ML20205H946

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Requests Exemption from 10CFR20,App a Re Worker Respiratory Protection Apparatus.Proposes Usage of Solvent Canisters W/Protection Factor Equal to 50 or Greater Against Radioactive Iodine & Particles
ML20205H946
Person / Time
Site: Hatch  
Issue date: 10/25/1988
From: Hairston W
GEORGIA POWER CO.
To:
NRC OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION & RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (ARM)
References
TAC-71145, TAC-71146, NUDOCS 8810310229
Download: ML20205H946 (62)
v • d • e


Text

{{#Wiki_filter:_ _ _. _ _ _ _. .- Georgia Ptwer Cornparty - . p[ a g a 3L Telephone 404 526 0526 ~ F st f x 54 5 Atlanta, Georg a 30302 W. G. Hairston, fit the sourtum e*ttre 3pfem Seasor V<e F'res+nt Nuc' ear Operat.ons HL-108 0018e X7&117-H000 v October 25, 1988 U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ATTN: Document Control Desk Washington, D. C. 20555 PLANT HATCH - UNITS 1, 2 NRC DOCKETS 50-321, 50-366 OPERATING LICENSES DPR-57, NPF-5 EXEWTION REQUEST - WORKER RESPIRATORY PROTECTION APPARATUS Gentlemen:

  • n accordance with the provision of 10CFR 20.103(e) and 10CFR20.501, GeorJia Pow r Company (GPG nereby requests an exemption from 10CFR20, Apptidix A,

footnote d-2(c) which states, with respect to establishing perf )nnel protection factors. "No allowance is to bc made for the use of sol ent canisters against radioactive gases and vapors." GPC proposes to use solvent canisters with a protection factor equal to 50 or greater against radioactive iodine and particles. presents a safety analysis report which demonstrates the exemption will not result in an undue hazard to life or property. The requested exemption would allow utilization of air purifying respirators in lieu of supplied air or self-contained breathing apparatuses. The air purifying respirators, MSA GMR-I canisters, which GPC proposes to use would be manufactured by Mine Safety Appliance Company. A copy of the MSA test report is included as Enclosure 2 to this letter. Previously, Alabama Power Company, Southern California Edison Company, Xansas Gas and Electric Company, Union Electric Company, Pacific Gas and Electric, and Mississippi Power and Light have been issued exemptions that allow the use of the MSA GMR-I canister. Addltionally, GPC has requested an exemption allowing the use of these canisters for Plant Vogtle Unit 1. 10CFR20.103(e) allows the tosmission to authorize the use of equipment which has not been certified by NIOSH/MSHA but which has been tested reliable ur, der proposed conditions of use. The MSA GMR-! canister has been adequately testeo, as evidenced by the MSA tests and previously granted exemptions. b hi est e - e - PDR ADOCK 0*;000321 P PDC

e s .a Georgia Power A U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission October 25, 1988 Page Two l Please contact this office at any time if you have questions. Sincerely e.J. *est W. G. Hairston, III GKM/km

Enclosures:

1. Safety Analysis 2. MSA Test Report c: Georsia Power Company Mr. F. C. Nix, General Manager - Hatch Mr. L. T. Gucwa, Manager Licensing and Engineering - Hatch GO-NORMS U.S. ' Nuclear Regulatory Comission, Washington. 0.C. Mr. L. P. Crocker, Licensing Project Manager - Hatch U. S. Nuclear Regulatory'Comission, Region !! Dr. J. N. r, race, Regional Administrator Mr. J. E. Henning, Senior Resident Inspector - Hatch 0018e

s. ENCLOSURE 1 DOCKET NUMBER 50-321 AND 50-366 REQUEST FOR EXEMPTION FROM 10CFR20, APPENDIX A, FOOTNOTE d-2(c) ALLOWING USE OF THE MSA GMR-1 CANISTEk AGAINST RADI0 IODINE ABSTRACT: Georgia Power Company requests exemption from 10CFR20, Appendix A, footnote d-2(c) in accordance with 10CFR20.103(e) for the E. I. Hatch Nuclear Plant Units 1 and 2. The desired conclusion is the use of the MSA GMR-1 canister and a full facepiece that has the capability of providing a protection factor of 50 or greater against radioactive iodine and particles. JUSTIFICATION: The benefits derived from using the MSA GMR-1 rather than Air-lines or SCBA's are an increase in worker safety and a reduction in worker exposure to radiation. WORKER-SAFETY: Worker Safety is greatly improved by: (1) reducing the respiratory protection equipment weight and bulk thus providing(a decrease in the probability for back injury or falling / tripping injury;

2) eliminating accidents caused by a loss of air situation; (3) reducing worker fatigue by deleting entangled air lines, uncomfortable hkenesses and eye irritation caused by continuous air flow; (4) removing the false feeling of coolness caused by air ficw across the face that can lead to heat stroke and eventually fainting; and (5) reducing workers time in the respiratory protection equipment by 25 - 50I, due to increased worker efficiency and productivity.

EXPOSURE REDUCTION: Exposure reduction is achieved by a 25 - 50% decrease in work time when using the MSA GMR-1 in lieu of Air-lines or SCBAs. OPERAQNG CONDITIONS: With guidance from NUREG/CR-3403, the following precautions and limitations will be controlled by Health Physics Procedure 60AC-HPX-006-05 and/or by a Departmental Instruction: (1) The maximum permissible continuous use time for a MSA GMR-1 canister is eight (8) hours after which the canister is discarded. This time will be counted from the moment the canister is unsealed and will include periods of non-exposure. (2) The MSA GMR-1 canister will not be stored or used in the presence of organic solvent vapors or chemicals which would interfere with the canister's ability to absorb radioiodine. The use of organic solvents, chemicals or paints will be prohibited while the GMR-1 canisters are in use. 0018e HL-108 El-1 10-25-88

ENCLOSURE 1 (Continued) (3) Canisters will be stored in sealed, humidity proof barrier packaging in a cool, dry environment. The GMR-1 canisters will be maintained in Class "A" storage (temperature controlled between 60 degrees and 90 degrees Fahrenheit and relative humidity between 30 - 60%) except for those maintained for ready issue in the respirator issue area. Purchase orders for canisters that will be used for radioactive iodine protection will state this condition. (4) The MSA GMR-1 canister will be used with an approved full facepiece capable of providing a protection factor equal to or greater than 50. The user of the MSA GMR-1 canister must receive a quantitative respirator fit test and pass the test with a fit factor of 500 which equates to 10 times the protection factor of the respirator. (5) Humidity affects the efficiency of the MSA GMR-1 canisters. Temperature and humidity will be measured prior to and/or during the use of the canisters to assure the canister specifications are not exceeded. (6) Air samples will be taken prior to and/or during any activities that involve the use of the MSA GMR-1 canister for protection against radioactive iodine. (7) The organic vapors and chemicals of concern relative to GMR-1 canister use at Plant Hatch include: Acetone i Paint Paint Thinner / Remover (Methyl ethyl ketone) Freon Cleaning Agents (Trichlorotriflouroethane) Isopropyl Alcohol Methyl Chlorofonn Cleaning Agents (Perchloroethylene, Trichloroethane, 2-Butoxy Ethanol) Stoddard Solvent These vapors and chemicals are not of concern in areas where GMR-1 canisters wil? be routinely stored. The canisters are purchased in hermetically sealed condition and are not opened until placed in service. Hatch Technical Specification 3.6.6.1 and 4.6.6.1 defines the availability and surveillance requirements related to the Emergency Standby Gas r Treatment System ($8GT). These requirements are utilized to demonstrate system operability with respect to HEPA and charcoal filters. Since GMR-1 canisters will most likely be in the same areas served by the SBGT, 4 assurance of continuing operability of this system will provide assurance of the proper environment (i.e.: no organic vapors or chemicals) for GMR-1 canister use. Additionally, the plant procedures governing the operability and functioning of charcoal beds are in compliance with Regulatory Guides 1.140 and 1.52 for design, testing and maintenance of l filtr?*, ion systems. (8) Canisters are not to be used in total challenge concentrations of organic iodines and other halogenated compounds greater than 1 ppm, including nonradioactive compounds. 0018e HL-108 El-2 10-25-88

ENCLOSURE 1 (Continuad) PROGRAM IWLEMENTATION: Cn the initial implementation of the GMR-1 program, the following verification measures will be in effect and controlled by Health Physics Procedure 60AC-HPX-006-OS and/or by Departmental Instruction. a. Whole body counts for individuals using the GMR-1 canisters for radioiodine protection will be performed at the end of each job. b. A whole body count for individuals that exceed 10 MPC in any 7-day period and used the MSA GMR-1 canister for respiratory protection in that period. c. Anyone suspected of receiving 70 nanocuries (nC1) (10% MP0B) or greater i iodine uptake to the thyroid during a whole body count will be re:,tricted from entering a radiofodine atmosphere pending Health Physics evaluation, d; The radiological survey and whole body count information will be compileri to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. These precautions will be relaxed as the data proves the effectiveness of thi program. PROCEDURES AND TRAINING: [ Upon approval, procedures will be generated or revised to define the proper storage, issuance and usage of the MSA GMR-1 canister prior to program implementation. These revisions will include the restrictions and limitations for the MSA GMR-1 canister that have been formulated in the proposal. The procedures that will be modified are Departmental HNP 62RP-RAD-003-OS and Administrative HNP 60AC-HPX-006-05. Training of the workers on the proper use and the limitations of the MSA GMR-1 canister will be performed prior to issuing and shall be incoprorated into the GET respirator training program. The Health Physics staff will be qualified on the procedures and shall receive training on the characteristics of the GMR-1 canister in the Health Physics Coverage Modules (specifically HP-210 Module). To ensure that the MSA GMR-1 canisters meet standards for quality control, procedure number 60AC-HPX-006-05 or a Departmental Instruction will require personnel verify that for each canister used that that the seal is intact, the canister shelf life has not expired and the following MSA label is attached to the GMR-1 canister: "This canister meets the NRC Quality Assurance Specification Required for Radioiodine Protection Factor Credit, in addition to the NIOSH/MSHA Requirements. Credit may only be taken by licensees who have been granted a NRC Exemption." Additionally, onsite Quality Assurance audits and surveillance of the Respiratory Protection Program will be expanded to include GMR-1 canister use and associated procedures and controls. 0018e H1-108 El-3 10-25-88

ENCLOSURE 1 (Continued) TEST DATA: This request is based on studies performed by the Mine Safety Appliances Company, Enclosure 1, NUREG/CR-3403, Enclosure 2, and structured af ter NRC approved programs at Alabama Power Company and Union Electric Company. The parameters of the studies, specifically air temperature and humidity, cover the conditions that exist at Plant E. I. Hatch. FLOSING STATEMENT: l This exemption request is based on data and controls deemed acceptable by the NRC as a proper GMR-1 canister program. This exemption will allow Georgia l Power Company to increase worker safety by a decreare in work stress and radiation, and acts as notification of MSA GMR-1 canister use 30 days subsequent to exemption approval. r i f i i 0018e HL-108 E1 4 10-25-88

3.- o-ENCLOSURE 2 THE MSA GMR-! CANISTER FOR USE AGAINST RA0!0 ICDINE Al10 CRGANIC ICOIDES Note: Presented by Dr. E. S. McKee, Mine Safety Aeoliances Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for Alabama Power Cosseny to Nuclear Re on Acesi 25, gulatory Cosmission staff 1984 at lethesda, Maryland i t l \\ i f, G.0V 1Af

^ _ __ e 3 _ TEST C0010iT10115 O Challenge Conc.: 5 - 10 ppe Cli 1 Mdity: 60

  • 31 and 90 + 31 3(mialaan of six cans at eacE hamidity) -

Tamperataare: Il08F Cyclic Flow: 192 LPH for 0.82 sec.; o LPle for 1.64 sec., repeating this cycle throughout the test. This gives a minute volame of 64 L. Breakthrough Conc.: 11 of the challenge concentration e h e .e i I l j j, i E

Tabla 1. . Res lts 601 mi .in i Mf. Date Service Time r===en t 9 min. hrs. 4 ~ Can i Mr9-Le c aervice Time ~ Comment 5* 11/30/83 min. krs. 6* 720 12 0.25%** 0.07 ** 37 72 4/14/83 1410 23.5 0.33 " 38 .9 2/2/84 2160 36.0 39 1/9/84 1890 31.5 0 4/14/83 1080 18.0 11 2520 42.0 40 1/9/84 2220 37.0 2670 44.5 57 3/28/84 2490 41.5 52 4/14/83 1200 20.0 58 13 1500 25.0 59 2280 38.0 (3 I410 23.5 60 2610 43.5 IS 2/2/84 1680 28.0 61 - 2460 41.0 16 4/14/83 1538 25.5 , 62 2250 37.5 2460 41.0 901 mi 3* 11/30/83 1215 20.3 0.30 " 4* 26 2/2/84 1560 26.0 1215 20.3 0.15 " 10/21/83 990 16.5 0.45 " 2070 34.5 27 9* ~ 0.25 ** 10* 28 0.43 " - 2220 37.0 41 4/1#/83 1230 20.5 la 11/30/83 . 720 12 0.67 ** 1320 22.0 42 82* 10/21/83 43 0.04 " 1650 27.5 13* 11/30/83 44 0.47 "

  • 1320 22.0 14*

I/9/84 795 13.3 - 0.83 ** 1500 25.0 45 gso 46 0.34 " 1260 21.0 160 47 0.35 ** Test invalid 17 1/9/ 64 1990 31.5 Const 3 1ew 1350 22.5 48 33 49 1290 21.5 = 3188 53~.0 50* is 2530 42.2 840 14.0 0.62 " 51 o 9/13/33 2390 39.3 52 - 3/28/s4 1650 27.5 .la 1800 30.0 1530 25.5 0.44 " 53 1620 27.0 2* 2200 38.0 e 0.09a* 54 1530 25.5 al 10/21/03 2490 41.5 ~~ 55 y 1740 29.0 4 2930 48.5 56 5 2490 41.5 1620 27.0 i Icst stogiged before IZ breakthrougle.

