ML20136A937
| ML20136A937 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Three Mile Island  |
| Issue date: | 05/19/1979 |
| From: | Babbitt B, Haggerty P, Kemeny J PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON THE ACCIDENT AT THREE MILE |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20136A936 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 7907180109 | |
| Download: ML20136A937 (351) | |
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The afterncen session is becugh: to crder by Chairman
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CFAIRMAN KIMINY: As scst of you know, the President's C:= mission en the accident at Chree Mile :sland is using this day from 9:00 a.m. until at least 9:00 p.m. to try to hear from as many citizens of this region as possible. I would like := star: off by expressing cur deep appreciation to Mayer Reed of Middletown for making effice space avail-able and a reservation line, and to Mrs. Edith occer for organizing and managing a cadre of local men and wcmen to staff the reservatien line last week. We were ficcded with requests and we apc1cgi:e to these we cannet accc==cdate. We have urged all of them Oc write :c us and we will read your letters. In order to be fair :c all these who have signed up,
- 'm going to ask each witness to limi: his er her statement
- 0 five minutes, and give an opportunity to the ecm=issioners
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Jorgensen, will call the witnesses in :he order in which they 1 have been scheduled. May we .croceed? MRS. JCRGINSCN: Cur first person this afterncon is i
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. :4 i Perhaps not since the people of St. Georges, "tah, were told in the 1950s that their safety was never in danc.er .
by A-Scmb tests up wind, has a large segment of Americans been subjected to a more reprehensible mind game than has south central Pennsylvanians in the Spring of 1979. To us, however, the scheme of due.licitv., obfiscation and confusien is nothing new. Nor was the acciden itself a surprise.
- is appropriate that we address you as the first private citi:en in the aftermath of a major accident at Three Mile
- sland, for we were the last citi: ens te make a limited appearance before the Atomic Sadetv. and Licensing Scard for Unit ?wo in the Spring and St=mer of 1977. Ter that effort, we were, told by the ASL3 Chairman that cur concerns were not worthy cf being included as part of the permanent record of that C = mission. We would hope tha: this C:mmissien would cive =cre credence to what we have to say. Because the ma da or safety and operating cententions that we voiced then were dis-ccunted. Two v. ears later thev were stunninc.iv. verified. :n the sc=mer of 1973, we authored an article enti: led Mel: Ocwn, Tc=crrew's Disaster at Three Mile Island. Despite vilifying assertiens by Metropolitan Idison that the scenario in this I
article of nuclear horror was sensa:icnalis=, untrue and dis-
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. de we tell .veu this teday? Because cur feelingI as Dr. Kameny . has labeledr what the public has :: cffer as input te this Ccmmission, have .creven fa: =cre accurate than 1
i all the facts about nuclear reac:cr design, Operatien and 1 safety that has been heisted uren a gullible population by the AECs and the NRCs experts. And those feelings new tell i 1 you that if the lessen of the fc117 and risk cf nuclear genera ed electricity new symboli:ed by Harrisburg is not heeded, then a scre catastrophic reacter acciden:, a full class nine, breech of centain=ent er melt dcwn, is not cnly assured but is eminent. Desc.ite assurances Over the last :ven:v.-three vears . that ece=ercial reacter and nuclear reac:crs have functiened u.a.de.- ~..'.e v e.-v. 'es c# s a.# a. .v. .--.=...'a,
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28, 1979 revealed the =elliflucus mendacity of the nuclear industry. An industrv. that, te sav. it most charitab1v, has . made gress mis-evaluation and mis-representa:icn cf fact as a standard of cperating pclicy. New we are being :cid by
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.:e 1 contentien as the Brockhaven WASH-740 update reported noted in 1964, quote, "in any =achinery as ecmplex as a reactor facility, it is inevitable that structural failures, instru-ment malfunctions, operator errors'and other mishaps will occur despite the most careful design and rigid schedules of l =aintenance and administrative control. Such has been the experience with the reactor installations." Closed quote.
1 And so it was en March 23 at TM 2 and sc will it be as icng will it be as long as technology is cendoned by =en of limited vision. In addition to these items, however, the Cc= mission should investigate another verv. real and fric.htful possi-bility. And that is whether the accident was caused or in-fluenced by telepathic cr psychokentic =anipulation. That is that semeene sabotaged crucial sections of Unit 2 by ex-terna11y centrolling equipment functions and/or the processes of en-site perser.nel during the two weeks preceding 4:07 a.m. en March 23. As a parapsychologis: we have observed a number of specific esoteric facters that indicate to us tha =uch =cre than =eet the eye was focusing en TM: 2 during and af ter this crucial pericd. Unless this aspect of TM: 2 is investigated and can be absciutely disecunted, reac:crs everywhere are subject : sericus transien:s and cevend the con::01 cf any cpers:0: cr engineer under the I cresen: cperatine. condi:icns.
157 ! Cur esteemed cccmissioners, regardless of where ycur inquiry leads you, you have only options to consider re-garding whcm or what triggered the near catastrophic accident at TMI 2. We ask that your final recommendation, the bottom line of the Kemeny Ccmmissien, be based on your cwn inner - awareness and a level of consciousness higher than the one that has subjected all of America to the horrific risks of nuclear reacters. That recommendation in our view can be but singular that Unit 2 shall never reopen and that it's sister reacter likewise be immediately be commissioned. That a few sacrifice so that others may live has guided this nation through more than two hundred years of achievement. That progress now and posterity. If the awakening of revalatiens from TM: 2 leads to this end, then the trauma, duplicity, the insecurity, the hazards, the sense of helplessness and the radiation to which we and cthers in south central Pennsylvania have been subjected in this nuclear horror story will have been wcrth it. As members of this Commissicn have so elequently stated there is a sense of urgency here. We ecmpletely cencur. We predict new that TM: 2, America's worst ecmmercial nuclear accident to date, will be surpassed with a more herrific and damagtng radi: active breach cd centainment by 1382 if these mens::cus fission furnaces are allcwed to centinue cperstien. Perhaps we shculd suggest tha: the C:m=tssi:n censider in eleventh ::emandment, that if ycu visten net, then / u can f ail act. By 1:'s finsi
158 decisien, this historic Cc==ission will begin the restora-tien of integrity and sanity to man's interrelatien with the bicsphere. By reccmmending Units 1 and 2 at Three Mile Island be removed frem the ecosystem. That can serve as the pioneer-ing step in the safe, crderly and timely shutdewn of all nuclear reactor systems
. in this country .and hoc.efull.y throuc.h-cut the world. Your future, cur future, that of generations yet unnamed, and the planet itself, requests frc= you no less. We will be glad to answer any questions that this testimony may have raised to you, er if we can provide infor- =ation that we have discovered as we've interviewed and talked with residents in the area, we'll be hat.e.v .
to share that with you in the time allotted to us. CHAIRMAN . M iY: Thank you. Are there questions frem Ccmmissioners?
.NG . MARRETT: Yes, your last statement. You said you'd be happy to share with us information you've cbtained. Ceuld you say a little bit =cre about that infer =ati n?
MR. ARNCLD: We've spcken with residents in the Middle-cwn area, for exa=ple, who have told us that the mcrning of March 28 and a few days thereafter, they detected in the air a metallic substance. The med ed persennel, to cur kncwledge
. and aisc NRC cfficials, disecunted :hese reperts as psychc-t se=atic. We have since been inf:rmed bv -
Or. John Ocff=an tha: this metallic taste in the air is ecs: likely directly attributed :: an intense radiation burs: inte :he a:=caphere. 1 1 1
159 We've also talked with individuals in the Middle: wn area who've had thyroid operations, were taking medications for this condition, and were surviving quite nicely until the morning of March 28. Since then they have had to in-crease their medicinal intake to centr:1 the physiological precesses. The physicians of these patients feel that the symp: ms are a direct cause of radiation in the air released frem Three Mile Island. Another gentleman in the area has a tachiccardiac problem which he's been able te keep under control by taking one tablet of potassium a day for the last several years. As of March 28 he has had to increase his intake of potassium substitute by a factor of five times. It would seem that nhis condition as his physician seems to concur at the mement, is also attributed to radiation released frcm Three Mile Island into the population sur:0 undine. the site. CHAIRMAN KIJENY: Other c.uestions? Thank veu verv. much . for your testimen . MR. ARNCLD: You're quite welc0=e. MS. JORGINSON: Could we acw hear frem Kay Pickering? MS. Pius: RING: Good afternoon. Thank you for allowing us 00 testify in f Ont of you. -I'm Kay Pickering. :'ve been
- a. staff persen on a volunteer basis with Three Mile :aland Aler: f:: twc years. : have with me lee Musselman, who will give.:he :esti=cny en behalf cf the ::;ani:stien.
