ML24145A032

IMC 0609 Appendix F, Attachment 5, Characterizing Fire Ignition Sources

ML24145A032
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Issue date:	09/05/2024
From:	Michelle Kichline NRC/NRR/DRA/APOB
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DC 24-013, CN 24-024
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NRC INSPECTION MANUAL APOB

INSPECTION MANUAL CHAPTER 0609 APPENDIX F ATTACHMENT 5

CHARACTERIZING FIRE IGNITION SOURCES

Effective Date: January 1, 2025 0609F.5-01 PURPOSE

This attachment provides supporting information describing the heat release rater (HRR) profile (HRR versus time curve) parameters and HRR gamma distribution parameters for various fixed and transient ignition sources. The profiles and distribution parameters were used to develop the tables and plots in sets A, D, and E of Attachment 8 to the Fire Protection Significance Determination Process (SDP), IMC 0609 Appendix F. These tables and plots allow the analyst to look up the vertical and radial zone of influence ( ZOI) (used in Step 2.3.2), severity factor (SF) (used in Step 2.6.1), and damage time (used in Step 2.7.1) for a specified fixed or transient ignition source, target type, and target location for fire damage state 1 (FDS1) scenarios.

Guidance is also provided for determining the HRR of confined and unconfined oil fires, cable tray fires, and hot work fires.

0609F.5-02 HEAT RELEASE RATE PROFILE OF FIXED AND TRANSIENT IGNITION SOURCES

02.01 Heat Release Rate Profile of Fixed Ignition Sources

The HRR profile for all fixed ignition sources is given by the following equation:

ng Q peak tt g t t g Q (t) = Q peak t g < t t g + t p [5-1]

nd Q peak 1 t t g t p t g + t p < t t d + t g + t p td

where

Q = HRR of the ignition source (kW )

Q peak = Peak HRR of the ignition source (kW )

t = Time (s) tg = Growth time (s) ng = Growth exponent tp = Plateau time (s) td = Decay time (s) nd = Decay exponent

The HRR gamma distribution parameters for fixed ignition sources are given in Table A5.1. The HRR profile parameters for fixed ignition sources are provided in Table A5.2. The distribution and profile parameters in the two tables were taken from NUREG 2178, Vol. 1 (for electrical enclosures) and NUREG 2178, Vol. 2 (for motors and dry transformers).

Figure A5.1 shows the 98th and 75th percentile HRR profiles for a large open electrical enclosure, to illustrate the shape of the HRR profile and how it is affected by the value of the peak HRR. According to Table A5.2, the HRR for electrical enclosures initially grows at a t 2 rate (ng = 2) to reach the peak HRR in 12 min (tg = 720 s), subsequently remains steady at the peak HRR for 8 min (t p = 480 s), and final ly decays at a linear rate (nd = 1) back to 0 in 19 min (td = 1140 s). The 98th and 75th percentile peak HRR for a large open electrical enclosure (1000

Issue Date: 09/05/24 1 0609 App F Att 5 and 200 kW, respectively) can be calculated by using the inverse gamma distribution function with = 0.377 and = 427.9 (from Table A5.1) and a probability of 0.98 and 0.75, respectively.

Table A5.1 - HRR Gamma Distribution Parameters for Fixed Ignition Sources 75th % 98th %

Ignition Source peak peak HRR (kW) HRR (kW)

Class A Motors (>5-30 hp) 1.34 3.26 6 15 Class B Motors (>30-100 hp) 1.17 8.69 14 37 Class C Motors (>100 hp) 1.10 24.19 37 100 Class A Dry Transformers (>45-75 kVA) 0.38 12.84 6 30 Class B Dry Transformers (>75-750 kVA) 0.41 28.57 15 70 Class C Dry Transformers (>750 kVA) 0.46 50.26 30 130 Group 1 Switchgear and Load Center (TP, Closed) 0.991 43.7 60 170 Group 2 MCCs and Battery Chargers (TP, Closed) 1.213 29.8 50 130 Group 3 Power Inverters (TP, Closed) 0.518 72.6 50 200 Group 4a Large Enclosures [>50 ft3] (TP, Closed) 0.518 145.2 100 400 Group 4a Large Enclosures [>50 ft3] (TP, Open) 0.377 427.9 200 1000 Group 4b Medium Enclosures [>12 ft3] (TP, Closed) 0.518 72.6 50 200 Group 4b Medium Enclosures [>12 ft3] (TP, Open) 0.505 119.5 80 325 Group 4c Small Enclosures [12 ft3] (All) 0.875 12.4 15 45

