ML20204H601

Age Related Degradation Insp (ARDI) Program Technical Requirements Document for Mechanical Systems

ML20204H601
Person / Time
Site:	Calvert Cliffs
Issue date:	01/29/1999
From:	Conner J, Falk R, Ludlow C BALTIMORE GAS & ELECTRIC CO.
To:
Shared Package
ML20204H598	List: ML20204H591 ML20204H601
References
ES-045, ES-45, NUDOCS 9903290111
Download: ML20204H601 (46)

Text

_

y CALVERT CLIFFS ENGINEERING STANDARD Number: ES-045 AGE RELATED DEGRADATION INSPECTION (ARDI)

PROGRAM TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT FOR MECHANICAL SYSTEMS Revision 00 Effective: lfIfhh I L g Type 1 0 Type 2 Writer (s):

M e

Date: _l/243/9 9 U

J. T. Conner Technical Date: /

D Reviewer:

[

R. J. Falk

/

Sponsor:

Al l

Date:

I 2i N

/

C. J. Ludlow

-~

Approved:

Date:

I7f7 Gener'al Supervisor - Design Engineering PDR DC 05000317 P

PDR

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)

i, ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 2 of 46 TABLE OFCONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCT10N

....................S 2.0 ARDI PROG RAM DESCRIPTION

...~..

3.0 CATALOG OF SYSTEMS

...........7 4.0 GENERAL AGING MECHANISM DESCRIPTIONS FOR PIPING SYSTEMS

.....10 4.1 Crevice Corrosion....

.10 4.2 Pitting.....

I3 4.3 General Corrosion

... I 6 4.4 Erosicn Corrosion..................~.

17 4.5 Selective Leaching........... -...... -

-19 4.6 Wear =

_.20 4.7 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion....~.~.

-21 4.8 Stress Corrosion Cracking

.22 4.9 Elastomer And Rubber Degradation.

.24 4.10 Galvanic Corrosion -

.25 4.11 Fatigue..-......

.26 4.12 Particulate Wear Corrosion-

.28 S.0 SAMPLING METilODOLOGY AND LOCATION SELECTION DESCRIPTION

~.... 28 5.1 Determination of Base Po,ulation and PotentialInspection Locations...

28 5.2 PotentialSample Locations

_29 5.3 Sample Size Determination.....

.31 5.4 Location Selection.......... - -.... -...

......... 3 4 6.0 INSPECTION METHODOLOGIES --

....... 3 5 6.1 Crevice Corrosion..........

.. 35 6.2 Pitting......

... 36 6.3 General Corrosion....

_36 6.4 Erosion Corrosion.....

-36 6.5 Selective Leaching =

.36 6.6 Wear.

.,.37 6.7 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion...................

... 37 6.8 Stress Corrosion Cracking....

-38 6.9 Elastomer And Rubber Degradation.

-38 6.10 Galvanic Corrosion.....

39 6.11 Fatigue... -.....

.39 6.12 Particulate Wear Corrosion.-

.. 40

ES-045 Age Related Degradation inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 3 of 46 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) 7.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

..... 40 7.1 Crevice Corrosion --

_.40 7.2 Pitting --

=40 7.3 General Corrosion --

40

.41 l

7.4 Erosion Corrosion..-.............

7.5 Selective Leaching

41 7.6 Wear..

41 7.7 Microbiologicallyinfluenced Corrosion.......

.41 7.8 Stress Corrosion Cracking.. _.........-....

..... 41 7.9 Elastomer And Rubber Degradation -

..41 l

7.10 Galvanic Corrosion.......

2 4

7.11 Fatigue...

..... 42 1

7.12 Particulate Wear Erosion--

..... 42 8.0 CORRECTIVE ACTIONS

... 42

9.0 REFERENCES

43

l ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 3

Page 4 of 46 J

EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

SHEET j

i l

Revision Summary of Change j

0 This is the initial issue of this Engineering Standard.

i l

l 1

l i

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(,

ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0

=

Page5 of46

1.0 INTRODUCTION

)

l 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this Engineering Standard is to provide the techr.ical requirements for the development of System inspection Scope Report (SISR), and disposition of the inspection results in the Final ARDI System Report (FASR). Administrative control of the mechanical ARDI program is contained in EN-1 ll8. De information in this document consists of methodology and guidance to support evaluation of determination of:

l System Population Determination, Mechanism effects,-

Determination of Sample Size, Selection of Sample Locations, Inspection Methodologies, Inspection Acceptance Criteria, and Corrective Actions.

His standard includes a description of the ARDI program and a samary of the systems and age-related degradation mechanisms (ARDMs) subject to Age Related Degradation inspections (ARDI).

l 1.2 Scope / Applicability The scope of the ARDI Program is based on commitments made to the NRC as part of the CCNPP License Renewal application. De evaluations that were performed as part of the Integrated Plant Assessment (IPA) identify specific device types (or items) and associated aging mechanisms which require inspection by the ARDI program to ensure satisfactory management of aging effects during the period of extended operation. The results of these evaluations are the system Aging Management Review Reports (AMRRs) [12,39,41,42,43,49-63].

Dese results are summarized in the License Renewal Application (LRA)[64,65]. De AMRR's and the LRA identify all items and mechanisms which require an ARDI to ensure adequate management i

through the renewal period. De development of each system SISR will require reference to AMRR and LRA to establish a detailed scope of applicability.

l 2.0 AGE-RELATED DEGRADATION INSPECTION PROGRAM 2.1 '

Program Overview As part (Jthe BGE license renewal effort, each passive long lived system, structure or component within the scope of License Renewal has to be evaluated to identify all potential age related degradation mechanisms. Elimination of postulated mechanisms is performed based on two criteria. First, the mechanism is emclusively shown to not be possible given the system, J

environment, and materials. Or, the effects of the mechanism, if left unmanaged, could not impact the license renewal function of the item. De result of this elimination process is a i

conservative listing of all " plausible ARDMs. That is, an ARDM is considered to be plausible for a specific item if, when allowed to continue without prevention, mitigation measures or l

enhanced monitoring techniques,it could not be shown that the item would maintain its capability l

to perform its intended passive function throughout the period of extended operation. He evaluation of the function of each system, structure, and component, and the determination of

" plausibility" of each ARDM are contained in the Aging Management Review Reputs which have been compiled based on a system or commodity grouping.

p l

ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 6 of 46 2.1 Program Overview (Continued) l Once all plausible ARDMs are identified, a disposition of the management of the ARDM during j

the renewal period is required. Because the list of plausible ARDMs includes all mechanisms which could not be absolutely shown to not exist, a ponion of the ARDMs have a very low l

l likelihood of existence. In many cases, however, the ARDM have a high likelihood of existance.

Furthermore, the majority of the ARDMs are managed or can be managed through existing l

programs and practices such as the Preventive Maintenance Program. Based on this, the plausible ARDMs can be grouped into three categories:

1.

Known or highly probable wh;ch are ma saged by existing plant programs.

2.

Known or highly probable ARDMs which are managed by existing programs (e.g.,

chemistry controls), but there is no existing conclusive evidence of the effectiveness of the program.

i 3.

Highly unlikely which may require confirmation detennm' ation only.

The first item requires no further action since the aging mechanism is already being adequately managed. The second item requires an inspection to demonstrate the effectiveness of an existing l

aging management program, or to show that the mechanism is not occurring to a significant degree. The third item requires an inspection to demonstrate that a degradation mechanism is not occurring or that, ifit is occurring, does not effect the intended passive function of the item for the license renewal period. The later two items which require inspection constitute the basis for the ARDI scope.

As part of the AMRR, a strategy to manage each plausible mechanism has been developed. In cases where there is little documented evidence with regard to the effectiveness of a mitigation program relative to the period of extended operation which is being proposed to manage an ARDM, it is necessary to establish the credibility or confidence level for the effectiveness of the 1

mitigation program. One way that this can be done is by direct inspection to determine the condition of the item relative to the anticipated condition. These inspections are called ARDIs (Age Related Degradation Inspections).

A second reason to perform an ARDI would be to address those mechanisms in the third ARDM category listed above. If the ARDM is very unlikely to occur or unlikely to occur at a rate which represents a challenge to the intended function of an item for the period of extended operation, an inspection or series ofinspections could be performed to demonstrate the ARDM does not exist or exists in a minimal way such that it does not represent a credible challenge to the passive intended function of the item. It could be concluded that funher management is not necessary.

Conversely, if the ARDM is found to exist, the scope ARDI would have to be expanded if there is a reasonable expectation that the confidence limits can be met. Once the ARDI sample is done, the issue either is documented closed for License Renc' al or goes into corrective action for implementation oflong term management actions.

l L

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~. - ~~. - ~ ~

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ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 7 of 46 2.1 Program Overview (Continued)

He implementation of ARDI is performed on a system level. The process for completing the required ARDi(s) for any particular system consists of the following steps (a process flow chart is included in EN-1-118):

1.