- 35. JCEGINSCN: Oculd you repea: your name, please?
160 MR. MUSSE:.MAM : My name is Lee Musselman. I'm Treasurer of the Three Mile Island Alert and a member of the Health Cc==ittee. Three Mile Island Aler: was formed three vears ac.e in . an effort Oc educate pecple tc the dangers of nuclear power. Since then the group has adepted bylaws and is cresentiv . . taking steps te incorporate under the Pennsylvania ncn-prefi statute. The group has created cc==ittees to carry cut specific tasks. Last winter a series of meetings were held with Kevin Malley, the Director of Dauphin County's Office cf E=ergency Preparedness, te determine if evacuation plans were adequare :: =eet the ce== unity's needs in the even: cf a nuclear accident. ~cr the past six =cn:hs, TMIA has been meeting with officials of the Pennsylvania Department of Health, the Pennsv.ivania Medical Society, . and the Health Planning and Resource Development Agency for central Pennsylvania in an effort Oc study and determine the effects of icw level radiation in the Three Mile sland area. Three Mile Island Alert's main goals are: the permanent snu.a
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and licensing of all nuclear pcwered generating facilities,
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16.? effects. Many econcmic # actors have pcmeted the grew h of nuclear pcwer. Utilities are heavily . subsidized by the U.S. government in areas of research and 'evelopment, fuel
- c. recessing, deccmmissioning and waste fisposal. The rate base established for each plant is directly proportional to the cost of construction. Therefore the ecmplex technology of a nuclear facility. generates more profits than a less sophisticated scurce of ener v v.. Ecwever, this techncice.v. is uninsurable without the limited liability of the Price-Anderson Act. The Atemic Ener-v. v Act of 1954 states that the licensee will be indemnified and held harmless frem public liability .
in excess of 560 million dollars. While the U.S. c.overnment estimated a minimum of twentv. billion, or twelve billion dollars damage to =.ecc.le and .creperty in the even: of a nuclear melt dcwn. Whether the means of producing ilec-tricity carry such potential for physical and financial devastation, if nuclear utilities truly believe in the safety o .' *..'.e d- - -"a c d'i' - - - .v. , 'a' .e.m
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actions. As Dr. John Goffman, who holds the paten: On che
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1 162 I all stages of the nuclear fuel cycle. This exposure cccurs through uranium mining, decay of , fuel processing, transportation of mater:.als through populated areas, controlled releases to air and water, uncontrolled re-leases frem malfunctioning plants, and storage and disposal of nuclear waste materials. Recogni:ing the potential of low level, the potential danger of icw level radiation, the Invironmental Protection Agency will icwer the legal desage for the general population from 510 to 500 miligrams to 25 miligrams in December 1979. Ecwever, monitoring the effects of radiation has not been properly addressed. Ter example, . the number and accuracy of monitoring devices were inadequate to measure both gamma and beta cemisiens, acccrding to Dr. Rosalie Bertel, beta ommissions give a dose about a hundred times as great as that repcrted for gamma radiation. Similarly using parameters recc= mended by the International Cec =ission en Radiological P ctection for a dose to the thyroid to a standard man, the inhalation of one microcurie of iodine 131 equates to a 1.4 ram dese. That's 1,480 millirams. Anc:her safety consideration is the basic design deficiency Sabecek-Wilcox reacters. The volume of-primary coolant water is insufficient to handle sizeable transients in reac:c: tempers-tures, thus increasing the liklihecd of the reacter cere mel: down. The absence of adequate health data is a cafer proble= in de ermining the sidects of icw level rad _ati:n. There are ne records concerning radia:icn %ep: en the reneral 1
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.QJ public. Detailed health records for utility workers ex-cosed to icw level radiation are ne . maintained for a period equivalent to the icng latency of cancers and leukemias. With-out this documentation the radiation levels appear harmless.
Frequently interested parties have ecuated these deses to background radiation or x-rays. Ecwever, the hazards invcived are not so simple. Durine. Senate subec==1: tee meetings, ex- I perts attributed one to three percent of the naticnal cancers to background radiation, and agreed tha :he effects of radia-i tien were accumulative. Therefore, as the background radia- ' tien increases, so does the risk. Also, radiation affects different carts of the bcdv. in . different ways. A ferty to fifty millirat: skin dese x-ray may translate into a one to ten millirat: bene marrow dese. Dr. Bertel has informed us that mest nuclear physicists report i an external dose in terms of a bone =arr w dese, not a skin i 1 dese. Therefore an eighty millirat: dose wculd nc: translate i i l into two ches: x-rays. It wculd translate inte between twenty I and for v. ches: x - r a v. s . These deses would be increased bv. a 1 facter of ten to twentv ~ in the developing fetus and children l 1 due to the high metabolic assimilatics of radicactive ecm- i 1 pcunds. Health problems are aise incremented through cur feed chains, since piants and animals will absorb and cencentra:e radicactive substances. As we ea: : hem cur bcdy ccncentra:es C. ..e s e su.' s . .'... = = a- . 4 .' .' .. . . . - = . , ..r c u..A .d .. 3 . u. .- 4.2.>. . . .,=.~=. awa.es n e.: w .-s .i . a . . . n.s
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l e ,, er downwind frcm Three Mile Island. Therefere it is mis-
. leading to calculate the average dose per person for an arbitrary five or fifty mile linit. We knew that sc=e inert gases have escaped with small amounts of icdienes and other chemicals, but isotopes can decay into mere danger daughter products. We are told that there are minimal health ef fects ,
but no one has the reccrds to prove it. Cbvicusly, we are the guinea pigs for the benefit of c:hers. Besides health data, we will also provide psychological data on the effects of a nuclear accident. Already psychiatrists and sociclogists are reccrding increases in stress related traumas such as ex=.ressed and repressed anger, anxiety, ccnfusion, resentnen . against Met Ed and evacuatees, nightmares, insc=nia, paranoia, marital problems, gastrointestinal upsets, elevated biced pressure,-denial of reality, and feelings of hopelessness. Sc=e people icek forward to an increased curiosity :curism. Yet we people want te live in the area of this historic acci-dent. Already seme pecple have =cved away. The spector of plu= meting preperty values icems before us. This acciden is attacking our property, cur bedies, cur minds, cur children and our children's children. For our sake, shut down Three Mile Island forever. (APPLAC5Z). You will ncte that attached to ycur copy of our tes: - meny, is a statement, a recent statemen: tha we made a: the
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L 3 *o o* epidemolegical studies, data ecliection. This is attached s to your copy, and I will not go into that a: this time. CF.A1RMAN *CT.MENY e : Thank you. May I ask you a cuestion on the evidence of additional health problems due to stress? What are your sources for that and where migh we be able to obtain that? MS. PICKIRING: As a staff person in cur effice, we get calls every dav. , many
. . calls from people'who are distressed, highly stressed. This =crning when I was in the of fice be-fore I came teday, we got a call frem a woman whose husband is a worker there. She was so upset, so distressed, all she could'do was yell at me, because I opposed the actual reacter and because I'm speaking cut. She was not talking directly to me as an individual, but she was' talking to Three Mile Island Alert which is a group that has been able to organi:e and focus the attention of people who arc concerned, upset and this takes =any forms. People call us after they've had miscarriages, we know of babies that have been born and have trouble breathing, we've been told that scme have died, these are families, friends, health care agencies that have called us. We're compiling a list of many types of things that are a result of calls and pecple who ecce in:= cur effice, a lo ef pecple ec=e in and jus: sit and wan: :: talk. They need that assurance tha: chev.'re not iscla:ed. Manv. cect.ie ::=e up :: ce and say I'm.isclated at werk. Nebcay talks :: ce, they dcn': believe me, : hey fen't understand hcw : feel.
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l l 3..co They're isolated in their neighborhecds because they're concerned. May people repress this. Cu.a~d,- Gv .0 S.,De - C.v .A.== uv..,e.. MR. MUSSELMAN: As well as the general feelings which we as residents are experiencing curselves, and we as organizers in the cce= unity have vitnessed, there are alsc a number of college related psychoicgists, scciologists, that have been working on these problems of the psychological aspect of Three Mile Island. I don': have the -=~= d 'ere, but I could get it for you if you wish, of psychologists and sociclogists dcwn in Carlisle, and sc=e up at Harrisburg C =munity College that have been doing definie, specific , psychoicgical studies en this area. CHAI?Jd.AN KEMENY: Yes, we would appreciate it if you would send that material to our Washington office. MR. MARKS: Are these -- if you also have information with regard to the specific questiens being asked, whose carrying cut the studies, how f ar along chey are and hcw they're being funded, in other words, the mere details ycu can provide us about yourinfer:ation as well information that cthers are gathering, it will be greatly appreciated. And as seen as possible. Cu. ad* -.- =. s a~ *~, :.u ~--- a--' * *
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have 1: On the letterhead, but is 2100 M -- M for Mary -- 5:reet, in Washington. Any ::her questions fr = C::=issi:ners? 3 a-s. e 3,.