Table A5.2 - HRR Profile Parameters for Fixed Ignition Sources Ignition Source tg ng tp td nd (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)

Motors 120 2 780 120 1 Dry Transformers 0 600 600 1 Electrical Enclosures 720 2 480 1140 1

tg tp td

1000 98th % HRR(t)

800 75th % HRR(t)

600

400

200

0 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 Time (s)

Figure A5.1-98 th and 75th HRR Profiles for a Large Open Electrical Enclosure

Issue Date: 09/05/24 2 0609 App F Att 5 02.02 HRR Profile of High Energy Arcing Faults (HEAFs)

Switchgear and load centers (440V and above) are subject to HEAFs in addition to the possibility of a general or thermal fire. As a result, two ignition scenarios need to be considered for electrical enclosure s 440 V; HEAF and non-HEAF. For the HEAF scenario in switchgear, the vertical ZOI above the top of the enclosure and the radial ZOI from the edge on all sides of the enclosure is 4.5 ft. for thermoplastic (TP) cable targets and 3.5 ft. for thermoset (TS) cable targets (see IMC 0609 Appendix F Attachment 3 for details). All unprotected targets within this region are assumed to be damaged instantaneously when the HEAF occurs and all unprotected secondary combustibles within the region are assumed to ignite instantaneously. The ZOI for the HEAF scenario in load centers is provided in Table A3.1 in Attachment 3 as a function of the location of the circuit breaker at which the HEAF is postulated and the fragility the target. The HRR profile for a HEAF fire has no t-squared growth stage (t g = 0 s). The HEAF fire reaches HRRpeak instantaneously at ignition (t = 0 s), remains at HRR peak for 8 min (tp = 480 s), and subsequently decays linearly to 0 kW in 19 min (1140 s).

For HEAFs in switchgear (MV Zone 1 and 2), fire spread to switchgear vertical sections that are adjacent to where the HEAF initiated is postulated due to the potential for the arc to breach the shared boundary. A breach in the shared boundary could allow the HEAF and ensuing fire to expose the combustible contents of an adjacent section to an energy flux high enough to sustain ignition. The HRR profile for the vertical section where the HEAF originated uses the 98th percentile peak HRR without a growth stage for switchgear and load centers (as described in NUREG-2262; Figure 6-12). The HRR profile for each adjacent switchgear is conservatively set to a HRR distribution with a 98th percentile peak HRR of 170 kW. The adjacent ignited switchgear vertical sections have a HRR growth, steady, and decay stage following a growing electrical enclosure fire consistent with the growth profiles in NUREG 6850.

• The growth stage is 12 minutes and is in proportion to time squared (profile)

• The steady burning stage at the peak HRR is 8 minutes

• The decay stage is linear and is 19 minutes

The overall HRR profile for the ensuing fire with one or two adjacent switchgear vertical sections includes the ensuing fire from the initiating HEAF vertical section and the HRR profile for the adjacent vertical sections. For a more detailed description of fire spread see NUREG -2262 Section 6.5.1.

02.03 HRR Profile of Main Control Board Panel Fires

The HRR of Main Control Board (MCB) panel fires used in an analysis to determine the probability for control room abandonment is identical to that for the electrical enclosures with the same volume.

02.04 HRR Profile for Propagating Electrical Enclosure Fires

Electrical enclosure fires can be assumed not to propagate to adjacent enclosures if at least one of the following conditions are met:

• Both the exposing and exposed enclosures have solid steel panels on their adjacent sides (that is, the double wall configuration).

• The exposing or exposed enclosure(or both) has (have) an open top; and there is an internal wall between the sections, even if that wall has some unsealed openings; and there are no cables running in an upward direction (that is, either vertically or diagonally)

Issue Date: 09/05/24 3 0609 App F Att 5 leading from the exposing enclosure into the exposed enclosure through the partition wall between sections. All three conditions must be met for the exclusion to apply.

• The exposing enclosure has been categorized as a small electrical enclosure (Group 4c in NUREG-2178 Vol ume 1).