Generate the SISR (EN-1-118)

For Each ARDM:

Identify the population of components, items, or susceptible locations (AMRR)

Determine Minimum Sample Size (EN-1-ll8 and ES-045 Section 5.0)

{

Bias the population based on likelihood of occurrence Detennination ofinspection locations (EN-1-118 and ES-045 Section 5.0)

Identification ofinspection methodology (EN-1 118 and ES-045 Section 6.0)

• - Development of acceptance criteria (EN-1 118 and ES-045 Section 7.0) 2.

Perform Inspections (Using Maintenance and NDE processes) 3.

Evaluate Results (EN-1-118) 4.

Corrective Actions (EN-1-118 and ES-045 Section 8.0)

Scope Expansion Inclusion ofInstrument Lines 5.

Generate FASR (EN-1-118) 3.0 CATALOG OF SYSTEMS Due to chemistry, process, and system environment differences, not all systems and equipment are subject to the same ARDMs. A listing of systems and associated ARDMs are subject to ARDIs is shown in Table 3-1. This table was generated from the CCNPP LRA.

1 Due to the vast difference in system operation, three of the systems mentioned in the CCNPP LRA are outside the scope of this document. Dese systems are Component Structures, Electrical Panels, and Cables. Dese systems will be addrectu elsewhere.

1 Additionally, five of the systems covered in this document have already been addressed in great detail in I

EPRI TR-107514[4]. Dese five systems are the Main Feedwater, Safety injection, Service Water, Component Cooling, and Containment Spray Systems. [67,68,69,70,71]

A listing of component abbreviations used in this report is included as Table 3-2.

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ES-045 l

' Age Relited Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 9 of 46

)

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3.0 CATALOG OF SYSTEMS (Continued) i Table 3-2 Listime of Comnonent Abbreviations

{

l Abbreviation Component ACC accumulator AVV automatic vent BS basket strainer i

CEASB control element assembly shroud and bolts CKV check valve CSTR core shroud tie rod and bolts CV controlvalve DAMP damper DT drain trap DUCT duct ENC encapsulation FAN fan FE flow element FL filter FO flow orifice GD gravity damper GOV governor valve HD manualdamper HV hand valve HX heat exchanger IX demineralizer/ ion exchanger LT level transmitter MOV motor operated valve MUFF mufYler PCV prdsure controlvalve PUMP pump RE radiation element RV reliefvalve SV solenoid valve TE temperature element Tl temperature indicator TIC temperature irdicating conooller l

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TP temperature test point RJRB turbine YS wye strainer l

\\

o ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 10 of 46 4.0 GENERAL AGING MECHANISM DESCRIPTIONS FOR PIPING SYSTEMS j

4.1 Crevice Corrosion Intensive localind corrosion frequently occurs within crevices and other shielded areas on metal surfaces exposed to corrosives.. His type of attack is usually associated with small volumes of stagnant solution caused by holes, gasket surfaces, lap joints, surface deposits, and crevices under boh and rivet heads.

1 Examples of deposits that may produce crevice corrosion (or deposit attack) are sand, dirt, corrosion products, and other solids. The deposit acts as a shield and creates a stagnant condition thereunder. The deposit could also be a penneable corrosion product. Contact between metal and nonmetallic surfaces can cause crevice corrosion as in the case of a gasket. Wood, plastics, d

rubber, glass, concrete, asbestos, wax, and fabrics are examples of materials that can cause this type of corrosion. Stainless steels are particularly susceptible to crevice attack, j

Although branch lines such as' instrument lines abo provide stagnant flow regions,the temperature in these lines should be much less than main flow lines, which minimizes this corrosion mechanism.

To function as a corrosion site, a crevice must be wide enough to permit liquid entry but sufficiently narrow to maintain a stagnant zone. For this reason, crevice corrosion usually occurs at openings a few thousandths of an inch or less in width (see Figure 41). It rarely occurs within wide (e.g.,1/8 inch) grooves or slots. Fibrous gaskets, which have a wick action, form a completely stagnant solution in contact with the flange face; this condition fonns an almost ideal crevice corrosion site.

To illustrate the basic mechanism of crevice corrosion, consider a riveted plate section of metal M (e.g., iron or steel) immersed in chloride-containing water as shown in Figure 4-2. He ryerall reaction involves the dissolution of metal M and the reduction of oxygen to hydroxide ions.

Oxidation M -+

M*+e Reduction 0: + 2H 0 + 4e -+ 40lf 2

Initially, these reactions occu, uniformly over the entire surface, including the interior of the crevice. Charge conservation is maintained in both the metal and solution. Every electron produced during the formation of a metal ion is immediately consumed by the oxygen reduction reaction. Also, one hydroxyl ion is produced for every metal ion in the solution. After a short interval, the oxygen within the crevice is depleted because of the restricted convection, so oxygen reduction ceases in this area. This, by itself, does not cause any change in corrosion behavior.

Since the area within a crevice is usually very small compared with the external area, the overall rate of oxygen reduction remains almost unchanged. Herefore, the rate of corrosion within and without the crevice remains equal.

l I

ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page11of46 4.1 Crevice Corrosion (Continued)

Oxygen depletion has an important indirect influence, which becomes more pronounced with increasing exposure. After oxygen is depleted, no further oxygen reduction occurs, although the dissolution of metal M continues as shown in Figure 4-3. This tends to produce an excess of positive charge in the solution (M+), which is necessarily balanced by the migration of chloride' lons into the crevice. This results in an increased concentration of metal chloride within the crevice.

4 Fleure 4-1 Crevice width Rfract on Crevice Denth (1) anni Corr ~ta= Rate (2) I181 1

90 4

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a p

Z O h

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be e$o e.ss e.se e.as CFtEVICE' WIDTH Emmt i

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u ES-045

- Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 12 of 46 4.1 Crevice Corrosion (Continued)

As the corrosion within the crevice increases, the rate of oxygen reduction on adjacent surfaces also increases, as shown in Figure 4-3. His cathodically protects the external surfaces. Thus j

during crevice corrosion the attack is localized within shielded areas, while the remaining surface i

suffers little or no damage.

j Fimure 4-3 1.efer Einee of Crevice Corra=Ia=

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ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 18 of 46 l

4.4 Erosion Corrosion (Continued)

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Areas of flow impingement or turbulent flow are more likely to experience crosion corrosion.

Some examples include: the turbulent region at the inlet ends of tubing in shell-and-tube heat i

exchangers, where liquid flows from the larger exchanger head into the smaller tubes; also pump j

impellers and steam turbine blades. Within piping, impingement occurs at locations where the flow changes direction, such as elbows and tees, so these areas are more susceptible to erosion corrosion. Local geometrical discontinuities, such as backing rings for welding, can create turbulence that leads to attack.

Firure 4-6 Renresentative Erosion Corrosion Material Lost Rates [19]

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y ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Pre gram Revision 0 Page 19 of 46 4.4 Erosion Corrosion (Continued)

The methods to prevent or minimize erosion corrosion damage are as follows:

Use corrosion resistant materials or protective coatings.

Design systems to reduce flow velocity, turbulence, and impingement effects. For example, use larger pipe diameters and streamline bend areas.

Add extra thickness at vulnerable locations or install replaceable impingement plates or baffles.

Add inhibitors to the fluid environment a:. Lh r out solid impuritier.

Reduce operating temperature as much as possible.

Use cathodic protection.

Visual inspection can be used to determine if erosion corrosion damage has occurred. Erosion corrosion appears as grooves, gullies, waves, rounded holes, or valleys, and usually exhibits a directional pattern. He extent of pipe wall thinning due to erosion corrosion is usually measured with ultrasonic testing, occasionally supplemented with radiography.

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4.5 Selective Leaching l

Selective leaching is the removal of one element from a solid alloy by corrosion processes. He i

most common example is the selective removal of zine in brass alloys (dezincification). Similar processes occur in alloys where aluminum, iron, cobalt, chromium, and other elements are I

removed. Overall dimensions do not change sipificantly when leaching occurs, and sudden j

failure can result due to the poor strength of the dealloyed material. There are two general types of dezincification: uniform (layer type) and localized (plug type). Both types are easily recognizable and can be seen with the naked eye as a red or copper coloring in contrast to the original yellow color of the brass. He layer type of dezincification is more likely in brasses with higher zinc content and acid environments. Plug type dezincification occurs more often in lower zinc brasses and neutral, alkaline, or slightly acidic conditions. Dezincification is more likely in stagnant areas because of scale formation or depositing on the metal surface. The higher the zine content of the brass, the more extensive the dezincification. For example, Muntz metal (40%

zinc) and red brass (15% zine) were exposed to a chloride solution for several menths. He loss of tensile strength of the Muntz metal was 100%, while the red brass loss lost only 5% of its tensile strength.

De commonly accepted theoretical mechanism for dezincification consists of three steps:

1) i the brass dissolves,2) zine ions stay in solution, and 3) the copper plates back on. His model is based on the fact that zinc is much more reactive than copper. Oxygen increases the rate of attack when present, but the process can occur in water without the presence of dissolved oxygen.

Dezincification can be prevented by the following:

Reduce the aggressiveness of the environment.

Use cathodic protection.

