ML20148U048
| ML20148U048 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Three Mile Island  |
| Issue date: | 02/23/1981 |
| From: | Molholt B AFFILIATION NOT ASSIGNED |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8103020557 | |
| Download: ML20148U048 (64) | |
Text
f(/ DAY D A 23[6(
W#6' iggn, CORW-United States of America Nuclear Regulatory Commission Before the Atomic Safety and Licensing Boaro In the hatter of Three Iile Island Unit 1-hetropolitan r.,dison Company, et. al Docket 50-289 4
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- c. USNPC 3
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it FEB 24198; >
qce et the Secrey,7 u -:chting a te,-geo
\j Branch .J N O Testimony of Bruce holholt Regarding '
Aamodt Contention 4 (il-1) p5o3 s
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810302o557 7
' THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE' ACCIDENT AT TMI !
l i
Tex: l
. Bruce Molholt, Ph.D. 5 pages ,
Figures- 1-4 4 pages Table s 1-5 5 pages Appendix 1 TMI AND THE POLITICS OF PUBLIC HEALTH Gordon K. MacLeod,. M.D. 22 pages-Appendix ~ 2 IODINE-131 IN THYROIDS OF THE MEADOW VOLE ,
(MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS) IN THE VICINITY OF THE THREE MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR GENERATING PLANT R. William Fleid, Elizabeth H. Field, . David A. Zegers and Guy L. ' Steuc ek,- Ph.D . .
17 pages Appendix 3 ,
NRC'S GROSS UNDERESTIMATION OF THE RADIOACTIVm.. :
RELEASES AND POPULATION DOSES DURING THE TMI-2 ACCIDENT Seo Takeshi, Ph.D. 4 pages I
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THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE ACCIDENT AT TMI Bruce Molholt, Ph.D.
Science Director Environmental Cancer Prevention Center 1315 Walnut - 1600 Philadelphia, PA 19107 The crowning achievement of medical science over the past two decades has been to understand the molecular basis of many chronic diseases. Especially in the realm of genotoxicity, we now understand the cause and effect relationships betw een expo-sures to carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens and the develop-ment of cancers, birth defects and fetal malformations in human populations. Except for the latter, which may be apparent im-mediately after birth, these chronic genotoxic effects may take a generation or more to become manifest. Therefore, after any event which releases genotoxic agents, such as the commercial nuclear accident at Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Unit 2 on March 28th, 1979, it is premature, at any time before the passage of one generation to state "Noone died (as the result of the svent. )"
Genotoxic events take place in two distinct phases: genotypic and phenotypic. Genotypic change are actual alterations of chromosomes such that the genetic code is altered leading to mutations and con-sequent alterations la behavior patterns of afflicted cells. Pheno-typic changes are the changes we see, that is the observable ma ni-festation of what has happened at the chromosomal level. These observable phenotypic changes may take decades to become apparent.
If the genotype of a germline cell has been altered, a potential birth defect has been created which will become manifest in the next genera-tion, or possibly in several generations. On the other hand, if a somatic cell has been altered, it may develop into a cancer, which development may take 20 - 40 years to become manifest. Only one stage of human existence is "immediately" responsive to genotoxic effe ct s , the fetal stage when the individual grows from an initial single c ell, the zygote, to several trillion cells in the newborn.
These c on side rations make insults to the fetus or newborn es-pecially germane in consideration of human health effects of the accident at T MI. We will not know carcinogenic or mutagenic effects for anothr.: g ene ra tion. We must look to fetal and neo-natal populations at present for some barometer of human health effects. As we shall see, the admonition that "Noone died at TMI" may be not only cremature considering the chronic nature of radiation-induced adverse health effects, but also ignorant of ~
statistically significant increases in infant mo rtalitie s and neonatal events at the time of the accident.
. l i
i in this breakdown of potential adverse health effects emanating from the TMI-2 reactor at the time of the accident, we will examine the following three types of evid' ences:
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- 1) Examination of infant mortalities and neonatal hypothyroidism in people residing. near TMI at j the time of the accident. ;
- 2) Examination of animal data collected from samples [
taken near TMI at the time of the accident. !
- 3) Estimates of radionuclide releases from the reactor at the time of the accident.
7 Although 187 radionuclides were manufactured in TMI-2 during ,
its 90 days of operation, these considerations will only concern !
radioisotopes of the element iodine.and of krypton-85. j The Pennsylvania Department of Health (DOH) has reported infant r mortalities within 5 and 10 miles of the TMI reactor for the April through -September intervals in 1977, 1978 and 1979. As may be
- seen frc,m Table 1, these infant mortality statistics show a signi-ficant increase in 1979, the year of the TMI accident, as compared to the two previous years. There were approximately 14 excess infant mortalities in April-September 1979 within 10 miles of the TMI reactor. It is estimated that of the 31 infant mortalities within the 10 mile radius during that period that 25-26 were h '
ute ro at the time of the accident. It would be interesting to ,
know the thyroxin and thyroid stimulating hormone levels of these ,
infant mortalities at birth.
The State DOH has repeated,Yattempted to dismiss these infant mortalities as due to the accident at TMI. If one contrasts DOH and national infant mortality statistics obtained from the Depart-ment of Health and Human Services (HHS), 85 infant mortalities appear to be missing for 1979 from the DOH statistics.
i Simila rly, there were increased cases of neonatal hypothyroidism ;
in the area of the Three Mile Island nuclear reactors following ,
the accident in March 1979 at Unit 2. Neonatal hypothyroidism became checked' as a birth defect in every Pennsylvanian newborn in the summer of 1978. Statistics are thus available for. all births l recorded during the 9 months before and after the accident at T MI. j Comparison of these cases (Figure 1) shows that a cluster of new ;
cases occurred in seven counties downstream or downwind from J TMI at the time of the accident. These comparisons are sum- !
marized in Table 2. As control populations, the counties west l of Harrisburg, comprising geographically the majority of the State, !
~
showed 7 cases of neonatal hypothyroidism before the TMI accident l
and seven cases after. Simila rly, Philadelphia, the five county area, showed 6 cases before the accident and six cases after.
Of the 10 excess cases in Pennsylvania following the accident, all occurred in Lancaster, Lebanon, Schuylkill, Berks and Lehigh Countie s. Including the cases in Dauphin and Carbon Counties which occurred prior to the accident, these counties had 4 cases of neonatal hypothyroidism during the 9 months before TMI and 14 cases after, a statistically significant increase at the 95 per-cent confidence level. The six cases of neonatal hypothyroidism in Lancaster County occurred in 2'700 live births, whereas the expected frequency is 1/4300 live births, 1/10th the actual value seen. Neonatal hypothyroidism may be due to many different in-suits to the developing thyroid gland, including contamination with radioactive iodine (iodine-131, iodine-132). As we will see below, these two isotopes of iodine were released in significant quantities from the reactor at TMI during the course of the accident. One result of hypothyroidism in the developing fetus is insufficient cranial de' elopment which manifests itself as a form of cretinism ,
leading to mental retardation of afflicted individuals.
That s ufficient lodine-131 was released from the TMI-2 reactor during the accident in March and April of 19'79 has been shown in the studies of the Department of Biology at Millersville State College which employed wild field vole populations in the vicinity of Three Mile Island. Field voies captured within 1. 9 km of the reactor had maximal iodine-131 contents of 4 nCi/g, adjusted to April 9th. These iodine-131 levels have been substantiated in rabbit and field vole thyroid samples from the same period by studies conducted by the University of Missouri. These three sets of studies are summarized in Table 3.
It is Qar from the above results that sufficient iodine-131 contarraated the environment arcund TMI to i~nduce hypothyrodism n utero. Official estimates of iodine-131 release were 14-15 curies. However, there are several arguments which indicate that the 4 nC1/g I-131 levels are minimal (Table 4). Furthe r-more, Takeshi has estimated that the iodine-131 releases are 5,100 to 64,000 curies (Table 5). Hence, there is suppo rtive evidence from animal studies and from noble ga s - t o-iodine- 131 releases that sufficient iodine-131 was released from TMI-2 to induce hypothyroidism in humans.
Field voles have not only been employed for monitors of I-131 contamination, but also for monitors of krypton-85 contamina-tion during the venting of the TMI-2 containment facility June 30-July 14th, 1980. It had been predicted tha: krypton-85 would accumulate in fat tissues due to its lipophilicity. Studies cor-ducted at Millersville State College indicate that Kr-85 accumu- f lated in testicular fat of field voles captured during the venting _
ope ration.
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l' Although krypton-85 as a noble gas is chemically inert, it is by no means biologically inert. Due to its lipophilicity, it also accumulated in breast tissues of humans exposed to the gas during the intentional venting of the TMI-2 containment fa cility. Figure 2 shows the track length of beta particles emitting from krypton-85 superimposed upon micrographs of human breast tissue. It is obvious that target ductal and lobular epithelial cells are well within the range of beta decays emanating from fatty deposits in human breast tissue. These considerations are compounded by the fact that ductal and lobu-lar cells of the human breast are among the most radiosensitive of human tissues.
Figure 3 summarizes early stages in carcinogenesis at the cellular level. Cells become cancerous after undergoing two separate genetic events (initiation) followed by promotion steps which include cellular differentiation and proliferation. Long-lived radionuclides may trigger both genetic events in the same sub-population of cells, making them more insidious ca rcinogens than chemical compounds. Local tissue damage by radioactive decay may also promote carcinogenesis through ablation and restoration of damaged tissue. Hence, radionuclide s are ultimate carcinogens, able to initiate both required genetic events and the first step of promotion.
The steps in the sequence of Figure 3 are cumulative, that is they need not follow each other closely in time. Exposures to low-level radiation at yearly intervals could suffice to mitigate each step. Hence, populations under duress from local discrete episodes of radionuclide pollution enhance their carcinogenic risk at each subsequent release of radionuclides. In addition, since radiation is immunosuppressive, and 99 percent of all budding tumors are rejected by the cellular immunity system, furthe r radiation exposures will allow even more tumors to break through this immunologic barrier. These considerations are especially germane to the population residing near TMI who have received genotoxic insults from radiation periodically as a result of the accident in March and April 1979, the venting of the containment facility in June and July 1980 and who will continue to receive further exposures to radionuclides as a result of subsequent phases of the cleanup operation.
w m -- , , , . . -
Summarv ;
There is reason to suspect that adverse human health effects have been initiated both by the accident at Three Mile Island and by the intentional venting of krypton-85 gas the following summer. Data supporting this contention derives from the following observations which were contemporaneous with the accident:
- 1) Within a 10 mile radius of TMI in the 6 months following the accident there were 31 infant mortali-tie s , whereas 17 were expected.
- 2) Within the seven county area downwind or downstream from TMI at the time of the accident, neonatal hypo- '
thyroidism cases increased from 4 to 14 in equivalent 9 month periods.
- 3) Sufficient iodine-131 was found in wild animal populations (field voles and rabbits) to account for hypothyroid induction.
- 4) Iodine-131 releases from TMI were 5100 to 64,000 curies during the course of the accident.
These results concentrate on the fetal period of human existence since it is by far the meat radiesensitive (Figure 4). It will be 20 - 40 years before we can know of cancers and birth defects in-duced as a result of the accident.
Similar evidence has come- from potential adverse health effects which may have been induced during the intentional krypton venting. -
Field voles collected during that time displayed krypton-85 in their testicular fat. Beta particles leaving these krypton-85 atoms could ,
induce birth defect-causing mutations in local spermatogenic tissues.
Simila rly, breast cancers could have been induced by beta decay from krypton-85 atoms trapped within fatty deposits of the human b rea st. ,
The population residing near Three Mile Island has been exposed to genotoxic radionuclides upon at least two separate occasions and are predisposed to further radionuclide-induced carcinogenesis or muta gene sis.
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i Table 1 INFANT MORTALITIES WITHIN 5 OR 10 MILES OF TMI i
5 mile radius 1977 1978 1979 no. deaths 3 1 7 rate /1000 births 6.7 2.3 16.1 10 mile radius 1977 1978 1979 ;
no. deaths 20 14 31 rate /1000 births 10.5 7.2 15.7 1977-78 average v. 1979 1977-78 1979 ;
no. deaths, 5 mi. 2 7 no. deaths ,10 mi. 17 31
- i t
- Difference significant at p < 0.05. [
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_ Table 2 3
NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM !
During .the nine months before and after the accident-Geograchte Area Before After Pennsylvania west ' , ,
t of Harrisburg -
i Five county area 6 o -
of Philadelphia Rest of Penasylvania 4 14
- Total 17 27
+
Downwind TMI (Dauphin, Lsbanon, Berks, 2 8*
Schuylkill, Lehigh, Carbon) i Downstream TMI (Lancaster County) 2 6 i
- Difference significant at p < 0.05.