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I t-- s0s r I MS. LIW:S: Have ycu censidered the impact, the ecencmic impact of closing Three Mile Island down, and do you get the feeling that the ceco.le . are willing to pay that price in terms of say a twenty-five percent increase in electricity rates and maybe a let of industry moving cut. : =ean, you have a tradeoff situation. Do ycu feel that the people are willing te pay that price to see this facility close if that should beceme necessary? MR. MUSSIL%N: Well, I think that there's a little more involved than just a tradeoff of nuclear pcwer er higher rates. N" "er one, when nuclear pcwer cc=es in, the rates ge 1 I up a ic anyway . At least in every area tha: I've seen this has been true, because ycu have an expensive plant built and & it increases the rates. The secend fac:cr that : think is pertinent is that Pennsylvania, by seme informatien that we were getting at Three Mile Island Alert, prior to the accident, i Pennsylvania was prcducing fifty-five percen: =cre power than it needed, and selling it. So the increases are ac: ccming frem needed demand, but because ccmpanies are buying pcwer , frem companies to send pcwer :c ether s tates. ::'s net a - power shortage. We are concerned with alternative forms of i energy. We are cencerned with working in a pregram Of not cnly te switch pcwer sources, but also c effectively re-pregram and retrain the pecple werking in the nucleir plants t inte safer livilhceds. This takes a 10: of work, i: takes a 13: cf time, '- -='<es a 10: cf research. 3u: we fc have 1
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l 163 ; i interest in these areas. And I think it's not a questi:n of whether we're willing to pay twenty-five percent more. Scener or later with the way things are going, we're going to pay twenty-five percent more anyway, The questien is, do we want to subject our world and cur ancestors to the dangers of ?.uclear energy? And I think := prevent that, it's worth virtually. any. sacrifice. CHAIRMAN KEMEMY: Thank you very much for vcur . testi-many. (APPLAUSE). If you can >*ust hold .vour ac.c.lause.
. I knew vcu feel verv. strongly in this. I'm dust > trv.ine. to c.ive as many recc. le . .
a chance to speak as pessible. MS. JORGENSCN: Angela Herrder, please. MS. HERRCER: My name is Angela .5cgarty Herrder, I live in Middletown, five miles frcm the plant. MS. JORGEMSCN: You're going to have to speak distinctly into the microphone. MS. HERRDER: 0.k. MS. JCRGENSCN: Cn the lef t. MS. HERRCER: : have two daughters, and :'m currently separated and a full ti=e college student at Harrisburg C0m= unity College which is ten =iles away from Middletevn. My children ge : scheci, a parochial schecl which is a mile fr:m the plan . All right, new, Taybe if : can tell ycu s c .e . .' ". .". a . ". e . . . . .' ._- . "3 .". , v r. u .. .' . .". . . .a. d. e . .- .= . .d w e.v,
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pecple cf :his area, at least sc=e :f : hen, fee'. 1.ke :nev l I
169 can't go through any =cre. It's not whether we've been affected physically er not, it's al=est like, we can't handle any =cre, you knew, like we hardly knew if we can stay here as it is. To make us stay, and something else happens, you knew, it's al= cst :co much to bear. Before the accident I was rasing my daughters, and- was icoking forward to ecm-pleting =y ecliege down here at Capitol campus. And-now I get so upset, even when I take the milk cut to drink it. It's not the point of whether it's safe or not, it's the point that we've been lied to so =uch we don't really knew what to believe. You say, when we first started this whole Three Mile Island thing, I had just seen the movie, China Synd 0=e, and right from the beginning, I was coming home from college when I heard about it, and I thought they said the water left the cere uncovered for a while. And I knew, I could see just what happened in the movie, I could relate to that. Sc : get
- hc=e frcm college about eleven and I called the scheel where
=y children go, and : said, you knew, are you letting the children cut, what are you doing? And they said, Civil efense told us it's fine, don't worry, they're in the air
=cnitoring, they told us let the children out for recess. Sc
- went over and talked to =y neighter, she said, don't worry, everything's fine. : really had -- I wanted 00-ge ge: my children, and wanted :0 do what a 7:cd parent wculd de. But
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310 children stay in school. And : wen and picked them up at three. That was Wednesdav. . I ke.ct them cc: cf scheci Thursday. And this for ne was very difficult. Because ene of my daughters had been sick all winter, and she'd missed a let of schcol and I felt bad because I felt like maybe, Em I being a goed mother keeping her cut of school when she'd missed so much, er am ! being a gecd mother because I'm
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plant right there? So then Friday I finally gave in, and I le my children go te school. And I went up to ecliege. And I went through my classes, and I worried all morning long. Then, gc out of school and I wen ever to the cellege center, and semeene said to me, I talked to semeene knew, and I said hcw are ycu doing, and he said not sc well, there was another accident. And I said what do you nean there was another accident. And he said well, they're not letting the
.c e c c. l e , they don't want the ,:ecple to go cutside. They want them to stay in. And he said ycu can't ,et down to Middle:cwn.
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I l of my children go home from kindergarten. They le: her ge hcme on the bus and the other daughter was dcwn there. So I picked her up and I rushed hcme wendering if my other daughter was standing outside the whole time in whatever was in the air. But when I got there a neighbor had taken her in. So we packed, and I told my eight year cid, T just said, pack your clothes. New, hald the stuff she packed, she packed ene pair of slacks, and we were gene for a week. I was just so upset I didn't care what she packed. Then we went ever to a friend's house and we decided i where we were going to go, so we decided to go dcwn to Mary-land. We originally were going to go to Virginia, but then we decided to step down in Maryland because we saw a hotel we'd been at previcusly, we thought, ch, you know, let's stay here, we knew where the things are, we know that we can keep the children ou: of our way, they have a pcol. Maybe that sounds funny
. new but we were inst s so upset that all we wanted to do was provide seme kind cf experience where the children weren't se upset. And also =y sister lives in Maryland and :
knew if I had to ge scme place that wculd be lese. So we stayed there, and we listened to every newscast. It was like we were cbsessed with the whcle thing. The whcle nex: men:h, : %ep =y children dcwn a: =y sister's far we weeks, and then I le: them ge up : my :her sistar-in-law's and registered the: in scheci in Sunberry f : wo weeks. l And : really didn't wan :: bring the= bat.. : really fel: l
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like, how can keep them out Of here? : thought of so nany plans. But every plan inconvenient. Scme relative which, they didn't mind it. But why? Why was I paying such -- I'm living en a student and support so I can go to ecliege, so : can get an education and support my children with a goed educa:icn. And here I am asking everyone under the sun Oc take =y children because I'm afraid to have them back in the house. Well, the ether thine.s that really upset me were, .vcu listened to these newscasts. And they'd say, first of all they'd say, o.k., the emissions are under centrol. Then they'd say, we've finally got the emissions under cont:01. Then the next day they'd say, we're sorry, we had an uncontrolled re-lease. And then you'd hear a day or two later, the NRC who was supposed to be in. cent:01 was mad at Met Ed because "et Id had an uncontrolled release. Nhat right did they have te be mad at Met Id? They were the ones that were supposed to be centrolling it? Ecw did Met Id have an uncontrolled release? Where were they? We trusted them to be en top of things. We're trusting them new to be on : p of things. And like, what's his name, Walker? Ee said, you can't understand hcw we feel, and that's because you haven't been here. And they say, we're not going to have any mere releases. You haven't been here when they say we're geing : let you knew when they are going to bring the plant : a cold shutdcwn. And : hen ycu find Out they br uc.h: i to a shundcwn and then :hev. le: .reu
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_ i ., Weeks before that we were told we're going : 1e: you knew. We don't want : knew later, we want to knew new. Ne want to know ahead of time. We want to knew. Maybe we want to ge: cur children cut of the area for that day or that week. We're 1 1 a _d _ a _d d . J i l I've gone to all the meetings and found cut cha:
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You don't knew how we feel. We can': even really icek f::vard
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MS. MARPITT: Would you say sc=ething a little =cre
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w .ac .u..as stack with stuff c.einv cut of it. And then since she was down there, I ca=e back : guess a week later and she said, we were talkinc. abcut it and she said, Mc==v. are vou still . worried about that? I tried 'to keep them cut of the area be-cause I.was se upset, net because : was upset, I tried c
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c ... sav. hat mY children didn't suffer thas much because : really . tried, I tried to keep them busy and tried no: o discuss it in frcnt of them. Because : dcn't want the= c feel a sense c .' ' .e s s , c .' wP.a '. . .' ., .'. . h..=,- y e .. o ..'.e... . . w a. . . ..' . a. .. .-.e . hec.eful of the future. C.*3.A..* M.AN r'*e. r.' .- *.."..= .~.k .v eu v e .-v. .u .'. ." . . s .". .= . .d ..g ..". 4 s with us. (APPLAUSI). MS. JORGINSCN: Ccnald Ecxler, who we cwe an ac.cice."2 sre ' .'. .d .a.c. '.a. .d s .7 a. e w.. n q c.. *..'.e w .- . , .- =.... .
