ML20148D440
| ML20148D440 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Perry  |
| Issue date: | 03/09/1988 |
| From: | Silberg J CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING CO., SHAW, PITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| References | |
| CON-#188-5925 2.206, NUDOCS 8803240045 | |
| Download: ML20148D440 (157) | |
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ! NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION t BEFORE THE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REACTOR REGULATION r i h In the Matter of )
) !
THE CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ) ILLUMINATING COMPANY, ) Docket Nos. 50-440 el al., ) 50-441
) (10 C.F.R. S 2.206) i (Perry Nuclear Power ) r Plant, Units 1 and 2) )
LICENSEES' RESPONSE TO 5 2.206 PETITION OF , CONCERNED CITIZENS OF LAK2 COUNTY, ! CONCERNED CITIZENS OF ASHTABULA COUNTY 3 AND CONCERNED CITIZENS OF GEAUGA COUNTY , [ Jay E. Silberg, P.C. Delissa A. Ridgway j Shaw, Pittman, Potts & Trowbridge ; 2300 N Street, N.W. ; Washington, D.C. 20037 : (202) 663-8000 ! l Dated: March 9, 1988 8803240045 080309 ^ ! PDR ADOCK 05000440 # l 0 PDR g) p# bl
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. Introduction............................................. 1 II. Standards For Initiation of Show Cause Proceeding......................................... 3 III. Standards Applicable to Pre-Emergency Public Information Materials............................. 6 IV. Response to Petitioners' Allegations.................... 12
- a. The Cover of the October 1986 Handbook............. 12
- b. Page 2 of the October 1986 Handbook................ 14
- c. Page 3 of the October 1986 Handbook................ 24
- d. Page 4 of the October 1986 Handbook................ 30 l
- e. Page 5 of the October 1986 Handbook................ 32
- f. Page 6 of the October 1986 Handbook................ 34 i
- g. Page 8 of the October 1986 Handbook................ 37
- h. Page 9 of the October 1986 Handbook................ 41
- i. Page 10 of the October 1986 Handbook.............. 42
- j. Page 11 of the October 1986 Handbook............... 44 1
- k. Page 13 of the October 1986 Handbook............... 45
- 1. Page 14 of the October 1986 Handbook............... 46
- m. Page 15 of the October 1986 Handbook.............. 48
- n. Pages 16 and 17 of the October 1986 Handbook....... 51
- o. Page 18 of the October 1986 Handbook............... 53
- p. Map in the October 1986 Handbook................... 55
- q. The "Special Needs Information Card"............... 59
-i-
j Pace l
- r. Emergency Planning Stickers........................ 60 1
- s. Emergency Information in Phone Directories......... 62 I i
V. Conclusion.............................................. 64 1 1 I I 1 l l l l l 1 1
-ii-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE DIRECTOR. OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REACTOR REGULATION In the Matter of )
)
THE CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ) ILLUMINATING COMPANY, ) Docket Nos. 50-440 el al'., ) 50-441
) (10 C.F.R. S 2.206)
(Perry Nuclear Power ) Plant, Units 1 and 2) ) LICENSEES' RESPONSE TO S 2.206 PETITION OF CONCERNED CITIZENS OF LAKE COUNTY, CONCERNED CITIZENS OF ASHTABULA COUNTY AND CONCERNED CITIZENS OF GEAUGA COUNTY I. Introduction 1 By their "Request for Action Under 10 C.F.R'. 2.206" (filed l September 22, 1987) ("Petition"), three unincorporated associa-tions -- Concerned Citizens of Lake County, Concerned Citizens of Ashtabula County and Concerned Citizens of Geauga County ("Con- l cerned Citizens" or "Petitioners") -- have requested that the Di-rector of the NRC's Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation ("NRR")
"order the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company (CEI) to cor-rect certain deficiencies and misinformation contained in its Emergency Preparedness Information Handbook * *
- and redistrib-ute the corrected handbook to the population living within the Plume Exposure Pathway EPZ" of the Perry Nuclear Power Plant.
The Concerned Citizens supplemented their 5 2.206 petition by letter dated October 8, 1987 (the "Supplement"). See Letter to T. Murley (NRC) from C. Kline (Concerned Citizens), dated
October 8, 1987. The NRC subsequently acknowledged its receipt of the petition (as amended), and noticed the receipt in the Federal Reaister. See Letter to C. Kline, T. Burling, R. O'Connell and R. Bimber (Concerned Citizens) from T. Murley (NRC), dated November 9, 1987; 52 Fed. Reg. 43810 (November 16, 1987).1/ The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, Duquesne Light l Company, Ohio Edison Company, Pennsylvania Power Company and The 1 Toledo Edison Company ("Licensees"), the holders of Operating l , License No. NPF-58, respond herein to the Conce;ned Citizens' l
$ 1.206 petition. As discussed more fully below, the issues raised in the petition lack any basis in fact or law. Certainly, they do not demonstrate the existence of a substantial health or safety issue. Under applicable legal standards, Petitioners have ,
l simply failed to establish any basis for the issuance of a show I l cause order or any other relief pursuant to 10 C.F.R. 5 2.206. ' Accordingly, the petition must be denied, l 1/ The Emergency Evacuation Review Team ("EERT") established by the Governor of Ohio has declined to join in the S 2.206 pe-tition, although the EERT has encouraged the NRC's "thorough l review of the recommendations made by the Concerned Citi-zens." See Letter to T. Murley (NRC) from T. Chema (Chair-man, Ohio PUC), dated November 12, 1987.
._ . .- ._. ._~._ ..
II. Standards for Initiation of Show Cause Proceedina Section 2.206 of the Commission's regulations provides a mechanism by which members of the public may request initiation - of an enforcement action to modify, suspend, or revoke a license, or to take other appropriate action. In addition, section 2.206 vests authority in the director of the appropriate NRC office to decide whether to institute an enforcement action by the issuance j of a show cause order. The only criterion set forth in the rule itself for judging the sufficiency of a petition is the require-ment that "[t]he request * *
- specify the action requested and i set forth the facts that constitute the basis for the request."
10 C.F.R. $ 2.206(a). 1 The apparent reason for the absence of a more specific stan- ! dard in the regulation is that the decision to institute an en-forcement action is not an adjudicative one, but rather a matter of "prosecutorial" discretion. See Consolidated Edison Co. of l New York (Indian Point Units 1, 2, and 3), CLI-75-8, 2 N.R.C. 173, 175 (1975). Nevertheless, the Commission has in previous j decisions provided guidance delimiting the exercise of this dis-cretion. In Indian Point, supra, the Commission affirmed a Director's i decision denying a 5 2.206 petition. The Commission there ob- l l served that "a show cause order would have been required had (the ; i Director] reached the conclusion that substantial health or ;.
I l l l safety issues had been raised. *** (A] mere dispute over fac-l tual issues does not suffice." Indian Point, supra, 2 N.R.C. at j 176 & n.2.2/ This standard has been acknowledged in dicta by the l D.C. and Seventh Circuits. Lorion v. NRC, 712 F.2d 1472, 1475 (D.C. Cir. 1983), rev'd on other arounds sub nom., Florida l Power & Licht Co. v. Lorion, 105 S. Ct. 1598, 1601 (1985), on remand sub nom., Lorion v. NRC, 785 F.2d 1038, 1041 (D.C. Cir. 1986); Rockford League of Women Voters v. NRC, 679 F.2d 1218, 1222 (7th Cir. 1982). The Commission reiterated the "substantial health and safety issues" standard in Northern Indiana Public Service Co. (Bailly Generating Station, Nuclear-1), CLI-78-7, 7 N.R.C. 429, 433 (1978) (D.C. Cir. 1979), aff'd sub nom., Porter County Chapter v. NRC, 606 F.2d 1363 (D.C. Cir. 1979). In that case, the Commis-sion also rejected a claim that the Director erred in failing to permit petitioner to comment on, respond to, or cross-examine the views of the NRC Staff: [The Director] is not required to accord pre-sumptive validity to every assertion of fact, irrespective of its degree of substantiation, or to convene an adjudicatory proceeding in order to determine whether an adjudicatory proceeding is warranted. Rather, his role at this preliminary stage is to obtain and 2/ The directors have adhered to the "substantial health and safety issues" test. See, e.o., Philadelphia Electric Co. (Limerick Generating Station, Units 1 and 2), DD-85-11, 22 N.R.C. 149, 152 (1985); Washincton Public Power Supply System (WPPSS Nuclear Project No. 2), DD-84-7, 19 N.R.C. 899, 923 (1984).
E access the information he believes necessary to make that determination. Provided he does not abuse his discretion, he is free to rely on a variety of sources of information, including staff analyses of generic issues, documents issued by other agencies, and the comments of the licensee on the factual alle-gations. Id. at 432-33. The "substantial health and safety issues" test requires that a petitioner do more than merely state its disapproval of NRC policy or its belief that the accused utility may be found in violation of the Commission's regulations. Instead, a petitioner must advance evidence of violations of significance sufficient to pose a threat to public health and safety. Thus, in Limerick, supra, 22 N.R.C. at 166, the Director determined that the peti-tioners' showing of a trend of operator errors did not amount to a significant safety problem. Declining to issue a show cause order, the Director noted: Isolated deficiencies in the licensee's program * *
- do not necessarily undermine the program to such an extent as to give rise to a significant safety concern. What is re-quired, when a violation is identified, is a careful assessment as to the significance of the violation, its cause, and the corrective action taken to preclude recurrence.
Id. at 161-62 (footnote omitted). Measured against this stan-dard, the petition here must fail. Petitioners here have failed to proffer evidence of even one violation of the Commission's regulations; certainly there is no evidence of a substantial health and safety issue to warrant the initiation of an enforcement proceeding against Licensees.
. . = _ _ .-n. . -.- . . .
i I III. Standards Applicable To Pre-Emergency l Public Information Materials 'l l l The Commission's emergency planning regulations, at 10 j C.F.R. S 50.47(b)(7) and Part 50, Appendix E, S IV.D.2, establish l the requirements for emergency preparedness public education. Section 50.47(b)(7) requires, in relevant part, that: l l Information (be] made available to the public l on a periodic basis on how they will be ! notified and what their initial actions i should be in an emergency (e.g., listening to l a local broadcast station and remaining in-doors) *** . Similarly, Part 50, Appendix E, S IV.D.2 requires the provision j to the public of: 1
* *
- basic emergency planning information, I such as the methods and times required for l public notification and the protective ac- '
tions planned if an accident occurs, general l information as to the nature and effects of I radiation, and a listing of local broadcast stations that will be used for dissemination i of information during an emergency. i The Commission's emergency planning regulations are supple-mented by the regulatory guidance of NUREG-0654/ FEMA-REP-1 (Rev. 1, 11/80), "Criteria for Preparation and Evaluation of Radiological Emergency Response Plans and Preparedness in Support i of Nuclear Power Plants." NUREG-0654 Evaluation Criterion G.1 l provides that pre-emergency public information materials shall I 1 address: I
- a. educational information on radiation;
l 1
- b. contact for additional information;
- c. protective measures, e.g., evacuation routes and relocation centers, shel-tering, rospiratory protection, ra- ,
dioprotective drugs; and
- d. special needs of the handicapped.
With very few exceptions, the Concerned Citizens have completely failed to reference these applicable regulations and regulatory guidance in their petition. The vast majority of Petitioners' comments are premised on a fundamental misperception of the role of pre-emergency public in-formation materials in the Commission's concept of operations for i emergency management. The Commission's regulations on the con-tent of such materials are purposely limited to the provision of "basic emergency planning information" (see 10 C.F.R. Part 50, Appendix E, S VI.D.2). Thus, the materials are not intended to duplicate or obviate the need for dissemination via the Emergency Broadcast System ("EBS") of extensive, detailed, scenario-specific information at the time of an accident. Rather, the purpose of pre-emergency public information is limited to l "priming" the public to receive accident-specific.information via EBS at the time of the emergency. Louisiana Power & Licht Co. , (Waterford Steam Electric Station, Unit 3), LBP-83-27, 17 N.R.C. 949, 965 (1983), aff'd, ALAB-753, 18 N.R.C. 1321, 1331 (1983). Thus, l i l i
1
\
l 1
* *
- the purpose of a pre-emergency public !
information brochure is informational / educational. (citation omitted). **** [T]he brochure is not intended to motivate individuals to either evacuate or to follow certain procedures. **** The most impor-tant informational function of the brochure is to prepare people to turn on their radio and television stations upon the activation of the sirens in order to find out what ac-tions they might be asked to take at that time. 17 N.R.C. at 960 (emphasis supplied). This primary message - when you hear the sirens, tune to your EBS station -- is empha- i sized in the pre-emergency public information materials for Perry. See, e.c., October 1986 Handbook at 3, 5, 7, 27; Perry 1988 Emergency Preparedness Information Calendar ("Calendar"), l
\
Exhibit A to Affidavit of Daniel D. Hulbert ("Hulbert Affida- l vit"), at 2, 4. See also Consumers Power Co. (Big Rock Point Plant), LBP-82-60, 16 N.R.C. 540, 544 (1982) (purpose of brochure is "to give residents and transients the information they need to j respond to audible alarm systems and to be sufficiently knowl-edgeable to understand the importance of responding"). In short, contrary to Petitioners' apparent assumption, the purpose of pre-emergency public information is not to address in detail all possible contingencies, and to describe at length the "why's" and "wherefore's" of all protective action options. Rather, the emphasis is on the provision of "basic" information -- and, most especially, the importance of tuning to : an EBS station upon activation of the sirens. The Commission's i concept of operations contemplates that further, detailed, accident-specific information and instructions would be broadcast as needed in the course of an emergency. See, e.o., Consolidated Edison Co. of New York (Indian Point, Unit No. 2), LBP-83-68, 18 N.R.C. 811, 943 (1983) (acknowledging the "very different , roles" of the brochure and the EBS system). Indeed, the case law on point recognizes that the provision of extensive detailed information in pre-emergency materials would be counterproductive. [T]he level of detail for any of these sub-jects (to be covered in the brochure) should be consistent with the purpose for which it is intended. Overemphasis on detail may de-feat the purpose of a public information pro-gram on emergency measures. i Metropolitan Edison Co. (Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, ! Unit No. 1), LBP-81-59, 14 N.R.C. 1211, 1521 (1981). Further, (A) pamphlet cannot exhaustively treat the subject of the effects of radiation and it ! all-too-easily can become too elaborate and extensive to communicate effectively. If that were to occur, the pamphlet likely would - go unread and its role as an action document would be defeated. * *** [E]ach proposed addition to the pamphlet must be viewed with caution because additions may cumulatively increase its bulk and complexity and reduce its ability to communicate. ' l Consumers Power Co. (Big Rock Point Plant), LBP-82-60, 16 N.R.C. 540, 544-45 (1982). Nor is absolute technical accuracy to be required. As one licensing board commented on a brochure: l While some of the information on radiation and upon nuclear power plants in general is , not absolutely correct from a technical i I standpoint, any revisions made to secure absolute technical accuracy would render this information incomprehensible to the general l public. * *** (T]o inflate (material) to l achieve textbook precision would defeat effective communication and would not enhance the public safety. Louisiana Power & Licht Co. (Waterford Steam Electric Station, Unit 3), LBP-83-27, 17 N.R.C. 949, 961-62 (1983), aff'd, ALAB-753, 18 N.R.C. 1321, 1331 (1983). See also South Carolina Electric & Gas Co. (Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station, Unit 1), LBP-82-57, 16 N.R.C. 477, 491 (1982) (provision of detailed in-formation "regarding the characteristics and consequences of nuclear accidents" is unnecessary). The NRC's authority vis-a-vis pre-emergency public infor-mation materials is limited to review of the materials as emer-gency planning documents, to be judged against the Commission's established standards, set forth above. See consumers Power Co. (Big Rock Point Plant), LBP-82-60, 16 N.R.C. 540, 548 (1982); Consolidated Edison Co. of New York (Indian Point, Unit No. 2), 1 LBP-83-68, 18 N.R.C. 811, 943 (1983) (agency cannot demand more i i from brochure than regulatory requirements; "state-of-the-art" I not required). j l Nor are scarce administrative resources to be squandered on the line-by-line parsing of emergency public information materi-als. Indeed, FEMA has recently emphasized that "(p]roducing _ . . _ . __ ~. _ - _ . - .
I public informatior. is a creative process and the producers need a certain latitude in which to operate." "A Guide To Preparing Emergency Public Information Materials," FEMA-REP-ll (June 1987), at 3. As one licensing board has observed, the NRC's role:
* *
- is uncomfortable because it can easily be misunderstood or mischaracterized as that of censor. However, we view ourselves as re-sponsible only for seeing that necessary facts about the rapid response system are communicated, that there are no serious errors detracting from the credibility of the document, and that there are no serious omissions from the distributed material. We are not censors, but limit our concern to matters that affect the document's ability to achieve its intended purpose.
Consumers Power Co. (Big Rock Point Plant), LBP-82-60, 16 N.R.C. 540, 544 (1982) (emphasis supplied). Accord, Philadelphia Electric Co. (Limerick Generating Station, Units 1 and 2), Docket Nos. 50-352-0L, 50-353-OL, "Memorandum and Order Ruling On Limer-ick Ecology Action's Petition For Reconsideration of Rulings On Admissibility of Offsite Emergency Planning Contentions" (May 21, 1984), slip op. at 7 (expressly declining to "litigate the word-ing of brochures"). The Appeal Board has granted its imprimatur to this defined scope of review, ruling: We doubt that unanimous agreement on every sentence of every brochure could ever be obtained. Such agreement is not required. Educational material must be iudaed in its entirety. Metropolitan Edison Co. (Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Unit No. 1), ALAB-697, 16 N.R.C. 1265, 1274 (1982) (emphasis supplied). l i
_ _ ~ _ _ _ ____ . IV. Response To Petitioners' Allegations Licensees respond below to each of the specific allegations advanced by Concerned Citizens. A number of Petitioners' con-cerns have been mooted completely by the recent issuance of the Perry 1986 Emergency Preparedness Information Calendar. See Af-fidavit of Daniel D. Hulbert ("Hulbert Affidavit"), Exhibit A. FEMA recently completed its review of that document, noting with approval that it "contains all of the information that EP2 resi-dents might need in order to protect themselves in the event of a radiological incident at the Perry Plant." See Hulbert Affida-vit, 1 3 cuotino Letter to D. Shipley (Ohio Disaster Services l Agency) from W. Weaver (FEMA Region V), dated February 2, 1988, ! at attached "Evaluation of the Perry Public Emergency Information l Document" ("FEMA Evaluation of Calendar"). Indeed, as discussed below, many of Petitioners' criticisms can be fairly character- l ized as pure "editing" of the pre-emergency public information materials for Perry. Certainly they have identified no gross omissions or inadequacies in the documents. Accordingly, there . I is no basis in fact or lav for the commencement of "show cause" proceedings here. ; l
- a. The Cover of the October 1986 Handbook )
l Petitioners first contend that the cover of the Emergency j Information Handbook issued in october 1986 "should show the boundary of the 10 mile plume EPZ * ** including the portions of
all three counties -- Lake, Geauga, and Ashtabula -- that are ef-fected (sic]." Petition at 3. But the map which Petitioners criticize was simply a decorative cover design for the Handbook. Licensees did not rely upon that map to convey any specific emer-gency public information. Instead, included elsewhere in the October 1986 Handbook was a large fold-out map which did, in fact, reflect the EPZ boundary and the affected porcions of all three EPZ counties, as well as pick-up points, referral points, care cente s, evacuation routes and other roads, and county boundaries. In any event, Petitioners' concerns have been mooted by the recent issuance of the 1988 Calendar, which does not in-clude the cover map which Petitioners find objectionable. Petitioners also maintain that the cover of the October 1986 Emergency Information Handbook should "include the words 'second edition' and the date this booklet was prepared, to distinguish , l it from obsolete or future editions." Petition at 3. While Pe-1 titioners properly recognize that the public's ability to distin-guish between different revisions of a document could potentially be important, Petitioners have failed to recognize that the October 1986 Handbook achieved this objective through a means other than specifying the date of issuance; specifically, the October 1986 Handbook had a green cover, while the May 1985 Hand- l l book had a white cover. (Indeed, throughout their filing, Peti-tioners repeatedly refer to "the green handbook" vs. "the white handbook." See, e.o., Petition at 2, 3, 5, 6, 16, 20, 26).
i Thus, EBS announcements at'the time of an emergency could have , referred listeners to their creen handbook (rather than a white j i one), if the distinction were important. In fact, FEMA has in ; the past discouraged the use of a "date of publication" on emer-i gency public information brochures. See, e.o., Letter to L.V. ! Maurin (LP&L) from J. Benton (FEMA Region VI), dated June 23, , 1982. But see "A Guide To Preparing Emergency Public Information Materials," FEMA-REP-ll (June 1987), at 9, 25 (referring to the , date of issue as an "enhancement"). In any event, this criticism ! I too is mooted by the recent issuance of the new Perry Emergency l Preparedness Information Calendar, which is prominently titled. f "1988 Calendar." Petitioners' comments on the cover of the f October 1986 Handbook thus provide no basis for initiation of the j requested enforcement action. f
- b. Pace 2 of the October 1986 Handbook i
Next, Petitioners broadly indicate their preference for the text of page 2 of the May 1985 Handbook, over the text of page 2 ; r of the October 1986 Handbook. See cenerally Petition at 3-4, 5. l i As discussed in greater detail below, Petitioners' criticisms of l [
- the October 1986 Handb'cok have been largely mooted by the publi- j cation of the 1988 Calendar. The introductory letter of the cal- !
endar tracks the introductory letter of the May 1985 Handbook { (page 2) almost verbatim. See Calendar at 1. Petitioners' crit- , icisms of the October 1986 Handbook are nonetheless lacking in merit. ! r l i
Petitioners first complain that page 2 of the October 1986 Handbook does not sufficiently emphasize Perry -- that it is re-ferred to in the context of other types of emergencies, is "only mentioned once on the entire page and is merely referred to as I the ' Perry Power Plant' with no mention of the word ' nuclear'." Petition at 4. It is true that page 2 of the October 1986 Hand-book stated that the information in the Handbook could "help pro- I tect you not only in th: _" likely event of an emergency at the Perry Power Plant, but in any kind of emergency -- storms, floods, tornados, chemical spills and others." But this is clearly permissible under current FEMA guidance, which provides that the introductory section of a brochure "should tell the reader what the subject matter deals with -- if it is a potential emergency at a nuclear power plant, another hazard, or a ; combination of hazards." FEMA-REP-ll at 8-9 (emphasis supplied). Nor can Petit'oners seriously argue that the October 1986 Hand-book obscured the fact that Perry is a nuclear power plant. In-deed, the plant is identified as a nuclear plant on the cover of that handbcok (as well as elsewhere throughout the handbook). In any event, Petitioners' concern on this point is also mooted by the relevant section of the 1988 Calendar which is mod-eled on the section of the May 1985 Handbook (preferred by Peti-l tioners over the comparable section of the October 1986 Hand-book). Thus, like the "Dear Neighbor" letter of the May 1985 Handbook, the introductory letter in the 1988 Calendar refers to
the "danger from radiation" associated with Perry, and notes that
"[t]oo much radiation can be harmful to your health." See Calen-dar at 1.