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b Table 3
SUMMARY
OF ' ANIMAL STUDIES - IODINE-131 IN THYROIDS Field Voles Site Number Mean Max Mean mrem (per thyroid) (per gram *) ;
12.9 km NE 20 0.0 i 0.8 pCi - -
April 6 -16th 2. 3 km E 22 2.2 1 1.1 - 733 pCi 82.5
- 1. 9 km NE 18 5.6 1 1.2 '11.4 1866 (4/9)- 210 -
- assuming 3 mg / thyroid April 25th 0. 8 km E 1 0.53 (4/25)
(15007)
Rabbits L April 24th 1.6 to 644 (4/9) 72.5 i 4.8 km NE 57* 161 (4/24) .
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- composite sample not counted until May 8th P
Cow Milk - Max ( /ml) '
36 ICi l 4 :
Coat Milk 41 4 y
/
Is ouleth s ' /0 1 9 km NE ['j..
18 :
i 1866 pC1/g in field vole thyroids is conservative: .
9
- 1) Maximal values were 3800 pCi/g (3.8 nCi/g). ;
- 2) Thyroids may weigh less than 3 mg. l
- 3) Calculations are to April 9th when maximal I-131 i releases were March 28 - April 1st. {
- 4) Only I-131 calculated (early I 132 mrem may , _
have exceeded I-131, they are synergistic)
4 a
l Table 4 NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND IODINE-131 AT TMI '
CONSIDERATIONS
- 1. 4 nCi/g max in voles, 1. 9 km NE
- 2. -
--> 8 nCi/g (4/9 ---> 4/1. 7 9).
- 3. --> 80 nCi/g from equivalent I-132 (I-132 9X I-131)
---> 16000 nCi/g because fetal thyroid 10-200 X uptake I-131 (16 pCL/g)
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4.
- 5. 50% suppression of. rat thyroid with 13 pci/g I-131
- 6. therefore, potintially hypothyroid -inducing dose released at TMI I
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RELEASE OF IODINE-131 AT TMI (Takeshi)
A. Calculation from I-131 and noble gas releases on April 20th ,
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- 1. I-131 release rate = 1. 4 g1/ sec
- 2. noble gases released at 4,700 gi / sec
- 3. I-131/ noble gases = 1 / 3400
- 4. Extrapolation to March 28th: I-131/ noble = 1 / 8800
- 5. Total noble gases released = 45 x 10 6 Ci 6
- 6. Therefore, total I-131 released = 45 x 10 /8800' 4
= 5100 Ci B. Calculation from NUREG-0600 (NRC Office of Inspection and Enfo r c ement, Aug. 1979 " Investigation into TMI accident")
.1. I-131 releases began 7 a. m. March 28th
- 2. I-131 to noble gas release ratio then = 1 / 700
- 3. Maximal iodine releases occurred within a few hours '
0
- 4. Therefore, I-131 release = 45 x 10 /700
= 64,000 Ci ,
C. Admitted release of 1 131 = 14-15 Ci ;
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Flaure 1 INCIDENCE OF NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM June 20,1978 - March 28,1979
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- Neonatal Hypothyroidism Case Cases Reported By E Nuclear Power Plant Department of Health INCIDENCE OF NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM March 28,1979 - December 31,1979
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DENNSYLVANIA e Neonatal Hypothyroidism Case Cases Reported Bv E Nuclear Power Plant Deparernent of Health I
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1 LEGEND
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Chart, #1 4
i PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL STATE DOLLARS ALLOCATED TO THE IlEALTH DEPARTMENT *
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I I I i 1 1 I I I I I i 1963 1953 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1975 1977 1978 1979
- Irom 1963 to 197C 'the state Ludget incicated frcm 2.0'16 to 5 BCS Inition do!!ars.
I 50Ufs'CE. Buursu et l'hcal ?.tmee,cnwnt, l\'nnsylum.s th tvutarnt of IIc31th W
t 9
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The .an g ement cf the accident :as left--and c.or.Linues to be i d t..all teo nuch *.o engineers and plaalaicts--anc ,her political d.scitiicn. There ita-little or no phycician input by state and federal g vcr:mnt in:o 1.he r.an:t d e c .4 .. '. ~. . ., ..ct *
- d. e t, r'm., r to +..b. . v .'. #.d. a n t, . N. . . r e .. aw- ..,'e'.a. . . - " . no ,9. ..". ..... d * ' a.n .t . . t,", '.
inta decisienc made in the days innediately fcilowing the acciden*.. And I
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that re had c barked en a ne: missic".- "a* cms for peace"-.it tas called.
And the product of that missi.,n ould be clean, safe and cheap ener;y fer all.
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was safs. Or I shculd say, we thcught it was safe. Tnis tots 1 assurance of s _a.. '.e. ,- *
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consequerces of ~~.C's nuclear rsdiation expcsure, becauce the state healP.
department h: d done no prior planning for scch an even ,.
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. "1.4 9,, .4. n 'ena. Da y* ' .~..~..a. r. - . .e s-". a ++.u' k '. ",, - +o u .ba G v . . ...~. ' s Office reiected a this t.ro.nosal on the basis of censideraticus havin s nothing whatever to do with heal,h status--yet another political decicien. Denial c'f
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in Pennsylvania of its mandate to preta:t the health of its people and te pre-
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.. a. , 4 n addrecsing a va'st array of technical iscues--norni dilemass if you will--that have been thrust upon the medical profoccien by a technology that hac out.
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Let us briefly eensider the function of state and local health depar,-
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SUiMY OF CLINf L',L EFFECTS OF ACUTE 10NIZING PADIATION DOSES .
DOSE (Ren) <
0-100 100-200 -
200-600 600-1000 1000-5000 OVER 5000 i
i V0nITING NONE 5-50% 50-100% 100% 100%- 100%
ONSET OF VOMITING- --
3 llR. 2 IIR. -
1 IIR. 30 nIN. ' 30 MIN.
i PRINCIPAL ORGAN '
, SYSTEM AFFECTED NONE ----IlEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE------------ GASTROINTESTIONAL C,E,NT RAL
- . TRACT iNERVOUS SYSTEM SIGNS NON$ MODERATE --SEVERE LEUKOPNNI AJ-- OI ARiiilEAJ FEVERJ #
CONVULSIONSJ TREMORSj.
LEUK 0PENIA PURPURAJ HEMORRilAGEJ ELECTROLYTE 4
INFECTIONJ EPILATION DISTURBANCE ATAX1AJ
- LETliARGY
, CRITICAL POST-EXPOSURE PERIOD -- --
Il-6' WEEKS------ 5-111 DAYS 1 fl8 HR.
PROGil0SI S EXCELLENT EXCELLENT GOOD ~ GUARDLD ll0PELESS , HOPELESS
' CONVALESCENCE NONE YlEEKS MONTliS LONG --
DEATns NOME NONE 0-80% 80-100% 90-100% 90-100%
i TIME TIL DEATH -- --
2 ' MONTH S ------ . 2 WEEKS 2 DAYS CAUSE 0.: DEATH -- --
--IIEMORRHAGEJINFECTION- ~ SHOCK IlESPIRATORY FAILUREJ CERE3RAL
- EDE:!.A w .-
FROMi ElSENBUDI ISfi1RONMENTAL N6DJS/ICIIEIY.,1973. -
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Rt reeC.r.endu tion for pregmat women and your.g childmn *o leave the irca
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tefore Senator Fennedy to fau'.t he state fer not ad.*inis'ori:.; the drug.
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- 1) The Enc.m incidence of sif e effects such as icdisn--a severo skin
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lation of radicactive iodine in the thyroid gland, even as vie are t-97 I.et us cen51 der a coral issue at stake many conth foll:'.ving the nuclear
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da.ys of refusal by the liealth Departmenc to alert the public to this preventable illness in nevborns, I asked a reporter to look into the retter in order to m.4 2
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In .id-1978, the state health department icr uiteucly began cereeni.;
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they ;mrrent further ep'.driolecir:91 investigottun whether from inbredinr, t.
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It was our reca fortune that there was nomit.ediate lecc of life ^*
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data were not being a de available to the public. Mere than a year after the t r.,,.... ,i , %..... a ., . . .n.. , T. . .,.,. e s se.4 '.w s -. .e- .., / e. -d ue 4...'e . . ". . ., ~.~_+a.'.#*,-
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These data cheuld have been made public months before.
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. g . 7 %.. J. .n. 4.. eonw , m. , . , , w o n . .u
- m. s. J.e.a. o. n g .J e. .
,r. e. n..t. n U....
. .n a ' . k. . .w 2. .o... .. .. .c.. o. w d p. . .. 3..... ., . yv. . . .-
a c. . o.. . , + hm. e..,....., 4.. , , e... r. ,..,, .m. ., e ., .s. ..c.. ... , u. . e .. 4. . .3.> . ., .
- a.
4 ,, c .
. . u. .,., o. o. . . y . . . . . . . ..
They were flawed by errors and in*.ernal inconsistencies. (See charts M and 9)
- w. . .,h
~ .e . c , .. f.,, -.
- m. .# a. .* a . .4 . . . ...c a.e., ., ... ,., . a., . . , .. %. . . . , .. 4.. , .e..4 .~, .e... .e. .., w s. ,. .s . 4 ,. ..
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. a...e w... u .w.. ., . . .
.n4,h .w. c....pa..ae .
n .., tn ~ e . A1 e.,o , .v.u.. nen....o.a,. c.
. ..ea i,.. fan. .a. n.. ,.,a.,.e .c ,. e...be, v .
and Nove-ber vary, even though the two components (Harrisburg and cutside p.r.. . .. 4 sbur- sh. cu'. d.. . a .. ..y . *..e. e '.k. a + c * .s' a o . d a.".' d c a'. .
4 r.u. *. .%. . ... .. - - a,. .-, * ".
s ) ...5.4 ax. . . . .. . .
lation of neenatal and infant death rotes for Herrisburg during 1979 are identi-cal during the entire year. We are led to believe then that all infant deaths in Harrisburg, i.e.,
- hose in the first year of life, occurred neenatall" in the first 28 days of life. In chart /i9, the second quarter neonatal death rste l .e. .h v'
- e. +.h=. . +5a. sa a.a ce".a-+ . . . e . .d ..."a.*.+., m d e a +.11 . .a.+ e ev. a . +u.w..u s . ~n' a.h= .. + F.. o^..~.~.o' the tre rates during the same period to be idantical.
Yet to be explained is why five-and-ten mile infant death rates
- during tha. eix . m.o . . .th.e. ."o' ' .~.~. . .~
. +,.5 e a a. 4 d .an+,, a u' d....b e m' .W...."*'."^~~."..y*..-a.d.
g . .o t h. .e .e. . ...'
period in previous years. The incresce could be a statistical variati:n er n~.,,a. bn 42.~u - a , , l b,. ,, e. , L. . .
. . . .e.~~. e c.c o.es m o .c.4., .~ m 4.. e a. . .~. ....J. .d ,.,,,,.,. . . n4 o...,.
sig;nificant and surely warrant careful attentien if not further tud;;. 1.a .or a..
. u.3. . , e, e n. . ,
4.,. .c e. = .~. a. .s i n . .e cn a 'i.n'. d e. .". . . a.' +.e . '.b. .. .= c .a ' d. . . . .", .~.. .. s" h n eva . . . ~ ' ~ . .
.r4 w ...
,.,4 .c.,.,,1... .. 3.....
n., . 4 nc. . c.s < .m.. 4nf a.,. .m a.e. uo,...
Five. nile ratec ::or? 6.7, 2.3 an i 16.2 infant ceuth ra'.:n pc *heun"ri
., 3 . .., ..~ t w y. ge. ., . z 4. . .c .,~. n. ..n_, .c.-o a ,v. ,.1 4.a, . n. tra .n. . .. .w. . n.
. n. ,. a. ~. ~ . ., y.n
'.71 thin ten r,Uca--inclu.id.r- I'.rW Mu m--@'n h r . w r, W/3 ranpoeti ply. .
I 1
?
, - ,- -- - . . - . - . ,--e-- ...%n-y--,w.. y-v ..ve- - - --,-...-w. .w-.. A
i i
i- RATIO OF fEUl/flN IlYPfTillYmIDISM T0 felPPms I!! PENISYLVNilA t
1 ,
~
l
! HESTERilPA EASTERNPA i
4
- JUf1E20,1978To 1: 6,805 1: 6,5E4
' FAROl28,1979 4
I ihRai 28,1979 To 1: 7,955 1: 3R1 -
i DECEFEER 31,1979 4
y ;
i JANUARY 1, 1980 To 1 1 7,231 1: 2,71S!