• Do not postulate propagation between two adjacent vertical sections of motor control centers (Group 2 in NUREG-2178 Vol ume 1).

• Do not postulate propagation between two adjacent vertical sections of switchgear or load centers (Group 1 in NUREG-2178 Vol ume 1).

If none of these conditions are met, electrical enclosure fires are assumed to propagate from the exposing enclosure to an adjacent exposed enclosure. There can be one or two exposed enclosures, depending on whether the fire originates in an enclosure located at one end of a bank or in an enclosure that has adjacent enclosures on both sides, respectively. However, fire spread is limited to one adjacent enclosure, i.e., for an interior enclosure within a bank, HRR calculations should be postulated to a single enclosure on either side of the exposing enclosure but not to both adjacent enclosures. The HRR profile of a propagating electrical enclosure fire is obtained by combining the HRR profiles of the exposing and exposed enclosures, assuming the exposed enclosure ignites 10 min after the exposing enclosure. When fire spread to an adjacent enclosure is postulated, a conditional probability of 0.02 can be applied against the frequency of fires initiated in the exposing enclosure in the form of a split fraction between single-and multi-enclosure fire scenarios.

02.05 HRR Profile of Transient Combustible Fires

The HRR profiles for transient combustible fires is given by Equation 5-1, but the profile parameters are dependent on the total energy release (TER), which is the area under the HRR curve. The HRR and TER gamma distribution parameters for generic and transient combustible control location (TCCL) transient fires are given in Table A5.3.

Table A5.3 - HRR Gamma Distribution Parameters for Transient Ignition Sources Ignition Source 75th Percentile 98th Percentile (kW) (kW)

Generic transient HRR distribution 0.271 14.1 41.6 278 Generic transient TER distribution 0.184 77.1 11.8 123 TCCL transient HRR distribution 0.314 67.3 24.6 143 TCCL transient TER distribution 0.214 34.5 7.0 59.8

The growth and decay exponents are the same for generic and TCCL transient fires and are equal to 2.7 for ng and 0.32 for nd, respectively. The following equations are used to calculate the growth, plateau, and decay times:

t g = 690TER1.01 [5-2]

Q peak

t d = 3940TER0.94 [5-3]

Q peak

t p = 1000 TER te nb tb [5-4]

Q peak ng + 1 nd + 1

Issue Date: 09/05/24 4 0609 App F Att 5 If tp calculated according to Equation 5-4 is negative, t p is set equal to 1 s and the tg and td are the determined from peak 186 TER 1.01 t g = 3700QTER Q1000 0.0.186 1.01 + 0.955TER 0.940 [5-5]

peak peak 955TER 0.940 t d = 13200.32 Q TER Q1000 0.0.186 1.01 + 0.955 TER 0.940 [5-6]

peak

The 98th percentile HRR profile parameters for transient fires are given in Table A5.4.

Table A5.4 - HRR Profile Parameters for Transient Ignition Sources Ignition Source tg ng tp td nd (s) (s) (s) (s) (s)

Generic Transients 322 2.70 39.5 1311 0.32 TCCL Transients 301 2.70 25 1290 0.32

A TCCL is a designated location in a nuclear power plant that meets the conditions described in Section 3.3.1.1 of NUREG-2233. The TCCL fire characteristics in this attachment can be used if the following conditions are met:

• Control of transient combustible materials in these locations is procedurally controlled with visual indication clearly marked (for example, floor is painted, the location is roped off or identified with multiple signs, or other method of clearly marking the area) so that someone unfamiliar with the administrative procedures would conclude that transient combustible storage is strictly controlled in that location.

• No trend of violations of transient combustible administrative controls have been observed for the subject TCCL for five years.

• Long-term storage of transient combustible material is strictly prohibited with no exceptions.

• Temporary storage of transient combustible material is strictly controlled with appropriate compensatory measures for exceptions, as necessary. Any combustible material that is greater than negligible and required to be in a TCCL must meet one of the following:

o Have a transient combustible permit evaluated by the fire protection program to show that there is no impact to credited equipment and cables.

o Be constantly attended. Exceptions are allowed for shift changes and short breaks such as a lunch break.

o Be removed from the TCCL or contained (for example, closed metal containers, covered by fire blanket) when not constantly attended.

