayConstructionNoise Handbook.FinalReport.August2006.[Table7.3and/orTable9.1]

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Table4.21:TotalEmissions-ConstructionRelatedEquipmentandTrucks Equipment Type

Hours (4)

Horse power (2)

Load Factor (3)

EmissionsRate(tons)(1)

VOC NOX CO PM2.5 PM10 SO2 CO2 CH4 AirCompressor 2,024 300 0.43 0.00 0.50 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.00 152.62 0.00 AsphaltPaving Machine 220 130

0.59 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.98 0.00 Backhoeand Loader 7,608 85

0.21 0.10 0.52 0.54 0.08 0.08 0.00 103.82 0.00 Compactor 26,826 20 0.59 0.14 1.34 0.55 0.06 0.06 0.00 205.44 0.02 ConcretePump 2,502 181 0.43 0.04 0.50 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.00 113.78 0.00 ConcreteSaw 3,476 25 0.59 0.00 0.14 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 33.64 0.00 Crane 7,752 335 0.43 0.08 1.42 0.34 0.06 0.06 0.00 652.88 0.00 Dozer 4,304 303 0.43 0.02 0.36 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.00 331.48 0.00 Hammer 7,644 54 0.43 0.08 0.88 0.38 0.06 0.06 0.00 115.18 0.00 Excavator 16,060 303 0.59 0.10 1.58 0.64 0.10 0.12 0.00 1,697.12 0.00 Tractor 4,722 70 0.21 0.06 0.32 0.28 0.04 0.04 0.00 53.06 0.00 Lift 25,430 64 0.21 0.22 1.54 1.04 0.14 0.14 0.00 261.34 0.00 Trucks 31,544 440 0.59 0.14 2.12 0.62 0.12 0.14 0.02 4,841.00 0.02 Welder 5,276 25 0.68 0.04 0.34 0.18 0.04 0.04 0.00 68.62 0.00 Total

1.02 11.58 4.98 0.76 0.80 0.02 8,639.96 0.04 Notes:

1.

EmissionsfactorsareestimatedusingMOVES3.03,NonroadmoduleforRoaneCounty,Tennessee

2.

Guidanceforhorsepower:USACEConstructionEquipmentOwnershipandOperatingExpenseScheduleRegionIV

3.

GuidanceforLoadFactors;USEPAMedianLife,AnnualActivity,andLoadFactorValuesforNonroadEngineEmissionsModeling

4.

EstimatednumberofhoursforeachequipmenttypebasedonHermes2constructionestimates

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 49 Revision0 4.3 GEOLOGICENVIRONMENT Potentialimpactstogeologicandsoilresourcesduringtheconstruction,operation,and decommissioningoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.3oftheHermesER (Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseingeologicmaterialrequiredforconstructiontoaccount fortwounits.Theestimatedquantityofgeologicmaterialrequiredforthecompletionofthisproject, exclusiveofconcreteacquiredfromcommercialconcretemixingplantsforconstructionofthebuildings, wouldbe:

Backfill:222,666cubicyardsaroundstructuresinmainexcavation(reuseofsuitablematerial excavatedonsite)

Topsoil:1,066cubicyards,acquiredfromonsitesources Granularroadbase:9,284cubicyards Asphalticpavement:17,846cubicyards Gravelsurfacing:1,000cubicyards Undergroundutilities:2,344cubicyardsforbackfill(reuseofsuitablematerialexcavatedonsite)

Sitegrading:quantityistobedetermined,andtobeacquiredfrommaterialexcavatedonsite.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactson geologicandsoilresourcesduetoconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningweredeterminedtobe SMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,theimpactongeologicandsoilresourcesfromfacility construction,operation,anddecommissioningofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.Actionsrelatedto dewateringoftheexcavatedgeologicenvironmentduringconstructiondiscussedinSection4.3.2ofthe HermesER(Reference1)arealsoapplicabletotheHermes2facility.

4.3.1 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 410 Revision0 4.4 WATERRESOURCES 4.4.1 Hydrology 4.4.1.1 SurfaceWater 4.4.1.1.1 FacilityConstruction ThesurfacewaterhydrologyfortheHermes2facilityissimilartothatgiveninSection4.4.1.1.1ofthe HermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand indirectimpactsonsurfacewaterhydrologyduetoconstructionweredeterminedtobeSMALLinthe HermesER(Reference1).Therefore,bothdirectandindirectimpactstosurfacewaterhydrologyduring constructionoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.Requiredpermitsandactionsrelatedtosurface waterhydrologydiscussedinSection4.4.1.1.1oftheHermesERarealsoapplicabletotheHermes2 facility.

4.4.1.1.2 FacilityOperations ThesurfacewaterhydrologyfortheHermes2facilityissimilartothatgiveninSection4.4.1.1.2ofthe HermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand indirectimpactsonsurfacewaterhydrologyduetooperationweredeterminedtobeSMALLinthe HermesER(Reference1).Therefore,bothdirectandindirectimpactstosurfacewaterhydrologyduring operationoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.Requiredpermitsandactionsrelatedtosurface waterhydrologydiscussedinSection4.4.1.1.2oftheHermesERarealsoapplicabletotheHermes2 facility.

4.4.1.1.3 FacilityDecommissioning ThesurfacewaterhydrologyfortheHermes2facilityissimilartothatgiveninSection4.4.1.1.3ofthe HermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand indirectimpactsonsurfacewaterhydrologyduetodecommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLin theHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,bothdirectandindirectimpactstosurfacewaterhydrology duringdecommissioningoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.Requiredactionsrelatedtosurface waterhydrologydiscussedinSection4.4.1.1.3oftheHermesERarealsoapplicabletotheHermes2 facility.

4.4.1.2 Groundwater 4.4.1.2.1 Construction,OperationsandDecommissioning GroundwaterhydrologyfortheHermes2facilityissimilartothatgiveninSection4.4.1.2.1ofthe HermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Therefore,both directandindirectimpactstogroundwaterhydrologyduringconstruction,operation,and decommissioningoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.Actionsrelatedtogroundwaterhydrology discussedinSection4.4.1.2.1oftheHermesERarealsoapplicabletotheHermes2facility.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 411 Revision0 4.4.2 WaterUse 4.4.2.1 SurfaceWater ThewaterusefortheHermes2facilityissimilartothatdescribedinSection4.4.2.1oftheHermesER (Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseintotalwaterusagetoaccountfortwounits.The averageestimatedwaterusagebythefacilityduringoperationswouldbe0.17milliongallonsperday (MGD).AsnotedinSection3.7.2.5oftheHermesER,theCityofOakRidgePublicWorkshasthe capacitytoproduce12MGDandisexpectedtocompleteanewwatertreatmentplantwithacapacity ofupto16MGDin2024or2025(Reference1,Reference2).

TheRarityRidgeWastewaterTreatmentPlanthasa0.6MGDtreatmentcapacityandthefacilitywould generateonly0.04MGDofwastewater;therefore,thetreatmentplanthasthecapacitytomanagethe wastewater.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand indirectimpactsonsurfacewateruseduetoconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningwere determinedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,directandindirectimpactsto surfacewateruseduringconstruction,operations,anddecommissioningofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.

4.4.2.2 Groundwater ThewaterusefortheHermes2facilityissimilartothatgiveninSection4.4.2.2oftheHermesER (Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand indirectimpactsongroundwateruseduetoconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningwere determinedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,bothdirectandindirectimpactsto groundwateruseduringconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningoftheHermes2facilitywould beSMALL.Actionsrelatedtodewateringduringconstructionanddecommissioningdiscussedin Section°4.4.2.2oftheHermesERarealsoapplicabletotheHermes2facility.

4.4.3 WaterQuality Potentialsurfacewaterandgroundwaterqualityimpactsofsiteconstructionandoperationare discussedinthissection.

4.4.3.1 SurfaceWater 4.4.3.1.1 FacilityConstructionandDecommissioning ThesurfacewaterqualitydetailsfortheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section°4.4.3.1.1oftheHermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseinmonthlyusageof dieselfuelduringconstructiontoaccountfortwounits.Itisestimatedthat63,600gallonsofdieselfuel wouldbeusedonamonthlybasisduringconstruction.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand indirectimpactsonsurfacewaterqualityduetoconstructionanddecommissioningweredeterminedto beSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,directandindirectimpactstosurfacewater qualityduringconstructionanddecommissioningofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.Requiredpermitsand actionsrelatedtosurfacewaterqualitydiscussedinSection4.4.3.1.1oftheHermesERarealso applicabletotheHermes2facility.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 412 Revision0 4.4.3.1.2 FacilityOperation ThesurfacewaterqualitydetailsfortheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section°4.4.3.1.2oftheHermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseinwastewater generationduringoperationtoaccountfortwounits.TheRarityRidgeWastewaterTreatmentPlanthas a0.6MGDtreatmentcapacityandtheHermes2facilitywouldgenerateonly0.04MGDofwastewater.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand indirectimpactsonsurfacewaterqualityduetooperationweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermes ER(Reference1).Therefore,directandindirectimpactstosurfacewaterqualityduringoperationof Hermes2wouldbeSMALL.Requiredpermitsandactionsrelatedtosurfacewaterqualitydiscussedin Section4.4.3.1.2oftheHermesERarealsoapplicabletotheHermes2facility.

4.4.3.2 Groundwater 4.4.3.2.1 Construction,Operation,andDecommissioning ThegroundwaterqualitydetailsfortheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosegiveninSection4.4.3.2.1of theHermesER(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseinonsitestoreddieselfuelduring operationstoaccountfortwounits.Duringoperations,thefacilitywouldincludestorageof approximately43,110gallonsofdieselfuelinanonsitefueltankforthestandbydieselgenerator.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand indirectimpactsongroundwaterqualityduetoconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningwere determinedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,bothdirectandindirectimpactsto groundwaterqualityduringconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningoftheHermes2facility wouldbeSMALL.Requiredpermitsandactionsrelatedtogroundwaterqualityduringconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningdiscussedinSection4.4.3.2.1oftheHermesERarealsoapplicableto theHermes2facility.

4.4.4 Monitoring ThewaterresourcemonitoringdetailsfortheHermes2facilityaregiveninSection4.4.4oftheHermes ER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.

4.4.5 References

1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

Huotari,J.DOEawards$91millioncontractforMercuryTreatmentFacilityatY12,Oak RidgeToday,December5,2018.Retrievedfrom:

https://oakridgetoday.com/2018/12/05/doeawards91millioncontractmercury treatmentfacilityy12/.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 413 Revision0 4.5 ECOLOGICALRESOURCES Thissectionaddressestheimpactsofconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningoftheHermes2facility ontheecologicalresourcesandwithinthevicinityofthesite.Theimpactsdiscussedbelowarebasedon thecharacterizationanddescriptionofterrestrialandaquaticecosystemsfromSection3.5ofthe HermesER(Reference1).

4.5.1 ImpactsfromConstruction TheecologicalresourcedetailsrelatedtotheconstructionoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothose describedinSection4.5.1oftheHermesER(Reference1)anditssubsectionswithexceptionsonthe locationandlayoutoftheHermes2facilitywithinthesite.Figure2.21illustratesthelocationofthe Hermes2facilitywithinthesiteandFigure3.21depictsthebuildingsofthefacilityproposedtobe constructedonthesite.Constructionactivitiesforthefacilitywouldtemporarilydisturbthesame138 acresoflanddisturbedfortheHermesfacility(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsto ecologicalresourcesduetoconstructionweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).

Therefore,impactstoecologicalresourcesduringconstructionofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.Required permitsandactionsrelatedtoecologicalresourcesdiscussedinSection4.5.1oftheHermesERandits subsectionsarealsoapplicabletotheHermes2facility.

4.5.2 ImpactsfromOperations TheecologicalresourcedetailsrelatedtotheoperationoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothose describedinSection4.5.2oftheHermesER(Reference1)anditssubsectionswiththeclarificationthat heatrejectionwillprimarilybeaccomplishedusinganaircooledcondenserassociatedwiththepower generationsystems.Theheatrejectionstackwillbeusedduringnormalstartupandshutdownwhenthe aircooledcondenserisunavailable.

Theprincipalsourceofoperationalnoiseisexpectedtobetheaircooledcondenser.Dataapplicableto thepredictionofnoiseeffectsonwildlifearelimited.AstudybytheFederalHighwayAdministration (FHA)summarizedinformationfromavailableliteratureontheeffectsofnoiseonwildlifepopulations.

Thestudyindicatedthateffectsofnoiseonbirdshasbeenstudiedthemost.TheFHAsreviewfound thatsomestudiesindicatedthatbirdswereadverselyaffectedbyproximitytoroadsandtheir associatednoise,whileotherstudiesfoundtheoppositeeffect,withreportsofmanybirdspeciesusing roadsidehabitatsdespitethenoise.Formammals,theFHAsreviewfoundthatstudiesindicatelarge mammalsmayavoidnoise,buttheeffectseemstobesmalltomoderate,andsmallmammalsoccurin significantnumbersinhighwayrightsofwayanddonotseemtobeadverselyaffectedbyroadnoise (Reference2).

Aseparatestudyfoundthatthethresholdnoiselevelatwhichbirdsandsmallmammalsarefrightened orstartledis80to85dBA(Reference3).Noiseatthislevelmayoccuratlessthan1,000ftfromtheair cooledcondenser.Thereareonlysmallareasofpotentialhabitatwithin1,000ftoftheaircooled condensers.Mosthabitatwithinthisrangeiswithinthesiteboundaryandoflowquality,soexposureof wildlifetodisturbinglevelsofnoiseduringoperationofthefacilitywouldbeminimal.Thus,construction andoperationimpactstowildlifefromnoisewouldbeSMALL.Specificmeasuresandcontrolswouldnot beneeded.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactson ecologicalresourcesduetooperationweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).

Therefore,impactstoecologicalresourcesduringoperationofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.Required

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 414 Revision0 actionsrelatedtoecologicalresourcesdiscussedinSection4.5.2.2andSection4.5.2.5oftheHermesER arealsoapplicabletotheHermes2facility.