*
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Table. Statistical Analysis cf Lct 4/14/83 X (1 N4) Y (Svc. Iime) Log X Log Y J' 60 1200 min. 1.77E.5 3.07918 Ave. Y 60 1500 3.17609 60 = 1355 min. (22.6 hrs.) = 60 1410 = 3.14922 Ave. Y 68 1530 3.18469 90 = 1365 min. (22.7 hrs.) 60 1410 = 3.14922 64 13 3 3.03342 90 1663 1.95424 3.21748 90 123a = 3.08991 90 1320 = 3.12057 90 1500 = 3.17609 90 1260 3.I8037 = 90 135g 3.13033 = 90 1290 = 3.I1059 90 1310 3.12057 = 991 Prediction Interval for tog Y, given tog X = 2 (I001 RH) 991 Interval

  • Log Y *(t 1.99/2)n-2 S (Equivalent to the common expression of X 135).

lag Y Where Log Y = bo

  • by Log X and bo = 3.00231, by 0.02606, ideere b, is the intercept and b,

= the slope of the plot of Log Y vs. Log X. Log Y = 3.13443 (1362-min., 22.7 hrs.), ndien tog X - 2 or X a 100 5 Log Y = S 2 [I e 1/n * (Los I - tog T 2}. 05543 (Log X) J E 1 991 Interval of Log Y ndien tog X = 2 or X = 100 = 3.13443 * (3.055) (.05543) = 3.13443 *.16934 = 3.30377 to 2.%509 Y=33.5kNto15.4 hrs. W e i

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REQUIREMENTS FCR NIOSH APPROVAL FOR AN ORGANIC VAPOR CHI?! CANISTER PER 30 CFR 11 Test conditions Challenge conc. 5000 ppm CC1 4 Test Humidity 50 f,5% RH Test Temperature 2512.50 C Flow 64 LPM for as received canisters 32 LPM for equilibrated canisters Breakthrough conc. $ ppm foutlibration Conditions 3 Canisters as received. 2 Ca'nisters equilibrated for 6 hrs., 64 LPM 255 RN, Room Temp. 2 Canisters equilibrated for 6 hrs., 64 LPM, 855 RM, Room Temp. Total 7 canisters. Service Time Recuirement 12 minutes. No statistical requirements. If all seven canisters have service times of' 12 minutes or more, the canister is approved. G e e e 4 4 + .l-

e ELVi?LI 0F LOT EVALUATION PER l-IIL-ST3-414 SI:0LE $?ECITICAT CN LI.MIT - TORM 1 VAAIABILITY UNK.::Ot.H - ST.COAM IEVIATION ltETHOD (P.ZT. FACE 37) LIVEL II AQL = 1.0 SPEC. LIMIT 1.0% LOT SITE - 500 CMS SA}2LE STZE (TA3L!l A, 3-1) = 7 (n) 3 TIST REsti.;S: 8 HOUR 3RIAKT*.474UCH W CO:.:ENTRATION (t) 41 .036 42 .028 43 .019 44 .064 43 .027 46 .035 ~ 49 .170 SANFLE MEAN =.06129 (2) ESTIMATE OF LOT STANDARD DEV!ATION 9.03334 (s) TNI QUANTITY (U-5)/s = 1.00 .0512 9, g l . 535 33 ACCEPTA34.ITT C0XSTANT (k) = !.62 (TA3LE 5-L) i LOT. ACCEPTA81Lin' CA !!E:I:: SINCE U-3/s> k ,4 i 9 e ( e l -9. ~

l PROPOSED LSI ACCEPTAOCE PAL 4 1 1 !~ 4.1.1 NIL-SIS 414. Level II. AQL 11 would he used te (1) select the proper number 1 of caos to test. dependlag on let size. and (2's te laterpret the results regardlag ist acceptance er falleue. \\ 4 i 4.1.2

  • 1he caos mould he test.:d under the candittees of section 1; hauever, all tests, j

useld he eneshected at SSE AD. j precast leakate recorded at this time. Tests umuld be stapped at eight hours and the settless, results at get are met significantly differest frem these at loos.Frem evid ~' i 4.1.3 The percest leakate values would he campered to the spec. Itait of 1.0s using j the single spec. Ilmit, variablyneum, standard deviaties method of MIL-STO 414. Acceptance would be based en this asaiysis. i LOT SIN TEST SAMPLE 300-500 7 i Sei-000 ie I ~ 301-1.300 15 o 1.301-3.000 20 ~- 3.200-8.000 25 I q I I ) ~ j i 1 .a- .~ ... ~... ,--.-=--n n..,-

. SAFETY FEATURES-gulLT INTO THE PLAN __ i 1. Flaw Bate: 64 Ll16 ----- a person could not.possibly breath at thi 8 haurs. P s rate for least twice the average rate. 2. S b Service Time ------ this is prehably double the actual use time required o 3. Service Tiens ----- stalaan of 20 hours ----- 2-1/2 times the req i i u red l' t

== Conclusion:== Would need a catastrophic failure for a can to not give proper protection ----- up such a failure.lio destructive test sampling plan mill pick l .l i i 1 ~ 1 ) i - 10, l i

j , ) }[ ; N 1 49p w% The fallemlag parameters will be further' investigat d-g 4p ~ o -.,. - - g - the f@ canclusians and prepasals te give additlanal support to e , and ta devalap a better let acceptance plan. T.' Challenga cancantratten:

1. le, lat. 258, 500 ppe t.

Mf1 = y as/l 5 15 25 34 4.5 43 66 35 19.5 12 7.5 9 70 39 24 15 18 79 49 30 36 97 60 54 90 e leumbers la the table are the ~ relative insidity percentages carresponding to the absolute hastidity/tamperatare canditleas. 3. Bata of Flew: 16, 32, 64 LFII 4. Cyclic vs. Constaat flaw. e 11 - 1 j d

I d Supemay 1. Data supports approval of the GMR-I can~ for its latW use. 2. The I acceptance plan will assure quality of future lots. 3. Further fuers'will be done to: 3.1. 5apport the conclusions drawn in 1 and 2. o 3.2. Impress the let acceptance plan by: 3.2*1 Reducing the flee rpquired for testing and running the ~ caalsters to a 11 breakthrough service time. 3.2.2 51ap11fying the test proced#e. e e 8 9 G , 12 - e .e- -,,, ,,--n

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1. FINE DUST FILTER
5. SPRING'
2. COARSE DUST FILTER

,,. HI EFF FILTER ASSY. 6

3. SORBENT
7. BOTTOM PLATE
4. SEPARATOR
8. INHALATION CHECK VALVE GMR-I CANISTER

^ e

tit 01 Radictita Doesg;-* Comp;rimon of D:tc Showing Time Involved and Workers Wearing Alr-Line Respirators or SCBAs vs. GMR-I Respirators Corresponding No. of Persons Task Time Total Dose Dose Rate Required to Work Rours (Total Task (MA/hr) Perform Task Required to Time a Dose for tach Wearing Perform Task Rate) Task with Workers with Workers Wearingt Wearing A-LR A-LR A-LR or WR-I or Q11-I or CHR-I SCBA Can SCBA Can SCBA Can Pressure 26 6 6 7 5 182 130 Safety Valve Testing Containment 11 6 6 57 37 627 407 Sump Work RCs seal 55 12 9 180 135 t,900 7,425 Inspect & Replace Reactor 22 14 18 314 235 6,904 5,170 Cavity ,Decca l RRR Check 37 5 4 52 39 1,924 1,443 Valve Repair Accumulator 45 8 6 77 58 3,465 2,610 Check Valve repair RNA Nast 59 13 to 144 100 8,4 94 5,90 0 i , Exchanger Casket Replacement Spent Fuel 12 4 4 21 16 152 192 Fool Transfer Canal Work Containment 75 9 6 27 11 2,025 900 Ent ry at 1003 Foi er Incore 17 16 90 68 1,530 1,156 i Th ishle i Cleaning Totals 97 $1 909 705 35,309 25,333 e e +

1 20 hours or greater. The results are shewn in Table 1. The original 14 cans ng hours - mu.3, run to ecmolecion had service times well in excess of 12 I cn in excess of the eight hours desired. l 3. Statistical Analysis of Lot 4/14/83. Table 2 shows the data used and i the statistical analysis to give the 995 prediction interval for i individual valuas of Log Y The lower (log service time), when X (relative j humidity) is 1004. i limit of this interval is calculated to be 15.8 hours. This predicts that over 99% of the indiv_idual GMR-! can service times would be greater than.15.8 hours at 100% RH t and the other test parameters used in this program. considerable safety margin over the eight hours desired.This gives a One other interesting point to note from the data in Table 2. as t well as all of the test data on the GMR-! cans is that humidity has little or no effect on the service time over the humidity range studied. I close to those at 90% on a log service time--log RH olet, 60 to 905. l slope were extremely steep--which is not the case. i ) 4 Proposed Acceptance Plan. The extremely long service times excerf enced l in this program for the GMR-I cans run to comoletion, an average of over 29 hours, makes testing to completion for routine lot accootance 1 imoractical; therefore, the fc11cwing clan is prooosed. i 4.1 Interim Plan. { On an interim basis, until more data can be gathered as explained in section 4.2 the proposed lot accootance l would be as follows: i 4.1.1 MIL-STO 414. Level !!. AOL 15 would be used to (1) select i the pre;er number of cans to test, deoending on lot site. l l and (2) to interpret the results regarding lot accentance or failure. i l 4.1.2 The cans would be tested under the conditions of section 1 i i I hewaver, all tests would be conducted at 90% RN. Tests would be stoceed at eight hours and the percent leakage l recorded at enis time. From evidence'eresented in the preceding sections, results at 904 are not significantiv different from nose at 1005. I 4.1.3 The percent leakage values would be compared to the scec. i limit of 1.01, using the singis s ec limit, variables unknown, standard deviation method of MIL-STO 414 Acceptance would be :ased on this analysis. 4.2 Future. Because the tests 'n section 4.1 are very time consuming and somewhat difficult to mn for regular cuality assurance lot acceptance testing, we olan to do further testing on the GMR ! can in an attempt to reduce the time required for testing and also to simplify the test. Parameters that will be invest'qatM are: e

4.2.1: Increasing the challenge concentration of CH,! in an effort to reduce the time to test. Under current cdaditions a test to completion might run 40 hoursi we would like to reduce this to about two hours. If there were a simple. straight-line relattenship between service time to a it i breakthrough and challenge concentration. it would indi-cate that a challenge concentration of amoroximately 200 com would be required to do this. We wish to fimly establish the service time---challenge concentration re-i lationship over a range of challenge concentrations from I ppm to 500 pga. 4.2.2 Constant Flow vs. Cyclic Flow. Constant flow tests are much simpler to conduct than cyclic flow tests. From some preliminary infomation. it apoears that constant flow gives similar service times as cyclic flow. If. by further tests this can be verifled, constant flow would be used i in lot acceptance tests. 4.2.3 Temperature and Humidity Effects. Furthe: tests will be i run to study the effects of temperature and humidity on the perfomance of the GMR-! can. It to test cans for lot acceptance at 25,would be preferable C and sit RH i (standerd N!OSH conditions conditions are as severe as),43 C and 905 RM. or if a correlation between these two conditions can be estabitshed. 5. Conclusion. 5.1 Forty-seven GMR-! cans have been validly tested under the conditions i specified in section 1. All of these cans had service times well i in excess of 12 hours. This compares to a desired service time of l eight hours. 5.2 There were 14 valid tests rvn on lot 4/j4/83. Statistical analysis of this data, projected to 1001 RM.110 F, indicate that over 99% of the WW-I cans in this lot have service times well over eight hours (15.8 hours). Incidentally, from the data of Table 1. this lot appears to have the snortest average service time of the lots i tested. 5.3 In ' feht of sections 5.1 and 5.2. Lthe GMR-1 enn thould be considerecl, loua' ified to e< ve service timou over e1eht hotirsi under the con-l ditions: 13 breakghrougn, cyc' ic flow (peak 9Z LPM, average 64 LPM). 110,F (43 C) and 100% RH. t l t i

~ 5.4 Lot Acceptance will be determi.ted by using MIL STD 414. Level I I AQL lt. The percent leakage at eight hours service time will be variables unkncwn, standard deviation method of MIL

limit, 5.5 Further tests will be run studying the effects of challe, qe concentration, constant flow rate, temperature and humidt y en the service time of GMR-1 cans.

This orogram is intended to shorten the required test time and simp 1t fy the test orocauure. 5.6 between 60 to 90% has little effect on service t canister. plot, suggests that the service times at 90% and 100 not significantly different. If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to. contact me Very t,ruly yours, A hU Wayde . Miller, Jr. Director of Product & Sales Planning ~ /Jw Attachments / Table ! and 2 l

Tab b 1. Service Time of GMR-1 Canisters Test Conditions: As given la section 1 ~ 601 RH Can # N(9. Date Service Time Comment Can i Mfg. Date Service time Comment sie. hrs. min. hrs. Leak # 12 hrs ~Y 5 II/3g/33 >>720 >>I2 0.25 34 4/14/83 123 5 6 = o 0.07 ga 35 2/2/84 1680 28 0 7 = 29 2/2/34 2160 36.0 /lyS3 1530 25.5 30 = 2529 42.0 1410 23.5 31 8 1/g/84 1890 31.5 = 2670 44.5 32 4/14/33 1200 20.0 9 4/14/83 1080 18.0 33 1500 25.0 19 4 2220 37.0 90% Ril

  • Leak' age 3

11/30/83 >>l215 >>20.3 0.30 23 10/21/83 2490 41.5 4 >>l215 >>20.3 0.15 24 2910 48.5 8 10/21/83 >> 990 >>l6.5 0.45 25 2490 41.5 9 0.25 26 2/2/84 1560 26.0 10 0.43 E 27 2070 34.5 Leak 9 12 brs.3 Il 11/30/83 w720 >>l2 0.67' 28 2220 37.0 12 10/21/83 0.04 41 4/14/83 1230 20.5 13 11/30/83 0.47 = 42 1320 22.0 14 1/9/84 >>105 >>l3.3 0.64 43 - 1650 27.5 15 0.34 44 1320 22.0 16 0.35 45 1500 25.0 17 1/9/84 1890 31.5 Coast. Flow 46 1260 21.0 18 3180 53.0 47 Test invalid 19 2530 42.2 48 1350 22.5 20 9/13/83 2390_ 39.8 49 1290 21.5 21 1530* 25.5*

  • Tes t Stopped 50 840*

,14.0* Test stopped 22 2280* 38.0* No Sreakthrovah Nr 'trc4throush

Tab 12 ) 5tctisticc1 Analysis er tot 4fj4jg3 I (1 RN) y (Swc. Time) ~ WX gy 60 1200 min. 1.77815 60 1500 3. Ave. Y60 = 1355 min. (22.6 brs = = i4 0 M 1530 f Ave. Y90 = 1365 min. (22.7 brs = 60 1410 = 60 1000 3.!4922 = M 1650 1.95424 3.21748 3.03342 M 1230 = M-1329 3.00991 M 1500 3.12057 90 1260 3.17609 3.18037 90 1354 3.11033 90 1290 3.11059 90 1320 3.12057 99% Prediction Interval for tog Y, given tog X = 2 (100% RN) 991 Interval - Yet [ 1.99/2) a 2 Sp A latere Y = bo + b X and be = 3.00231 b = 0.02606 y g 1 3.13443(1362 min.,22.7brs.) = $$=[S [1+1/n+(X )].05543 E S "'II-II t g 2 E n-2 x = I-l l 991 laterval - 3.13443 i (3.055) (.05543) = 3.13443 1 16934 - 3.30377 to 2.96509 It - 33.5 brs. to 15.4 brs3 Revision 4/26/84 ,--,-w-,--,w-e - - - - --e--w,, m,

c

--v-- -,e-, --,-e - - - -, - ~ ~ -n-- w-

Attachment Two NUREQ/C.'l 3403 LA.9427.P R Progress Report RH l r Criteria and Test Methods for Certifying i Air-Purifying Respirator Cartridges and Canisters Against Radiciodine october 1,1978-September 30,1982 i Gerry O. Wood Frank O. Valder i Vincent Gutschick Manuscrict suDrmftec: June 1943 Cete suchenee; eviva 1983 Pfecerse 4r Cetwcanoaas moeiseen **etesten Greeen OswiS*CR of ISCefy Q9ertheR$ omce of %c es, s gwissery noseeren e US Nwcies, a,gwiatory cerameeson was-agten Oc 20$$8 %sc ri% No ArQ41 08 6 6W @ Los Alamos NationalLaboratory _ LC G) Los Alamos,New Mexico 87545 gj404DNdi 37 p f

CONTENTS A85 TRACT ........... I

1. INTRODUCTION

......................... 2 !!. ELEMENTAL IODINE OENERATI.*a AND ADSORPTION ON. ACTIVATED CHARCOAL 2 O bject iv es....................................... A. 2

8. Generanon

........................................ 2 C. Retensen ......................................... 3 !!!. R ADICIODINE STUDIES-EXPERIMENTAL ..................... 4 A. riow 5ynem ........................*....... 4 8. Generauon Methods ................................... 4 C. Detection Methods ..................... 6 D. 'Ressents E. Test leds 4 ................... 7 IV. RADICIODINE STUDIES-RESULTS AND CONCLU$ TONS 7 A. Companions of Vapor Speces ............... ? 8. Methyl lodMie Versus Meth)! Radiciodide .................... 9 C. Effects of Bad Depth and Contact Time 1I D. EITects of Challenge Concenusuons ....................,..12 E. Candse Companaons .........................14

v. ErrECT5 0r us: CoNDmONS............................. in A.