Petitioners question whether the handbook is "available in braille." Petition at 5. However, there is no regulatory requirement for such a publication. Petitioners also maintain that the October 1986 Handbook should have included a reminder to read the emergency public information materials to any blind friends. Petition at 4-5. While the May 1985 Handbook did in-clude such c reminder, the lack of such a reminder in the October 1986 Handbook would not have affected the health and safety of the blind in the event of an emergency at Perry. Persons with severely impaired vision can be expected to have neighbors, friends or family who read their mail to them. Affidavit of Dennis S. Mileti ("Mileti Affidavit"), 1 10. These persons gen-erally can be expected to communicate the important information in the handbook to the blind in advance of an emergency, whether or not they are specifically reminded to do so. Moreover, the handbook did request that neighbors, friends and family of the disabled (including the blind) return the "Special Needs In-formation Card" enclosed with the handbook, to ensure that those with special needs would receive any special assistance they might require in the event of an emergency. See October 1986 l Handbook at 13 and Special Needs Information Card, i i I 4 s Further, the disabled generally have "support networks" of neighbors, friends and family who assist them (as necessary) with everyday tasks such as errands and shopping, and who would be at-tentive to their special needs due to'any type of hazard -- including fire, blizzard and a whole host of other emergencies with a higher probability of occurrence than radiological emer-gency. See cenerally Mileti Affidavit, 1 10. In any event, those individuals who have not -- for whatever reason -- received pre-emergency information would instinctively seek out information (from the media, friends and family) when they hear emergency sirens sound for an extended period. Mileti Affidavit, 11 11-12. This is as true of those who cre vision- , 1 impaired as those who are not. And it is the inf~ormation which j is disseminated at the time of an emergency which determines the efficacy of emergency response. Mileti Affidavit, 11 4, 11, 17. For all these reasons, the reminder to "read the handbook to any blind friends" is unnecessary and superfluous. The introduc- I i tory letter in the 1988 Calendar nevertheless reminds EPZ resi-dents: This information is important -- please , read it carefully. Discuss it with your fam- ) ily, friends and neighbors. They may need I your help, or you may need theirs. If you know someone who is blind, read this booklet to that nerson. Calendar at 1 (emphasis supplied). The 1988 Calendar thus moots Petitioners' concern.
Petitioners also appear to contend that the pre-emergency public information handbook and the EBS announcements should be translated into Spanish. Petition at 5; Supplement. However, translation is not necessary to ensure the health and safety of Spanish-speaking residents of the EPZ in the event of an emergen-cy. In an area such as rural northern Ohio, where the foreign language-speaking population is relatively small, that population cannot be so self-sufficient as to conpletely insulate itself from the English-speaking community. Everyday life (shopping, errands, etc.) requires at least a basic command of the English language. Those who can speak no English therefore can be ex-pected to have bilingual neighbors, friends and family who help 5 with errands and read their mail (such as the handbook or the calendsr) to them. Mileti Affidavit, 1 10. Certainly, in the event of an emergency, the sirens would alert even those who do not speak English, who would then naturally consult bilingual neighbors, friends and family to determine the reason for the activation of the sirens. Mileti Affidavit, 11 11-12. And, of course, it is this information which is disseminated at the time of an emergency which is determinative of the efficacy of emer-gency response. Mileti Affidavit, 11 4, 11, 17. For all these reasons, there is no regulatory requirement that the handbook be printed in Spanish, given the circumstances presented here. FEMA guidance on this point recommends transla-tion into a second language "if the foreign language speaking
population of voting age exceeds 5% * * *." See "A Guide To Preparing Emergency Public Information Materials," FEMA-REP-ll (June 1987), at 5, citino FEMA Guidance Memorandum 20, "Foreign Language Translation of Public Education Brochures." Attached to the Guidance Memorandum is a list of the counties in the vicinity of U.S. nuclear plants which meet this criterion. None of the Perry EPZ counties -- Lake, Ashtabula and Geauga -- appears on that list. Indeed, even with the seasonal influx of migrant workers, none of three counties even approaches the FEMA criteri-on. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 5. Petitioners also challenge the accuracy of a sentence in the October 1986 Handbook, which reads: "The citizens of Ashtabula, Geauga and Lake counties are protected by one of the most effec-tive emergency plans in the nation." However, in a meeting with the NRC Conmissioners on September 5, 1986, the Director of FEMA's Technological Hazards Division testified that emergency preparedness for the Perry vicinity "far exceeds the basic requirements that the NRC and FEMA have jointly laid down." See Hulbert Affidavit, 1 15, quoting Testimony of R. Wilkerson (FEMA) at September 5, 1986 Commission meeting on Perry Full Power Oper-ating License (at Tr. 92). Even Thomas Chema (Chairman of the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio and a member of the Governor ! I of Ohio's Emergency Evacuation Review Team) has characterized the l l Perry plans as "as good, if not better than, most of the plans in ' the other 100 plants around the country." See Hulbert Affidavit, j
~
i l 1 15, cuotino remarks of T. Chema at Aug. 18, 1986 public mee.ing at Madison High School; "Celeste Might Challenge NRC on Evacua-tion," Port Clinton News Herald, Aug. 19, 19862 Moreover, Petitioners have provided no bases for their ap-parent assumption that references to the effectiveness of emer.- gency plans and to the fact that a Perry emergency is "unlikely" would engender complacency in the public. Petition at 5-6. Pe-titioners have simply lifted phrases out of the context of the rest of the handbook, which amply describes protective measures for the public in an emergency, and which emphasizes the impor-tance of emergency information. Indeed, the very first sentence of the introductory letter in the October 1986 Handbook empha-sizes that "[plublic emergencies can occur anywhere, anytime." The handbook also notes that it contains "important" information, and requests that area residents "read it carefully." Petition-ers' criticisms thus constitute mere "editing" of the brochure. Further, public response to an emergency is determined not by pre-emergency public information, but rather by the situation-specific information which is disseminated at the time of an emergency. Mileti Affidavit, 11 4, 11, 17. And the Perry emer-gency information system has received high marks from FEMA evaluators. Hultert Affidavit, 1 11. In any event, the characterization of the Perry emergency plan as "one of the most effective plans in the nation" has been
eliminated in the 1988 Calendar. Accordingly, Petitioners' con-cern is mooted. l Petitioners next complain that the introductory letter in the October 1986 Handbook does not identify Perry as a nuclear power plant, "to distinguish it from some other power plant in Perry." Petition at 6. However, the nuclear plant is the only power plant of any type in Perry. Hulbert Affidavit, 14. Peti-tioners' other concerns about Perry's identification as a nuclear plant are reiterations of concerns raised elsewhere, and addressed above at page 15 of this response. Comoare Petition at 4 with Petition at 6. Petitioners also criticize the sentence in the introductory l letter of the October 1986 Handbook which states, "If a serious accident were to occur, you might need to leave the area tempo-rarily." Asserting that "[n]o one knows when or even if people ! will be able to return home," Petitioners advocate the elimina-tion of the word "temporarily." Petition at 6. However, based on extensive studies, the federal government has determined that there is no need to plan for an evacuation of extended duration. Sustaining an emergency plan which assumed a three-day evacua-tion, an NRC Licensing Board has observed: I Neither the NRC's emergency planning regula- J tions nor NUREG-0654 stipulate any minimum time that must be planned for the exclusion of evacuees from the evacuated area. * ** The basis for the three day evacuation * *
- is that evacuees can carry with them minimum life support elements (such as clothing and
. . . . . .-_ . .. .- .- _. . ~
special medicines) sufficient to sustain them for such a period without being overburdened
*** . If an evacuation lasts longer than three days, the three days currently planned '
for allows a sufficient and reasonable period of time to resupply essential needs to sus-tain evacuees beyond the three day. period. Metropolitan Edison Co. (Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Unit i No. 1), LBP-81-59, 14 N.R.C. 1211, 1653-54 (1981). Moreover, a recent study of pre-emergency public information materials ("the Battelle Report") encourages emergency planners to provide the public with some frame of reference for the probable length of an evacuation: Many brochures state that i t is likely that people will be asked to stay away for from 24
- to 48 hours. * *
- Having this kind of in-formation puts quite a different perspective on evacuation than uncertainty as to whether it is to be 24 hours or 4 weeks. Since there is little experience with nuclear power plant emergency situations, people have no frame of reference with which to judge this. Research on natural hazards indicates that people are much more likely to comply with recommenda-a tions to evacuate if they are told how long 7 they will be gone. Any kind of information j that reduces uncertainty and ambiguity about the situation will enhance the probability
. that people will cooperate with instructions from authorities.
"Public Information Programs Accompanying Emergency Plans At l Nuclear Power Plants: Issues For Consideration,"
BHARC-400/81/025, (Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers, June
- 1981), at 22. In any event, the introductory letter in the 1988 Calendar -- which FEMA has approved -- eliminates the word "tem-porarily," and states simply: "If a serious accident occurred, e
,_y,_ - ,. ,--c, - . , -
, - - n y ,- ,. , , - . , , - - - , ,, ,
. l l
\
l you might need to leave the area." Thus, again, the 1988 Calen-dar moots Petitioners' concern. Petitioners further contend that the introductory letter of the October 1986 Handbook should include the addresses and phone ) numbers of the state and local emergency management agencies. : 1 Petition at 6. However, there is no regulatory basis for this l contention, which constitutes nothing more than impermissible I
"editing" of the handbook. Petitioners similarly argue thac the l
addresses of the emergency management agencies should be located at the same place the agencies' phone numbers are provided. Pe- l 1 tition at 6. Once again, this is mere "editing." In any event, l the back cover of the 1988 Calendar includes both the addresses l l and phone numbers of the local emergency management agencies. l Finally, Petitioners assert that emergency public information ma- l terials should include the "names of people to ask for when call- l ing or to write to when corresponding such as the directors of ' l the county EMA's or the Ohio Disaster Services Agency ODSA, or appropriate CEI personnel." Petition at 6. But, again, this is mere "editing." Indeed, FEMA guidance expressly provides that public information mate; rials may include the names of either agencies or individuals as contacts for additional information.
"A Guide To Preparing Emergency Public Information Materials,"
FEMA-REP-ll (June 1987), at 12. Thus, Petitioners' criticism is wholly lacking in regulatory basis.
._ v _- ._ _. , . . . - _, . , _
- c. Pace 3 of the October 1986 Handbook Petitioners next allege that there are "many complaints that the sirens and loudspeaker messages cannot be heard." Petition at 6-7. On this point, Petitioners apparently do not contest the language of the emergency public information materials, but rath-er challenge the substantive adequacy of the emergency sirens in the Perry EPZ. However, the public notification system for the Perry EPZ is comprised of several complementary methods -- fixed sirens, informal notification",E! and door-to-door verification.
Hulbert Affidavit, 1 8. The effectiveness of such systems was recently litigated exhaustively in Carolina Power & Licht Co. (Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant), LBP-86-ll, 23 N.R.C. 294, 364-97 (1986), aff'd, ALAB-852, 24 N.R.C. 532 (1986). The exten-sive expert testimony in that case established conclusively that a siren system designed to meet NRC/ FEMA standards (like the sys-tem of 76 high-powered sirens in the Perry EPZ), with the atten-dant informal notification, will alert in excess of 90% of EPZ 3/ "Informal notification" is the process by which members of the public who have been alerted to an emergency spontane-ously notify other members of the public of the emergency. Mileti Affidavit, 11 14-16. The existence and efficacy of these informal notification processes are recognized in NRC l
, case law. See, e.c., Carolina Power & Licht Co. (Shearon i Harris Nuclear Power Plant), ALAB-852, 24 N.R.C. 532, 543 '
n.48 (1986); Duke Power Co. (Catawba Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2), LBP-84-37, 20 N.R.C. 933, 973 (1984); Southern California Edison Co. (San Onofre Nuclear Generating Sta-4 tion, Units 2 and 3), LBP-82-46, 15 N.R.C. 1531, 1534-35 (1982).
households within 15 minutes in "worst case" conditions (e.a., in the middle of a hot summer night, when virtually the entire popu-lation is asleep and air-conditioners are operating). Harris, supra, 23 N.R.C. at 396; Hulbert Affidavit, 1 8. Effectiveness would be even higher under more favorable conditions, e.g., dur-ing the daytime (when people are awake) or in the spring or fall (when vindows would be open). The emergency plans also provide for door-to-door verification, to assure that all members of the public are alerted to an emergency. Id. Nor have the hearing-impaired been ignored. As described in the plans, each of the three counties in the Perry EPZ maintains a list of people in the EPZ with special needs (including the hearing-impaired). In the event of an emergency, local police and fire department personnel would use the list to provide spe-P cial notification and assistance to individuals according to their needs, including notification of the hearing-impaired. Hulbert Affidavit, 18. These special arrangements for the indi-vidual notification of the hearing-impaired are comparable to l those employed at other nuclear plants across the county, and I provide the requisite "reasonable assurance" that those individ- ! uals would be promptly notified.S# I 4/ See, e.o., Duke Power Co. (Catawba Nuclear Power Station, Units 1 and 2), LBP-84-37, 20 N.R.C. 933, 974 (1984); Kansas Gas & Electric Co. (Wolf Creek Generating Station, Unit No. 1), LBP-84-26, 20 N.R.C. 53, 67, 94-95 (1984); Pacific Gas (Continued next page)
In short, the Perry emergency public notification system was designed to the same NRC/ FEMA standards as the systems at the other operating nuclear plants across the country. FEMA recently confirmed the adequacy of the Perry system design through a full-scale test followed by an extensive telephone survey of the pub-lic. Hulbert Affidavit, 18. Petitioners' bald and conclusory criticisms cast no doubt on either FEMA's conclusions or the rig-orous standards to which the Perry public alert / notification sys-tem has been designed. Petitioners further contend that the October 1986 Handbook should have "emphasized that battery-powered radios be readily available and that the batteries be checked frequently." Peti-tion at 7. But Petitioners' comment is simply "editing," and lacks any regulatory basis whatsoever. Moreover, the lists in the sections titled "What Should I Take With Me?" and "Checklist" both include the items "Portable Radio" and "Batteries," and the , l illustration for "What Should I Take With Me?" depicts a portable radio. See October 1986 Handbook at 11, 27. The 1988 Calendar also includes a prominent illustration of a portable radio, and (Continued) and Electric Co. (Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1 l and 2), LBP-82-70, 16 N.R.C. 756, 773-75, 814 (1982), aff'd, I ALAB-781, 20 N.R.C. 819 (1984); Pennsylvania Power and Light Co. (Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Units 1 and 2), LBP-82-30, 15 N.R.C. 771, 781, 816, aff'd, 16 N.R.C. 1530 (1982). 1
includes both "Battery-powered radios" and "Batteries" on the checklist in the section entitled "What Should I Take With Me?" See 1988 Calendar at 5, 7. Thus, there is no factual or legal basis for Petitioners' contention. Petitioners next complain that, of the TV and radio stations listed in the October 1986 Handbook, "no TV stations are on 24 hours / day and only 3 radio stations are on 24 hours / day."E/ Pe-tition at 7. Petitioners thus appear to challenge not the lan-guage of the handbook, but rather the subs *.antive adequacy of the EBS system. But Petitioners' complaint has no merit. There is no legal basis for their underlying assumption that the EBS sys-tem for a given area must include any specific number of 24-hour radio stations, or any 24-hour TV stations. In any event, an expanded list of EBS radio and TV stations has been included in the 1988 Calendar. As the calendar indi-cates, one of the TV stations added to the list -- WQHS (Channel
- 61) -- broadcasts 24 hours / day. Two other listed TV stations --
WKYC (Channel 3) and WJW (Channel 8) -- also broadcast 24 hours / day, although this is not indicated on the calendar.E/ A 5/ Petitioners concede that a fourth station, 162.55 KHB-59, (the NOAA Weather Radio station) also broadcasts 24 hours / day. However, Petitioners discount it, asserting that l "many people do not own such a radio." Petition at 7. E/ The hours of broadcast of all listed TV and radio stations will be re-verified prior to publication of the next edition l of t.e Farry pre-emergency public information materials, as is tae normal practice. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 9. 1 fourth TV station, WEWS (Channel 5) broadcasts 20 hours / day, from 5:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. See Calendar at 2; Hulbert Affidavit, 1 9. Similarly, the calendar's expanded list of radio stations includes four AM radio stations broadcasting 24 hours / day and eleven FM radio stations broadcasting 24 hours / day. See Calendar at 2. In short, although Petitioners' complaints had no founda- , i tion in the law, they have been mooted by the expanded list of EBS stations included in the 1988 Calendar. 3 Petitioners also take issue with the typography and graphic j i design of the list of 24-hour stations. Petitioners specifically recommend: The asterisks (stars) should be much larger and the print of the footnote to which they refer should also be much larger. The words
'not on for 24 hours each day' should be in all caps or underlined for emphasis. An eas-ier way to handle the TV and radio stations would be to indicate within the list which j are on 24 hours / day (since the majority are t not) by merely writing next to those stations in capital letters ' STATION BROADCASTS 24 HOURS A DAY' and below the last station on the list, writing 'unless otherwise specifically noted, station does not broadcast 24 hours / day,' again in all caps or underlined.
Petition at 7 (emphasis in the original). These comments consti- , i tute proscribed "editing" in its purest form, and must therefore - be rejected. Moreover, as discussed above, of the 28 radio and TV stations on the 1988 Calendar's list of EBS stations, 18 broadcast 24 hours / day. Thus, at least as to the 1988 Calendar, , Petitioners cannot assert that "the majority" of the listed i
i stations are not 24-hour stations. This disposes of Petitioners' l contention that it would be "easier" to indicate which stations , are 24-hour stations, rather than to indicate the reverse. i i Finally, and perhaps most importantly, FEMA's review of the 1988 Calendar concluded that the "[tlypography is legible and easy to perceive," and that "[t]he various elements of graphic design { work together harmoniously to achieve the desired effect." See ! FEMA Evaluation of Calendar. ! Petitioners also criticize the October 1986 Handbook's in- f i struction to evacuees to "[glo to a place at least 10 miles away I a from the plant." Relying on NUREG-0654 Criterion J.10.h, Peti- f i tioners contend that evacuees should be directed to go to a place j at least 15 miles from the plant. See Petition at 8. While this ! sentence has been eliminated from the 1988 Calendar (seg Calendar i i at 2), Petitioners' reliance on NUREG-0654 is misplaced. Specif-ically, Criterion J.10.h provides that planning for emergency { s protective measures shall include: ; Relocation centers in host areas which are at ; least 5 miles * *
- beyond the boundaries of l the plume exposure emergency planning zone; l "Criteria For Preparatio't and Evaluation of Radiological Smergen-cy Response Plans and Preparedness in Suppcrt of Nuclear Fower Plants," NUREG-0654/ FEMA-REP-1 (Rev. 1, November 1980) (emphasis i
supplied). This criterion clearly governs only the location of l l mass care "relocation centers." Conservative planning counsels j l the location of such centers wel) outside the EPZ, so that public I i i 1
officiels need not (on an ad hoc basis) identify a second set of centers -- with all the requisite sanitary, culinary and communi-cations-facilities - in the unlikely event that the defined area at risk is extended beyond the EPZ at some point in an actual emergency. The logistics of the ad hoc'identifiestion, procure- i i ment, staffing and supplying of a mass care center for hundreds of people are much more complex than the logistics of advising evacuees who are stcying with friends or family just outside the l EPZ that they -- and their f riends or f amily -- must mcve f orther out. Thus, while the NRC and FEMA have reasonably provided that ! J relocation centers should be located at least five miles beyond j the EPZ, they have for good reason imposed no prohibition on l evacuees' option to stay with friends or fami]y closer to the EPZ boundary. Petitioners have failed to recognize this important i i distinction; certainly they have not called it into question. Accordingly, their criticism is without merit. l l 1 l
- d. Pace 4.of the October 1985 Handbook Petitioners criticize the paragraph in the October 1986 i Handbook which states:
The law requires emergency plans for every nuclear plant. These plants have been making , electricity for over 25 years. In all that time, no member of the pub 1;c has been hurt. But it is best to be prepared. i Petitioners would delete the second and third sentences of the paragraph. According to Petitioners, these sentences are likely t 4
! a i
1 to engender complacency in the public. Petition at 8. However, , as discussed above at page 20 of this response, the adequacy of public response to an emergency is determined by the situation- L sper:ific information disseminated at the time of an emergency, not by the content of pre-emergency public information materials. Petitioners' comments -- including their recommended replacement text -- are also objectionable as impermissible "editing" of the handbook. Petitioners correctly point out an ambiguity in the para-graph, however. While the focus the paragraph is on nuclear plants in the U.S., that focus is not explicit in the October j 1986 Handbook. And, as Petitioners observe, the statement that , 1 "no member of the public has been hurt" as the result of an acci-dent at a nuclear plant may be too broad after Chernobyl, unless the statement is limited to U.S. plants. The text of the 1988 Calendar therefore hs.s been clarified to expressly state that "no j j member of the public has been hurt as a result of an accident at
- a U.S. nuclear cover plant." See Calendar at 3 (emphasis a
supplied). Finally, Petitioners also seek to eliminate the word "But" from the last sentence of the quoted paragraph. According to Pe-titioners, the word leaves the "implication that emergency pre- i i paredness is a damn nuisance." Petition at 8. This comment, too, is mere "editing." Moreover, the handbook repeatedly i i y 1 1
~ , . _ - . . - .- . .