4.5.3 ImpactsfromDecommissioning TheecologicalresourcedetailsrelatedtothedecommissioningoftheHermes2facilityaresimilarto thosedescribedinSection4.5.3oftheHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsto ecologicalresourcesduetodecommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER (Reference1).Therefore,impactstoecologicalresourcesduringdecommissioningofHermes2wouldbe SMALL.

4.5.4 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

FederalHighwayAdministration,"SynthesisofNoiseEffectsonWildlifePopulations,"FHWA HEP06016,September,2004.

3.

Goldenetal.1980:Golden,J.,R.P.Ouellette,S.Saari,andP.N.Cheremisinoff,Chapter8:

NoiseInEnvironmentalImpactDataBook(SecondPrinting),AnnArborSciencePublishers,Inc.,

AnnArbor,Michigan,1980.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 415 Revision0 4.6 HISTORICANDCULTURALRESOURCES 4.6.1 Construction,Operation,andDecommissioning Thehistoricandculturalresourcedetailsrelatedtotheconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningof theHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.6oftheHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsto historicalandculturalresourcesduetoconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningweredetermined tobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,impactstohistoricandculturalresources duringconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.

4.6.2 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 416 Revision0 4.7 SOCIOECONOMICS Thissubsectiondescribespotentialimpactstothesocioeconomicenvironment,includingtransportation systemimpactsassociatedwiththeconstruction,operationanddecommissioningoftheHermes2 facility.

4.7.1 SocioeconomicsImpacts Thesocioeconomicdetailsrelatedtotheconstruction,operationanddecommissioningoftheHermes2 facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.7.1oftheHermesER(Reference1)anditssubsections withtheexceptionofanincreasetoworkforcesizeandpublicserviceuseanddurationofemployto accountfortwounitsandalicensedoperatingperiodof11years.Thepeakonsiteconstructionphase (contractor)workforceis850workers(424average),andthemaximumonsiteoperationalphase workforceis101workers.Thisanalysisassumesa36monthscheduleofconstructionrelatedactivities.

Decommissioningisestimatedtostartin2040andthedecommissioningworkforce,deliveryfrequency, andwasteshipmentfrequencyareanticipatedtobeidenticaltothosegivenintheHermesER (Reference1)astheHermes2unitswillbedecommissionedinseries.

4.7.1.1 PopulationImpacts In2021,populationintheregionofinfluence(ROI)was680,789(Reference2).Growthprojectionsshow thatthepopulationintheROIin2026(startofconstruction),2028(startofoperations)and2040 (decommissioning)wouldbeapproximately716,615,728,546,and780,903,respectively(see Table°3.42)(Reference3).Workforceestimatesarebasedon2020datafromtheU.S.CensusBureau (USCB)CountyBusinessPatterns(Reference4),thelatestyearforwhichthisinformationisavailable.

AsshowninTable3.75,in2021thetotalROIlaborforcewas340,007(Reference6).Table4.71shows theestimatednumberofconstructionworkersforthemajorlaborcategoriesintheROIwas27,679in 2020.Asaconservativemeasure,Table4.71delineates20percentoftheconstructionworkforceas laboravailabletoKairos,foranavailablelaborpoolof5,536workforce.Theseestimatesshowthat substantiallyallofthepeakrequirement(850constructionworkers)arepresentwithintheROIlabor.

Whilethereisanestimatedlaborforcedeficiencyof36workersfortheHeavyandCivilEngineering Constructionoccupation,theoverallestimatedROIlaborforceintheconstructiontradesis demonstratedtobeabundantrelativetoconstructionworkforcerequirements,whichgreatlyreduces thepotentialforlargenumbersoftradeworkerstorelocateintheROI.Itispossiblethatsome workforcemaycommuteortemporarilyrelocatetothesitefromnonROIcounties,butthesenumbers wouldnotbesignificantorcauseaperceptibleincreaseintheROIs2021populationof680,789 (Reference2).Therefore,theimpactoftheconstructionofthefacilityonpopulationwouldbeSMALL.

Table4.71showstheestimatednumberofoperationsworkersforthemajorlaborcategoriesintheROI was24,128in2020.Asaconservativemeasure,Table4.71delineates10percentoftheconstruction workforceaslaboravailabletoKairos,foranavailablelaborpoolof2,413workforce(Reference4).

Theseestimatesshowthatsubstantiallyalloftherequired101permanentoperationsworkersare availableintheROI.Itispossiblethatsomeworkforcemaycommuteorrelocatetothesitefromnon ROIcountiestopursuejobopportunities,butthesenumberswouldnotbesignificantorcausea perceptibleincreaseintheROIspopulationof716,615in2028,theyearoperationofthefirstunitis expectedtocommence,and733,342in2029,theyearoperationofthesecondunitisexpectedto commence(Reference3).Therefore,theimpactoftheconstructionofthefacilityonpopulationwould beSMALL.

AsshowninTable4.71,theestimatednumberofdecommissioningworkersforthemajorlabor categoriesintheROIwas9,239in2020.Asaconservativemeasure,Table4.71delineates20percentof

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 417 Revision0 thedecommissioningworkforceaslaboravailabletoKairos,foratotalof1,506(Reference4).These estimatesshowthatsubstantiallyalloftherequired340decommissioningworkersareavailableinthe ROI.ItispossiblethatsomeworkforcemaycommuteorrelocatetothesitefromnonROIcountiesto pursuejobopportunities,butthesenumberswouldnotbesignificantorcauseaperceptibleincreasein theROIsprojectedpopulationof780,903in2040(Reference3).Therefore,theimpactofthe constructionofthefacilityonpopulationwouldbeSMALL.

4.7.1.2 HousingImpacts Section3.7.2.2andTable3.48provideasummaryofhousingutilizationsourcedfrom20172021 AmericanCommunitySurvey5YearEstimates.

In2021,therewere29,146vacanthousingunitsintheROI(seeTable3.48)(Reference2).

ThepotentialimpactsonhousingwouldbeSMALLduetothelargenumberofavailablevacanthousing unitsintheROIandthelackofdemandrelatedtotheconstruction,operationsanddecommissioning workforce.

4.7.1.3 PublicServicesImpacts Ataconservativelyassumed41gpdforeachconstructionworkerwhoisonsitefor8to12hoursper day,anaverageonsiteworkforceof424needs17,384gpdforpotableandsanitaryuse.Duringpeak usage,anestimated850constructionworkerswouldbeonsite,andwouldneed34,850gpdforpotable andsanitaryuse.AsdiscussedinSection3.7.2.5oftheHermesER(Reference1),theCityofOakRidge PublicWorkshasexcesswatercapacityof46MGD.Therefore,impactsonpublicwatersupplybythe onsiteconstructionworkforcewouldbeSMALL.

4.7.1.4 PublicEducationImpacts Thestudentagecohort(age5to18)accountsfor17.9percentoftheROItotalpopulation(Reference2) comparedto15percentoftheROItotalpopulationasreportedintheHermesER(Reference1).

Populationincreaseduetoconstructionworkforceandoperationalworkforcerequirementsisnot expected.Itispossiblethatsomeworkforcemaycommuteortemporarilyrelocatetothesitefromnon ROIcounties,butthesenumberswouldnotbesignificantorcauseaperceptibleincreaseintheareas populationorresultinanyperceptiblechangeinschoolenrollment.Therefore,thelevelofimpactto thelocalpubliceducationsystemwouldbeSMALL.

4.7.1.5 SalesTaxes Theamountofsalestaxescollectedoverapotential11yearlicensedoperatingperiodthatare attributabletothefacilityissignificantbutisrelativelyminorwhencomparedtothetotalamountof taxescollectedintheregionofinterest.

4.7.1.6 SummaryofTaxImpacts Taxrevenuesrelatedtotheconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningoftheHermes2facilityare similartothosedescribedinSection4.7.1oftheHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Taximpactsdue toconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER (Reference1).Therefore,totaltaxrevenuesfromKairosPowerwouldresultinSMALLpositiveimpacts atthecommunitylevel.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 418 Revision0 4.7.1.7 Socioeconomicimpactdetermination ThesocioeconomicimpactsontheROIresultingfromconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningof thefacilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.7.1oftheHermesER(Reference1).

Noadditionalnewandsignificantinformationregardingsocioeconomicresourceimpactshasbeen identifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactstosocioeconomicresourcesduetoconstruction,operation,and decommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesERandnomitigationmeasureswere determinedtoberequiredtominimizesocioeconomicimpacts.(Reference1).Therefore,impactsto socioeconomicresourcesduringconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningofHermes2wouldbe SMALLandnomitigationmeasuresarerequiredtominimizesocioeconomicimpacts.

4.7.2 Transportation Thetransportationdetailsrelatedtotheconstruction,operationanddecommissioningoftheHermes2 facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.7.2oftheHermesER(Reference1)andits subsections.

Figure4.71oftheHermesER(Reference1)showsagraphicalrepresentationofthelikelyroutestaken to/fromthesite.Route3isnolongeravailableduetoabridgeclosurebytheDOE.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsto transportationduetoconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLin theHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,socioeconomicimpactstotransportationduringconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.

4.7.3 PublicRecreationalFacilities Thepublicrecreationalfacilitiesdetailsrelatedtotheconstruction,operationanddecommissioningof theHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.7.3oftheHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactstopublic recreationalfacilitiesduetoconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningweredeterminedtobe SMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,impactstopublicrecreationalfacilitiesduring construction,operation,anddecommissioningofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.

4.7.4 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

U.S.CensusBureau,TotalPopulationTableB010032021AmericanCommunitySurvey5Year CensusTableResults,Website:

https://data.census.gov/table?text=population&g=010XX00US_040XX00US47_050XX00US4700 1,47093,47105,47129,47145_160XX00US4740000,4755120&tid=ACSDT5Y2021.B01003&moe=fa lse,accessedMarch2023.

3.

TennesseeStateDataCenter.2021BoydCenterforBusinessandEconomicResearch,Boyd CenterPopulationProjections.Website:https://tnsdc.utk.edu/estimatesandprojections/boyd centerpopulationprojections/,accessedMarch7,2023 4.

U.S.CensusBureau.CountyBusinessPatterns:2020.April19,2023.Website:

https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2020/econ/cbp/2020cbp.html 5.

BureauofEconomicAnalysis.2021CAEMP25NTotalFullTimeandPartTimeEmploymentby NAICSIndustry1/.Website

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 419 Revision0 https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/?reqid=70&step=30&isuri=1&major_area=4&area=47131&year=20 18&tableid=33&category=733&area_type=4&year_end=

1&classification=naics&state=47000&statistic=1&yearbegin=

1&unit_of_measure=levels#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyNCwyOSwyNSwzMSwyNiwyN ywzMCwzMF0sImRhdGEiOltbIm1ham9yX2FyZWEiLCI0Il0sWyJ0YWJsZWlkIiwiMzMiXSxbImNsYXN zaWZpY2F0aW9uIiwiTkFJQ1MiXSxbInN0YXRlIixbIjQ3MDAwIl1dLFsiQXJlYSIsWyI0NzAwMCIsIjQ3 MDAxIiwiNDcwOTMiLCI0NzEwNSIsIjQ3MTI5IiwiNDcxNDUiXV0sWyJTdGF0aXN0aWMiLCItMSJdLF siVW5pdF9vZl9tZWFzdXJlIiwiTGV2ZWxzIl0sWyJZZWFyIixbIjIwMjEiXV0sWyJZZWFyQmVnaW4iLCI tMSJdLFsiWWVhcl9FbmQiLCItMSJdXX0=,accessedMarch7,2023 2.

U.S.CensusBureau.CountyBusinessPatterns:2016.April19.2018.Website:

https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2016/econ/cbp/2016cbp.html.

3.

BureauofLaborStatistics.OccupationalEmploymentandWageStatistics.Retrievedfrom:

https://data.bls.gov/oes/#/home,2016.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 420 Revision0

Table4.71:ProjectedROILaborAvailabilityandOnsiteLaborRequirementsatPeakMonthof Construction,OperationsandDecommissioningSchedules Occupation Kairos Peak Need(a)

EstimateofLaborForcebyOccupationinTheROI(b)

ROILabor Force Deficiency (d)

Anderson Knox Loudon Morgan Roane Estimate Available forKairos(c)

Total

ConstructionPhase HeavyandCivil Engineering Construction 332 105 1,174 104 ND 98 296 1,481 36 SpecialtyTrade Contractors 172 1,027 7,581 388 127 158 1,856 9,281 0

Foundation,Structure, andBuildingExterior Contractors 106 93 1,061 32 ND 29 243 1,215 0

BuildingEquipment Contractors 26 619 3,907 209 36 84 971 4,855 0

TruckTransportation 18 365 4,382 932 30 691 1,280 6,400 0

Architectural, Engineering,and RelatedServices 196 1,166 2,429 638 ND 214 889 4,447 0

TOTALCONSTRUCTION PHASE 850 3,375 20,534 2,303 193 1,274 5,536 27,679 0

OperationsPhase Professional,Scientific, andTechnicalServices 83 8,857 10,973 836 12 397 2,108 21,075 0

Management, Scientific,andTechnical ConsultingServices 18 1,629 1,273 117 ND 34 305 3,053 0

TOTALOPERATIONS PHASE 101 10,486 12,246 953 12 431 2,413 24,128 0

DecommissioningPhase Commercialand InstitutionalBuilding Construction 200 305 938 51 ND 64 272 1,358 0

HeavyandCivil Engineering Construction 133 105 1,174 104 ND 98 296 1,481 0

TruckTransportation 7

365 4,382 932 30 691 1,280 6,400 0

Total DECOMMISSIONING PHASE 340 775 6,494 1,087 30 853 1,848 9,239 0

Source:(Reference4) a)Peakmonthestimatedneedoflaborcategorieswhereneedisgreaterthanorequalto5.

b)ROIlaborforceestimatefromReference4.

c)Leftcolumn:Estimatedavailableconstructionanddecommissioninglaborforcebasedon20percentofestimatedlaborforce;Available operationallaborforcebasedon10percentofestimatedlaborforce.Rightcolumn:Totalreflectsthetotalestimatedlaborforceavailableto meetthePeakNeed.

d)ROIlaborforcedeficiencydeterminedbysubtractingestimatedAvailableLaborForcefromPeakNeed.

