ML20141E853

Ack Receipt of Util Re Review of Allegations Concering Development of Ipe.Allegation & Supporting Info Currently Being Reviewed

ML20141E853
Person / Time
Site:	Maine Yankee
Issue date:	06/30/1997
From:	Zwolinski J NRC (Affiliation Not Assigned)
To:	Sellman M Maine Yankee
References
TAC-M98983, NUDOCS 9707010177
Download: ML20141E853 (28)

Text

_

June 30, 1997 1

l-i Mr.. Michael B. Sellman, President i

Maine Yankee Atomic Power Company 329 Bath Road Brunswick, ME 04011

SUBJECT:

MAINE' YANKEE ATOMIC POWER STATION INDIVIDUAL PLANT EXAMINATION (IPE) j (TAC NO, M98983) i j

Dear Mr. Sellman:

l The_ NRC staff has received Maine Yankee's letter _ of June 20. 1997, regarding its review of allegations related to the development of the Maine Yankee IPE.

It is our understanding that you received a copy of the allegation letter through media sources.

Enclosed is ~a copy of the letter, with its enclosures.

as it was provided to the NRC. The enclosure does not include the five i

binders of supporting information discussed in the allegation letter.

The j

supporting information was provided separately and we are reviewing it.

4 i

In the June 20 letter Maine Yankee stated that it has reviewed the allegation i

with the assistance of an independent investigator and "found no evidence to support the allegation." Please notify us 3romptly if the enclosed information changes your understanding of tie allegation or your conclusion.

We are reviewing the allegation and the supporting information. A site visit will likely be necessary to complete our review.

The staff will contact Maine j -

Yankee to make appropriate arrangements for the site visit.

l If you have any questions regarding this matter, please call Mr. Dan Dorman at-(301) 415-1429.

l Sincerely.

Original signed by i

John A. Zwolinski Deputy Director Division of Reactor Projects - I/II Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation l

f Docket No. 50-309 DISTRIBUTION:

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Mr. Michael B. Sellman :

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Mr. Charles B. Brinkman Mr. Robert W. Blackmore Manager - Washington Nuclear Plant Manager Operations Maine Yankee Atomic Power Station ABB Combustion Engineering P.O. Box 408 1

12300 Twinbrook Parkway. Suite 330 Wiscasset. ME 04578 i

Rockville. MD 20852 4

Mr. Michael J. Meisner 1

Thomas G. Dignan. Jr.. Esquire Vice-President Ropes & Gray Licensing and Regulatory Compliance One International Place Maine Yankee Atomic Power Company Boston, MA 02110-2624 329 Bath Road Brunswick ME 04011 i

Mr. Uldis Vanags State Nuclear Safety Advisor Mr. Bruce E. Hinkley. Acting State Planning Office Vice-President. Engineering State House Station #38 Maine Yankee Atomic Power Company Augusta. ME 04333 329 Bath Road Brunswick. ME 04011 i

Mr. P. L. Anderson. Project Manager Yankee Atomic Electric Company Mr. Patrick J. Dostie 580 Main Street State of Maine Nuclear Safety Bolton MA 01740-1398 Inspector Maine Yankee Atomic Power Station Regional Administrator Region I P.O. Box 408 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Wiscasset. ME 04578 475 Allendale Road King of Prussia. PA 19406 Mr. Graham M. Leitch Vice President. Operations First Selectman of Wiscasset Maine Yankee Atomic Power Station i

Municipal Building P.O. Box 408 j

U.S. Route 1 Wiscasset. ME 04578 i

Wiscasset. ME 04578 Mary Ann Lynch Esquire Mr. J. T. Yerokun Maine Yankee Atomic Power Company Senior Resident Inspector 329 Bath Road Maine Yankee Atomic Power Station Brunswick, ME 04578 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission i

P.O. Box E Mr. Jonathan M. Block l.

Wiscasset. ME 04578 Attorney at Law P.O. Box 566 Mr. James R. Hebert. Manager Putney. VT 05346-0566 Nuclear Engineering and Licensing Maine Yankee Atomic Power Company i

329 Bath Road

/

Brunswick ME 04011 Friends of the Coast.