Relative Hunneny ......................In 8. TemperStufe .......................IS C. rin* rase ......................21 D. ReprodusMmes a(Somes Lde Measurements ................21 l VI. EFFECTS OF CYCUC FLOW (8REATHINO PATTERN 5)..... i, 22 A. Basagemed.......... .....................22

s. Compuser Wedsmes study

...................22 C. Espenmedd Sandy ......................26

0. Conclussons............

..............26 i 6 4 4 I l l 1 1 0 Y

O Yll. DESORPTION OF TEDA FACM IMPREONATED CHARCOALS......... . 29 A. Background.............................. . 19

3. Apparw'44 and Procedures

.....l9 C. Results and C:mclusions ................................30 Vll!. Test Apparatus Development , ja IX. DEVELOPMENT OF APPROVAL CRITERIA FOR RADICIODINE CANISTERS A. History 33 .........................................33 5. Current Recommendanons ...............................3! 1 X. AS$1 STANCE TO NIOSH IN ESTABLISHING A TESTING AND CERTIFICATION PROGRAM ......,}..,.,,33 REFERENCES ....,,,,,,,,,,jg l APPENDIX 35 1 I { i = 0 l 4 r i VI

i C AfTERIA AND TEST METHOD 5 FOR CERTIFYING AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATOR CARTRIDGE 5 AND CANI5 TEA 5 AGAIN5T AADICIODINE October 1.1978 - September 30.1942 by Gmy O. Wood Frank O Ysides Vincena Gutsehick ASSTRACT t A project has been completed which provides esperimental data and resemmende. dons for ed"?'; a mandard test procedere and acceptance criteria for air purifying respirator cartridges and sandsters uwd fo. airbome radloiodine. Preious esperimental work with methyl iodide vapor was entended to generate elemental iodine and measure le removal by charcoals. A special apparetue was construsted and used se sinuskene. ously measure penetrations of qdio.odine and normal iodine vapor species through i beds of various charcoals. Normal methyl edids (1,127) was seierted as the most repres;ntative vapor species for testing and its limitations wm identWlad. ESuess e( testing and ues conditions (bod depth. contact time, concentreden relasive humidity, temperata.iowessa, and Asw sycling) were studied to idench emedag n,_E _= Temperature and sismuiseed treeshing flow cyclios were shows as have mesh nuere siendleanse than was prootously realised. Awommendesions fler teming and approval include senadering the afhess of as these parameters. An appersass designed sad tuk for tasting has been deevered to the National lastitute for Osempational Sadury and Heakk. la one ruissed sudy the desorpuon of triethylenedismins (TEDA). a sharesel impregnant Asr orgasde ledde removal. = aa found to be inmenensamt at norsnel samuser use semeldema. 4 i

I. INTRODUCTION (11) Doelopment of Anal acceptance tests ap. paratus, and entena to be recommended to NRC for The main goal of this project has been to provide the approval of respirator cartndges against radiciod.ae. Nuclear Regulatory _ Commission (NRCL the Nauonal (12) Pubhcanon of results of this project and transfer institute for Oceweational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the test crocedures and tecnniques developed to the Testing and Certicanon Stanch (TC8L respirator NIOSH TC8 and assistance to enem m the development manufacturers, and respirator users with data. recom. of an approval schedule mendauons, and proten test methods for certifying aar. Items 3. 9. and to have been added to the ongmal plan punfying respirators assinst radiciodine. $mce facepiece to address concems which have ansen as the project Ct is being determmed at Los Alamos and etwehere in developed. In addition a complete, ready to use test other studies, the mam concern in this project was with apparatus has been butit for the NIOSH TCB to up for the att purifyms canister or cartndse used with cert:0 canon testing. facepieces. A precedmg progress report' covered the first three of Steps which have been taken to accomplish this goal the above steps and mctuded the background for this are project. This report includes and orgaruses work re-(1) Survey and analysis of the literature relaung to ported smco September 1978 in quarterty letter repons, air punfymg respirators, vapor adsorpoon, and radio. presentations at professional moeungs, and pubikauons. Mne air cleanmg. Contacts with professionals es. With the excepuons of some journal publicauons to penenced in these Deids. follow t.Pis is the Saal repoet for th'is project. (2) Design and construction of an expenmental apparatus for sorbent testmg. irictuding generation and detection sy stems for nonradioacuve '8'l vapor species. II. ELEMENTAL IODINE OENERATION AND th Espenmental study of the adsorpuon o( methyl ADSORPTION ON ACTIVATED CHARCOAL iodide on a vanety of potennal respirator sorbents and etaftmanon of the effects of environmental and cartndse A. Objectives design parameters on this adsorpoon.

14) Espenmental study of the adsorpoon of elemen.

Tesung of a wkcted adsorbent. an unimpregnated tal iodine 5 aport under limited condicons, activsted chartnal for adsorpuon of elementaliodine at ID Espenmental study of the adsorpuen of ppm challenge concentrations was done to esamme the h)poiodous acid iNOli vapors. usefulness of I genera. ion and detection methods and to 161 DesigA and constructen of facil; ties (or the use demonstrate the kinds of results that might be cepected of radiciodme for sorbent tenant and development of in a respirator cartndse test. radiciodme generators and detectors. t *) Esperimental study of the adsorpuen of iodine s a'por species tagged with '8'l for compensons of tesults B. Generation eith those obtained using aable '8'l species, t8) 5tudies of the emasts of reiseve humidsty. iem-One 1: 3en rsoon echnwiue used a now of air (10 perature, nowrata and esamentrataon on cartndse per L mmi to pick up l and H 0 evaporsung from an i formance and service life. aqueous soluuon Is10*8 moles /Lt Relaave humidity (9) Measurements of M;c rates of charcoal resulung from H 0 evaporauon was about 50%. The impregnants used to enhance methyl iodide removal. cnallerige and test bed breakthrough concentrauoris were 110) Evaluanon of effects c(cyclic Sow on efficiencies measured usms calibrated otidant meters (Maat Model anji service lives of potenual radaoiodme camsters.

  • 4 H. The challenge concentrauon ICJ of la generated l

l

  • e 2

\\ III. RADIO 10 DINE STtJDIES-EXPERIMENTAL et headspace over a heated water res.rvoir. A humidity A. Flow System monitoricontroller (Phys Chemical Rawatch Corpa

  • Nich regulated water temperature wu calibrated with a The apparatus usFd to measure the penetrauons of cew point hygrometer (EO&O 91t) at the test ted volatda iodme and radiciodine compounda through test location. Water tevel was maataJned automaucally by a conducuve liqud level control (Lumemte ElectronH:

teds, cariisters, and cartridges is diagrammed in Fig. 2 coa and shown m Fig. 3. It was built inside a fume hood to exhaust any tonic vapors whM:h tmsht have been re-A -Standard Opersons Procedure for tjse of '8'l m lesud. Radioiodine solutions and contammated sorbentsthe Tesung of Respirator Components *' was prepared were contamed for Aarther salety withm a g ovebo with and approved by intamal review. It desenbes the es. j charcoal and HEPA exhaust Alters. Vapor genetsuon penmental apparatus, procedures, and precauuons to be used with this radionuchde. ) and test bed esposures were done withm the gloveboa. Compressed air was 61:ered, regulated for proper now rate, and humid 4 Sed before entenne the glovebca. An

5. Generstion Methods electrome mass now meter (Datametnes 800 L) which momtored nardow was penodically checked using a dry test rnecer (Singer DTM 323) at the test bed locat>on.

Vapors were generated in two ways shown in Fig.1. Humidd* canon was accomplished by passing sar throughLiqi.id methyl w>dade and methyt th% sealed in a Tenon permescon tube were released at a sseedy rose by I TEMPERATURE TEST BED HUMIDITY AND WATER LEVEL SENSOR CONTROLLED BATH VENT TO _ f m__ GLOVEBOX ~ Kg y j i SAMPLING SAMPLING m i LOOP 2 LOOP 1 i g NASS FLOW SENSOR GAS 7 AR/CH 4 h VALVES CHROMAT0 GRAPH CARRIE. WITH ECD PARTICULATE FILTER %N 1@ CHARC0AL FILTERS I 4 RADl010 DINE PkESSURE REGULATOR CHARC0AL TRAPS PARTICULATE FILTER i i NAl CRYSTALS L O ~ PHOTOMULTIPLIER PERMEATION SOLUTION COMPRESSED AIR SUPPLY TUBES GENERATCR GENERATOR r3 2. u s .,s,., t., ., ye,, - unnu n.,... m r - a.e - - i l l 4 4 _. _ ____j

-_ _ m.____ l i l i e I \\ \\ } I m $i in 1 lji l }:' [-s. 2 1-r n i 1 Ji 1 i} + 1 w I

. t ?.

s g'* pm

  • I N

)hL! r i kk 3 \\ l

8 permeaung into a 100cm /mm airdow. Temperature digitaj vabe sequence programmer (Valco Instrument control 123M0'C 0.!*C) of this permeauen tube was Co.) to aJtemately mject the utstream and downstream by tne Cahbraaon System ( Analytical Instrument Devel-air at 3.mmute mtervals. The chromatograpnic column opment. Inc.. Model,)03). Alternately. methyl radio-was 1.3 m n 4 mm id.. glass packed. with 13% OV ? en 4ocice I C H j"l). e:emental radiciodine ('"I ), and 100/120 mesh Chromosore O. Operaung condtuens t nyporadiciodous acid HO'"l) were generated from were 100'C and 20 cm /mm 1921 ArtCH. carner gas. 8 aqueous soluuons. A synnte was used to mject to mL of An electronic peak miegrator (Spectra Physcs Mins-solution mto 100 mL of disulled water or other reagent grator) quanutated the methyliodide peaks and recorded soluuon m the glass contamer m the lower center c( Fig.

2. The volaule sodme compounds in this stirred misture elapsed times. Calibrauen of this analytical system *ere made using weighed permeauon tubes to generate known entered the head space and werv :=ept by 500 cm / min methyl iodide concentrauon m air, 8

of air through Tedon and glass tubmg mto the mam The radiometric detectors conunwously collected and stroow. Water vapor was also generated. Output of measured 'HI from the 0.gCmm aar sampka passms volatiles from solution dropped esponenually from the through the gas chromatograph samplins valve. Fig. 2 hme of injection. Generator output and mam airstream shows the charcoal trap and 7.6 cm diam a 7.4-cm thick paned through suMctent length of 2.4 mm.i.d. glass Nat (TI) well type (32 mm deep = 29 mm diam) scmulla-tuems and two elbows to mta thoroughly before entenns tion crystal with integral photomuluptier tube (Harshaw the ten bed. Secuons of the glass flow system and the Chemical Co.h High efficiency charcoals were used: 3% test bed wm connected wah 0 rms seals and clamps. TEDA impngnated (Barnebey Cheney CN 2762) for Challenge aar and test bed emuent aar were sampled CHj"I and activated charcoal (Union Cartsie ACC) centmuously throulh Tenon tubes connected to the glast for '"l and HO'Hl. The majonry of radeodice was i system and mto the gas chromatograph and charcoal collected at the bottom of the well resulung a good bedL detecuen eMciencies (-0.3) for the 0.364 MeV gamma The technique of generstmg volatde iodine species ray. Each detector for upstream and downstream air fr;m aqueous solutions for the tesung of sorbent beds or had its own preamphfler, amphner. smgle-charmel respirator cartndges has proved to be quite useful-Concentranons m water land m sar) decrease with time analyzer, and counter f all from Ortect They shared the power bin (Ortect, high voltage power supply approumately esponentially, depending on speces sola-ICanberf al. omer (Orteck and pnnter (Ortect Linear. log ulity and. in the case of CH t, the rate of surnns of the rate meters (Mech Tronses) were used for count rate i solution. One advantage of this generauon method is that monitonne. Detector counts were taken from 3 minute a range of challenge concentraetons is produced in a intervals and printed together. Each detector trap and smgle expenment. This can give informauon about the crystal was shielded by $ cm of lead to reduce back-adsorpuon isotherm of the test bed. Another advantage ground counta. Fresh charcoal was placed m the detector for morgaruc species. particulatty, is that generacon is traps for background counts before each new bed was from a source similar to held seuroes such as reactor tested. The detectors were cornpared almost daily for coolant *aters or spent heel cooling pools, it is ajso .elatise sensitivities by samphas the same radioeodme-possible that empenmental generosor estutions can be contammt air, matched (pH. addiuves, ens.) to aseual aqueous dold

sources, i

4 D. Reagents C. Detoedon Methods The ;ource for radiomodine 131 was ICN Chemical and Radioisotope Divmon. Imns. CA. Methyl radio-The detector for methyl bodide was a gas chromato-odde was ordered as 3 mci 'HI in 3 mL of total graph (Va tan 1320) with a lussartaed electron capture etmodide. Stated purity was a least 994 Two detector (Tracor lascrumentsk Air Ilrom uretream and -o oers *ere used to na a permeauen tube and I mL downstream of the teet bed was drawn (0.8 L/mm)

  • si mohed in i L of double dtssgled water. This through matched Tenos samp4mg loops utsched to a ancows sciution (2.3 g/L or 0.014 mo4/L) was used 10 10 pon valve (Valco inarument Co.) o( Hamalloy C (for mL si a uma for genersong as desenbod above. Radio-m*finessk Thts valve was pneumancally actuated by a

.odme m the form a( Na! is 0.03.N NaOH was S 6

l purchased in a 3 mCl amount. Stated punty was at least 99% *ith an '8'!/'8'l raoo less than 10. This matenal of against iodine for radiciodine vaport. Each type con. tamed a particulate 61ter followed by a sorcent tec about I.mL volume was added to 1.L H 0 contamma 0.127 of dissobed I, (0 '27 g/L oc $ = 10-* mouLi. contamms a coarse tramed charcoal. Some of tr e Isotope enchange occurred to form "'l. This soluuon charcoal sortents were repenedly impregnated

  • ita reactive chemicals for radioiodine removal, such i

eas used to generate both "'!, and Ho!'8'. For HO'8't, tnethylenediamme (TEDA) and KI, (K!. l k The as 10 mL of this latter solutaon were mjected mto 100 mL of distanction which is made in this paper between canisters i 4 s 10*8 moul Na!O, at pH = 2 to cause the rescuens: 8 and cartndges is that the latter are used in pairs and are 21 10;. 6H'. 2H O = 3 H Ol' phys.cally smaller. For some expenments beds of 2.4.cm i diam were prepared from charcoals taken from canisters. H ot*. H 0 = Hot. H 0* The term

  • test bed" will be used m tats report to refer to i

3 a cr.nister, a cartndge, or an sapenmental bed. Table I lista charactensuct of the cantaters and car.hdges and No attempt was made to determme the extent of MO! their charcoal contents. production. smce no analytical method is known which disunguishes this unstable species from 1. 3 lY. RADIOIODINE STUDIES-RESULTS AND CONCLU$10NS L Test Beds A. Comparison of Yapor Species Air punfying respirator canisters and cartndges were obtamed from three U.S. commercial sources: Mine Safety Appliances Company (MSAl Pittsburgh, PAL Penetracon test results at l@ humedity (97 :. J%) for Nonen Company. Safety Products Division. Cranston. the three eadiciodine vapor speews are tabulated in Table Ali and Scott. Health <5afety Products. South Haven, Il for Gwe canisters (64 t/mm) and in TaNe !!! for four MI. They each claimed. by labelling or personal manu-ca*indges 132 L.mmt Pulses of chalknge vapor were facturer information to be of some une for protection generated from solutaon at 2. hour mtervals. Two hour a*erage penetranons and standard devisuons laiven in TASLE I. Charseteristics of C=* ears and Cartadges Tested Charcoal Sed Cw.wi Cm Chareeel lampregnants' Source Type Demganden Section (cm ) Desih Iem) Yohune(cna) l Weight Percend 8 8 MSA Canister GMR4 Ilr 3.2 330 5% Kl Canister QMR l(TESAP lir J.2 330 5% KI,. 2% TED A' i Canisser GMA3 117 3.2 3S0 Messi and Anemoneum 5alts' Scoa Canisser 808252 73 87 3.4 330 5% TEDA Caeisser 282 OAP.R 87 3.8 330 h4enal and Asnamonkmi Salts' Cartridge 694339 75 44 1.3 42 5% TEDA Cartridge 60440373 44 1.3 62 3% TEDA Nonen Cartndpa Type P 44 2.4 IM 3% TEDA Cartndse Type !!* 44

2. 4 los 3% TEDA

'Meesseed toe opened seeimers. I '.m t hadueuendes tes====A-==ges. es 'Ovaleroesesaden. % GMR l (TEDA) hdgr.ades is used fler GMR.I carusten m.snJamrod nAme Jah 1979 theongh as lea 7DA = ;-4, namnen. h1 shareesi. 'Gressie slee. 814 mesh. 'Greente das.12 3s mesh.