ND=NoDataavailable

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 421 Revision0 4.8 HUMANHEALTH Thefollowingsubsectionsdiscussthepotentialnonradiologicalandtheradiologicalhealthimpactsto thepublicandtooccupationalworkersfromconstruction,operation,anddecommissionofthe Hermes2facility.

4.8.1 NonradiologicalImpacts NonradiologicalhazardspertainingtotheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section°4.8.1oftheHermesER(Reference1)anditssubsectionswiththeexceptionsofanincreasein totalnonradiologicalhazardsonsitetoaccountfortwounits,anincreaseinconstructiondurationand relatedemissionstoaccountfortwounits,andtheinclusionoftheintermediatecoolantandanhydrous hydrogenfluoride(HF)notpresentintheHermesdesign.

Aboundingvalueofapproximately43,110gallonsofdieselfuelforthestandbydieselgeneratorwould becontainedinanonsitestoragetankduringoperations.Theboundinginventoryofothermajor chemicals(i.e.,thoseinexcessof1,000pounds)usedduringoperationsatthefacilityisprovidedin Table4.81.

Airemissionsfromthefacilityareestimatedtobebelow100tonsperyearforapplicablecriteria pollutants(SO2,NOx,PM10,PM2.5,CO,VOCs,lead)duringthe3yearconstructionperiodofthe project.

Table4.82liststhegeneraltypesofoccupationalphysicalhazards(physical,electrical,andchemical) thatmaybepresentatthefacilityduringthephasesoftheprojectwhicharenewandinadditionto thoselistedinTable4.82oftheHermesER(Reference1).

Duringoperation,quantitiesofBeNaFsalt,inadditiontoFlibe,wouldbepresentonsiteabovethe ThresholdQuantityandtherefore,therequirementsof29CFR1910.119ProcessSafetyManagementof HighlyHazardousChemicalsapplytothefacility,similartotheHermesfacility(Reference1).Quantities ofHFonsitewouldbemaintainedbelowtheThresholdQuantity(i.e.1,000pounds)asgivenin 29°CFR°1910.119ProcessSafetyManagementofHighlyHazardousChemicals.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Nonradiological impactsduetoconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLinthe HermesER(Reference1).Therefore,nonradiologicalimpactsduringconstruction,operation,and decommissioningofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.Requiredactionsrelatedtosurfacewaterqualityand liquidwastesdiscussedinSection4.8.1oftheHermesERarealsoapplicabletotheHermes2facility.

4.8.2 RadiologicalImpacts RadiologicalhazardspertainingtotheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.8.2of theHermesER(Reference1)anditssubsections.Exceptionsaredescribedbelow.

4.8.2.1 LayoutandLocationofRadioactiveMaterial Figure3.21depictsthephysicallayoutoftheHermes2siteindicatingsitefeatures,structures,and designatedareas.TheReactorBuildingswouldcontainspentfuelstoragefacilitieswithacapacity sufficientfor10EFPYforeachunit.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER(Reference1).

RadiologicalimpactstomembersoftheduetonormaloperationsweredeterminedtobeSMALLinthe HermesER(Reference1).Therefore,theradiologicalimpactstomembersofthepublicfromnormal operationsoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 422 Revision0 4.8.2.2 CharacteristicsofRadiationSourcesandExpectedRadioactiveEffluents CharacteristicsofradiationsourcesandexpectedradioactiveeffluentsoftheHermes2facilityare similartothosedescribedinSection4.8.2.2oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1)withthe exceptionsofanadditionalliquidsourceofradiationtoaccountfortheintermediatecoolant.Themajor liquidsourcesofradiationduringoperationswouldalsoincludetheliquidBeNaFsaltintermediate coolant,whichiscooledandsolidifiedattheendofitslife.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Radiological impactstomembersofthepublicduetonormaloperationsweredeterminedtobeSMALLinthe HermesER(Reference1).Therefore,theradiologicalimpactstomembersofthepublicfromnormal operationsoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

4.8.2.3 BaselineRadiationLevels BaselineradiationlevelsfortheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.8.2.3ofthe HermesER(Reference1).DOEhasestimatedthatthemaximumradiationdoseahypotheticaloffsite individualcouldhavereceivedfromDOEactivitiesonORRwasestimatedtobe0.5mremfromair pathways,7mremfromwaterpathways,and0.2mremfromconsumptionofwildlifeharvestedonORR (Reference2).Cumulatively,this8mrem/yrdoseissignificantlylessthanthe310mremannualaverage dosetopeopleintheU.S.fromnaturalorbackgroundradiation.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Radiological impactstomembersofthepublicduetonormaloperationsweredeterminedtobeSMALLinthe HermesER(Reference1).Therefore,theradiologicalimpactstomembersofthepublicfromnormal operationsoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

4.8.2.4 CalculatedAnnualTotalEffectiveDoseEquivalent,AnnualAverageAirborne RadioactivityConcentration,andAnnualAverageWaterborneRadioactivity Concentration Calculatedannualtotaleffectivedoesequivalent,annualaverageairborneradioactivityconcentration, annualaveragewaterborneradioactivityconcentration,andotherradiologicalhealthdetailsforthe Hermes2facilitywouldbenearlyidenticalonaperunitbasistothosedescribedinSection4.8.2.4of theHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1).Thisresultsinanincreaseinradioactivematerial released,andthereforetotaleffectivedoseequivalent(TEDE),toaccountfortwounits.Inadditionto theconservatismsappliedtothelongtermTEDEcalculationsintheHermesER,theTEDEvaluesare doubledtoaccountfortwounits.Tritiumgenerationrateisconservativelyassumedtobe125,000 CuriesperyearfortheHermes2facilityor62,500Curiesperyearperunit(Reference1).Tritiumrelease rateisassumedequaltothetritiumgenerationrate,aswasdoneintheHermesgaseousradioactive effluentanalysis(Reference1).Thisboundingtritiumemissionsratedoesnotevaluatetheanticipated retentionoftritiumfromthereactorandengineeredsystems.Inadditiontotritiumcapturefunctions outlinedintheHermesER(Reference1),theHermes2facilitywouldemploymolecularsievedesiccants tocapturetritiumfromtheintermediateloopcovergasandtheheatrejectionradiatorenclosure.

MethodologyandAssumptions AsmentionedinTable4.813oftheHermesER(Reference1),themaximumventheatemissionsrate thatcanbeusedasaninputinXOQDOQis99,999cal/s.Theheatrejectionradiator(HRR),Reactor Buildingheating,ventilation,andairconditioningsystem(RBHVAC),andpowergenerationsystem blowdownevaporator(evaporator)areconsideredradionuclidereleasepathwaysandwouldeachhave ventheatemissionratesgreaterthantheXOQDOQcodeisabletoaccept,aswasthecaseinthe HermesERanalysis(Reference1).Inputstothemodelincludedareleaseheight(100feetforallstacks

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 423 Revision0 releasingtritium)andarepresentativewindheight(30meters).Theseinputshavenotchangedinthe Hermes2design.Therefore,gaseousradioactiveeffluentdosesfortheHermes2facilityareassumedto beboundedbythedosescalculatedfortheHermesfacility(Reference1)onaperunitbasisandthe dispersionvaluesareassumedtobecolocated.Thisisconservativebecausetheactualmaximum/Q valuesforeachunitwillnotbecolocatedandnocreditistakenfortheadditionaltritiummanagement functionspresentintheHermes2facility.

RadiationDoseModeling Forestimatesofthetotaldosetothemaximallyexposedindividual(MEI)andthenearestresident,a 2°mrem/yrexternaldosewasconservativelyassumed.

ImpactstoMembersofthePublic CalculateddosesattheMEIlocationandatthenearestresidentfromgaseouseffluentaredoubledto reflecttwounitoperationsandareshowninTable4.83.Inaccordancewiththeguidanceprovidedin RegulatoryGuide4.20,ConstraintsonReleasesofAirborneRadioactiveMaterialstotheEnvironmentfor LicenseesotherthanPowerReactors,thetotaleffectivedoseratesatthesepointsarecomparedtothe 10mrem/yrconstraintonairborneemissionsofradioactivematerialtotheenvironmentasdescribedin 10CFR20.1101(d).AsthemaximumestimateddoseratetotheMEIfromallonsitereactorsof 4.2°mrem/yrislessthan10mrem/yr,thecriterionismet.

Asnotedpreviously,theexternaldoseratetotheMEIfromHermes2reactoroperationsisassumedto be2mrem/yr.Combiningtheassumedexternaldoseratefromallonsitereactorswiththetotal estimateddosefromgaseousemissionsof4.2mrem/yrfortheMEI,thetotaldosewouldbe approximately7.2mrem/yr.Forcomparison,theaveragebackgrounddoseinTennesseefromnatural sourcesisapproximately564mrem/yr.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Radiological impactstomembersofthepublicduetonormaloperationsweredeterminedtobeSMALLinthe HermesER(Reference1).Therefore,theradiologicalimpactstomembersofthepublicfromnormal operationsoftheHermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

4.8.2.5 AnnualDosetoMaximallyExposedWorker OccupationalradiationexposurestoworkersfromallsourcesattheHermes2facilitywouldnotresultin adosegreaterthantheoccupationaldoselimitsprovidedin10CFRPart20limits,SubpartC,similarto thedescriptiongiveninSection4.8.2.5oftheHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Doseimpactsto workersfromdirectradiationsourcesweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).

Therefore,thedoseimpactstoworkersfromdirectexposuresourceswouldbeSMALL.

4.8.2.6 RadiationExposureMitigationMeasures OccupationalandpublicexposuresduetooperationsattheHermes2sitewouldbemaintainedALARA bylimitingexposuretimes,maximizingdistancestosources,and/orutilizingshieldingwhenappropriate, similartothedescriptiongiveninSection4.8.2.6oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.

4.8.3 RadiologicalMonitoring Detailsregardingradiologicalmonitoringsuchaseffluentmonitoringandenvironmentalmonitoringfor theHermes2facilitywouldbesimilartothosegiveninSection4.8.3oftheHermesERandits subsections(Reference1).

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 424 Revision0 Monitoringinstrumentationandsamplingequipmentmaybesharedbetweenthefacilitieswhere differentiationofthefacilityoforiginisnotfeasible.Examplesincludesiteboundaryairsampling stations,siteboundarythermoluminescentdosimeters,offsitemonitors,andsomegroundwater samplingstations.

AsdiscussedinPSARSection11.1.7,adescriptionoftheenvironmentalmonitoringprogramforthe Hermes2facilitywillbeprovidedwiththeapplicationforanOperatingLicenseconsistentwith 10°CFR°50.34(b)(3)andsimilartotheHermesfacility(Reference1).

AsnotedinSection4.8.2.4,molecularsievedesiccantswouldcapturetritiumfromtheintermediate loopcovergasinadditiontoothercapturefunctionsdiscussedinSection4.8.2.4.1oftheHermesER (Reference1).

TheHermes2facilityincludestwounitseachwithamaximumthermalpowerof35MWth.The ingestionexposurepathway,itsanalysis,andsupplementalactionsareidenticaltothosedescribedin Section4.8.3.2.4oftheHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactstopublic healthfromimplementingmonitoringweredeterminedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).

ImpactstopublichealthfromimplementingmonitoringwouldbeSMALL.Theinformationgainedfrom monitoringhelpstocontrolradiologicalimpactsandensurestheyalsoremainSMALL.

4.8.4 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,OakRidgeReservationAnnualSiteEnvironmentalReport2021.

DOE/CSC2514.Chapter7.September2022.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 425 Revision0 Table4.81:SummaryofMajorChemicalInventoryandQuantity Chemical ApproximateBounding Inventory(pounds)

Chemical Group StorageLocation Flibe 80,000 Group9Solids InprocessReactorBuilding BeNaF 2,000,000 Group9Solids InprocessReactorBuilding StorageAuxiliarySystemsBuildingor MaintenanceandStorageBuilding

Table4.82:AdditionalPotentialOccupationalHazards Operations Chemical BeNaF HydrogenFluoride(Anhydrous)

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 426 Revision0 Table4.83:AnnualTotalEffectiveDoseEquivalenttothePublicatBoundingDoseReceptors DoseReceptor AnnualTEDEfromfacility (Hermes2Only)

AnnualTEDEfromsite (HermesandHermes2)

AnnualTEDEDose Constraint

GaseousEffluents MEIinanunrestrictedarea 2.8mrem 4.2mrem 10mrem(a)

(0.1mSv)

NearestFullTime Resident(c)(d) 2.4mrem 3.6mrem

TotalDose(CombinedExternalDose(e)andGaseousEffluent)

MEIinanunrestrictedarea 4.8mrem 7.2mrem 100mrem(b)

(1.0mSv)

NearestFullTime Resident(c)(d) 4.4mrem 6.6mrem (a)Doseconstraintbasedon10CFR20.1101(d)forairborneemissions (b)Doseconstraintbasedon10CFR20.1301(a)(1)forlicensedoperations (c)Includesingestionofmeatandvegetableprosedattheanalyticalnearestresidentlocation (d)Doseismodeledatthedistanceoftheanalyticalnearestresidentbutinthedirectionofthemaximumdeposition (e)Theexternaldosewasnotmodeledandisconservativelyassumedtobe2mrem/yr(Section4.8.2.4.1)

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 427 Revision0 Table4.84:ListofInputsApplicabletotheXOQDOQModeling XODOQInputVariables Value WindSensorHeight(PLEV) 30m ConversionCorrectionFactor(UCOR) 1001 LowerTSensorHeight 15m UpperTsensorHeight 30m TypeofRelease Elevated VentAverageVelocity(EXIT) 61.1m/s VentInsideDiameter(DIAMTR) 0.91m VentReleaseHeight(HSTACK) 30.5m ContainmentBuildingHeight(HBLDG) 27m BuildingMin.CrossSectionalArea(CRSEC) 862m2 WindHeight(SLEV) 30m VentHeatEmissionRate(HEATR)2 99,999cal/s 1UCORsetto100whichtriggersnocorrectiontowindspeedclasses 2HEATRwascalculatedfromthebuoyancyequationsolvingfornet heatrelease,qs(cal/s)

4 3.7 10

wheregisgravity,Tstacktemperature(323.2K),vsexitvelocity(61.1 m/s),dstackdiameter(0.91m)andTaambienttemperature(287.8 K).Thisresultedinavalue3.70E+05cal/s.However,HEATRwascoded toonlyacceptavaluewithamaximumof5integers,hencetheuseof 99,999cal/s.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 428 Revision0 4.9 WASTEMANAGEMENT 4.9.1 SourcesandTypesofWasteCreated Nonradioactive,nonhazardous,hazardous,andradioactivewastesassociatedwiththeconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningoftheHermes2facilityareexpectedtobesimilartothosedescribedin Section4.9.1oftheHermesER(Reference1)anditssubsectionswiththeexceptionofanincreasein totalwastegeneratedtoaccountfortwounits,an11yearoperatinglicense,andtheuseofan intermediatecoolant.