Use a less susceptible alloy, such as: brasses with lower zinc, such as red brass; alloys with tin (Admiralty Metal) or other inhibitors (arsenic, antimony, phosphorus).

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1 ES-045 Age Rel:ted Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 20 of 46 l

4.5 Selective Leaching (Continued) l Selective leaching of gray cast iron can occur when iron or steel is removed, leaving the graphite network (graphitization). He surface layer takes on the appearance of graphite and becomes soft.

l The mechanism occurs because graphite is cathodic to iron, creating a galvanic cell that dissolves j

the iron, leaving a porous mass behind. De cast iron loses its strength, even thought the attack can appear superficial. Graphitization proceeds slowly, with the extent of strength loss dependent on the depth of attack. Nodular or malleable cast irons and white cast iron are not susceptible to i

graphitization.

l Visual inspection can be used to detect selective leaching by checking for material loss and the characteristic appearance ofleaching on surfaces such as brass. Other non-destructive techniques can be used to measure the extent of damage, such as the measurement of wall thinning with j

ultrasonic testing.

l 4.6 Wear Wear is defined as the loss of material from a surface by transfer to another surface or the creation of wear debris. Wear is probably the most important factor in deterioration of machinery with l

moving parts, leading to reduced performance and shortened operating life. A number of methods i

of rJassifying wear have been proposed. Modern research has established four primary wear mechanisms: adhesive wear, abrasive wear, surface fatigue wear (spalling or pitting), and corrosive wear.

i l

Adhesive wear is the most common and predictable type of wear and therefore rarely results in sudden failures. Adhesive wear occurs due to the welding together and subsequent shearing of asperites on metal surfaces that are sliding past each other, Wear studies have shown that the amount of adhesive wear is proportional to normal load and sliding distance. Hard materials are usually more resistant to wear due to reduced plastic deformation and low coefficient of adhesion.

Lubrication reduces the coefficient of friction and the amount of material removal because the lubricant helps to prevent adhesive bonding betwcen the surfaces. To minimize adhesive wear, the following factors should be considered:

4 Use of appropriate lubrication.

Use of as hard a material as possible.

e Use of materials that have low interaction, i.e., low adhesion to each other, such as a e

l metal and a non-metal.

I Abrasive wear occurs when two surfaces are in sliding contact and one of the surfaces is harder and rougher than the other. Damage also can occur when one of the surfaces contains abrasive imbedded particles. The resulting effect is a plowing action; the harder asperites or particles create grooves or furrows in the softer material. Abrasive wear is more dangerous than adhesive l

wear due to high wear rates that may result in sudden, catastrophic failure. For example, the l

introduction of a contaminant into a system can result in rapid, unexpected abrasive damage.

l There are three main types of abrasive wear: gouging - massive physical deformation caused by a large diameter abrasive driven along the surface under heavy loading; grinding - material removal by small abrasive grains located between two surfaces in sliding contact; and erosion - wear of a surface due to impingement of abrasive grains suspended in a fluid. De primary method of reducing abrasive wear is to use a material thy has a surface hardness greater than that of the abrasive. His can be accomplished through the use of harder alloys, heat treatments, or surface j

l hardness treatments, such as nitriding. If possible, the system should be kept free of abrasive contaminants.

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ES-045 Age Related Degradation InspectiIn (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 21 of 46 4.6 Wear (Continued)

Surface fatigue wear occurs due to repeated application of relatively low stresses. For example, continuous rolling contact in bearings can result in pitting of the surface. Surface fatigue is similar to fatigue of bulk specimens. However, surface fatigue life test data shows greater fluctuation than bulk fatigue life data, and a fatigue limit stress, below which damage does not occur, does not exist for surface fatigue wear. Percussive mechanical wear occurring on mutually-impacting surfaces is referred to as impact wear. Metals with high toughness are most resistant to impact wear. Toughness is the ability to absorb energy by plastic deformation before failing.

Because materials with high toughness may be too soft, the materials are surface-hardened or j

plated to provide hardness at the contact region. Alternatively, a soft coating can be applied to provide reduction and damping of contact forces. Plain caibon steels and alloy steels are suitable for impact wear applications because of the variability of properties that can be obtained by proper heat treatment and alloying.

Corrosive wear occurs when the environment surrounding a sliding surface interacts chemically with it. De first step in corrosive wear is the initial corrosive attack of an exposed surface, which forms a protective film of reaction products. nis film is subsequently wom away as a result of the sliding action.

Wear can be detected visually by looking for pitting, galling, or other gross surface damage. In some cases the damaged surface will appear smooth or even polished. He amount of material loss can be quantified by weighing, mechanical gauging, or other more sophisticated techniques.

4.7 Microbiologically influenced Corrosion Microbiologically influenced Corrosion (MIC) is the deterioration of a metal by corrosion processes that occur directly or indirectly as a result of the activity of living organisms. These organisms include micro forms such as bacteria and macro types such as algae and barnacles.

Biological activity can lead to corrosive damage in a varie'y of environments including soil, natural water, seawater, and natural petroicera products. Many documented cases of MIC have been recorded in the chemical-processing, nuclear power, oil field, and underground pipeline l

industries, nis section will focus on MIC in nuclear power plants, i

MIC is a widespread problem in the nuclear power industry. It can occur in steel and nearly all alloys except titanium and in all plant systems. Many different organisms are involved in MIC, but evidence indicates that the following are of principal importance: deposit forming iron and manganese bacteria, slime-forming Pseudomonas type of bacteria, the deposit forming and iron reducing Bacillus type organisms, and the sulfate reducing bacteria. MIC damage occurs because organisms on the metal surface can affect the anodic and cathodic reactions, alter protective surface films, create corrosive conditions such as acidic by products, or produce deposits that can lead to crevice corrosion. MIC generally takes the form of discrete deposits on the metal surface, with pits forming underneath the deposits. In stainless steels, MIC attack usually occurs at or adjacent to welds. Usually the pits have small entrance holes with larger subsurface cavities underneath. In some cases, tubercules (build-up of microbes, corrosion products, and debris) can i

form on metal surfaces, causing pitting underneath or severe impediment of flow.

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w ES-045 Age Rehted Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 22 of 46 i

4.7 Microbiologically influenced Corrosion (Continued) ne primary environmental factors affecting the presence of organisms associated with MIC are j

temperature, pressure, pH, water content, salinity, redox potential, and quantities of nutrients j

available. Microbes are most often found in the temperature range of 32' F to 180' F, but they l

can also grow in temperatures as low as O'F or as high as 400* F. Most organisms can tolerate pressures up to 4500 psi, and in some cases up to 15,000 psi. Organisms can grow in environments having a pH of 1 through II, with particular organisms preferring more or less j

acidic conditions. All living organisms require liquid water for survival; however, microbes can live through dry periods, so intermittent drying of equipment may not prevent MIC. Many organisms require some degree of salt content in the environment, but the concentration level can be very low. Microbes can require the presence of oxygen (aerobic type), the absence of oxygen (anaerobic type), or can grow under either condition (facultatively anaerobic). Organisms from each of these groups are involved in MIC. Organisms require organic and/or inorganic (anunonia, nitrate, methane, etc.) molecules for energy and growth. However, removing nutrient molecules from bulk water (e.g., demineralization) may not prevent MIC because nutrient molecules can accumulate at pipe and tank surfaces, allowing bacteria to grow at these locations.

He primary method of preventing MIC in nuclear plants is through water treatment. Rese treatments consist of biocides (chlorine, bromine, etc.), which kill the organisms; chemical cleaning agents, which clean metal surfaces of microbes, scale, and corrosion products; and corrosion inhibitors, which help to reduce both MIC and non-MIC corrosion. Additional factors which can reduce or prevent MIC include:

Maintain high flow velocity to prevent attachment of organisms to surfaces.

Use mechanical cleaning of surfaces to remove deposits,

=

Keep systems clean continuously from fabrication through start-up, operation, and o

outages, and avoid standing water during outages.

Operate above 180* F when possible.

MIC can often be identified visually by evidence of deposits and discoloration. However, to determine the specific organism and mechanism involved, laboratory testing is required.

4.8 Stress Corrosion Cracking Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)is cracking caused by the simultaneous presence of tensile stress and a corrosive medium. During SCC, the metal is virtually unattached over most of its surface, while fine cracks progress through it. De cracks create the impression of brittleness in the material because little or no macroscopic plastic deformation occurs. A metal that suffers from SCC appears normal except for the cracked region, and maintains typical mechanical strength properties. De three necessary conditions for SCC are:

i

1) Susceptible material

2) Tensile stress (can be applied, residual, or both)

3) Corrosive environment

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ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 23 of 46 4.8 Stress Corrosion Cracking (Continued)

The cracks normally proceed perpendicularly to the tensile stress, and are very narrow in shape.

SCC is a progressive failure similar to fatigue. The cracks grow gradually until a critical size is obtained, sometimes resulting in sudden brittle fracture of the remaining material. In other cases, the cracks grow away from high stress areas and stop when no longer stressed in tension. SCC occurs along grain boundaries (Intergranular) or across grains (transgranular). Both types can occur in the same alloy. The mechanism of SCC is not fully understood and involves complex interactions of metal, interface, and environment properties.