If the TCCL characteristics are not met, the generic fire characteristics should be used. The generic fire characteristics bound transient fire sources with the following characteristics:

• A single plastic or metal trash can of up to 55 gallons size loaded with general waste materials such as paper, packing materials, etc.

• Up to three small office-size trash cans with general waste (e.g., on the order of 2-4 gallons each, typically either plastic or fiberglass construction).

• A single wooden pallet.

Issue Date: 09/05/24 5 0609 App F Att 5

• A single small packing crate (no more than 24" cube).

• A plastic bucket of up to 7 gallons in size (e.g., a used paint bucket) with cleaning materials (e.g., rags, brushes, no more than a pint of cleaning solvents).

• One or two plastic trash bags containing general waste materials.

• An open grease bucket up to 1 gallon.

• A single collection bin for protective clothing (e.g., at a step-off / dress -out area).

If, in the judgement of the analyst, the as -found conditions exceed the above examples, the fire intensity may have to be increased to reflect the as -found conditions. In that case it is recommended that additional guidance be sought from either the Regional or Headquarters fire protection staff.

0609F.5-03 HRR PROFILE OF OIL FIRES

Liquid fuel spills can be confined or unconfined. For confined liquid fuel pool fires the area is known and the HRR is a function of the size of the containment area (pool) and combustion properties of the fuel. The area of an unconfined liquid fuel spill is a function of the spill volume, and the HRR is therefore a function of the volume and combustion properties of the spilled fuel.

Two distinct oil spill fires may need to be considered. The first scenario assumes a spill of 100 percent of the amount of oil that can be spilled. The second scenario considers a 10 percent spill. A severity factor of 0.02 is assigned to the first scenario, and 0.98 is used for the second scenario. For confined liquid pool fires it is not necessary to evaluate the two scenarios separately if the containment area is large enough to hold 100 percent of the amount of oil that can be spilled.

03.01 Confined Liquid Pool Fires

Table A5.5 gives the steady HRR and burning rate of confined liquid pool fires as a function of the pool diameter for the following liquid fuels: (1) diesel fuel and fuel oil, (2) lube oil and mineral oil, and (3) silicone fluid.

Issue Date: 09/05/24 6 0609 App F Att 5 Table A5.5 - HRRs and Burning Rates for Confined Liquid Pool Fires Deff Diesel Fuel & Fuel Oil Lube Oil & Mineral Oil Silicone Fluid (ft.) HRR Burning Rate HRR Burning Rate HRR Burning Rate (kW) (gal/min) (kW) (gal/min) (kW) (gal/min) 1.0 41 0.017 25 0.011 2.7 0.002 1.5 123 0.051 81 0.037 8.5 0.005 2.0 262 0.108 183 0.083 19 0.011 2.5 460 0.190 341 0.154 34 0.020 3.0 720 0.297 562 0.253 55 0.032 3.5 1039 0.428 851 0.383 82 0.047 4.0 1418 0.584 1213 0.546 116 0.067 4.5 1854 0.764 1650 0.743 155 0.089 5.0 2345 0.966 2165 0.975 200 0.116 5.5 2890 1.191 2759 1.242 252 0.145 6.0 3487 1.437 3432 1.545 310 0.179 6.5 4136 1.705 4185 1.884 373 0.215 7.0 4836 1.993 5017 2.258 443 0.255 7.5 5586 2.302 5928 2.668 518 0.299 8.0 6386 2.632 6917 3.114 599 0.345 8.5 7236 2.982 7984 3.594 685 0.395 9.0 8135 3.353 9128 4.108 777 0.448 9.5 9083 3.744 10347 4.657 874 0.504 10 10082 4.156 11640 5.240 977 0.563 11 12227 5.040 14448 6.504 1197 0.690 12 14570 6.006 17544 7.897 1438 0.829 13 17114 7.054 20921 9.417 1700 0.980 14 19858 8.185 24574 11.06 1981 1.142 15 22802 9.399 28498 12.83 2283 1.316 16 25948 10.70 32689 14.71 2604 1.501 17 29296 12.08 37145 16.72 2946 1.698 18 32846 13.54 41862 18.84 3308 1.907 19 36598 15.09 46839 21.08 3690 2.127 20 40553 16.72 52075 23.44 4091 2.358 21 44710 18.43 57570 25.91 4513 2.602 22 49070 20.23 63322 28.50 4956 2.857 23 53633 22.11 69332 31.21 5418 3.123 24 58398 24.07 75600 34.03 5901 3.401 25 63366 26.12 82126 36.97 6404 3.691

For non-circular fires with an area A f, an equivalent effective diameter is used, which is calculated as follows:

Deff = 4Af [5-7 ]

Liquid pool fires are conservatively assumed to reach the steady HRR instantaneously at ignition (t=0 s). The burning time is calculated by dividing the spill volume by the burning rate.