AdditionalradioactivewastesnotalreadyidentifiedintheHermesERthatwouldbegeneratedbythe operationoftheHermes2facilityincludeBeNaFsaltandadditionaltritiumcapturematerialsasdetailed inTable2.61.Thenumberofshipmentsoflowlevelradioactivewasteisboundedbytheestimatesin WASH1238(Reference2)andisequaltothatgiveninTable2.61oftheHermesER(Reference1).

Anestimated77,600pebbles,orapproximately466kilogramsofuranium,willbeconsumedbythe Hermes2facilityeachyear.SincethelifeoftheHermes2Reactorisestimatedtobe10EFPY,atotalof 776,000pebbles,orapproximately4,660kilogramsofuranium(4.66metrictonsofuranium[MTU]over 10EFPY),wouldbeconsumed.Incontrast,theamountofspentfueldischargedfromatypicallight waterreactoroperatingatlowburnupsisabout20MTUperyearasevaluatedinNUREG2157.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Impactsfrom wastegeneratedduringconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLin theHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,impactsfromalltypesofwastegeneratedduringconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningofHermes2,includingimpactsonthecapacityofwastemanagement facilities,wouldbeSMALL.

4.9.2 References

1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

AtomicEnergyCommission.EnvironmentalSurveyofTransportationofRadioactive MaterialtoandfromNuclearPowerReactors.WASH1238.December1972.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 429 Revision0 4.10 TRANSPORTATION Detailsconcerningtransportationofnuclearandnonnuclearmaterialsduringconstruction,operation, anddecommissioningoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.10ofthe HermesERanditssubsection(Reference1)withtheexceptionofanincreaseintotalmaterial transportedtoaccountfortwounits,theuseofanintermediateheattransportsystem,andpower conversionsystems.

Additionalmaterialswouldincludeadditionalconstructionmaterials,additionalconstructionand demolitionwastes,BeNaFsalt,HF,andadditionaltritiumcapturematerials.Thetransportationdetails fortheadditionaltritiumcapturematerialsareidenticaltothosegiveninSection4.10oftheHermesER (Reference1).

Thefacilitywouldreceiveshipmentsofnewintermediatecoolantsalt.Whenshippedtothesite,the coolantsaltwouldbenonradioactive;however,theintermediate(forheattransfer)BeNaFsaltcoolant wouldbecomeradioactiveduringoperation.

TheBeNaFsaltcoolantusedtotransferheatfromthereactorsystemtothepowerconversionsystems wouldbeshippedtothefacilityasasolidpriortostartupandduringroutineoperations.Approximately 300tonsofBeNaFsaltwouldbeneededforstartupofbothunits.ThisBeNaFsaltwouldbetransported in32shipments,approximately9tonseach.Anadditional300tonsofBeNaFsaltwouldbeneeded annually.TheBeNaFsaltisradioactiveattheendofitsusefullife.SomeBeNaFsaltisexpectedtobe disposedduringoperations(seeSection2.6).

TheBeNaFsalt,acombinationofBeF2andNaF,wouldbeshippedinaccordancewithDOTregulations fortransportationofhazardousmaterialswiththefollowingdesignations(Reference2,Reference3):

HazardClass:6.1,Poison(BeF2)

IdentificationNumber:UN1566(BeF2)

PackagingGroup:II(BeF2)

SodiumfluorideisnotregulatedbytheDepartmentofTransportationasdangerousgoods (Reference3).Transportationofthesalttothefacilitywouldbeconductedinaccordancewith applicableFederalandStateDOTtransportationrequirements.

ThefacilitywouldreceiveshipmentsofnewHF.Whenshippedtothesite,theHFwouldbe nonradioactive;however,theHFwouldbecomeradioactiveasitisusedinthetritiummanagement systemintermediateheattransportsubsystem.

TheHFwouldbeshippedtothefacilityasaliquidpriortostartupandduringroutineoperations.The totalquantityofHFonsitewouldbemaintainedbelow1,000pounds.ThisHFwouldbetransportedin approximately2annualshipments,approximately100poundseach.TheHFisradioactiveattheendof itsusefullifeandisincludedintheintermediateheattransportsystemcapturematerials(seeTable 2.61).HFisexpectedtobedisposedduringoperations(seeSection2.6)tomaintaintheonsitequantity below1,000pounds.

HFwouldbeshippedinaccordancewithDOTregulationsfortransportationofhazardousmaterialswith thefollowingdesignations(Reference4,Reference5):

HazardClass:8(6.1),Corrosive(Poison)

IdentificationNumber:UN1052 PackagingGroup:I

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 430 Revision0 TransportationoftheHFtothefacilitywouldbeconductedinaccordancewithapplicableFederaland StateDOTtransportationrequirements.

Fuelwouldbetransportedtothefacilityeitherperiodicallyoronceperyeargiventherelativelysmall quantityinvolved.77,600pebbleswillbeconsumedbytheHermes2facilityeachyear.Sincethelifeof theHermes2facilityisestimatedtobe10EFPY,atotalof776,000pebbleswouldbeconsumed.

Approximately222containersofnewfuelwouldbeshippedeachyearconsistingof350fuelpebblesper VP55(Reference6).Astandardhighwayshippingweightlimitof80,000poundsgrossweightand approximately40,000poundscargoweightfora40footcontainerismaintained.Therefore,at 750°poundsperfuelcontainercontaining350fuelpebbles,approximatelysixtruckswouldbeneededto transportayearssupplyoffuelforthefacilitywhenoperatingbothunitsat35MWth.

Spentfuelwouldremainonsiteinthespentfuelstoragefacilitieswhichwouldbedesignedto accommodateallofthespentfuelgeneratedduringtheexpected11yearlicensedlifeofthereactor with10EFPY.Thefacilitywouldnotshipspentfuelduringthereactorsexpected11yearlicensed operatinglifeandwouldholdallspentfuelshipmentsuntildecommissioning.

Thepershipmentandannualincidentfreeradiologicaldosesduetotransportationofradioactive materialsfromthefacilityaresummarizedinTable4.101andTable4.102,respectively,ofthe HermesER(Reference1).Updatestoannualincidentfreeradiologicaldosesduetotransportationof newnuclearfuelaregiveninTable4.101alongwiththenewannualoperationtotalsforallshipments duringoperations.Thecrewandpopulationdosesfromannualincidentfreeradioactivematerial transportreportedintheHermesERareunchanged.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Directand indirectimpactsfromtransportationofradioactive,non,radioactive,hazardous,andnonhazardous materialsduringconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningweredeterminedtobeSMALLinthe HermesER(Reference1).Therefore,directandindirectimpactsfromtransportationofradioactive, nonradioactive,hazardous,andnonhazardousmaterialsduringconstruction,operations,and decommissioningofHermes2wouldbeSMALL.

4.10.1 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

Materion,2021.BerylliumFluorideSafetyDataSheet,Version05.IssuedMarch2021.

3.

Materion,2015.SodiumFluorideTargetsSafetyDataSheet,Version03.IssuedJuly2015.

4.

Honeywell,2014.HydrogenFluoride(100%)SafetyDataSheet,Version4.7.IssuedMarch2014.

5.

Airgas,2018.HydrogenFluorideSafetyDataSheet,Version0.05.IssuedNovember2018.

6.

OakRidgeNationalLaboratory.AdvancedReactorSafeguards:NuclearMaterialControland AccountingforPebbleBedReactors.ORNL/SPR=2020/1849.January2021.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 431 Revision0

Table4.101:UpdatestoAnnualDoseandRiskFactorsforShipmentofRadioactiveMaterial Origin Material Destination Shipments AnnualIncidentfreeRadiationDoseImpacts CrewDose (personrem)

CrewRisk (LCF)

Population Dose (personrem)

Population Risk (LCF)

Richland, Washington Newfuel

OakRidge, Tennessee 6

4.98E03 2.984E06 3.62E03 2.18E06 Total(annualoperation) 49 3.16E+00 1.91E03 2.37E+00 1.42E03

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 432 Revision0 4.11 POSTULATEDEVENTS ThepostulatedeventswithinthedesignbasisoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.11oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1)withtheexceptionofconsiderationsfor theintermediateheattransportloopandpowergenerationsystems.

Themaximumhypotheticalaccident(MHA)thatboundstheradiologicalconsequencesofthepostulated eventsisidenticaltothatprovidedintheHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationregardingtheMHAhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermes ER.

4.11.1 EventCategories OftheeighteventgroupspresentedintheHermesER(Reference1),threeoftheseremainidenticalto thosedescribedintheHermesER(i.e.,MHA,lossofforcedcirculation,andpebblehandlingevents).

Thereisnomeaningfulchangetotheinsertionofexcessreactivityeventgroup,althoughadditional eventsareincludedintheeventgrouptoaddresstheadditionalheattransferandheatremovalsystems intheHermes2design.Theeventcategoriesthatincludenewinformationinconsiderationforthe intermediateheattransportloopandthepowergenerationsystemsare:

SaltSpills RadioactiveReleasefromaSubsystemorComponent GeneralChallengestoNormalOperation InternalandExternalHazardEvents Newinformationrelatedtotheseeventcategoriesincomparisontotheinformationgiveninthe HermesER(Reference1)isgivenbelow.

4.11.1.1 SaltSpills Inresponsetoasaltspilltrippingtheprimarypump,theintermediatesaltpumpwouldbetripped concurrentlytoensureapositivepressuredifferentialbetweentheprimaryandintermediateloops.The heatrejectionblowerwouldbetrippedtolimittheamountofairingressfollowingpostulatedheat rejectionradiator(HRR)tubebreaksduringlowpoweroperations.

Thesaltspillcategoryconsistsofothersaltspillevents,includingleaksfromtheintermediateheat transportsystemthatcontainsanonFlibecoolant,whichmaycontainanonzeroamount ofradionuclides,andanintermediateheatexchangertubebreakorleak.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationregardingsaltspillshasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermes ER.

4.11.1.2 RadioactiveReleasefromaSubsystemorComponent Additionalsystemsexpectedtoaccumulateradionuclidesasafunctionofoperationincludethe intermediateheattransportsystemandthepowergenerationsystems.

Noadditionalnewandsignificantinformationregardingradioactivereleasefromasubsystemor componenthasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.

4.11.1.3 InternalandExternalHazards Theinternalhazardeventsinthedesignbasisincludeaturbinemissileandahighenergysteamline break.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 433 Revision0 Aturbinemissilecouldbegeneratedduetoapostulatedturbinegeneratorfailure.Duetothefavorable orientationoftheturbinegeneratorwithrespecttothereactorbuilding,SSCsassociatedwith engineeredsafetyfeaturesarenotaffectedbyapotentialturbinemissiletotheextentthattheycould notperformtheirsafetyfunctions.

Abreakinahighenergysteamlinecouldoccurduetoafailureofthemainsteamsystem.Physical separationofthepowergenerationsystemsfromsafetyrelatedSSCsandthedesignofthesafety relatedportionofthereactorbuildingensuresthatahighenergybreakwillnotpreventsafetyrelated SSCsfromperformingtheirsafetyfunctions.

Noadditionalnewandsignificantinformationregardinginternalandexternalhazardshasbeen identifiedfromtheHermesER.

4.11.1.4 GeneralChallengestoNormalOperation Groupedeventsincludespurioustripsduetocontrolsystemanomalies,operatorerrors,andequipment failures,includingtheturbinegeneratorsystem.Thiseventgroupalsoincludesscenarioswhere operatorschoosetomanuallyshutdowntheplant.Alsoincludedarefaultsinthereactivitycontroland shutdownsystem,electricalsystem,intermediateheattransportsystem,andotherplantsystemsthat wouldchallengenormaloperations.

Noadditionalnewandsignificantinformationregardinggroupedeventshasbeenidentifiedfromthe HermesER.

4.11.2 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 434 Revision0 4.12 ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE Potentialimpactstoenvironmentaljusticecommunitiesfromconstruction,operationand decommissioningoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.12oftheHermesER anditssubsections(Reference1).Mitigatingactionsforthosepotentialimpactsarelikewisesimilarto thosedescribedintheHermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.TheHermesER reportednodisproportionateeffectstoenvironmentaljusticecommunitiesinassociationwiththe ProposedAction(Reference1).Humanhealthandenvironmentalimpactsonminorityandlowincome populationsImpactsfromwastegeneratedduringconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningwere determinedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,therewouldbeno disproportionateeffectstoenvironmentaljusticecommunitiesinassociationwiththeProposedAction, andhumanhealthandenvironmentalimpactsonminorityandlowincomepopulationswouldbe SMALL.

4.12.1 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 435 Revision0 4.13 CUMULATIVEEFFECTS Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwithconstructionandoperationactivitiesfor theHermes2facilityincombinationwithotherpast,present,andreasonablyforeseeableactionsor projectsintheareaaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.13oftheHermesERanditssubsections (Reference1),withtheexceptionofthepotentialcumulativeeffectsoftheHermesfacilityandthe Hermes2facility.