The major factors affecting SCC are temperature, solution composition, metal composition and structure, and stress. SCC is accelerated by increasing temperature. Most alloys susceptible to SCC will begin to crack above 212* F. Different materials require different solution compositions for SCC to occur. Oxidizers such as dissolved oxygen and chlorides can lead to cracking of 304 stainless steel. Alternate wetting and drying can cause concentration of corrosives such as chloride, resulting in rapid and severe SCC damage. Pure metals are usually more resistant to cracking. SCC susceptibility is a function of alloy composition; for example, SCC resistance of stainless steels increases as the ferrite percentage is increased inconel, with a higher nickel content, is more resistant than 304 stainless steel. Carbon steels are more resistant to SCC than stainless steels. Alloys that have been sensitized during fabrication, such as during welding, are more susceptible to SCC. Increased stress decreases the time for cracking to initiate. The minimum stress required for SCC depends on the environment and material. In pure water conditions, the threshold stress is believed to be greater than the at-temperature yield stress.

However, under some conditions, SCC can occur at 10% of yield.

Numerous cases of SCC failures in nuclear power plants have been documented. 'llese failures include cracking of A 286 reactor coolant pump bolting, SCC of Alloy 600 steam generator tubing, and intergranular SCC of stainless steel piping. Methods of reducing or preventing SCC are as follows:

Lower the tensile stress below the threshold, if known.

• Eliminate corrosives in the environment.

Change the material to a more resistant alloy.

Use cathodic protection.

- Add corrosion inhibitors or protective coatings.

Employ shot-peening to produce compressive residual stress in the material.

Use improved welding procedures to reduce sensitization and eliminate tensile residual stresses in the heat-affected zone.

Cracks resulting from SCC can be detected visually or with magnetic panicle or die penetrant testing. Component history, crack characteristics, and microstructural features are used to identify SCC. Identification of SCC can be difficult and is often confused with other types of fracture.

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l ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 24 of 46 4.9 Elastomer and Rubber Degradation l

An elastomer is a material that can be stretched to significantly greater than original length and, upon immediate release of the stress, will return with force to approximately its original length.

When an elastomer ages, there are three mechanisms primarily involved:

1.

Scission - the process of breaking molecular bonds, typically due to ozone attack, UV light, or radiation.

2.

Crosslinking - the process of creating molecular bonds between adjacent long-chain molecules, typically due to oxygen attack, heat or curing l

3.

Compound ingredient evaporation, leaching, mutation, etc.

Scission and crosslinking have major impact on physical property change. Scission results in increased elongation, decreased tensile strength, and decreased modulus. Crosslinking results in changes opposite to scission, i.e. decreased elongation, increased tensile strength, and increased modulus.

Natural aging tests indicate that where there is a significant property change in a polymer, it appears that it occurs within the first five to ten years after initial formulation / curing. Measurable properties which change include hardness, modulus, elongation, tensile strength, and compression set.

The compounding ingredients used in an elastomer / rubber can be more important in judging water resistance than the elastomer itself. Hydrophilic compounding materials should be avoided if the amount of water absorbed is an important consideration. All clastomers will absorb water, but the rate of penetration is very slow. ne bulk of a thick product may remain unaffected for the whole of the projected service life. He deterioration in properties due to absorbed water is typically not great.

For valve seating applications, rubber / elastomers often harden as they age making sealing more difficult. For piping liner applications, rubber / elastomers are bonded to the inside surfaces of pipe to prevent corrosive fluids from coming in contact with piping material. Piping liner debonding may occur ifincorrect practices occurred during liner application. Piping liner debonding and degradation may result in fluid contacting piping material.

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4 ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 25 of 46 l

4,10 Galvanic Corrosion Galvanic corrosion is caused by the physical differences between contacting metals or a metal and its environment and is an electrochemical reaction. For galvanic corrosion to occur two different metals must come into physical or electrical contact with each other. An electrical connection is established with an electrolyte. Under these conditions, one of the materials is corroded, hydrogen is released, and energy is released in the form of an electrical current. De material that corrodes is called the anode, and the non-corroding or noble metal is called the cathode. A good example of galvanic corrosion is found in a simple battery. An ordinary zine dry cell battery consists of a zine anode separated by an electrolytic paste from a manganese dioxide cathode. When the circuit is closed the generated electric current causes the zinc anode to corrode. When the zine is fully

depleted, the electric current ceases and the battery is dead.

Metals can be listed in a sequence with the most anodic metals at one end, and the most cathodic at the other end. His is called a galvanic series, ne electrolyte used to place the metals in the series is often seawater. Different series can be found for different electrolytes, however, the relative position of two metals in the galvanic series is very important. De further apart in the

- galvanic series, the more rapidly corrosion will occur. For example, aluminum in contact with gold corrodes much more rapidly than aluminum with iron in the same environment. The potential generated by a galvanic cell consisting of dissimilar metals can change with time. As corrosion progresses, reaction products or corrosion products may accumulate at either the anode or the cathode, or both. His reduces the speed at which corrosion proceeds.

De sequence of two metals in a galvanic series may be reversed by the affected area. For example, if a large anode metal is connected to a small cathodic metal by an electrolyte, there may be'little or no observable corrosion of the anode due to the fact that the electrical effect is dissipated over a large area. Conversely, if a small anode comes into contact with a large cathode in an electrolyte, the reverse is true. The anodic metal will corrode rapidly. This can be thought of as an electrical stress concentration or an area with increased current density A number of procedures or practices can be used for combating or limiting galvanic corrosion.

De practices are as follows:

Select metals as close together as possible in the galvanic series Avoid unfavorable area effect (i.e. small anode /large cathode) e Completely in:ulate dissimilar metals where practicable (i.e. two dissimilar metal flanges e

connected by the bolt shank fastening them together)

Keep coatings in good repair, especially on the anodic member.

e Add inhibitors to decrease the aggressiveness of the environment Avoid threaded joints for materials far spart in the galvanic series Design for the use ofreadily replaceable anodic parts e

Install a third metal that is anodic to both metals in the galvanic contact e

ne galvanic series should be used as a starting place in a particular corrosion study, but there are l

practical variations in the metals, their relative sizes, and the electrolyte. Galvanic corrosion can j

be detected by visual inspection, and should be looked for where two dissimilar metals come into contact with each other, j

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ES-045 l

Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 l

Page 26 of46 l

4.11 Fatigue j

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De fatigue process occurs due to repeated or cyclical stress conditions, such as repeatedly loading l

or unloading a structural component. If the initial loading were sufficiently large, the structural component would fail the first time the load was applied. In a fatigue situation the magnitude of the loading is not sufficient to fail the component in the first cycle, however, after repeated j

loading cycles, the component eventually fails. The fatigue damage process is cumulative over time or cycles. Even though there may be no obvious physical changes to the component after the first few load cycles, microscopic damage has occurred. His affects the ability of the component to sustain additional loading cycles. When fatigue damage occurs, it occurs at localized areas of high stress, rt*.her than globally throughout the component as is the case with general corrosion.

The ultimate cause of all fatigue fal lures is the initiation and propagation of crack growth. Rese cracks continue to grow until the time when the remaining material em no longer tolerate the applied stresses and strains. De last stage of the fatigue process is fracture, or when the component breaks into two or more pieces, or the crack gets sufficiently large that the structure or component can no longer perform its intended function.

There are two general categories of fatigue which are ofimportance in nuclear power plant design and analysis: low cycle fatigue (LCF) and high cycle fatigue (HCF). nere are substantive differences between the two in terms of the major factors controlling fatigue life (i.e. importance of crack initiation versus crack growth, the affects of notches and stress concentrations, and stress / strain calculation methods for comparison with a S-N curve).

Low cycle fatigue (~ 1000 cycles) is well characterized in terms of deformations occurring mostly in the plastic strain range. The clastic strain amplitude is usually negligible by comparison. At the 8

other end of the spectrum is high cycle fatigue (> 10 cycles). High cycle fatigue deals much more in the clastic range, since the stresses are well below yield with little or no plastic strain 5

' occurring. Between these extremes (10'<N<10 ) is a transitional range in which both clastic and plastic strain amplitudes are of significant importance. Most nuclear power plant design fatigue applications lie in this transitional range - as the design basis for major plant heat-up/ cool-down cycles is typically in the hundreds, and the other types of cycles (scrams, pump trips, etc.)

combine to produce total numbers of design basis cycles in the thousands or tens of thousands.

Nuclear power plant high cycle fatigue concems are generally associated with high speed rotating 3

or reciprocating equipment, vibration, or local thermal cycling due to hot and cold fluid mixing.

I An important high cycle fatigue concept is that of the fatigue endurance limit. At the extreme high cycle end of Firare 4 8, the S-N curve asymptotically approaches a horizontal line. His is taken to be the material endurance limit, meaning that stress or strain levels below this amplitude do not produce fatigue damage, and the component can be cycled indefinitely. High cycle fatigue failures generally occur rapidly and without warning since observable cracks do not develop until very late in component life.