Issue Date: 09/05/24 7 0609 App F Att 5 03.02 Unconfined Liquid Spill Fires

Table A5.6 gives the steady HRR and burning time of unconfined liquid spill fires as a function of spill volume for the same three liquid fuels.

Table A5.6 - HRRs and Burning Rates for Unconfined Liquid Spill Fires V Diesel Fuel & Fuel Oil Lube Oil & Mineral Oil Silicone Fluid (gal) HRR Burning Time HRR Burning Time HRR Burning Time (kW) (s) (kW) (s) (kW) (s) 1 2438 226 2265 222 209 1880 2 5126 215 5368 188 472 1668 3 7797 212 8696 174 742 1590 4 10451 211 12121 166 1014 1551 5 13095 210 15592 162 1286 1529 6 15732 210 19085 158 1558 1516 7 18366 210 22588 156 1828 1507 8 20997 210 26093 154 2098 1500 9 23627 210 29597 153 2367 1496 10 26255 210 33098 152 2636 1493 11 28883 210 36595 151 2904 1490 12 31143 212 39599 153 3134 1506 13 33059 216 42144 155 3329 1536 14 34950 220 44654 158 3522 1564 15 36820 224 47132 160 3712 1590 16 38668 228 49580 163 3900 1614 17 40498 231 52002 165 4086 1637 18 42310 234 54398 167 4270 1659 19 44106 237 56771 169 4452 1679 20 45886 240 59122 170 4633 1699 21 47653 242 61453 172 4812 1717 22 49406 245 63764 174 4990 1735 23 51146 247 66057 175 5166 1752 24 52874 250 68334 177 5341 1768 25 54591 252 70594 178 5515 1784 26 56298 254 72838 180 5688 1798 27 57994 256 75069 181 5860 1813 28 59680 258 77285 183 6031 1827 29 61357 260 79488 184 6201 1840 30 63026 262 81679 185 6370 1853

0609F.5-04 CABLE TRAY FIRES

04.01 Fires in Vertical Stacks of Horizontal Cable Trays

Vertical stacks of horizontal cable trays located within the ZOI of an ignition source may act as secondary combustibles and contribute to the HRR in the area under evaluation. Tables and plots of the combined HRR as a function of time for various cable types (TS and TP), tray widths (1.5 or 3.0 ft.), and ignition source/cable tray configurations can be found in table/plot set C in. These tables and plots are applicable for non -HEAF scenarios. For HEAF

Issue Date: 09/05/24 8 0609 App F Att 5 scenarios, add HRRpeak of the ignition source to the cable tray HRR from Figures C.01 (for 1.5 ft.

wide trays) or C.02 (for 3.0 ft. wide trays) in Attachment 8.

Flame spread and fire propagation characteristics for fires involving stacks of cable trays are discussed in the section for FDS 2 scenarios in Attachment 3 to IMC 0609 Appendix F and in Section 06.03.03 of the basis document (IMC 0308 Attachment 3 Appendix F). It can be assumed that flame spread and fire propagation will not occur under the following conditions:

• All trays within the ZOI are fully enclosed, i.e., they have solid bottom and top covers.

• All trays within the ZOI have solid bottoms and are tightly covered with at least one in. of ceramic fiber blanket (e.g., Kaowool).

• All trays are within the ZOI are protected with a rated fire barrier or wrap, except for HEAF scenarios, in which case wraps within the ZOI are assumed to be destroyed and ineffective.

04.02 Vertical Cable Tray Fires

The HRR of a vertical cable tray is conservatively estimated as the product of the width of the tray covered with cables, the height of the tray, and the HRR per unit area (HRRPUA) of the cables. The latter is equal to 150 kW/m2 for TS cables, and 250 kW/m2 for TP and Kerite cables (from NUREG/CR-7010). Flames are assumed to spread very rapidly in the vertical direction, and the HRR is therefore assumed to be instantaneous at ignition.