AucuST 31, 1930 t 4
i 4
k n
I ALL llENBORN llYP0lilYROID CASES REP 07TED BY PENNSYLVAfilA IEIARTMENT i
4 0F lIEALTil SINCE IN!TIAT10tl GF flE0 NATAL llYPOIIIYROID SCREENIfKi
! ru0 CRAM, JtsJE 20, 1978 uN1rL A n Sr31,.1980.
I
-I i
3
-. - . - . - - . - . .. -. , ..-, . . . . - , . . - - - - . = . - . . . . . _
i FETAL, UEONATAL, At:D INFANT DEATH RATES LY };0H111: PENNSY L*.' A'41 A , TE'! KILE T:ft AREA C0:0051 TIES DECMER. 1979 1
(I!!CLUDING AND EXCLUDING IUtFA1SBURG CITY) A!!D liARRISBURG CITY, JAN'JARY .
llelurted by Pommylvania Departm.mt. of Ilealth _
i
. Geof,ragic Arca Ceor,rghic Area
- enth -
TMI lia r r isburg TMI Tlli II.ir risbur g Tlil Pa. (10 Mile) Cite (Excl. libg.)
~
Pa. (10 lille) City (Excl. libg. )
Fetal R ath (Excluding Ahorrions) Rates Fetal Death (Total) Rates ;
26.9 21.5 33,3' i
29.9 31.9 3 3. 3 ,c:'.k = 15.3 J<i.o ., n:/,3 24.4 12.5 23.4 45.0 10.6 Tehruary 22.3 23.4 45.0 10.6 48.5 9.2 13.1 13.3 19.2 9.2 March 25.4 21.9 9.5 13.0 16.5 32.3 9.5 ,
1.p r il 23.3 16.5 32.3 12.0-11.2 9.3 12.0 15.5 8.5 I May 25.1 9.3 19.2 4.5
'22.7 9.3 19.2 4.5 13.4
- June 12.9 '13.4 29.4 7.4 20.8 13.4 2).4 '7.4 July 13.3 15.3 20.6 13.1 22.8 15.3 20.6 13.1 August 13.2 18.2 44.2 4.6 September 22.8 18.2 44.2 4.6 '
8 . 'l 42.1 S.9 11.7 IS.6 42.1
! Oc:cher 21.0 18.8 21.3 47.1 12.8 i 21.3 42.1 12.8 12.3 ' >
Soecrber 2Q.4 15.3 6. 5 9.4 24.6 6.5 9.4 j re c er.b,e r .
11.1 13.4 16.3 28.2 11.1
!, Jan. - Dec. 23.0 17.1 30.6 t' infant Death Eates Neonatal Deatl4 Rates
- a -j/ if 17.1 17.1 14.8 21.5 33.0 January 9.8 21.5 33.0 5.4 4
28.3 13.7 13.7 28.3 Februa ry 10.0 10.3 40.8 14.0 19.2 4 0. ,8 . , 9.3 11.5 2 2,.f.
Itarch 8.2 33.3 14.4 14.4 14.1 20.1 April 10.7 20.1 33.3 18.9 16.3 18.9 16.3 14.1 17.0 E.2y 9.8 17.0 13.7 39.2 9.1 18.7 39.2 9.1 13.2 l June 10.7 11.9 10.8 10.1 11.1 10.0 5.4 10.1 3.7 l J uly B.8 10.2 .12.5 13.3 7.3 6.2 15.4 9.3 IS.5 Au;.ust 12.3 13.9 12.9 9.8 9.3 11.0 9.06' '!
i S e;> t e:b e-11.0 9.00 "' 13.7 -= ".;* 12. 7
- Oc
- aber 9.9 -D 9. 6 22.0 (_;' 14.8 s.4 9.3' 22.0 0,.;-
' 10.5 ,,,;. ) 6.2 19.6 31.3 9.5
!:c 2 ;.aer 31.3 4.3 16.1
. Occenber 10.9 ^ 13.1 16.1 23.0 11.5' 13.2 23.0 S.9 13.3 .
i .;ca . - Dec. 9.3 .. .A.-.
'O y
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ac- ,r: .
B1213 RRfiR99 I
--PEi#iSYLVNllA CAP 110L UPDATE-OlARRISPURG) - A CGTilTIEE T0 IINESTIGATE IlYPOIllYR01DISM lii
!Ef51SYLVN11A Ei FOR TlE FIRST Tite 10MY... PilT TIE RADIATIGil EFFECTS OF llE lllIEE Mllf ISLNID ACCllENT iE!E NOT Oil ITS KEi!M.
DOCTOR [GlAll) IEID -- IEAD OF ilE 11-MWER PNEL - SAID TIE
_?)GRRP WILL fl0T DISCUSS ElllER TIE Pm OR CW Si!E ff Wil^.T MY m i'AY NOT llA'E OCCllRIED SINCE llE TIRE fille ISlMiD ACCIR!iT.
IE SAID TIE IEDICAL EXPERTS Will CmDUCT NI UNBIASED ORECTIVE STUDY OF tAlY 3'l PEllilSYLVNilA INFNilS SilFFEIE1) FD11 ilVP0TilYR0lDISI1 lil 1979. ,,
TIE DlSORTR IS A BII(Ill EFECT lllAT, IF IBT UllTIEAlED, CALEES I'EilTAL IETARDATI0il. IT CN1 PE CAUSED BY A VARIEIY OF IEREDITARY MlD ElNIIUlFilTAL FACIORS... INCLUDillG RADIATIRl.
llE CGilFITEE OF IEDICAL EXPERTS FROP1 PilllA[lPillA, PITISBUEGil, IERSIEY MlD ATlMITA WAS F0iFED /FlER 1979 F16tlIES IEVEALED SIX CIEES OF liiT'OTilR01DIST) IN IMlCASTER CGEllY.
die OllER CASE ilAS BEEll KPORIED 1111S YFAR lil llE C0ltilY... hili 01 IS LOCAlED ! EAR TIE CRIPPLED ilVCLEAR PL4iT.
m Tp ,
ICID SAID llE illMlER OF CASES IS !10T UilUSUAL... BilT TIE CLUSlERIilG AP-PX4)32,7 lI00EST l
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10.5, 7.2 and 15.7 durin ; like time framos. St,a,e. vide levcic for the s.=2 three yurs wer: U . 0, 13.5 and 13.6, respective 1 /. (See chart #10). The hlth Deprtment subsequently blamed the 1979 eit.vation abcvc the statewide
, c ., , 2, o... . 4.,g; . ...4 . e ,.,2 + c e s. n .hi ...h # e. .f and,, r..". . +w C. .' N.., a ~.. m~, r. ".a ". #. .^ r. . 3 ' .e M...".'.>. .
But it is alre kncw that minority data were present in 1977 and 1973 before the nuclear accident cccurred. Had the infant death rate rer.ained "nchanced or even decreasad, I trus, those findings iculd have been well publici:en.
9, m y ." .. .. . - s o . .v r.m. . -a . .. A. # n g- t o a n . .. .- .;.p =. - a. ." ".- a. "rc " ., a +n.a..c.,.+n..w a. .e..~.~ .n ..c m. ' e .., .. -a-e n.
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ti:n ) a#:,er the arch 23, 1979 accident. These cata sere not available eten the story cas released.
A'4 .e, o o f v* . .r. e ". ". 4 . . s + b.a. . C.m.4 w .4.s. n of 's# 4s .*/+ . .a . *. d a a*i,..w "e .#.-*.. D g. 'r = ". * .. a. r.+. ^<.#
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+. 'n. e. 4 .e e.c.r e.m+ . .. .c + o co11 .. en.+ .%. .,e 1+ h ad, ta b J.
. . orn,. , do 4 e..; .. r, a,.,. A o .r t e,-C.. no,1o.n o. ., a. n a 4. A..w e. e. . +w o .
Althcugh I do *.,hink the available data are ncn.oenclusive in their p e.
Sen.. fc. . , ,a . . .d...w
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. .., . ... . a. c, =,.
fo11cninD- the nuclear accidCn*, at E.II warrant ec.mplete cander and disclosure, not delay and denial. A lack of confidence in *hece findings prc: pts me to
- 4. . . . , .e. 4 . ..., . .. s.. + 4p -tt 4 , n ve f n..,.. .,e-,. .o. .e.--,4 , ..ea.i.w we am a. a. f o ,. ~.. ..,.a. .n.e, m..... w.,./ un s
-,,o
. .,.~y -
of qualified epide.miological investigators.
Unla s s d e ar.
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(ACTUAL DEATHS IN PARENTHESES) 5 Mi ti L E= n 1 T!al 10 th Las new TM1 Att PentaLucm 1977 6.7 55's 10,5 (20) N 13,9a/
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INFANT DEATils INFANT DEATilS'
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APRIL 1 38,01'l 527
! JUNE 30, 1979 i
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. . . . r-.
w s,y,a. a. . .e L., c- a. -.n n s v .e .~ a e .,. ,
.+
particu'arly institu,1:nalized er home-bcund patients.
F.e n .' *.. h d a. y .* *. *..n. . .* *,, s .e k. +. "'. d .".". -. - .'a. +. e a ,~., a. .y. e " .a.. a 4 f.# ^ c v * .'..u. %.. P.a. a. ' '.h. a. d" a r.s .
'..4 c.n " f.~%. -m
- r.o_m. s f .. 't ..# . d ". e .
+^
., r.e d'.a"w.c.". 4 fo." e..' 1 a 2 r a .~. : ^ur:s , e st. e m ' a.'- .1..'T .# c."
. ,abe.... . .,nd . o
,, e y,. ,. ,. 2.,. ,. , . ..s.
Open ocesunication riith the medical c0==u.nity, the religious centunity an a y.'a. m. c. , ,, *
.. a. . .a 1' y ""eb '. 4. e '.>t'. .' .' h a. '.c ' .o d a. .' '.."..#
. ~. .M.e ic-4
. yas s.
- a' da."a.ca ".."..ick.. ."~a have seen result frc .he TIE accident. Above all, the public hu '.he righ ,
+. o p,.y.,... .,g s. e . 4 .-p... w, q.a . a. n .3 a.
.. .o- p._ ,. ., . .
4.40,.. eu 4. c a". c."..c . r., e ne. ,',- . , .e .e .. a.l' a s- .#."-'... .
all other catastrophes ,h2', can affect the public health.
As socn as possible after the accident, it should be announced that heald d a +ou^
".~~'1 . " b e c c '. ..7 ..* + e d.. .'nd . .- =. .' a. s s e d *g". ~.. ."r '. ," *. o *. b.. e c .' '. d '_a. r "v., a .."e *. *. e d '. .,
+..k.e c ... m .., m. 3 . q. n. so . Tp.a m .. n A.4. Ci ^..' ^w'. .* .e e *p" P. .".*. a .r' , '.". k. . " + a V ^. ."
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. . . + b. . u.3 .an. . o ...
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D V9 d O IOri O r'l i.,Ci '.00 OT b.Whyf yCar" hCU'P POnIe"InC TOC OMc DuCeleO $1MI*
.v... c.,..s,...u..,, 4
.. i. , . . . U, .,+J..,,
- s. ,.
- w . ,-- - ~~ .;-
Appendix 2
. to appear in HEALTH PHYSICS f (August, 1981) '
T
- n .* .s. \1r. , .1 *s.4 *s* -UVDRTR* ' t-owbh
'.' ** T - ?J eVw .4 a .. . . .v . D W7 m. .U..r, 1/vL
- r ' .r k
( d, .T C.o.C. .n. S e. r_ .. ilxis-,I. . ,/Ava %.-et S ) . 3. . . u. ...- ,,. A C .4 .. . v Cr.
- m. -.u r m..u. .q.e. .r. n_ t. .e r. 3 u.ND N. UC.' .T.n' .R Cr '1.7..'.e'.T. . .NG ,4 AN"_'
1 Authors R. William Field, Department of Siclegy, Millersville State i College, Millersville, PA 17551 '
i Ell::abeth H. Field, Department of Medicine, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033 '
David A. Zegers, Department of Eiclegy, Millersville state College, Millersville, PA 17551 ,
Guy *. Steucek, Oeoar_.ent of Eiclegy, Millersville State '
College, M:Alersville, PA 17551 A
4 Abstrac:
Meadow voies (Microtus pennsylvanicus) were trapped in l the vicinity of Three Mile Island Nuclear Pcwer Station.
i l
i between 6 April and 16 April 1979. Thyroids of voles caugh.