TABl.E II. Radioicdine Test Results for Caniners' Average Percent Inuantaneous Penetrations (and Standard Deviations? Caniser Tea Ty pe Vapor 02h 24h 46h 68h 810 h 3 Scott C H,"'I 0-0.24 l 600232 73 (0.02) 1.07 0-0.41 (0.04) (0.03) o'I, 0 0 .o. Ho"'I 0-0.10 0.00 0-(0.03) (0.03) GMRl C H."'I 0.24 4.43 6.09 (TEDA) (0.08) (0.16) (0.17) 0.99 2.44 7.34 (0.41) (0.73) (1.06) '"l 0.71 0.14 0.10 (0.04) (0.02) (0.02) HO"'I 0.06 4 0 -4 (0.04) GMR.! C H,'"! 3.J4 g.40 31.29 4 t (0.32) 10.33) (0.45) '"l 0.17 0.07 4-(0.02) (0.0 l) HO'"I 0-0.0) 0.17 0.11 l0.03) (0.07) (0.03) i Scost C H,'"I 19 98 100 282 OAP.R 12) (4) (7) '"l: 0-0'07 0.18 (0.01) (0.02) HO'"I O. 6 0.27 0.73 (0.04) (0.04) GMRS "'t: O. 0-4 HO"'I 0, 0-0- '94 Usin.97 : )% AM.

  • 3mo eedes 144 means not 644tufkantly greater them aere at the 99% esinddamse need Dest I. I means not meenered.

parentheses) were deteraned by linear regrespon ansly. canister or carmdge were tened. sit o( 3. minute counts a the downstream detector s ersws Methyl iodide was the vapor flerni e( tasenedine that the upstream detector. Releeve senpuvity of the two est readily penetrated the roeparasser canisters and rade odane detectors determined by daily calibrations

artr eges which were asesed. Penseremons of 'Hl and uns taken into account. Any penetrauens calculated to HQ "I at high humsdity were lee (s0.73%) and. with be within 93% conAdence levels o(rero were considered
e nee
tion. did not incrosas siesencandy with es-as sero and listed as 4. la only two cases was more xswre and loading. Since meshyt mens to the most than one canssier or carmd@e of a type tested foc a gisen

.ciatde organw edido compound, other or3anac iodidei radeiodane vapor. Therefore these results cannot retlect should be retained on these canassers or cartridges *its sartauons withm a savon type. $t tesat three of esca the same og hither emcmacies. Therefore, methyl iocce 8

l l T ABl.E 111. Aseioiodine Test Results for Can.1dges* was the mcst er71ctent, aHowing nearly constant I ! O!% penetrauen of both methylioode and ractoiocre Average Percent througnowt the eteenment. The GMR.I <!% KI,. :S 7,g instantaneous Penetranons' TED Ai *as :ssi e:T!cient at secut 10 : :S metast Type vapor 02h 24h 46h mede neuraten and ! : W m en>l racemece Norton Type I C H,'"! 0.03 1.94 3.J 4 genetranon after an miraal reuihbratan penod. The OMR.I <!% KI,1 charcoal was most ettcient at the 10.011' 10 06i (0 60) e, ginning or in,,,,,n m,ng, gy r,,dly and steacly '"I 0 4 O. t Norten Type il '"l3 0 O. 4 detenerated to sne a 60% cumulause fractional metnyt Scott CH '"I l.18 9.27 11.30 ,oede penetrauon and a 17% cumulatne fractional i 604403 73 10.JJ) (0.29) 10.J 4) mur.)I raconocde penetranon by 100 mmutes. '"I 0.04 0 4 Results from seunteen expenments with tocted t 10.01) charcoals are compared in Fig. 6, wrich shows CH,'"! Scott CH,'"! 1.98 10.? ! 12.87 cumulatne percent penetrauon unus CH l sumulaine i 6045!0 73 (0.17) (0.991 10.901 percent genetrauon. The data points all fall >< low the

  • J2 t/mai. 97 e J% AH.

equahty toasned)hne. i.e..CH l penetration greater than i 'Z w *swa 101 means not sismnesatly smater then seco at CH,'"1 reaetrauon. Alto. m the reg >on of practacal th8 ' 3 % 8 8*0d'*** I8 "' interest fless tnan 10% penetrationi the difference is an 'lTiandard deviet on:1. apparentj) only snd conuant factor, about two a these

gggg, A more ettensive companion of frachonal peestra.

should *)e used u the tut species to determine the upper. cons for Seotti!% TEDAlbedsis summaraed m Fig. ? hrrut penttration of saport contammg todme, These results are from 14 espenmefits at two humidtties M61o Kabat and cowertiers at Ontano Hydro Pase for two generanon methods and for three t;ed deptns challenged faur cartndges and canisters man CH l HOI. il S)f! emi Each graphed point represents the aur. and l forms of radcodme.' The ruults shown in f atte age ot' 00 to.10 measurements foe a gnen espenment, i i The penetration salues a:1 fall close to the theoretical IV conAr'm thu Hof and I: remanal and re'ention elT!cienc:es are Forter than or essentially equal to those idashed) equahtv hne. Therefore, for this type of soceent l for C H l. i TED A oril> l measurements of molecular CH l penetta. i i tions are erst measurements of the '"I penetracon when the radioecdine challenge ts m the form of CH;"!.

8. Methyllodide Versss Methyl Radioedade A fourth type d charcoal. from an M5A GMR 5 eanister. *as tested to compare methyl iodde and Cumulauwe percem penetratamies threv6h three types radicio6Je penetrations. This Wheelertaed charcoal is of impregnated chareceis are compared for metasi agregnated *tth metal and ammonium salts but con.

iodde t Fig. 4) and Aur methyl radionodide IFi. !). Tre tami no impregnanti that react with methyt tadiciodide. test beda. J.7$ cm deep by 2.4<m chamster, consated of Therefors, rimos al of '"I m CH, '"I can occur only by 6 charcoals taken from M5 Q4R.I.GMR.llTED An. and pn>sical adwrpuon of the mo6ecule. Cumulause frac. Scott 600232 73 canisers. Enh bed was precondwtd tional penetratens of methyl iodade and methyl radio. ioede art compared in Fi. I for duptecate empenments. for 2 hours as the tese condetsons of J.Lmin airflow and l le 3% relatas humday before bevig challenged with The data points closely fit the equivalente line until the amount devoetmns from the test bed equals that entenns 1.3 ppm (7.m6/m ) methyliodade tagged 8 with '"l. 4 Cumulauwe fractional manyl rad osodede penetranons Then there wat a ththt demacion in the direct)on of were calculated directly from $. minute imersal counts of cester raeoiodme penetration than mahylioede pene. radeedme trapped m the detectors. Cumulause frac 9 anon This Jeunten is espleaned as the result of tional penetrations on' methyl iodide were calculated ty armng sotatile u>ddet othee than muhyl todade. The integraung mstantaneous upstream and downstren'n .ac osocne detector is not compound specific, but t": $as cntomatolraph is and would not meuure the otner concentratens determined by gas chromatography. The iod. des. Instantaneour 'ractional penetrauent teitwent 3% TEDA.imprisnated charcoa$om the Scou cannter concentrauon/challenp coacentrauon) of methyl ioede

TABLE IV. Compamont of Radiciodine Scecies Removal Emciencies by Kabet* Rano o(Pmant *l Adsorber , Radiciodine Airdow Ty pe Species L/ min Adsorpuen 1Jh) Desorption 12h) GMA.H CHt 20 98.1 J.99.29 ).11 i Cartridge HOI 99 24 99.90 0.2. l.3 I: 99.92 99.94 <, C. I 0. I i OMI H C H,1 20 99.95 99.94

0. < 0.1 C attridge hcl 99.47 99.92

< 0. 6 1: 99.92 99.94 0,19 4.33 Canadian Cl C H.I 40 32 47 41 44 Canimer Hot 99.2 99.6 0.3 4.J I 98.3 1.1 MS A. Type N CH! 40 99.91 99.93 0.144.39 Caniuer hcl 99.21 99.93 0.1 1, T9.87 99.94 < 0.14.13 'From Rebronce 3. 93 pecent RM. 23'C. .80~, Cf C 40 ( W 0"'*F'***"**"**'""'"**'"N"'"'# 8 40 y time fee care,ess free tswee renewwer saaneers.. hou 600U2 t! 13% TID 4ls :. WSA CMR 113% Rt.. W ftD An =

4. MS A CMR I 13% El t.

i v 3 ga1 - i u c. .ew m 0 10 40 44 et 10 0 IIM (min) g 20 g 3IS ~ W t F. 3. We*Fi m eenslesse pomme pseeesissas as f.a' 10 6 usae W two ser enameses hem rees maareer sammers:. ken ~ toon 2ift1% TlDAlt 3. MSA Ondt i13% EJ. 2% TI D u 1 V

  • v MR I11% EJ,1.

4 g,g n 5,0 20 40 44 80 10 0 f1 4 (ain) ~ 10

l 5 20 80 f 8 t I p o', ~ ~ s o' 515 _0_ 60 6* ' l = p M t E ' 4 ',' I E s w 100 t joy i I'II'"I"IM W 10 h " p't y 40 " Pittu!10m 5 hs& ~ 5 I 1"d v s ~ s ~ 20 ~ ~ A } 0 'g = 5 00 20 40 40 40 0 "4 O 20 40 40 80 CH 1 CUMULAT!YE POETRATION (U 3 up Wilt tuftm (t) r. a. c - < e.e - -, r, s. cas.en s m.i.e.e es m e.c ie,i e meinrt reesmaeles and muert mains av r s% ni, ener.o : reele=*ms and manyt iness ear enemmes sessenes tout si 4.GMR la 3. Cut l(TEDAL for t** senerees resonemmia l A and c b 100l increased with time and even escoeded 100% as tee vapor adsorted at the belmaant was displaced in tae air. Breakthrough times of methyl iedade averaged JJ : ) g g minutes at 01%. 49 6 tenutes e 1%, and 68 : I q ,e minutes at 10% instamaneous penseracon.

10 E

k, Normal methyl iodde can be used to determine ts: upper limat of penetrause se he aspected for methyl y f ag,I radeo odede. losespe equawasses eHimenties have been demonurmed for sortens not imprelamed *na normal O. e a iodine or edida. Normal medryt isdade tests cannot

  • i I F measure the removal of '8'l by iesespe enchange on g

iodised charcosis and, therefere. give a hi$h 8 con- ,*r,so,ei ee.ma af % r.de.e.de - soei. However, there are eversnely no commercial radio odine 01' ^ canisters or cartrdges whwh have charcosis im. 0.1 I le 100 presnated *nn iedde rely. The GMR l camaser wan !% MME 0 ! ptJEfteile (t) KI, packing is ne lea 6er avadakis, 3 F4. f. Cemenname af esones puuma puespumano d ameFi comissede and manyt issess Aw a 3% F50A empregemme C. ENbets el Sed Depth and Cement Thee eherused llame GAB 193 ?fb penemmene suas sumeremmas c. 9tg aM and e, spg RM4 a9smas enemmes geneumons a. 97% "N A R N.

  • 0"1mMed resperMer saanets shafteels *68 done to estatusn tae rue orders o(nW sedde and radec%de

\\l

O l l removal. The rafiges of test conditions were yltadiciodide <cacentration. The range of aardow rates geddorth: 1.2!.).73 cm ged diameter: 2.4 (m was not large enough to nouco the velocity eTects found tater. Airdow rate: I.8-t 2 t mm or 6.713.3 cm/s Ten such empenments using 3% TEDA charcoal from ( sed residence ume: 0.16 0.73 s Scott 600232 75 canisters were ajas done at similar Relauwe humidity: 86 : 3% condiuoris. Semelos plots for penetrauon percents (bod Concenetsuons: 61200 nCi/m3 "'t and 0.19 72 methyt sodide and radioodide) vmua Dod contact omes T 8 mrm CH,( IFig. 9) showed that the chemisorpoon rescuen is alse Condiconing Penod: 2 hours Seventeen tests with methyl radisdide generated from a dessnbod by a umple first order rata. Both methyliodide ( and radiciodide are removed from tar a the name rate. i permeation tube were done uung iodized thatcoal from Four tapertments were aime done at different bed depes an MSA GM A ! canister. In eacit test the meth. (1.23 3.0 cm) uung chareeel from MSA GMR.! yltadeiodide matantaneous penetrauon remamed nearly (TEDA) camasert. Per.etrauena el methyl iedade and i constant while methyl iodide matantaneous penetration mcreased steadily with ume unni it esceoded 100%. radiciodine durvig each run were both constam but not When the logarithms of methyttadiciodide penetration equal. The 4tiference for the mined impretnant (2% TEDA and 3% KI,) serhem is due to isotope anchange I percents were plotted against bed contact times, a straight line with an intercept of I.0 resulted (Fig. 9). whirh removes the inil from the m'sthyltadassedide but This indicates that the methyltad;osodine removal reac. teaves a molecule of methyl medida. Average nrst order i uen (isotope enchange) is umple Arst order in meth. rate coemcients calculated from the slopes of plots such l as Fig. 9 are listed in Table V. The rescuen of TEDA impregnant with methyliodide (- 100 wspor is by nrse-order kineses. The ineespe enchange of ( ,oe,de im,regn.nt to rem,e the radieeedme from meth. l yltadiciodide is alas by Arst order hanenes. Emuent O t vapor concentreuens decreased esponencally =ie bed depth. These results indicase that removal emeiency was O independent of vapor senteneremone wahm the bed. Tks ( o G is an irnportam conciumen. since the redimedine consen. trsticins to be enesuntered in sessiner amreamente are ~ many orders of magmtede lower then the ppm centen. j tinuens reguared for a neurediomearw test. The Ars. f order kmenet alas empised that sentact eme of vapor l g 10 :

  • ithm the iertiam med is cruscal. Cannt.si ame is l

g determmed by canesser geomesty and aerflow rate (i.e.. [ l

  • ornicad), A high flee rese should be theses for a I

i camster test te appreeth the upper head of everage vapor y penetrauen. The arterary test mandard is 64 Umin for l cammers and J2 Umes for insbodeel eariridges need in l pairs.' Canimer sharecene sentainies 3% TEDA 'unpressam