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Low cycle fatigue is generally not a problem in nuclear power plants due to the high plastic strams i

associated with LCF. Very large loads would be necessary to cause the required deformations necessary to fait a component. The loading becomes more of an allowable load issue than an ARDM.

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l ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 27 of 46 4.11 Fatigue (Continued)

HCP and LCF failures can further be classified as resnting from vibrational or thermal loading.

i Approximately 80% of reported failures have resulted from vibrations. The majority of these have l

been non-safety related and associated with small bore (< 2") piping socket welded connections.

Thermal failures occur mostly where temperature mixing occurs (i.e. Main Feedwater, Safety injection). Most power plant piping systems usually operate isothermally, or their temperatures only change during start-up and cool-down periods, and as such thermal fatigue effects are minimal.

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Possible preventive measures could include:

incorporation of thermal sleeves at nozzles to isolate relatively thick parts of the e

nozzle from thermal transients elimination of stress concentrations, such as counterbores at welds e

design of smooth transitions between adjacent elements of different thickness e

placement of bimetallic joints away from other structural discontinuities

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e stress importance of good fillet welds on small bore piping to welders j

e eliminating or upgrading socket (fillet) welds j

e add supports to increase first-mode natural frequency

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reduce or eliminate sources of vibration e

Generally fatigue appears first as a small crack or cracks at points of highest stress / strain. Fatigue rates also increase in the presence of other forms of corrosion. Visual inspection is generally used to detect fatigue.

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l ES-045 Age Related Degradation inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 28 of 46 4.12 Particulate Wear Erosion nis form of wear occurs in situations in which the environment surrounding two surfaces sliding relative to each other interacts chemically with the surfaces. Particulate wear erosion is a two stage l

process.

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Loss of material caused by mechanical abrasion due to relative motion between the solution end material surface. His mechanism requines high velocity fluid and entrained particles, and turbulent flow regions, flow direction change, and/or impingement. Most materials are susceptible to varying degrees depending upon the severity of the environmental factors.

5.0 SAMPLING AND LOCATION SELECTION DESCRIPTION 5.1 Determination of Base Population and Potential inspection Locations l

Establishing base population ofitems and ARDM's for which ARDI is being credited is the first l

step in selecting inspection locations. His population will be the set ofitems from which the sample set is selected. He identification of this population and the extent of the ARDI scope are identified in the AMRR for the affected system or commodity. in the AMRR provides a summary of the Aging Management Review. Among other things, this summary identifies each device type, component group, ARDM, Management Program, and the need for any new program (s). De need to utilize the ARDI program is shown in the "New Program Needed" column. A more detailed set of requirements for ARDI can be gleaned from Attachments 4,5,6,7,8 and 10, 1

l l

y ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 29 of 46 5.2 Potential Sample Locations Once the base population is cataloged, the potential locations for degration due to the ARDM must be identified for each component or device type. This is done by reviewing the scope of the ARDM as it applies to ARDI in the AMRR, reviewing the mechanics of the ARDM, and identifying the locations on the component that are susceptible to degradation. This will usually require a review of the drawings for the component.

The listing of potential inspection locations must now be ranked based on the risk of occurrence of the ARDM. 'this ranking has two levels,"more likely" and "less likely". Inspection locations will ultimately be selected from the "more likely" category. If no evidence of degradation is found in this group, it is concluded that no degradation of the "less likely" group will occur either.

An example of this listing of components, locations, and risk level is shown below.

System: Feedwater ARDM: Crevice Corrosion COMPONENT LOCATION RISK BASIS (AMR GROUP)

Piping Butt weld Less likely Exposed to Feedwater flowstream so stagnant (045-DB-01) conditions are rare; system chemistry program (045-DB-02) limits amount of corrosive impurities. Part ofISI program.

Backing ring Less likely Exposed to Feedwater flowstream so stagnant conditions are rare; system chemistry program limits amount of corrosive impurities; backing ring usage is not standard practice so probably not present in Feedwater system. Part ofISI program.

Socketjoint Less Crevice dimensions less critical than other nearby likely components.

Surface deposit Les;likely Feedwater system is filtered and maintained relatively free ofimpurities so depositing is unlikely.

TE Gap between Less likely System chemistry program limits the amount of (045-TE-01) thermowell and pipe corrosive impurities; gap probably too large for wall crevice corrosion to occur.

Check valve Body / pressure seal More Gasketed joint is a common location for crevice (045-CKV-01) cover interface likely corrosion.

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Body drain assembly More Threaded or sock area between body, nippl-likely and cap provides crevice; also stagnant conditions likely at this location.

Surface deposit Less likely Feedwater system is filtered and maintained relatively free ofimpurities so depositing is

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ES-045 Age Related Degradation inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Pat,e 30 of 46 5.2 Potential Sample Locations (Continued)

System: Feedwater ARDM: Crevice Corrosion (Continued)

Hand valve Body / bonnet More Gasketed or threaded joints are common locations (045 HV-01) interface likely for crevice corrosion.

(045-HV-02)

Seat ring / body More Two past construction creates narrow crevice.

interface likely Pipe thread / body More Threaded joint is ideal crevice corrosion site.

interface likely Stem / bonnet More Packing area is ideal stagnant crevice corrosion interface likely site.

Surface deposit Lesslikely Feedwater system is filtered and maintained relatively free ofimpurities so depositing is unlikely.

MOV Body / bonnet More Gasketed or threaded joints are common locations (045-MOV-01) interface likely for crevice corrosion.

Stem / bonnet More Packing area is ideal stagnant crevice corrosion interface likely site.

Seat ring / body More Two part construction creates narrow crevice, interface likely Surface deposit Less likely Feedwater system is filtered and maintained relatively free ofimpurities so depositing is unlikely.

Wedge / Stem More Two part construction creates narrow crevice.

interfaca likely Sample sizes will be selected based on the total number oflocations in the "more likely" group.

Careful a. onside.4 tion must be given to the population size of the "more likely" locations relative to a population size of the combination of the "less likely" and "more likely" locations (i.e. >.f 0%). The intent of this discrimination is to provide a biased sample which should produce results exceeding the 90%/90% statistical target. The intent is not to reduce the sample size of required inspection locations. This approach also assumes that all of the "more likely" locations selected have an equal probability of occurrence and that any of the "more likely" locations has a greater probability of occurrence than any of the "less likely" locations.

• * * * *

• 9* Se- ^movve W w ee g mm-w e - o o

-w p onwwwq e--

m -

p

J ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 i

Page 31 of46 5.3 Sample Size Determination It is desired to provide a 90% confidence level that 90% of a given population is not experiencing degradation (corrosion, wear, etc.). The following analysis determines the required sample size to obtain the desired confidence level as a function of population size. From [4], sampling from a finite population, we start with:

X-np Jnp(1 -p) N - n y_1

where, X=

Number ofitems in the sample with degradation (assume X = 0) n-Sample size p=

Fraction of population size with degradation (use 10%)

N= Population size z,=

Confidence parameter Setting X=0 and squaring both sides, we get 7

3 2

-np

,(gy,)2

}np(1-p)glN-n y _;,

(np)2

,,,2 np(1 - p) N - n'

(

< N -1)

Rearrange terms to solve for n, (np)2 = z.*np(1 - p)(N - n' y _3, fN-n' np' = z.'(p - p')( y _ y,

np

,'N(p - p ), nz,2(p - p') = 0 2

2 z

_y _)

g_3 2 2

1. a N(p - p')

p +. (P - P )

M y_;

y_3 u

2. N

" " p(N - 1),,2 (1 - p)

Ly r-o ES-045 Age Related Degradation inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 32 of 46 l

53 Sample Size Determination (Continued)

For 90% confidence, 2, = 1.645 and for p = 0.10 (10% of population size has degradation).

Substituting these values we find a relationship between population size, N, and the required sample size, n, for a 90% confidence level that 90% of the population does not contain the attribute.

(1.645)2N (30)(N -1) + (1.645)2 (1-30)

(2435)N N +(2335)

As N -+ m, n -+ 2435, which we round up to 25 samples. His is the maximum number of samples required for any given population size. Ploning required sample size, n, as a function of population size, N, we get the curve shown in the figure below.