1.9 k:a frem the reactor (Site III) contained significantly higber a= cunts of I3*'I than those Of voles caught further
, )
awav.-
This is in agreemen: with Depar =ent of Energy predic- 1
\
tiens that :nis site was centaminated o a greater degree than the other two sites sampled. The highest level c' 11* --
I detected frcm Site III'was 11.4 pCi/ thyroid and the mean for that site was 5.6 pCi/ thyroid. The vele is prcpesed as a I me . _i . . 4 .. g . .. a . . 4 .. ,. .#.. - . 13 1_ c .~. ~. = .m.4 . ._= .. .d -^ .'. a. ..s ; s _ a_...s .
e
.+w..-ew4-- *w='t+v-*ews ht - ve-#Ttf--7Ni r FTetrm*4*.+W--ess- *v mr a*ew-+*- 1 =
- tv M M-pv p* - m e mwM r' 'rg=.----www-Mgw'=r-y-wvy'r' F-TW W"rFgr N F ~P* ' V w @ m y - we-w'yegwy'e-y-v- 9 .,.y yv y- m g+ 9 g -9 p g-9 9 't
s . .. 2 y/
9%d %e
,,s.
a v- y. ge .- D UC"A - "'.1 v
a s . .
9
%d
.F The vole (Mic ctus spc.) is used extensively as a =cdel ;
k.
/ g. cr an_4_m 3 .e ." s + .' dv. i..-,y c au 7 ' a *- # c n d. v. ..a... 4 . s i ,C) , n " . _' - _4 -
(%'.. .".
. Q,
,( (Ke 7 8 ; Sh 7 6 ; Sh7 5 ;3ar 7 4 ; 3r 7 4 ; Sh7 4 ; 5h7 0 ) , and'bicaccumulation 3
(Wi73;Ge77) because of its pcsitica in the~ terrestrial feed k c.k.a 4 n, wides - r ..=._=d d_d s _ _4 .k " _i c n , a .". t... .d - ..= .c e , s~... .=. _' _' s _' .. e a..d.
\ limited hcme range (.b 69;Va69). These attributes also make' i the vole a gecd =cdel for studies involving radionuclide
,c o"-4_ _ - ._ - . . . -". . . e ._ a c ~ _# dm e.. . a '. *..k. a. "..'.-=a. .d._d _' e _ s ' a..d N. " - ' a a -
23 .... ( ..y r ) -. ' ~~
. . c v . .# a d . = . . c-rce .- . " . . .' . v .
-- ". s e '.'c ' e a- ~~
.- c' e . e .-....# ..e w
...e ,x .en a..s - -,-
., c, .-_4 . . c .e. 13le .-....4. .. na.4c.. .e.
_ w. . n..4.
.. e.... .
.q ,_ --..--
as '-
4 .,. --..m gaa- s a... r _' a. s .# _-. ... C. . . e .- =. = c . ., - --.. . .=. .d . . . . e . . .
. .., u _2 _3 a 4 ._.,, s n ,. . e.-.4, r--
4
_o .e.o, s.". . w a. d ..".a . 3 , - was 6.e c'- . - ..".e principle radionuclides released as a result of the accident a * "...? ~ 3_,r .w
. *..b. a. a.'*..c ". n '.' c _# . .s ..t. n d .4 . ... e - . .. a. _4 m e. ,... , -w.,4
. _ - _, a _4 .. ,
at tha: .ime was 6.3 x 10-2 microcuries/m;2 Che firs: evi-dence of off site contamination by 131 was detected in milk samples of domestic animals taken between 31 March and i
4 April 1979. The maximum levels fcund in ccw's and goat's milk were 36 and 41 pCi/L, respective 1v (3a:79). Our oba ec- .
i tive was to tes: the usefulness of (M. pennsylvanicus) as a l
.m. e . ._4 .-..4..c, c - . a.. 4 s... " v .
. ". s _' ..c. *..Y_ s ve .' e .c u da . *.a ...._i .. a -" -.a. ' '
't.
.. , 7 ex_..,_ . . . . .e-1 c r..a... ..= ;
._d . . c .# .".e = u -- ~ ~ " ..A d. .a.c. a. r. s .y s . a....
b.v -.....ra i ..- ..". , a. s e e s "- ' .a- - ..". e s e
- - .". . = .3 . . a d '.. v .- . . v a r. . 4 . . .= .'.
measures. .
.. l 2
- ,n,, - -.,-e .- ..n , , . . . , . , - ,r-.,,,, , .,v .-w------r.m . . , , .-.,, ,
1 i
i
. I L., -
3 1
.%A*. _T R "e 7..: Am"D .RE~. .".CD S -
..,te s ,;..--; a ea c o nsi..,s. a . c. ..u..ee si.... . .< . . -- a .-.. . .. a County, penns.vlvania.(Fic.ure 1).
. Site I was 12 9 km NE of 1
the damaged reactor and served as control. Site II was 1 f i located 2.3 kn I cf the reacecr, and Site II was 1.9 km SE -
l of the reacter. The three sites contained similar meadow '
vewetaticn and had not been farmed for two years . .
Sampling s:stions were placed at. 2 m intervals along two 30 m lines separated by 8 meters. Apprcximately 240 ma were covered bv the tra-cinv . v. c. rid at each site. Tra c. cinc. .
was done between 6 April and 16 A ril, 1979 inclusivelv, and .
u*.#'4 .--- - ed tw. o S h e - ..a n ' 4 ". a. .
. a r s "a4*=>- w .i ..k. r e .=.7 ". . " u..e. =-
each sampling station. The traps were inspected and rese:
daily between 1000 and 1200 hcurs. Captured redents were a
kiad ---- " v. d
- -' =- *. ".v. a. *..".e - a ..d . = . . s o .- . =. .-4 --
..".a. ' "
a o. .a .. . v. .# .
analysis 24 to 48 hours5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br /> after cap +.ure.
- a c.h ..k.v..---i d (< 4 -g ~4 ssre) - c. -- e ..". e. v. d '..' . =
r.'s.
. e ^- -
1 trachea dissected microscopicall.y was .olaced in 12 x 75 mm l di 1 b' a 1
- s- esa- -
c"- ' *" e *.". b e s a..d a..a ' ' ]..
- ' a d. # c.*.
7 u *- d ----' 4 - d, . . - = l I
9.-3 r.w..a . a e. --es -31o- ya.. a a a c..u.a m.e-2..._a..
.u....- .s 4 ..w. -- .- i
~
tion crystal. Each sample was counted for ten minutes and backpround was determined ever 500 minutes. Because of the number of samples from each site it was possible to make site
- o 4
- e -,.e a 'sv-.s.
. . C un 4..c. a # #. # . d a.. .v w a s > =. . a .- .." ..e d. .' ,v C C .. .. . 4 . .r; awso1,..o- . s s.- .Aa 4s .4 . . ..". e s a...e "; e C"...a. *. **;' -a . . d ". .. a *- d .X . !
1 J-- *$1 '~*
31.-. s =.h .a . -- m. a w ..
a" f .*. y .'8 w #* . e .= .". .=. .' v, .a d. .# . - -- . *--. --..=.... .
_, _._..,,.s .,v...----.a- e ~ow -v~'+ '-** *' ' " ' " ^ ~ '
o .
4 l
l I
determine background counts. Af ter subtracting the backgrcund 3 3 frca the ecunt rate, the samples were corrected for ~~,~I decay, since the '3*'! assays were conducted en differen: days 3o. . -
during the trapping pericd. Xe was among tn.e r a c : c c u c .i.:. c e s released frem TMI and emits a Garna of 360 Kev, which is within the window for 131;, a ewever, analyses cf dissected thyrcids taken frcm veles 24 to 45 hours5.208333e-4 days <br />0.0125 hours <br />7.440476e-5 weeks <br />1.71225e-5 months <br /> after capture were 1
specific for '31I because c"Xe is not cencentrated in the thyroid, and because the half-life of '33Xe is 9.2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> and
- "a* o e ~3 r s 8.1 days . i
~
w ~~
l 5 1
g p, a t r ;-
. /- fj s
l "
'%L ve{e ?
RESUL*S AND DISCUSSICN Durine. the ten dav. trac. t. inv .cericd, the number cf vu es c=" , .".. was 20, .'..'.a..d ".- - 5.4 a.s . . ., .7. =."'~ .T.T .* , .es ec- -
tively. Only adult voles were captured, nakin a e class ccmparisens impossible between :ne sites. Analysis for weignt c....:::erences between s:. tes , we'ght, '-, ::erences between .
sexes, and weight differences between site by sex revealed nct significant effects. In addition, sex appeared to have no influence on the ~~~I centent of the vele thyroid. .
Thyroids of voies frem Site I centained no detectable
,3Ar, a
w.h.e e.ms .w.. .e g e :
. ...- .,. g .4 *. .. .~.. Co ..*m.; ..'o
. e.4 3 s4,..434.
- 5. .,.
, .. e. .. .2. .~ u .,. . ( . a b.' a -' ,\ . -
3,
- ..k. a .'.4 . .".a. s . ' e'i e ' o .' J , -. A e *. =. c . .= d.
at Site II was 'l.4 pCi/thyrcid, and the mean va'ue l
i cbtained for this site was 5.5 pCi/ thyroid. Analysis of
'J g .* .4. 2 .*.*. g .* S. y A 3 1 ..c .*
..'. J E ., w .4. w.,. .W. . ; ,,. c.,
.D.M.. . I 3..... o .4 g e.
-44 ..J
.s . 4. .,3 1 ., _
i W
8 i
/
V~~ .v 4 I,-~.:~ *'
v
. . o
. *..h a. c . . . . =. . . . o .' a , - . '. , v o .' =. *.."."; ..-
. .4 '. S , e < 0 . 0 .' .
. .k. e . *.". e. a. . . ,
y e wma .. . .~~ a. , _ S . ". ' . _ie-. - ' a .r . =. a- . ,
. . g a.
- a. o _< .
0.0.', .e . -. d _e.. . a. -s
~ 5. a . ... e >. . . 5 .'c . ~
o_~.eS
~-
._ a..^.~~__~d_....A_'_'.'=..-
. - S_',...'.=.'.=.-._'.v, s..a...w.. . e 131?- -.. ye .
4, , .w wou.. . - ...y. 4A..+- S '- .- .-- 5_4.e '- Was S.4 n4'd- --
m a. ... _.e .. . a. a . _e , ._.. w , n .' ,. . e .4 + .- ,..
. n,.
.o _. 0.n.- ~. .u. . ... -. .,. . e . . . c .:
3, ' -
.i.. v o _' e ~..". v. . 4 .a e - . - . , . . s _' *. e _ _ _ "~ a 5 S _d ...' .' _# . =.. . _' y g.-a.a.a.- .
...." a n t.5 a . .' o . . a.. ' .~. a ' a- '
-- .c,. -ci-
- . = . .-. ? '
n' . . a .v .e .' 5 c .' v a ...da . . . .= .d .e.
robust, cut it aSSuceS homogenietf or variance an, norma,
-S 44 . .4 -.w. .u4.. , n.. . -.. ".e . e. .' . e , _Se- Aa a We.= *es ed .# c . .w.e...o g e .. _4 e . v.
of variance, Skewness (?- ) , and kur cSiS ( :. 2 ) . .".e ca'
. 'a.ed values of g, and a., _
.' - . e acu. S.4 .a . .' e -1_1 w .4 ....
- w i .. a _1 _' c w a x 1 e a...v-- .
a . . A. a.. .: max + e s . .: n. ,.... .A- s- u.e
. .1., . .aa.n.C S S .-
w
.u. e ..n...n e. a...e n , S .
- m. c aSSU . e S .i. y . _4 .# .4 " .*... C e " ". e # " * " W e - *.
- - - , a.. ' .' ;" e d a E .4 . . . .*. . -
a ... . e. . . . 4.21_1,, ; .54, .y .. s.
.%.wo.. . k .m. 1. _ g g .i .9 4a- .n . . 4. .v.3 .. . . q.w.4 gy.
4 tests. mye ISSultS Were SSSent'alav One Same as tneSe :00m e
a g -...
- n.. a . .4 . a .".a .' .V S .45. *..k. e ." e *.W e a. 7 S _# *. e d .4 .# .# * .* *..". ". e 5 1-1
~ ~~
.# .7 .
We.e S.4 w...d."i . . a... a. . _< 0 . 0 0 .' , a..d ..".a
. - P.a .. . . "n .".4 ...= .v . e S .
i 1 4..d.4C,3 . e d. " b.a *. ~ 3 9~ .~.. -"T.*.=..".'. C.# " ".V. ..- ^ .4 #5 ~ l
.# ." . .9. s .4..* .._ * ~~ WaS ,
1 e a *. a. .- .* ". a . . a . w' ' ..".e. c .4 .-
1 y 7 .7~, ,o _ 0.0.'