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nuclear accident. We need ec knew abcut nuclear energy and we need te knew about what's happening abcut the en,cing clean-ue. For example, about ten davs . ac.c there was a fire in a dump a Three Mile Island. Supposedly they found contamined clothing that was not to have been buried there. -'he way . I've heard about it, I've read abcut it in the Lancaster paper, and suc. c. esedly a nember of the Ecuse of F.epresents ives of Pennsv.ivania uot the werd frem two Met Id empicyees. And the
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As you can see a lo ef these things create tension amene us. And I think the .esv.chc1cc.ical impact is very great. And so basically I tried te get as nuch infer =acien as I can en the pro and anti nuclear areas. And as I read nere about i: I became very upset and a lic:le bit bcthered. 5cce of the
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know that, and I've lived here in this area all of my life.
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179 infor=ation that when the thirty. .vears er forty years are up and it's time to shut them down, perhaps are they will really do is concrete them c: weld them shut. This cencerned me. Or perhaps cart them away. I read about nuclear waste and found cut that since 1976, thirteen states have banned the burial of nuclear wastes. I read sc=e =cre and found cut that ac. creximatelv. twenty-five years worth of mili:ary and cc==ercial nuclear waste, hic.hi.v caustic, is act permanently disposed of. And there dces not seem to be a very gcod idea of how to permanently dispose of it. Sc that we are safe
=any, many generations frem today.
I also read about radiation exposure levels in 1953, the AEC in Utah said during a thirteen week peried that a permissable exposure was 3900 =1111rs=s. And new today I read where an accepted standard is 500 millirams for one year. So evidently the exposure rates have gone down. Will they continue to go down. I read that the government is very much involved in fuel e recessing, waste disposal, and so :': c a v. i n c. scr: Of for nuclear enerr..v. throu~h =v. electricity. bill and also through my taxes. Also the fact that a maximum fine is twenty-five thousand dollars. When there could be a tremendcus nuclear :stastrophe. Cr perhaps a license :culd be lifted ermanently of the utility. Se maybe sc=e of this infermati n is misinf rmati:n and maybe : stand corrected. Su: :he =cre : 10cked in:: it, : read where the curren federal budge: is 1.06 billi:n dellars
l l 1=3< l i I for nuclear enerv.v this .vear, and eni.' three hundred and fortv. million dollars for thermal, wind and sclar energy. I think we probably have to diversify our energy. We have to diversify how we're going to get it. The govern-nent coaxed the nuclear enere.v. in 1950s to c.et involved, rather the government coaxed business and industry to get in-vo.1 ved .4 .n ..'.e ..uc ' a. a. .d ..d".s . v. 4 .n ~. .". a. .' o. : 0 o , w .". ", . a..' .
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coax other business and industries to get into other alter-native tv.o.es cf pcwer, and maybe shcw by example, using mapv. types of alternative energy in their daily day-to-day busik.- ss. When vcu leave today, v.eu're .erobab1.v carked cut here.
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over. I don't think it is cperating any longer. Pennsylvania recicnally, s talking regicnally now, Pennsylvania seems to have . an abundance of coal. And Senator Jchn Hein:, a federal .e.,a.. . , g ., .4 . es. o .a . e s o' e .. a. . . .' . . m . .S a. .... o- ": .' " a . . .i .= , w..~.e a.n 4 .. ...= .- a. s . .d .. -, a.- ..d . .' e .d .7 . . . .v .d .- .. .. , e . . . .".a g a_ d . . e , . .=. .. ". = .-v. .= . .d February 1979, abcut the benefits of coal to Pennsylvania.
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190 he very, very expensive. A: least we den't have to werry about a way te get rid of the radicactive waste so that we have a lot of it new. And so if I could just end with one analogy here. If cur ancestors had accepted airplanes in the same ter=s that we are being asked to accept nuclear anargy, they.would have taken off in airplanes v-ith enly a premise that sc=eti=e scen~the pilot would disecver whe:her the machine could be landed safely or whe:her it would crash. I feel these actions are analogous to accepting nuclear energy before we know the front end and back end costs, before we knew about the real effects of icw level radiation, if we ever will, and before we knew hew te confine radicactive waster perr.etually . and infallibiv.. :Tew certainly the Wright 3 cthers did try to fly, but not a let of pecc.le took a chance like this. So finally my i= mediate concern right new is I believe this area would have a tremendeus sense of c.sv.chelegical and physical release if nc=ber two is decc==issioned safely and number one was ccnverted Oc coal if tha: is technologically possihle, or ccavert the station, Crawford Station in:c a ccal facility. . Once again, :'d like to emphasi:a that we do need in-f:::ation and we de need :: be educated, and I hcpe tha: all the facts will be lecked a: very, very carefully. Thank ycu. CHA!?l'.Mi KIF.UY: Thank you. This might be an appr:priate -4...e # . -- . e .
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3 3.1 I said in Washingten at cur cpening r.eeting, of course, we dcn't knew what findings and recc==endations we will ecce up with, but one cc==itt=ent I've perscnally =ade is that be-sides whatever highly technical stuff we will have := turn out, I'm determined that this Cc==ission will turn cut a vclur.e.that every single citi:en in this country can read and understand. I very thercughly agree with you that whatever we find we have to engage in a major educational prccess in this nation. MR. HOXLER: fir. Chairman, could I say one =cre thing please? CHAIP. MAN KZ 2:Pl: Yes. fir. HOXLER: As : read t'.e articles thrcugh the weeks I collected questions as : had read the newspapers, and I have forty-six questions here, that as : read the newspapers, questions about nuclear energy, nuclear industry, and par-
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CHAI?l".AN KZ:1EMY: We'd be hace.v. to receive those questions. MR. HCXLER: Thank you. CHA:?ftAN KI.Erl: Thank you very much and we will lock at your questiens. MS. .~CRGE'5CM: Bill ?feffer, please. I'.R . PFI.TIR: Gced afterncen ladies and gentle =en. My ame is 3111 Pfeffer and : live in New:urytcwn which is :he
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132 is apprcximately three miles frem Three Mile Island " nit 2. What I ca=e to de this af terncen was net testify on the physical accident that happened at Three Mile Island Unit 2. I was not in the control recm, I was not in a position cf power, either in a federal er state sense, nor in a utility corpcration sense. Neither am ! a nuclear engineer that has the background or the qualifications to tell ycu about icw level radiation or half lies. What I wculd like to testify abcut this afternoon is the accident that happened in Poughkeepsie, New York. That's a small Hudsen town at the Hudsen River. I'm sure it got no press coverage. I knew you would not have seen it en the eleven o'cicek news. And there were a few of us up until this afterncen that knew about it, but it's certainly just as real as the one down here. Let me explain. Wednesday, March 23, my wife got a call at ten a.m. from a friend who said there'd been an accident. She =cved with great repetitiy, took the children, called the schcols and asked the children not te be let out. I came hcme at twelve, I get the children frem schec1, and we were en cur way at one o'cicek in the afterncon, := ?cughkeepsie, New York, where relatives reside. I'll do a short chronology fer you if I may. Thursday was taken up trying to explain what were dcing up there, and with little kncwledge at our disposal ..a. .. ... wp. _4 . .w. . ,. .__..,. .= . . d a_ x_ _' _= _' . . 4 . , _= . .d
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.rriday was taken up at news radic brcadcasts, and 4
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television brcadcasts and newspaper readings in an attempt to ascertain what was happening. We heard abcut gas, we heard about the pressure buildup, we heard abcu: releases. We checked the wind forecast. We checked the wind activity on Friday. We pondered in our soul what the wind's direction was en Wednesdav, frem four in the merning ~till one in the afterncen when we in fact escaped. Saturday we hear =cre about the bubble. We hear of a .ecssible hv.d:cc.en explosicn. We are -- we take the car. We have it gassed up. We take the map, we mark it up. We stand a radio watch, that's my language for listening to the radio all of Saturday night. Sunday we hear of possible breach of contain=ent, a .chrase that has come to draw fear in =an.v cf us, core melt down. We go look at the =ap again. We ha've a rcute up to Canada. We have another rcute marked to Scsten's Logan Airport. New it's clearly a question of which way the wind bicws sc we are new calling the metecrolegical office. We bring in the New Ycrk State Department of Health for a gieger counter .-aad.'..c.