P.O. Box 98 Edgecomb ME 04556

d**

,I J e12,1997 bdQ Mr. Hubert J. Miller Regional Admin.istrator, Region I kQ

' United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission kA h h g/k l

475 Allendale Road King of Pruss,ia, PA 19406-1/,15 i

SUBRCTt FORWARDING INFORMATION RECEIVED BY UCS INVOLVING ALLEGED 1

. WRONGDOING AT MAINE YANKEE i

Dear Mr. Miller:

i

~

The Union of Concerned Scientists recently received a two page unsigned letter dated May 29,1997, (attached) along with five three ring binders of supporting information. The author of the unsigned i

letter alleges that the risk assessment prepared by the Yankee Atomic Electric Company for Maine

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Yankee may underestimate the plant's risk for several reasons, including:

1 i

1) some of the initiating event frequencies were altered prior to the issuance of the final draft of j,

the Maine Yankee PRA, l

2) some of the initiating event frequencies were substantially reduced by taking credit for recovery and alarm modifications which had not yet been implemented at the plant, i

j

3) support analysis such as thermal analysis of the heat-up rates of the switchgear room in the j

event of HVAC failure.eere not included in the PRA and never referred to by management j

though one study was completed at Yankee Atomic, and 1

i

4) the model of the dual vital bus failum was modified with the result that the re-quantification produced far more optimistic numbers than previous analysis concerning failure rates.

UCS performed a cursory assessment of the allegations at a minimum. While we are unable to determine if the allegations are valid, we consider them to be sincere. They raise very serious safety questions requiring the NRC's attention. Our review produced the following questions and conclusions:

l

1) According to pages 2-13 and 214 of the Maine Yankee PRA submitted August 28,1992, i

unmitigated degradation of switchgear room ventilation was assumed to cause the failure of

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various electrical equipment ou both trains of safeguards systems. Loss of switchgea. room ventilation was assumed to cause a station blackout which could lead to core damage. Loss of j

switchgear ventilation represented approximately 8% of the calculated total core damage i

frequency at Maine Yankee. The allegations, if validated, would tend to increase the cost j

damage risk imm loss of switchgear ventilation.

1 l

1

I 1

i June 12,1997 Page 2 of 4 l

2) On page 2-30 of Maine Yankee's PRA,it is stated that "The room heatup rate and the ultimate temperature reached if HVAC is lost are uncertain. Current data is based on a test performed i

i in the winter months." Page 6-72 of Maine Yankee's PRA reported that the heatup test was i

performed in January 1984 when the outside ambient temperature was 25'F. The test i

4 demonstrated that the protected switchgear room heated up 15'F in two hours under those 1

conditions. This subject relates to allegation (3) above. In the material supplied to UCS, there l

is an undated engineering evaluation entitled " Thermal Analysis of Ventilation System Failure in Protected Switchgear Room" (enclosed) which examined various degraded ventilation scenan3s. For the postulated closed-loop cooling case with both fans running, the "... time required to reach the lower bound temperature for switchgear failure is approximately 2.5 4,

minutes. Unlike the open loop cooling, the upper bound temperature for much of the switchgear (55'C or 131'F) is also quickly reached, in just over 8 minutes."

J j

It appears possible that the switchgear wm's bestup rate is alanningly high rather than

" uncertain" as claimed.

3) The Thermal Analysis "strongly recommended that a more accurate value for the switehgear i

heat load be developed before any confidence is placed in the results of this or any other I

thermal analysis of the protected switchgear room."

i l

De bestup test perfonned during the winter during conditions which clearly are not bounding.

De Dermal Analysis reported very high heatup rates which seem to have been summarily discounted. What is the cartent design bases for switchgear room bestup?

1 l

4) In the material supplied to UCS, there is a handwritten note dated January 24,1990, t

(enclosod) which states that inverters 5 and 6 "...are in prot. SWGR Rm, but S&W (Stone &

Webster] did not include them in the original heat load cale. This would add ~20% heat into

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the area."

4 It appears that Yankee Atemic personnel discovered in 1990 that tbc original ' design calculation for heat loads in the switchgear room had nonconservatively neglected two l

' ~

significant heat loads. It is not apparent that Maine Yankee evaluated this design bases deficiency in acco; dance with 10 CFR Part 50.72 or reported it to the NRC in accordance with 10 CFR Part 50.73.

5) Table 2.3.8 of Maine Yankee's PRA reported an initiating event frequency of 2.5E-5 for loss i

of switchgear room ventilation, orders of magnitude lower than the 1.74E-3 value specified in the May 29,1997, letter to UCS. This subject relates to allegation (1) above.

De reason for the substantial reduction in the initiating event frequency needs to be fully 3

l justified.

THIS DOCUMENT IDENTIFlES mN ALLEGER l

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4 J

__ -. _.. _. '^ 610'337 5208' KehiG~~

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June 12,1997 Page 3 of 4

6) Table 7.3.2 of Maine Yankee's PRA indicated that the switchgear ventilation event tree factored in a ".'.Switchgear Room high, temperature alarm...". According to the NRC's Staff j

Evaluation Report dated March 18,1996, for Maine Yankee's PRA, an " Installed high temperature alarm in switchgear room..." was completed and taken credit for in the risk analysis. This subject relates to allegation (2) above.