Noadditionalnewandsignificantinformationregardingthepotentialcumulativeenvironmental impactsdescribedinSection4.13oftheHermesERhasbeenidentified.Cumulativeimpactswere determinedtobeSMALLintheHermesER(Reference1).Therefore,onlythecumulativeimpactsofthe HermesfacilityandtheProposedActionareexaminedhere.Allpotentialcumulativeenvironmental impactsaredeterminedtobeSMALL,asdescribedbelow.

4.13.1 LandUseandVisualResources Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsonlanduseandvisualresourcesassociatedwith constructionandoperationactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwithotherpast,present, andreasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.13 oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthepotentialcumulative environmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

TheHermesfacilityislocatedwithinthesiteboundaryoftheHermes2facilityontheK33brownfield andwithintheeastTennesseetechnologycenter(ETTP)industrialcomplex.Section4.1.1and Section°4.1.2oftheHermesER(Reference1)describesthelanduseandvisualresourceimpactsofthe HermesfacilityasSMALL.Therefore,thecumulativeimpactstolanduseandvisualresourcesfrom constructionandoperationoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facilityareSMALLandthe incrementalcontributiontocumulativeimpactsfromtheProposedActionwouldalsobeSMALL.

4.13.2 AirQualityandNoise Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsonairqualityandnoiseassociatedwithconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwithotherpast, present,andreasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.13oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthepotential cumulativeenvironmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

AiremissionimpactsasaresultofconcurrentconstructionactivitiesareexpectedatboththeHermes2 facilityandtheHermesfacility.ImplementationofmitigationmeasuresdescribedinSection4.2.1.1of theHermesER(Reference1)wouldminimizeimpactstolocalambientairqualityandthenuisance impactstothepublicinproximitytotheproject.Impactstoairqualityfromconstructionactivitiesare expectedtobeminor,localized,andshortterm;therefore,overlappingconstructionschedulesarenot expectedtocontributesignificantlytocumulativeeffects.Theprojectswouldbothbegovernedbynew constructionairpermitsprocessedthroughTDEC.NoiseduringconstructionoftheHermes2wouldbe temporary,asnotedinSection4.2.2.ThoughconstructionoftheHermesandHermes2facilitiesis concurrent,theequipmentandworkforcefortheHermesandHermes2projectswilllargelybeshared, limitingnoisegeneration.

Section4.2.1andSection4.2.2oftheHermesER(Reference1)describestheairqualityandnoise impactsoftheHermesfacilityasSMALL.Therefore,thecumulativeimpactstoairqualityandnoisefrom construction,operation,anddecommissioningoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facilityare SMALLandtheincrementalcontributiontocumulativeimpactsfromtheProposedActionwouldalsobe SMALL.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 436 Revision0 4.13.3 GeologicEnvironment Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsonthegeologicenvironmentassociatedwithconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwithotherpast, present,andreasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.13oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthepotential cumulativeenvironmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

TheplannedHermesfacilitywouldbelocatedneartheHermes2site.Construction,operation,and decommissioningoftheproposedHermesfacilitywouldcomplywithfederal,state,andlocal environmentallaws,rules,regulations,andstatutes.Currentplansfortheapproximately360,000 squarefootHermesfacilityincludeusingmunicipalwaterandwastewatersystems.Nositegroundwater orsurfacewateruseisanticipated.Manyofthesameconstructionbestmanagementpracticesincluding separationoftopsoil,reuseofexcavatedcleansoil,andwasteminimizationwouldbeanticipatedat Hermes2andHermes.Fillmaterialwouldbestockpiledandusedonsite.

Section4.3oftheHermesER(Reference1)describesthegeologicimpactsoftheHermesfacilityas SMALL.Therefore,thecumulativeimpactstothegeologicenvironmentfromconstruction,operation, anddecommissioningoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facilityareSMALLandtheincremental contributiontocumulativeimpactsfromtheProposedActionwouldalsobeSMALL.

4.13.4 WaterResources Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsonwaterresourcesassociatedwithconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwithotherpast, present,andreasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.13oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthepotential cumulativeenvironmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

Therearenosurfacewaterresourceslocatedonthesite;therefore,therearenodirectimpactsasa resultofalterationofstreamsorwaterbodies.Constructionatthefacilitylocationrepresentspotential sourcesofpollutionassociatedwithrunofffromconstructionsites.BMPswouldbeusedinaccordance withTDECandfederalrulestopreventsedimentrunoffandsubsequentsiltationinreceivingstreams duringconstruction.

Duringoperations,potentialimpactsassociatedwithhydrologyarealsorelatedtostormwater management.Currentlydrainagepatternsonthesitearecomplexduetotheareasunderlyinggeology, pastcutandfilloperations,transientinteractionswithboundingsurfacewaterbodies,andnumerous anthropogenicfeatures,includingbuildingsumps,leakingsubsurfacedrainsandutilities,andextensive areascoveredbyimpermeablepavedsurfacesandroofedbuildings.Drainagepatternswouldchangeas aresultoftheconstructionatthefacility.Stateregulationsregardingstormwatermanagementandbest managementpracticeswouldmaintainstormwaterdischargesasappropriateforbothfacilities.

Section4.4oftheHermesER(Reference1)describesthewaterresourceimpactsoftheHermesfacility asSMALL.MunicipalwateruseandwastewatergenerationfortheoperationoftheHermesand Hermes2facilitiesrepresentsonlyasmallfractionoftotalmunicipalcapacities.

Therefore,thecumulativeimpactstowaterresourcesfromconstruction,operation,and decommissioningoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facilityareSMALLandtheincremental contributiontocumulativeimpactsfromtheProposedActionwouldalsobeSMALL.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 437 Revision0 4.13.5 EcologicalResources Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsonecologicalresourcesassociatedwithconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwithotherpast, present,andreasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.13oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthepotential cumulativeenvironmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

Section4.5oftheHermesER(Reference1)describestheecologicalimpactsoftheHermesfacilityas SMALL.Therefore,becauseoftheimplementationofBMPsonsiteduringconstructionattheHermes andHermes2facilities,cumulativeimpactstoaquaticresourceswouldbeSMALLandtheincremental contributiontocumulativeimpactsfromtheProposedActionwouldalsobeSMALL.

4.13.6 HistoricalandCulturalResources Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsonhistoricalandculturalresourcesassociatedwith construction,operation,anddecommissioningactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwith otherpast,present,andreasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothose describedinSection4.13oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthe potentialcumulativeenvironmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

TheHermesandHermes2facilitiesarelocatedontheK33brownfieldsite,whichwaspreviously disturbedduringtheManhattanProject.AlthoughtheManhattanProjectwashistoricallysignificant,all historicstructuresonthesitehavealreadybeendemolished,andnohistoricpropertieswouldbe impactedbythesite,therefore,noadditionalcumulativeimpactstohistoricandculturalresources wouldoccur.

Section4.6oftheHermesER(Reference1)describesthehistoricalandculturalresourceimpactsofthe HermesfacilityandtheHermesfacilityasSMALL.Therefore,cumulativeimpactstohistoricaland culturalresourceswouldbeSMALLandtheincrementalcontributiontocumulativeimpactsfromthe ProposedActionwouldalsobeSMALL.

4.13.7 SocioeconomicEnvironment Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsonthesocioeconomicenvironmentassociatedwith construction,operation,anddecommissioningactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwith otherpast,present,andreasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothose describedinSection4.13oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthe potentialcumulativeenvironmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

ThoughconstructionoftheHermesandHermes2facilitiesispartiallyconcurrent,theequipmentand workforcefortheHermesandHermes2projectswilllargelybeshared,limitingcumulativeimpactsto socioeconomicresources.DuringoperationsoftheHermesandHermes2facilities,thereisample workforceavailableintheregionofinterest(ROI)andjobswouldlikelygotopeoplealreadylivinginthe ROIpriortoanyinflux.Byextension,theoperationoftheHermesandHermes2facilitieswouldnot significantlyimpacttheschoolagedcohortintheROI.AsdiscussedinSection4.13.4,cumulative impactstowaterresourcesfromtheoperationsoftheHermesandHermes2facilities(includingboth wateruseandwastewatergeneration)areexpectedtobeSMALL.

ThetaxrevenuefortheROIwouldbebenefitedbytheconstructionandoperationofboththeHermes andHermes2facilities,butthisbenefitrepresentsonlyasmallfractionoftheestablishedtaxbase,as demonstratedinSection4.7.1.9oftheHermesER(Reference1).Trafficimpactstotheareaarenot expectedtobesignificantenoughtorequiremitigationmeasures.

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 438 Revision0 TheManhattanProjectNationalParkistheonlymajorpublicrecreationalfacilitynearby.The ManhattanProjectNationalParkwouldbephysicallyseparatedfromtheHermes2andHermesfacilities byPoplarcreekanditsriparianzonesandislocatedintheindustrializedETTP.Therefore,cumulative impactstopublicrecreationalfacilitiesfromtheHermesandHermes2facilitieswouldbeSMALL.

Section4.7oftheHermesER(Reference1)describesthesocioeconomicimpactsoftheHermesfacility asSMALL.Therefore,thecumulativeimpactstothesocioeconomicenvironmentfromconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facilityareSMALLandthe incrementalcontributiontocumulativeimpactsfromtheProposedActionwouldalsobeSMALL.

4.13.8 HumanHealth Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsonhumanhealthassociatedwithconstruction,operation, anddecommissioningactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwithotherpast,present,and reasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.13of theHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthepotentialcumulative environmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

AsdescribedinSection4.8.2,theradiologicalimpactsfromconstructionandoperationoftheHermes2 reactorwouldbeSMALL.Specifically,theestimatedtotalbodydosetotheanalyticalnearestresident fromgaseouseffluentsanddirectradiationduringoperationoftheHermes2facilitycombinedwould be4.4mrem/yr(4.8fortheMEIinanunrestrictedarea).InconsiderationoftheHermesfacility,the estimatedtotalbodydosetotheanalyticalnearestresidentfromgaseouseffluentsanddirectradiation duringoperationoftheHermes2facilityfromallonsitereactorswouldbe6.6mrem/yr(7.2fortheMEI inanunrestrictedarea).

OperationsontheORRreleasesmallquantitiesofradionuclidestotheenvironment.Inthe2021ORR AnnualSiteEnvironmentalReport,detailedanalysisoftheeffectivedosereceivedbytheMEIfromair pathwayswasdeterminedtobe0.5mrem/yr.TheeffectivedosetotheMEIfromwater,including drinking,bathing,irrigating,recreating,andfishconsumption,wasdeterminedtobe7mrem/yr.The effectivedosefromconsumptionofwildlifeharvestedontheORR,includingturkeys,geese,anddeer, wasdeterminedtobe0.2mrem/yr.Combined,theannualdosetotheMEIinanunrestrictedareafrom normaloperationsatORRis7.7mrem/yr(Reference2).Thisdoseisapproximately1.4percentofthe averagebackgroundradiationdoseinTennessee.

Section4.8.1andSection4.8.2oftheHermesER(Reference1)describethenonradiologicaland radiologicalhumanhealthimpactsoftheHermesfacilityasSMALL.Therefore,thecumulativeimpacts tohumanhealthfromconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningoftheHermesfacilityandthe Hermes2facilityareSMALLandtheincrementalcontributiontocumulativeimpactsfromtheProposed ActionwouldalsobeSMALL.

4.13.9 WasteManagement Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsonwastemanagementassociatedwithconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwithotherpast, present,andreasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.13oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthepotential cumulativeenvironmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

Duetotheirrelativelysmallsizesandoperatingstaffs,thecombinedcontributionoftheHermes2 reactorprojectandtheHermesreactorprojectonthelocal(multicounty)nonradioactiveand nonhazardousC&Dwasteandgeneralsanitarywaste(i.e.,garbage)managementresourcesand disposalcapacitywouldbeSMALL.MosthazardousandradioactivewastegeneratedatORRismanaged

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 439 Revision0 atORRtreatmentanddisposalfacilitiesanddoesnotcontributetothecumulativewasteimpacts.

Class°ALLRWgeneratedbyHermesisacceptablefortreatmentanddisposalatanORRfacility.

Section4.9oftheHermesER(Reference1)describesthewastemanagementimpactsoftheHermes facilityasSMALL.Therefore,thecumulativeimpactstowastemanagementfromconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facilityareSMALLandthe incrementalcontributiontocumulativeimpactsfromtheProposedActionwouldalsobeSMALL.

4.13.10 Transportation Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsontransportationassociatedwithconstruction,operation, anddecommissioningactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwithotherpast,present,and reasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothosedescribedinSection4.13of theHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthepotentialcumulative environmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

Anestimated6shipmentsofnewfueltotheHermes2facilitywouldoccureachyearwith approximately46shipmentsofLLRWeachyeartoTexasorUtah.Allspentfuelwouldbeshippedafter reactorshutdown.AsshowninSection4.10,impactsfromincidentfreetransportationassociatedwith thetransportoffuelandwastefortheproposedprojectwouldbeSMALL.Consideringthe transportationrequirementsoftheHermesandHermes2facilitiescumulatively,Anestimatedtotalof9 shipmentsofnewfueltotheHermes2andHermesfacilitieswouldoccureachyearwithapproximately 92totalshipmentsofLLRWeachyeartoTexasorUtah.

Theimpactsfromeachindividualshipmentwouldbeminimaland,whencombinedwiththeimpacts associatedwiththesite,thetotalimpactwouldalsobeminimal.

Section4.10oftheHermesER(Reference1)describesthetransportationimpactsoftheHermesfacility asSMALL.Therefore,thecumulativeimpactstotransportationfromconstruction,operation,and decommissioningoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facilityareSMALLandtheincremental contributiontocumulativeimpactsfromtheProposedActionwouldalsobeSMALL.

4.13.11 EnvironmentalJustice Potentialcumulativeenvironmentalimpactsonenvironmentaljusticeassociatedwithconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningactivitiesfortheHermes2facilityincombinationwithotherpast, present,andreasonablyforeseeableactionsorprojectsintheareaaresimilartothosedescribedin Section4.13oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1),withtheexceptionofthepotential cumulativeenvironmentaleffectsoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facility.