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l 134 MR. ??IFTER: And new come to Menday, April 2nd which was the date of the accident. At six-thirty in the morning, I had to wheel mv. wife into the emerc.ency recm, . suffering f cm severe chest pains, numbness of the right arm. The pulse rate was high, the biced pressure was high, the IKG strip ran negative. The diagnosis was traumat c shock. The prescription was sedation. The cure was rest - for the mind. Cn Easter Sunday she left New ?c k to return to Sweden frem whence she had immigrated eleven years ago. She is new back as of Tuesday, May 16, based on cur mutual judgment that little er no confidence in what we're told we feel there is a majority chance that we will not suffer any mere damage by brinving her back. I can give you a little happy news.. She's bett<a: new. She only wakes up in a cold sweat two nights a week instead of every nic.ht, and I saw . her smile and laugh vesterday. . I suggest to you that accidents like Poughkeepsie happen by the thousands and unfortunately many of them : suspect are not visible en -he surface. I'm afraid that this is the ecs cf nuclear pcwer. Not only that it's =cre ex-pensive at bill pay 4 g *'"e, but I'm afraid
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f _13C of the risks at the time of censume. tion. And I ask v:u 00 unmask the guilty to save the same kind of guilt and the same kind of mentality that caused I'm afraid a cance:cus path to go through Utah. I'd like you -- I need you to shine the light of truth in the darkness of the lies and the misrepresentation and the decei: that has c0me to us from federal agencies, state agencies and energy utilities. I think you have to give us what we cannot afford to give ourselves, which is individuals who might be responsible for their actions. I feel in this country we have lost the ability to make pecple responsible for their actions And if vcu
. couldr and if you wculd give us names of pecple who represent in my judg=ent at least, criminal nec. lic. ence , then I will be hape.v. to spend the rest of my life savings to try and see if I can get them behind bars. Thank ycu very much. (APPLAUSE).
CHAIRMAN KEMENY: Thank you for being so very candid. I knew it has not been easy for you : go thrcugh that very traumatic personal experience. Questions from Commissioners? Thank you, : very much appreciate your willingness :0 share that with us. MS. JCRGENSCN: We have One addition to the agenda, Mrs. Fran Cain please. MS. CA N: Gecd afterncen lad:es and gen:lemen. I'm here representing Glamcr ?ccdles, a business tha: is iccated directly across fr:= Three :'.ile :sland. : 11re exactl,,
136 ene-eighth of a mile fr m the cooling tower. We located here when my husband ret.'. red from the service, and I started in the pocdle business. It's been eleven years of hard werk. For the betterment of the toy pccdle. We are new raising champions and ccming cut with champion stocks. When the accident occurred on March 22, we did not know what to do with the kennel which vculd house approximately 26 adult dcgs. Eierer strictly for business or for raising of the pcodles and for showing. He walked over to the NRC at Trailer City which is at the oxidation Center, and they suggested that we remove the kennel from the area, because they could not indicate at the time what the crisis wouid be. We also went out en recommendation cur two veterinarians.
*: had submitted these letters to the ANI and they had just sent me back an answer stating that we might have sustained a substantial loss. We have sustained a loss, there's no doubt about it. Whether my stud dogs will be able to produce anymore because of the radiatien amounts that they might have received, whether the female's chronosomes will be correc we do net knew. This will take a period of a year c two or ,
whether their offspring will be able to produce. I also have a fif:een year old girl. Ne evacuated the kennel because we had c, cut we felt we had to, she went along. And also here for the sake of my child and my neigh-ber's children. TM: has been nightly. They start
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ac.c.reximatelv . when it gets dark and they s :p shcr:1y after daybreak. I can see this from my dining recm windcw. The used I do not knew what is becoming of this at the .cresent time. I presume that thev. mic.ht be du=c.ing some of this. Once shortly . after the TM: inciden: cccurred, we did get a taste in Our =cuth. We also felt nauseaus. The day that the scanning was dene, there was nine counts that were extra hirh and they brcught their ecuipment back into Middletcwn
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for the people to be rescanned. At that time we get another taste in cur mouth. My daughter was upstairs eating breakfast. She v ot a taste and she said M:=, something is :inc.line. in mv.
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The girl that runs the grec=ing shop that dces ne live at cur hcuse was in there. She get the same taste and she became nauseaus. I called Metropolitan Edison and they did finally come into me. They came in with gieger counters. They went all ever the premises and : =us: say they were very nice to me. They went upstairs, :hev. went around the .cu=..ies' cac.es becauses the dogs were back after nine days' stay bearded a: other locale. They Occk =y water, the ran tests en the water. Several days later they called me back and they said : me
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taste that we were getting. This was real. We were net cut i cf our minds, and we did not imagine this as they told us we did. There was.also an cdor. What kind of an cdor I cannce be sure but it smelled like iodine to me. As we live this close to Three Mile Island, since Unit 2 has been in action, when they release this pressure, it scunds like jets taking off and it has lasted for apprcximately five to ten sinutes. This has weken us up cut of a scund sleep at night and it has actually sent vibrations into the house. We could actually feel the house vibrating. This is no: imaginery. The real estate where we are at naturally has depreci-ated. Thev sav it has not but how can I sell mv. business todav. and =v. home when it will never be cut of sight er mind. We live directly across frem this place. I think that a lot of pecple are missing a let of the issues. They are getting petitiens up. Cne of the peti:1cns er scmething should be done about the liability insurance. Anv nuclear plant that is in cperation shculd have *iability insurance. The way it stands today if we had lost everv. thine. we would have gotten, =aybe what, one or two dellars back en the.theusand. Ne spent cur. life savings and we've werked hard, t We cannc aff rd :: lose all of i . : i There was a truck accident. Cne Of my cus : ers came in with-a deg to be gr:c=ed One day and the railr:ad track l l l-i l
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139 and the main entrance to Three Mile Island -- and this is true -- Three Mile Island and Me:reyclitan Idison they did try to hide this -- as the truck was going in, the custcmer saw it, the train came by and did bump the truck. If this had been filled with waste ccming out, what would have happened? And semething had gene wrcng and the truck had tipped ever, or the truck had gone haywire. The property has gene down in value. There's nc ques-tien about it. But I presume cur taxes will stay high. I feel that Metrepolitan Idison is largely responsible as well as N2C, because the way understand it MRC was not ever there checking regularly and I feel this should have been done. I also feel that the people in the cperating room shculd have better training and skills before they operate. This is the land of the free, I think you should give the American people to be free and let them live tha way. And if it has to stay open, at least have the right pecple working there and have the right centrol. The way it is right new it's ;ust like : wculd take a child and put a child in a car and say steer the car and go. A child does not knew how to brake the car, and Metropolitan Idisen apparently cannot brake Three Mile Island righ: new. Thank yeu. If there are any questions I'll be glad :c answer them. CMA:?l'.AM KIMINY : Cues:1 ns? Thank feu very .uch. MS. CA M: You're welecte.
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190 MS. REIGI.I : Hello. First of all I'd like to start just by saying - - - (interrupted). CHAI?llAN KIMITf: Excuse me. Could you try =cving the mike down a little bit. MS. REIGLI: 0.k., is that better? CHAI??R1 KIMINY: It's the one that's sticking up on, the one that .