  • ere more eMIssuve for maskyl iedido somovelihan these A

contatmns 3% K!, impeegnases and see more sHimem l j i i for methyl radionedido resseet ihas thees wahout. i 0 0,2 0.4 04 0.8 *'*"*"'"*d'"'"""**""' SCM0tf MD COMTACT TW (s) i t FO

t. A,wege amamaname pseum pasaresses as I

D. Effects o(Chasence Cememorosions tegensens Animanne af had essoas emes: : muertreale. ames Aur a 3% Ele saarened icnet. ese tissus ese r Five tema were made with 3% Kl impresaated asert remuneWe sur a J% 785A (Seesla i charcoal under these tendemons' l

1 ,o 1 ) 1 TA51.5 V. Firs Grder Rue Coomcients for Methyllodide and Age. lodide RemovaJ' Rue Coemcient in 'I Charvaal Chareoal Total Total Isotope y Impregnant Souree C H,'8't CH! Eschange' i 3% TEDA Scoet 6.9 0J 7.1 : 0.J None 600232 13 3 % KI, GMRi 3.4 0.J J.6 a 0.3 3 % K1,. GMR.I 4.9 0.1 3.0 a 0.1 1.9 a 0.2 2% TEDA ITE D A) '2 h - - I'_: O ; u 84 % R M. 'DWilsones of prosoding rue se6emns. 3.73 cm depth a 1.3.cm. diam bed. The Wheeler adsoryuen aqueoon8 prdcts the 1.84/ min airflow: 6.6 cm/s: 0.37: bed contact ume, loganthm of penettsuon as a linear funcuon of uma for 44% AH; 2. hour equilibramon before tesung 0.19 3.4 low penetrusons (<l3%), and such plots have been 8 mg/m CH,L reported for CH t. The penetranon curves for the 8 i 0.00610.123 pCVm '8't. espontnents reponed here wah the iodised sharcoal Chanense concentradons verwd over a factor oe' 20. conumently 6: the Stadsdral Moments Theory (5MT) Stookthrough times (t.) of CH ! for 1%.10%. and 30% equeuens' and an empincel esponenual C.C,. n' i inmaataneous penetrapons were nearly the sarne for all equauon better than the Whosier equates. For e ampie, challenge contenunuens (TaWe VI.) Individual breat. four dua sets at penetreuena less than 13% yteided tae throu6h ames werd used to calculate the breakthrough correlauens in Table Yll, capaciuss plotted versus challenge concentrations in Fig. , The connuent failure of the Wheeler equauon to pe

10. The linearuy of theos plots indicated that CH !

'he best fit of penetracon results from many empenmesis 3 adsoryuon and " :g: ceturfed according to a bnnes to quesuon its use in entrapolaans to define initial sitnpie linear isotherm (Henry's law). Other charcoaJs penetrauen as initial esposure. However, a will always which how been asesed with CH,1 han not indicated goe a conservauve thisherli.wal value retune to tae linear inetherms.8 rue ofw due to the curvuure o(the treakthrough cune. TAaLE YL Efhese etChasense Concentrauens C H,I CH "'I - i Cams. " D '"" ' * ** I cena. Pereses 8 (mp%s ) 'l% 'l0% '!0% Incl /m ) Pomeraden* 2 l 0.19 6.4 18.0 39.4 6.1 12.3 0.41 14 14.7 48.3 13.4 16.4 l.29 J.8 IJ.4 41 4 414 9.7 Lit 7.4 20J 45 8 72.3 13.4 3.78 J.4 13.1 38 ? 124.7 llJ Averegs 4.8 14.7 41 3 A=erage 13.0 Sad. Dev. 12 2.3 2* Sid. Dev. 17 i j 'Averegs isetassameous peneusten aner ine ir.sual persed 'e easet physeal l edserveen was agadleans. I O o

l + \\

0. 3 -

Four cartndses, all co'ntaming 3% TED Asm. pregnated char:oals. *ere tested with meta.*ltadiciocice gg g at O. 2. and 4.hout esposure t4mes to 32 t mm. 97 j 0.2 eJS AH air. Metnyt iodide penettstens again increased *ita = P- ,,,,,,,e um,, y,, mum penetrations thumioity equi, l i hbreasons) were reached m about J.4 hours. Average i 14 8 penetracons measured dunns 4.g hourt by gas g 0.1 chromatograehy and by radioments counting are bited j = = m Tatie vill. The values from ine two mesnod sood asteement. Canndges eth larger aertent volumes t 23

  1. L 3

7 t Table I) of salar sised and impregnated charcoals g' lower penetrauona. Thes this can be astnbuted to m. 0 ~ l 2 3 4 0 creaded bed contact rame is shown in Fig. II. TNi D 1CDCDfWilm M seminog 34et also meludes dass from TsWe 11 for the 3 Scott 600232 73 i r, is, o a no wi i nw.ii. m in m canismer. The avwage Aru order rate r ie=seus sensweima teseisme An ausert mese wie wtA Co*fl(*nt $s 17.6s*'(inandard deviamen. l.3 corretmen thould be uns6al Serimproveg emcionase b own in Kl)eamosas, i redesignes canissers and eartredges. ' 7 For the above esponments, the Wharler equeuen gave The larger cammers (vend alone) were more ofMesuv i an mittal penetrauen value o(0.33*n (esd. dev. 0.44%)for mehyl iodide reeval than sanndees (used in paartl to be comoared wah the SMT inemal value of 0.094%. tven thoush the new rees ihreingh eesh carindse was One of the test fka of the breakthrough curves was for a half na much. Mas, the canndges desanorsted m erfl. e m' empirwat equauen which has three dif. ciency more rapidly due to high humeday. Magnitudes o( i C/Ce ficultwe: II) it has no theerstmal bass; 12) it dess not emciencies can to corr 6ased wah vetumes of and bed contact umen. ) allow entrapolacon of penetraton to inical esposure time; and (3) estrapolated values vary rapidly a short Insumcent data are e,anlaWe to rees cartedges and i times, for this esampts. 0.020 m 0.3 minusea. 0.073% u canisters for radiensdias removal. Yarmens *1thm I rmnute, and 0.26346 m 2 nunuses, brands and types have not been==m Moe ther coments are motpost to chasse by the manufacturm. I Thees unknowns 4==a t!te need Her an ongoi.a { { L canrWee Compensens cenAcanon prettsen. Sash a program to be carmd o.t i m the NIOSH Teenas and Cerensamen trancn is an i attimme peoduct et tens propst. j l I TASLE V12. Phs of Peneirocon Data to tevamens j t 4 ) Egnaden Umsar Casveindse l Caseslums. r j Whosier IntC/C.) = In a - t t, 4.9134 taMI ln%) e ln a. b 14 t, i i j SMT s - m,

  • m,/ Gas m

-.. y m,. g x, 0.9999 f i i ) i k I4

1 l I .e TASI.E Vill. Cartadge Penettet' n Fracticas of Methyl lodide and Methyl e Asdloiodide aner Equilibestion at High HumidW Average Pereent Instantaneous Penettetions W Chal CartrWee I' d I'**d*'d '"' I Comaet Ornavne Type CH,1 CH, 'HI Timetil Meek Nonen Type 1 3.73 3.J4 0.20 8 16 (0.74) (0J8) Nonen Type 11 1.30 0.26 12 20 (0.13) Seon 60440313 13.24 11.J0 0.12 8 14 (0.39) (0.J4) Soest 404330 73 16.J 2 12.87 0.12 8 14 (0.4 tl 10.90) '33 Uman. 91 a 3% AH. sh, 10 0 .hile continuously esposed to very high humidity 195 : 3% RH) w increaans pensuanons were usually oe. l served. This is illesarated by the results in TatWes 11 at.c i Ill. Such an effect coved be due to (1)loadtas the test ses

  • sth methyl etwls in prmous tests aed/or t 21 toading it E

I ~ with water vapor by esposure to large volumes of hign 3 humsdity air. 54udies were done to sort out these etTects s using Scott 600232 73 canissers(3% TEDA charcoall at E 64.Uman airflow rass, Methyliedade was generated from gj g aqueous soluuons (0.23 s/100 mL) as selected tames y l

  • hile a caneeser was esposed to hash (97 a 3% or medium 130 3%) retaeve humedwy ant. Penc. ;?

l 4 resulta versus espesure times are shown in Fi.12. Boi 4 0.1 l' ) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 y 50l e t 5 3 CafM T flE (s) 0 f rg. it. W er enunge hemmamenssue paresas earmiscoas d ) g en sus samass ames Aar emmause and enW emmamwe !% 2 T1 daw enmessem o. metyt iness A. maa i eaw r

adman, 5_

t a $01 l. 3 Y. EFFICTS OF U 8 CONDfTIONS o oi A HM 4 e it 14 se to is willrt (e%E fit tea

1. Camiparteens et Waner Yayer and Methl todide 4

Leedag. When cansasars ur rg. a w - m e et e ti m e were tested mots tw naus ses3331313% T1DA) sammun u fearum's d that enes wish mentyi at 2. hoer ir.orvsjs essonne imuni c. 91% AM: e. 39th EM.

uses represent ranges of data obta4ned. In the first } etcerirnent lopen rectM$et) a fresh qartister *8: tested after 0. J. 6. and 24. hour espesures to 97% AH air. g j { l 9 t ~ Peetrations mcreased by over two orders of magnitude. 3 t In the second esperiment stiother cattister was esposed at tais humidity for !6 nours Defore t> ems tested at 14. gi r m 0c.Ngeww W.

13. and 20 hours. These data uhawn as rectarigles with g

s's) fell on the same curve as those from the first i 5 esperiment. In the third esperunent (sehd rectan6lell )

== another centster was tested a the 10% AH and 0,2,4 3" i 24 and 24 hour esposures. Even for the longest time and f, highest bed loedmg the penetratsen at 20% AH was not l sigmocantly caused from me bestanin6 A Norton Type !! cartridge (12 20 mesh. 3% TIDA) e et6 ) was challenged with I 7. ppm (7.4 mpm ) methyliodide ,, i, i ,,,, (,,, 3 ( 8 at 32.L min aar and 90% AH(Fi. IJk Dunne the first J finitth) t i hours. the penetrataen traction meressed nearty 2 orders r+ n. sums et. m was se =ma t imeme waaainame r of reissnitude to 8% where it romaaned constant for at psameense rue e huma.%nne Tree it eeneness weee ei te% tau 19 hours. Since the bed was bemg leaded conNantly a M. 331/me sense, ame t.s. gen (f.aimerun') ameyt semen, { mth methyl iodide and $ ore was ne change in pertetta, t on fracten after 3 hours. Se initial chante muu be attnbuted to something other than sortent eahausuon by not enhibet heatsg due to addmenal water vapor adsory. j methyliodide loading. Apparently ) hours was requtrod tion Dee Sectmen V. A.4.). Also, the penetrauon is chen for the charcoal to become equitebresed with water vapor manmtaed at such equalebnum. A Scout cartndqe (642 o egehbnum with me 90% AH air. The larger cantaters TEDA.H) contasmag 3% TEDA impretnated charcoal require more ame (Fig.12k The adsorted water vnoor was esposed at 32.Umia air 6ew. 0.J7 m6tm (0.12 l 8 ppm)CH l. 27 0.4'C.and 30.11.and 91% AH. After either hoocks access o( rnethyl iodide vapor te me TED A i equihbnum was reached at sesh humsety penetrauen. impregnant or removes TEDA e#ettaveness by t hydrolysis: measurements were made et 7.er 10.mers minute mier-vals and averaged. l NeCH:CH l:N. H 0 = N(CH CHANH*

  • OH-These values et the agudinness CH,i penetranon i

fracten P, were relased w waner veper concentrauen m l i air lH O! by when the challenge of a vaper as a tout bed is as a high i cough concentrabon and eemanuses, she bed will become loeded and will deseense is eSnisesy of vapor p, = es e t-414 H Ol). 3 remosat The resultmg seeresse is geesuremme wah ume I is cared a Dreakthroup ourse B#eekehreuth umes for TNs is consament with the smple compostate mecna-i 1 mism: telected penetracon fressoas are ones dependent en the l i sapor cadonge canoenreden. At high relause { humidiues charcoal beds baseme leaded with water CH l.N(CH CHAN - MCH CHANCHi.l* l i i sapor, aim increakng penseratase of test vapor with i { ume. The above esponments have ahews that for H;O. N(CH CdAN se MCH CHANH'.OH* l j of5cient nortents at low shallenge eeneestreuens or [ j loadings, the relecte humedey eGuet may be the most.aere water vapor reests weh TEDA. making it un. l significant. Therefers, the tune of esposure e(a tenister a a.ia: e for CH t removal i or cartndse to ht44 humedity air is an important Lvier MSA canisters, aise sentaneeng 3% TEDA ( i i parameter in a test procedure er a usage protocet,

  • v:w. *ere also measured for menhyt iedade peaetra-(

t ) tan n inveral humidices. Piew roes was 64 Umin and ( 2 6% Penetrealess. A charteel bed at equa-re:atne mumidaties ranged from 30 to 83%. Penetru2cas ] hbnum with the water vapor a the y enterint it does u.ater vapor equdibnum, P,, were less sensiuve to j IH 0l changes than in the sees er es Seest carindses I 14 L

r

  • )tn one fifth as much charcoal. Timits required for fresh cartr dges decrease *ita increasing relatne numicity of MSA canisters to reach water vapor equdibnum vaned from 9 J hours at ?!% RH to 16 hours at !O% RH.

the att passing through them. This is illustrated ty tre resu ts in Fig.14. If (% is choun as the ma imam At relatne Mumidities apose 73% the CH l penetra. pehetrauen to te allowed. the senice inn t, fce frna i tion at water vapor equdibrium was not the highest MSA $% TEDA camsters cecreau from 635 %nutes at genetrabon vaJus. This is dlustrated m Fig.14 with !O% RH to 200 mtnutu at 83% RH. Another selected penetrauen fracuon tersus uma curves for MSA penetrabon value would gne another set of senice ines. cannten contamms !% TEDA charcoal. At 13% RH a For enarnple, tr.sts of three unh GMR.I ITEDA) t maaimum penetration of 16% was reached at 430 canisters at 64 L/ min yielded the results m Tatie IX. 4 mmutes as compared with an equdibnum penetracon of 4.1% (std dev = 0.2%L This maximum is attnbuted to An empincal relationstup was found which dtscnbed the displacement by water of CH l previously physgally the etTects of relauve humidity on servge lives it,) cf adsorbed. Such a manimum is commonly wen as all fresh canisters. Los t, versus log (H Ol(or los percent i i hum 40es with vanous charcoal beds, RH) plots were found to be linear with slopes between 2 i Conclusions reached from studyms humidity ellects and 3. Fig.13 shows such plots for MSA 5% TED A i for equd.brated canisMrs are the followms:(t) We now camsters at 64 Umin earnow 5cott 5% TEDA canisters understand how water vapor reduces the eMcieticles of (600232 75) at 64.Umin aarflow, and Scott !% TED A TEDA. impregnated charconj beds. It is by tyms up the cartndset (642.TEDA.N) at 32.ldmin aardow. The two brands o(carusters. which have nearly the same volumes impregnant and majiing st unavadable for reacten with of charcoal had equivalent service lives (Fig. Ill Even methyl iodide.12) Long umes. tip to 16 hours required to at half the aarflow rate the cartndges with much smaller reach humadity equdibnum limit the practicality of usms charcoal volume had much shorter service lives which penetrauon at hum 4ty equlibration as a measurement of cannter performance.13) Since the penetracon at high mere more senously affected by humidity. Simdat data humely equitabnum is not the highest value *hich with MSA GMA canisters contaarung unimoresnated activazed charcoal were also linear on a los t, versus tog occun, its uwfulness for canater or cartndse perform. (H Ol plot. ance spec / cation is questionable. . The usefulness of this relauonship for a centfication program is for estrapoisung from one hurmdity to i J. Service Lives. Measurement of wrvwe tire. the another it may allow the se6ecuen o( two humidity uma required to reach a selected penetranon fract on. is condanons for evaluaung cannaws and cattedget. Also. i an af ternauwe to measurement o(penetracon at hum 4ty l 3 equanum. Service ines of aar. purifying caansters and the seiected test humidines could be high t?0 t00%t i