- aS . c. . < 4.. '^~h
... -=SES w- .
1
- e. .w. e 131.? Con.e.n... . C.e *wy .4A-S .-
.. C yC .i a. S .n-.o. 3 7 a.s- -.
.c .4 .. . a . .77- Aee. ..- asea An- ,4..n
- - - - . g ...u.e S Lm..ye .' e g e _ 4 n A .
4 a
...1 e 3:5.413. . *o
. .w~ . a ". .# . .- *..". E .#8 ". * "; c .# ~ 3 ~,.~ .
3
- A h. .iS WCC'd- aU-;eS. ~
3.,
.w..a. s_4 .. - i
. ., .T .v.- o n. e _4 .,.e
- . .A. - . . CCS,. r. .:
Ji ? .
1
. s _4 . Ce s. .w. C .L. 3 A. e C .1 4. e WC L' .' d w.. - . " e e V d- _ # " n . # . . a C.".* ...4.." .' .' V, e.X y ^. S e d- a..". v d. .* .." ..e . ". ..
1*1
- 3
. .. 4.a*.*.5 "#
- b. e # 4 S _* _4- '- "
- _# .. * . C.#
~"** *
.e_. '*" Sad 1
i
. -- _# _"..* 7 ~..M._~ M .'.2^)
- s !
h.,..$.#. .* ,
. .M. w . w- . .$ . . . . ... ,,..F. A .. - m.. ..g ._ . . . ._A..M.
. g .g
.. D. . .. A. .m m. . g . .
e
.- . 6 s_ e...s . e n z 3 .M a .- ..". a ..d. '
_ n'y.47 'c,9.
.A _' *. .". e. u c. .'. '. .". a.d. a . .= wda. . e c _ _4 _' -
4 .. g *..'~.e d _4m- *.. _4 k u _ _4 o n c # 131? a. e 4 .. _= g . e e a--.n . w _4 '..'. _ "__
.# .4 . . d -
ings insufficient vele data preclude a definitive statement.
- . .' .4 s o; c .i . . . .- a. u *. "...e 4 m. o . '. .= . .c e . .# ' a .k _4 .. 3 s "m -.e o o .4 ". e
_ _e a m- .' =. s W
.#. . cm.. a n e n.v _4 _- e. . .m. a r. *. *..' ~- c e.'.".o .' e c . .a. . =
. .._4 . . a '. a. d ""
-; *_ = _4 . . : ' = .
release of a radienuclide.
.q._4_,e
. . o o.w...e sy. s . .ema ._4 c s a...y _, _4 w _e . __
..,42 a.,.2...a o. .. .a s .
(.-
,s undertaken in the vicinity of IMI, some scant evidence is in
- 9 c' support of our findings. A vole captured 0.3 km east of IMI on 25 April 1979 wa's found to centain '3'I ahcVe background -
(Mo79a). In addition, a composite sample of rabbit thyrcids frem animals taken 1.6 to 4.3 km north =ast of "MI en 24 April 1979 contained 151 cCi/cm 131I , whereas ncne was detected in s;_een, laver, and bene samples (Mc7 9b) .
A number of explanations are possible for the 131:
ccatent of vole thyrcids at Site III. Herbicides such as 2,4 dichlorophenexyacetic acid increases uptake of 3,,I--
in animals (So5 8 ; F15 2 ) , hence high levels of 131I a: Site III may have been due to herbicide tr ea tmen ts . Ecwever, ncne of
.w.... . s _4 s a
. . e s i.a . e.n ..ea e a .4.w
. . ... . o_ _. w
. .. w _ 4 - , 2_ e o, .< _ . a . , ,o. _ s _. _.~ o years. M nute ascun:s of ,J-I frem local hospitals are dis-char 4ed routinely into sewer systems (C177) and mav ultimatel.v .
. i contaminate rivers downstream. Since cur animals and their ;
i feed source do act obtain water frem the Suscuehanna ..iver, I I
.w
-.g . ... _ _4 w
~ u ..
. .e..* _ ,. ..n 4 a. s c u. ... . e
.q : aw _1,_.
_4s ey,. y._g. l
-~~-
l I
i em
. 1 l
l l
__ . , , ~
.~..
7 The mean cencentration of ,v ! in the thyroids of voies frem Site III was 1866 pCi/gm, assuming a thyroid weigh cf 3 mg. Elevated levels of - 'I have also been found in thy-,
roids frca large mammals exposed to -"1I during uncentrolled releases frcm nuclear plants and weapons testing (Ma80:Pe71; 3 ara 66 ;3e60;Ha59 ;C057) . While ccmparisons of thyroid 3':
content between studies are difficul:, it is apparent that the relatively small vole is as effective as large mammals
. ' 31 I in monitortnc.
In order to estimate the impact Of radionuclide pollu-tien on wildlife one must consider not cnly the external irradiation of organisq.s due to the dispersal of radioactive T.aterial cGtside of the organism, but also the internal irradiatien due to accumulation of radienuclides in specific organs. While iscple:h data (Bat 7 9 ) would suggest that the voles at Site IIT were exposed to 13 mrem (Figure 1), the actual radiolac.ical burden to the vole th'lroid may have been .
several crders of magnitude greater. Fer example, the mean dose of radiation from 131: to the thyroid of voles frca Site I!! was 210 mrem using an accepted ccmputational prece-dure (Gr70).
This estimate is censervative for the fcilewing reasons: a) the thyroid with the highes: -- I centent received a dose of 420 mrem; b) thyrcid weight may be less than 3 mg, hence the mean ccncentrati n of 3 ,J'I was greater than 1S66 pCi/gm: c) voles were expcsed te -s-! frem 23 March while thyroid contents were f e:er: _. f as pf 3 .pril, =cre .
d
3' t
, .than a halflife after the majer venting; d) undoubtedlyfo her isc: opes ~of iodine were vented.and not included in our assay ef 131I : e) mixtures of' iodine.isetcpes have been illustra:ed' i to be more harmful'than a single radienuclide for a given dose (3o80); and f). fe al thyrcid ccncentrate radiciodine to >
a much greater degree than these of adults (Pe71). Clearly, thyroid glands of herbivores should be sampled to-assess the l t
rad,ologica_, _mpact or.racioaccine po_,_,ution of an ecesystem. . . . . .
To test the validity of the vole as a monitoring organism-we ccmpared cur data to Department of Energy estimates of the d_e s.--- 4u,._4 L. e n m.e . , d.-4 o n t. c _3 _4 a_ e s _4 .,. .w...e
<-. _4n _4 . ,. / m. e. T 4 ,. . m. .w. e ,
mean *3I 1
content of vole thyroids for Site III was 2.5 times higher thanPthat for Site II. Sample Sites II and !!! were '
- placed en the exposure isepleth grid calculated for external whole bcdy radiation exposure to the pepulatica around TMI bv. the Departmenm o# Inergy (Fic.ure 1); frem these iscaleth r <
data we estimated the ratio of radiation exposure to be i
essentially the same as that for cur vole data. Estimates of the distribution of 131* released from TMI (pas 0) shcw .
1 i
that the relative degree of contamination of Sites II and 1
III also agree with our vole data. The use of iscplethsLas i indicators of exposure to 131 I is limited because (1) the l 1
isopleths are based on ga==a radiation emitted mainly frem noble gases and are nem specific fc 1-J,I, (2) sampling tech-niques used for calculating the iscole hs are r.ct s andard-
_.@._, .$. .R. s.} W Q
. . . - .S. <_ f ' M _E .1 3. .* 3 . .,@NM)g w y . . . k.. .@, . ph. e., .e..- m.
. q
- r. . *M9.,
f.
l
, .,+ + . . * . -.-.,,,,-,,,,.+.,-e--...e,.....e,..,, e.-,-,m,o,...9..m.-nr,.., ,,.,c % ,..,m r ,m.,,,,,.,,e. m o...- , ..,y,...,, 7 , , , . - , ,yy .4.,<-,-.
s_. w .. 9 a . - . .. ... .. . . E- s .4 ..
a n. .,. - ,
e_e,se -
a go.a._- .
J n r .a_n . .c.39.
.=en,ose . u... a.
..C w 5 a . u.u..f..-.. _-A , -. -44 - a . _4 . .". 4S C c .1 e "..'. , a .". C' 131? d. .' o- . . .' .b ". . 4 . n _d a . .=
a-a- _4 . . .= c . . ."- , * ". .. a. ". c .' a. 45 " e.. e .# ". .' a .e a.. a S .e a v. a . . 4 . .. a .' .
DCmeStic animals have been used extensively'in moniter-
,o .n ., u... 4 . 7 y _a r u. g n .z .,. . e .n. .. .
_t _ - - _ n. . n _ .a s. a. 2 ,ggggo-
.t ... eac..
Cn .k u.~..a .. S . 'd. . w. a v e , v. d_ _' u' _' .' .' = . = e- ' e . . a. .- .i . . 4. 4. .= .._- S . .#
. e .".#..
o n...e ... a , n..n ...._4 .a.4
. . . .. r.n _ec . s e ,/ e _, , , .,asc
. - . e.
.. .r _4 _.
- o. , c . . ..m .. .4 .,. ,. _ .
tion a5 measured in domestic animals may undereStima' e actual e n V .a .- C ., ,e ...n . , , ..-.n. n . a . .. . ; ,- ,.t .n. .,. a L. a- .O . .. h e .; .- ,, S e e s S.., ,c,s. , a..>-
.. 4.e .. e e.e . G -. . . . . e. n . . a .. .. .4 a . e C ,v. Cd. m. .w. 4a .a.a m.
J
- o. V . a a. n &. 4
. .. .a.e .sa. ./ e .5 a 1b1 O .s
~. :. . . .hy..,_4AS O_: AC...e s ...4 S.u.ee r cG.A ..
- a. . .vo.A .
.n-A .m nmea_ep
.m
.. .Wege
... ..e a.k.e g o c .1 7 cwa.d.
m .
- .. _-=**
--- I. O. a. ~, .' ) . S a .. .* .*.d .' '.' ,
- . C C' a-o ~s .g .4 1- A .1 4 .: e ,."..a . v .". C ". . b e ".b.a. s a '..e . .=. S *. .. ^.
' .e. a. .#**
.. w#-~
...e S *. .#C .=."._'.~..a.'=~
7*1
- ~
~'
- a . .C .
..c y , C C "o.9. C .' .8 . a.
, . .C a 3 .- *. *. *. a. .- -da"
- y _- a. a- ..".a..". d. .*.*..a - S *. .d .
.C _-. * ,S t' O. a ' .' ) .
.. _ " M.any
, _-a.as-".a *..b.e ". C .T
- 4-a
.i d. o. .= .' a5 .= . ~ . . . '- .
.. .. _d..c. . -..a . . .' S . . . . 2ecauSe^' . ..".e .' _i _ d .a d. .'.....a.
. _ = .m c. e , v* . s^ ,* ..
0.66 ha (Am69;Va69), and Sedentary habi 5 Of the vo'e the .
y ec.4Se
, e".~..e*.. v o.# e nv.d .- ^. . ..e .a. . = '
, c.a...=.."...=.._i..
. _ . a.. ".e de.e_-
mined. Voles adec.uatelv Sample local habita:S becauSe chev .
c ..S" a. 2- va..de *.": ..
v e ^. e . .= . .d . .. a ,u i v a .' a..a. . .~. ~ n a. ~..'..".-d. o o .#
...u. g .t .- u.-Ay g a. .t .k. .. a. g e. .%. .A g, y . .v. e. .- a. e. . a. , . k. .. a. y m. .' a. .i$ o. .c e ;. a 5 ,- -
...n. 5 e .9 .u. a. .e .k .i ,J.m .e e t$.%.>*J,.d.u./3,.She.*, . v. .%. a. a.k. u A. a .r1e. a. n
-- n. .. _3 e 5 w
p.. m. g _m _l a g . .- M 1' . a. .. ~ e S *..-". -. *. ~* ' ' e ' ,'/ e " -. .."y .' a. *..j". ' ' .* . -.# # 3 -.' a .a.d.. s .* *. _' $ ~. _* **e .* ;**
= '
e = S .' _' ;" -a.- a . .' .# ~. ~. ' e a. X " e n S e . d #4 --
~.. '. e 'w' .d de s 'y .- *- = ---a._#'-"_..".-". - . ._
l *
- v. .ia.S , e -... ." . 5 ..e .- a.... ,..' v ..". a. 7. ' '
..-.=..._.e....a -
f' . . .