Thegeographicareaofanalysisforevaluationofcumulativeeffectsonenvironmentaljusticeforthe Hermes2andHermessitesisidentical.Noenvironmentaljusticecommunitieshavebeenidentified withinareaanalyzed;therefore,disproportionateimpactsonlowincomeorminoritypopulationsfrom otheractionsarenotexpected.

Section4.12oftheHermesER(Reference1)describestheenvironmentaljusticeimpactsoftheHermes facilityasSMALL.Therefore,thecumulativeimpactstoenvironmentaljusticefromconstruction, operation,anddecommissioningoftheHermesfacilityandtheHermes2facilityareSMALLandthe incrementalcontributiontocumulativeimpactsfromtheProposedActionwouldalsobeSMALL.

4.13.12 Conclusion Table4.132summarizesthecumulativeimpactsinallresourceareas.Inconclusion,thereareno significantcumulativeadverseenvironmentalimpactsfromtheconstructionandoperationofthe

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 440 Revision0 Hermes2facilitywhenconsideredtogetherwithotherpast,present,andreasonablyforeseeablefuture projectsinthearea.

4.13.13 References 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

2.

U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,OakRidgeReservationAnnualSiteEnvironmentalReport2021.

DOE/CSC2514.Chapter7,Dose.September2022.

EnvironmentalReport KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 441 Table4.131:AdditionalPast,Present,andReasonablyForeseeableProjectsandOtherActionsConsideredintheCumulativeEffectsAnalysis ProjectName SummaryofProject Location (fromReactorbuilding)

Status PotentiallyAffected Resource(s)

Retainedfor CumulativeEffects Analysis Basis IndustriesandManufacturingFacilities KairosPower HermesReactor Facility Nonpowerdemonstration reactordeployedaspartof iterativedevelopment strategyandunderDOE advancedreactor demonstrationprogram (ARDP)

NearbyonformerK33Site Proposed Landuseandvisualresources,air qualityandnoise,geologic resources,waterresources, ecologicalresources,historicaland culturalresources, socioeconomics,humanhealth, wastemanagement, transportation,environmental justice Y

Locatedonformer K33site

EnvironmentalReport Chapter4-Impacts KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 442 Revision0 Table4.132:CumulativeImpactsonEnvironmentalResources,IncludingtheImpactsoftheProposed Project ResourceCategory LevelofCumulativeImpacts LandUseandVisualResources

LandUse SMALL VisualResources SMALL AirQualityandNoise

AirQuality SMALL Noise SMALL GeologicEnvironment SMALL WaterResources

Hydrology SMALL WaterUse SMALL WaterQuality SMALL EcologicalResources

TerrestrialEcosystems SMALL AquaticEcosystems SMALL HistoricandCulturalResources SMALL Socioeconomics SMALL HumanHealth

NonradiologicalHealth SMALL RadiologicalHealth SMALL Transportation SMALL EnvironmentalJustice SMALL

© 2023 Kairos Power LLC Chapter 5 Alternaves Hermes 2 Non-Power Reactor Environmental Report Revision 0 July 2023

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Alternatives

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 5i Revision0 TABLEOFCONTENTS

CHAPTER5 ALTERNATIVES.......................................................................................................................51 5.1 NOACTIONALTERNATIVE.....................................................................................................51 5.2 REASONABLEALTERNATIVES................................................................................................51 5.3 EVALUATIONOFREASONABLEALTERNATIVESITEDISCUSSION..........................................52 5.4 COSTBENEFITOFTHEALTERNATIVES..................................................................................52 5.5 COMPARISONOFTHEPOTENTIALENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS...........................................52

5.6 REFERENCES

..........................................................................................................................53

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Revision0 51 CHAPTER5 ALTERNATIVES 5.1 NOACTIONALTERNATIVE TheproposedfederalactionisissuanceofaConstructionPermit(CP)andsubsequentOperatingLicense (OL)foratwounittestreactorfacilitytotestanddemonstratethekeytechnologies,designfeatures, andsafetyfunctionsoftheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooledHighTemperatureReactor(KPFHR) technology,includingtheproductionofelectricalpower.Thefacilitywouldalsoprovidedatathatmay beusedforthevalidationofsafetyanalysistoolsandcomputationalmethodologiesusedforthedesign andlicensingofaKPFHRcommercialpowerreactor.UndertheNoActionAlternative,theNRCwould notissuetheCPorOLandtherewouldbenosubsequentconstructionoroperation.Consistentwiththe guidanceintheFinalInterimStaffGuidance(ISG)AugmentingNUREG1537,Chapter19,the environmentalconsequencesoftheNoActionAlternativeareassumedtobethestatusquo.

Ifthetestreactorswerenotconstructedandoperated,theadverseenvironmentalconsequences discussedinChapter4wouldbeavoided.However,asdiscussedinChapter4,theadverseimpactsof constructionandoperationofthetestreactorswereconcludedtobeSMALL.Therefore,thebenefitof avoidingthoseimpactswouldnotbesignificant.Constructionandoperationofthetestreactorsdo providesocioeconomicbenefitsasdescribedinSection4.7,includingincreasesintaxrevenuestolocal jurisdictions,whichwouldnotberealizedifthetestreactorwerenotconstructedandoperated.

Furthermore,asdiscussedinChapter1,thegovernmenthasexpressedinterestinthedevelopmentand demonstrationofadvancedreactortechnologies;therefore,ifthetestreactorsarenotconstructedand operated,thebenefitsofthisinitiativewouldnotberealized.

AsdiscussedinSection1.1,constructionandoperationofthetestreactorsprovideameanstotestthe keyKPFHRtechnologies,designfeatures,electricpowerproduction,andsafetyfunctionsatareduced scalerelativetotheanticipatedcommercialpowerreactor.Theseprogrammaticbenefitswouldalsonot berealizedundertheNoActionAlternative.Theprogrammaticbenefitssupportdeploymentof advancednucleartechnologiesthatresultinlessrelianceoncarbonfuelbasedformsofenergy production.

5.2 REASONABLEALTERNATIVES ThepurposeoftheproposedactionistodemonstratetheKPFHRtechnology,thereforethereisno suitablealternativeenergytechnologyandonlysitingalternativesareconsidered.Theanalysisand evaluationofalternativesitecandidatesreliesontheanalysisandevaluationofsitecandidatesprovided intheHermesEnvironmentalReport(ER)(Reference1).WhilethetwounitHermes2facilitymustbe colocatedonthesamesite,Hermes2couldbelocatedatadifferentsitefromHermes,sotheprevious evaluationremainsvalidforHermes2.Asthetemporarilyandpermanentlydisturbedareasforthe HermesandHermes2facilitiesarethesame,useofanalternativesitecarriesanadditionalimpactto resourcesovertheuseofthesharedsite.Further,thebusinesscaseforHermes2beingonthesame siteasHermesisstrengthenedbyutilizingthesameconstructionresourcestosequentiallybuildthetwo Hermes2UnitsfollowingtheconstructionofHermes.Inaddition,thesameonsitesupportfacilities, managementteams,etc.cansupportbothprojects.

TheHermes2facilityisdevelopedandsitedunderasetofbusinessobjectivestosupportitsroleasa demonstrationandtestingplatformfortheKPFHRtechnology.Theseobjectives,withregardtosite selection,includethefollowing:

Facilitatingrapiddeploymentofamultiunitnonpowerreactorwithsharedpowergeneration systemsinsupportofKairosPowersiterativedevelopmentapproach

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Revision0 52 Reducingcommercialcostuncertaintybydemonstratingpowergenerationsystemintegrationanda multiunitfacility Retainingconstructionworkforcecompetencyanddemonstratingmultiunitconstructionand iterationofconstructionmethods

AlternativeseliminatedfromconsiderationaresimilartothoselistedinSection5.2and5.3oftheKairos PowerHermesER(Reference1).Whilefacilityspecificvaluesdiffer,suchaswateruseorfacilitylife(See Chapter1andChapter2),thealternatives,therationaleandprocessforeliminationofanalternative, andanyconsiderationsofwhetheralternativesmayavoidorreduceadverseeffectsareconsistentwith theHermesER.Inaddition,thebusinesscasefortheHermessiteisfurtherstrengthenedbytheclose proximitytotransmissionlinesthatresultinaminimalenvironmentalimpactfromtheaddedpower conversioncycle.NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermes ER.

5.3 EVALUATIONOFREASONABLEALTERNATIVESITEDISCUSSION TheevaluationofthereasonablealternativesitesreliesontheevaluationdescribedinSection5.3and Section5.4oftheHermesER(Reference1).ThereasonablealternativesiteforHermes2isalsothe EagleRocksite.ThelanduseoftheEagleRocksitehasnotchangedfromthatreportedintheHermes ERandisnotrepeatedherein.

TheprimarydifferencebetweentheHermesandHermes2designsisthepowergenerationand electricaldistributionsystems.IftheHermes2facilitywerelocatedattheEagleRocksite,thesesystems wouldalsobeincluded.WhilethespecificlocationofthefacilityifsitedontheEagleRocksitehasnot beendetermined,therearetransmissionlinesadjacenttothepropertythatwouldfacilitateoffsite electricaldistribution.Theenvironmentalresourceimpactsfromconstructionandoperationofthe Hermes2facilityattheEagleRocksiteareidenticaltothoseimpactsfromtheHermesfacilityasgivenin Table5.61andTable5.62oftheHermesER(Reference1).Similartotheproposedaction,allrequired permitswouldbeobtainedforthefacilityifconstructedandoperatedattheEagleRocksite.

5.4 COSTBENEFITOFTHEALTERNATIVES Thecostsandbenefitsofthereasonablealternativeandtheproposedactionaresimilartothosegiven intheHermesER(Reference1)forthesitealternativeandtheproposedaction,withtheexceptionofa generalincreaseinimpactsatbothsitestoaccountfortworeactorunits.Therefore,theconclusionsare identicaltothosegiveninSection5.5oftheHermesER(Reference1).

Updatednumbersoffulltimeworkersduringconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningofthe Hermes2facilityaregiveninSection2.1.Thewagesearnedandmoneyspentbytheseworkerswould alsostimulatethelocaleconomyoveranextendedduration.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER(Reference1).

5.5 COMPARISONOFTHEPOTENTIALENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS Thecomparisonoftheenvironmentalimpacts,costs,andbenefitsofthereasonablealternativeandthe proposedactionisidenticaltothatgiveninSection5.6oftheHermesER(Reference1)forthesite alternativeandtheproposedaction,notingageneralincreaseinimpactsatbothsitestoaccountfor twonuclearunits.TheconclusionsareidenticaltothosegiveninTable5.61andTable5.62ofthe HermesER(Reference1).

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.

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Revision0 53

5.6 REFERENCES

1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

© 2023 Kairos Power LLC Chapter 6 Conclusions Hermes 2 Non-Power Reactor Environmental Report Revision 0 July 2023

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Conclusions

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 6i Revision0 TABLEOFCONTENTS

CHAPTER6 CONCLUSIONS....................................................................................................................61 6.1 UNAVOIDABLEADVERSEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS.............................................................61 6.2 RELATIONSHIPBETWEENSHORTTERMUSESANDLONGTERMPRODUCTIVITYOFTHE ENVIRONMENT.........................................................................................................................63 6.3 IRREVERSIBLEANDIRRETRIEVABLECOMMITMENTSOFRESOURCES......................................63

6.4 REFERENCES

..............................................................................................................................64

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 6ii Revision0 ListofTables

Table6.11:AdditionalHermes2OperationsRelatedUnavoidableAdverseEnvironmentalImpacts....62

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 6iii Revision0 ListofFigures

None

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 61 Revision0 CHAPTER6 CONCLUSIONS Thischapterevaluates(1)anyadverseeffectsthatcannotbeavoided,(2)therelationshipbetweenlocal shorttermusesoftheenvironmentandthemaintenanceandenhancementoflongtermproductivity, and(3)anyirreversibleandirretrievablecommitmentsofresourcesthatwouldbeinvolvedinthe proposedaction.

6.1 UNAVOIDABLEADVERSEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS PrincipalunavoidableadverseenvironmentalimpactsoftheHermes2project,forwhichmitigation measuresareeitherconsideredimpractical,donotexist,orcannotentirelyeliminatetheimpact,are similartothosedescribedinSection6.1.1andSection6.1.2oftheKairosPowerHermesEnvironmental Report(ER)(Reference1).ThetemporarilydisturbedareafortheconstructionoftheHermes2facilityis thesameasthetemporarilydisturbedareafortheHermesfacilityandnoadditionalareasexternalto those138acreswouldbedisturbed.

Table6.11oftheHermesERsummarizesimpactsrelatedtoconstructionactivitiesthatwouldresultin ameasurablelossorpermanentchangeinresources,themitigationandcontrolmeasuresavailableto reducethoseimpacts,andtheunavoidableadverseimpactsthatwouldremainaftermitigation measuresandcontrolmeasuresareapplied(Reference1).AsindicatedinTable6.11ofHermesER (Referenced1),mostoftheadverseimpactsareeitheravoidableornegligibleaftermitigationand controlmeasuresareconsidered.

Noiselevelsincreasedbyconstructionactivitieswouldreturntoambientlevelswithin1mileofthe constructionsite.

OperationsrelatedimpactswouldbeSMALL,becausetheywouldeithernotbedetectableorwouldbe minorcomparedtotheavailabilityorstatusoftheaffectedresourceasdescribedinTable6.12ofthe HermesER(Reference1).Table6.12oftheHermesER(Reference1)summarizesoperationsrelated impactsthatwouldresultinameasurablelossorpermanentchangeinresources,themitigationand controlmeasuresavailabletoreducetheseimpacts,andtheadverseimpactsthatwouldremainafter mitigationandcontrolsmeasuresareapplied.Table6.11updatesinformationprovidedinTable6.12 oftheHermesERfortworesources.AsindicatedinTable6.12oftheHermesER(Reference1)andin Table6.11,alloftheadverseimpactsareeitheravoidableornegligibleaftermitigationandcontrol measuresareconsidered.

TheadverseenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththeconstructionandoperationoftheHermes facilityweredeterminedtobeSMALLandwouldbefurtherreducedthroughtheapplicationof mitigationandcontrolmeasuresdescribedinTables6.11and6.12oftheHermesER(Reference1).

TheadverseenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththedecommissioningoftheHermesfacilitywere determinedtobeSMALL(Reference1).MitigationandcontrolmeasuresrelatedtotheHermesERare alsoapplicabletotheHermes2facility.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Therefore,the adverseenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththeconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningof Hermes2facilitywouldbeSMALL.

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Conclusions

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 62 Revision0 Table6.11:AdditionalHermes2OperationsRelatedUnavoidableAdverseEnvironmentalImpacts Element AdverseImpact MitigationMeasure UnavoidableAdverseEnvironmentalImpacts LandUseand VisualResources Visualimpactsasaresultofthe mainbuildingandexhaustvent stack.

Themajorityofthestructureswouldbelessthan 100feethighandwillbecontainedwithina16 acrearea.Landscapingmaybeinstalledaround theperimeterofthefacilityand/orparkinglots.

Minorimpactstovisualresourceswould occur;however,theareaisalreadyindustrial sothesewouldbesmall.

WaterResources andWater Quality Potentialimpacttowater supplyandsanitarytreatment systems.

TheCityofOakRidgePublicWorksDepartment hasamplecapacitytoprovidethebalanceof waterrequiredforthefacility;some demineralizedwatermaybetruckedtothe facility.TheCityofOakRidgePublicWorks Departmenthasamplecapacitytotreatthe volumeofwastewaterrequiredforoperations.

Mitigationwouldnotberequired.

Unavoidableadverseenvironmentalimpacts arenotanticipated.

EnvironmentalReport Conclusions

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2

Revision0 63 6.2 RELATIONSHIPBETWEENSHORTTERMUSESANDLONGTERMPRODUCTIVITYOFTHE ENVIRONMENT LongtermproductivityofandeffectsontheenvironmentfortheHermes2facilityaresimilartothose describedinSection6.2oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1)withtheexceptionof impactsrelatedtoavailableonsiteconnectionstothepowergridrelatedtoonsiteelectricalpower transmissionlines(seeAppendix).

Constructionofthefacilitywouldincludetheinstallationofelectricalpowertransmissionlinesthat connectthefacilitytotheelectricaltransmissiongridadjacenttothesite.Thisadditionalinfrastructure wouldbeavailableandbeneficialtoanyfutureuseofthesiteafterdecommissioning.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Therefore,the impactsresultingfromthefacilityconstructionandoperationwouldresultinbothadverseand beneficialshorttermimpacts.TheprincipalshorttermadverseimpactswouldbeSMALLresidual impacts(afterimplementingmitigationmeasures)tolanduse,visualresources,terrestrialecology,local traffic,noise,andairquality.Therewouldbenolongtermimpactstotheenvironment.Theprincipal shorttermbenefitswouldbethecreationofadditionaljobs,additionaltaxrevenues,and improvementstolocalinfrastructure.Theprincipallongtermbenefitisthecontinuedavailabilityofthe improvedinfrastructureandpotentialbenefitsfromincreasedtaxrevenuesafterfacility decommissioning.Theshorttermimpactsandbenefitsandlongtermbenefitsdonotaffectlongterm productiveuseofthesite.

6.3 IRREVERSIBLEANDIRRETRIEVABLECOMMITMENTSOFRESOURCES Theanticipatedirreversibleandirretrievablecommitmentsofenvironmentalresourcesthatwouldbe usedintheconstructionandoperationoftheHermes2facilityaresimilartothosedescribedinSection 6.3oftheHermesERanditssubsections(Reference1).WhiletheextentofmanyimpactsoftheHermes 2facilitywouldbelargerthantheHermesfacilitytoaccountforthetworeactorunitsofHermes2,the impactsremainSMALL.

TheproposedfacilitywouldrequirewaterfromtheCityofOakRidgeforconstruction,potablewater, fireprotection,andfacilityheatingandcooling.Theaverageestimatedwaterusagebythefacilityduring operationsis0.14milliongallonsperday(MGD).AccordingtotheCityofOakRidge,theexcesscapacity oftheOakRidgewatersupplysystemwouldbeapproximately5MGD.

MaterialsconsumedduringtheconstructionphaseareshowninTable2.11. Thesematerialswouldbe irretrievableunlesstheyarerecycledatdecommissioning.Approximately63,600gallonsofdieselfuel (asaboundingassumptionallfuelisassumedtobediesel)isexpectedtobeusedonanaveragemonthly basisduringconstruction(Section2.1).Useofconstructionmaterialsinthequantitiesassociatedwith thefacilitywouldhaveaSMALLimpactwithrespecttothecommitmentofsuchresources.

NoadditionalnewandsignificantinformationhasbeenidentifiedfromtheHermesER.Therefore,no irreversibleenvironmentalcommitmentsareanticipatedforanyenvironmentalresourceexceptforthe commitmentoflandresourcesneededfordisposalofwastesgeneratedduringconstruction,operation, anddecommissioningoftheHermes2facility.However,duetotherelativelysmallscaleoftheproject comparedtoothernonradiologicalindustrialprojectsandtheoperationsanddecommissioningoflarge commercialnuclearpowerreactors,thevolumesofwastewouldhaveaSMALLimpactonthe irretrievablecommitmentoflandresourcesfordisposalfacilities.

Whileagivenquantityofmaterialconsumedduringnewfacilityconstructionandoperationatthesiteis irretrievable,theimpactontheiravailabilityisSMALL.

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KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2

Revision0 64

6.4 REFERENCES

1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),Revision1,March2023.

© 2023 Kairos Power LLC Appendix A Hermes 2 Electrical Power Transmissions System Hermes 2 Non-Power Reactor Environmental Report Revision 0 July 2023

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AppendixA KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 i

Revision0 TABLEOFCONTENTS

APPENDIXA:HERMES2ELECTRICALPOWERTRANSMISSIONSSYSTEM..................................................11 CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................11

1.1 INTRODUCTION

OFTHEENVIRONMENTALREPORT..................................................................11 1.2 SITEHISTORY..............................................................................................................................11 1.3 PURPOSEANDNEEDFORTHEPROPOSEDACTION...................................................................11 1.4 REGULATORYPROVISIONS,PERMITS,ANDREQUIREDCONSULTATIONS.................................11 CHAPTER2 PROPOSEDACTION............................................................................................................21 2.1 PROPOSEDACTION....................................................................................................................21 2.2 SITELOCATIONANDLAYOUT.....................................................................................................21 2.3 ELECTRICALTRANSMISSIONSYSTEM.........................................................................................21 2.4 WATERCONSUMPTIONANDTREATMENT................................................................................21 2.5 COOLINGANDHEATREMOVALSYSTEMS..................................................................................22 2.6 WASTESYSTEMS........................................................................................................................22 2.7 STORAGE,TREATMENT,ANDTRANSPORTATIONOFRADIOACTIVEANDNONRADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.............................................................................................................................................22 CHAPTER3 DESCRIPTIONOFTHEAFFECTEDENVIRONMENT..............................................................31 3.1 LANDUSEANDVISUALRESOURCES..........................................................................................31 3.2 METEOROLOGY,CLIMATOLOGY,AIRQUALITY,ANDNOISE......................................................31 3.3 GEOLOGICENVIRONMENT.........................................................................................................31 3.4 WATERRESOURCES...................................................................................................................31 3.5 ECOLOGICALRESOURCES...........................................................................................................31 3.6 HISTORICANDCULTURALRESOURCES......................................................................................32 3.7 SOCIOECONOMICS.....................................................................................................................32 3.8 HUMANHEALTH........................................................................................................................32 3.9 ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE.........................................................................................................32 CHAPTER4 IMPACTSOFPROPOSEDCONSTRUCTION,OPERATIONS,ANDDECOMMISSIONING........41 4.1 LANDANDVISUALRESOURCES..................................................................................................41 4.2 AIRQUALITYANDNOISE............................................................................................................41 4.3 GEOLOGICALENVIRONMENT.....................................................................................................41 4.4 WATERRESOURCES...................................................................................................................41 4.5 ECOLOGICALRESOURCES...........................................................................................................41

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AppendixA KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 ii Revision0 4.6 HISTORICANDCULTURALRESOURCES......................................................................................41 4.7 SOCIOECONOMICS.....................................................................................................................42 4.8 HUMANHEALTH........................................................................................................................42 4.9 WASTEMANAGEMENT..............................................................................................................42 4.10 TRANSPORTATION.....................................................................................................................42 4.11 POSTULATEDEVENTS.................................................................................................................42 4.12 ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE.........................................................................................................42 4.13 CUMULATIVEEFFECTS...............................................................................................................42 REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................................42

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AppendixA KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 iii Revision0 ListofTables

TableA1.41:PermitsandApprovalsThatMaybeRequiredforConstructionandOperationofthe Hermes2ElectricalTransmissionSystem..................................................................................................12

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AppendixA KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 iv Revision0 ListofFigures

None

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AppendixA KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 11 Revision0 APPENDIXA:HERMES2ELECTRICALPOWERTRANSMISSIONSSYSTEM CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

OFTHEENVIRONMENTALREPORT Section1.1ofKairosPowers(Kairos)Hermes2EnvironmentalReport(ER)introducestheERandthis Appendix.ThisappendixprovidessupplementalinformationtotheKairosPowerHermes2 EnvironmentalReportspecifictothefacility'sconnectiontotheelectricgridviatheelectricalpower transmissionsystem;thisappendixprovidessupplementalinformationforChapters14oftheHermes2 EnvironmentalReport.

1.2 SITEHISTORY Section1.2oftheHermes2ERdescribesthehistoryoftheHermes2projectsite.Allnewelectrical transmissionsystemcomponentswillbeconstructedwithinthesiteboundaryshowninERFigure1.11.

Transmissionlineswillexitthesitetothewestandcrossprivatepropertyinanew,yettobe established,rightofway(ROW)thatisnotownedbyKairosPowertoconnectwithexistingtransmission lines.

1.3 PURPOSEANDNEEDFORTHEPROPOSEDACTION Section1.3oftheHermes2ERdescribesthepurposeandneedoftheProposedActionwhichincludes demonstratingpowerconversionsystemandpowertransmissionsystemintegration;inordertoenable thisdemonstration,connectiontotheelectricalgridisrequired.

1.4 REGULATORYPROVISIONS,PERMITS,ANDREQUIREDCONSULTATIONS AsdescribedinSection1.4oftheHermes2ER,anumberoffederal,state,local,andotherpermitsand consultationsarerequiredfortheconstructionandoperationoftheHermes2facility.ERTable1.41 liststhepermitsandotherapprovalsrequiredforconstructionandoperationalongwiththecurrent statusofeach.ERTable1.42liststherequiredconsultationsforconstructionandoperationalongwith thecurrentstatusofeach.TableA1.41ofthisAppendixprovidesadditionalpermitsandapprovalthat mayapplytotheelectricaltransmissionsystem(dependentonthefinaldesign).Noadditional consultationsareneededthatarespecifictotheelectricaltransmissionssystem.

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AppendixA

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 12 Revision0 TableA1.41:PermitsandApprovalsThatMaybeRequiredforConstructionandOperationofthe Hermes2ElectricalTransmissionSystem Agency Regulatory Authority Permitor Approval ActivityCovered Status FAA FederalAviation Act49USC1501; 14CFR77.9(b)

Construction Notice Noticeoferectionofstructures exceedingimaginarysurface slope/distancerequirements fromairports Nonotificationto date TDOT TCA545302 ROWPermit Requiredforinstallingutilities inhighwayROWs.

Nopermitapplication todate CFR-CodeofFederalRegulations FAA-FederalAviationAdministration ROW-Rightofway TCA-TennesseeCodeAnnotated TDOT-TennesseeDepartmentofTransportation USC-UnitedStatesCode

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AppendixA

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 21 Revision0 CHAPTER2 PROPOSEDACTION 2.1 PROPOSEDACTION TheProposedActiondescribedintheHermes2ER(i.e.,issuanceofaConstructionPermitand subsequentOperatingLicense)enablesthegenerationofelectricityfromtheHermes2reactors.The resourcesrequiredfortheconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningoftheelectricaltransmission systemareconsideredwithintheestimatesofworkforce,equipment,transportation,materials,and wasteprovidedfortheProposedActioninERSection2.1.

2.2 SITELOCATIONANDLAYOUT ThesitelocationisdescribedinHermes2ERSection2.2.1.Theadditionoftheelectricaltransmission systemaddsanewswitchyard,utilitypole(s),andtransmissionline(s)tothelistoffeaturesatthesite.

ERFigure2.21providestheproposedsitelayoutwiththeadditionofthesefeatures.Theswitchyardwill belocatedwestoftheTurbineBuildingandanewtransmissionlinewillexittheswitchyardtothewest andtieintoexistingtransmissionlines.TheHermes2transmissionlinewillcrosspropertyimmediately tothewestofthesitebeforeenteringtheexistingtransmissionlinerightofway(ROW).

2.3 ELECTRICALTRANSMISSIONSYSTEM Thepurposeoftheelectricaltransmissionsystemistoprovideelectricalpowertosupportinternal operationofplantequipmentandtodistributetheelectricpowerproducedintheHermes2turbine buildingtooffsiteusers.Duringnormaloperations,offsitealternatingcurrent(AC)electricalpoweris providedeitherfromtheoffsitelocalutilitytothenormalACpowersystem,orbyonsiteACpower generatedfromanoperatingturbinegenerator.Theturbinegeneratorprovidesoutputvoltageat13.8 kilovolts(kV).

ACpowergeneratedfromtheturbinegeneratorsystemisprovidedtoanonsiteswitchyard,viaastep uptransformer,fordistributiontotheoffsiteelectricalgrid.TheACelectricalpowercomponents includethefollowing:

A4.16kV/480Vstepdowntransformerconnectedtoasingle4.16kVoffsiteelectrical powersupplyfromthelocalutility Incoming13.8kVfeederfromtheturbinegeneratorsystemandassociated13.8kV/480V stepdowntransformer ThelowvoltageACelectricalpowerdistributionwithnominalbusvoltagesof480Vand 120V A13.8kV/161kVtransformerfromtheturbinegeneratorsystemtotheonsiteelectrical switchyard Thepossibleeffectsfromelectricaltransmissionsystemsonthepublicoraworkforceincludeexposure toelectromagneticfields(EMF),electricalshock,exposuretonoise,radioandtelevisioninterference, andvisualeffects.