J l l emphasizes that the emergency information presented is "impor-tant" and that "[t]he best way to stay safe in any emergency is to stay calm and know what to do." See, e.a., October 1986 Hand-book at 2; Calendar at 1. Petitioners simply attach far too much significance to a single sentence, taken out of context.
- e. Pace 5 of the October 1986 Handbook Petitioners are also critical of the section of the October 1986 Handbook which states:
REMEMBER: a nuclear plant is NOT like a bomb. It CANNOT explode. You will have time to get ready in the unlikely event that you should need to protect yourself or evacuate. According to Petitioners, "[i]t is irrelevant whether a nuclear plant is like a bomb or can explode like a bomb. What is rele - vant and indisputable are the very serious postulated accident ] scenarios with the potential for large releases of rad stion in a short period of time." Petition at 8-9. However, one of the three general categories of information that can be included in pre-emergency public information materi-als that could be helpful to the public in the event of an emer- l gency is information about the nature of the risk. Mileti Affi-
- davit, 1 6. In the case of radiological emergency, educating the public about the nature of the risk involves dispelling misperceptions -- explaining, for example, that the risk is in the air and that nuclear plants do not explode like bombs. !
l 4
, . _ , _ __ ,_.m __ ___
Mileti Affidavit, 1 7. Petitioners are therefore simply wrong when they assert that the handbook's reference to a bomb is "ir-relevant"; and their proposed replacement text again constitutes "editing." But, in any event, their concern is mooted by the publication of the 1988 Calendar, which omits the comparison of a nuclear plant and a bomb. Petitioners also argue for the elimination of the statement that there will be "time to get ready" in the event of an evacua-tion. But the handbook also cautions, "If you need to act more quickly, the radio, TV, or loudspeakers will tell you. FOLLOW THOSE INSTRUCTIONS PROMPTLY." October 1986 Handbook, at 10. Moreover, preparation time is factored into the evacuation time estimates which are used in making protective action decisions. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 12. Further, the Battelle Report notes: The way that evacuation instructions typi-cally are presented gives the impression that evacuation will be recommended and carried out under very extreme time constraints. This stems from planning designed for the l
' worst case' event. * ** (A) statement to l put this in perspective may be in order. !
l "Public Information Programs Accompanying Emergency Plans At Nuclear Power Plants: Issues For Consideration," j l BHARC-400/81/025 (Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers, June l 1981), at 21. The study therefore recommends that pre-emergency public information materials indicate that there will be time for preparations in the event of an evacuation. Id. In any event, the 1988 Calendar -- which FEMA has approved -- does not include _ . . - - . . . - - .. .. ~ . . - . the statement. Thus, Petitioners' concern on this point is also mooted by the 1988 Calendar. 4
- f. Pace 6 of the October 1986 Handbook 2
Petitioners contend that the answer to the question / caption "How Wide An Area Would Be Affected?" should be changed from "an area several miles from the Perry Plant" (emphasis-supplied) to ,
"an area many miles from the Perry Plant." Apparently assuming
, that the "effects" to which the section title refers include in-terdiction of food supplies and such, Petitioners argue that "[a] 50 mile ingestion zone is not several miles." Petition at 9. However, the premise of Petitioners argument is incorrect. Properly read in context, it is clear that the reference to "ef-fects" is to the need to shelter and/or evacuation -- protective actions which do not affect the 50-mile ingestion pathway Emer-gency Planning Zone. Accordingly, read in context, Petitioners' proposed change actually would be misleading and is therefore in-I appropriate. 4 Petitioners also challenge the statement in the October 1986 Handbook that the emergency plans for Perry "can be expanded to include an area considerably beyond 10 miles." Apparently challenging the substantive adequacy of emergency planning (rath-l er than the language of the handbook), Petitioners base their challenge on the EERT Report:
The State of Ohio does not feel the plans within the 10 mile EP7 are adequate let alone
*** into the 50 mile ingestion zone, par-ticularly if a serious accident rendered large areas virtually uninhabitable necessitating permanent relocation of people.
Planning for the 50 mile ingestion zone has been left practically to chance. Petition at 9-10. . Petitioners' reliance on the State of Ohio's concerns is simply misplaced. The federal courts already have rejected Ohio's challenge to the issuance of the Perry full power operat-ing license over the State's emergency planning objections. See , State of Ohio v. NRC, 814 F.2d 258 (6th Cir. 1987). The Court's decision affirming the NRC's action was well
- founded. As Licensees explained in their brief before the Court of Appeals
- [A]n entire section of the State Plan is de-(of ingestion voted entirely)to EPZ activities . the Thatsubject section includes, .
inter alia, a list of state agencies with their responsibilities for ingestion pathway 1 response and procedures for imposing protec-tive measures. Moreover, the State has dem- ' onstrated proficiency in the implementation l of ingestion pathway protective measures in numerous exercises. *** 1 Based on the plan and on the exercises, the NRC and FEMA have concluded that the State's plans for ingestion pathway protec-tive measures meet all applicable federal regulations. *** Those regulations re-flect a recognition that there would be suf-ficient time to develop ingestion pathway , protective measures at the time of an acci- i dent, because they need not be implemented ) immediately. Indeed, because ingestion path-way responses would be so situation-specific, l 2 -. - - . .
i I i they are less amenable to advance planning I than either evacuation or sheltering. *** Southern California Edison Co. (San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, Units 2 and 3), ALAB-717, 17 N.R.C. 346, 373 (1983) (dis-cussing the "com planning * * * [paratively less extensivewhich) is required and possi-ble for the ingestion EPZ"). Ingestion path-way planning is therefore typically fairly general, for flexibility. Thus, NRC regula-tions properly do not require the detailed level of ingestion pathway planning which the State of Ohio appears to contemplate. While the State may wish to do more detailed advance planning, federal regulations simply do not require it. Brief of Intervenor-Respondent Utilities at 23-24, State of Ohio
- v. NRC, 814 F.2d 258 (6th Cir. 1987)(Nos. 86-4019 and 86-4038).
Finally, Petitioners claim that "Cuyahoga County * *
- is unprepared to deal with an emergency at Perry *. hat might result in the influx of 100,000 or more people into cuyahoga County."
Petition at 10. This, too, appears to be a challenge to substan-tive emergency planning rather than a criticism of the language of the handbook. In any case. the challenge is baseless. There
, is no support for the assumption that, in an emergency, cuyahoga j i '
County would be inundated with large numbers of evacuees requiring public assistance. The emergency plans already desig-nate evacuee care centers; all are in Lake, Ashtabula and Geauga Courit ies . See October 1986 Handbook at 25; Calendar at 13; l Hulbert Affidavit, 1 14. Moreover, historical experience in hun- ! i dreds of natural and technological disasters demonstrates that i only a small fraction of evacuees seek public assistance. J
Hulbert Affidavit, 1 14. See also Memorandum to NTH Division Chiefs, FEMA Regional Offices, from R. Krimm (FEMA), re: Guidance on NUREG-0654/ FEMA-REP-1 Evaluation Criterion J.12, dated December 24, 1985 (use of public shelters ranges from 3% to maxi-1 mum of 20%); Metropolitan Edison Co. (Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Unit No. 1), LBP-81-59, 14 N.R.C. 1211, 1652 (1981),
- g. Pace 8 of the October 1986 Handbook Petitioners next attack the section entitled "What Should I Do If I'm Told To Take Shelter?" Petitioners first assert that, in addition to advising the public to close doors and windows and ,
to turn off air conditioners and fans, the handbook should also ; direct: If you have a fireplace, close the damper if ; possible, to minimize the exchange of indoor and outdoor air, j Petition at 10. While Petitioners' criticism constitutes 1 ] "editing," the relevant portion of the text of this section has been modified in the 1988 Calendar to state: f Close all windows, doors and air intakes (for example: air conditioners, fans, fireplace 4 dampers). Calendar at 5 (emphasis supplied). Thus, the publication of the 1988 Calendar has mooted Petitioners' concern. 1 Petitioners next assert that page 8 of the October 1986 Handbo;k includes the statement: 1 I I,
i 1 Most of the radiation outside will not pass through walls. Petitioners take great exception to the word "most" in that sen-tence. Petition at 10. But they have simply misquoted the Hand-book. The sentence to which they refer actually states: Much of the radiation outside will not pass through walls. October 1986 Handbook at 8 (emphasis supplied). Petitioners' concern is therefore baseless. Indeed, neither version of the sentence appears in the 1988 Calendar. See Calendar at 5. Petitioners also argue that, apparently as a matter of sub-stantive emergency planning, "[a}dvice to go outside to ' tie a towel to your front door or mailbox or to anything that can be seen from the road' is poor." Petitioners reason that "(pleople should not venture out at all, if possible, in order to minimize any radiation exposure." Petition at 10. However, as discussed with approval in "Public Information Programs Accompanying Emer- , gency Plans At Nuclear Power Plants: Issues For Consideration," ! BHARC-400/81/025 (Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers, June 1981) (at pages 25 and 26), the advice which Petitioners question is standard emergency procedure across the country. Moreover, : the same section of the Handbook also stresses that one should not leave shelter unless it is necessary, and recommends that those who must leave shelter limit their time outside and "wear ' outer garments such as a raincoat or overcoat, boots, hat and gloves" and cover their nose and mouth with a handkerchief "as a
. l precaution against breathing in contaminated air." October 1986 Handbook at 8. Indeed, if the hazard in an actual emergency were so great as to contraindicate any activity outdoors, the public could be so advised at the time of the emergency, via EBS mes-sages superseding the Handbook. This same section of the October l 1966 Handbook even includes a reminder to stay tuned to EBS.
October 1986 Handbook at 8. See also October 1986 Handbook at 7 l ("Radio and TV instructions will be the most up-to-date. FOLLOW THE RADIO AND TV INSTRUCTIONS"). Accord, 1988 Calendar at 4, 5. Petitioners' criticism is thus, in essence, baseless "editing." l l 1 Petitioners further argue that the Handbook's observation j that "You might need to go outside to warn a friend or family member" should be supplemented with a reminder: "Take a portable radio, if possible, so you can stay informed." Petition at 10. Again, this is simply "editing." There is no requirement that i pre-emergency public information materials provide such instruc- I tions addressing every minute detail of all possible contingencies. The same page of the Handbook already emphasizes 1 that the public should stay tuned to EBS. See October 1986 Hand-i book at 8. The additional verbiage which Petitioners advocate is j therefore unnecessary. See also 1988 Calendar at 5 (illustration of portable radio, with essentially same text). i l $ Finally, Petitioners broadly assert that "[t]his whole sec-tion needs clarification." Petitioners first maintain that the a l
.-. .- . - .- _ -- . - . ~
. J 1
Handbook should discuss the differences between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Petition at 11. However, as discussed in i Section III, Epora, such an exhauscive treatment of the subject is not required. Indeed, FEMA has approved the educational in-formation on radiation included in the Calendar. See FEMA Evalu- ] ation of Calendar. In any event, Petitioners specifically urge that, if - ionizing radiation is not discussed, "it should be. stated ti.at
* *
- you cannot sense the radiation without radiation detec-l tors." Petition at 11. But the Handbook already makes that i l
point: "Rcdiation cannot be seen, tasted, felt, heard, or l smelled." October 1986 Handbook at 15. See also 1988 Calendar ; at 16. l Petitioners also complain that, while the Handbook advises that those who must leave shelter "should wear outer garments" ] (October 1986 Handbook at 8), "[i]t is not explained what should 3 ) be done with these radioactively contaminated garments before or j upon re-entering the house." Petition at 11. However, as dis-cussed above, there is no requirement that. ore-emergency public I information materials provide such detailed, step-by-step in-structions addressing all possible contingencies. Petitioners' e i ! criticism is thus lacking in regulatory basis. Nevertheless, the 1988 Calendar expressly states: "When returning indoors, leave outer clothing outside." 1988 Calendar at 5. Accordingly, the l l ) criticism is not only baseless, but moot as well. i ? l 1 l l
- _ - - - .-, - . . .. -~
s
- h. Pace 9 of the October 1986 Handbook Petitioners make two claims against the section of the hand-book captioned "What Should I Do If I'm Told To Evacuate The Area?" First, Petitioners advocate the elimination of the sen-tance "Leave (your house) as if you were going on vacation." Ac-cording to Petitioners, "[t]he word ' vacation' has a happy, short-term connotation minimizing the seriousness of the situa-tion and concealing the fact that no one knows how long people could be away from the home or if they could ever return." Peti-tion at 11. To the contrary, the Battelle Report advises:
Many brochures instruct people to turn off utilities. *** It would seem that the in-structions to engage in extreme measures such as shutting off gas and electricity stem from instructions typically given during natural hazards warnings. In those instances, the destruction of buildings is anticipated and the fire hazard great, something which is not true in the case of a nuclear power plant emergency. The simpler instruction to prepare one's home as if leavina on vacation is most appropriate.
"Public Information Programs Accompanying Emergency Plans At Nuclear Power Plants: Issues For Consideration,"
BHARC-400/81/025 (Battelle Human Affairs Research Centers, June 19811 at 20-21 (emphasis supplied). In any event, Petitioners' concern is mooted by the publication of the 1988 Calendar, which simply states: "Prepare your home for a three-day absence
* **" . 1988 Calendar at 6.
t Petitioners' second claim is that the recommendation to
"(glo to some place at least.10 miles away from the plant" !
i (October 1986 Handbook at 9) should be revised to advise evacua- l i j tion "to someplace at least 15 (and preferably 20) miles from the t plant," based on NUREG-0654 Criterion J.10.h. Petition at 11. ! However, as discussed at pages 29 to 30 above, Petitioners' reli- l L ance on that criterion is misplaced. Accordingly, there is no ! I basis for their suggested revision to the brochure. 1 I i
- i. Pace 10 of the October 1986 Handbook j Petitioners next attack the section of the Handbook entitled i "How Much Time Would I have?," urging the deletion of the senten- l
}
j ces which indicate that the public would be notified "wall before l any danger" and would "have time to pack " According to Peti- l ,1 tioners, these statements "give() a false sense of security and ' i minimize () the need for advance preparation." Petition at 11. j , For the reasons discussed at page 20 above. Petitioners' concern ! , I is baseless, j i 1 Petitioners also advocate the addition of the sentence, )
"Your safety vill be enhanced if you study this booklet careful-
- ly, and do some advance planning of your own." Petitioners in-clude a list of planning actions which they would incorporate l into the Handbook. Petition at 11-12. However, Petitioners' J
j criticisms are nothirg more than "editing" of the Handbook. Cer-tainly they have cited no regulatory basis for their proposed _42_ i a
. . - - - . ._. _ _ _ _ ___ _ ~ . _ _ - - - _ - ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _._
additions to the text; nor can they. Indeed, there is no factual basis for the assertion that those who have reviewed the Handbook , will be safer in the event of an emergency.- See Mileti Affida-vit, 11 4, 11, 17. However, the October 1986 Handbook does en-i courage the public to carefully review the material included i
- there. See, e.o., October 1986 Handbook at 2 ("This information is important -- please read it carefully"). See also 1988 Calen-t dar at 1. Similarly, the October 1986 Handbook encourages the public to take certain actions in advance of an emergency. For example, page 13 of that Handbook requests that those who would ;
need special help in an emergency or who know someone who might need such help complete the Special Needs Information Card in-cluded with the Handbook and "MAIL IT TODAY." See also 1988 Cal-endar at 8. That same page of the Handbook also advises that i parents "(c]all the pre-school or day-care center (their] child j attends to learn more" about arrangements for the evacuation of I l such facilities. See also 1988 Calendar at 8. In addition, page 14 of the October 1986 Handbook recommends that people "plan now" for the care of livestock and pets in an emergency. See also I 1988 Calendar at 8. The concept of individual pre-planning for . an emergency is thus already addressed in the pre-emergency pub-i' lic information materials. For all these reasons, Petitioners' j l l proposed additions to those materials must be rejected. l Petitioners criticize the section of the Handbook entitled l
- "Where Should I Go?" for its recommendation to "go to a place at l
4
1 I least 10 miles away from the Perry Plant." Petition at 12. How-I ever, as discussed above at pages 29 to 30 of this response, ! there is no merit to Petitioners' assertion that'all members of the public should oe directed to go at least 15 miles from the plant. Finally, Petitioners advocate the elimination of the picture on page 10 of the October 1986 Handbook. This is the purest form of "editing," and lacks any regulatory basis whatsoever. Never-theless, the 1988 Calendar does not include that illustration,
- j. Pace 11 of the October 1986 Handbook Petitioners further maintain that "[elach household in the 10 mile plume EPZ should t dke some time to personalize and com-plete" the list included in the section of the October 1986 Hand-book captioned "What Should I Take With Me?" Indeed, they spe-cifically suggest a number of items which individuals might want to add to the list. Petition at 12. However, the list already includes some blank lines, so that it can be personalized; and Petitioners do not appear to suggest that those items should have been included on the printed list. Nor do Petitioners suggest any other changes to the text of this section. Their observation that the public should "personalize and complete" the evacuation list simply provides no basis for enforcement action.
l 1 Petitioners do assert that "(a] reproduced detachable list that could be put on the refrigerator or near emergency numbers would be great." Petition at 12. This comment clearly consti- i tutes "editing," and is lacking in any regulatory' basis whatsoev-er. Nevertheless, the format of the 1988 pre-emergency public information material -- a calendar -- encourages retention and facilitates the ready availability of the list, which Petitioners advocate.
- k. Pace 13 of the October 1986 Ha_. cook Petitioners criticize the section of the October 1986 Hand-book captioned "What About Children In School?" because it refers parents to the list of evacuating and receiving schools, which is
-- according to Petitioners - "only tenative, not definite." ;
Petition at 13. To the contrary, that list is quite firm. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 13. See also 1988 Calendar at 14-15. In any event, as the Handbook and the Calendar indicate, this same list of evacuating and receiving schools would be included in EBS broadcasts at the time of an accident. See October 1986 Handbook at 13; 1988 Calendar at 8. Accordingly, Petiticners' allegation provides no basis for enforcement action. l
. -- - = - . - - . - . . - .
i
- 1. Pace 14 of the October 1986 Handbook Petitioners argue that the section of the October 1986 Hand-book captioned "What If I Have Livestock To Care For?" should be expanded to say:
Give dairy livestock preference in shelter and stored feed. This will keep radiation from affecting their milk. You may be al-loved to return for a short time to feed or milk livestock . . . For more advice, call your County Cooperative Extension Service. See Petition at 13. But, once again, this is mere "editing." Moreover, there is no regulatory basis for Petitioners' proposed additions. The Handbook already advises farmers to plan ahead for an emergency and that, in the event of an emergency, live-stock might have to be sheltered and put on stored feed or -- in the event of an evacuation -- left behind sheltered on the farm, with water and food. See October 1986 Handbook at 14; 1988 Cal-endar at 8. More detailed, situation-specific instructions con-cerning the protection of livestock would be broadcast at the time of an emergency. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 10. Indeed, the pre-emergency public information materials remind farmers to "LISTEN TO YOUR RADIO OR TV FOR INSTRUCTIONS." See October 1986 Handbook at 14; 1988 Calendar at 8. Even more information would be avail-able through the Agricultural Field Station ("AFS") -- a central station outside the EPZ, which would be staffed by County Cooper-1 ative Agricultural Extension Agents, where farmers could go in an l emergency to obtain guidance and assistance on how to care for l l l l l ___ , , . , _ _ , , _ > - . , - . - - ,--w-<
their crops and livestock. The AFS has been widely publicized to farmers in the Perry area. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 10. Petition-ers' concerns therefore provide no basis for enforcement action. In any event, those concerns are mooted in some measure by the publication of the 1988 Calendar which omits the illustration on page 14 of the Handbook (which Petitioners criticized) and which includes the following additional information: Federal and state agencies will do follow-up surveys of farm products to check for contam-ination. For more information, contact your county Cooperative Extension Sevice. 1988 Calendar at 8. FEMA has approved the information for farm-ers included in the Calendar. See FEMA Evaluation of Calendar. Petitioners also appear to mount a substantive challenge to arrangements for the protection of livestock in the event of an emergency. According to Petitioners, "(d] airy cows must be milked daily" and "[h]orses left with food and water will gorge themselves and could die." Petition at 13. But Petitioners cite no authority for these propositions. And, even assuming -- with-out conceding -- their truthf ulness ,7 / the short answer is that
~
the Commission's emergency planning regulations are directed 7/ Dairy cows which are not milked regularly may "dry up," so that production may be lost for a time. See, e.g., "Evalua-tion of Protective Action Risks," NUREG/CR-4726, Vol. 1 (April 1986), at 43-44. However, this does not lead to the death of the cows. It is also reasonable to assume that people who keep horses know of any propensity to overeatir.), and would not leave inappropriate quantities of food in an emergency. toward public health and safety, not the protection of property. Accordingly, even the absence of any provisions for the protec-tion of livestock in an emergency is not a deficiency in plan-ning. See Metropolitan Edison Co. (Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Unit No. 1), LBP-81-59, 14 N.R.C. 1211, 1674 (1981), citina Emergency Planning-Final Rule, 45 Fed. Reg. 55402, 55407 (August 19, 1980). Petitioners' claims therefore provide no basis for enforcement action here.
- m. Page 15 of the October 1986 Handbook Petitioners' criticisms of the section of the October 1986 Handbook on "Radiation and Nuclear' Energy" are a reiteration of their arguments that pre-emergency public information materials should explain the differences between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and discuss the different types of ionizing radiation.