. _= S ...c....._4.., _ " . . _=
I j .
v a. ., .. .....w.e
..-. r.s. 3 .4 .. .. ~. .. 4. n. . . g .
f __
l q
O Y. W, ^*/, . '
, / - i,*i
- ** r 4
. \
p I, /~ q . > .
l ..
e, g % A$ s
~
')
- k" / y[O U' s
F s
. t 10 !
7 f
9 I Others (Ma30,Pe71)' have stressed the impcrtance ef. using. l th roid assays in evaluating the radic1cgical impac:'cf 13 ' : - -
collution.
. We fcund the centent of ~~'I'in vele.th.yrcid c. lands- 4 i
{
to reflect the extent of' environment contaminatien-in the ,
vicinity. of T:1I. Hence it seems prudent te assav thyrcids of: . . ,
voles living adjacent to sites where -- I is. vented Oc the j enviren=ent. Moreover, the reservoirs and fluxes ei 131I in i h
the vele shculd be investigated in ' the -laboratory.
aC n..s..C,d.r cs u-4 c ._ .y e.l . . :-
t We gratefully achnewledge Ors.
T. F. Mancuso, K. 2.
Morgan and R. J. Santen fer their advise and encouragement. -
. ~4e thank Drs . F..'Congel and W.
J. Pasciak for suc.o1*1 ne. .
i t unpublished data.
I a e r
4
=
w.,- -- - , . , . , , + , , , v-+
- e. t
. . 11-f r .e.v.e r-a
.c-- e .r-r-e e..6s
. .e.. ..- a a. e =.. . A . , . ,
9 6 a. ,
n.
. C.. -. .,. .p a . ., a. c a ,:- .
n
.v. .a . . - . . . s pennsylvanicus Mcme Range as Determined by !'sotope and Live Trap Methods", Amer. Midland. Natur. 81(2), 535.
Bara66~ 3aratta E. J., 1966, "
Uptake of 131; in Scvine' Thyroids", Radicecclegical concentration.? recesses,. i 1Aberg 3. and Hungate F. P. (Eds . ) , Pergamon, New'Yo'rk. E 60 .
Sar:74 3arnes R. F., Fissel G. W..and Shenk J. S., 1974, .
" Comparison of Ethanol-Extracted and Unextracted Crcwnvecch Forage. Fed to Weanling Meadow Voles", Agren. J. 66(1),72.
Sat 79 Sattist L., Buchanan J., Congel F., Nelson C.,
Nelsen .M., Petersen H. and Rosenstein'M. 1979, ?cpulation
, Dose and Health Impact of the Accident at Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commis-sion, NUREG 0558), 7-(A-7) .
r Be60 Seierwaltes W. H., Horace R. C., Weest A., Spafferd N. R. and Carr E. A., 1960, "
Radioactive Icdine Ccncentra- '
tion in the Fetal Human Thyroid Gland from Fall-cut", ,
J.A.M.A. 173,1395.
Sc80 Beck S. A., McNeill D. A., Parks N. J. and Spangler-W. L., 1980 " Comparative Effects of Icdine-132 and Icdine-131 in Rat Thyrcid Glands", Rad. F.es. 31,246..
3:74 3rinkman G. L., Shenk J. S., Creech R. 3. and Garwccd I D. L., 1974, " Comparisons Between Rats,. Voles and Chemical --
.u.. . u. .m. . - oa. 4..,. .wJ .,..e.
. .. .. ..._...., c.e . 3. ~.,:..
.. .. .., . :...e... ..
Mai:e .(Isa mav. s L . ) Ge nc t.vr. e s " , - Nu t r . Rep. ~nt. 10(2),61. >
m , - _ ..m., . - . . - . . , , . _ . . ~ .. ....,.m~-..,_
,A
- g3
- L
[ .1 I o r.1a --y 44-e 3e ? 4 a f e y ,. .
..b. a- i-., ? -
-. p . ?. e. . d. .4 r. .'ss . u. . 3. . . 131 4 ,
nr .j.e p..g.o. .1- .e. m--s A ' ^ a . *.* .' V '. '.',r .#.'*.*.. 2. ^. s *r'- ' '. .'. '. a"* " , e' . . 8. . .
SCC. . ......a. S,o
. . .,r.
COSi C . . . . .. C. r., ~ . . , . . . . . .,
- .* , . w A... "v . .c . G., .asse u . .3..
.m. . = . . ,
m .1 A v..w .M. . . " . . a..d ~. .b.-.w 3 T e v, .'J .
~
L., .i .c . "/ , " '. .' .V. . O .i d
.D.a d-.i a . *. d v .4 . v, a .# . = .- 'i .". ~. '. e = .
' l e = r . . a- . *. a. e . a " , .:-
s .de . . a. .
.' ui n' f .' . .
e.i o .o
. .r -i g g h. g .4.,.. W.
. =.. a..# - '/ a. .' *. *. .# .#
~
- c. ' .. ' . , .' .O #. 7 , " .CC ..e ? .# .#3. . . a-C# 2 , 4 -0 .4 - b. .. ' .^ .- *. r.'n a. ..C..V, a s e *..dC A.c.id -
o n ". .k.'/ . 04 d-.T"....*.d C.. 4 n
'..". e .R = *. -. .r .# .# a. . .s o n ~a ^d.i .n a. e'. . -" ..t ' a *- 4. . . " , -r..d . c . .4 ..c l a e_
. w v_ .
71,1 Geoi n..
ae -. -., r v ..e ...e. - . ,-. -.a e. . . u. ,.
- .u. . , .:it,
- ar eac C a .n c e.n - = ..# .. s .4 . . .C. ai i .v.=.....a' o- *#v_#..c,
- . .N a. .= .* .u._d ,.".w a v s " ,
-r.. 7, .e . . . e. . , .s...
. 3, 3 :,
G.~i0 G .- a. 4 ,- W. .".., -c-4~--". .. .? . 3., u' .- . ~
.. . c. =. 4
..s.e.- ".
..i .2<nw a n.ra
. g . a .,,.... O . . . . . .-... . , a ., a. :
. .. ,1 . .u....4;
~;. -
u ,--a. 4 3,3 ,,=
,14 .s c .,. 4 ~. ,.
. -v, .
- a . a. .v. 4 .,a..
. - - - - . . . 4. s,, ._.
_. s.
Rad _cicey. 43,542.
- 2. 2 3 9- .a. a.'- .. . a .". a' . 2. . a..d- r '. ..e.
.=-., ..
n,, i. c. ..c., o , " .a. c " ... ". .' .=. . .. n
^#
.. .- o=dd-ac-4va. * *.. d. .'..e .'.. ..".v. . . .4 d. -v--' = .r. d a- .:"s.xse ".e... ..
"auc'aa.- N,eae .. .a.s.s >.4
- . '. e e'. s- . ; d- a .n = . W.' .a.d
- .as- - - = .' a " ,
.4 -
,. a. .. ., . . .24,.e.a9. .
Ke75 Kendall W. A., Hill R. R. Jr. and Shenk J. S., '975, "t. e ,"s.' .= .4.- - m. .# . ....=ka-=..d. "a 's ' ' ' - = '. 4 . . . .# c. = . .". n"; d . .= . a. s '-;" -
Meadow 'lole s " , i. Ani.m . Sci. 46,1641.
.v a < 4 A gug
- e. .. g c .
.n.ya.
a ro. u. . ,
. .. s ,., c cet.1 .i n ey..,,.s 1 *, H *
.C.. . m .i '. . f. .s... . . .. n. .i .e , ...J... . .T.. . m. i . . .*,.. . ". , .7 4 .* .
[
-~
13 t,
Ma80 Markham O. D., Jalford D. K., Sihl.D. E, and Autenrieth R. E., 1930, "131 I Concentrations in Air,
-Milk, and Antelope Chyroids in Southeastern Cdaho",
Health Physics. 38,321.
Mc79 Merris J. S., 1979, A repcrt en radionuclide analysis done via gamma-ray spectrosccpy on wildlife samples from areas in close prcximity to the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generatin~v S tation near Harrisburc. , Penns.vivania. .
(unpublished manuscript) .
PaB0 ?tsciak W. J., 1980, Nuclear Regulatory Cctaission, Washington, D.C. Private Ccmmunicatien.
r Pe71 C., Foranda J. J., Wagner W., Phelps C'Pendleton R. P.,
Lloyd R. D., Anspaugh L. and Chapman W., 1971, "Radic-ecological Studies in Utah 5cbsequen: tothe[iebi$$d Even ", Proceedings of the Chird Na:icnal Sympositm en Radioecology, Nelsen D. J. and Evans F. C. (Eds.)
USAIC, Conf.-710501.
Sh70 Shenk J. S., Elliott F. C. and Themas J. W., 1970,
" Meadow Vele Nutritien Studies with Semisynthetic Diets",
_J. Nutrition . 100,1437.
Sh74 Shenk J. S.,Risius M. L. and Barnes R. F., 1974,
" Weanling Meadcw Vele Responses to Cr0wnv tch Forage",
neren.-
v.
c o ( 4_ ) , _, 3 .
Sh75 Shenk J. S., Barnes R. F., Denker J. D. and Marten G.C., 1975, " Weanling Meadcw Vele and Dairy Ccw Respenses q q # .* gg .
e om OO rc:a.23 e,ays .. , ..grOn.
g
< i. ,g e
e d e 007.
n
,r y v. y or .++-~e..aq -,,.,,.,-y,.m*.e e iw5.-.c+y -,.-d = imev , m -----,--v, ,--,-.--,.-rm_ *
. . _ .. . . _ , _ _ . = _ . _ . ~ . . . . - . . _ .
+ ., ,. . . . . . - . .. . . -. . .~ ..
s
. -t f
.C. a. 4
..a.a.*.-. y.
s .
.,e.
..c. . .1.n . m ,a. ,. j .*.,.,.3
.i ,. . . .i. s
...;,. ,,,,g , ,, , , , ,
..s..i =...s .i " , *$." -- a .
a
.4 . . . . . .;, . .J . . . ..
- * ?,
.e,,
.n.
. 0.- , .
P,'...".'.
.-O.',. .'. v' S ..e . . ' . " ' . ". ..e..
..w.,
. ....-......a..-
..,..,,,.a..a-
..- ..w nc A . < m c . . . . ,.,. a < -
,, y .
i 't 1 r.*.,,,
y . 6. . . ..
,. : ... ... e -,... , .. ., ; , ..,_.
2 k..~ ,.-a .s A . q,,.. 4. . *; .., ... * * ~
., .: /
. y2-
- s. .' . . . , . .
f*. ..; . ..::. , ak
- 4.
- 4. , .;4 e t .1 1 .i e m.. s.
D..e f.
. . . .. . . . ;n.
...w ".'t,
. .1. .*e. . -'.
. . . . . . s., >
u .a , ; . .-w..... . . ,.,....,3.,; w...... . . . . ., ;
....C,., .,.,.,,
- . -.. 1 =
e.., g m. . .q e. s,.
. . - . . . s .=. - + - 3 , .. . . . .
e .+7 ,. g e v .. ... ,. , .. d ., , .; .; e
, .,,.e. ,.:
,,, 3.c n 3 n
- p .4. p. 31 a
, .t ;, V .
e 6,.. . . . -- ... .
.w- . -/ r. .- ),
m - =a . *
- w *...=w.a..,..
- . 9.t *jw .* 7 .a.
a,
- sf* 3 m*.w < *.g4 1 . 2 #.* *.*= * =-a
- 4 , ., na.<=..=.
.w w .= . . . .. ,.,4,,,.,..,..,.,g,,
... m..
. .,a 3..m. r=
.; s. . F 2 1. .-.ww
. .
- m .i. <= . , .*9.=..m..*
. 6 . . . . ,~ ^ ., . , , .y j,
i o
l
. . . . . . - . . . . . _ . . . _ - ~ . . - . . . -._f.,-,. ., , , , , . ~ . , . , , , . . , , _ . , . ~ . . - , ,. _m. ..,...,.r-...m..., -
,,,,,r,mm., ....,m. . - - . , - ,
, ,- . . ,_ - . - .._ , .. -= - ..
- 4 i .
e 1 , 1 ..
.g -.. .. . . . ., ,. . .
r e. a. . . . .a.
. .~ g .3
. 3 ,13 . .T e. .. .e. o. . .. .s. e. .. ,... . . ,
- . . ... ... wa
./ C . a.
(' .,., ' .n e t . . .n. .p .*...r...y . .
- p. n, .a .s .' 3= 4,
.....a .
im. _..i
.. k. a y. J r. . 4. w .. p
.f
+ J:
w.'. . g . W. .
s p
. t. . n.' . ..e.1. w..... A
. .... .' 3 3. .
e %.4 ee C . .a... C P la3 T.4 e
,,. i. s .i s, J.,.J w..