  • here serswe in es are shorear and where, therefore. :est times would be shorter. This is deseratie 'or manimum emciency o( a certAcanon test progtsm.

g$g g l TABLE IX. Servies Life I:3 mini as Threc 3 IW Ratedve Hemedidos g gg g p,,, Pereens Relesive Humidity Q I [g Freceien 60 00 100 W% l 0.0003 143 13 J0 0.000$ IES 10$ J3 l l 0.001 323 133 43 0 002 273 135 l 0 003 373 193 6J l 0,1 ) Q'M'h'd 0.01 433 213 ?3 g gg 0.02 $$3 243 95 0.03 70$ 303 133 l Fie. 44. hamert essa se asubyt ionde ;J. "N twves u la t l t,me ist heS A 3% ftD A shareseL 0.1 153 473 233 1 { I

of in (.!H Ol in Pa) venus I/T. *nica tums out to be company (MS A) cuister contamms snarcoal.c i., knear *nh a slope of 3020'k-i. impregnants. 2% TEDA and $44 KI,. The knaataroup The undutness of this data is m soruns out the curves show increased penetrauens for meresses i 1 mterrelated effectrof relauve humidity, ametent tempet. temperatures at all expenmental umes. When logaritnms ature, and de* point temperature. The foUomns semnem. of percent penettation were plotted against pincal equauens were dented from data for this temperatures we ottamed apparentJy straient knes. F g. l cartndge: 19 Sho*l such plots for the M5A canistef t2*e TEDA. 3% KI,) and a $<ott 642 cartndse (3% TEC AL Similar 33no jogo - neulta were omamed with an MSA GMA canister I" E8* b "' Tee, miw

  • T...iew contaantnt unsmpnsnated scuvated chanoat in ad mru j

= cases, the temperature effects corresponded to approt. I imately douthng the penetracon for each J'C 19'F) l3 p,, O E,e, increase in temperature. , T =eis ", The parameters of air temperature (T). relative 4 humidity (RM), and dew point temperature (DP) are The esponent 3300/T.. nic comes from the de* l pendence of saturaten vspor pressure of weaar on internisted and cunot mdepaduily affwt wrvice bu terrporature. At constant dew point. Ls., at constant (Makthrou6h uma at odected pnersten. Thmfon. i water vapor concentrauen, equdibnum penetranon of we have studied tempetasure effecta 6tst with RH methyl iodide decreases with incrossms ambient tevnper* constant and then eth DP constaat. As before, methyl 1 sture. However. when relauve humidity is he64 constant-cede la the ten vapor, ames it u the most possunung equd.bnum penetraten actually increases at higher am. vapor form orodine we have found. bient temperature. This is due to the hisher weier vapor At connant RH. imerosang temperatures shiA break. l consenttsoon for fleed humidity at higher temperatures, throwth curses to hisher penetransons and consequently, I result a shorter service lives (Fi$. 201 Canisters and { )

2. Penseresien and Servise Uven. We have done carmdges contammg three types of charcoal *ere l

esponmenu to determme how much effect the tempera. useied u conmast RM. The reedt (Tabie X) shows I ) ture of inspired aar has on the efficiences and serme venincam service & deeresses with menning j lives of fresh (unequdibrated) canisters and carmdges for tempef atures, up to 13% decrease per 'C (8% per 'F). metsiyliodide. First.'n observed that such an effect does { esim even over a limssed espected range of use temperatures (ll.J 3'C or 39 93

  • F1 TWs is essernaed in

.O'". 8 Fig. Il by dess ottamed wah a Mine Safary Appiiances ( 2 n v.se i N[ t I I I I I I I I I j I;$ h4 e .I. g 1 l 5't u 3.2 11*'t a 1 t l3 r z '" "l' M1 u.-- [ m emnne 4 1 (2::13,1:ct) i 3 g e r a I se u.,e 5:t 4: N't { 2 1 e i a i i iiI I ),g i i

  • 6 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 13 { 21 30 M I L Il3E W ttM4tWE PC) i n is. - -.e = - ewees as te Wase ass sem AN 8er as seS A 2% TED A. 3% ill, F 6 i' M "8 *f** *'esrume se W ' easp== n wa

  • m
sameer, l

wasisd asus eAur mesmas Gewe of $0% EM av. l 1 1 i i .--,m__-

8('4flVt C.!*,ttf 17 !!*; Measurable heaung M.2'C) conuawed for penods wo to 20 4 8? M J40 mmutes for this senes. Other cartndges and N0 t canisters (64 L'mm) showed simJar heating efTects. Dew 3 pomts were measured for aar leavmg test cartndges as

  • ell as for att efstenrig them. This allowed g

determmation of the rrtes of water vapor adsorption at '4 umes throughout an esperiment. Temperature mcreases were proporuonal to water vapor concentration de. g;g y.

  • j creases. This relauonthsp ens used to calculate heats of g

adsorpuon rangmg from 4 to 9 henL' mole, y Humidity heaung e#ects are important to note smce (1) they can make ant punfpas roeprators less com- ~* fortable to wear and (2) they comp 6icate the desenpoons of how canisters work. The comfort effect is more ,,,,....i i < ii Ihg, 43. Cavateasons or relente hommery one saves Ide ll% S. Tempersture Woestaweech) ror eaa are lC. $ess one.lL. 44S A) ese e j mrisse t :. seen - - ; s% 7:04 enereeene'

l. Equilibrium Penettallons. Ambient air temperatures for applicauens of air punfying resprators can vary. In addsoon, as menaceed above. ur drawn 1
4. Humidity Headas. The adsorption of water vapor from aar pass 6ng through charcoal pecked canigers and enrough a canister can be heesed by water sapor adsorpuon on the adaocoem. Temperature e#ects can H cartndges heated the sat to signa 6 cant entefits for long complet since higher temperatures enhance chemical penoda. Temperature naes for Scott canisters (642 rescuon (cheminorpuen) with impregnants but reduce TEDA H) at 32 L mm mroow and three humidsties are pny. cal adnorption of vaport.

I snown in Fis.16. The maassum increase of 10'C in i serws of empenments wuh Seest canndges 1642-t18'F) was cenerved for the highest 183%) relause TEDA.H) at 321./ men awflow, samparature of entenne h; middy at about 3 minutes from inical espoture, air was eaned from 24.4 to 30.0*C. Test cartndges *ers l equilibrated a dew ponts from 13.1 to 23.7'C before methyl iodide penetratens were measured M the equt tibraten humdiose 130 73% AHL Fig. If shows a p6ct 4 t ', i a.5 1 f.13 p _ e.4 gj3 = j 3 Mg a 2 ) g6 ~ ^ 9-(4.2 ) g m. I M2 W u Ia,g [ mt O' ....r... ,3 0 3 13 23 lif d) M M I *'] !,2$ 3, 33 t,35 t,4 Illt talal I {Q/T ('L*I) P4 14. Mwamary hummig sham Ier a tous 1% T104 sancess as Fa.17. Claeryveu sies se emmens samhuse %I 32 L'am estse. .meses pensareman wet dowpese and er unsuresmset. Ia m

400 g 's O J00 5 M. = a ca U c 100 031E v3 Gat n 20 30 40 Allt TEMPERATURE (00) l M. Jo. sAme it air immearesive en immes e,se a eenmass te% S RH ror en MS A sansmer iM Tf D A. M KI,) m H lime. TABLE X. Temperatuto EKeets on Service Lives N Conesamt Humidhy { Charcoal Portset Y Aange Pment CH,1 Servies LA Deenau Type RM ('C) Pr A (Perent Pur'C) { 2% TEDA. J% KI, 32 30 33 1 4 [ M J133 I 4 I 26 33 0J 7 1 } 26 31 0.2 13 Asti,sud M 23 34 I 7 t N 23 J0 30 3 j 23 30 li 3 l 23 Jo i 3 l 3% TEDA M 29 18 I 9 l In one caw (2% TEDA, M KIA the essapermura, **

  • aried wioi penarsase Deselse esteend as denne o.4 turn out to be the casa. Averese inerosses in servwe livet

[ kc ai i% ponerenen were 81% per 'C a 19'c DP and 3% l per 'C at 24'c DP. l At conman DP (La. seena,nt water vapor ee.:. & tion in aerl, terwee hves leersened #6adcastly = a The conclassen Wthans stealies is that usapersture can [ ir.<;teamag temperesures (Fis. 21), Titis is des to the atint urvwe hves ansst more ihas the 1 10% reduction comeined esssts # ises weaar adsorpose (air /shartcal .v 10*C mcreams repened in the Isseresars.' Themfom-i etWhwm the) and enhamond reassen of meeyl iodide temperstures a whest sanndges and sesseners are testeJ

  • soi trmhylenedweene (TEDA) ismorogname. The mam mwu es more sloody eenereted thee s1.J'C specifde l

muon for doing commant OP mudies was our hope that n CFR 30. Part !!.* Alas, the usses unass be usted at h i l temperature sfecu wedd be less meadcans. This did not as.mam T and AH of npened was et teoud at to=tr l =a.wes =im attaHa=s of serwse line is the = crit l t 20 'e ~ L

e l 200 e we g ,e, tot 100-g is l g_ 20 30 to alt TOPERATVRt I C) Fg. II. Elbst o' aar newsperonare ea enr+we E es u osamaas 14*C aespose rar se %t3 A enanmar # 2% f t D A. M Kl l m 64 t/ana, i cue conditions. Users mun be made aware of the D. Regraducibilkies o( Servise We Measurementa potenual for reduced wrnce 14e when these units are used at even more elevated temperatures. The quesuon was taased sa to what reproducitsht.en Can be espectee< for tornce lie determanacons, censicer C. Flowrate ing varianues due w manufacturing and testing. Re + suits oflamaed studies are shown in Tabee XII. Precisen A cantater enh 2% TEDA. 3% KI, impregnated was woru for hga prowetion fasters and short times charccal =as tesied at 30'C and twe AH. OP. and where bod detenorste due nc humsedy waa rmet tspid. airflow raise, The roeunts sheen in Takes X! clearty These results and wm e ponences inessasa taat at t5 mdicate that lernte 14e is inversah proportaal to penetraten for one banca et sanndees or canaters a atroow rats. This connrmesame of a well established reproducibday of 10% rolesive standard desista of servare t/e is cosmonatie. ReproduriMiy between relationship was necessary, amnes is shes sans service tale is determined by weser esper,lse6;g resAer than the batches can only be determ." d wnh more sitensas testiny contamWant (meth)( W) VW W I TA9LE XL Eftness et Airno Aate and Hei eky en kp 1.m' Saw W LA I:3 ania) Flowenas Dew Poss Relause Humidia? es hp l u min) I'Cl Pemnt i Pereert le Pwomes 32 It I)$ 300 M 19 Ji M 32 24 'l Ill 19$ H 24 67 33 10$ 'M'C 2% Tf D A. 3% KI, saammi. asunummmmmmmmmusaw e

t

7ASLI XIt. asoromeetn6ees or semss Us Meusemsnes chartoel Temporuwe % aHasive Flewme Nuniese or Pwe=u t fe iMas ~ erse l'C) Hanuewy ( L.' min g Meeswwumu 6 ;auen A*weee see. Dev. sid. De. g,,,,,, 3%rtDA Je

  • e 32 4

3 4e 6.J 14 3 M 46 ? le M 42 4 20 IM 12.2 a 2% TEDA. Jo M to 3 1 124 10.4 4 1% KI, J%ftDA 2J 9e 31 3 0.e3 2J 24 M e.es as is is ti u. e e e2 its le se e.3 133 7 3 VI. EFFECTS OF CYCI.!C FLOW (BREATHING FATTERN5) breathing cycle (work load) were measured and related to mstantaneous emeienctes throughout the cycle. A. Background

9. Computer Modeling Study The ofTects of variable Cow rates and now (breathing) patterns on the average etTicieficy needed to be Je.

termined also. Evidence is avsalable (Secuon IV. C.) th st A computer program was writtert which could calcu. the emciency of a soebent bed for removing vapors fro *:1 Iatt canister enetracons of methyl iodide based on air decreases with mcreasnt airflow rate. There are data assumed astoow rate and rescuon kineues of removal. Breathing patterns of aardow were taken from the wors which demonstrate. among other thmes. that l CI Silverman et at.' who measured and charactented peak mspiranon now rates can be very high (200 Umm) at inhalanon and exhalation curves at ten work rates (or moderate work loada.s.e There(ors. at the peak or resistances approximaung those of gas masks and other inspitanon m the breathing cycle. the of$ciency may be breathms apparasus. That Table 4 provided four very poor and certamly will be very di#erent from that at the Handard 64.Umm test aar6ow. parameters used to umulass the varymg dows: R = resperation rase (per minute) The work of Gary Nelsonis widely misinterpreted aJ A = maaimum inspiratory dowrate (Ummi 14wmg no such effect. Actua$y. Its demonstrated only I = fractwn of total cycle thm is inspitsuon that. m a limited number of cases, the cartrWge capacity thletime) was unadected by earflow case or cycling. In theF = mmute volume, mean inspiratory dowrate oser an eure breathing cycle (Uman) cases of highly tonic vapors (r~i Other radio. Only the mspiration now was conadered unca enhata. nuclides. caremogens, ses.) the sortsent bed emeiency. non is usually through an enhalacon valve. rather than rather than its capacity is the mg usefulness. This is beesues, limiting facast la determm. throu6h the cammer. Dunns aparacon. Sow through the only Ira levels in air are canister was set at sero, espected to be encountered. resulting in low bed loading. The equation which best $ts the aperimental breath. Espenmental measuremerws and theoreucal computa. mg curves =as a linear combutanon of sinusoidal and tions were done to udently and quanetMe the e#ects of'd8psoidal futscuens: cyclic dow patterna. Average eSciencase for a even 4 22

F = A, sin + A: I- -I

  • h *"

P = penetracon fracuen of methyliodide 0 s t 5 t,. k = Grst order rate coefficient for removal fper soci t, = bed contact ume (sec) = 60V/F where Y = charcoal bed volume (L) F.F,, instantaneous and aversge volume' = Dowrates (Umin) These equations were combined to calculate instan. 1/R the averase time for inspiration (min) taaeous and integral nowrates and penevauon ftactions t, = constants selected for each work rate to match for steady and :yclic dows for selected values of k and V A, A: a the espenmentaJ valueJ of maximum nowrate. in the ranges of asperimental values. The constant A. such that Dowrate required to give a penetracon equal to that of the cyclic dow was also calculated. The simplest case, where k is a vdocity. independent A = A'. A and F* = 3 .3 \\

  • "* #8 ' " * " '"

8 A A t s 8 4 8/ Table XIV for k = 17.4 s*' and V = 330 cm. botn 8 g expenmental values (Section IV.,.E.). Average cyclic Ocw Table XIll lists the input rpameters and calculated penetracons were much higher than those for equal valuaa of A,. and As for ten workrates. The(trapezoidal) steady nowrates. Hisher sisedy nowrates (2.0 to 3.6 integrated dowrates for the best at curves are sisen in the umes) were required to give penetrations equal to the last column. cyclic dow penetrations. The effects of varying the A second assumpoon was that the canister was product k V on the cyclic penetracon IP,). steady equilibrated at a set of temperature and relative humidity penetration (P,) and ratio were given by conditions, where the removal of methyl iodide was desenbod by Arst order kinetics (Section IV. C.): I n P, = -c i k V). P = esp (-kt,l 'In P. = -s (k V). P/P, = exp l(s - cl as Y)l. l TASLE X111. Inpus and Caleslaced Parameters for Fhting Experknental Breething Curves Average Ww p Best F1 Conesanes g ,4 Flowress Flowruno Race Inspiradon A A Flowrote i i IUmin) (Umals) (per min) Freedos (Umin) (Umin) (Umini 9.1 37 14A 0.382 33.20 1.79 9.0 13.2 '44 17J 0.431 24.42 17J8 13.1 19.8 to 18.7 0.444 29.92 30.08 19.6 27.0 78. 20.7 0.479 32.89 43.11 26.7 28.2 79 22.0 0.44 7 27.83 31.17 27,9 34J 101 12J 0.490 34.42 44.4 35.8 44.9 128 27.4 0.312 33.74 94.24 48.4 64.4 160 32J 03I9 10.6I I49.39 83.7 81J 192 34.2 0.339 -0.24 192.24 80.4 90.3 240 42.0 0.314 84,13 133J7 89.3 1 0 l l

TABLE XIV. Cyclic and Steady Flow Results Calculated for a Constant Rate Coamcien IntegrstW Average Penetration Fraction Equivalent Stesdy Floweste Flowrate IUmin). Cyclic Flow Steady Flow Ratio Flowrote (Umin) Racio 9IO 2 = 10-8 2 =10*" l = 10'8 32.2 3.J 8 13.1 i = 10** J = 10-'8 3 a 10' 38.2 2.92 19.6 0.0011 2= 10 8 3 = 10' $0.9 2.60 26.7 0.0047 2 x 10** 2 m 10' 64.9 2.43 27,9 0.0051 4 = 10** 12'0 64.0 2.36 33.8 0.0145 6 x 10-8 244 82.3 1.30 48.4 0.0340 0.0007 44 102.0 2.13 63.7 0.0675 0.0042 le 129.3 2.03 80.4 0.1044 0.0131 8 '34.4 1.92 89.3 0.142J 0.0202 7 178.7 2.00

  • h 17.4 s. Y = JJO em.