Compare Petition at 13-14 with Petition at 11. But again, as discussed in Section III above, such ao exhaustive treatment of the subject is not required. l Petitioners also argue that the pre-emergency public in-formation materials should reflect the views of Dr. Karl Z. Morgan on the risks of exposure to low levels of radiation. How-ever, Dr. Morgan and his theories have been seriously and repeat-edly discredited. See, e.g., Johnston v. U.S., 597 F.Supp. 374 (D.Kan. 1984) (characterizing Morgan as "intellectually dishon-est," a "so-called expert ()," an "alarmist ()," and an "advocate [] for a cause").
9 Referencing page 5-16 of the Final Environmental Statement ("FES") for Perry,E! Petitioners also appear to contest the truth
.of the statement in the October 1986 Handbook that "(b]y law, a nuclear power plant may not expose the public to more than five l millirems a year." Petition at 14, cuotina October 1986 Handbook at 15. However, Petitioners' reference to "guidelines for normal l i
operation" of'25 millirem per year per reactor is a reference to a limit established by the Environmental Protection Agency in 40 C.F.R. Part 190, which restricts "annual doses (excluding radon and daughters) for members of the public to 25 mrems total body, 75 mrems thyroid, and 25 mrems other organs from all fuel-cycle facility contributions that may impact a specific individual in the public." FES at 5-16. The reference in the Handbook is to the NRC's more restrictive limits established in 10 C.F.R. Part 50, Appendix I, which require license applicants to provide:
* *
- reasonable assurance that the following calculated dose-design objectives will be met for all unrestricted areas: 3 mrems/yr to the total body or 10 mrems/yr to any organ from all pathways of exposure from liquid effluents; 10 mrads/yr gamma radiation or 20 mrads/yr beta radiation air dose from gaseous j effluents near ground level -- and/or 5 mrems/vr to the total body or 15 mrems/yr.to the skin from gaseous effluents; and 15 t mrems/yr to any organ from all pathways of '
exposure from airborne effluents that include ! the radiciodines, carbon-14, tritium, and the particulates. 8/ "Final Environmental Statement Related To The Operation of Perry Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1 and 2," NUREG-0884 (August 1982). 1 I 1
1 FES at 5-16 (emphasis supplied). Thus, Petitioners have simply misinterpreted the FES's discussion of limits on the permissible level of radiation in unrestricted areas. Finally, apparently as a matter of substantive emergency planning, Petitioners take issue with Licensees' plans to rely upon the federal Protective Action Guides ("PAGs") in their de-velopment of protective action recommendations in the event of an emergency. Petition at 15. See "Manual of Protective Action Guides and Protective -Actions for Nuclear Incidents," EPA-520/1-75-001 (Rev. June 1980). However, Petitioners fail to indicate why such reliance is inappropriate, except to assert that its justification has not yet been published. Petitioners apparently are unaware that the technical justification for the PAGs is presently being refined by EPA, and has been released in drait form. See "Technicel Rationale for Protective Action Guides for Airborne Plume Exposure Pathways," (EPA, October 1985 Draft). Absent the presentation of any information which might cast doubt on the PAGs, Petitioners have failed to present any 1 basis for the institution of enforcement proceeding in tne in- ' stant case. l l
- n. Paces 16 and 17 of the October 1986 Handbook Petitioners criticize the diagram of the reactor in the October 1986 Handbook because it is "labeled non-radioactive in three places, but nothing is labeled radioactive." Petition at
- 15. This emphasis on what is not radioactive is responsive to the common misperception that all parts of a nuclear plant are radioactive. See cenerally Mileti Affidavit, 1 7. Moreover, Pe-titioners' criticism lacks any regulatory basis and, further, constitutes "editing." Nonetheless, the diagram has been modified in the 1988 Calendar, so that the fuel is labeled "ra-dioactive." See 1988 Calendar at 17.
Petitioners also criticize the observation in the October 1986 Handbook that "[n]o radiation is released from cooling tow-ers." See also 1988 Calendar at 17. According to Petitioners,
"[i]nstead of telling where [ radiation) isn't released, the book-let should say where it is." Petition at 15. Again, however, the sentence which Petitioners criticize is responsive to a misperception widely held by the public. See cenerally Mileti Affidavit, 1 7. Moreover, the identification of the precise lo-cation of releases (as Petitioners urge) would not result in any conceivable change in public behavior: thus, there is no public health and safety significance to Petitioners' recommendation.
In any event, the criticism constitutes "editing" and is devoid of regulatory basis. Accordingly, it provides no ground for enforcement action here.
4 Petitioners also maintain that the October 1986 Handbook should have included the statement, "If an accident at the Perry plant allowed a large amount of radiation to escape, it would probably be as a cloud of gas. Wind could spread that cloud." See Petition at 16. But the October 1986 Handbook already con-veys the concept that radiation can be airborne and spread by the wind. Mileti Affidavit, 1 7. See, e.a., October 1986 Handbook at 6 ("radiation * *
- is spread by wind), at 8 ("* *
- as a pre-caution against breathing in contaminated air"), at 15 (radiation "is in the air we breathe"), and at 16 (routine releases are "very small amounts ou radiation as a gas"). See also 1988 Cal-endar at 3 ("radiation * *
- is spread by wind), at 16 (radiation l 1
"is in the air we breathe"), and at 17 (routine releases are I "very small amounts of radiation as a gas"). Thus, this comment of Petitioners' is also mere "editing."
Finally, Petitioners criticize the text of the second column I of page 17 of the October 1986 Handbook, on the ground that it "implies there is a threshold dose, below which radiation is harmless." Petition at 16. See also 1988 Calendar at 17. How- j ever, Petitioners are distorting the passage by readiae it out of context; nowhere do the pre-emergency public information materi- i als characterize radiation as harmless. Once again, Petitioners' comment constitutes impermissible "editing," and must therefore be rejected.
- o. Page 18 of the October 1986 Handbook Petitioners vigorously attack the section of the October 1986 Handbook entitled "About American Nuclear Power Plants and Chernobyl." Petitioners characterize this section as an "at-tempt [] to convey the impression that our nuclear power plants are of superior design to the Russian ones, that the containment at TMI did a tremendous job, and that there will never be such a disaster at Perry." According to Petitioners, the information about Three Mile Island and Chernobyl should be deleted because it may engender complacency in the public. Petition at 16-17.
However, as discussed at page 20 above, public response to an emergency is determined not by pre-emergency public information, but rather by the situation-specific information disseminated at the time of an emergency. Mileti Affidavit, 11 4, 11, 17. Moreover, the designr of U.S. nuclear power plants are supe-rior to those of plants in the U.S.S.R. Based on its study of the Chernobyl accident, the NRC Staff has determined that "the causes of the accident have been largely anticipated and accommo-dated for in commercial U.S. reactor designs." "Implications of the Accident at Chernobyl for Safety Regulation of Commercial Nuclear Power Plants in the United States," NUREG-1251 (Draft for Comment, August 1987), at 3. Similarly, it is true that the TMI containment performed well. Despite the extremely high temperatures and pressures Similarly, it is true that the TMI containment performed well. Despite the extremely high temperatures and pressures which the containment experienced, the containment did not fail; further, "[t]he average dose to a person living within 5 miles of the nuclear plant was calculated to be about 10 percent of annual background radiation and probably was less" -- and most of that exposure resulted from the controlled, planned venting of the make-up tank into the vent header during the accident. "Report of The President's Commission On The Accident At Three Mile Is-land" (October 1979), at 31, 34. Finally, Petitioners' assertion that the Handbook suggests that an accident could never happen at Perry can be supported only by a distortion of the text of the Handbook read out of con-text. While the Handbook indicates that an emergency at Perry is "unlikely" (October 1986 Handbook at 2), the Handbook is replete with information about the consequences of and the appropriate public responses to such an event. October 1986 Handbook, passim. Indeed, the possibility of a Perry emergency is the very "raison d'etre" of the Handbook. i In any event, with the decreased public interest in Chernobyl, the section on "About American Nuclear Power Plants and Chernobyl" has been omitted from the 1988 . Calendar. The pub-lication of that Calendar therefore moots Petitioners' concerns.
- p. Map in the October 1986 Handbook Petitioners level a number of criticisms at the map included with the October 1986 Handbook. First, while they concede that the addresses of "receiving schools" are provided, Petitioners insist that the location of those schools should be shown on the map.E! Petition at 17. However, Petitioners' claim lacks any regulatory basis. Moreover, the map already depicts evacuation routes, pickup points, referal points, care centers, the ex-pressway, federal routes, state routes, county boundaries, EPZ boundaries and more. The addition of the many "receiving schools" would clutter the map and contravene the applicable reg-ulatory guidance, which provides for "(a) simple, easy to read EPZ map." FEMA-REP-ll at 10. Further, all "receiving schools" are located in towns which are depicted on the map. Parents thus will be able, at a minimum, to find the town in which a particu-lar "receiving school" is located. The "receiving schools" were also designated because the schools themselves can be easily lo-cated. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 13. In addition, all the "receiving schools" are outside the EPZ. Therefore, there would be no ad-verse public health consequences even if some parents were to ex-perience some problems outside the EPZ in precisely locating a 9/ Petitioners' assertion that "the receiving schools are all tentative and depend to a great extent on which way the wind is blowing * * * "(Petition at 17) is addressed in Section IV.k above.
"receiving school." Accordingly, there are no grounds for the addition of the "receiving schools" to the EPZ map, which FEMA has already approved. See FEMA Evaluation of Calendar.
Petitioners also challenge the location of "receiving schools" as a matter of substantive emergency planning. Specifi-cally, Petitioners assert: (S]ome of these receiving schools, where children could conceivably have to remain for as long as 8 hours until someone picks them up or they are taken to a care center, are only a fraction more than 10 miles from the plant * ** . Petition at 17. According to Petitioners, this contravenes NUREG-0654 Criterion J.10.h. But they have misstated the facts. Contrary to Petitioners' assertions, the "receiving schools" are intended for very short term usage (i.e., a few hours), and all are at least 11 miles from the plant.1E# Hulbert Affidavit, 10/ The "receiving school" concept assures school officials of greater ease of accountability for children than would be possible if the children were mingled with the general popu-lation at care centers. "Receiving schools" were carefully selected by local emergency management authorities, in con- l sultation with school officials, based on a number of consi- l derations including distance from the Perry Plant. Each ; school district in the EPZ was first matched with a "sup- ; porting" school district outside the EPZ. (This matching of EPZ school districts to "supporting" school districts mini-mizes the distance that parents with children attending more , than one EPZ school would have to drive to pick up their ) children in the event of an emergency.) Between the matched ' school districts, plans were made for the evacuation of high schools to "receiving" high schools, middle schools to "receiving" middle schools, etc. "Receiving schools" were j also selected because they are easily located, are close to evacuation routes, and would not result in traffic conges-tion. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 13. l
1 13. Petitioners' legal analysis is also flawed. As discussed at pages 29 to 30 above, Criterion J.10.h governs only the location of relocation centers (such as the Perry "care centers").11/ - Just as that criterion does not preclude evacuees from staying with friends and family who live fewer than five miles outside the EPZ, so it does not prohibit the temporary use of "receiving schools" in the same area. Indeed, evacuated school children at the "receiving schools" would be as safe as the children of fami-lies living across the street from those schools -- families not evacuating, because they live outside the dPZ.12/ Petitioners' challenge to the location of the "receiving schools" is therefore without merit. Petitioners also criticize the size of the EPZ map included i with the October 1986 Handbook, asserting that it is "entirely too cumbersome." Petition at 17 This comment, too, constitutes "editing." And, in fact, that map is only the size of a standard 11/ All "care centers" for evacuees from the Perry EPZ are at least 15 miles from the Perry Plant. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 14. 12/ In the highly unlikely event that an expansion of the evacu- I ated area beyond 10 miles were necessary during the few hours that the "receiving schools" were in use, any children still at "receiving schools" who had not yet been picked up by their parents cculd be readily relocated through buses dispatched from trcnsportation staging areas. Hulbert Affi-davit, 1 13.
road map. But, in any event, the map in the 1988 Calendar (which i FEMA has approved) is somewhat reduced in size and printed on l facing pages, with a binding which facilitates reference to the associated lists of pickup points, referral points and care cen-ters. See 1988 Calendar at 9-13. The publication of the 1988 Calendar thus moots Petitioners' complaint. l Petitioners further complain that the October 1986 Mandbook and the cover of the associated map are the same color. Ac-cording to Petiticners, this "[makes) it very difficult to dis-tinguish at a glance the map from the booklet itself." Petition ! at 17. But Petitioners have completely failed to explain the im-oort of this observation. Indeed, the two documents -- the Hand-book and the map -- are designed to be used together. Nor have Petitioners cited any regulation in support of their complaint. As such, it has no basis either in fact or law. And, in any event, this criticism is also mooted by the publication of the 1988 Calendar, which merges the map into the text, resulting in a single document (as Petitioners advocate). See 1988 Calendar at 9-10. 1 Petitioners' last criticism of the map is that it "chould l show the evacuation sub-areas, more streets, landmarks such as i the Great Lakes Mall, etc., and the scale of miles should be des- l 1 1 ignated on the map." Petition at 18. But the scale of miles is already designated, both on tne map included with the October 1
\
l
1986 Handbook and on the map in the 1988 Calendar. See October 1986 Handbook, at Map; 1988 Calendar at 9-10. And Petitioners have supplied no regulatory basis for thei.r assertion that the map is required to show the other features they list. Indeed, applicable guidance provides simply that "[t]he map should indi-cate evacuation routes and directions, and the location of evacu-ation/ reception centers." FEMA-REP-ll at 10. Further, the in-clusion of additional information an the map would tend to clutter it, not to make it more "simple" and "easy to read." Comoare FEMA-REP-ll at 10. Moreover, as noted above, FEMA has already approved the map. See, FEMA Evaluation of Calendar. In the final analysis, Petitioners' contention that the map should reflect additional information is mere unsupported "editing." Certainly it provides no basis for the enforcement action which Petitioners urge.
- q. The "Special Needs Information Card" Petitioners contend that the category "Special Transporta-tion" on the "Special Needs Information Card" should be clarified ,
to expressly include "those who do not drive and do not have a l car." According to Petitioners, this clarification is necessary 1 because the phrase "Special Transportation" generally "tends to connote specialized vehicles to accommodate the handicapped such as vans with chair lifts etc." Petition at 18.
Petitioners' contention is thus premised on the assumption that the "Special Needs Information Card" is intended to elicit responses from "those who do not drive and do not have a car." That assumption is incorrect. As the pre-emergency public in-formation materials indicate, those who do not drive or have a car are encouraged to ride with neighbors or friends. If they cannot ride with a friend or neignbor, they are directed to pro-ceed to one of the listed pickup points, where transportation would be provided by emergency management authorities. There is no pre-registration required for this type of transportation as-sistance. See October 1986 Handbook, at 13, 22-23; 1988 Calendar at 7, 11-12. Therefore, simply state.i, there is no factual basis for Petitioners' criticism.
- r. Emergency Planning Stickers Petitioners next criticize provisions for emergency in-formation for transients, relying upon the results of their sur-vey of hotels, motels, gas stations and phone booths in the EPZ.
Petition at 18-19, Appendix C. According to Petitioners, a num-ber of these facilities did not display "the required decals."12/ However, the present system for provision of pre-emergency in-formation for transients does not rely upon stickers. Instead, 13/ Contrary to Petitioners' apparent assumption, the provisions i of NUREG-0654 are not regulatory requirements. See, e.g., Metropolitan Edison Co. (Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, i Unit No. 1), LBP-81-59, 14 N.R.C. 1211, 1460 (1981). '
1 pre-emergency information is now being provided to transients through the phone directory, through distribution of the Calendar to hotels and motels throughout the EPZ (for placement in guest rooms), and through the posting of signs in known transient areas (such as beaches and campgrounds) in the EPZ. The distribution ] of the Calendar'to hotels and motels and the posting of the-signs i vill be completed this Spring, 1988. As discussed in Section ! IV.s below, emergency information is already included in area telephone directories. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 6. In any event, Petitioners apparently assume that, in the ab-sence of stickers or similar printed information, transients would be unable to respond appropriately in the event of an emer-gency at the Perry plant. This is simply untrue. In the unlike-ly event that they were not immediately affirmatively advised of the emergency (e.g., by a hotel / motel desk clerk, a service sta-tion operator, or a shopkeeper, etc.), transients in the area who heard sirens sound for an extended time would seek to determine the raason for siren activation. They might turn directly to radio or TV, or they might first call (e.g., the front desk of their hotel or motel) for information about the sirens. Mileti Affidavit, 1 13. Even if someone were to fail -- for whatever reason -- to affirmatively seek out information about the activation of the sirens, he would learn of the emergency from others through contacts resulting in "informal notification." Mileti Affidavit, 11 14-15. Finally, the high level of activity
L which is associated with an emergency has a strong "ripple effect," generally alerting members of the public -- including l l transients -- to seek additional information about events taking l place, if they are not already aware of the emergency. In other words, the actions of other members of the public in response to the emergency (e.o., in the case of evacuation, the stream of traffic driving out of the EPZ) would lead persons not aware of the emergency to seek additional information about what was going on. Mileti Affidavit, 1 16. It is this information which is disseminated at the time of an emergency -- not pre-emergency in-formation materials such as stickers or handbooks or calendars -- which determines the adequacy of emergency response. Thus, tran-sients who cannot or will not or, for whatever reason, have not read such materials will not be at greater risk than the rest of the community in the event of an emergency at Perry. Mileti Af-fidavit, 1 17. Petitioners have simply failed to raise a "sub-stantial health and safety issue." Accordingly, there is no basis for enforcement action here.
- s. Emergency Information in Phone Directories Petitioners' last criticism focuses on the emergency in-formation published in telephone directories for the Perry area:
The new telephone directory for Lake County, "Ameritech Pages Plus, 1987-88," { issued August 1987, for Chesterland, i Eastlake, Mentor, Painesville, Willoughby and I d nearby communities, White / Yellow Pages, issued by Ohio Bell, contains no information j on emergency planning in the event of an accident at Perry at all. 1 i l 1 1
Petition at 19. According to Petitioners, "[t]his violates the NUREG-0654 requirements, and indeed, renders useless any notices which might be posted for the benefit of the transient popula-tion, directing them to the phone book for further information." Petition at 19; Supplement. However, as discussed above (see note 13), the provisions of NUREG-0654 are not requirements. Nevertheless, all three phone directories for the Perry area included emergency information last year. This year, the information was included in two of the three directories; however, the two pages of information were in-advertently omitted from the Ohio Bell telephone directory for the Painesville area. To remedy the omission, Ohio Bell recently made a special mailing of the two pages to all holders of the Painesville directory, for insertion into the directory. In ad-dition, CEI reprinted the two pages and inserted the reprint into the Ohio Bell directories at phone booths in the EPZ. CEI also provided copies of the reprint for insertion into the directories in hotel and motel rooms within the EPZ. The information will again be included in the next edition of all three directories for the Perry area. Hulbert Affidavit, 1 7. These actions moot Petitioners' contention. In any event, even if there were no information in the tele-phone directory, the response of transients in an emergency would not be impaired. Just as they would receive the necessary l information about an emergency even if there were no emergency planning stickers (see Section IV.r, suora), they would receive I adequate information via the same means even if there were no in- ) formation in the telephone directory to which they turned. In short, even if Petitioners' contention had not been mooted by the Ohio Bell mailing, it would have lacked any "substantial health i and safety" significance and therefore could not have served as a basis for enforcement cction in this case. V. Conclusion As discussed above, the concerned Citizens have failed to advance evidence of even a single infraction of the Commission's regulations. Certainly, there is no evidence of a "substantial health and safety issue" to warrant the initiation of enforcement action. Accordingly, the concerned Citizens' petition must be denied. Respectfully submitted, j l MAh/NW
~
Jay E.' Silberg , P.t. O' Delissa A. Ridgway SHAW, 9ITTMAN, POTTS & TROWBRIDGE 2300 11 Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 (202) 663-8000 Counsel for Licensees i Dated: March 9, 1988
i l March 9, 1988 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REACTOR REGULATION In the Matter of )
)
THE CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ) ILLUMINATING COMPANY, ) Docket Nos. 50-440 et al., ) 50-441
) (10 C.F.R. 5 2.206)
(Perry Nuclear Power ) Plant, Units 1 and 2) ) AFFIDAVIT OF DANIEL D. HULBERT County of Lake )
) ss.
State of Ohio ) DANIEL D. HULBERT, being duly sworn, de' poses and says:
- 1. I am presently the Emergency Planning Supervisor, Perry Services Department, The Clevcland Electric Illuminating Company
("CEI"). My business address is 10 Center Road, Perry, Ohio 44081. In my position, I am responsible for developing, main- i i taining, and evaluating the emergency preparedness program for the Perry Nuclear Power Plant ("Perry"), including coordination with local, state and federal agencies to ensure the effective-ness of that program. I have been involved in emergency planning i for Perry since 1980, and have been responsible for coordination 1 of the exercises conducted at Perry.
I I
- 2. I have reviewed the petition for enforcement action i
filed on September 22, 1987, by the Concerned Citizens of Lake, j Ashtabula and Geauga Counties, as well as their October 8, 1987 I l supplement to that petition, challenging Perry emergency planning l 1 generally and the pre-emergency public education materials in particular. I have prepared this affidavit in response to the J Concerned Citizens' petition, as supplemented. I have personal knowledge of the matters stated herein and believe them to be i true and correct.
- 3. The development of the Perry pre-emergency public in-formation materials -- including the May 1985 Emergency In-
)
formation Handbook, the October 1986 Emergency Information Hand- I I book, and the 1988 Emergency Preparedness Information Calendar - (Exhibit A hereto) -- is a cooperative effort by emergency man-agement officials from Lake, Ashtabula and Geauga Counties, rep-resentatives of the Ohio Disaster Services Agency, and CEI. These materials are developed in accordance with applicable reg- l ulatory guidance and other available relevant information. In- j deed, the Concerned Citizens' petition (including the supplement) was considered in the editing of the 1988 Calendar. By letter to the Ohio Disaster Services Agency dated February 2, 1988, FEMA transmitted its evaluation of the Calendar, which notes with ap-proval that the Calendar "contains all of the information that EPZ residents might need in order to protect themselves in the event of a radiological incident at the Perry Plant."