Has a high temperstant alarm, with amote indication la the control room, been lastalled for the protected switchgear com?

In December 1995, UCS forwarded allegations concerning alleged falsification of the small-break LOCA analyses prepared by Yankee Atomic Electric Company for Maine Yankee. It appears Yankee Atomic may be implicated in another suspicious analysis. The NRC must expedite its efforts to resolve these allegations since Yankee Atomic performs engineering analyses for several operating nuclear power plants in addition to Maine Yankee.

The NRC's inquiries into the 1995 allegations and the licensee's subsequent efforts identified several invalid analyses and nonconforming plant conditions. Given the high safety significance of switchgear room ventilation and the history of deficient analytical work, it is imperative that the NRC give these latest allegations prompt attention. As the author of the unsigned letter stated "...it may be possible to conclude that Maine Yankee at full power is one of the more dangerous plants on the North American continent." Clearly, these allegations warrant investigation by the NRC even if Maine Yankee does not resume operat' n.

Please contact me at (202) 332-0900 if you or your staff would like to mske arrangements to review and/or acquire the material in the five three ring binders that accompanied the attached unsigned letter.

Sincerely, attachment:

Unsigned letter dated May 29,1997, to

, Deputy Director for Programs, Union of Concerned Scientists enclosures:

as stated

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June 12,1997 Page 4 of 4 cc: (w/att., w/o enclosures)

Chairman Shirley Ann Jackson United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555-0001 Edward Baker Ageng Allegation Advisor United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555-0001 Mr. Hubert Bell Office of the Inspector General United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission I

Washington, DC 20555 0001 Mr. Uldis Vanags State Nuclear Safety Advisor State Planning Office State House Station #38 Augusta, ME 04333 TniS DOCUMth i iLc_;....;.i.o l

AN ALLEGER i

i

.o m w - - - - - -

g g g 3.g g -

j THIS DOCUMENT lDENTlF'in -

l May 2S in.,.

AN ALLEGER 4

s Dear Mr Recent press coverage has raised public concern over the safety and reliability of the Maine Yankas i

Nuclear Power Plant. There have been allesations which your organ 12ndon has put forward concerning the accuracy of engineering analysis of safety systems at Maine Yankee, particularly the l

adequacy of the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) given the upgrade in Maine Yankee's power output.

1 J

There are, houver, other issues which had not yet come to light in the public press which may cast

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further doubt on the safety ofMaine Yankee. Concems over the ECCS system are based on design basis analysis. Design basis analysis is only the first step in assessing a nuclear power plant's ability

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to meet the NRC's criteria for safety. Advanced reliability theory is currently used to analyze the dynamic risk pro 61e of a plant which may include the impact ofone system on another which cannot i

captured in design tesis analysis. ' Itis may not be news to the Union, but these remarks are made to guida a layman's under*+aading of the enclosed material.

i j

In general the following analytical techniques are used in advanced risk assessmem:

1 Initiating Events Analysis: the.first step in Probabilisitic Risk Assessment (PRA) is to e

estimate the events which may lead to the loss of control of the plant, for==a,ala, a plant i

trip / Events which may challenge plant systems are estimated on an annual basis. The i

enclosed material indicates that some of the W*lada event frequencies were altered prior j

to the issuance of the anal draft of the Maine Yankee PRA (Independent Plant Examination 1

in NRC parlance). SuWal sections of the description of patand=3 risks fkom certain initiating events, such as failure of the HVAC system in the protected swhchgest room were substantially reduced. Compare the laitiating event top contnhttor in the original analysis j

(1.74 e -3 in volume 2 the HVAC notebook to the final analysis number of 1.56 a.$. vol.1, page 41 ). The later number takes credit for recovery and alarm mA= dons which had not yet been implemented at the plant.

i 2

, Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FEMA): FEMA's were used as a support tool in e

Initiating events analysis and in recovery analysis. Portions of the FEMA analysis of the j

HVAC swik,L i thilure were deleted from the Maine Yankee PRA. Other support analysis such as thermal analysis of the heat up rates of the switchgear room in the event of HVAC

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failure were not included in the PRA and never referred to by management even thrcugh one l

,4

)

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study was completed at Yankee Atomic (see volume 2, HVAC notebook.).