( ..,** 4y g. . /. .L.. . . 4 1 tf . .. . . J -
D'"(. ..* i.m . .p- JC :.w C4n
.. . A d .:
o 9.} --
,o s c= w Q4.. -. (J .4 . i.s .%. ....
. . aa a e m p
. ./ e
- V . .J ,a. .
3., . .,
. . .5
.S . + s. r . .
. ... 1
.Js.
.-. s . ni t
. ,, no + 4 w. 4 .: .: 2
- k. ..'a. m S nu...a e.u.e a S .
a- 4. .. S , .. .a . . .4 ;..
4 .t y.n..i. c .a . g . . . 4.,,f . ,.
n e e. is.L.
s t -. ,... n. -. :..e . ;4 ) .
i l
s
.e i
I e
4 re m-- Y w a--r.tey- s e-r -x.z.---t-= m w w- rm-,--v.--tww w ew e . s -m n -e m s- -
vT-*w-&nws n 5-y-' - , = = w- a T '
3 * *
- i
.c,
. g .
.t *
. m, .e. w a. q. ti .a am.3..
. -3.
. .. .3.3.e , .s *
. ... . y . ...a .r* ,, .,.,,.,3
.. , ., g ,,. 4 , j ;
w . W
- 70 * $. *
.s.t..n ... . . . . a i .. h. } . .
- . . .4.1 ...
.. e 6. . m .4.
. . . ;. .. ... ., : g .3
. . . .. ...gg . . 3,,,, .,.
.9 .
.a.3 .- 4. . .: .. asc. %. . m n...
. 4 ..y.: .* 3.. . /s3.,4.,,3 ... . ua.. A :. g. .
.. .3 ....
., . c .,. . . s .
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Appendix 3 7
.e. ..., sr... ,n..,,
..r e,...
,5 ...,5
- a. ......,2..
.. r
. . 1..........t,.5...,...,.,,.......,..
.r..n..... s.
+ . . . . . . .
.s.......
...n. ...
h..... z..
W.
......a . . . .
- y see Taxest.;
Yyet: 0.;ve rs;:y !;.:;e ar As set:r
- a ; ras:r" P.........e...
. .... v. a. . .. ..
,+. ,$
s w. -
rs .s a:;e .
- - ;
- an :n :! 20 -*.: sta ;: .s ie;;;; ed :f -he ;;;htv s* e .
sn:v;n : a: there are ne data at a;; ':r e
,e,.. . et- cf
, - tr.e ;t" sert::s ;" d;* fe re ; d;stan e d;vasi:r.s ;r.
~.. no ;i d;re: i:r.s re' . Isti ates :t tre ::Re:nve dese oc? -,
a .d ;a n:y :" re' . ease i rad;:a:nv.:" cased : . : ;s
-v '
- cr da a
- a .n:: se are; rate and s.. .;d re ce.sederam'y
. ;. der .no a:: a. *evel, s
ll
(*
T;;ure .
- s.s w~
? * .. .ee . . .
g,o'.
_"'. yW.. ,s.
. . . . ._ates .
a
.. .e . ...e.....e a
. se .a.e a .
..,e 4.a no..
s j **. " . ., .* :, w
- e.utee. One M'e:nve . deses are
. , ,,n t
- m. ' s;,: .;f;: ant ,/ ;-de resn a ed w .or - :s are ' ewer I ? rr ' .
- f~
.,.i.- tL ar. nu er Me reever, : . ore are r.: :20 data *:r tre
- . s.. .. . .. .
g hrs: 2 days # :ne a;:: der.:. 3/ ::rrernr.: trese 0' def; ;er.:;es tre ::*;e:: . ve itse s-:;;d to est;-1:et
..t ..
.a ,x. . ,,. ... ., .. - :e a- ; east as m as ;f.;;" ;ers ** re s.
Mers, f:gr d;'feren* sets :' -Manve deses are she'.
. .. M* ;ers:r. rers :ssed n 2.! 7.* s de;;;yed .ar.;r. the ! -C o-rada;F 37 tre
.........r
.: * .9;" ;e rs tr. rers ssed cr. . ::R: r :s ;. :re sa e se:::rs as a::ve r
.2' , 3 ', pers:e rers cased en *: T;:s of tr.e an';-" .
- 4' 5,2:0 persen Isrs cased : . a;*. :ne 2* n: T.:s.
T. e ne di*f sren:es . :" early ;ndi:ste tr.t: tre r;:ser f : s;reters af'e:ts e d:se es ;:as;:- : r.as :eet ;c;nted ev sna: ite sa:<;rrund rad.st;:n f:: tr.e !!R: 1:saretars was eva;;a*ei a ::: 3. a le eli and **.a -*e da*a f*? tre firs: say, .e ;e r;;d ' .'.ar:n 3;* A;rG ;. is n : reh a *. e ce :a use f ne pee r ra:nte .a . e :' r.:: .3 ' :: w ;.' ee reaser.an e := s;;; se it.a *
- ne to:xerzar.d level was u .deresumatei :.; 4: persen rems per day ense vent. ne : -Ma :ve dose f:: tre Fer;;d :# v.ar:r. ; tr.r:;;r. A;rG 6 is 46' perser. re-s *:: tr.e :* m: ; :
v;- ;n tr.e f ..;e.ra h ;s. and **: pers:n re a *:: a;; tre 2 ::7: 1: s ere:e rs .
. ".. 5:: ...
persen rers W .7..
- -" : s :: ; .:. s ..s..
. . . . .s .. v.a ..
... . . . . . .....s . . . ,
. *. 14* ;ersen rars
- 4 days.
4 0
- pe rs er. re .s
- - .. pe:ser. rars *:* *c..
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.i r. ...
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. *.*
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-, -.,m ,, ,- - - - , ~ , - , -, ---.,,s- r -e n,,., , - -- . - - , -.-g ,,,
e 9
N As a res.;t. -ne ::;* e:: Pee 1:se f:r tr.e .r.:;e ;e r;;f :ase d :t -
!* ::;.: :p;re te rs a s a- ::n-a:e.y .:P ;e rF:r. 7e's . and ; . " * "4*s
- re s f'
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- n. ..s.
.-. .. . ...a .,.g g .,. m...., g. g s. . - .*n.. ..e..
s... . . .a ss,.,... . . s e. .s
.. . .. o 1:ses re::rie! : ne ;;;3 :> *:r tr.e h rsi tr.res da s.
3 a se d :n tr.a s e h;;r:s . n e it s e f: -re f.rst free ts/s en
- P * ::s.re err eers r.:: re;n; uset sn: 'd :e est; ated as f:;;;.s : r.e ras;;
.. ..e
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- f tr.r:;;.t U is Ar.1 as tr.e ** . G ;; T.:s are ren s: ef. .: s '
a.
- t. .s .
=.. ..
Tre ~a. ;e :f * ! ;s :!ns;iered :: me &- :: :ne a"ers;e. ne- .! 'r:P :ne rer-re:.nt;r: ;3 e * ::2.! T. s nat :'eer. sa: ;;, ice 1:se ;' >
.+.. .e . a.. .... .e.s..
, . . . . ..e. .s v dd :e ag;1 ret f r 19e f ars; tr.res da/s. *e in;s 't;;re : f * !..** tr.e dese Of f:: :ne aen + .4/s ;s acted and ne :::a; ef it. *:' ;ers r. re r :s : se:per:;
er;;raist 1: ce :ss ::;.e:: ve 3:se f:: :ne ;er;;d :f Mar:- !*. . nr;;;P A;ra. 4.
v.tre;; : e a: ve :s;;d aner :s an ernran:r r; - ::. res "ar trr a;:- as -r.e : ss;:;* :r.ar res . rete r:;;;;:a; : nd::::P s. :nf t.4 :s e".de :e r s
- e a::.a; 2:s e ::...' r: tar;y be 'ar cre ate r s; :e -* d:stre t ers ra- P. art
- te
- ns;tetet s;ff;;;st: ;. P.; rer.
...t . .
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, s ,u . . . - , . . . ..,m
.an.s n . ......e-
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- Ist; rated *::^e mas re.este ra: rv re ;t d . :
. X. .
s
,- \.
s w,..,. -.. -- S e ea:R es; tv! es;.es tasef :- ista fr:- - : T. s
- f. ". are ut.de resn . ate d as : :s 'ess trar tre S .r - .
s.
n.
.g. . , , . . .,
. sr., a::;a. ; eve;
- 9
- Iva;; ann; tr,e re; eased a 4; .- :' rai;;att.ve ::.e : anes s:;e; --
?e rasta :' t' .a ur.: rre tte ? -~. fata. ::-t; .e5 ..;r ne avaG4.:;e e:e:::;;;;:a'
- r f
- :- a t. :n , :a .r:: ::: res;.t ;n an ur.deres:; a nen e' :ne re;eare'. ".erels. e ,
';ra' :: .:;;s;:n :f M7 '*J725 *4*: ' at:;:s ins;r :* . ;re;;r;.ar" er ;ran:n rate
- ': : :ne :::a*.
.- tre;; .. re rt r : ' . . * * * . *I" 4* ;r : :" e re:;e ;as re; esser.
- s J.; re;
- : rrere- .s a se ;e :e :" ins n::'.e pas releases sei 7;;;re
- ar.;ated a" .: a to Ade. :a;:C a:::n w;. 4 :: p::: s/ ster. *:aever, s;;r ina;'e: . s.-d *rt be :a;;;;an: s ar.r n :*rre : an enensiv) *:ss :" a :;a;
- as:,- sa:n.
s a;reat s n: c . tre ::11een ve itse D r : e fer.cf *' S* art- .*
.. . .. .>....... 1 s....... . . . . . ....e.......e,..a..,..,.....a
.... . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .e . . . . . e s . e
- s t.r st e ' s- :.rt;; : . ; :s:s:n :n a. As .;; f r:
- des . e h rure :! .!?
-*:s:- :e u ':: -.e sa ; ten:1: %:e . :ne va. e *'
- - r c :. r; i f;da; et ;r n .!- -s* "2* if - . i.- ' if ee b
, y ,i,,-- -J.,- - + ~ - ,=,r. ------w&v--,-tr + e ~
re-- - # 7-'-- '- m- " ' ~ ~ "-
M *" - " ' ' " ' " ' ' ' ' ' ~
e 4
- e ;as re; eases. nus. ;nstead
- f
- 0
- 10I" "; er ? * ;*2* :: ar :trrs :f ie.;;- se:.;d ;e sne es ;:a e for tre ar:;nt if n::;e gases re; eased.
.....,,.,,.,~y,
, Tai;ri 2 7.ad; art;ve a:date re; ease rats sased en 7* * ~
ver.: mrn;te rs " :nar::a * =artrad es
~ :: ;s :* ear sna: d.r;n: the firs: 04: <eeks 05:
l= .
[ '* .,
.* 1v #' . 4 n s .,
~ :;re antarva;s de veen tartridge : nan;;nys were
- -- * . s;;n;;;:antly *:r . ser shar. tr e f:;;; war.; weves.
7,
~
,1 , . -'
I'.
t
. Thas :tilsates tr.a: f:: tre firs: tw: weers trere jl '- l d ) - 3r.0;'d ma a ra;;r underest; ras;;n :n :ne ;;d re
.f:G I ., ; re'. eases. The a:::a". ied;re quant;t re'. eased
.;;;n; nese two weer.s may r.ava meen ever severa..
hur.dredf . ' d f the leve; estimated :y NR".
t
- is :; ear that d ran the per;cd defere A;ra; 14 tr.e average s a. ;;;r; .*:e rvals <tre seven :: e;;r.: ;res 1:rier tran th:se iur:n; :ne per;:d after A;;;; 14. A;s: . s? :;d be neted na afta: r.e sar;'. n; ;nte rva*.s to:a e sn:r ar. - e de:;;r. n; trad;er.: :t ne release rate .as as a r.;;ner '. eve; :r rive ra; tenf:;is fr - :na; f:: :ne ;er; d be: ween nar:P. ;f anf A;;;*.4 Tre .a;ar.ese A:: .L: :ner;y :: : ssait 's se::nd re p:r en tre TM* ;
a::; der s:stes ina : .s sudden ::s;r; Of the ner.;;; red : dane re'. ease as due ::
3 tre f;.:e :r.ar:;ngs d:re re:.een A;;;; ;; and A;;;; !! !! nas ere . :na :ase.