- 4. The Perry Nuclear Power Plant is the oniv power plant -- nuclear or otherwise -- in Perry. Therefore, there is no need to specifically identify the plant by its full name. In-deed, local residents generally refer to the station simply as "the Perry Plant."
- 5. FEMA guidance recommends translation of pre-emergency public information materials into a second language if the for-eign language speaking population of voting age exceeds 5%. Even with the seasonal influx of migrant workers, none of the three Perry Emergency Planning Zone ("EPZ") counties -- Lake, Ashtabula and Geauga -- remotely approaches that criterion.
- 6. The present system for provision of pre-emergency in-formation for transients does not rely upon stickers with basic emergency planning information on them. Instead, pre-emergency information is now being provided to transicans through emergency information in phone directories, through distribution of the Calendar to hotels and motels throughout the EPZ (for placement in guest rooms), and through the posting of signs in known tran- l I
sient areas (such as beaches and campgrounds) in the EPZ. The i distribution of the Calendar to hotels and motels and the posting of the signs will be completed this Spring, 1988. The emergency l information included in phone directories is discussed below.
- 7. Last year, all three telephone directories for the Perry area included emergency information. This year, the l
l information was included in two of the three directories; how- ) ever, the two pages of information were inadvertently omitted from the Ohio Bell Company's directory for the Painesville area. To remedy the omission, Ohio Bell recently made a special mailing 4 1 of the two pages to all holders of the Painesville directory, for ' 1 1 insertion into the directory. In addition, CEI reprinted the two i l pages and inserted the reprint into the Ohio Bell directories at phone booths in the EFZ. CEI also provided copies of the reprint for insertion into the directories in hotel and motel rooms with-in the EPZ. The information vill again be included in the next edition of all three directories for the Perry area.
- 8. The public alert / notification system for use in the i event of an emergency at Perry is comprised of several complemen-tary methods -- fixed sirens, informal notification, and door-to-door verification. The centerpiece of this system is the system of 76 high-powered sirens installed throughout the EPZ.
This system of sirens was designed to the same NRC/ FEMA standard l as the systems at the other operating nuclear plants across the 1 country. Those standards reflect consideration of "informal no-tification" -- processes by which members of the public who have been alerted to an emergency spontaneously notify others of the emergency. Thus, siren systems designed to NRC/ FEMA standards ! (like the Perry system), with the attendant informal notifica-tion, will alert in excess of 90% of EPZ households within 15 minutes in "worst case" conditions (e.o., in the middle of a
i i i hot summer night, when virtually everyone is asleep and air con-ditioners are operating). Indeed, in a September 8, 1986 letter to the NRC's Executive Director for Operations, FEMA's Associate Director of State and Local Programs and Support confirmed the adequacy of the Perry siren system, based on a March 13, 1986 full-scale test of the system and the subsequent telephone survey of the public. The emergency plans also provide for door-to-door verification in the event of cn emergency, to assure that all members of the public have been alerted. Nor have the hearing-impaired been ignored. Each of the three counties main-tains a list of people with special needs (including the hearing-impaired individuals in the EPZ). In the event of an emergency, local police and fire department personnel would use the list to provide special notification and assistance to indi-viduals according to their needs, including notification of the hearing-impaired.
- 9. In the event of an emergency at Perry, detailed, situation-specific information would be broadcast via the Emergency Broadcast System ("EBS"). At the State of Ohio's re-quest, an expanded list of EBS radio and TV stations has been in-cluded in the 1988 Calendar. As the calendar indicates, one of the TV stations added to the list -- WQHS (Channel 61) -- broad-casts 24 hours / day. Two other listed TV stations -- WKYC (Channel 3) and WJW (Channel 8) -- also broadcast 24 hours / day, although this is not indicated on the calendar. A fourth TV
station, WEWS (Channel 5) broadcasts 20 hours / day, from 5:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. The hours of broadcast of all listed TV and radio stations will be re-verified prior te publication of the next edition of the Perry pre-emergency public information materials, as is normal practice.
- 10. Detailed, situation-specific instructions for farmers -- including additional information on the protection of livestock -- would be broadcast at the time of an emergency at Perry. This information would supplement the information pro-vided in the pre-emergency public information materials. Even more information would be available through the Agricultural Field Station ("AFS"). The AFS -- a concept unique to the Perry EPZ -- is a central station outside the EPZ which would be opened in the event of an evacuation, where farmers could go to obtain guidance and assistance on how to care for their crops and live-stock. The AFS would be staffed by County Cooperative Agricul-tural Extension Agents. The AFS has been discussed in numerous presentations to the Farm Bureaus of the local counties. In ad-dition, the AFS has been featured in the local Farm Bureau news-letter, distributed to all Farm Bureau members in Lake, Ashtabula, Geauga and Trumbull Counties.
- 11. The system for dissemination of information to the pub-lic in the event of a Perry emergency -- including the EBS system -- has received high marks from FEMA evaluators. In its
1 l January 18, 1985 report on the November 28, 1984 Perry exercise, FEMA characterized the EBS messages as "clear and concise," not-ing that they "contained all the appropriate information necessi-tated by the protective action recommendations." FEMA's July 14, 1986 report on the April 15, 1986 exercise was similarly compli-mentary, noting with approval the provisions for the incorpora-tion of EBS messages into news releases. 1
- 12. A decision to evacuate during an emergency at Perry would be based upon the site-specific evacuation time estimates developed in conjunction with state and local emergency manage- I ment officials. These estimates, documented in "Evacuation Time Estimates For Areas Near The Perry Nuclear Power Plant" (HMM As-sociates, February 1985), include an allowance for time for the public to prepare for evacuation. Specifically, the evacuation time estimates assume a two-hour period over which the residen-l tial population would begin to evacuate. That is, it is assumed j i
that households would begin to evacuate between 30 and 150 j 1 minutes after the decision to notify the public to evacuate. The estimates further assume that 15% of the permanent population I would begin to evacuate between 30 and 60 minutes after the evac-uation decision, that 40% would begin to evacuate between 60 and 90 minutes after the evacuation decision, that another 40% vould begin to evacuate between 90 and 120 minutes after the decision, and that the remaining 5% would begin to evacuate between 120 and l 150 minutes of the decision to evacuate. l l l
'3. In the event of an emergency at Perry, children at schools within the EPZ would be evacuated by bus to designated "receiving schools" outside the EPZ, until they could be picked up by their parents. Thus, receiving schools are intended for very short term usage (i.e., a few hours). The receiving school concept assures school officials of greater ease of accountabili-ty for children than would be possible if the children were min-gled with the general population at care centers. The receiving schools are pre-determined, are listed in the pre-emergency pub-lic information materials, and are not intended to be changed at the time of an emergency, Receiving schools were carefully se-lected by local emergency management authorities, in consultation with school officials, based on a number of sound planning consi-derations including distance from the Perry Plant. Each school district in the EPZ was first matched with a "supporting" school district outside the EPZ. This matching of EPZ school districts to "supporting" school districts mirimizes the distance that par-ents with children attending mo a than one EPZ school would have to drive to pick up their chilt..en at receiving schools in the event of an emergency. Then, between matched districts, plans l were made for the evacuation o' high schools to "receiving" high schools, middle schools to "receiving" middle schools, etc., to maximize the psychological comfort, accountability, and physical comfort of students. Receiving schools were also selected be-cause they are easily located, are close to evacuation routes, I l
i l and would not result in traffic congestion. All are at least i 11 miles from the plant. Nevertheless, in the highly unlikely event that an expansion of the evacuated area beyond 10 miles i were necessary during the few hours that receiving schools were in use, any remaining children who had not yet been picked up could be readily relocated using buses dispatched from transpor-tation staging areas.
- 14. Historical experience in hundreds of natural and tech-nological disasters demonstrates that only a small fraction of evacuees seek public assistance. Instead, the vast majority stay with friends or family, or in motels or hotels. Nevertheless, evacuee care centers have been designated for use by the public in the event of an emergency at Perry. All are located at least 15 miles from the Perry Plant, and all are in Lake, Ashtabula and Geauga Counties.
- 15. As the Director of FEMA's Technological Hazards Divi-sion attested in a September 5, 1986 meeting with the NRC Commis-sioners, emergency preparedness for the Perry vicinity "far exceeds the basic requirements that the NRC and FEMA have jointly l
laid down." Even Thomas Chema (Chairman of the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio and a member of the Governor of Ohio's Emer- , I gency Evacuation Review Team) has characterized the Perry plans 1 as "as good, if not better than, most of the plans in the other 100 plants around the country." None of the Concerned Citizens' i _ g .. l i l
allegations calls into question the adequacy of emergency plan-ning for the Perry area.
,b- 3 ,/pfg ~
.- &_ 1 ** b Ck' Daniel D.'Hulbert Sworn to and subscribed before me this day of March, 1988.
' L' @
tary Public JANE E.!!OTT My Commission expires: No'n Pw2. N M Wo My CommisJan D#es Fe'.:*cary 20.1990 (Record:d in Lak2
- e'ents) l l
i 1 I 1 l
hnportant Emergency inJt>rmation Ashtabula County Emergency State of Ohio Management Agency Disaster Services Agency 25 WestJefferson Street Adjutant General's Department Jefferson, Ohio 44047 2825 West Granville Road (216) 576-9148 Worthington, Ohio 43085 Geauga County Emergency The Illuminating Company Management Agency Perry Power Plant 12518 Merritt Road P.O. Box 97 Chardon, Ohio 44024-9049 Perry, Ohio 44081 (216)285-2222 (216) 953-2100 Lake County Emergency Management Agency P.O. Box 480 ~ Mentor, Ohio 44061 (216) 256-1415 Do Not Discard i e i___--...,..-....--- - -................ ........emeemm
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o O A message from The Illuminating Company: What to do if thelights are out. IIere are some suggestions to inake your situation easier and safer to deal with while we're working to restore your service.
- 1. Check your neighbors. If you am the only one without 4. Turn off major appliances. You may not wish them to power, or only a few appliances won't work, check to see if he in operation when the power comes back on. Do leave a a fuse is blown or a circuit-breaker is tripped. If neighlx>rs light on so you'll know when nomial service has lxrn are without power, too, it means the trouble is probably on restored. Do not use appliances if light is dim, indicating our lines. Iow voltage
- 2. Call The Illuminating Company Consumer Services 5. Open refrigerators, freezers as little as possible.
number listed under "Electric Companies" in your Rxxl will keep for hours if door-opening is kept to a minimum. local telephone directory. Your phone call is the only sure if the outage is Icagthy, contact a dry ice distributor. way for us to know that you're without [x)wer. If lines are 6. In an emergency, if you cannot reach us, contact the busy, please wait a reasonable time and call again. h> cal police or fire department to reixirt downed power lines or
- 3. Listen to newscasts on a battery-[x)wered radia During other dangerous conditions. They may be able to contact us or to render assistance major power disruptions, announcers often will broadcast company reports on the extent of the trouble and the 7. STAY AWAY FRoM, AND NEVER ToUCil, DOWNED approximate time electric service will be restored. LINES UNDER ANY CIECUMSTANCES.
Emergency situatiens and adven;c weather conditions place severe demands on our crews. Your patience and understanding is appreciated. Our employees are working hard to clear hazards and to restore your service as quickly as possible 861-9000
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Public lb Learn More, Orif Yc>ur ' inJbnnatic>n SpecialNeeds Change, Call: Jf()/((j7g Ashtabula County Emergency Management Agency: 576-9148 A public information hotline will be open during an emergency. It will have current information. To use it, Geauga County Emergency Management Agency: call one of these numbers: 285-2222 Ashtabula County . .. ....
.(800)228-6974 1;ike County Emergency Management Agency: 256- 1415 Geauga County . ..
. .(216)285-2210 1;tke County . .. .
...(216)953-5390 (216)953-5492 State of Ohio .
.(800)282-7310 Or call The Illuminating Company at (216) 953-2100 19 t_ _ _ _ __- ^ _^ - _ _12- -- - --- ~-- - ~ ' ' ^ ' ^ '~' ~~~ ~
Notes Phone Numbers Care Centers Receiving Schools Pick-Up Points For Chilciren 5 e h
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$ c ,m g u m ,sevci,,Pc,,y In Lake County 8:f'"2"s?'"""'- e v a c^ c=m e.ec"v If you need a ride in an evacuation, @ Cedarbrook Elementary School, $ Perry Ridge NursingIlomes, Perry go to one of these places. You will be Painesville City $ Route 20 and Lane Road, Perry picked up there.
$ State Street Elementary School, @ Route 20 and Antioch Road, Perry
@ Ewn IIall, Concord Evp. Painesville City
$ Perry liigh School, Perry
@ Concord Plaza Shopping Center, @ Lathrop Elementary School, Concord %vp. @ Madison Village Square, Madison Painesville City
$ St. Anthony's School, @ Iluntington Elementary School, @ Stewart Lodge, Madison F.tirport liarbor Painesville City @ Camp Stigwandish, Madison
@ Senior Citizen Center, @ Stage Avenue and Richmond, @ Route 20 at Town Line, Madison Fairport Ilarbor Painesville City $ LockwoodandMcMackin, Madison
@ Montessori School, @ U.S. Rt. 20 and llacon Road, Grand River
, @ Green Road and Cha'pel Road, Pamesville Madison
@ Leroy Elementary School, @ Riverside liigh School. $ Ilubbard Road and Lake Road, Leroy Evp. Painesville Madison
@ Five Points, Lacy Evp. $ Madison Avenue School, @ Route 20 and llubbard Road,
@ AMLA, Leroy hvp. Painesville Madison
$ Ford Road and Trask Road, @ Painesville Lanes Parking Lot, Leroy Evp. Painesville
@ Vrooman Road and I-90,1.croy Evp. $ . Iladden School,
@ Sterling Morton Elementary School, Mentor @ Florence Avenue and Richmond Rd., Painesville I
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What About Chik[ren What About Pets? lH 8ChDO[.2 %)u may not take your pets with you to a county care center. It is recommended that you make prior arrange-Complete information is available from your school, ments with friends, relatives, or pet boarding facilities. Children will be cared for at receiving schools until If you need more information, call your county emer-parents come for them. Evacuating and receiving schools are listed on pages 14 and 15. Local radio and TV stations gency management agency. Start to plan now for your peg s care in an emergency. will tell you the name of the school. You can also get this information at referral points. They are listed on . page 12. Or, the information is available from your school district. lIbatfl[lalle[JllCSIOCk.p Pre-schools and day-care centers may also have g g'g. , j7 - evacuation plans. Call the pre-school or day-care center your child attends to learn more. LISTEN TO YOUR RADIO OR TV FOR INSTRUCTIONS. If there is an emergency, you may be told to put live-stock indoors. W)u may be told to give them stored feed.
}}"/p g f j g g y / 'f'p g fjfg/g gf f If told to evacuate, leave your livestock on the farm.
Put them in a barn or othershelter. Leave them with aH([llaH(([Caf)/)e([.2 watemnd food. Plan now for livestock carc in any emergency. There will be special help for those who need it to Federal and state agencies will do foiiow-up surveys leave the area. If you or someone you know may need of farm products to check for contamination. For more help, fill out the card in this calendar. MAIL IT TODAY. information, contact your county Cooperative Extension The county will get help to you in an evacuation. Service. Tc) Learn More, Or If Your SpeCia[ Nee ((s Change, Ca((: Ashtabula County Emergency Management Agency: 576-9148 Geauga County Emergency Management Agency: 285-2222 Lake County Emergency Management Agency: 256-1415 0 8 e
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- Shelter livestock and pets. Go indoors and stay inside.
- Put the green "WE IIAVE IIEEN NOTIFIED" card in a
- Listen to your local E,mergency Broadcast Systent window facing the street. (The green card is attached radio or television station for emergency n this booklet.) If you don't have a card, or you mis-information. placed it, tie a towel to your door or mailbox or other object visibic from the road. This tells emergency
- Close all windows, doors and air intakes (for example: workers going door-to-door that you know about air conditioners, fans, fireplace dampers). the emergency. If you DO need assistance, DON'T
- You might need to warn a friend or family member. -,
it so, limit time spent outdoors. While outdoors, cover your mouth with a cloth or towel. When returning indoors, leave outer clothing outside. Wash your face - and hands with soap and water. g*
- Children in school will be sheltered there, if necessary. , __ %
Parents should not try to pick them up unless advised to do so. - - - - - . . . . . _.
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- Use the telephone only if necessary. ~
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How Willi Know Siren 1bsts k[X/[ [f) [)o.2 (The sirens will be tested at 11 a.m. on the second Areas around the Perry Plant have emergency sirens. Wednesday of every month. You need not respond to The sirens will be sounded if there is an emergency. the test.) l.ocal advertising will advise you of tests in advance. The sound willlast for three minutes. A siren can mean If you hear a siren and there is a Perry Plant emergency. It can also mean there is some ot her type of emergency. You also may be warned
- you have not been told of a test by loudspeakers used by fire and police departments.
- there is no EBS message When you hear a siren, TURN ON YOUR RADIO call one of the following numbers and report it:
OR TV. 'Ibne to a local station. These are listed on page 2. These stations will tell you what to do. DO NOT call The Illuminating Company, the Police, or the Emergency Management Sheriff's Fire Station for information. They need phone lines Agency Department o al f i ials i ! check to see if you know about Ashtabula County 576-9148 576-0055 the emergency. That is why they sent you a green card Geauga County 285-2222 286-1234 with this booklet. To show that you know about the Ext.777 emergency and that you know what to do, put your Lake County 256-1415 green card in a window. lie sure it can be seen from the 354-3434 road. Or tie a towel to your front door or mailbox, or ~ n to anything that can be seen from the road. STAY _ TUNED TO YOUR 1.OCAL RADIO OR TV STATIONS. D , S Radio and TV instructions will be the most up-to-the f 4ET l minute. FOLLOW Tile RADIO AND TV INSTRUCTIONS. p_j
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- 3. Site Arca limergency. This is a more serious problem.
Small amounts of radiation could leak from the plant.
\Vhy Do \Ve Need "ecded, d,e siccus win uc sounded If you ucanne .
sirens, listen to local radio or TV stations that carry EBS ((/nelMUllCf ((allg[ messages. County and state officials will help if you need to act. The law requires emergency plans for every nuclear ,, plant. These plants have been making electricity for t ( .cnnal Enicagency This is the most serious problem. almost 30 years. In all that time, no member of the Radiation could be released outside the plant. Federal, public has been hurt as a result of an accident at a U.S. state and county officials will work with plant officials. nuclear power plant. But it is best to be prepared. You ay have to protect yourself. The sirens will be sounded. If you hear the sirens, listen to your iacal IV/>at IVolt/d C'aitse '"d i" ' TV "' i " f"' '"* "" '""*- An Entergency At The I[ow \ Vide An Area \Vould Perry Plant? lie Apected? An unusual series or equipment failures or other events A severe emergency could affect an area several miles ' could cause an emergency. If radiation might leak from from the Perry Plant. This would happen if radiation is the plant, steps would be taken to protect the public. released and is spread by wind. If the wind is calm, only But your county's preparedness plan covers any kind people closer to the plant might need to take action. of emergency. ..natunit or man-made. The area within about 10 miles from the Perry Plant is called the Emergency Planning Zone. Your County 77;ere Are Four Kinds .-Of Emergency Management Agency has plans to protect
, , , people in this zone, but they can be expanded to include
/2nlertgenc;> c,lassificazio,is a n a re a c o e si d e ra b ir b e v e e d 1 0 m iics. T h e s e g ia n s w iii Al Nuclear Plants. be used if there is an emergency. Key parts of the plans are descdbed within die fonowing information.
- 1. t Innsual es ent. A small problem has occurred. No ,
radiation leak is expected. Federal, state and county officials i i be told right away. You will not have to lVbo kVoH[N OeC/de ggj j 7 2 \lers. This is also a minor problem. Small amounts of radiation could Icak within the plant. This will not [// A// [fHelgelRy[ . . affect you. Federal, state and county officials will be told. Your county officials would decide what you should They will stand by. You should not have to do anything. do. They would be advised by the groups listed on the back cover. The U.S. Coast Guard will warn boaters on I.ake Eric. _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ - _ _ - _ - - _ - - _ -- ^*'
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REACTOR REGULATION In the Matter of )
)
THE CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ) ILLUMINATING COMPANY, ) Docket Nos. 50-440 et al., ) 50-441 '
) (10 C.F.R. 5 2.206)
(Perry Nuclear Power ) Plant, Units 1 and 2) ) AFFIDAVIT OF DENNIS S. MILETI County of Denver )
) ss.
State of Colorado ) i l DENNIS S. MILETI, being duly sworn, deposes and says: ; i
- 1. I am presently a Professor in the Department of Sociol-ogy and Director of the Hazards Assessment Laboratory at Colorado !
State University, specializing in those areas of study dealing , with complex organizations, hazards, policy and methods (with a particular emphasis on emergency public information systems). A i current statement of my professional qualifications and experi- l ence is attached hereto. My business address is Department of j l Sociology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523. I have personal knowledge of the matters stated herein , i and believe them to be true and correct. l l l l
1 i i
- 2. I make this affidavit in response to the pe' 'n for enforcement action filed by the Concerned Citizens o; take, Ashtabula and Geauga Cour. ties, challenging the pre-emergency pub-lic education materials for the Peiry Nuclear Power Plant. I have reviewed the handbook "Emergency Preparedness Information:
Ashtabula, Geauga and Lake Counties" which was distributed in the I l Perry plume Emergency Planning Zone ("EPZ") in October 1986 (the !