8 where for each workrate c and are average values of phenomenon.58'" 60/F for cyclic and steady dows. respecuvely. The including the veloc.ity, v. (cm/seck dependence, penetrauon ratio is a funcuon of k V and. therefore, a funcuon of the penetration fraction (P or P,). At the in P = -k v;V/F penetrauon fraction of m<.u interest for determining cartndse service life. P = 0.0'. and at a total breathing rate of 64 L/ min (J2 L/ min through each of two where k is a **true* constant. Wheeler has shown theoreucally that the value o(n should be 0.5 for the case cartridges o( volume 165 cm ), n V = 4.962. P, = of a mass transfer limited rate.' Dietz et aL" obtained n 8 0.000087 and P/P, = llJ. values of 0.43 to 0.38 for their het-Since expenmerits were showing much smaller cyclic How etTects (see belowL the samplest model was modifiedamsthylenetstraminatiodine/ sodium hydroxide im. to include velocity dependence of the rate coedcient. pregnated charcoats. The data of May and Poison'8 has Diet 2. 8tachly, and Jonas observed a nonlinest increase been used to calculate the a values for a 3 per cer t of the drst order rate coemcient with increases in lineat TED A. impregnated charcoal shown in Table XV. These now velocity for methyl iodide removal by impregnatedresults show a relative humsdity dependence for n. which ranged from 0.23 to 0.43. charcoats.' Others have also observed this TA8LE XV.' Raes Coefficient velocity Dep,ndence Calem h h j Data of May and Poison Pereent Yetoeity CoeMesente Los Los Least W R Relathe Range Raese Correta. Number ties Humidity (cm/s) (s *') of Poines n (r') 30 17.3 10lJ 40.7 85.8 4 0.41 1.000 60 17.7 101.7 14.J 6 7.1 4 0.38 0.999 to 17.J.103.2 23.4 42.J 8 0.29 - 0.970 94 17.3 101.3 21.2 31.8 4 0.2J 0.99d ' Referense IJ.

  • k v*.

24 g

The computer program,was modified to include linear Cyclic / steady penetrauen rauos for P, = 0.01 var ee velocity dependence in the above penetrauon equauon. Results shown m Table XVI were computed from a = 0 from 2.49 to 5.13. Steadyicyclic flowrate ratios for P,. P, = 0.01 ranged from 1.90 to 2.76 with all but.re to o.75, average F = 64 Umm (J2 Umm through each of lowest two cartndgest and k V selected so that P, = 0.01. two workrates in the range 2.0 = 0.2. The Computed eqwvalent (P, = P, = 0.01) steady flowrites flowests tauoi for the extreme case of n = 0 were aJ o are listed in the last column. this range for cyclic breathms rates of 48 L'mm ano above (Table XIV). The cyclic / steady flowrate cano is The value of n = 0.7 was used with the computer less variable than the penetrauon rauo and is a possee program and the parameters of Table XI!! to calculate

  • sy to take mte account cyclic flow efTects.

the results in Table XVII for ten workrates. TABl.E XVI. Computed Valves for Selected VW Paramstars* Averaos Penetrnaion Frsedan yg a CycSe Flow Steady Flow Rado Flowress IUmin)' O.00 0.01 8.7 x 10*' i13 64.4 0JO 0.0; 0.0019 $J $8.9 0.67 0.01 0.0034 2J $ 8.1 0.70 0.01 0.0040 2J $8.6 0.75 0.01 0.0044 2.2 $9J ' Assumed 32 Urrun throusa each of two carindges and breashes curve cec _2 4 to 64.Umin total nowrsu. l TASt.E XYll. Resuks Computed for a Velocity Dependent Rate CoeMeient* and One l Pareent Cyells Flow Penetration integrased Aarnes Penasadon Frac &n Equivalent Steady Flowrm Flowf ans (Unis) Sesedy Flow Rado Flowress (Umin) Ratio 94 0.00IS$

3. I J 24J 2.74 13.1 0.002J4 3.94 31.2 2.38 194 0.00294 3.38 42J 2.18 24.7 0.00318 3.14 34.0 2.10 27.9
  • 0.00328 3.05 37J 2.04 33J 0.00333 2.99 72.9 2.04 44.4 0.00344 2.73 93.4 1.93 63.7 0.00375 2.67 121.2 1.90 80.4 0.00402
.49 144J 1.83 99J 0.00378 2.65 149.2 1J9
  • it.

t Y *'. Y = 330 ear. 8 l t

C. Esperimental Study Additional expenments w ere done with otner A Scott Breatning Simulator (Scott Aviation Corpor. enarcoals to explore the gerierahty of the c)che do. effect. Compansons of penetrauons at cyclic and steacy ation. Lancaster. NL Part No. 800116) was used to dow conditions (32 Umm) were done *ith seseral produce cyche now patterns. It is a dual piston pump operated by a motoriacd cam to simulate a breammg cartndges, canisters, and beds packed *tth $2 !!g of charcoal 17.5 cm diam). The measured cyclic / steady pattem. The cam used m enese esperiments was desis. nated 622 KGM. Total solumetne dowrate of air was penett"vn ratios and tapertmental conditions are given m Ta adjusted with the pump speed cntttrol and measured XIX. Figure 22 shows breakthrough curves downstream of the test bed

  • th a dry test meter (Singer obtamed for two 5% TEDA charcoals. one *nica

%fodel DTM.J2!) oser at least 20 cycles. A senes of showed a dednite cyclic dow e6ect (l.6 umes higher check valves and a Altered air supp(y were used so that penetrations) and one which did not. t.ikewise for the durms half of the e)cle backflow through the cartndse other charcoals. some showed an effect and others did was prevented. This was to simulate one.way (mspira. There was no obvious way to predict when the not. tioni dow through 'a cartndse on a t)pical atr punfying e>clic dow would give a higher methyliodide penetration or how much higher it would be. respirator. A 20.L polyethylene bottle was used to mia methyl iodide from the permestion tube with the main The signiGcance of'he cyclic dow e6ect is seen m Fig. airrlow to smooth out possible vanations m challenge 22 for the Scott charcoal. There appear to be two concentrations due to cycling airdow. Total flow volume separate breakthrough curves diffenng by the factor of over a nme cc.,rresponding to a full number of cycles 1.6. The end of service hre, denned 'as penetration reach. (20 23) was measured with a dry test meter downstream mg 1%. is 300 min for steady aarCow'but only ISO for of the test bed to determme average dowrate. Other than cyclic air 11ow at 32 Umirs. At 1.3% the di#erences are these modi 0 cations, the expenmental apparatus was the much greater (> > $00 min vs. 260 mink A same as that desenbed m Sections til and Vill. maumum penetration at about 120 mm *as Test beds of 7.3 em diam and 0.5 to I.! em depth obsersed for the Willsorvinco 3% TEDA charcos were packed with sar>ms amounts of! percent TEDA-breakthrough curse (Fig. 22). This has been seen before impregnated sharcoal t8arnebey Cheney CU 2*62) to for this and other charcoals and is attnbuted to bes Mestmg by water vapor adsorpuon (see Section VA4 ottam a range of penetration fractions at selected relatne humidities a 2f.95 per centi and amttent tempef-Bom the e>clic dow and steady now penetra* on foi ature a:J - 18Cl. /urdow was mamtamed at 32 L mm lowed the same breakthrough curve. for both steady anti cyclic I20.3 cycles /mm) situauens. Mter the test bed w ss equihbrated at the selected relative D. Conclusions humidity, penetratio'i fractions of methyl iodide were determmed at 10 mm meervals. alternems steady and Both the domputsuonal and espenmental approaves eyekc dow for 23out 2 hout penods. The resultmg measurements were attraged and a standard deviation to determming c)chc. steady perietrauon ratios led in tne was calculated. Alternasing Gew passerne for the same uma conclusion: significhnt differences ettween Orcas test ced ehmmated the sagas 0 cant between bed sanations tnrough fractions at selected bed conditions stime of, esperienced in earfier eepenmenta, ase. humidity, temperature. average dowrate, etc. can Results summanted in TaWe XYll! thow dednite eust for a s anety of sharcoals. The limited espenmental penetranon difTerences for tde cyclic and steady do* and computed data acquired so far do not reveal the esses. C>clic dow pnetration =at greater by facurs factors determmmg the entstence or magnitude of this from 1.2 to 4.2. However, there was no consistent etfeet for any snen charcoal. It is of great mterest for a correlation of rano with penetratson fraction. contrary to s anety of respirsto< pplications. not merely radioiodide the computer calculacons. This sulgests that the real removal, to identify these entssal parameters. The en-situation is comphcated by unknown factors (e.g. reis-ueace of a cyclic dow effect impacts on manufactunng. eu-q. cert:Ocanon. approval, and use of chemical air tne humidity, granule site. pa;kmg density, bed depth. etc.) hasms unknown efTects. . e2"; respirator cartridges and caatsters. 26

TABLE XVill. Esperimentaj ResuJu of Cyclic Flow Study at 32 Umin for One 5% TEDA CharcoallBC CU.2762) Relative Cyclic (C) or Average Standard Ratio Humidity % Steady 15) Flow Penetration Devis sion (C/5) 23 C 0.023 0.003 4.2 5 0.006 0.001 C 0.145 O.019 1.3 5 0.l : 2 0.010 30 C 0.043 0.00$ 1.9 5 0.023 0.002 C 0.076 0.013 1.7 5 0.043 0.003 C 0.084 0.007 1.6 5 0.053 0.012 C 0.304 0.027 1.3 S 0.234 0.022 i 86 C 0.081 0.00$ 2J S 0.032 0.003 C 0.047 0.003 JJ S 0.020 0.001 95 C ' 0.312 0.012 1.2 5 0.443 0.028 C '0.177 0.00g 1.7 0.101 0.007 l t An immediate concern for this project is how to eshe The second opton, doubling the steady airflow, is l into account cyclie Sow effeste as methyliodido penetra. based on the computed results in Tables XVI and XVII. con. Three opoons beee been comedered: which show that this appronunasely compensates for

1) Define em6ef.servios lips of a catuster or cyclic flow at a verwty of conduaona, Unfortunately, the

) cartndse at a lower penetrados fraccon (e s., sapenmental results reveal a more complacated situation. 0,3% insesed of 1%), This option also has the same objections as the drst.

2) Double the tescas airflow rata.

Humidity effects would be more than doubled by

3) Use a breathing simulaser pump for testing.

doubling the natflow raes. And tuoddications would be The first opoon would require identsying a constaat requwed for the esisting tenons apparatus. The third or average cycisc/senedy flow penetration factor. Tables option also would require anoddying the exisung XYllt and X!X show a sisadicant range for this rauo. appatstus by I) inserung a breathing simulatof l Furthermore, this opose would penalise those manufac. pump and one.way valves between the filtered ur suppl l turers unng charcoals which have no such effect and and the humidity chamber, 2) insernas a 20.L bulTer may hinder the dea' ;. 7 of more effecove sorbenu, volume between the methyliodide generator and the test For stamp 6e. the Willson/Inco carindse in Fig. 22 would bed and 3) changma the method of average now rate l have failed (> l%) enurely instand o(having s service life momtonns (volumetne average instand of an mstan. of about 43 min. taneous flowmotar readout). The quescon remains as to

~ \\ e TA8LE XIX. Cyclic /5teady Flow Penetrodon Rados for a Variety of Charcoals. Charcoal Original Packed Proconditkned Run Reladve Number of Average Cyclic /5teady Sourcs and Type

  • Unit Bed'

(% RH) Humidity (%) Comparisons Pe.'wtration Rado Norton OY Cartridge. X eo 75 2 1.0 0.1 (7500 8) X fio AS 2 1.0 s 0.1 MSA OY Cartridge. X 13 30 .3 !.3 0.i GMA (44.J5) MSA OV Canimer. X .0 85 3 1.0 e 9.1 GMAC MSA Canimer. X NJ 83 4 1.0 t 0.1 GMR.I. 3% KJ 3 MSA Canimer.' X No 85 4 l.7 s 0.2 5% KI,. 2% TEDA MSA Canister.' X 95 95 4 1.0 a 0. t $% TEDA Scott Canimer. X No 85 7 1.6 : 0.1 J% TEDA (600232 73) X 83 95 2 1.7 : 0.2 Barnetwy Cheney X No 85 1 1.9 : 0.2 J% TEDA (CU 2762) X 85 83 4 1.8 e 0.2 Willson/inco Cartridge.' X No 83 2 1.3 0.1 J% TEDA (Lot al X 93 , 9$ I 1.J 0.1 Willson/Inco Cartridge.' X No 83 4 1.0 : 0.1 3% TEDA (t.ot V) X No $3 1 0.9 : 0.2 X No 83 2 1.2 = 0.2 '!rhpregnants and amousse bened es maandesmrers'informauon. '$$ g in 7.3 cm-diam bed. ' Prototypes wppeed by memessurers. 9 28

l l This compound has a no,rmal botling pomt of l'a'C 3 e but is known to suchme readily at room temperatures. g } A f AA-A The velatihty of the pure crystals has brousnt up (se question of the vota,lity of TED A impregnated ta actavated charcoals. The rtuon (cr this concern is the 5 88i8 j h ~~~...$ possible release of signif*icant amounts of this amme of unestablished toxicity from sorbents, especially e att. $,,,,,,e ,/ punfying canister applications. I* e There are no toxicological data avaalable for TEDA: o however. TEDA belongs to the class of organic alienatic "e 'w ice im me an ame me.ae em see see ammes. many of which have been shown to be totic. Threshold Limit Values (1982)" for similar ammes are ce !ewj. e 5 3 mg/m ppm 4 Ethylamine 18 to g',a A g e, e Diethylamme 30 10 e g* ,,,, j inethylamme 40 10 Etylenediamine 13 10 g Diethylenetriamine 4 I m By structural and functional similanties. TEDA can be txPoevac ttuc tmiavins considered moderately touc with a concern level of I opm or greater. Vapor pressures meuured over the r. 22. sesshahreven curves ekemeses steady no. I e i and eyeN range 50110'C have been entrapolated to give 0.!8 tort s %. tsi rw t 3% TIDA charecals. t!sser ew,ti scoa isis, t.3 es samt 1.o.* curves winsowineus2s. 7.0a elamt 83% AH. at 25'C. However, there was no informauon asailable J2t."** on the volaulity of desorpuon rate o(TED A impregnated on activated charcoal To supply data to answer these concerns we hase measured TF.DA desorpoon from commencal im-which breathms curve partmeters to use and how entical pregnated charcoals. are they to the final penetration results. The third opuon appears to be the most desirable, at least until more data are developed. The selocuon of