2.4 WATERCONSUMPTIONANDTREATMENT Onsiteandoffsiteelectricaltransmissioninfrastructurewillnotaffectwaterconsumptionorwater treatmentrequirementsfortheProposedAction.

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AppendixA

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 22 Revision0 2.5 COOLINGANDHEATREMOVALSYSTEMS Onsiteandoffsiteelectricaltransmissioninfrastructuredonotrequirecoolingorheatremovalsystems andtheirconstructionandoperationdonotaffectthecoolingorheatremovalsystemsoftheproposed nuclearreactors.

2.6 WASTESYSTEMS Onsiteandoffsiteelectricaltransmissioninfrastructuredonotrequirewastemanagementsystems andtheirconstructionandoperationwillnotaffectthewastesystemsoftheproposednuclearreactors.

2.7 STORAGE,TREATMENT,ANDTRANSPORTATIONOFRADIOACTIVEANDNON RADIOACTIVEMATERIALS Onsiteandoffsiteelectricaltransmissioninfrastructurewillnotsignificantlyaffectstorage,treatment, andtransportationofmaterialnecessaryfortheproposedaction.Thematerialstorage,treatment,and transportationdescribedinHermes2ERSection2.7boundstheadditionalneedsrequiredforthe electricaltransmissionssystem.

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AppendixA

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 31 Revision0 CHAPTER3 DESCRIPTIONOFTHEAFFECTEDENVIRONMENT 3.1 LANDUSEANDVISUALRESOURCES Theadditionallanduseoftheswitchyardandconstructionoftransmissionlinesbetweentheswitchyard andtieintothewestwillnotchangethegenerallanduseofthesiteandneighboringproperty.

Constructionandoperationofthenewswitchyardandtieintotheexistingoffsitetransmissionlineswill belimitedtolandscurrentlydesignatedforindustrialuseorexistingelectricaltransmissionROWs.A ROWwillneedtobeestablishedbelowthetransmissionline(s)crossingprivatepropertynotownedby KairosPower,butthisROWwillnotinterferewiththeexistinguseofthisproperty.

Atransmissionlinepole/towerwouldbelocatedonthewesternedgeoftheKairosPowerproperty.Due toitsheight,thepole/towerwouldbethemostvisibleelementoftheelectrictransmissionsystembutit willbelocatedonlyafewhundredfeetfromtowersintheexistingROW.Itsfunctionwouldbetokeep anadequatedistancebetweenthehighvoltageconductorsandthesurroundingarea.Theswitchyard wouldalsobevisiblefromthesiteboundarytothesouth,west,andnorth.

3.2 METEOROLOGY,CLIMATOLOGY,AIRQUALITY,ANDNOISE Thereare161kVtransmissionlinesadjacenttothesite,butnoexistingtransmissionlinesareonthe site.InJune2021,theambientnoiselevelatthesitewasmeasuredattwolocations:neartheeastern siteboundaryandPoplarCreek(locationR1)andnearthewesternsiteboundaryneartheadjacent EnergySolutionsproperty(locationR2)asshowninFigure3.222oftheHermesER(Reference1).

RecordednoiselevelsaregiveninTable3.210oftheHermesER(Reference1).

LocationR2islikelypotentiallyinfluencedbyoffsitetransmissionlineslocatedwestofthelocation.

Thepredictednoiseimpactsfromadditionaltransmissionlineswouldlikelynotbeperceptible(i.e.,a3 dBAorlessincreaseovertheambientlevelduringoperation)inthenearestsensitivereceptors.The nearestnoisereceptorsaroundthesiteinclude:

Agreenwayapproximately1milenortheastofthesite,and Thenearestresidentapproximately1.1milesnorthwestofthereactorbuildings,witha forestlocatedbetweenthesiteandtheresident.

Therefore,therearenoanticipatedperceptibleincreasestothecurrentambientnoiselevelsassociated withtheoperationofthetransmissionsystem.

3.3 GEOLOGICENVIRONMENT Thegeologicalenvironmentassociatedwiththetransmissionsystemconstruction,operation,and decommissioningisasdescribedinSection3.3oftheHermesER(Reference1).

3.4 WATERRESOURCES WaterresourcesassociatedwithProposedActionaredescribedinSection3.2oftheHermes2ERand Section3.4oftheHermesER(Reference1).Theadditionoftheelectricaltransmissionsystemdoesnot altertheaffectedwaterresources.

3.5 ECOLOGICALRESOURCES Ecologicalhabitatsassociatedwiththeelectricaltransmissionsystemconstruction,operation,and decommissioningarethesameasthosedescribedfortheconstruction,operation,anddecommissioning oftheotherreactorfacilitystructuresandsystemasdescribedinSection3.5oftheHermesER

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AppendixA

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 32 Revision0 (Reference1).Theconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningoftheelectricaltransmissionsystem willaffectonlyindustrialpropertiesandtieintoanexistingROW.

3.6 HISTORICANDCULTURALRESOURCES HistoricandculturalresourcesaredescribedinSection3.6oftheHermes2ER.Theadditionofthe electricaltransmissionsystemdoesnotaltertheaffectedenvironmentbeyondwhatisdescribedin HermesERSection3.6(Reference1).

3.7 SOCIOECONOMICS Theadditionoftheelectricaltransmissionsystemwillnotexpandthescopeoftheexisting socioeconomicenvironmentdescribedinSection3.3oftheER.

3.8 HUMANHEALTH TherearecurrentlynotransmissionlinesontheKairospropertybutthereareexisting161kVlines locatednearthesiteboundarywestandnorthofproperty.Likealltransmissionlines,theselines generatecoupledelectricandmagneticfields,referredtotogetheraselectromagneticfields(EMFs).The voltageontheconductorsofthetransmissionlinegeneratesanelectricfieldthatoccupiesthespace betweentheconductorsandotherconductingobjectssuchastheground,transmissionlinestructures, orvegetation.Amagneticfieldisgeneratedbythecurrent(movementofelectrons)intheconductors.

Thestrengthofthemagneticfieldthatsurroundstheconductordecreasesrapidlywithdistance.

InNUREG1437,Rev1,NRCindicatesthatthegreatestelectricalshockhazardfromatransmissionlineis directcontactwiththeconductorsandthattowerdesignsprecludedirectpublicaccesstothe conductors.However,electricalshockscanoccurwithoutphysicalcontact.Secondaryshockcanhappen whenhumansmakecontactwitheithercapacitivelychargedbodies(suchasavehicleparkedneara transmissionline)ormagneticallylinkedmetallicstructures(suchasfencesneartransmissionlines).The shockreceivedbythepersoncouldbepainful.

TheintensityoftheshockwoulddependontheEMFstrength,thesizeoftheobject,andthedegreeof insulationbetweentheobject,theperson,andtheground.TheNationalElectricSafetyCode(NESC)is thebasisfordesigncriteriathatareintendedtolimittheriskofshockandotherhazardsdueto transmissionlines.TheNESCcallsfortransmissionlinestobedesignedwithminimumvertical clearancestothegroundsothattheshortcircuitcurrenttogroundproducedfromthelargest anticipatedvehicleorobjectislimitedtolessthan5milliamperes.InNUREG1437,Rev.1,NRCindicated thattheelectricalshockissueisofsmallsignificancefortransmissionlinesthatareoperatedin adherencewiththeNESC.

3.9 ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE Theadditionoftheelectricaltransmissionsystemwillnotexpandthescopeoftheexisting environmentaljusticelandscapedescribedinSection3.4oftheER.

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AppendixA

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 41 Revision0 CHAPTER4 IMPACTSOFPROPOSEDCONSTRUCTION,OPERATIONS,ANDDECOMMISSIONING 4.1 LANDANDVISUALRESOURCES Theadditionoftheelectricaltransmissionlinesandswitchyardwouldimpactthevisualresources adjacenttothesite.However,theviewsfromkeyobservationpoints(KOP)describedinSection4.1of theHermes2ERwouldlikelynotincludetower/poles,transmissionlines,andtheswitchyard.Theviews oftheproposedfacilityfromtheKOPsareblockedbyexistingvegetation.Duringthewintermonths, whensometreeslosetheirleaves,thecomponentsoftheelectricaltransmissionsystemmaybevisible inthefardistance.Additionally,thecomponentscouldbevisiblefrompointsneartheexactKOP locationsthatwerenotidentifiedinHermes2ERSection4.1.However,thevisualintrusiondueto constructionandoperationonelectricaltransmissionsystemwouldnotsignificantlyaddtotheimpacts describedinHermes2ERSection4.1tochangetheimpactdesignationofSMALL.

4.2 AIRQUALITYANDNOISE Impactstoairqualityandnoisefromtheelectricaltransmissionsystemwouldnotsignificantlyaddto theimpactsdescribedinHermes2ERSection4.2tochangetheimpactdesignationofSMALL.

4.3 GEOLOGICALENVIRONMENT Impactstothegeologicalenvironmentfromtheelectricaltransmissionsystemwouldnotsignificantly addtotheimpactsdescribedinHermes2ERSection4.3tochangetheimpactdesignationofSMALL.

4.4 WATERRESOURCES Impactstowaterresourcesfromtheelectricaltransmissionsystemwouldnotsignificantlyaddtothe impactsdescribedinHermes2ERSection4.4tochangetheimpactdesignationofSMALL.

4.5 ECOLOGICALRESOURCES Preconstructionandconstructionactivitieshavethepotentialtoaffectterrestrialandaquatic ecosystemsoccurringonandadjacenttotheKairosPowerproperty.Birdscanbeaffectedbycollisions withtransmissiontowersorothertallstructures,suchastowersandconstructioncranes.However,the projectsiteisnotwithinamajormigratoryflywayandissurroundedbyhigherterrainwithtalltrees.

NUREG1437demonstratesthattheeffectsofaviancollisionswithexistingstructuresatnuclearpower plantsaresmall.WhileNUREG1437isnotdirectlyapplicabletononpowerreactors,thesame conclusionisreasonableforsmaller,nonpowerreactors,asdiscussedinSection4.5.1.3oftheHermes ER(Reference1).Consideringfurtherthelackofconcentratednumbersofbirdsatthesite,avian collisionswithmanmadestructuresduringpreconstruction,construction,andoperationsarepredicted tohaveanegligibleeffectonavianmortalityandpopulations.

Therefore,impactstoecologicalresourcesfromtheelectricaltransmissionsystemwouldnot significantlyaddtotheimpactsdescribedinHermes2ERSection4.5tochangetheimpactdesignation ofSMALL.

4.6 HISTORICANDCULTURALRESOURCES Impactstohistoricandculturalresourcesfromconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningofthe electricaltransmissionsystemarenotexpectedtooccurattheprojectsitebeyondwhatisdescribedin Section4.6oftheHermes2ER.Therefore,theelectricaltransmissionsystemwouldnotchangethe impactdesignationofSMALL.

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AppendixA

KairosPowerHermes2,Unit1and2 42 Revision0 4.7 SOCIOECONOMICS Impactsfromtheelectricaltransmissionsystemtothesocioeconomicsoftheaffectedenvironment wouldnotsignificantlyaddtotheimpactsdescribedinHermes2ERSection4.7orchangetheimpact designationofSMALL.

4.8 HUMANHEALTH AsstatedinSection3.8ofthisappendix,thepossiblehealtheffectsfromelectricaltransmissionsystems onmembersofthegeneralpublicincludeexposuretoEMFandelectricalshock.Nuclearplantworkers andmembersofthepublicwholive,work,orpassnearanassociatedoperatingtransmissionlinemay beexposedtoEMFs.Areviewofthebiologicalandphysicalstudiesof60hertz(Hz)EMFscompletedby theNRCduringpreparationofthe2013GeneralEnvironmentalImpactStatementforLicenseRenewals ofNuclearPlants(NUREG1437,Vol,1,Rev.1)didnotfindanyconsistentevidencethatwouldlink harmfuleffectswithfieldexposures.Therefore,withapplicationofdesignstandardsfromtheNESCand operationinadherencewithNESCstandards,humanhealthimpactsfromoperationoftheelectrical transmissionsystemwouldbeSMALL.

Humanhealthimpactsfromtheconstructionanddecommissioningoftheelectricaltransmissionsystem wouldnotbeunlikethosedescribedfortheremainderoftheproposedHermes2projectandwouldnot addsignificantlytothepotentialnegativeimpactsandthiswouldnotchangetheimpactdesignationof SMALL.

4.9 WASTEMANAGEMENT Impactstowastemanagementfromthetransmissionsystemarenotexpectedtooccurattheproject site.Onsiteandoffsiteelectricaltransmissioninfrastructuredonotrequirewastemanagement systemsasdescribedinSection4.9oftheHermes2ER.

4.10 TRANSPORTATION Impactsfromtheconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningoftheelectricaltransmissionsystemto theaffectedtransportationenvironmentwouldnotsignificantlyaddtotheimpactsdescribedinHermes 2ERSection4.10orchangetheimpactdesignationofSMALL 4.11 POSTULATEDEVENTS Theconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningoftheelectricaltransmissionsystemwouldnot contributethepostulatedeventsdescribedinHermes2ERSection4.11.

4.12 ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICE Impactsfromtheconstruction,operation,anddecommissioningelectricaltransmissionsystemtothe environmentaljusticelandscapewouldnotsignificantlyaddtotheimpactsdescribedinHermes2ER Section4.12orchangetheimpactdesignationofSMALL.

4.13 CUMULATIVEEFFECTS Theadditionoftheelectricaltransmissionsystemwouldnotsignificantlycontributetothecumulative effectsoftheHermes2projectontheaffectedenvironment.

REFERENCES 1.

KairosPowerLLC,EnvironmentalReportfortheKairosPowerFluorideSaltCooled,High TemperatureNonPowerReactor(Hermes),March2023.