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CHAI??.AN KIliI:Pf: Thank ycu very much. MS. RIIGLE: 0.k., As I started, I'd like to say by starting, I've been through two ficeds, a tornado, two car accidents, and they've all been handled very well because :'m a fighter. But I cannot come to terms with this Three Mile Island'- - - (interrupted). MS. *CRGINSCN: Excuse me. You're going to have to move that mike down a little. Ne really can't hear you. CHAIRMAN KIMENY: Could we have a staff member help a little bit, please? MS. PI:G:.2 : !s that better ncw? CHA:? TAN KI CTI: Yes. MS. P2:GII: Did you hear what I said? CHAIRMAN KIMI!Pl: No, wculd you start again? ~4e'd appreciate it. MS. ?2:G 2 : 0.k., As jus said, I've experienced twc fi:cds, a ternade, twc car accidents, and :'ve hand'ad i: all very well. :'- a fi:nter. Su: :' cannc: :c=e :: :er.s with 1 l l 1
.9.1 this Three Mile :sland. I live four houses down from the north gate. And I find ! cannot coexist with this menster in my back yard. I've had to decide whether to be a realist or an ostrich. So I'm here trying to be a realist. Before :
go on, and I don't want to forget the fact that the airplane pattern, I'd like to call your attention to the airplane pattern that goes ever my hcme and the power plant. And ; dust as a citizen --- (interrupted). MS. JCRGIMSCM: Excuse me. Could you slow down just a little bit? The reverberation is so difficult to hear. I'm s e r r'./ . MS. REIGLE: Well, I was saying, the airplane pattern that gces over this power plant. I'd like this Ccmmittee to take that into considera:icn, and I don't want that facecr to be missed. 3ecause you have to live there to appreciate the fact, watching these airplanes lowering to go into the air-port and just literally missing the ecwers. In fact, living there as long as : have, I thought that accident wculd happen before this one. So this is something to really take into censideratien. I can't believe they were licensed to begin with. Because of that facec: alone. O.k., I'd like to sav. also, love this country. I'm one of these minorities whose eyes fill up with tears when : hear the Star Spangled Banner. Su: : si: here in :::11 1: ache and fisgus: for the legisisters, all parties, : have werked ve r.r activelv in . . cli:ical parties. I si: in fisgus: 10:
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s ".e. ye o. _' a. . .- - = . . ' . " . d. e _ - stand why human beings in a civili:ed country such as curs have a total disrec.ard for c her human beine.s. Whv. we even have to sit here and discuss cicsin9 a ecwer clant that should . . have been al= cst an instant decision. I can't fathc= that. As a private citizen. I've deliberated in what capacity : shculd speak. As a
=ccher who will werry till my death about the genes and chrenc-semes of my child, my grandchildren, as an angry victim who has accumulated a library of 300 preven ive medical bccks, who eats health fccds, I think it ' s a .i cke . : 's an irony that Probably will be done in by sc=ething that I canne: taste, feel er see. This is a laugh.
Sc, I decided to come as a prcperty cwner. Because un-fortunate as it is, pecple's ears are in their pccke: bocks. And legislators will hop en the ecenc:.ic issue before the health issue. I wculd like :: propese a differen: aspec: to
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b 5ee hcw c= incus it feels to see these tcwers, experience the sirens , see them emit the s=cke at nicht. They sneak it cut I the fire trucks , like I said, they sneak the e==issions at night. The trucks that sneak over ento the island with their li= hts off before they . c.e t to the island to pick up radic-active waste. Ungodly noises. But these noises have been hac.cenine. since the.v fired-up Unit 2. I have here a letter frc= M.et Ed. have called .eried- [ ically every two-three weeks about these ncises . :!ct because of the noises but because of what they represented. I was e told that they were generater shutdcwn. New these noises were different, but thev. still c. ave the same reascning. I have a letter here frc= Met Ed because I have gotten the= cut of bed, I have called'Lebenan, I have called anybcdy who would listen. Some of them sound like thirteen supersenic j ets. It's like Chinese torture, it's se c.iarcine.. You think that .vou're 1 going to lese your =ind. So I have a letter here, they're telling =e frc= Met Id they' re find, den ' t werrv. . I t ' s a ve rv. ,- cd w.4..e.. .'a..*.e , .i . ' s .= . ub .' .' . .- = .' a . .' a . .s 'a...=., -
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194 you of some of the plight of sc=e of us that live c10se := the island, I've had swollen lymph glands, I've had laryngitis, sore throat. Some people were bleeding frem the colon, which your iodine enters through the colon, se ttles in your thyroids , but it enters through ycur eclen, and for these who say this is psychosymatic : invite you :c bring the deg. I have a ec111e dog, and whenever an.ythinv is geing on at the island, this dog becemes very frustrated. i!e paces, saliva ecmes out of his mouth, he's not going into a seicure, he has done this several times. The one time he weke me it was Tuesday in the morning, 2:20. I looked out the window and I saw smcke being emmitted belcw the ecoling tewers. This indicates probably more lethal release than ecming from the eccling tewers them-selves. What that is I don't knew. It lasted for twenty minutes. I telephoned the neighber. I said wculd you please lock out the windew. I said, at this point, I eat, drink and think Three Mile Island, ma.vbe I'm hallucinating myself. So she verified this fact.
- telephoned .:.epresentative Reeds ' cffice the text morn-ing. I have telephoned there several ti..es . They've re-assured me I'd receive an answer, but I've never received answers := any o f this. New this is twice that chese smcke emissions have happened. :: is act the same censistency as
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.93 to appreciate what is geing en.
So wha say is there is seme type 'egisla icn f: - us for scmebcdy to buv. us cut of our o.rc=ertv., anything . . like this fer us proc.erty owners. have moved mv. sen and mv . deg. e34 . . .g w n.. .wa . - -a.. ' *. c .' t a - . a.~-.e. . . s . . '...e ...v
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I've incurred expenses that I don't knew hcw I'm going to pay. still ",o en incurring e:c;enses : cannot afford. Because : a.m . e n ..i ..c. .a k. . ...e
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tells us we should have, I think we should be allcwed to have the option of whether we want to stav. c: -o. s canne sell .y home. I've had a realtor in. '"he Radiological i~ealth - e a ..e..*.
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. me . O.' cau.-se I could take them and shove them. Thev. cell veu don' . de it.
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the island. It would take me ferever, because when you live
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. And see these cccling towers and have the view that I de. You don't even have te hear er see any-hing. It's jus: a feeling around :ne
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- !aybe they relocated like we all shculd. I don't see basically birds. A "ew crews. Of course it's c.ced, : dcn't have anv.
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pays a: ten ien to :cndenderry resifents. The news media ca d e s Mi d d.' a.. .-w.. ,4---
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e.n-tien to us , and es=ecially . . us that live so close. The ceccle that are ?:o-nuclear, let them huv. =v. house, or at '.e as pre-pose sc=e kind of legislatien where we ceuld be bcught cut. Id we don't want to =cve let them sta.v there, but we should be given the option as American citi: ens. And I guess that's all have to sav. a I f.cn't want to keen. : cine. . . CHAI.uAN :G:e.:.NY: May. ask .vou a questien. On these references to rather dense emissions you said belew he :coling
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. v. e s , - d4 2-CHAI.5v.AN - lc.MINY: believe v.cu used the werd on Tuesdav.
but it wasn't clear to me whether this was :he Tuesday after
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193 effort, and then when I am done, I am going to go anM talk with someone upstairs, who has pcwer over all of us. Because talking to you people almost makes me feel -- as : said, I'm ' very patriotic, but I'm like asking the left hand to watch the right hand. But I'm still talking to the same stem. And I just -- if you people de something, it will be a blessing and I'll be very happy. Su I'm really -- :'m going : wait and see and really doubt it. You've experienced the problem yourself -- can't get subpeona pcwer. I mean, tha t ' s j us t ene problem. You can imagine how we feel, being lied to and if they're going to have an emissien, at least why can ' t they work with you? Why can't they say, we're going to have an emission at two o ' clock. Would you like to leave by one and maybe not come back for eight and a half days later. Whether i 's-iodine or what. Two or three weeks ago they released three hundred and thirty thousand picecuries of icdine. It was so disoriented I couldn't tell my windcw from my dcor. I don't have :: lis:en to the news to knew that something's going on over here. I can': put a label en it, but don't have Oc turn on my radio to know hcw feel. And as I said, forget psychosymatic, because you bring an animal down, and you'll see an animal, hcw nervous they ge:. And ycu knew the epitaph en the :0mbs::ne of a hypcchendriac is, . : :cid ycu : was.si:k. And when : hear psychesymatic ge: very angry. : have a girl i ! friend who has an eigh: year :1d. 3ne has chi *dren. And she )
- ck her ei;h: year Old to :he d:::Or. He says, Oh, her i
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Cu ?.7 4. MAN KIMI:1Y : Cem.tissicner McPhersen? MR. McPdERSCN: Did I understand. you to say tha there .* s ar. s. .- . a .. a c '. e . . . --.- =. ~,. ~ _1 . " e " e .- ..". e y _' .= . . .
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mv. home, but .veu'il have to go dcwn Oc appreciate wha: :'m saying, which is al= cst saying like, " rem there to the re , and 4.. does, . . . . . .a.,. a .,o... An a .4. . ._.