"Handbook"), as well as the "1988 Calendar -- Emergency Prepared-ness Information" distributed in December 1987 (the "Calendar"). f i
- 3. The role of pre-emergency public education materials ;
such as the Handbook and the Calendar is not to persuade individ- } uals to take some specific protective action in the event of an accident at a nuclear power plant. Indeed, pre-emergency public. j i education materials cannot motivate behavior in a future emergen- ! l cy. They are "informational" rather than "motivational." j
- 4. While emergency planners should not be discouraged from l providing pre-emergency public education materials, current re-search indicates that pre-emergency education has no significant !
effect on public response in an actual emergency. There are two ; reasons why this is true. First, public response to a given emergency is determined by the specific characteristics of that l emergency -- most particularly, the information that is dissemi- ! l nated at the time of the emergency. Second, the public quickly , forgets pre-emergency education if it is not needed frequently. ; f I
l Thus, the role of pre-emergency public education materials is limited to "priming" a public to turn to the situation-specific information which would be disseminated at the time of an actual emergency.
- 5. This is not to say that pre-emergency public education programs are generally without benefit. While such programs have no significant demons:rable effect on public behavior in an emer-gency, some of those who have read pre-emergency public education materials will recall in an emergency that public officials have planned for such incidents. They also may recall generally that some responses to an emergency are appropriate and some inappro-priate, and that there are sources of official emergency 14.-
su formation to which they should turn. This recollection may en-wh'
. hance those people's ability to readily distinguish between official emergency information on the one hand and rumor and mis-information on the other. At a minimum, although those who have read pre-emergency public education materials prior to an emer-gency may not recall the specific details of planning in an actu-al emergency, at least the information they would receive via emergency broadcasts at the time of the accident would not be completely new to them. And, of course, some people may actually refer to the pre-emergency public education materials at the time of the emergency.
r
. t- i i
- 6. 'There are three types of information that would be par- l l
ticularly useful in the event of an emergency, which could be in- [ cluded in pre-emergency public education materials: (a) in- l formation about the nature of the risk which might be presented j in an emergency, (b) a description of the emergency public in-formation system which would be activated at the time of an actu-l al emergency, and (c) a discussion of the protective actions the public might be asked'to take in the event of an emergency. l l
- 7. Both the Handbook and the Calendar provide information about'the nature of the risk in a radiological emergency. For l l
example, the Handbook (at page 6) a'.1 the Calendar (at page 3) l both explain that any radiation released in an emergency could be !
"spread by wind." They also explain (at pages 15 and 16, respec- l tively) that radiation cannot be seen, tasted, felt, heard or !
i smelled, but can be harmful to human health. In addition, page 5 l i of the Handbook dispels the common misperception that an accident l l at a nuclear plant would be similar to the detor.ation of a bomb. j i Other common misperceptions addressed in the Handbook (at pages e 16-17) and in the Calendar (at page 17) include the myths that all parts of a nuclear plant are radioactive and that radiation ; I is released from the cooling towers. l
- 8. The Handbook and the Calendar also describe the emer- {
gency public information system which would be activated in an { actual emergency. Both the Handbook (e.o., at pages 3, 5, 7, 8 h l
ar.d 9) and the Calendar (e.o., at pages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8) re-peatedly emphasize that the public's response to the activation of the sirens should be to turn immediately to the Emergency Broadcast System ("EBS") radio and TV stations and to stay tuned ; throughout the emergency. The Handbook and the Calendar also in- , dicate that EBS is the official source of emergency information. ; i For example, page 7 of the Handbook and page 4 of the Calendar - emphasize: "Radio and TV instructions will be the most up-to-date. FOLLOW THE RADIO AND TV INSTRUCTIONS."
- 9. Finally, the Handbook and the Calendar discuss the pro- l tective actions which the public might be asked to take in an emergency. Specifically, three general types of appropriate i
emergency behavior are identified and explained: (a) Seeking ad-ditional information (Handbook at pages 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9; Calen-dar at pages 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8); (b) Sheltering (Handbook at pages 3 and 8; Calendar at pages 2 and 5); and (c) Evacuation l (Handbook at pages 3 and 9; Calendar at pages 2 and 6). -
- 10. The inability of some persons to read pre-emergency i public education materials does not mean that they won't learn of the information in those materials. For example, persons with i severely impaired vision can be expected to have neighbors, ;
i friends or family who read their mail to them. Similarly, where i virtually all of a community's residents speak English, those who speak no English can be expected to have bilingual neighbors, i I
friends or family who help with errands and read their mail to them.
- 11. In any event, as discussed above, it is the information disseminated at the time of an actual emergency (and not pre-emergency public education) which determines emergency public re-sponse. And past experience in warning events involving all types of hazards indicates that even individuals who have not read pre-emergency public education materials can be expected to turn on their radios and TVs when the sirens sound for an extend-ed time, because the natural human response to such an occurrence is to seek more information -- and the most convenient, immediate means of obtaining such information is via the broadcast media.
- 12. While impaired vision would not affect a person's abil-ity to obtain emergency information from the broadcast media, persons who speak no English obviously would be unable to under-stand EBS broadcasts in English. However, the sirens will alert even those who do not speak English, who would then naturally 1 consult bilingual neighbors, friends and family to determine the reason for the activation of the sirens.
- 13. Transients in the area (such as hotel and motel guests) i who hear sirens sound for an extended time also can be expected ,
to seek to determine the reason for the siren activation. They may '. urn directly to the radio or TV, or may first call the front desk of their hotel or motel for information about the sirens. i
- 14. Even if someone were to fail -- for whatever reason --
to affirmatively seek out information about the activation of the sirens, he would not go without notification of the emergency. Those who have learned of the emergency would seek to "confirm" their information, fo.r example, by discussing it with neighbors, friends and family. One effect of such "confirmation" contacts is the notification of persons not previously aware of the emer-gency.
- 15. Moreover, emergency response is largely group behavior, and emergencies transform the order of a community into one in which people act more altruistically and caring than is typical of routine, day-to-day life. Some exemplary consequences of this are that, in an emergency, neighbors, friends and family -- and even total strangers -- check on one another and offer assistance if it is needed. These tendencies to form groups'and to offer aid and assistance to one another cause people to be in contact with other members of the public. These contacts too result in the notification of persons not previously aware of the emergen-cy.
- 16. Finally, the high level of activity which is associated with an emergency has a strong "ripple effect," generally alerting members of the public to seek additional information about events taking place, if they are not already aware of the emergency. In other words, the actions of other members of the e
l i I public in response to the emergency (e.o., in the case of evacua-tion, the stream of traffic driving out of the EPZ) would lead persons not aware of the emergency to seek additional information about what was going on.
- 17. For all these reasons, it is gross over-dramatization to paint a pre-emergency public education program as a matter of life-or-death significance. Research on low-probability events comparable to nuclear power plant accidents indicates that pre-emergency public education programs have no discernible impact on public emergency response. Rather, it is the information dissem-inated at the time of an actual emergency which is determinative.
Thus, individuals who cannot or will not or, for whatever reason, have not read the Handbook or the Calendar or other pre-emergency education materials will not be at greater risk than the rest of the community in the event of an emergency at the Perry Plant.
/
/
! / . l *'
Dennis S. Mileti Sworn to and subscribed before me this b day of February, 1988.
% LtLL L Y /' LL Notary Public /
CONSTANCE K. JNIFT, Notary Public Hy Commission expires: My Commission Expires October 21,1994 ACADEMIC VI'IA OF DENNIS S. MIIEfI l January, 1988 N l Office: ! Department of Sociology Hazards As--nt Tahnratory Colorado State University Clark Billding Fort Cbilins, Colorado 80523 Colorado State University 1 (303)491-5951 or 6045 Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 l l EDUCATION I University of Colorado, M11dar: IhD, Sociology, 1974 l California State University, Irs Angeles: MA, Sociology, 1971 University of California, Ios Angeles: BA, Sociology, 1968 l SPECIALIZATIONS i Ctuplex organizatims, Applied (Hazards and. Policy), Methods ! AEEOINIMDTIS 1974-date Faculty, Department of Sociology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins (1985-date, Professor; 1978-1985, Associate Professor; 1974-1978, Assistant ,
. Profamar) . '
1984-date Director, Hazards Ac==nt Iaboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins. 1986-date Adjunct Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 1981-year Policy Analyst, Seismic Safety cc m lesien, State of California, Sacramento (on leave frem university) . 1978-1979 Invited Inst e r, American Association for the Advarme.nt of Science, Chautauqua Short Course P1.w am. 1975-year Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Scuthern California, Graduate School of Public Ad:ainistration, Intensive Seminar Program. 1971-1972 Instructor, Department of Sociology, University of Cblarado, Boulder. AWARDS 1983-1984 Alumi Honor Faculty Award, Colorado State University i Alumi Association for excellence in teaching, research I and service 1 1981-year Cited in Outstanding Young Men of America 1978-1977 Cited for excellence in teaching, research and service ; by the Dean, College of Arts, Humanities and Social ' Sciences MEMBERSHIPS American Sociological Association, International Sociological l Association, Pacific Sociological Association, Midwest Sociological , Society, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, National I Coordinating Cbuncil on Emergency Management, Western Social Science Association.
l l 2 RESEARCH GRANTS AND CINIPJCTS i 1987-1988 Associate Investigator, "Preparation of a Model Response Plan for the 'Ihree Mile Island Nuclear Reactor," Public Education and Warnings G m up, 1 eh -tuact frta Clark University for the 'Ihree Mile Island Public Health ntnd. 1987-1988 Principle Investigator, "Paaaamh Applicatims for Emergency Preparedness," omtract for Public Service Q2rpany of New Hangshire." 1987-year "Socihunic Inpacts of the Proposed High-Isvel Radioactive Wasta Site at Hanford, Washington," Risk A=-mant Team, suhiuact from Social Inpact Ame= ant Inc. for the State of Washington. 1987-year - Principal Investigator, "Public Perception of Seismic Risk in Santa Clara County," grant fran the Bay Area Regimal Earthquake Preparedness Project and the California Sal mic Safety & = 4 = ion. 1986-1987 Coprincipal Investigator, "Warning Systems: A State of the Art Review," suhiuact fran Oak Ridge National Iaboratory for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1984-1985 Associate Investigator, "Evacuation Liability Issues," su h iuact frta oak Ridge National Iaboratory for the U.S. Depai.'w nt of Energy. 1984-1985 Principal Investigator, "Assamant of Human Stress Inpacts frta the Livingston Train Deraihnant and Chenical Ermu.yacy," contract for 1111nois Central Gulf Railroad. 1984-1985 Associate Investigator, "State-of-the-Art AS 7 amant: Evacuation," subcontract frcn Oak Ridge National Iaboratory for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1984-1985 Associate Investigator, "International Study of Disaster Impact on Dcnestic Assets," subcontract fran the University of Georgia for the National Science Foundation. 1983-1984 Principal Investigator, "Research arx1 Applications for Emergancy Preparedness," contract for Iong Island Lighting Ctanpany (reactivated .for 1987-1988). 1983-1984 Principal Investigator, "Intended and Fer@ctlen i Audiences for Emergency Warnings," quick-response grant , from the Natural Hazards Research Applications and ! Information Center. 1982-1983 Associate Investigator, COrganizational Interface for Nuclear Reactor Emergency Preparedness," suhiuact frta Oak Ridge National Iaboratories for the Nuclear Regulatory nwnimion. 1981-year Principal Investigator, "Nuclear Hazard Warnings and Emergency Evacuation Preparedness," con ^uact for Pacific Gas and Electric Ccs:pany. 1980-1983 Principal Investigator, "Iocal Land Use Policy Decisions," Colorado State Urd.versity Experiment Station. l 1979-1982 Principal Investigator, "Behavioral Aspects of the I l 'Ihree Mile Island Incident and Re-start," contract for i i General Public Utilities via Shaw, Pittman, Potts and i Trowbridge. l l
3 1977-1980 Principal Investigator, "Migration Inpacts of Ncr. ; Lw litan e Areas in the West," colorado State j University Experiment Statim. 1977-1979 Principal Investigator, "Adoption and Organizational Inplementation of Policy for Land Use Regulations," grant fra the National Science Foundation. 1975-197'7 Caprincipal Investigator, Socicrwnsmic, Organizational and Political Consequences of Earthquake Prediction," grant fr m the National Science Foundation. 1972-1974 Researth Sociologist, "Assessment of Research on Natural Hazards," grant fra the National Science > Foundatim. . CQHITTEE MDEDSHIPS 1987-year Expert Panel cri Disaster Paaaad and Planning at the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Researds at the State University of New York at Buffalo. 1984-1988 National Academy of Science, National Paaaardt Council, M== ice on Engineering and Technical Systeres, Ocznittee on Natural Disasters. 1984-1988 National Amiamy of Sciences, National Researdt Council, M a= ion on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, Board on Earth Sciences, 9hm=ittee on Earthquake Paamarth. 1984-date National Institute of Mental Health, Public Health Service, cert.er for Mental Health Studies of Emergencies, Advisory. 1983-year National Science Foundation, U.S. Delegate on Earthquake Prediction Researdi to Japan, International ! Scientific Exchange Section. ! 1983-date Front Range Consortium on Natural Hazards Studies, ! Colorado State University, University of Colorado, University of Denver. 1983-date Internaticmal Sociological Association, Paaaatt:h Ocamittee cm Disasters. 1982-1983 Pacific Sociological Association, Ncninations Cemnittee for the Standing Otzmittees for 1983. l I 1982-date Earthquake Engineering Raaaarch Institute, Chair, I Comnittee on Wial Science Research, Berkeley. -l , 1981-1983 U.S. DepatLwit of the Interior, Geological Survey, l
- Advisory Panel on the Earthquake Studies Prw taru. ]
1981-1982 Pacific Sociological A e intion, Pr Wtam Ocunittee for the 1982 Annual Meetings in San Diego. 1981-1982 Governor's Emergency Task Force on Earthquakes, Threat and Reconstruction Ccumittees, State of California, Sau nudito. 1980-1981 Governor's Science and Technology Advisory Council, Ocnnittee on the Relocation of Uranium Mill Tailings, , State of Colorado. I' 1979-year American Association for the Advarm=Esit of Science, - Ctanittee cm Intergovernmmtal Paaaad and Developnent on Fire Safety and DisasW Preparedness, Washington, D.C. l 1 1
l 4 l 1976-1978 National Amdamy of Sciences, National Researdi council, tw=iaaim on Sociotechnical Systems, 0:maittee m Socioeconcaic Effects of Earthquake Prediction, Washington, D.C. BooFS. MONOGRAPHS AND ORPTERS Mileti, Dennis S. 1987. "Stress fr m Risk Uncertainties." Pp. 123-128 in Vincent T. Owello, Inster B. Inve, Alan Moghissi and V.R.R. Uppuluri (Eds.) Urv'artainty in Rish Aww--it. Risk Manaaement, and Decision ! Makina. New York: PlermIm Press. Mileti, Dennis S.1987. "Sociological Methods and Disaster Research." Pp. 57-70 in Rnenall R. Dynes, B. de Mard11 and C. Polanda (Eds.) i hioloav of Dicaaters', Contributions of Socioloav to Disaster i Research. Milan, Italy: Franco Angeli Libri. i Sorensen, John H., and Dennis S. Mileti.1987. "Pl.vg.aus that Encourage l the Adopticx1 of Precautions Against Natural Hazards: Review and l Evaluation." Pp. 208-230 in Neil D. Weinstein (Ed.) Takiner Care: Ur'darstandiner and Enocuracinct Self-Protective Behavior. New York: c'amhvidge. Mileti, Dennis S., and John H. Sorensen. 1987. "Natural Hazards and Precautionary Behavior." Pp. 189-207 in Neil D. Weinstein (Ed.) Takina ; Care: Urderstandinct and Encouracinct Self-Protective Behavior. New York: ombridge. Cochrane, Hall, and Dennis S. Mileti.1986. "The Consequences of Nuclear War: An Econcnic and W ial Pe @ t ve." Pp. 381-409 in F. Sol m n and R.Q. Martson (Eds.) 'Ihe Medical Inclication of Nuclear War. Washingtcut, D.C. : National Amdamy Press. Mileti, Dennis S., and Joanne Nigg.1986. "hial Science Earthquake Investigaticals." Pp. 167-188 in Scholl (Ed.) . Imssons Isarned from Recent Earthouakes. Berkeley: Earthquake Engineering Pa=aards ' Institute. Will imma, Gary, and Dennis S. Mileti. 1986. "Inclusion of Social Variables in Mndala of Risk A-amant." Pp. 375-379 in GeotechnicalmEL , Gechydrolocical Asoects of Waste Manacement. Boston: Rotterdam. I Harwell, Christine C. (Ed.) .1985. "Experiences and Extrapolations frm l Hiroshima and Nagasaki." Pp. 427-467 in M.A. Harwell and T.C. ' Hutchinson (Eds.) Environnental Consecuences of Nuclear War Volume II: j Ecolocrical and Actricultural Effects. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Hartsough, Donald M., and Dennis S. Mileti. 1985. "The Media in Disasters." Pp. 282-294 in J. Iaube and S. Murphy (Eds.), Prespectives in Disaster Recoverv. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Sorensen, John, Janica Hutton and Dennis S. Mileti. 1984. "Institutional Man %-::nt of Risk Information Following Earthquake Predictions." Pp. 913-924 in K. Oshida (Ed.), Earthauake Prediction. Tokyo: 'Ibrra i Scientific Publishers for UNECD. Reprinted in Song Shouquan ard Li Huaying (Ed.) A Collection of Pacers on World Seismo-Socioloav. Beijing, China: Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau, ppe 119-126. Mileti, Dennis S., Janice Hutton ard John Sorensen.1984. "Mal Factors Affecting the Response of Groups to Earthquake Prediction." Pp.
- 649-658 in K. Oshida (Ed.), EarthauaPa Prediction. 'Ibkyo
- Terra Scientific Publishers for UNESCO. Reprinted in Song Shouquan and Li l
t
5 Huaying (Eds.) A Collection of Papers on World Seismo-Socioloav. Beijing, China: Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau, pp. 17-22. Hutton, Janice, Dennis S. Mileti and John Sorensen. 1984. "Factors Affecting Earthquake Warning System Effectiveness." Pp. 947-956 in K. Oshida (Ed.), Earthauake Prediction. 'Ibkyo: 'Ibrra Scientific Publishers for UNESCO. Reprinted in Song Shouquan ard Li Huaying (Eds.) A Collection of Papers on World Seismo-Socioloav. Beijing, China: Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau, pp. 139-143. Mileti, Dennis S.1982 "A Bibliography for Graduate Pacaatch Methods." Pp. 249-255 in Pn==al Schutt, Alan Orenstein and 'Iheodore C. Wagenaar (Eds.) . Wrch Methods ocurses: Syllabi. Assianments and Proiects. Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Associatica). Mileti, Dennis S., Janice Hutton and John Sorensen.1981. Earthauake Prediction Response and Options for Public Policy. Boulder: Institute i of Behavioral Science. Hutton, Janice, John Sorensen and Dennis S. Mileti.1981. "Earthquake Praliction and Public Reaction." Pp. 129-166 in T. Rikitake (Ed.). , Current Research in Earthauake Prediction. Boston: Reidel Publishing Ocx:1pany, 'Ibkyo: Center for Academic Publications. Mileti, Dennis S.1981. "Plannirq Initiatives for Salmnic Hazard Mitigation." Pp. 44-53 in J. Isenberg (Ed.) . Social and Economic Incact of Earthauakes on Utility Lifelines. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. Gillespie, David F., and Dennis S. Mileti.1979. TeduWacctures and Interornanizational Relations. Iedngton, Mancachusetts: Isxiryton Books. Ccraittee on Socioeconcnic Effects of Eartlxpake Prediction.1978. A_ Program of Studies on the Socioeconomic Effects of Earthauake ' Prediction. Washirgton, D.C.: National W amie of Sciences - National Research cruncil. Gillespie, David F., Dennis S. Mileti and Ronald Perry. 1976. ' Ornanizational Resoonse to Charnina Com2nity Systems Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. Mileti, Dennis, S., 'Ihamas E. Drabek and J. Eugene Haas.1975. Hunan ' Systems in Extreme Envi - ents: A Sociological Persoective. Boulder: ' Institute of Behavioral Science ! Mileti, Dennis S.1975. Natural Hazard Warnina Systems in the United States. Boulder: Institute of Behavioral Science, Monograph 12. Portions reprinted in Joseph Perry and Meredith Pugh, Collective Behavior: Response to Stress, 1978. Erickson, Neil, John Sorensen and Dennis S. Mileti.1975. Iandslide Hazartis in the United States: A Research Assessment. Boulder- ' Institute of Behavioral Science. Mileti, Dennis S.1975. Disaster Relief and Rehabilitation in the United ' States. Boulder: Institute of Behavioral Science. Ayre, Robert, Dennis S. Mileti and Patricia Trainer.1975. Earthauake and Tsunani Hazards in the United States: A Research Assessment. Boulder: Institute of Behavioral Science. , __ _ - _ . _ , ___o-.- - ._
6 ARTICIES ' Mileti, Dennis S., and John H. Sorensen.1987. "Determinants of Organizational Effectiveness in Fi-purding to Iow Probability CatamL@ic Events," columbia Journal of World Business 2002 (1):. 13-21. Sorensen, John H., and Dennis S. Mileti.1986. ="Decision Making i Uncertainty in Warning System Organizations," Mass Bnaraencies and l Disasters (accepted and forthocating). l Mileti, Dennis S., and David F. Gillespie. 1985. "The Effects of l Iagitimacy on Goal Change and Fonnalization in Organizations," Journal of contarmorary Socioloav 22(1,2):33-53. Mileti, Dennis S.1985. "The Human Fquation in Earthquake Prediction and Warning," Policy Shwiiam Rarview 4(4):725-733. ! Sorensen, John H., Dennis S. Mileti, and Emily Copenhaver. 1985. "Inter l ~
; and IuL =vanizational cohemicm in Edmuy aies," Mass Emeroencias and l Disaster 3(3):27-52. l
- Mileti, Dennis S.1985. "Onergency Role Performance in Disaster Response '
organizations," EnvimmsLil Socioloav (42):6-10. , Mileti, Dennis S., Dtmald Har+=emh, Patti Madson ard Rick Hufnagel.1984. '
"The Three Mile Island Irrident: A Study of Behavioral Indicators of ;
Human Stress," Mass Emeroencies and Disasters 2(1):89-114. ' Mileti, Dennis S.1984. "Role Ocmflict and_ Abandonment in Emargency Workers," Emergency Manacement Review 2(1):20-22. Mileti, Dennis S. 1984. "Earthquakes and Human Behavior," Earthauake , Spectra 1(1):89-106. ' Mileti, Dennis S.1983. "Societal Wriscos of Organizational Response to Earthquake Prediction: Japan vs the United States." Magg_ Emeroencies and Disasters 1(3):399-414. Mileti, Dennis S.1983. "Public Perceptions of Seismic Hazards and - 4 critical Facilities," Billetin of the Seiamloaical Society of America ' 72(6)13-18.