e Fault Tree Analysis: Substantial effort was devoted over a number of years to develop detailed fault tmes of major plant systems including the electrical systems. The A~~~ ton enclosed shows the evolution of some t_*pects of the fault tree development before the issuance of the Maine Yankee PRA. Shordy before the h-ee of the Maine Yankee PRA signi$ cant *=res were made to the fault tree analysis of the electrical systems l

which depanad imm previous analysis by outside consultants (Pickard, Lowe, and Garrick) i i

and well as previous internal Yankee Atornic analysis (see volume 1, pp,173194 for revisions to the DC model, compare the "Old" Electrical Quantificmion Nmahmt volume 4 and 5 to the "New " Electrical Notebook, volarne 3). In particular, the model of the dual vitalbus failure was modified with the usult that the re qu=NM produced far more

' optimlatic numbem than previous analysis concerning failure rates. This analysis was based 1

in part on comparison with the operating experience of European plants (a Spanish report) 4 i

and as well on ibe iamh4n of new inverters at Maine Yankee (a modification, see volume i

5). As it Nr= the failure of the switchgear HVAC dimetly hapacts the vital bu' inveners.

s Modification of the initiating events scenario and r~l+ of the failure rates for the vital i

bunas substantially altered the risk profile of the plant. It abould be noted in the case of the j

i failure of an impusut system as the vital buses (which ' support the plant emergency systems), such sequences lead directly to the conditional core damage frequency if not recovered. In layman's terms these are scenarios which result in core melt. (Recovery is, off i

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course, depaadant on credible actions by the plant oi.gers)

As a consequence of the above engineering analysis a number of rana==endntlan*

l concerning risk reduction were made including installation of alarms in the sw!

switchgear room. The question mmains whether Maine Yankee management has acted on 4

i these rawnmendatiana. Was the heat-up study remmenavl in 1991 ever carded out?(SA 91-30. Volume 1, pp.195-198) Many other pertinent questions could be posed based on tbc enclosed documentation. Was the RCM initiative recommmind in 1991 ever implam**~l?

(SA 91 168, volume 1, pp.199-201) Were the quality improvement eueraions initiated in l

Da**=her,1991 ever acted upon? (SA 91-182, volume 1, pp. 211-218, with particular l

refierence to page 213 (HVAC switchgear imprevments),

If the analysis of the ECCS system were compromised as alleged in the press AND the initiating events, FEMA, fault tree analyses modified to paint a rosier pictme of plant vulnerability (as appears from the above analysis), it is may be possible to conclude that Maine Yankee at full powet is one of the more dangerous plants on the North American continent. The responsibility fbr this situation isjointly shared by Yankee Aramic Electric Ovy which acted as consuhaus and Maine Yankee managemem. Neither your o.74n nor the media have made it clear that Main Yankee Atomic Power plant does not possess significant capacity for 6"=g='=t engineering analysis. All major questions concerning design, Locs of Coolant (LOCA), transient, and risk analysis have been traditionally referred to Yankee Atomic.

The enclosed material mquires your serious and immediate attention.

f HIS DOCUMENT IDENTIFIES AN ALLEGER

r 4

4 1

i l

1 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF ENTILATION SYSTEM FAILURE i

IN PROTICTED SWITCHGEAR ROOM i

v THIS DOCUtvlErii DENTIFIES i

AN ALLEGER 4

l l

i 9

4 l

4 1

4 4

1 e

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e i

i i.

i W

4

i.

i TH: S DOCUME "

ENTIFiES b kl.E" bM Introduction The purpose of this report is to predict the thermal conditions l

which will exist in the protected switchgear room in the event of f

a failure of the ventilation system which provides it with cooling l

air.

The different ways in which the ventilation system can fail l

are presented first, along with the. ventilation conditions which j

those failures are expected to produce.

Then an analysis is made of the effect of each ventilation condition on the thermal I

conditions-in the. protected switchgear room.

This is presented as

a. plot of room air temperature vs. time, or temperature history, j

for.each condition.

Finally, a brief discussion of the accuracy and limitations of the model is given.

f Failure Modes and Ventilation Confitions The ventilation system serving the protected switchgear room is shown in Figure 1 (Reference 1).

A description of the system is given in' Reference 1.

The relevant f acts with respect to the thermal analysis are:

supply fan - centrifugai' blower; 15,000 cfm capacity Return fan - Vane axial fan; 15,000 cfm capacity Both fans currently locked in half-speed mode Supply, exhaust, and recirculation dampers as shown, Figure 1 l

l l

^

This analysis will assume that any of these five pieces of inachanical equipment may fail independently of the other four.

l 3 or 32 different configurations This presents a possible total of 2 for the ventilating system.