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keep to a pattern, and i does ge ever that. -'his was pre-s e.. ~. =. d
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200 I mean, I can.': answer a: this roment what the rece==endations , are going to be. 215 . RI:GII: " fill you keep it a: -he top of the pricrities? CHAIRMAN KI1EN'?: Selieve =e, after we 3o - through a day . of testi=cnv. like this, we are certainiv. no: ceing to ic.nore it in our repcrt, I can assure you of that.
?!S . REIGI.I: mean, we I re not two hundred thousand pecple, but we are pecple dcwn there that are left that have to alscst -- I'= paying rent new bu: : can't afford it nex:
=enth. I've get to move back. And this is the situatien. Sc I think this is , they owe it to us. Scmebcdy cwes us.
Whether it's Me: Ed or the federal governmen: for licensing these plants. 5ccebody should -- we shouldn't be igncred in this situation. Thank you. (APPLAUSI). MS. JORGINSON: Harry Machita. MR. MACHITA: Most of ::rf testi=cny was covered by Three liile Island Alert in the previous testimony. All I would like to sav. is how it affected =e as a hcme cwner, ere.cer:v. ewner, . and a father. I live a half a mile away frc= the island, since 1964. And of course I was concerned when the nuclear pcwer industry wanted to build a plant there where they built 4 .ae e .te .st.e s
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I thcught perhaps another week cr two wculd brin 3 us 0-geder again, but as tice goes en I can see that we're pro-gressively falling apart. Friends and relatives we visit, the shcpping centers we ge :c, and as a las: rescrt we ccme home to sleep. Sometimes we don't even sleep. Because you don't 1 w
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have a family to =cve. . My wife, she wou'.d relocate in anv. area eleser to work and =ake a home for my daughter because of the gas shortage and maybe it would be better for me := re-iccate where I'm working. Because of the gas shortage. Su:
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don't believe tha: I had anything to de with this. I wake up at night and wender hew did I ever get in this position? I hear President Carter talk ahout human rights. Human rights in the =dddle east, in Africa and Russia. What about human 4_- -
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thank veu. . CHAI??.AN E y?M*l: May. - ask vou a c.uestien?
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I 203 in =v. e. rc e. e r _v. and av. wife has about twen v. vears of work . and investment in that property, and that is the only equity I have for tne forty-four years I've been here en this earth. And the situation varies. Pecple in the ten mile area are not subject to the same conditions where the pecple who live in the half mile radius.
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probably, for you people. The secr= is gene, but the situa-tien is just as critical as it was en March 23 for -he peuple who live in that immediate area. Any further quecciens?
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MS. MARPITT: Did understand that ycu and your f amily did leave the area for a while? MR. MACHITA: tie lef: en our own for a period of two weeks. l MS. MARPI T: Could v.eu say a little bi: about what led to your decisien? What kinds of things made you certain tha you shculd leave?
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. Well, the noise te begin with. The ecwers in the day -ha: I teck away -- it was jus: a rcutine way Of r
life before. And new they seem constrous. Much bigger. Much A
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ncny here, and i: was well covered. C"A RMAN KIMEMY: -' hank you very nuch. ( AP P LA*v'SE ) . MS. JCRGINSCN: Sandra and George Rineer. MS. RINEER: I'm Sandra Rineer, this is ny husband George and we're here on behalf of our children, Michael whose eleven, Steven whose nine and Michele who's four. We 1:.ve in Londonderry :cwnship and we' re hree niles away fr - 2:C .
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- a-must -he the = cst horrible day of our lives . I heard he ' firs:
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- ore alarming. 24y nerves are shattered. I keep -hinking, what if we can never go back. I can't bear the thought. Can ycu o s s .' ., * .' y _4 =a g_4 ..e "..". e ...a gn _' ." A- =. a.,'. .'ac ' ..g "
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MS. RINEER: I think the news .edia did the bes: they ca,u.' d w.i *.. " wi.a ..".e.v h.ad .. 7
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i i 209 i 1 listen to you that a great deal of ycur fear centered en the' fact that .vous dust didn't understand what was happenine< - and still don' t feel that you have an understanding of what's happening. Is that right? MS. RINEER: A lo: cf it. We had such a lack of i trustable information, and I was never - I never tock the ; I time to find cut about nuclear energies before this all happened. Since, I' ve learned a let , but it - cur basic feel, I think, stems from the fact that we don't knew what's going en, we don't understand radiatien and its consecuences to begin with and coupled with the f act that we are nce getting true reports - we are net getting true , statements from the pcwers that be. t DR. MARES: Oc you think it would be useful te really have a major effort - ebviously in this area as well as nationally, toc - to provide =cre accurate infer =atien as to what is going en in relaticn to a nuclear reaction plant? Cc ycu think - I'm net certain hcw ycu do it - but if we could de it, is this se=e:hing that you wculd like [ I to be dene. MS. RINEER: Most definitely I think we need' tha but I also hesitate :c du=p everything in the Govern =ent's lap bectuse right acw there's a 10: cf pecple that aren': ce sure they wan: to trus: the Gcvernmen: en anything , they tell us, because ci all tha 's happened, and we tend
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?.70 to' lean towards authority, mere or less the black sheep of the Govern =ent people ~who are involved in the Government and decided to get cut because they did not like the cover-up or whatever that was involved and these are the enes !
hink we're getting our information frem new, and those are "the enes we tend Oc believe new. Sc I think we do need an
' education program, but it's going ec have to ecme fr:m many different treas - many different pecple.
DR. 9 IS: Thank you. CHAI.V.Mi KDENY: Could I pursue that, because : think Dr. Marks, this is one of the issues that bechered me all
=crning, and the testimony, and I think you may be the right witness to ask it frem. First of all, you knew we are not the Government, President Carter appcinted an independent commission - the mcment he appoin ed us even President Carter can' t tell us what Oc do. But, I tried to probe this morning as we heard again and again public officials say they had lack of informatien. I tried to probe - they made very gecd remarks bu: there should have $
been ri automatic system by which public efficials would be notified and one can see the meri: of that recem=enda-tien. then tried to ask, who should man that information becch, and~ ser: of got conflicting answers en i ind , in view cf wha: you have jus: said, 1: seems to me you wculd be a -perfect persen := ask. Uhem wculd ycu have liked':: 1 1 l l
.S .1 1 have had there, since veu .
don' crust the utility, .veu . have ycur doubts about the Government, what kind of scurce ceuld we have had there that wculd be believable to you? MS. RI!TEER: I really wouldn't know where to start. I keep rereciering the civil defense frem my childhecd. There were a let of things we -- I can remerier having -- in schec1 we had beg tests, ,iust like we had fire drills, we had beg tests, and a Ice of the things were civil defense criented. We have civil defense - thev . de tests en the radies and things, and yet, in a situaticn like this it never really came down te using civil defense - I think scmething like that would al= cst be necessarv.. I really. - I wculdn't even knew where te begin, really. : - just like anybody else can't - I really den't knew. CHAIP.M.A?T KZME!rt: Than'< v. ou .
?!S . MARRETT: This is going back in ancient history, but it dees interest me, ycu said that criginally ycu u....., 4 e ye s . b.a . * *. 4 s wa s ~.~ .a.' .' v .s a .# a. .
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I 212 l MS. RIMEIR: I dcn't think I was in en that decision - we moved - I think we moved into the area after that was l taken care of. But, as far as nuclear energy was concerned, I think I had some questiens about it. But it seems chcse other one had many answers for us when we questioned, and if they tell you it's all right, it's safe, they can centrol it, then of course : think up to a certain point you just van: to believe what you're teld. And, you just can't - ycu don't feel like taking en the world when it concerns your energy or things like that - you figure there's always a small group of radicals who are going to take care of stuff like that, so let them worry with that. I really had my doubts, and yet, I thought, well what dc : know, I never went to college, I'm not a nuclear physicist, I guess if they say it's OK it's get to be CK. MS. MARRETT: Ecw do ycu feel abcut the experts acw? MS. RINEER: I'm still living in some of that terrer.