8. Apparatus and Procedures parameters would be no more arbettary than the selec.

tion of an average 1)reathing rass usuaNy 64 Umm. for The apparatus used for measunns TEDA desorption testmg. The data of Silverman'ai al.' are avaalable to is diagrammed in Fi. 23. The detector for TED A in air t make these selecucas less artpitrary, was a phototoniauion detector throu6h which aar sam. pies are drawn. Detector response was ampMed and attenuated with the electrometer component and re. Yll. DESORPTION dF TEDA FROM IM. PREGNATED RESPIRATOR CHARCOAL 3 corded on a strip chart. The detector was cahbrated by sublimation of TEDA crystais as 30.0'C into, dowing air. Weight loss rate and dauent air now rates were A. Background measured and used to calculate cahbrance concentra. nons. Data reported eartier (Secuon IV.) have shown A gas chromatograph even was used to control that TEDA,N(C H ),N is an effective charcoalimpres. nant for the trapping of organac forms of radaoeodine 170120*C) of tem beds, the air entenns emperatures from air. Four canimer manufacturers have plans to enem. and the sampling lines. CI'arcoal sarnples of 14 3 cm volume were packed into stainless steel tubes and conunue or bessa packing their radiciodine cantsters held in place by slaas wool This resulted in bed depths of och 3% by weight TEDA.imgated charcoals. l.4 3.6 cct. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - ~ ~ - ~

II"'**' was also tested undar the same conditions to crouce a Photosonisotion reference and to identify arty io, dine release upon ?tating. Pwmo. Ostetter e.en C. Results and Conclusions -0 i 1 y Vent Since breathms through a respirator cartr:dge is not at , S ten h f e ar a Gaed, constant flow rate we first studied the e:Tect of Red Bed airdow velocity. The results shown in Fig. 24 for one of the 5% TED A charcoals show the absence of etTect of now rate over the range 1.6-6.3 cm/s. This implies that Recorder the air was TEDA saturated and the volatilitation rate g,.eved A,, was rapid. Since bed depths also vary for different designs of F. 23. The seestatus used for wweies or TEDA desorption from cartridges and canisters, we also waned this parameter t chereests. Agam, no e: Test was observed IFig. 251. This result. combmed with no velocity etTect. implies that the air Compressed air from cylinders was passed through a Glter of actissted charcoal before use. It was quite dry passed through the impeesnated charcoal was saturated with TEDA vapor. m other words. 'as equilibrium. imtially. For higher humidity studies a fraction or all of Humidity was also varied over a range from !% to the air:1ow was passed through the headspsce of a water 99% RH at 25'C. Dew pomts of -13 : 4'C. I!.1 : reservoir. Resultmg relative humidities were determmed L.4'C. and 24.3 0.7'C were measured at test 3 using a Jaw pomt hygrometer. Two enarcoal beds were placed in the oven m such a conditions of 70*C. 90'C. and !!O'C. At 2!'C these I Jew pomts correspond to relatsve humidities ot'4%. !4%. way that the airtlow could be switched by a valse to either' One bed contamed unimpregnated activated and 99%. Incressms water vapor concentrations Je creased the response of the photoiontzation Jetecte-sharcoal and the other the test charcoal. Air flowed When this response change was taken mio ascJunt. ~ through the former to the detector dunng oven equilibra. Jetectaole changes m TEDA desorption ra:es *ere tion. llpon retchms a steady detector baseline signal the airtlow was switened to the test bed. An upscale signal shift occurred. ne Such signal shift measurements were repeated at the same conditions. often usms a fresh bed. At least three r y amperatures were used for each sharcoal. Signal shifts 'r rs - recorded on the strip were measured with a ruler. multiphed by attenuatiot'. factors, and cornpared wita sabbration cuts es to get TEDA concentrahons (mg/m'L Three kmds of TEDA.unpregnated charcoals from ! j e. commercial sources have been uudied for TEDA de-l sorption. Four of these contained a 3% by weignt 3,, Fo*C loading of TEDA. Another had a mia im- ) pregnated-2% TEDA and 5% KI,. And one charcoal eas impregnated j% with a new compound called "C-E i Alk>t TEDA" or -Heavy TEDA. which has an alkyl i l group. such as ethyl. added to one or more of the e i s i e s a ammew veLocrrt was ethylene bridges. The masa objective is to malie a higher molecular weight cornpound with lower volaulity. The ge,,, et.,ne.,eissey en itDA veeer deseroma gowinon it i.e temeorenwee. added alkyl group should not alTect the rescuve nitro, sens. Another charcoal. impregnated with 3% K! only. e jn e

      • j charactensues (acuvity. surface area, pore struct.re.
cre stas. etc.).

Fig. 27 shows a companson of desorption cones. tra. f g ee. tions of TEDA and Heavy TEDA. Both charcoals *ere from the same manufacturer, who saad the same case O charcoal was used. Note that the Heavy TEDA desorp. 2 ten was about 10 umes lower than that for TEDA. This is what was espected. Et!1ciencies for trapping me:nyl w is l iodide have been found to be similar for both impreg. nanta. 3 rea t c g ~ As we have seen from Figa. 26 and 27. Clapeyron a equauon plots (los C versus 1/T) n linear. This *as espected from analogy with evaporsoon and sublimauon a e a e s P proces.es. The slopes of these plots are directly propor. ses esem w res. 23. Ethan of W esosa se fuoA veeer esserpose senemurs. tonal to heats o( desorpuca. The range of measured heats of desorpoon is shown in Table XIX. The average o e es tarve sanpareams, is 23 kcaVmol. much higher than the 14 kcaumot heat of TEDA sublimanon kom pure cry' stals. The difTerence is observed over these ranges of esperimental parameters. due to TEDA. charcoal interactions. The 23.kcaumot Only dry as was used in other expenments. average corresponds to a doubling of desorpuon concen. For the ordinary 3% TEDA charcoals, desorption tration wah every 3'C rise in temf orature. concentrations varted 'odely (Fig. 26). For example, at Another use of the Clapeyron equauon plots is ( 90*C the range war 4 to 44 mg/m. The mixed extrapolation to lower temperatures where TEDA de 3 impregnant charcoal gave a value of 6 mg/m. at the sorption is too smail to measure directly. Such estrapola-8 lower end of this range. No odine or other desorbing uons to 23'C yielded the TEDA vapor concentrauens shown m Table XX. vapors were detected from the 3% K! (only)im. pregnated charcoal up to 120*C. The most important conclusion from these studies is shown in this table: the maaimum desorbed TEDA The differences in desorpoon rates for the fout 3% TEDA charcoals are sigasticant. They may be due to vapor concentracon at 23'C was calculated to be 0.12 impregasuon methods or due to the chatcoal base rfm8esafWE f*Cs see noe se .see ye 498 l P $5 Tg0A CleadCSaae '88 ' g lee - '2e SBbTgDA i w.. l i i I r1 3a 37 N l' l N 3a W 30 M 3e IOCEleOCA4 fleeWafWE EM <%"'I setEleOCA& FEmeWAfWe es0TM Ph. 2d. Clapoyeen piens Aur TEDA veper emnerted ben M Tf DA Fg. 27. Clapoyven pisse der vapor deserted hose a *nermes* Tt 3 A saarenets ime Aeous ear. g cAeresal s'as a "lleevy* TEDA enereeni. )i

3 mg/m. No toxicological data are available for TED A. cf methyl.odide peaks to ths !ectron ca:ture detecter but this is we!! below the Threshold Limit Va!ues for n'alco Instrument Co. Model 14081. Eacn sampie l similar amines, w hich range from 4 m g, m for 8 passes enrough its own column i1.0 or 0.6 m longi *ita diethylenetriamine tcr-a0 mg/m' for tnethylamine. its mdividually controlled carrier gas now rate to ac. Therefore. U'ere should be no totic hazard from using complish this. A third s ajve momentarily vents tne TEDA. impregnated enarcoals up to the 5s by weight etT1uent from both columns to keep air from passmg (c, ci, through the detector. A downstream sampling loop 10 times larger than the upstream one gises methyl iodide Ylli. TEST A DaRATUS DEVELOPMENT peaks closer together m size during the earlier stages of bed penetration. Tnese improvements, thc substitution of Ouring the course of this project sescral expenmental a dew pomt hygrometer (EG&G. Model 91ti for a apparatuses have been built arr.' used for challenging and resistance type hygrometer, and high output generation u nung sorbent beds canisters, and cartndges. The two of methyl iodide from permeation tubes were major Steps . rtiest apparatuses have been desenbed elsewhers' and to 'he Gnal test apparatus design. r.. Section 111 and Fig. 2 of this report. Uter experiments with radioeodine were completed the The Gnal test apparatus, pictured in Fig. 28. contams analytical instrumentation for sampling and measunns m one unit on wheels (1) air now, humidity, and methyl sodide in air was redesigned and rebuilt. Goals temperature control (2) methyl iodide generator, t)) sampling pumps and autornatic samplers. (4) dual c.6 rett compactness. Simplicity. automation, and low cost. Sanp4ng valves and loops were mounted m a heat valve umn gas chromatograph with sampling valves and ovas.'*rfe Instrument Inc.. Model 4300) to overcome electron capture detector, and (3) data integrator with chait recorder. It requires for operation (t} compressed the proolem of water condensation dunng high humidity air. t 2) distilled water. ( 3) argon / methane carrier gas. and tests. A more efficient gas chromatograpn column pack-

14) electne power. Two Respirator Cartndse/ Canister inc Porapak Q.5) for separating methyliodide from air Test Systems base been built.one for our use and one for was found. This made possible smaller columns that also NIOSH. The capabilities are could be mounted m the valve oven and elimmated the Temperature: Ambient-40'C need for a separate large gas chromatograph. Two Oew Pomt: $2!'C sampling s alves were ganged by gears for simultaneous Airdow Rate: S l00 L/mm (Constant >

sampling upstream and downstream of a test canister. Penetration Fraction: 20.001 This elimmated the need for interpolating between peak Challenge Concentration: 30.1 ppm CH,1 areas of alternate samples when making compansons. Advantages of havmg two units mclude the :sonboities Simultaneous sampling requires dtfferent times of arnval to con 6rm tesung results, to help NIC/ H

  • it. i TABLE XX. Triethylenediamme Desorption Charcoal Heat of Desorption Vapor Contentradon impregnanes IkcaVmoll at 23'C Ims/m')

$% TEDA 19.6 0.12 23.2 0.032 3 t.6 0.0003 26.6 0.0034 2% TEDA 28.3 0.0011 3% KI, $N H.TEDA 19.0 0.016

I troubleshooting, and to provide backup in case of major in November 1981. meedngs were held in Rr<kwe. breakdowns. MD, with NRC and NIOSH personnel to reSne some :( A detailed and descnptive 'operat ons manual for this these proposals. We ident:6ed probable mammum use i ~ test system has been *ntten" and will not be repeated condihons (90'F or 32*C; 100% RH). The proposal o( here. The table of contents is give.n in the Appendia of user discretion m setting service hfe based on data to te tais report to illustrate the inforriadon provided to the provided on work rates and breathing volumes was NRC and NIOSH. It includes <liagrams, photographs. rejected, since it was felt that user knowledge *as often specificauons, instructions, precauuons and component inadequate and the radioeodine has no warning manu als. propertes in case of overuse. We identSed some addi. The first draft was subjectr.4 to an evaluation sug. tional use restncuens (interferences, storage, maumum gested by Donald Campbell of NIOSH. Five technicians conceritracon. facepiece performances, etc.) that must te and stalimembers not famdiar with the apparatus were part of the approval. Another revised set of tesung given the instrucuens and apparatus and asked to conditions (30'C and 25'c at 50% RH and 85% RH) perform a cartridge test. These evalusuons revealed was proposed. Steps necessary for follow.up of this some unclear and out ohsequence instructions and meeting were agreed upon. provided useful suggesuons for improvements. The Snal l draft oss once asam evaluated in this way to make sure The ANSI Ad Hoc Respiraser Tesung rad Approval Subcommittee meetsng in Los Alamos in December 1981 i the changes had beers efft.ctive. was another good opportumty to discusa relevant sub. In the light of the dist.overy of si mScant cyclic Sow l effects, this apparatus and manual will need to be jects with representatives from many industry and gov. ernment organiaanona. modded to include a breathing simulator pump and Approval requirements were modded to allow'several i associated paru (Sectnn VI.D.), classes of approvals by humaday range thigh and moderate) and mimmum service life for 1% penetration: IL DEVELOpMINT OF APPROYAL CRITERIA FOR RADl0100'.NE CANISTERS High Humsdhy. 30 muutes at 30'C and Half Hour 100% RH A. History High Humidhy. 60 minutes at 30'C and Preliminary proposals for approval (acceptance) cntena wwe presemed and discussed as NRC and Moderata Humsdity. 60 meentes at 30'C arid NIOSH in February 1981. Tomas soodinens proposed One Hour 73% RH were 0.3 ppm CH81 chausage as ed Umia. 23'C. sad two humidices. 50% and 83% RM. Asr hoshly opened Modwate Humidity. 120 minutes at 30*C arte fnot equilibtased) enmissere. Amapsette semco live: Two Hours 73% RH proposed wwe 8 hours as 30% RH and 3 hours at 43% The reasons for more than one class of approvals are i b RH. which entrapeleens se 2 heure' assimum as 100% to allow some curiant canisters to be approved and (2) to R H. provide mcenave for manufacturers to develop improved Furthw discussons and addideaal esperimenu led to camsters for higher cleaos (i.e Hi k Humidity. Eight l a revised set of propenale in Apnl 1901. Testing at a Hours)of approveL hisher temperature (30*C) was added. Close control of The approval schedule shoeid sino insinde periodic RH (a2%) and T (al*C) was required. A issung to ven$ shal(lifp elaise e(manufacturere. teorodumbdity requerunsamt of s10% on servuc life Additional use ressnesione thes must be put ines the measurements was propeesd. as was idsdefbag servue regulations for use and on approvellakets include life in terms o( total treeshed volume, inessed o(in terms Not to be uand in the preennes of organic solvent i of tsme of use. A icC t indussnel hygienist or . a por s. supervisor would then be abis to cairulass a service life

2. To be stored in sealed, humsday barrier packaging based on T. RM. and wort level Thees ideas were in cool dry esmronmente, discussed over the nest several months with vanous J. Service life is to he calculased from the time of interested partaan, g

unsealing includent penods of ass espesure.

i T l i 1 l e e mammm... :, j ....+ \\ M L* Ml g j 1 f,.), r m Y b M.M l ~'~ '..3. Ce 9 ~. \\ h, y I 0 { M t 4 i

.n.

. v. :. M . r-t L i Fi. 28. Apparssgg deve6eped for loowig reeenodes tattodges sad sadiiMaert teaumy sambyt asunde. l I'

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