- Gillespie, David F., and Dennis S. Mileti. 1982. "Differentiation in
, organizations," Social Forces 60(4):1172-1175.
Mileti, Dennis S.1982. "Structure ard Process in the Inplementatice of Public Policy," Political Science Review 21(1):1-34. i Mileti, Dennis S.1982. "A Review of Paaanrt:h cm Public Policy Adoption," Public Adninistration Review (accepted and fortbeming) .
- Mileti, Dennis S., Doug Timar and David F. Gillespie.1982. "Intra and ,
Interorganizational Detertainants of Dawukulization," Pacific Socioloaical Review 25(2):163-183. , Mileti, Dernis S., David F. Gillespie and Stan Eitzen.1981. "The ' Multidimensionality of organizational Size," Socioloav and Social } Research 65(4):400-414. Gillespie, David F., and Dennis S. Mileti.1981. "Hetespricus Sanples in l' Organizational Paaaamh," Socioloaical Methods and Paaanmh i 9(3):327-388. i Mileti, Dennis S.1980. "Human Adjustment to the Risk of EnvimmeWil Extremes," Socioloav and Social Research 64(3):327-347. ! Gillespie, David F., and Dennis S. Mileti. 1980 "Determinants of Planning i in Organizations," Administrative Science Review 10(3):21-32. l Mileti, Dernia S., ard David F. Gillespie.1980. "Organizaticmal and ' Technological Interdepigdescies," Journal of conternoorary Socioloav l 2 17(3-4):132-158. , i J .
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l . 7 I Gillespie, David F., Rt:1ald Perry and Dennis S. Mileti. 1980. "Stress and Transformation," Journal of Social Pacaa M) 21(2):139-147. Mileti, Dennis S., David F. Gillespie and Stan Eitzen.1979. "Structure and Decision Making in Corpviate Organizaticals," Socioloav and Social Researdt 63(4):723-744. Gillespie, David F., and Dennis S. Mileti. 1979. "Action and Ot:1tingency Postulates in organization-Envimausut Relations," Human Relations
?t(3):261-271.
Mileti, Dennis S. , &nd Entricia Harvey.1978. "Correcting for the Human Factor in Dunedc Warnings," Disaster Preoaredness 2(February):5-9. Mileti, Dennis .h , David F. Gillespie and Elizabeth Morrissey. 1978.
"mchniocy Grd organizations: Methodological Deficiencies and Incunae,L Tecnnolocm ynd Culture 19(1):83-92.
Gillespio ') avid F , and L'vv11s S. Mileti.1978. "Organizaticzial ,
%ctn 1 yy and Eilviru-ment Adaptation-Manipulation," Scottish Journal l of Sociglggy 2(2):205-219. i Haas, J. Eugene, and Lennit. S. Mileti.1977. "Socicecwsuic and Political Contr.yx .;1m of FarthcpAka Prediction," Journal of the Physical Earth MI4);283-233a Haa, J. hrene und Dennis S. Mileti. ~1977. "Earthquake Prediction and its Ctnseguivaeo," Oslifornia Ge?Jggy 30(7):147-157, 1977. Revisad '
dnd reprinRd in Qn Francisco 20(4):fr0-68, 1978. Mild.i, D2nnis 5., David F. Gillespie and J. Eugene Haas. 1977. "Size and Strtotu2s in CompleJ vojanizations," Social Forces 56(1):208-217. GlucWe, thvid F., and Mnnis S. Mileti.1977. "hchnology and the Study i of ~rrganize.icos: An Owview and Apprnml," Academy of Manacerrnt , Egris 2(1) 10-2.9. Deprinttd in Readinas on How Manaaers Manace. i
'%)leM3dd Cl!ffr, New JerM: Prentice Hall, 1982.-
Mdcal, bermL S., .nt Dav'4 F Gillespie.1976. "An Integrated Ibrsalitatics of Organizaton-Envimmiant Interdependencies," Human ; Relhti&A 29(1):W-1003 i Gillespie, D&vic. F., C/! Dennis S. Mileti.1976. "Organizational ? Maptations te c'anging cultural contingencies," Socioloaical Inauiry 4t @ 2135-141. Gillesp'a, Dtivid J. , Roy L'O., f.Ennis S. Mileti and Ronald Perry.1976.
"Historical aid Pamdica'ic Differences in the Use of the Goal l Concept," IntermtionLLEtriew of.]iiAnry and Political Science ;
8(30):1-14. Gillespie, David F., and . Dennis G. A leti.1976. "A Refined Mtsdel of Differentiation in Ortanize.tions," Socioloav and Social Researdi , 60(3):263-2 E l Haas, J. Eugene, and Perr,is S. Mileti.1976. "Earthquake Prediction and i Other Adjustments to W.ngstk9s," D& tin of the New Zealand Society . for Earthauake Erning d qq 9(4)21 0 -194. - Perry, Ronald, David F. Gillespie, Roy Iotz and Demis S. Mileti.1976. l "Attitudinal Variables as Est& mates of Beluvier,' W Journal of j Social Psychology O 1):74-90. . Mileti, Dennis S., Weald Perry and David F. Gillespie.1975. "The ; Analytical Use of Cace St.udy Materials in tm Sttv_y of crganizations," : Sociolooical Ird+ W,4):7J 50 ! Mileti, Dennis S., and kluod M. Dr) 7975. %ple r.bg Evac 41ticn l Symbolically: Otmunicatic!.1 in Crisis," Dreiga_t;1on Pe=,eaw& l 2(1):24-49. l l i
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_- . _ _ .. . .. _ . _ . _- m _ _ . _ _ . __ . _ _ _, _ i s 8 Gillespie, navid F., Rcmald Perry, Demis S. Mileti and Roy Iotz.1975.
"Organizational Tensions and Decentralization: 'Iha Interactive Effect i cm Ember Cannitment," International Journal of Group Tensions 5(2):26-37. ,
Perry, Ronald, David F. G1]lespie and Dennis S. Mileti. 1974. "Collective Stress and Ocumunity Transformation," Human Relations 27(8):7t>7-788. Mileti, Demis S.1974 "Change. Ratics in Age Specific Percent ocmtri-ductions to Fertility: A New Method with Applications to the United i States," Pacific Socioloalcal Review 17(1):3-26. First Prize, student paper w tition, Pacific Sociological W iation, 1974. Mileti, Demis S., and David F. Gillespie.1974. "An Integrative Approach to the Study of Organizational Technology, Structure and Behavior," Current Sociolocrv 23(1):189-200. Gillespie, David F., and Dennis S. Mileti.1974. "System Stress and the Persistence of Emergent Organizations," necioloaleal Inm H W J 44(2):111-119. Mileti, Dennis S., and Larry Barnett.1972. "Nine E a- ycnde Factors and
'Iheir Relationship 'Ibwe"d Abortion Iagalization," Social Biolocrv 19(2):43-50. i TECENICAL REPDRES Sorensen, John H., Barbara M. Vogt, and Dennis S. Mileti. 1987.
, Evacuation: An ASW==it of Planninct and Researth. Report prepared for the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Encocville: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Mileti, Dennis S., and Steven Falnuwicks.1987. Public Pert:eotion of Earthauake Risk Durim 1976 In Santa Clara County. Report prepared for the Bay Area Regional Earthquake Preparedness Project and the California Seismic Safety Ocnnission. Mileti, Demis S., and Janice R. Hutton.1987. Initial Public Resconse to I the 5 Acril 1985 Parkfield Earthauake Prediction, nm_1,iar: Natural Hazards Pamarch Applicaticos and Information Cerfcer, University of i
- Colorado. i Mileti, Demis S., Randal G. Updike, Patricia A. Bolton, and Gabriel l 4
Fernandey.1986. Rmdations for Imrovim the Existina Warnim i i System for Possible Nevado del Ruiz Volcanic Eruotion, Colcm1bia. South l Anerica. Washington, D.C.: National Ar adarny of Sciences. Mileti, Dennis S., John H. Sorensen and William Bogard. 1985. Evacuation Decision Makiner Process and Uncertainty. Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Iaboratory, Report 'IM-9692. Mileti, Demis S.1985. Stress Inmacts of a 'nschnoloaical Eneraency: An Unobtrusive Indicators Study of Livimston Train Derailment. New Orleans: Immle, Kelleher. Popkin, Roy, Demis S. Mileti, Barbara Farhar-Pilgrim, af John Shefner. 1985. Unmet Needs of Disaster Victims in the United States. Fort Collins: Hazards A aa m ment Iaboratory at Colorado State University. Rev1 w Pahl of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Plan. 1984. latip al Earthauake Hazards Reduction Procrram: Five Year Procrram Plan. Wanhington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Management Agency. Sorensen, J., E. Copenhaver, D. Mileti and M. Adler.1984. Oraanizational Interface in Reactor Eini-aa Plannim and Response. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory himion, NUREG No. CR-3524. Mileti, Dennis S, 1983. Human Resconse Scenarios: Iaw Enfora ment Aeolications and Media Imlications. Sacramento: California Division of Mines and Geology. }
- - - - -- my--,- ---.,-p + .-- w- -um ,-y+- - - . ,m- y- ---------wp-y* g -ew-r--49 n +mw e-=+--*tp7g uW e
n _ .. .- -. . . 9 d Mileti, Dennis S. 1982. Oruanizational Behavior and Intambiuanizational Relations: Inplications for Nuclear Power Plant E-iU=cies and i Preparedness. Oak Ridge, '14mnamaam: Oak Ridge Natimal laboratories. Mileti, Dennis S., Donald M. Hartsough and Patti Madson.1982. 'Ihe 'Ihree Mile Island Irridant: A Study of Behavioral Indicators of pnnan Stress. Washington, D.C.: Shaw, Pittaan, Potts and Trowbridge. ; Mileti, Demis S., and Arthur Svanear.1981. Parthauake Prediction-Warnirn i Pamwure Pbr Fmavnency Oraanimauons to the Prediction Terminoloav. I Van Nuys: Southern California Earthquake Preparedness Project. l Santopolo, Frank, and Dennis S. Mileti.1980. Incacts of Pooulatim Growth l in Aaricultural coloraM m= nit *aa=, Ebrt Collins: Colorado State University Experiment Station Bulletin. Ocunittee cm Fire Safety and Disaster Preparedness.1979. Fire Safety and Disaster Preparedness. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Hutton, Janica, and Dennis S. Mileti.1979. Analysis of Adootion and Telementation of Comunity Iand Use Reaulations for Floodolains. San Francisco: Woodward-Clyde. Haas, J. Eugene, and Dennis S. Mileti.1976. Sociceucasitic Inmact of Earthauaka Prediction on Govement. Business and Ctzmunity. Boulder: Institute of Behavioral Science. Mileti, Dennis, S., and David F. Gillespie. 1976. Intemuswanizational Relations and ocumznity Servim Delivery Systems. Boulder: Center for. Action Paaaarth.. BOOK REVIENS Mileti, Dennis S.1994. "A Review of Social and Econcaic Aspects of Earthquakes by Barclay G. Jones and Miha 'Ibnazevic (Eds.). Ithaca: Pi@am in Urban and Regional Studies,1983." Mass Eneraencies and Disasters (fortberuning). ; Mileti, Dennis S.1982. "A Review of Unequal Care: Interorganizational Relations in Health Care by M. Milner, Jr. New York: Cblumbia University Press,1980." Social Forces 60(3):943-944. , Mileti, Demis S.1982. "A Review of Whistle Blowing: Ioyalty arxl Dissent ' in the Corporation by Alan Westin (Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981." Socioloav: A Review of New Books 7(2) . Mileti, Dennis S.1980. "A Review of Aftermath: cormunities After Natural Disasters by H. Paul Friesema et al. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1979 and After the Clean-up: IaxJ Range Effects of Natural Disasters by James Wright arri Peter Rossi et al. Beverly Hills: Sage > Publications, 1979." Journal of the American Plannina Association (October) :484-485. . Mileti, Demis S.1976. "A Review of A Sociology of organizations by J. Eldridge and A. Crmbie. New York: International Publications, 1975." Contercorary Socioloav 5(6):784. PROGIDINGS Sorensen, John H.1987. "Public Warning Needs." Pp. 9-75 in Paula Gori and
- Walter Hays (Eds.) Prmaadinas of Conference on the U.S. Geolocical Survev's Role in Hazards Warnirns. Restm
- U.S. Geological Survey.
! Paper presented at the February, 1987 Conference on Hazard Warnings, - Denver. Mileti, Dennis S.1980. "Human Response to Earthquake Prediction." Pp. l 36-56 in Walter Hays (Ed.) . Pro edinas of the Conferences on. , m _ _. .,., _ , . . _ _ . - - - _ . . _ , . _ . ,,,,,,.-.,y...,_.r,,y%,. r w.
. B 10 Earthouake Prediction Information. Menlo Park: U.S. Geological Survey.
Paper presented at the January,1980 Cbnference on Earthqaake Prediction Information, Ios Angeles. Mileti, Dennis S., and Janice Hutton.1978. "Mal Aspects of Earthquakes." Pp. 179-192 in Proceedinas of the Second International Conference on Microzonation. San Francisco: National Science Foundation. Paper presented at the November, 1978 Conference on the State of the Art in Microzonatico for Earthquake Hazards Reduction, San Frarrie. Mileti, Dennis S.1978. "Socioec4Aanic Effects of Earthquake Prediction on State Policy." Pp. in Prrmdinas of the National Conference on Earthouake Related Hazards. Isxington, Kentucky: Council of State Governments. Speech presented at the November, 1977 Conference on State Policy for Earthquake Prediction Tedinology, Boulder. OIEER FUBLISHED C0tHENTS Mileti, Dennis S.1987. Ihe Fatal Flaw in Flight 51-L: Events Tswiing to the Ill-Pated Challenger launch," Spectrum 24(2):36-51. Mileti, Dennis S. 1986. "Disaster Survival," Alumnus Ouarterly 62(1):6-7,20. Mileti, Dennis S.1984. "The Character of Traffic in an Emergency," Bulletin 6(1):4-5. Mileti, Dennis S. 1983. "Disasterous Warnings," Omni (March):24,44,152. Mileti, Dennis S. 1982. "Hazards Reduction Work: 'Ihe Next Era," National Hazards Observer 6(4):1-2. Reprinted in Earthauake Infortnation Bulletin 14(2):60, 1982. Mileti, Dennis S. 1982. "Sociological Aspects of Earthquake Prediction," Earthauake Information Bulletin 11(3):102-105. Haas, J. Eugene, and Dennis S. Mileti.1977. "Earthquake Prediction Response," Ting (January 24):83. Mileti, Dennis S. 1977. "Ea @ Prediction: Is It Better Not 'Ib Know?" Mosaic 8(2):8-14. Mileti, Dennis S.1977. "Social Hazards of Earthquake Pre:liction," Science News 111(2):20-21. Haas, J. Eugene, 'Ihctnas Drabek and Dennis S. Mileti.1976. "Individual and Organizational Response to 'Ihreat," Mass Emernencies 1(4):247. Mileti, Dennis S.1976. "Social Scientists and Applied Research," 2he_ American Sociolocist 11(4):220-221. Mileti, Dennis S.1974. "Response to Research and National Needs," Footnotes 2(October):6. CONFERDJCE PAPERS Mileti, Dennis S. 1987. "Disaster Prevention and Mitigation During Rehabilitation and Rhb.uction," paper presented to the International Research and Training Seminar on Regional Developnent Planning for Disaster Prevention sponsored by the United Nations Center for Regialal Developnent, 'Ibkyo: October. Mileti, Dennis S., and Joanne Nigg.1987. "Adjustment to Natural Hazards and Disasters," paper presented to the Section on Environmental Sociolcgy, Rourdtable Di== ion of the American Sociological Association, Chicago: August. Mileti, Dennis S. , and John H. Sorencen.1986. "Deterininants of Organizational Effectiveness in Responding to low Probability
_ .~ . . . . 11 Catasti.@dc Events," paper presented to the Crisis Analysis Models Session, International ocnference on Industrial Crisis Management, New York University, Graduate School of Business Administratico, New York City: September. Mileti, Dennis S., and James Goltz. 1986. "Social Response to the Parkfield Prediction," paper presented to the Parkfield Prediction Experiment Session of the American Association for the Advancement of ) Science, Philadelphia: May. ! Cochrane, Hall, and Dennis S. Mileti. 1985. "Vulnerabilities of l Maaical/ Health Care Systems to the Effect of Nuclear War," paper ; presented at the Synposium on the Medical Inplications of Nuclear War, National Aradarwy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Sessico on Medical Resourts Needs and Availability. Washington, D.C.: September. Mileti, Dennis S., and R. Gary Williams. 1985. "A Sociological Pe weec'dve on the Siting of Hazardous Waste Facilities," paper presented to the Social and Econcaic Effects of Public Perceptions Session of the Synposium on Wasta Naraf=umit, 'Ibcscm: Marth.
.Mileti, Dennis S., Rick Hufnagel and David Gillespie. 1984. "Regulation of the Firm: 'Ibward a 'Iheory of Consequences," paper presented to the Ccanplex Organizations Session of the American Sociological A==miation, San Antonio: August.
Mileti, Dennis S. 1984. "Stress frca Risk Uncertainties," invited paper presented to the Smial Aspects of Risk Uncertainties Session of the Society for Risk Analysis, Knowxille: October. Mileti, Dennis S.1984. "Amial and Political Obstacles to the Use of l Nonstructural Flood Ioss Mitigation Measures," paper presented to the ' American Society of Civil Engineers, San Frarviem: October. Mileti, Dennis S.1984. "Why People Take Precautions Against Natural ; Hazards," paper presented to the Conference on Encouraging ' Self-Protection Behavior, Rutgers University: July. Mileti, Dennis S. 1984. "Sociology in Litigation: Applications of Disaster i Research," paper presented to the Sociology of Disasters Session of ! the Pacific Sociological Association, Seattle: April. Mileti, Dennis S.1983. "Social Impact arri Use of Earthquake Prediction-Warnings," paper presented to the USm7apan Seminar on Practical i Approaches to Earthquake Prediction and Warning, 'Ibkyo: Noverrber. I Frey, R. Scott, 'Ihcnas Dietz, Dennis S. Mileti, and Debra Cornelius.1983. i "Structural Determinants of Ccx:munity Adoption of the National Flood Insurance P1.wmu," paper presented to the Rural Sociological Society, ; Lexington: July. ; Mileti, Dennis S., Donald M. Hartsough, Patti Madson and Rick Hufnagel. j 1983. "'Ihe 'Ihree Mile Island Incident: A Study of Unobtrusive [ Indicators of Human Stress," paper presented to the Disasters and ! Hazards Research Session of the Midwest Sociological Society, Kansas City: April. ! Hufnagel, Rick, and Dennis S. Mileti. 1983. "Organizational and i Environmental Catastu. pie: Factors Affecting Organizational Response j to a Predicted Earthquake," paper presented to the Disasters and ! Hazards Research Session of the Western Social Science Amiation, j Albuquerque: April. i v b
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e Mileti, Dennis S.1982. "Earthquake Prediction Response: Cultural Ctruparisons Between Japan and the United States," paper presented to the Disaster P-n:h Session of the International Sociological A==m iation, Mexico city: August. Mileti, Dennis S.1982. "Influencing (brporate Decisions on the Use of Microzonation Information," paper presented to the 'Ihird International Conference on Microzonation, Seattle: June. Mileti, Dennis S. 1982. "Earthquake Prediction and Warnings: 'Ihe Human Equation," paper presented to the Cbnference on Hazards Pmn:h, Policy Devel % t, crd Inplementation Incentives: Focus on Urban Earthquakes, Policy Paaaarch Center at the University of Redlands, Redlands: June. Mileti, Dennis S.1982. "Public F,.u;@ tion of Seismic Hazards," paper presented to the ma4=mm1cgical Society of America, Anaheim: April. Willia m , Gary, Frank Santopolo and Dennis S. Mileti.1980. "IV.rception of l Grwth Inpacts in Energy Inw+ad Cortamities," paper presented to the t Rural Sociological Society, Ithaca: August. Mileti, Dennis S.1980. "Planning Initiatives for Seismic Hazard Mitigaticri," paper presented to the Conference on Social and Econcraic , Impacts of Earthquakes on Critical Lifelines of the American Society of Civil Engineers, San Franciam: May, i Tizrner, Doug, and Dennis S. Mileti.1980. "Interorganizational and l Structural Deteminants of Decision Making," paper presented to the . Session on Ctanplex organizations of the Midwest Sociological Society, ' Milwaukee. i Willia m , Gary, Dennis S. Mileti.1980. "Camunity Growth and Inpacts," ' paper presented to the Western Social Science Association, Albuqurque: l April. Mileti, Dennis S. 1980. "Human Response to Earthquake Prediction," paper presented to the Status of Knowledge Sessicn of the Conference on Earthquake Prediction Information, Ics Angeles: January. Williams, Gary, and Dennis S. Mileti.1979. "Perceptions of Growth Impacts in NorrLL.wslitan Colorado," paper presented to the Inpacts Session of the Conference on Regional Migration Trends, St. Louis: October. Mileti, Dennis S., and Gary Will4a m . 1979. "Resident Perceptions in Grwth Inpacted Western Igricultural Ccammities," paper presented to the Rural Sociological Society, Vermont: August. Gillespie, David F., Dennis S. Mileti and Stan Eitzen.1979. "Ihe Epihencrainality of organizational size," paper presented to the Session on Ccrplex Organizations of the Midwest Sociological Society, Milwaukee: April. Mileti, Dennis S., Janice R. Hutton and John Sorensen. 1979. "Social Factors and Response to Earthquake Prediction," paper presented to the International Symposium on Earthc%2ake Prediction, UNESCO, Paris: April. Hutton, Janice R., Dennis S. Mileti, and John Sorensen. 1979. "Factors Affecting Earthquake Warning System Effectiveness," paper presented to the International Synposium on Earthquake Prediction, UNESCO, Paris: April.