04.03 Self-Ignited Cable Fires

The HRR profile of vertical stacks of horizontal cable trays involved in a self-ignited cable fire scenario can be obtained from Figures C.01 (for 1.5 ft. wide trays) or C.02 (for 3.0 ft. wide trays) in Attachment 8. A conservative estimate of the HRR of a vertical self-ignited cable tray can be obtained as discussed in the previous section.

0609F.5-05 HOT WORK FIRES

For hot work fires, it will be assumed that the hot work leads to ignition of either transient combustibles, exposed cables, or insulation materials depending on the specific situation.

Transient combustibles could include flammable materials used in conjunction with the hot work itself (e.g., plastic sheeting or non-fire -retardant scaffold materials).

• If the hot work is assumed to ignite transients, treat the subsequent fire like any other transient fuel fire. As-found conditions may be reflected in fire characterization.

• If the hot work is assumed to ignite exposed cables, treat the subsequent fire like a self-ignited cable fire.

• If the hot work fire is assumed to ignite insulation materials, seek additional guidance from Regional or Headquarters fire protection staff.

0609F.5-06 SEVERE FIRES INVOLVING THE MAIN TURBINE GENERATOR SET

For inspections involving the turbine building, a need to address severe fires involving the main turbine generator set may arise. In this case, additional guidance will be needed to complete the Phase 2 analysis. Guidance from either Regional or Headquarters fire protection staff should be sought in the treatment of these fires.

Issue Date: 09/05/24 9 0609 App F Att 5 0609F.5-07 HYDROGEN FIRES

If for a given fire area, hydrogen fires might be a significant factor in the risk quantification, additional guidance will be needed to complete the Phase 2 analysis. Guidance from either Regional or Headquarters fire protection staff should be sought in the treatment of these fir es.

END

Issue Date: 09/05/24 10 0609 App F Att 5 Attachment 1: Revision History for IMC 0609, Appendix F Attachment 5

Commitment Accession Description of Change Description of Comment Tracking Number Training Resolution and Number Issue Date Required and Feedback Form Change Notice Completion Date Accession Number (Pre-Decisional, Non-Public)

ML041700310 IMC 0609, App F, Att 5 Characterizing Non-Simple Fire Ignition None N/A 05/28/2004 Sources, is added to provide guidance on the need to consider CN 04-016 whether non-simple ignition sources such as self -ignited cable fires, energetic electrical arcing faults, transient combustibles, hot work, liquid fuel spills, and hydrogen are plausible fire ignition sources.

ML050700212 IMC 0609, App F, Att 5 Characterizing Non-Simple Fire Ignition 02/28/2005 Sources, is revised to change all references from 50th and CN 05-007 95th percentile to 75th and 98th percentile, respectively, for expected and high confidence fire intensity values.

ML17089A422 Revised to reflect changes to the Phase 2 process and for November 2017 ML17093A184 DRAFT consistency with the guidance in NUREG/CR-6850 and CN 17-XXX superseding guidance in NFPA 805 FAQs and NUREG -2178.

CA Note sent 7/18/17 for information only, ML17191A681.

Issued 10/11/17 as a draft publicly available document to allow for public comments.

ML18087A409 Draft document revised to incorporate minor public comments Gap training ML17093A184 05/02/18 and re-issued with new accession number in order to issue as covering changes CN 18-010 an official revision after receipt of public comments. to the procedure completed November 2017

Issue Date: 09/05/24 Att1-1 0609 App F Att 5 Commitment Accession Description of Change Description of Comment Tracking Number Training Resolution and Number Issue Date Required and Feedback Form Change Notice Completion Date Accession Number (Pre-Decisional, Non-Public)

ML24145A032 This revision includes updating IMC 0609 Appendix F, its ML24155A260 09/05/24 associated attachments, and the basis document to incorporate CN 24-024 updated guidance for modeling transient fires per NUREG-2233, high energy arching faults per NUREG -2262, and electrical enclosure, electric motor, dry transformer and main control room fires per NUREG -2178 Volume 2. This revision also implements the heat soak method in the HRR and ZOI calculations.

Issue Date: 09/05/24 Att1-2 0609 App F Att 5