Sample Size vs. Population X=0,1,2,3,5,10 180 l

160

/

Xs10 Wat n i163 140 120 Se

• 100

"~~~~X=5 htnm100 f

51 se 80 (n)

[

x=3 WKn=72 p

60

/

--'~

X=2 Wtn=58

/

~~~~~~

40

//

-- - ~ ' ~ ~

X=1 2x. n =42 p

~~

20

~~'

X=0 htn=25 1

10 100 1000 10000 Popuseson M nis sampling program differs from those used for manufacturing processes (e.g. MIL-STD-105 or EPRI NP 7218)in that our sample population is finite and discrete. Sampling plans used for manufacturing processes assume that continuous lots of an item are being fabricated and concern themselves with the risks of accepting a " bad" lot or rejecting a " good" lot. Our interest is to provide a certain confidence level that a large percentage of the finite population does not contain an attribute ofinterest. He 90/90 level chosen for this report was based upon a CCNPP internal memorandum on the topic [45,46). It would cenainly be possible to select more or less restrictive criteria. As an example, a 95/95 limits selection would require a maximum of 75 samples for a j

very large population size. We believe that the 90/90 approach is the best choice initially. As results are obtahed from field inspections, then adjustments should be considered (either up or down) on a mechanism, component, or system basis.

y ES-045 Revision 0 Age Related Degradatica inspection (ARDI) Program Page 33 of 46 5.3 Sample Size Determination (Continued)

One key feature of this approach is the assumption that none of the inspected items will contain significant levels of a degradation mechanism (X-0). If it is found during inspections that even a single item in the sample population has a degradation mechanism of interest, then the sample size computed in this report is not the correct one to use. He correct sample size could be computed by setting X equal to the value found in the previous equations and completing additional inspections. However, the underlying assumption used throughout this report is that the degradation mechanism in question does not exist for the system / component being investigated I

and the inspection program's intent is to provide reasonable assurance that this is so. If significant degradation is found, recommended corrective actions can be found in Chapter 8.

Using the feedwater crevice corrosion example above, the tabulation of the lot size and determination of the minimum sample is illustrated below:

Component Location Locations per Totalnumber of component locations' Check valve Body / pressure seal 1

4 cover interface Bo-!y drain pipe 1

4 threads or socket Hand valve Body / bonnet 1

100 interface Seat ring / body 1 or 2 104 interface Pipe thread / body 2

200 interface Plug or wedge / stem i

100 interface Stem / bonnet 1

100 interface MOV Body / bonnet 1

4 interface Stem / bonnet 1

4 interface Seat ring / body 2

8 interface j

Wedge / stem interface 1

4

)

TOTAL 632 The total number of locations is obtained from multiplying the number of locations per component by the number of 3

components in the "more likely" population. For the purposes of brievity, the total number of components is not presented herein.

Herefore the lot size to be sampled consists of 632 surface pairs. If a sample size of 25 is selected, and no evidence of crevice corrosion is found, there will be 90% confide.nce that 90% of the surface pairs do not have crevice corrosion.

J

, s ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 34 of 46 l

5.4 Location Selection Once all of the "more likely" locations have b,wn cataloged, and the miniraum sample sizes have been established as described in section 5.1 thr > ugh 5.3, specification of the actual plant locations to be inspected is required. Dere are three obj xtives in determining these locations.

locations should be selected to ensure a fair cs s section of device types, and e

I I

(

locations should be biased to the most susceptible locations.

e l

locations for multiple ARDM's should be combined to limit the overall number ofinspection e

l points

- An example of a sample population with a good cross section for the feed water - crevice corrosion follows:

Two check va s - w b Unit 1, one in Unit 2 2 Body /pressun sealcoverinterface 1 Body drain pipe tads or sockets (Unit 2 only)

Two hand valves - 1 Globe,1 gate (selection criterie below) 2 Body / bonnet interface 3 Seat ring / body interface i

4 Pipe thread / bodyinterface 2 Stem /bonnetinterface 2 Plug or wedge / stem interface I

Two MOVs - one in Unit 1, one in Unit 2 2 Body / bonnet interface 2 Stem / bonnetinterface 4 Seat ring / bodyinterface 2 Wedae / stem interface TOTAL: 26 surface pairs In establishing a representative cross section 26 locations were selected. His exceeds the minimum 25 locations that are required to meet the statistical requirements.

When selecting the actual plant components to be sampled the followh.g criteria should be used as a guideline to maximize the likelihood of fir. ding the ARDM.

Time in Service if there are items which have been installed for a longer period of time, these items ger.erally will be more likely to be degraded.

Severity of Conditions locations with stagnate, higher temperature, or limited chemistry controls will generally present more severe degradation.

Other lowest desipt nargin, higher potential for accelerated aging.

Ease ofAccess lacking ary differences in service time or service conditions, locations should be selected to facilitate access and limit dose.

He above criteria are provided f.o aid in the selection process. He final sample decision is required to be reviewed by the responsible system engineer.

<;y m

4,..,..,.-.--.4 e

r:

zy ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 35 of 46 6.0 INSPECTION METHODOLOGIES l

l Note:

For visual inspections, photographs should be taken of representative locations to document the general condition of the inspected items as well as any locations that present unique findings. Rese photo's should be included in the final ARDI report.

6.1 Crevice Corrosion l

Procedure Visual inspection will be used to determine if crevice corrosion is occurring at a particular location. De inspection procedure will be as specified in Calvert Cliffs Adminisestive procedure MN-3-101 for Nondestructive Evaluation and Administrative Procedure MN4105 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel and Procedures. In addition, the procedure will follow visual inspection guidelines provided by ASTM G 46, Standard Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion. Guidelines from ASTM G 46 include the following:

Document any corrosion products found Clean surface to remove corrosion products and fully expose crevices e

Examine with naked eye followed by low power magnification e

1 Depth of pits can be measured with micrometer or depth gage, or with destructive

]

methods such as sectioning Reauirements

)

ne visual inspection for crevice corrosion will meet inspection personnel requirements as specified by MN 3-101. Inspection documentation will meet requirements as specified by Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN 3 303, Nondestructive Examination Report Tracking. No signs of crevice corrosion are expected to be discovered during the inspections. However, if evidence of corrosion is found, recommended inspection documentau i ems include:

t Identification of corrosion products Metallurgical and surface treatments of the component and final surface finish during test e

Environmental conditions and exposure duration Appearance of corroded surface before and after cleaning e

Component d:scription, number, and manufacturer e

Characterization of pits:

Pit size Pit shape Number of pits, or density Pit depth (average and maximum) l_

Pit locations

y ES-045

' Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 36 of 46

' 6.2 Pitting Crevice corrosion initiates earlier, proceeds faster, and can occur in less aggressive environments than pitting (see Figure 4 5). On a component that contains suitable crevices (6.1), crevice corrosion will occur before pitting. As stated above, if no evidence of crevice corrosion is found during inspection, there is a 90% confidence that 90% of the locations are free of crevice corrosion. If pitting is less likely than crevice corrosion, then at least the same level of confidence will exist for the occurrence of pitting as for crevice corrosion. Consequently, a separate inspection plan for pitting is not required '

6.3 GeneralCorrosion Procedure Ultrasonic testing will be used to inspect for general corrosion. De inspection procedere will be as specified in Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3-101 for Nondestructive E valuation and Administrative Procedure MN 3 105 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnr,I and Procedures. Two measurements will be required at separate times to calculate a corrosion rate.

Corrosion rate will be determined following the procedures outlined in MN 3-202.

d Regt rements Ultrasonic inspection for general corrosion will meet inspection personnel requirements as specified by MN 3-101. Inspection documentation will meet requirements as specified by Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN 3-303, Nondestructive Examination Report Tracking.

6.4 Erosion Corrosion Procedure VT-3 inspection (s) will be used to determine if erosion corrosion is occurring at a particular location. The inspection procedure will be as specified in Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3-101 for Nondestructive Evaluation and Administrative Procedure MN-3 105 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel and Procedures.

Reauiremente De visual inspection for erosion corrosion will meet inspection personnel requirements as specified by MN-3-101. Inspection documentation will meet requirements as specified by Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3 303, Nondestmetive Examination Report Tracking. If erosion corrosion is found to occur then ultrasonic tests may be performed to determine the extent orcorrosion.

6.5 Selective Leaching Procedure VT-3 inspection (s) will be used to determine if selective leaching is occurring at a particular location. For example, selective leaching of brass appears as a red or copper coloring in contrast to the origir.al yellow color of the brass. De inspection procedute will be a specified in Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3-101 for Nondestructive Evaluation and Administrative Procedure MN 3-iO5 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel and Procedures.

l

y ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 37 of 46 6.5 Selective Leaching (Continued)

Reauirements De visual inspection for selective leaching will meet inspection personnel requirements as specified by MN-3-101. Inspection documentation will meet requirements as specified by Calvert j

Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN 3 303, Nondestructive Examination Report Tracking.

6.6 Wear i

I Procedure VT-3 inspection (s) will be used to' determine if wear is occurring at a particular location.

Significant play in mechanical joints is indicative of wear and should be noted if found. He inspection procedure will be a specified in Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3 101 for Nondestructive Evaluatioa and Administrative Procedure MN-3105 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel and Procedures.