One.of the configurations, in which all five mechanisms are functioning properly, is the normal f

operating mode. The other 31 configurations will be failure modes, in which one or more pieces of equipment are malfunctioning.

However, many of these configurations will result in identical l

ventilation conditions in the protected switchgear room. There are 1

7.__

i

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cavan differont ventilationa canditions which' result from tho failure modes.

Including the normal operating mode, there are a

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total of eight ventilation conditions for the protected switchgear room.

They are. described in Table 1.

The corresponde.nce between the failure modes and the ventilation conditions is given in Figure 2 as a tree diagram.

For any failure ccanario of interest, b'egin on the left side of the diagram. Answer i

ecch question in turn and follow the corresponding branch.

! The fifth branch followed, after the fifth and final question, leads to

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the appropriate venti',ating condition, as given in Table 1.

Within l

Table 1, the question "Is a damper open?" is equivalent to asking l

if the damper is working.

All three dampers are assumed to fail in I

j the closed position.

i f

Ventilation Rates 4

f In order to calculate the cooling effect of ventilation in the j

cwitchgear room, it is necessary to estimate the air flow under j

each of the ventilation conditions in Table 1.

Since the j

parformance curves for fans FN31 and FN32 are not available, l

typical performance curves for those types of fans will be used.

I instead.

Such curves are given in Reference 2, and are reproduced j

as the full-speed curves for the centrifugal fan and the vane axial i

i fan in Figure 3.

To obtain the performance curves at half-$ speed, I

flow similarity between half-speed and full-speed was assumed and 1

the following fan laws were applied (Reference 2):

I 3

f D i3 N

Os 1

xL Eq.1

-=

Oz D

N

\\

\\ a 2

s Ap1 = '0

f 0 '8 j

3 1

Eq.2 x

ops D

Cas r 1s r

where Q is the volume flow rate, D is the size of the fan, H is the speed of the fan, and Ap is the rise in pressure across the fan.

The resulting performance curves are shown as the half-speed curves 2

THIS BOCUMENT IDENTIFIES AN ALLEGER

m in Figura 3.

A fen System performenca.curvo for half-epsed 2

operation was then obtained by adding together the two individual j

half-speed fan performance curves.

The duct system pressure loss was estimated by selecting operating points (A and B) on the full-speed fan performance curves near the l

peak operating efficiencies of the two different fans.

These points then correspond to 15,000 cfm flow at some unknown supply -

I and return system pressure losses.

The actual system pressure loss '

is not important to the thermal analysis; therefore, it can be

^

ccaled arbitrarily.

The supply and return system pressure loss curves are then derived from the operating points assuming l

turbulent air flow, such that the pressure drop varies as the 5

square of the volume flow rate.

Neating.and ventilating systems follow this law very closely (Reference 2].

The total system pressure loss curve is then obtained by summing the pressure losses f

of the supply and return systems.

i These curves can now be used to determine the ventilation rates t

i under each of the ventilation conditions described in Table 1.

For conditions 1 and 4, both fans are running at half-speed against the j

total system pressure.

The corresponding operating point is point l

C on Figure 3, and the flow rate is '9300 ofm.

Under conditions 2 and 5, the supply fan is running at. half-speed against the total sys' tem pressure at operating point D with a volume flow rate of l

8350 cfm.

For conditions 3'and 6, th's return fan operates alone against the total system pressure loss, point E in Figure 3, at a flow rate of 8125 cfm.

N DOCUMENT CENTIF13

^N Au.EtiEri i

3 5

t

+

i 1i centrol Volume Analysis of_ Protected Switehamar Room

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j The air in the protected switchgear room can be modeled as a i

j control volume thermodynamic system as shown in Figure 4a.

The principle of conservation of energy for this control volume can be written as (Reference 3) d + (Rih) 3 = (dh) ou, +

Eq. 3 dCj a t

where Q = huat transfer into system (Btu) q m = mass transfer into or out of system (lb)

{

h = specific enthalpy (Btu /lb)

E - energy of system (Stu) l t = elapsed time (min) j subscripts in denotes flow into system out denotes flow out of system CV is the control volume 3

and a dot over the symbol indicates a time rate of transfer.

l The heat transfer to the air in the room takes place principally from heat rejection by any electrical equipment in the room.

The l

most significant heat release to the room is expected to come from l

the switchgear.

Heat from lighting or any incidental equipment which may be operating in the space will be neglected since it is j

expected to be much smaller than the heat load from the switchgear.