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13 Sorensen, John, Janice R. Hut:en and Dennis S. Mileti. 1979.
"Institutional Management of Risk Information Following Earthquake Predictions," paper presented to the International Sy::posium on Earthquake Prediction, UE:SCO, Paris: April.
Mileti, Dennis S., and Janica Hutton.1978. "Social Aspects of EartNh," paper pres *.nted to the State of the Art Session of the Second International Conference on Microzonation, San Francisco: November. Mileti, Dennis S., ani David F. Gillespie.1978. "Organizational Size, oca:plexity and Decision Making," paper presented to the Organizations Session of the American Sociological Atwiation, San Francisco: September. Gillespie, David F., and Dennis S. Mileti.1978. "Corporate Size as Work," paper presented to the organization of Work Session of the American Sociological Mwiation, San Francisco: September. Mileti, Dennis S., and David F. Gillespie. 1978. "Action Postulates in organization-Envis.uauent Relations," paper presented to the Organizations-Envimauent Session of the Midwest Sociological Society, Omaha: April. Gillespie, David F., ard Dennis S. Mileti.1978. "Size and Organizational Differentiation," paper presented to the Formal and Ocuplex Organizations Session of the Pacific Sociological Association, Spokane: April. Mileti, Dennis S., and Patricia Harvey.1977. "Correcting for the Human Factor in 'Ibrnado Warnings," paper presented to the Conference on Severe Teral Storms of the American Meteorological Society, Omaha: October. Mileti, Dennis S., ard David F. Gillespie.1977. "Organization and Envi m u.ent Adaptation-Manipulation," paper presented to the Organizational Relations Sessico of the American Sociological Association, Chicago: September. Hutton, Janice R., and Dennis S. Mileti.1977. "The Uses and Abuses of scenarios in Policy Research," paper presented to the Social Policy Session of the American Sociological Association, Chicago: Septerber. Gillespie, David F., ard Dennis S. Mileti.1977. "Organizational Growth ard Managerial Efficiency," paper presented to the Social Organizatiot1/ Formal /Cccplex Session of the Pacific Sociological Association, Sacramento: April. Mileti, Dennis S., ard David F. Gillespie.1977. "Organizational Manipulaticri ard Adaptation to Ctuplex Environments," paper presented , to the Ctmplex Organizations Session of the Midwest Sociological Society, Minneapolis: April. I Gillespie, David F., Dennis S. Mileti ard J. Eugene Haas.1976. "Size and Str rture in Ctrplex Organizations," paper presented to the organizational Change Session of the American Sociological Association, New York City: August. Mileti, Dennis S.1976. "Learning 'Iheory ard Disaster Warning Response," paper presented to the Issues in Environmental Analysis Session to the American Sociological Association, New York City: August. Eaas, J. Eugene, ard Dennis S. Mileti.1976. "Consequences of Earthgaake Prediction en Other Adjustments to Earthquakes," paper presented to the Australian Aca%y of Science, Canberra: May. Mileti, Dennis S., and J. Eugene Haas.1976. "A Methodology for Future Collective Events," paper presented to the Collective Behavior Session i of the Midwest Sociological Society, St. Iouis: April. l \ l r
l 14 l Gillespie, David F., and Dennis S. Mileti. 1976. "Operations Technology and Organizational Structure," paper presented to the Formal Organizations Session r,f the Midwest Sociological Society, St. Louis: April. Haas, J. Eugene, and Dennis S. Mileti.197f, "Assessing the Consequences I of Earthquake Prediction," paper presented to the Social Risk Session l of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Boston: February. Mileti, Dennis S., and David F. Gillespie.1975. "Technological , Uncertainty in Organization-Environment Relations," paper presented to ; the Formal Organizations Session of the American Sociological l A - iation, San Francisco: August. l Mileti, Dennis S., and Mvid F. Gillespie. 1975, "A Resolution of l Inconsistencies Between Size, ocuplexity and the Administrative l Ccx:ponent in Organizations," paper presented to the Formal Organizaticris Session of the Midwest Sociological Society, Chicago: April. Mileti, Dennis S., ard David F. Gillespie.1975. "Tbchnology and the Study of Organizations," paper presented to the Formal Organizations Session of the Pacific Sociological Association, Victoria: April. Mileti, Dernis S., and David F. Gillespie.1975. "An Interaction Model for Organizaticn-Envisume.nt Relations," paper presented to the Interorganizational Relations Session of the Midwest Sociological Society, Omaha: April. Mileti, Dennis S., and David F. Gillespie.1974. "A Formalization of Organization-Envisument Deperdencies," paper. presented to the Formal Organizations Session of the Pacific Sociological Association, San Jose: March. Farhar, hrhara, and Dennis S. Mileti.1974. "Value and Role Issues for the Involved Social Scientist," paper presented to the Applied Session of the Pacific Sociological Association, San Jose: March. Mileti, Dennis S.1973. "Drowning: A Cormunications Disease," paper presented to the Mass Ccr=unications and Public Opinion Session of the American Sociological Association, New York City: August. Mileti, Dennis S., and Sigmurd Krane.1973 "Response to Irpending System Stress," paper presented to the hhat Do We Know Session on Human Behavior in Disaster of the American Sociological A-iation, New York City: August. Mileti, Dennic S.1973. "A Paradigm and Sociology of KncMledge for j Theories of Natural Law," paper presented to the Theory Session of the Midwest Sociological Society, Milwaukee: April. Mileti, Dennis S.1972. "Response to Ibzards Warnings," paper presented to the Organizational ard Community Response to Disaster Seminar at the f; Disaster Research Center of the Ohio State University, Cblurbus: July. l SPEEGES AND CUEST IECIURES "Current Knowledge on Ctrmunicating Hazards and Risk Information," i Workshop on Centinuing Actions to Rcduce Potential I-c: frun Earthquakes Along the Wasatch Frcnt, Utah, Salt Lake City: r e cher, 1987.
"Human Response to Emergencies," Emergency Preparedness Executive Seminar by General public Utilities, Forked River, New Jersey: September, 1987. l
15 "Human and Social Aspects of Hazards Mitigation," Colorado Society for Natural HLzards Researd), Denver: Septauber, 1987.
"Have We Gotten Any Better at Informing and Frhrmting the Public About '
Risks?" Hazards Research and Application Wm.bhop, amide: July, 1987. l "Overview of current Enowledge About Caminicating Hazards and Risk , Information," Workshop cm the U.S. Geological Survey's Role in Hazard , Warnings, Golden, Colorado: February, 1987.
"Industrial Crisis Response," Fluid Mechanics and Wind Engineering Fref.mu, College of Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins:
November, 1986. l "anergency Preparedness and Mitigatico Measures: 'Ihe November 1985 : Colcunbia Nevada del Ruiz Volcano Eruption," Comittee on Natural ! Disasters, hi== ion on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Ocuncil, National Arwiamy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.: Mr+=r, 1986. .
" M ial and Eocmcznic Impacts of Earthquake Predictions," Ics Angeles City Earthquake Predicticm Workshop, Asilcanar, California: M ehz, 1986.
"Armero, Colcunbia: What are the Tmeris for Hazards ManaKf au=W. in the i
United States," Plenary Session, Hazards Pa*= wch and Applications l Workshop, Boulder, Colorado: July, 1986. ;
"Public Response Elements for Flood Warning Emergency Preparedness," [
Plenary Session, Conference cm What Have We learned Since the Big 'Ihcznpson i Flood, Boulder, Colorado: July, 1986. l "Smial Aspects of Risk Ccanmunication," Conference on Ocx:manications in ! Emergencies, Wycning Disaster ard civil Defense Division, Cheyenne: April, ; 1986. : i "Earthquake Prediction: A General Overvied," Emergency Preparedness l hiaion for the Cities and County of Ims Angeles, Carson, California: f April, 1986. '
"What Do We Know About Human Behavior and Earthquakes," Annual Meeting of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, San Francisco: February, i 1986.
i ! "Social Aspects of the Parkfield, California Earthquake Prediction," l Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, Session on Parkfield Earthquake Studies, San Francisco: Dae='+=2, 1985.
"S mial Inpacts and lessons from the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction,"
Earthquake Prediction Warning and Response System Workshop, Governor's . Office of Emergency Servloes, Asilcanar, California: July, 1985.
"How Well Do Traditional Warning System Strategies Deal With 'Ibday's Natural and Technological Hazards?" Plenary Session, Invitational Workshop on Hazards Research and Application, Boulder, Colorado: July, 19C5.
I
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16 "Human Respcose to Emergencies," Emergency Preparuiness Executive Seninar,
, General Public Utilities Nuclear Corporation, MIM1etown, Pennsylvania:
May, 1985..
"Social Aspects of Risk," Risk Analysis Seminar, Department of Industrial Engineering, Stanford University: February, 1985.
"Cemnunicating Engineering Information to Public Officials," Social Applications Session, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Seattle:
February, 1985.
"Social and Political Obstacles to the Use of Nonstructural Flood Ioss Mitigation Mamms," American Society for civil Engineers, San Franciscc:
October, 1984.
"Warnings: Applying Research in the Private Sector," Plenary Session on Hazards Pmrtdi and Management: As s eants of a Maturing Field, Natural Hazards Researth Applications Workshop, Boulder: July, 1984.
"Human Response to Emergencies," Er argency Preparedness Executive Seminar for County himioners of the Ccr.uonwealth of Pennsylvania, GFU Nuclear Corporation, Harrisburg: March, 1984.
"The Uses of Earthquake Prediction-warnings," Collogium on Earthquake Prediction Research in the US, Earthquake Research Institute, University ,
of Tokyo: Ykwember, 1983.
"Hean Response in Disasters," Anerican Red Cross, Mile High Chapter, Boulder Region, Boulder: July, 1983.
"Integrated Emergency Panagement: Challerges and Opportunities," Plenary Session of the Natural Hazards Research Applications Workshop, Boulder:
July, 1983.
"Public Response to Flood Disasters," Conference on the Need for Teamwork l in Managing Flood Hazards, Association of State Floodplain Manager, l Sacramento: April, 1983. 1 "Natural Hazards, Disasters and Public Policy," Environmental Managenent Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles: April, 1982.
"Myths of Disaster Response," Earthquake Planning Conference for Basiness and Industry, Ics Argeles: Pay, 1982.
"Ctrrunicating Isssons Learned Frtra Social Science Research on Earthquakes," Workshcp of Identifying and Disseminatirg Iassons Imarned frcn Recent Earthquakes," EarthquaPa Ergineering Research Institute, Im Altos: _ W , 1982.
"Sccial Causes of Earthquake Prediction-warning Response: Inplications for i the Design of California's Warnirg System and Information Dissemination,"
Southern California Earchquake Preparedness Project, Van Nuys: October, 1981. 1 l
17 "A=aa==mant of Pa=aaith m Natural Hawtis: What Have We Learned and What Problems Demand Further Attention," Natural Hazards Researt:h Applications Workshop, Bcni1 & r: July, 1981.
"Disaster Reconstructicn: Patterns to Guide Planning," Governor's Task Force for Earthquake Emmergency Preparedness, Ctzmittee on long Range Recust.nx: tion, Sau=uento, July,1981.
"Socio-cultural Dimensions of Earthquake Risk," Governor's Emergency Task Force cn Earthquakes, General Assembly, Sacramento: May, 1981.
"Interorganizational Relations and Service Delivery Systems," Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado, Denver: October, 1980.
"Wial Respcmse to Earthquake Prediction: Iccal Policy Issues," Scuthern rwlifornia Emergency Services Association, Montebello: February, 1980.
"Human Response to Weather-borne Hazards Warnings," Depa1.Luant of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University: October, 1979.
"Natural Haurtis, Disasters and Social Research," Department of Sociology, University of Denver: C+ M c , 1980, 1979.
"Maa=it-ing Irplementaticn of Public Policy for Floodplain land Use Ctntrols," Natural Hamrds Research Applications Workshcp, Boulder:
August, 1978.
"Socioecussic Effects of Earthquake Prediction and State Policy,"
Conference en State Policy for Earthquake Prediction 'Rx:hnology, Boulder: November, 1:,77.
"Population, Resources and Policy for Social Change," College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University: Septena.r,1977; February,1978; l February, 1980.
"Ihe Behavior of Government ard Corporate Organizations in an Earthquake Prediction," American Society for Public Administration, Colorado Chapter, Denver: April, 1976.
"Ihe Social ard Econcmic Aspects of Scientifically Credible Earthquake Predictions," California State Seminar on Emergency Preparedness and Earthquake Prediction, Palm Sprirgs: June, 1976.
1 "Preparing to Make Use of Earthquake Predictions," Emergency Preparedness l chwninaion for the County and Cities of Ios Angeles, Montebello: February, l 1976.
"Ihe Social Organization of Hazard Warning Systems," Engineering Fourdation Conference cn Decision Making for Natu_M Hazards, Pacific GIUve: March, 1976.
"Briefing cm the Likely Social ard Econcrnic Irpacts of Earthquake Prediction," Governor's Conference Rocrn, Sacramento: May, 1975; Mayor's Conference Rocan, Ics Angeles: October, 1975.
i l l l 18 i "h'ial, Econcznic and Imgal Aspects of Earthquake Prediction," General : Assembly of the Internaticmal Union of Ga~hy and Geophysics, Granoble: I SepPanhor, 1975.
"Earthquake Prediction and Its Inplications for Emergency Preparedness,"
Center for (w minity Studies, Tokyo: Septa ber, 1975. l 1 4
" h 4=1 Inpacts of Earthquake Prediction: Inplications for Policy," ;
California Water and Power Earthquake Engineering Fonan, San Francisco: i April, 1975. , CTIHER PROF 1!SSI0t&L SElWICE i Oraaniva" and Presidav- l j Sessions cm the Sociology of Disaster, Anrmal Meeting of the American < Sociological A== m iation, New York City: August, 1986; Session on Nuclear Power, 'Ihird International Cs.g.ss on Emergencies, Washington, D.C.: May, i 1985; Session on Applied Sociology, Pacific Sociological Association, Seattle: April,1984; Session on 'Iheoretical A=aaaamants, Western Social Science Association, San Diego: April,1984; Sessica on Methodological Appreadles in the Study of Health Care Delivery Systens, Western Social Science A==miation, San Diego: April,1984; Session cm Erthquake Hazard Reducticn: Is the Naticmal Earthquake Hazard Reductico PR.Stam Meeting its , Cuys.esicmal Mandate, Seventh Annual Workshop on Natural Hazards Research l Applications, Boulder: July, 1982; Session on Disasters and Cataclysms: can Sociology Help, Pacific Sociological A==miation, San Diecp: April, 1982; Session cm Collective Behavior, American Sociological Association, s New York: August,1980; Session on Ocmplex Organizations, Pacific Sociological A==miatico, San Francisco: April,1980; Session cm Couplex j organizations, Western Social Science Association, Tenpe,1976. J Di - cant-Session cm 'Iheoretical A-amants, Western Social Science Association, San Diego: April,1984; Session on Societal Response to Hazards, American Sociological Association, San Antonio: August,1984; Session cm Public Resgisie to Earth Science Informaticm, Natural Hazards Paaaamh Applications Workshop, MGdar: July,1980; Session cm Warning Systems, National Conference on Natural Hazards, Boulder: June,1976; Session cm Warning Systems, National Conference on Natural Hazards, Boulder: July, i 1975; Session on Disaster Relief and Warning Systems, Naticmal Conference
- on Natural Hazards, Estes Park
- June, 1973.
Particinant Workshop on Research Applications of the National Earthquake Hazards i Reduction PE9 tam in the Western United States, U.S. Geological Survey,
- Denver
- Septaber,1987; Review Panel on Disaster Paaaart:h and Planning, National Center for Earthquake Ergineering Paaanrch, State University of New York at Buffalo: August,1987; Use of the Crisis Response Conclusion
- Retrieval Systen, University of Pittsburgh Center for Social and Urban i Research, Pittsburgh
- nananber,1985; Panel on Disaster Paaaardt, Its
} i l
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19 RIndire and Future, American Sociological Association, San Antonio: August,1984; Paview Panel, Cw.i speimiing Member, Task Group on Social and Econcanic Aspects of Earthquakes, National Academy of Sciences, National Facerdi Council, himlen on Sociatechnical Systers, Washington, D.C. : 1982; Workshop en Dinaminating rmanns Icarned fran Recent Earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering Paaaardi Institute, los Altos: nae = her, 1982; Tennessee Valley Authority Flocd Plain Evaluation Panel, Boulder: November, 1982; Earthquake Prediction Warning Task Force Workshop, Southern California Earthquake Preparedness Project, Asilcarar: C+M er, 1981; Synposium on Earthquake Prediction, Preparedness and Human Response, San Fernando: June, 1976; Seminar on Disaster Research, Colorado State University, Fort Collins: February,1975; Symposium on Otznplex Organizations: Researdi and Applications, Western Social Science A - iation, El Paso: April, 1974. Editorshios Member of the Editorial Advisory Board for Industrial Crisis Ouarterly, 1986-date; Associate Editor for social science, Earthauake Soectra, l Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,19844te, Cw.icspcraling Editor, Oruanizations and occupations, Newsletter of the : American Sociological Association, Western Region 1984-85; Cw.s=:spcraling Editor cm Hazards ani Disaster, Enviiuantal Socioloav, Newsletter of the l Section cn Environmental Sociolcgy of the American Sociological A"neiation, 1981-1985; Guest editor, v ial issue on Envisu u rtal , Stress, 'Ihreat and Social System Response, Mass Emernencies 1(4):247-346, l 1976. r Testirony Nuclear Regulatory rhei"ion in the matter of emergency planning at the , Seabrook nuclear plant, concord: November,1987 through March,1988; I Nuclear Regulatory rheimion in the matter of emergency planning at the Shoreham nuclear reactor, Suffolk: May through July,1987; naember,1983 through June 1984; Nuclear Regulatory tw =4 " ion in the matter of emergency planning at the Shearen-Harris nuclear power plant, Raleigh: June and Novecber,1985; Nuclear Regulatory Camission in the matter of emergency plan:11ng at the Shoreham nuclear reactor, Suffolk: Whe, 1983 through June,1984; Nuclear Regulatory rwmJmian in the matter of emergency planning at the Wolf Creek generating station, Burlington, Yansas: January,1984; Nuclear Regulatory Camission in the matter of pre-emergency public education and information for emergency plannirg at the Waterford 'Ihree nuclear reactor, New Orleans: February, 1983; Suffolk Oxznty Iagislature, State of New York, in the matter of emergency planning at the Shoreham nuclear reactor, Suffold: January, 1983; Nuclear Regulatory Ccruission in the matter of emergency planning at the Diablo Canyon nuclear reactor, San Inis Obisbo: January, 1982; Senate Sebocumittee on Science, Technology and Space in the matter of the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act, Washirgton, D.C.: April, 1980; Huclear Regulatory cweimion in the matter of the inpact of floatirg nuclear plantn on tourist behavior, Bethesda: May,1977 and July,1978. 1
Imislative and Fiwtam Reviews Earthquaka Hazards Reduction F1.hgam, U.S. Congerssional Panel, Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1983-82; Earthquake Hazards Reduction Frspam of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1982; Final Regulations for Floodplain l Management and Protection of Wetlands, Federal Emergency Marwf.ie.r/c ! Agency, Federal Register 176(45):59520-59538, 1980; Applied Researth Fregam Evaluation, National Science Foundation, 1979-78. O l l l 1
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- -ry i sv 25 7.i.10 ?4 ~48 March 9, 1988 i'.Yj: 3 ,s ,
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REACTOR REGULATION In the Matter of )
)
THE CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ) ILLUMINATING COMPANY, ) Docket Nos. 50-440 31 al., ) 50-441
) (10 C.F.n. S 2.206)
(Perry Nuclear Power ) Plant, Units 1 and 2) ) CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that copies of "Licensees' Response to S 2.206 Petition of Concerned Citizens of Lake County, Concerned Citizens of Ashtabula County and Concerned Citizens of Geauga County" were served this 9th day of March, 1988, by deposit in the U.S. mail, first class, postage prepaid, to the following persons, except that those who names are marked by an asterisk have been served by deposit with Federal Express: Mr. Robert A. Meck Emergency Preparedness Branch Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 Mr. William G. Snell U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region III 799 Roosevelt Road Glen Ellyn, Illinois 60137
7 3 Hs, Margaret Lawless Federal Emergency Management Agency 4 500 C Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20472 Mr. Dan Bement Federal Emergency Managemant Agency Region V 175 West Jackson, 4th Floor Chicago, Illinois 60604 - Docketing and Service Section Office of the Secretary U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ' Washington, D.C. 20555
*Ms. Connie Kline 38531 Dodds Landing Drive Willoughby Hills, Ohio 44094
*Ms. Theresa Burling 11701 Colburn Road Chardon, Ohio 44024
*Hr. Russ Bimber 10471 Prouty Road Painesville, Ohio 44077
*Mr. Ron O'Connell 315 Garfield Street Geneva, Oh.o 44041 hinc. . k M-Delissa h.' Ridg Wy 0 l l
l i 1 1 i l I _ _ _ . _ _ -}}