-ewecer. r.e e f f e: s :f tre re;' . ac erent :f f;;ters we.;d a;; ear ;r peaks ratner n :r. ;r tre :" era;. ;~ re ased *. eve; as sn:wr. : ?;;;re 2. M:ree"er, a ::rd;n:
- tre M7: s:sf! re;;r: ;;:' . sted 1.- !;ne. tr:se :artridge :r.an:;r:s were d:ce n:: dur;n; A;;;; .;-;* :: ? ?. A;r;; :: ;4 *5, and May 03-04.'
reref:re. ,1 s ee ms re aser.a:;e . anriead. :: ex;'aan tr.is stran:e renav;:r :! tre r:r.; : red ;; dine releases as f:;; ws: Ter tra f;rs: twe we:<s tr.e enar:r a' :artrad;es we re r.ar.; .f. :r.;y ever/ day :: e ve r" :w ;ays to:ause trere ex;sted a rea; danger -hat werxers re;;a ;n; :ne cartr;dges w;uld be er;; sed
- extre e. r,;;n ' etw
- s :f radias;:n. Th;s pereed was tre mes :r;;;:a; pr.ase :f int ;;&nt's s:st;J wi:- an extrere'e h;;n : dane : r.:er.::sta:n an tre vent;*.a ;en s/s er. Onere als: ex;s:sd nusua; a c;nt of a: ee s vapor. Under :nese ::nd;;;t-s ne a:ss :se: :a;a:::y :f sne :artr;dges mus nave r.eer. ra;;d;y n;.ar;:ed, res.; .r:
.- -r e un:r.al; *:x ; eve; :f :: dine ::n:e trat;:n as sr.ewn ; . 7;;;re ;
. St: a9d tre 2 .;;; i;d ne: ?.ake any ::tre::; ens :n ts:se values ree:rded fre- tre ven-men;: ers ;n :Se;r estica:as f ne a::;a'. 1 d;ne re. eases. n;s as ; rex::sa:;e.
I T;rurs and
- and;:ste t..at er. A;r;. :ne a;;;;x; a:e r215:::v e f re' e ase f ;;iar.e and n::le gases were ;.4. "; see ar.d 4 **
- se
- respe::.ve'.
re :st;; :f ;: dine : .::;e rases is re reas - ':r ::a n.n: -r.e ras.: fr:r r.e :;re e.~ .d f ;;r;; ; ;s *P.a; se r?:;e ras rateat;;r. :?.;;;rs .* tr.e ;;ar.: "er. .;at;:- exna.s: . .: sert -f f s:a;4 at a "e r sa: stare r af seer. re::veres :r .-en s: na ;ra r: re a tur- er ef ::.<
ss re.sases t re avai.L;'e. . ard ina: : . ;i .- ;;"s ' . s re - :Nar::a; :3rtr;d::
~*s- .*:s s : r: e n: . :- :- - re v;: r e .1 ."e '. rt;.t:;e :a ;. Tre- .! s= ess;-c
- at * "*' . ..- :: n :.e ;ases *as re;a.. '
- t. renstant :n- es :-a:e **e
. w , y . , _ ~,v_y, , - - _ _ _ _x-, , , - - , - . , - - - - , - - ,- - , ,.
. -. . .. . . ~ . . , - - _ . . , ,~ ~ . -
L e
, i
,I 1
2 acd;ne. n::;e ;a. raus f: ne pene* n yt.: after ins :47;rt.1 7 :f tie a- dent u ne arcand 5,1 ...
Ql .
i Oy tax;ng tr.e hf fe ren: half-lives :: :=hne and no:;e gases int; a:::: : - t As tre :::a; a cznt :. released nedle gases as a: ; ear: 4.! 10: : . [ !
- ne t=:a; rG eased ;cd;ne sn:ald se asu mated :: te ever 5.;;; Oi.
however. ce a:cve assus;nen =f :enstant rat; de: ween ::1. e and
]'
ne:;e gases dema.ds some t s::ss;:n. 7;rst. :Tiine ceneentran en in no eff;;ent lt h
air depe.ds en t e serperas;;e f ue 1;;;1ds. ;nn; ne many stages :f :ne ;
a: aden: ce tempera:;rs :.s ex;e::ed :: nave seen ::ns;dera:;; -17.. s: nas ne }
~
rat;o wc;;d me nuen ,reater. 7:r exa ;;e. Ta:;e ::-3 2 f ril: !6:* ;nv;d*s .
ue rano f ; ";" f:: us nee ';enst a li :;e bef re T r ;a.m. F.ar:n !. Jas:
on page ::-3-20 :f ne sa.ma re; r :: states ca ce safer ts; ease :f ned e ;ases negan around *iO04,m. r.ar:n Of ar.1 tr.at a few h:::s later ce ma r ,0cne re*.aasa starte d. "hus, it is very prc a:1e ua: af ter utse few nours tr.e ran: was mu:n t greater uan ; / 700 wna:n : rresponds .: ce quar.uty ! 64,000:1. :: ,s als:
reported sna even danng reanne =peranen case Actine filters had coer, useg a: 7J-0,, and there seens u be no reasen to negate the va'.;e :f ; '
t enseq.er.:;r, even ce ::s: : nservanve cal:Casi:n wedd esn= ate me usa; ledane quannty relaase' during ue a:: dent n e !.;**:1. rnere rera;.
reasons :: expect ca: ce released , ohne quann:7 sas f ar treater can G,;;*:; {
as it.dicated a:ove.
T Ament ne survey data := a task group rep:rt to :ne pres;tenna!,
- enr;ssien! care are s:me frag-en a./ data u challenge NR 's un :nvu ;ni esnian:n f released :.: dine. ?:r exar;;e. ;;) 1.2 = 102-4. 01/:: :f aer:crne :-in ::::entran: . i re: Cried at :**; e.. F.ar:n 't in m idle owr. ::.6eM ec, n:ru. , e d f' r. ! * ;;I-b.: '::
- dannq 4 :05-6 :00;,s. at an :f f-s;;e '. cca-i:r., are n: .dreds =r a u: sand n er * . ar;er -
- .nar tr.e va; . es expected f t:e ne assumed re' ease rate !severa; sen ; se: :r.
.r.1:.*. NR 's est;mata:n Of tr.e :::a; ;ctine release ';40;; was ased.
Also, M e 1&rret: re; cried ce rate =f 4 .
- ,se
- :f ;stne release >
at 7. -; vent sta x (6s:~a. ., y.arer. *F.*' Now, ac rtng u :ne .*4y repcrt. us !
ra te at 72-0 vent stack was ap;r:x :.:ely a nund. red nmes q; eater tr.an 7J4.
4
- 'n;s leads us u est; mate tr.at rahtaenve 1:d;ne was taleased ;nn ce acespr.ere ,
t.
a; :na rate of 4m:i/se frs= ?. .; at eat nme =f ue a:nden . :h;s val;e as a;;rox;r. ate;y two r.undred times greater uan ne quantity sr.:w. ;r. Tir;re i
r i
- Ixcerpts fr:= ce ausa:r's review ;;: listed in Wdear I nneer:-r V:;.:5,n:.: 'j a 44 asa p.e si.e r.= a t o,. t. a. % m .:v :..r,tu..<,,sm. me !
.. . saw : ..... ,. . : i'
.o. we . : ... m. is.a .nu 4 mu .. iu inc u a i su a
( A see eenm e.mmese lettea pred Maru 28
, s.u.a-a W-a."
w h..JWe se,enaar e 4.2 ame n,.,id-w ea e j
tare.ss apre ? 1797. me, is ;.rt,
- e+rsee asse.ee epasse ep s se 4 .e4 seaposseeee-a:a 3a.ac.rs.'sae+
A J. 4, a . c. c. seene, : at s mar TF . J.: :. w s t,..er. .u a n. 6.w , mesers ;
c.=4 a, a. s .u w. s. a ., a. ,s .s a e, .,.r aa4 c... A., ,u n. ...
t= T.= o, . u n is rn eas : er cu, e,: ..taram A ukaa.%
.e ur. . - . a su am ua u Ta,= ;
nr,sez m.s .a.sae*, Oss r fires
- W. nL seet. 'Tasas.es. shof Asaspe.e Resort .a -
i***** F.=88r P* rte,saaes to Pres.eems e eam.ae.en
- *temed leierie sie. ort sa tar rhree m.e L se
- m. man,1.si s ka.4 ** m e aas.eae*,n.w. as sa. A44.eesi 44 Three m.e is.aad'. 04. ;;rt, s.o.as sa.a.e .staat. juae J Grf, *I4*** *# i 16Q&es of basest.sa esa Esterge est hesiaar mege. rMMM W meme i.as.3 aast hiat. M Mr). ;
,, , c a ye .. .a. :n aneres ;s- . . # c tve ! +4*
- 2*"***""*"'**
j gr3 Tg,gs b ;a. gag 44& dest
- PkaaO'eman 5- e.g heng ,.f . P.; .g. ,e vf 6 I Get) j
~
..* Am.s .see .f Qemns nas.st.ea *m free the Tgvus &.' .e 844 w' a.4=2 AS4adtar. teff M UII t
I t
M P
{
s T
% , -- e -,.w-= .cw.+-w.-- cw .,--.-w ,-w-t-n4 -..--o-e. -e r e re mv s.c.--.. e w + ..~,e t w e w m ., e r--w,- s.~w,-, .re - r w w erv,' -+. vnwy
. fa.a e b]s(lad,PI' b- --
D yc W ena e 5,t3 * ; M aab WE '
}lt , b, Luk rt +t<; ILntV, Arnui n;.1% , IN (/90, 8:etihi6y
___ y) psnuma se.awi,r -
190-c3, u.rMu', p tJp'mbad &,agy k,rtu3,; jh,gy' U
[htk/at'nt. dhrden 092-93, NNI&, det$?h&:alw<'kwher,- b ih 6'a-J, ek f p,, y .
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FEB 24 tggg y '~
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION 6 CMI)h !
ry Branch g BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOAR 5\0 In the Matter of )
)
METROPOLITAN EDISON COMPANY ) Docket No. 50-289
) (Restart)
(Three Mile Island Nuclear )
Station, Unit No. 1) )
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that copies of the Testimony of Bruce Molholt Regarding Aamodt Contention 4 (EP-1), which was hand delivered to Licensee's hearing office by Intervenor Norman Aamodt on February 23, 1981, were served upon the parties identified on the attached Service List by deposit in the United States mail, first class, postage prepaid, this 23rd day of February, 1981.
l Dated: February 23, 1981 V
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA .
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD r
\ In the Matter of ) '
\' -)
METROPOLITAN EDISON' COMPANY , Docket No. 50-289
) (Restart)
(Three Mile Island Nuclear )
Station, Unit No. 1) ) l SERVICE LIST Ivan W. Smith, Esquire John A. Levin, Esquire Chairman Assistant. Counsel ,
Atomic Safety and Licensing Pennsylvania Public Utility Comm'r ,
Board Panel Post Office Box 3265 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 Washington, D.C. 20555 Karin W. Carter, Esquire Dr. Walter H. Jordan Assistant Attorney General Atomic Safety and Licensing 505 Executive House ,
Board Panel Post Office Box 2357 i 881 West Outer Drive Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 John E. Minnich Dr. Linda W. Little Chairman, Dauphin County Board !
Atomic Safety and Licensing of Commissioners '
Board Panel Dauphin County Courthouse 5000 Hermitage Drive Front and Market Streets Raleigh, North Carolina 27612 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17101 ;
James R. Tourte11otte, Esquire (4) Walter W. Cohen, Esquire Office of the Executive Legal Director Consumer Advocate U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Consumer Advocate Washington, D.C. 20555 14th Floor, Strawberry Square I Docketing and Service Section (3)
Office of the Secretary U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 y* -er-1.a,,g -
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2-Jordan D. Cunningham, Esquire -William S. Jordan, III, Esquire Fox, Farr & Cunningham Harmon & Weiss 2320 North Second Street 1725 Eye Street, N.W., Suite 506 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17110 Washington, D.C. 20006 Ms. Louise Bradford Robert Q. Pollard
\TMIALERT 315 Peffer Street
, 609 Montpelier Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17102 Chauncey Kepford Ellyn R. Weiss, Esquire Judith H. Johns rud Harmon & Weiss Environmental Coalition on Nuclear ,
1725 Eye Street, N.W., Suite 506 Power i Washington, D.C. 20006 433 Orlando Avenue -
State College, Pennsylvania 16801 Steven C. Sholly Union of Concerned Scientists Marvin I. Lewis .
1725 Eye Street, N. W., Suite 601 6504 Bradford Terrace Washington, D. C. 20006 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19149 Marjorie M. Aamodt Gail Bradford R. D. 5 ANGRY Coatesville, Pennsylvania 19320 245 West Philadelphia Street York, Pennsylvania 17404 Attorney General of New Jersey Attention: Thomas J. Germine, Esq.
Deputy Attorney General Division of Law - Room 316 t 1100 Raymond Boulevard Newark, New Jersey 07102 ,
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