• 1 i

l Calcu1ations by Stone & Webster (Reference 4] give this equipment l

heat loss as 211,500 Btu /hr, but those calculations do not include inverters 5 (3-phase, 22.5 kVA) and 6 (1-phase, 50 XVA) (Reference

{

5).

Using the same efficiency estimated by Stone & Webster (85%)

j and assuming full-load operation, the additional heat ' loss from J

j these inverters is:

,(22.5 kVA + 50 kVA) x 0.15 x 3413 Btu /kVA-hr = 37,100 Btu /hr The total heat transfer to the air from the equipment is therefore l

248,600 Btu /hr, or 4143 Btu / min.

J e'

4 j

n,.. f'nC UMb i IDENTIFIES AN ALLEGER

N W V M*ere---

JUN-18-1997 11:47 Examining the next tem in Eq.

3, the mass flow rate through the '.

system is just equal to the volume flow rate times the density of the air.

Using 2.5% sunaner design conditions (84'F d.b. and 71*F 3

v.b.) as the worst case, the density of air is 0.072 lb/ft.

the volume flow rates determined from Figure 3 were for

However, the total ventilation system.

From Figure 1, it can be seen that only 10,800 cfm, or 72%, of the total design flow rata of 15,000 cfm is supplied to the protected switchgear room.

It will be assumed that the name proportion of the reduced flow is also supplied to._the protected switchgear room.

The enthalpy of the air is given by its temperature times its specific heat at constant For the air described above, c = 0.25 Btu /lb

• F.

, pressure, c.

p p

The last term of Eq. 3, the total energy of the room air, is given the air density, the by the product of the volume of the room, From Reference 6, specific heat of the air, and its temperature.

3 the' volume of air in the room is 20,858 ft, so that 3

3 I = 20,858 ft x 0.073 lb/ft x 0.25 Btu /lb *F x T,9

= 375.4 T,9 Substituting each of the preceding terms into Eq. 3 produces the following form for the conservation of energy equation:

4143 +[(0.7 2) (0.07 212) (0. 25T,3,))3 ~

=.,

d(375.4 T 3)

[(0.7 2) (0. 07 2 V) (0.2ST,3,)],+ ~' dc wherc 0 is the volume air flow rate of the ventilation system.

With this form of the energy equation, it is now possible to predict the thermal pc.rformance of the protected owitchgear room under each of the possible ventilation conditions.

Condition No. It once-throuch coolina, both fans.

flow rate of air through the ventilation system was already The shown to be 9300 cfm with both fans running.

In the once-through 5

r-

. -., j

' ' ' ' i ', g. s t..,. v. [ ',,

[.h f !TIF.ES

.. o ;I '[h

j, cooling configuration, outsids-nir is continuously drawn into tho system.

Therefore, the value of (T,,,) g will. be constant at 84 *F at j

summer design conditions. substituting these values into Eq. 4 and rearranging terms yields:

=

dT

+ 0. 3 217,j, = 3 8. 01 Eq. 5

]

dc i

Using the initial condition that Tji, = 84 *F at t=0, the solution of l

this first-order linear differential equation for T,g, is:

l; T,j,=118. 4 - 3 4. 4 e-o.sh:

Eq. 6

~

i This temperature histc,ry is plotted in Figure 5.

It shows that the l

temperature approaches its steady-state value of 118.8 *F within j

about 10 minutes. Two important factors should be noted: first,

~

l this is the normal operating condition for a hot summer day, since l

the ? ventilation control system will close the recirculation damper if the temperature in the protected switchgear room is over 76*F (Reference 6)'.

Second, this is nearly 15 ciegrees over the lower bound teuperature, 40*C (104 'F), for "f ailure of the switchgear.

1

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I Condition No. 2: Once-thrauch coolina. succly_ fan 3

i j

The flow rate of air for condition 2 is 8350 cfm.

All other factors are as given for condition 1, so that Eq. 4 becomes:

dT**' +. 2 8 8 T,1, = 3 5. 2 5 Eq.7 l

Using the same initial conditions as above, the solution is:

i

]

T,1, = 12 2. 3 - 3 8. 3 e '* '

Eq.8 l

This, temperature history is also plotted'in Figure 5.

It exhibits I

similar features to that of condition 1, except that the steady-state temperature is a bit higher, 1.2 2. 3

• F.

6 THIS DOCUMENl IDENTIFIES AN ALLEGER I

2A0h N-88 W 610 337 5208 P.15/16 ej I

_ Condition No. 3: Once-throuch coolina, return fan 4

This is very similar to condition 2, except that the volume flow rate of air is 8125 cfm, so that Eq. 4 becomes:

dT*

+ 0. 2 81 Tu,= 3 4. 6 0

• Eq. 9 dC and the solution is:

Te, = 123. 3 - 3 9. 3 e.o.ast e gq,so

)

The histor7, plotted in Figure 5, appears nearly identical to that

)

of condition 2.