Reauirements De visual inspection for wear will meet inspection personnel requirements as specified by MN 101. Inspection documentation will meet requirements as specified by Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3 303, Nondestructive Examination Report Tracking.

6.7 Microbiologically influenced Corrosion Procedurc Visual Inspect on will be used to determine if MIC is occurring at a particular location. He i

inspection procedure will be as specified in Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3-101 for Nondestructive Evaluation and Administrative Procedure MN-3-105 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel and Procedures. In addition, the procedure will follow visual inspection guidelines provided by ASTM G 46, Standard Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion. Guidelines t om ASTM G 46 include the following:

Document any corrosion products found.

Clean surface to remove corrosion products and fully expose crevices.

e Examine with naked eye followed by low power magnification.

Depth of pits can be rneasured with micrometer or depth gage, or with destructive methods suclias sectioning.

l l

l l

p a

ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 38 of 46 6.7 Microbiologically influenced Corrosion (Continued)

I ne visual inspection for MIC will meet inspection personnel requirements as specified by MN 3-101.. Inspection documentation will meet requirements as specified by Calven Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3-303, Nondestructive Examination Report Tracking. No signs of MIC are expected to be discovered during the inspections. However, if evidence of corrosion is found, recommended inspection documentation items include:

' Identification of corrosion products.

-e Metallurgical and surface treatments of the component and final surface finish during test

]

Environmental conditions and exposure duration.

Appearance of corroded surface before and after cleaning.

e

• - Component description, number, and manufacturer.

Characterization of pits:

Pit size Pit shape Number ofpits, and density Pit depth (average and maximum)

Pit locations 6.8 Stress Corrosion Cracking Procedure Surface examination (e.g., MT, PT) shall be performed to determine if SCC is occurring at a particular location. Ultrasonic examination may be substituted on a discretionary basis, ne inspection procedure will be as specified in Calven Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3-101 for Nondestructive Evaluation and Administrative Procedure MN-3105 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel and Procedures.

Requirements ne surface examination for SCC will meet inspection personnel :equirements as specified by MN 3-101, inspection documentatior. will meet requirements as specified by Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure. MN-3 303, Nondestructive Examination Repon Tracking. All locations where SCC is identified shall be documented.

6.9 Elastomer and Rubber Degradation Procedure l

VT 3 inspection will be used to determine if elastomer or rubber degradation is occurring at a particular location. A sollen or gel like appearance or cracking or dry brittle appearance of the rubber is an indication d degradation. De inspection procedure will be a specified in Calven

.)

Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3-101 for Nondestructive Evaluation and Administrative l

Procedure MN-3-105 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel and Procedures, J

.: v i

• l ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 39 of 46 6.9 Elastomer and Rubber Degradation (Continued)

Reauirernents I

ne visual inspection for elastomer or rubber degradation will meet inspection personnel requirements as specified by MN-3-101. Inspection documentation will meet requirements as

{

specified by Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3-303, Nondestructive Examination j

Report Tracking.

6.10 Galvanic Cor osion Procedure VT-3 inspection (s) will be used to determine if galvanic corrosion is occurring at a particular location. He anodic metal will usually appear more corroded than the cathodic metal if galvanic corrosion is occurring. The inspection procedure will be a specified in Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN 3-101 for Nondestructive Evaluation and Administrative Procedure MN-3-105 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel and Procedures.

Reauirements The visual inspection for galvanic corrosion will meet inspection personnel requirements as specified by MN-3-101. Inspection documentation will meet requirements as specified by Calvert 1

Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3-303, Non&-tructive Examination Report Tracking.

6.11 Fatigue Procedure Surface or volumetric examination (e.g., PT, MT, or UT) shall be perfonned to determine if fatigue is occurring at a particular location. He inspection procedure will be as specifisd in Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3101 for Nondestructive Evaluation and Administrative Procedure MN 3-105 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel and

' Procedures.

Reauirements ne Surface or volumetric examinations for fatigue will meet inspection peisonnel requirements as specified by MN 3-101. Inspection documentation will meet requirements as specified by Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN 3 303, Nondestructive Examination Report Tracking. Alllocations where fatigue is identified shall be documented.

r mv ES-045 nge Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 40 of 46 6.12 Particulate Wear Erosion Procedure VT-3 inspection (s) will be used to determine if particulate wear erosion is occurring at a particular location ne inspection procedure will be a specified in Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3-101 for Nondestructive Evaluation and Administrative Procedure MN-3-105 for Qualification of Nondestructive Personnel and Procedures.

Reauirements The visual inspection for particulate wear erosion will meet inspection personnel requirernents as specified by MN 3-101. Inspection documentation will meet requirements as specified by Calvert Cliffs Administrative Procedure MN-3 303, Nondestructive Examination Report Tracking.

7.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 7.1 Crevice Corrosion The acceptance criteria for the inspection will be: any measurable evidence of crevice corrosion is unacceptable. Measurable evidence ofcrevice corrosion is defined as a pit of at least 30 mit depth with visible corrosion products in or around the pit.

If evidence of crevice corrosion is found, an issue Repon will be generated per QL 2-100.

Inspection requirements for pitting will be reconsidered.

If no measurable evidence of crevice corrosion is found, then no further inspections are required.

7.2 Pitting De acceptance criteria for the inspection will be: any measurable evidence of pitting is unacceptable. Measurable evidence of pitting is defined as a pit of at least 30 mil depth with visible corrosion products in or around the pit.

If evidence of pitting is found, an issue Report will be generated per QL-2100. Inspection requirements for pitting will be reconsidered.

If no measurable evidence of pitting is found, then no further inspections are required.

7.3 General Corrosion The acceptance criteria for the inspections will be if evidence of general corrosion is found, minimum wall thicknesses will be predicted at the end of the license renewal period and evaluated to ensure minimum design wall thickness is met. If significant corrosion is found during the first inspection, then an issue Report will be generated per QI 2 100.

If no evidence of general corrosion is detected, then no further inspections are required.

l

7 c,

ES-045

- Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 41 of 46 7.4 Erosion Corrosion Relevant indications shall be considered a failure of acceptance criteria unless more detailed analysis demonstrates that the degradation it, benign. If relevant indication of erosion corrosion is found, then an Issue Report will be generated per QL-2-100.

if no evidence of erosion corrosion is found, then no further inspections are required 7.5 Selective Leaching

. Relevant indications shall be considered a failure of acceptance criteria unless more detailed analysis demonstrates that the degradation is benign. If relevant indication of selective leaching is found, then an Issue Report will be generated per QL 2-100.

If no evidence of selective leaching is found, then no further inspections are required.

7.6 Wear Relevant indications shall be considered a failure of acceptance criteria unless more detailed analysis demonstrates that the degradation is benign. If relevant indication of wear is found, then an Issue Report will be generated per QL-2-100.

If no evidence of wear is found, then no further inspections are required.

7.7 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

7he acceptance criteria for the inspection will be: any measurable evidence of MIC is unacceptable. Measurable evidence of MIC is defined as a pit of at least 30 mil depth and/or typical signs of MIC, such as discoloring or tubercule formation. If evidence of MIC is found, an issue Report will be generated per QL-2-100.

If no measurable evidence of MIC is found, then no further inspections are required.

7.8 '

Stress Corrosion Cracking If any indication of stress corrosion cracking is found, then an Issue Report will be generated per QL-2-100.

7.9 Elastomer and Rubber Degradation Relevant indications shall be considered a failure of acceptance criteria unless more detailed analysis demonstrates that the degradation is benign. If relevant indication of elastomer and rubber degradation is found, then an Issue Report will be generated per QL-2 100.

If no measurable evidence ofelastomer or rubber degradation is found, then no further inspections are required.

7 w

ES-045 Age Related Degradation inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 42 of 46 7.10 Galvanic Corrosion l

Relevant indications shall be considered a failure of acceptance criteria unless more detailed analysis demonstrates that the degradation is benign. If relevant indication of galvanic corrosion is found, then an Issue Report will be generated per QL-2 100.

If no nidence of galvanic corrosion is found, then no further inspections are required.

7.11 Fatigue If any indication of fatigue cracking is found, then an Issue Report will be generated per QL-2-100.

If no evidence of fatigue is found, then no further inspections are required.

7.12 Particulate Wear Erosion Relevant indications shall be considered a failure of acceptance criteria unless more detailed analysis demonstrates that the degradation is benign. If relevant indication of particulate wear crosion is found, then an Issue Report will be generated per QL-2 100.

If no evidence of particulate wear corrosion is found, then no further inspections are required.

8.0 CORRECTIVE ACTIONS This corrective action section can only serve as guidance in the solution process, as each particular case of degradation must be evaluated separately due to differing system conditions.