4 4

closed-loco cooline conditionr2 1

Under closed-loop cooling conditions, the situation is a bit more j

complicated. The ventilation system, and the space it serves apart I

j from the protected switchgear room, must be considered as a second thermodynamic control volume system, is shown in Figure 4b The a

equations for the conservation of energy for the two system is:

4 dE d + (M) t,,ue= (nih)1,3+ de 2

1. 1. • 11 3

(mih),,,,= (aW),u+ dz, Eq.12 gc 4,

i where the subscript i refers to the system of the protected j

switchgear room and the subscript 2 refers to the ventilation j

system and the athr4r spaces it 'ierves.

Note that no significant heat transfer to system 2 is considered.

Following the same development used previously, these equations can be recast in the form:

1 Og+0. 72 p ic,T = 0.73 p ic,T + d( p v c,T )

i 1

Eq.13 g

z gc 0.7 2 9 c,T =0.12p ic,T + d(p V c,7 )

i 2

M.u 1

2 gc 7

U

~ v V' b '.

E ';T.'FR '

J.

t g

= r s., d(,'.,8,,,~ i

-p All torma in thago two cquations nra tho etma as previously described, except V,

which is the volume of system 2.

From J

g blueprints of the yet tilation system and the spaces it serves, this 3

volume is calculated to be approximately 35,000 ft.

Substituting this value and the other known values into Eqs. 13 and 14 gives 37 5.4

+0. 013 YTg-0. 013 97 =4143 E7 15 2

i dT 630

• ~ '

dC 9

The appropriate value for the air flow rate can be inserted for -

each closed-loop cooling condition, and the resulting rystem of i

coupled first-order linear differential equations can be solved for j

E the temperature history.

Condition No. At Closed-loco coolina, both fans With both fans running,

= 9300 cfm; using the initial condition that T =T2 = 8 4

• F, the solution tv Eqs. 15 and 16 gives:

g Tz= 84 + 4.121 C+13. 5 0 (1-e-o.sts e)

Eq 17 This is plotted in Figure 5.

The main feature of this temperature history, as well as those of tihe other closed-loop conditions, is the nearly uniform rise in temperature after some initial transient behavior.'

This is due to the heat being given off from the equipment into a

fixed quantity of

air, thereby causing a

continuous increase in the air temperature.

The time required to reach the lower bound temperature for switchgear failure is

~

approximately 2.5 minutes. Unlike the open-loop cooling, the upper bound temperature for much of the switchgear (55'c or 131*F) is also quickly reached, in just over 8 minutes.

8

[i' e

r*

g, g

..s.i

.,y TOTAL P.16

.~-m.

610 337 5208 F.02/11 condition No. 5:. Closed-loon coolina, sueely fan With only the supply fan (FN31) running, 4 is 8350 cfm.

"'h e solution to the model in this case yields:

T = 84 +4. 221 C+15. 03 (1-e*4888)

Eq.18 3

Thh,stemperaturehistoryisplottedinFigure5.

It exhibits the same long-term behavoir as the solution for condition 4; however, the r' eduction in air flow results in a

moderately higher temperature after the first few minutes.

l condition No. 6 Closed-loon coolinc. return fan In this case,

= 8125 cfm, yielding:

T =84 +4.121 c+15.4 S (1-e-8 "8 8)

Eq.19 g

This solution, nearly identical to that of condition 5, is also plotted in Figure 5.

Condition No. 7: Still air, no flow This is the most straightforward condition to model, and also tae most severe with respect to the speed at which the temperature in the protected switchgear room increases.

Since there is no air flow into or out of the room, the equation for the conservation of energy becomes:

d=

Eq.20 Using the same ve. lues as before for 6 and E and the sama initial condition gives:

T= 84 + 11. 04 C Eq.21 In this case, the temperature increases at a constant rate, reaching the lower bound 'cemperature of 104 *F in just under two 9

l l

THIS DOCUMENT IDENTIFIEC AN ALLEGER

enrwrwsw~~~vmwn minutoo and the highost upper bcund temperature (131* F) in 4.25

~

minutes.

i Discussion i

As.with any mathematical model, the results generated are onb.y as i

good as the assumptions which were incorporated to produce the model.