If no instances of degradation are discovered during ARDIs for each sample size and mechanism, then the 1

specific ARDM is considered not to be a factor for License Renewal for the given system. If evidence is found that an ARDM is occurring then there are specific steps to follow.

First, the acceptability of the degraded items must be evaluated to ensure they met operability requirements at a minimum. De rate of degradatiot.' should also be found to determine if the ARDM will have an impact on the part for the period of extended license renewat ne disposition of the Issue Report related to the finding will ultimately require either a repair, replace (short term or planned in the future) or " accept as is" type disposition. Dese dispositions may require follow up inspections to validate assumptions and conclusion made in the disposition.

He sample size for the system ARDI must be rfusted if the 90% confidence that 90% of the sample size does not have an ARDM present can still be obtained. For each case of degradation found, a search should be conducted to determine if the problem is symptomatic of other nuclear power plants, or if the instance is specific to the plant. Failure to meet the 90%/90% confidence interval will require " programmatic" actions to manage the ARDM through the renewal period. His may include actions such as modification of the system operating conditions so as to eliminate the occurrence of the discovered ARDM, increased monitoring and planned replacement of susceptible items.

In the majority of cases, future inspections are necessary to ensure adequacy of the long term disposition of failed inspections, or failure to meet the confidence interval, nese inspections should be tailored to verify the effectiveness of the corrective actions for the affected item (s).

(:

'o l

ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 l

Page 43 of 46

9.0 REFERENCES

1.

M. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering,3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill,1986.

2.

CCNPP Technical Procedure CP-206, Specifications and Surveillance: Component Cooling / Service Water System, Rev. 3, November 4,1996.

3.

CCNPP Technical Procedure CP-217, Specifications and Surveillance: Secondary Chemistry, Rev. 5, December 18,1995.

4 4.

S.S. Wilks, Elementary Statistical Analysis, Princeton University Press,1949.

5.

CCNPP Unit I and 2 Updated Final Safety Analysis Report, Volume II, Rev.15.

)

6.

CCNPP Document M600, Rev. 43, BGE Piping Classification.

7.

CCNPP Engineering Standard ES-040, Piping Design Criteria, Rev. 00.

I 8.

ASME USAS B31.1 - 1967 Power Piping Code.

{

1 9.

ASME USAS B31.7 - 1969 Nuclear Power Piping Code.

10. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section XI, Rules for Inservice inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components.

11. Sedriks, J.A., " Overview of Crevice Corrosion issues for Chromium-Containing Alloys," paper presented at NACE Corrosion /96.

l

12. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR 011, " Aging Management Review for the Service Water Cooling 1

System," Revision 3, Jane 25,1998.

13. NUREG/CR 4302, " Aging and Service Wear of Check Valves Used in Engineered Safety Feature Systems of Nuclear Power Plants", Volume 1: Operating Experience and Failure Identificatior.

December 1985.

14. CCNPP Technical Procedure CP-204, Specifications and Surveillance: Primary Systems, Rev:

September 17,1997.

.15. Uhlig, Corrosion and Corrosion Control-AnIntroduedon to Corrosion Science andEngins

.,3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons,1985.

16. J.W. Oldfield and R.M. Kain, " Prediction of Crevice Cyrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels in Aqueous Environments - A Corrosion Engineering Guide", NACE 12th International Corrosion Congress Proceedings,1993.

17. Metals Handbook,9th Edition, Volume 13 - Corrosion, ASM Internatior.a!,1987,

18. Z. Szklarska-Smialowska. "itting Corrosion ofMetals, NACE,1986.

i 1

19. EPRI NP-3944, " Erosion / Corrosion in Nuclear Plant Steam Piping: Causes and Inspection Program

- Guidelines", April 1985.

20. R.V. Hogg and J. Ledotter, Engineering Statistics, Macmillan,1987.

i

21. Hald,StatisticalTheoryofSamplinginspectionByAttributes, Academic Press,1981.

1

[e.

ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 Page 44 of 46 l

9.0 REFERENCES

(Continued)

22. Odch and D.B. Owen, Attribute Sampling Plans, Tables of Tests and Confidence Limits for Proportions, Marcel Dekker,1983.

23. CCNPP Administrative Procedure MN-3-101, Nondestructive Evaluation, Revision 1, August 1995.

24. CCNPP Administrative Procedure MN-3-105, Qualification of Nondestructive Examination Personnel and Procedures, Revision 0, August 1995.

25. ASTM Standard G 46-94, Standard Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion,1994.

26. CCNPP Administrative Procedure MN-3-303, Nondestructive Examination Report Tracking, Revision 0, February 1995.

27. CCNPP Document M600C, Chrome Moly Piping Lines, Revision 14, July 1996.

28. CCNPP Administrative Procedure MN-3-202, Erosion / Corrosion Monitoring of Secondary Piping, Revision 1, July 1996.

29. CCNPPReptaskID: 10452052, Feedwater Check Valve Inspection Repetitive Task, August 1997.

30. CCNPP Reptask ID: 10452053, Feedwater Check Valve Inspection Repetitive Task, August 1997.

31. CCNPP Reptask ID: 20452043, Feedwater Check Valve Inspection Repetitive Task, August 1997.

32. CCNPPReptaskID: 20452044, Feedwate Check Valve Inspection Repetitive Task, August 1997.

33. CCNPP Administrative Procedure QL-2-100, Issue Reporting and Assessment, Revision 7, November

-1997.

34. Material Testing and Evaluation Unit Failure Analysis Report," Leak of Suction Line Penetration of 21 RWT,18"-HC-3 204", May 20,1993, Job No. 93 33-0041.

35. Technical Communication, Ken Saunders (Hopper) and Bill Downs (BGE),

November 14,1997.

36. Technical Communication, Ken Saunders (Hopper) and Pete' Penn (BGE), September 24,1997.

r

37. Technical Communication, Ken Saunders (Hopper) and Clint Ashley (BGE), December 17,1997.

38. Hopper and Associates Letter HABGE-11/97-0591; Sampling Methodology for the ARDI Project; November 26,1997.

l

y ES-0:5 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0 i

Page 45 of 46

9.0 REFERENCES

(Continued)

39. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-045," Aging Management Review Report for the Main Feedwater System," Revision 3A, June 1998.

40. Technical Communication, Ken Saunders (Hopper) and Harvey Enoch (BGE), November 14,1997.

41. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-061, " Aging Management Review Report for the Containment Spray System," Revision 3, January 1999.

42. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-015, " Aging Management Review Report for the Component Cooling Water System," Revision 3, December 1998.

43. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-052," Aging Management Review Report for the Safety injection System," Revision 3, February 1998.

44. EPRI TR-106843 "Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant License Renewal Application Technical Basis",

September 1997.

45. CCNPP Life Cycle Management Unit Memorandum LCM 96-044 from Barry Tilden, " Age-Related Degradation Inspections", Feb. 15,1996.

46. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, " Summary of Meeting with the Nuclear Energy Institute on the Industry Guideline to implement the License Renewal Rule", December 15,1995.

47. EPRI TR-107514 " Age-Related Degradation Inspection Method and Demonstration", April 1998.

48. NUREG/CR-6157, " Survey and Evaluation of Aging Risk Assessment Methods and Applications",

November 1994.

49. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR 084, " Aging Management Review Report for Reactor Vessel intemals," Revision 3, DNember 10,1998.

50. CCNPP BGE Report LC4AMRR-041, " Aging Management Review Report for the Chemical and Volume Control System," ReviMon 4, august 1998.

51. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-030, "Agbg Management Review Report for the Control Room HVAC System," Revision 1, March 1997.

52. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-060, " Aging Management Review Report for the Primary Containment H & V System," Revision 1, Febmary I'/97.

I

53. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-CIG, " Aging Management Review Report for the Containment Isolation Group," Revision 1, October 1997.

54. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-077/079, " Aging Management Review Report for the Area and Process Radiation Monitoring System," Revision 2, January 1997.

55. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-012, " Aging Management Review Report for the Saltwater System," Revision 5, December 1998.

56. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-083, " Aging Management Review Report for the Main Steam System," Revision 2, April 1998.

57. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-019," Aging Management Review Report for the Compressed Air System," Revision 4, August 4,1997.

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ES-045 Age Related Degradation Inspection (ARDI) Program Revision 0

9.0 REFERENCES

(Continued)

58. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-036, " Aging Management Review Report for the Auxiliary Feedwater System," Revision 2, January 1998.

59. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR, " Aging Management Review Report for the NSSS Sampling System," Revision 3, May 1998.

60. CCNPP BGE Repon LCMAMRR-024," Aging Management Review Report for the Emergency Diesel Generator System," Revislon 1, February 1997.

61. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-032," Aging Management Review Report for the Aux Building and Radwaste H & V System," Revision 1. March 21 1997.

62. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR FP fire Protection Aging Management Review, Revision 1, January 291997.

63. CCNPP BGE Report LCMAMRR-Oo7, " Aging Management Review Report for the Spent Fuel Cooling System," Revision 2, October 1997.

64. BGE CCNPP Units 1 and 2 License Renewal Application Volume 1, April 1998.

65. BGE CCNPP Units 1 and 2 License Renewal Application Volume 2, April 1998.

66. EPRI TR-104534,"EPRI Fatigue Management Handbook", December 1994.

67. Hopper and Associates letter HABGE-05/98-0646, "BGE CCNPP License Renewal Project Safety Injection System ARDI Program" May 1998.

68. Hopper and Associates lette HABGE-05/98-0642, "BGE CCNPP License Renewal Project Containment Spray System ARDI Program", May 1998.

69. Hopper and Associates letter HABGE-05/98 0641, "BGE CCNPP License Renewal Project Component Cooling System ARDI Progrun", May 1998.

70. Hopper and Associates letter HABGE-04/98-0639, "BGE CCNPP License Renewal Project Service Water System ARDI Program", April 1998.

71. Hopper and Associates letter HABGE-05/98-0635, "BGE CCNPP License Renewal Project Main Feedwater System ARDI Program", April 1998.

72. EPRI TR 107521," Generic License Renewal Technical Issues Summary", April 1998.

73. BGE CCNPP Units 1 and 2 Updated Final Safety Analysis Volume 1, November 1997.

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