The most significant assumptions made in this analysis include j

i

1) Complete mixing of air within each thermodynamic system 1

l l

i

2) Fans FN31 and FN32 are typical of centrifugal and vane axial fans, respectively j

3) Outdoor air infiltration in protected switchgear room is

~

minimal 4

4) only significant heat generation and transfer within systems is by switchgear i

l

5) Heat load calculaticiris for switchgear by Stone & Webster j

(Reference 4) are accurate

)

The results are relatively insensitive to the accuracy of the first three assumptions.

As can be seen in Figure 5, variations in the l

air flow rate will affect both the rate and the degree to which the l

air temperature responds to a ventilation failure, but it is a modest offect.

Furthermore, there is no reason to believe that the results of the ventilation system model is not reasonably accurate.

The importance of the fourth assumption depends on the accuracy of the fifth assumption; if the switchgear really releases nearly 250,000 Btu /hr, then it is very unlikely that any other heat 10 W [1CLN&:,,_oENy;pggg AN ALLEGER

s tronofor procococo which may bo occuring would bo oignificant in comparison.

On the other hand, if the heat from the switchgear i

were substantially less, then other processes may need to be considered wich greater care to retain accurate results.

The fifth assumption listed is probably the most critical, and the most open to suspicion.

Since it is this heat generation which l

drives the air temperature upwards, the results depend heavi1y on

~

the accuracy of this figure.

The results of a heat load test in the protected switchgear' room performed in January,1984 (Reference 7] suggest that Stons & Webster calculations grossly overestimate the actual heat load.

The analysia performed here shows that the temperature rises over 10*F per minute after a complace loss of ventilation in the protected switchgear room.

However, during the f

' course of the test just mentioned the temperature rose only 15'F l

after the ventilation system was shut off for two hours.

The test l*

i was performed on a cold, winter day, and the test report mentions that a draft was felt, but these factors alone cannot account for the extremely slow rise in temperature.

While the test report does not contain an estimate of the actual heat load, it is almost-certain that it is less than estimate,by Stone & Webster.

It is strongly recommended that a more accurate value for the switchgear heat load be developed before any confidence is.placed in the results of this or any other thermal analysis of the protected switchgear room.

fNIS DOCWWENT MRTWlES ANM}FGER 11

w t

Referpnces (1)

Memorandum, M.M.

Allison to R.P.

Shone, Yankee Atomic,

Subject:

Resolution of loss of critical switchgear ventilation due to turbine hall HELB at Maine Yankee, September 30, 1983.

J I

(2)

ASHRAE Handbook, 1983 Equipment Volume, American Society of j

Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.,

j Atlanta, CA, 1983.

t'

]

(3).

W.C. Reynolds, Thermodynamics _, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1968.

(4)

Calculation Sheet, Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., for

~

Maine

Yankee, July 22,

1968,

Subject:

Service Building Ventilation Electric Heat Gains, p.8 of 16.

1

(

l.

(S)

D.

Fan, "SWGR ROOM VENT", Yankea Atomic, Document WPP44/14, l

04/09/90.

(6)

Honeywell Drawing No. 963-70030, Prot. Swgr & Cable Tray Rms SL-13, for Maine Yankee itomic Power Co., 7/2/70.

(7)

Memorandum, B. A. Lord to M.M. Allison, Yankee Atomic,

Subject:

I Heat Load Test in. Protected Switchgear Room, January 18, 1984.

1 i

4 i

1 THIS DOvumcN I IDENTIFIES AN ALLEGER 12

~,

1 e

]

d Table 1.

Possible ventilation. conditions for the Protected swithchgear Room f

Cobdition No.

Descriotion l

0 Normal operation; all equipment functioning 1

1 once-through co6 ling, both fans running. Outdoor air continuously drawn into system and exhausted by both fans a f t e r s i n g l es p a s s through conditioned space.

1 4,

2 once-through cooling, supply fan running. outdoor -

air continuously drawn into system and exhausted by i

supply fan only after single pass through i

conditioned space.

t 3

once-through cooling, return fan running. Outdoor air continuously drawn into system and exhausted by return fan only after single pnss through conditioned space.

4 closed-loop

cooling, both fans running.

Air contained in ventilation system and conditioned space is recurculated. continuously by both fans..

1 t*

3 5

closed-loop

cooling, supply fan running.

Air contained in ventilation system and conditioned space is recurculated continuously by supply fan only.

6 closed-loop

cooling, return fan running.

Air l

contained in ventilation system and conditioned i

space is recurculated continuously by return fan only.

7 Still air, no flow.

Ventilation system inactive; I

no air movement in conditioned space due to forced l

ventilation.

THIS DOCUMENT IDENTIFIES AN ALLEGER

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(FN 32)

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Ventilation running?

running?

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(D 2) open?

open?

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