- mean, I wish if we could afdcrd it, we :culd just pack up and move cut, but running away doesn': always solve problems either. : think i 's better for me :c de what i I'm doing now, facing them head-en, doing wha can. I feel it's necessary, : ewe 1: to my children, at less: they won't accuse =e of cepping cut, although I have talked te a 100 cf pecple who feel they need their electricity and that's the price we have :: pay. : don': really think tha:
we sh:uld. P { 1 l _d. . - , , , _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ .
i 213 i CHAIRMA!! KIfiENY: Dr. Marks. DR. MARKS: Could I - I just want to make sure I under-s t and. What sort of things are ycu doing to cego with this situation new, actively? MS. RINEER: I think the original thing I did was my March cn Washington. I' ve been in ecuch with f riends , neighbors, in the area. We discuss it almest - net flmost - we discuss it daily. We marched en Washingten. As a result of that, a small group get organized in our cwnship to pass petitions. We attended the polls last Tuesday to get signatures. We set up a meeting date - we' re going to have weekly meetings :o centinue circulating petiti:ns. I'm here. Whatever else comes - I intend to go to scme of the RACC lectures to catch some - the RACC - Harrisburg Area Community College - RACC is a local ters - we've shortened
- 10. They have lectures going - I want to go to some of those. I keep seeing different meeting dates listed in the papers so I'm just going to stay scrive in it and on
- cp cf it in every way I can.
OR. :1 ARES : This morning we heard testimony frca c Dr. Gross whose Provost of Penn State University, Capitcl Campus, indicating that they were crgani:ing s large series of seminars, discuss 10n grcups and lectures. I dcn't kncv where yet live and so en, but is tha: the kind Of : hang you wculd find useful ss a part :f you affer s?
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MS. R NEER: Indeed, yesi . Because the ser:.es that that Harrisburg Area Ccmmunity Cc11ege has going involves many different aspects of the T.'d.I incident. They're going to have scme of cur Ccngressmen there for questioning, they're going to have - study the psychoicgical and emotional , i afisets - there 1 9ein9 to studv. the c.hvsical affects - thev're. going to study who's . cine to cav. for it - it's going to be an overall picture of the thing, ::c.
- CHA Pld.AN KIME:lY : Ccamissicner Trunk.
MS. TRUNK: Ecw has this affected your children? MS. RINEIR: I think the first weekend after Mar:h 30, and up to like April 2nd, the situatien was very tense and the children were very tense. They suspected scmething - they didn't know what they were afraid of, but they were afraid, as well as we wre. I think right new things have gotten pretty much back to normal because that's the way we want it for the children, but they still hear us talking about it, they knew we're doing things that we ever did before, and they knew there's a difference in Our lives, they :<new things have changed. But : really think for the most part the kids'are back to normal. CHA ?2Gl! KZ24ENY: Gcvernor Sabbitt. MR. DA33:!T: Have ycu continued te keep your diary? MS. RI!IIR: : do, constantly. : have for several Y. ears - :'ve kep: One. l l i I I E -
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extreme lv. frank with us. MS. ORGENSCN: Dr. Charles Cole, please. DR. COLE: Thank ycu. 70 set the stage fer the ce=missicners here I wculd like to sav. that I am testifvine. . as an individual today - I'= not representing any crgani:a-
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centinued safe use of nuclear pcwer. :'m speaking frc= several points of view. First, as a fa:her and a :!iddlet wn resident who remained in the area with his children during the incident; secend as a censumer of electric power; third, as an enviren= ental engineer; and fcurch, as a very concerned environmental scientist. As an environmental scientist, I've had formal training in radiation safety and health, and I'm aware cf sc=e of the risks that we take with nuclear fission. Ecwever, ne activitv. cf man is w.' '. .'. u s c.~..e . d. s k . ' a.v d _ c r....e . . . a.' = . c 4 =. . . *a4 - . s .= ~. . a .. . . we:.gn anc ca_, ance :nese ::.ss, s a sc=e::.=e s ce. =. cs:.nc. e ac.w.
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216 safety corrections made, and be completed. During the time that the necessary safety changes in existing plants, plants under construction are being made, re-evaluatien of the cost effectiveness of nuclear pcwer versus alternace ; energy sources should be made. :t is pcssible that we may find that nuclear pcwer may not be the panacea to et: energy ' problems that we ence imagined. On the other hand, it may still be. During the days fo11cwing the inciden: at Three Mile Island , I became aware of a considerable ignorance of radiaticn and nuclear power by the general public. Pessibly, more education to the public as to what radiation is, and its perceived benefits and harmful effects wculd be helpful to reduce this fear. Summarizing, I feel I can live with nuclear pcwer. Some vccal few might say that we will not live with it. I think the statistical increase in malignancies, etc., , caused by the incident acpears small. Greater chance of l death'pessibiv - resulted f cm bringing us all here f:r these 1 I hearings, each cne of us. : am much mere cencerned abcut j the insanity cf nuclear weapens, that are at this =ccent peinting at us, that upcn their activation may annihilate, for Lnstance, Harrisburg. If we Once believed that nuclear pcwer was fail-safe, 5cw can we new believe that an acciden: w::h a deliberste creation fc festrue: en will never cccur? l u ] i ll . - - - -- .-- - - . - - - . - -- . . . - - - - -
. . 3 ,s Let this~ incident be guide us tcwards safe nuclear pcwer and nuclear disarmament. Thank you.
CNKNCMI SPEAKIR: Dr. Coleman, you say you are an environmental scientist. Where de you practice your profession?
'OR . COLEMAN: At the Univers 07 nere.
CHA PP.AN KIME';*? : Cc==issicner Trunk. MS. TRUNK: Ecw would you go abcut educating the public en radiation? That's very hard te learn. ' DR. COLZ}!AN: I be your parden? MS. TRUNK: Ecw would you go about educating the public en radiatien? DR. COLE!!AN : Ecw would we go ahcut it? I am presently working en sece:hing for the EPA where they, adter develeping many p cgrams for water quality management, realized that thev were not going te he acccmplished withcu: ge::ing a:
- I all the citi: ens' advisory groups and have recently decided i te spend hundreds of thousands of millions of dellars c educate the pecple and I think i:'s s.cing 20 take asrass rects apprcach, especially in the areas near nuclear pcwer l 1
1 l plants , te explain te pecple what sc=e of these statistics
=ean as far as the harsdul adfects.
The statistics can 'ce very misleadine. and : think this is one of the bigges: pr:blems when ycu' re talking abcut weigning rela:.ve risks
- c things, but : think it's gcing :c take c:ncer:ed eff:::
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I 3.,8 and money to ge cut and train pecple - no: train .eeple, but educate them as to what nuclear ocwer is and the nuclear . fissien and scme of the isotepes and things that are pre-duced by it. MS. TRUNK: Should we start this in high scheels or junior.high schecis? DR. C 0.7 ."s' .1 - .
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in as much as pcssible to the science courses, but you cannot necessarily cover everything in the 10wer levels of education er you start diluting back ec the point that it isn't meaningful. Ct'A*.*.".n'."4
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DR. TAYLCR: Was there any time during the few days after the accident started when .vcu became sericusiv. cen-cerned about the possible release of a large a=cune of radicactive material? DR. CO L CIAN:
- Te ll , I cannet s av. I was not concerned -
I guess everyone was cencerned during the acciden: - but : A
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my limited kncwledge of nuclear pcwer plants and the si us-tien there, I felt that we wculd have fair warning if anv . lar e release was vcLng te cccur, i: was =.cinc. to be sericus'.y harmful :: the public, tha a: ha: time we wcu'.d
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219 there would be sufficient time for warning for evacuation, if that did begin Oc icek as though i: might happen, did you have a feeling that there would be enough warning if there was te be a major release to allow ef fective evacua-tien of the area? I mean the immediate area - : don't mean New Yerk Citf or ?hiladelphia. DR..COLEMAN: I think se in there wculd be time encugh for the evacuatien but : would be cencerned about - frem what I saw frem my nei,hbors and scme of mv. cecc.le that : work with - that there would possibly be a crisis situation where people would all be trying te get cut a: once, and possibly as much damage to human lives cculd occur during rushing frem the area as possible icw level accident itself because I think there was that chance . DR. TAYLCR: Thank you. UNKNCMI SPEAXIR: Dr. Gross told us this =czning that a briefing was held here en the ca= pus envolving the engineering faculty. I would assu=e tha: you were a par: cf that briefing, were yeu? DR. CDLIMAN: was teaching a laboratcry during that briefing - I was not at it, but I was aware of it and I knew the pecple that spoke during the incident.
*CUCICWti 5?IAKI2: Could you say scmething abcut, as ycu understand it, what was ccnveyed in :ha: briefing -
Wha kind of infer s:icn was passed cc, wha:-%inds Of cen- ; cerns and guestions were expressed during the brief;ng? )
DR. COLEMA!!: Since : was not at it, I'm nce able to give you an idea of the interchange, but, kncwing the pecple that were speaking there, it was an attempt to convey to the faculty at large what nuclear energy is about and attempt to explain to them what possibly was going on down there at Three Mile Island at the particular time. :n ether werds, to alleviate fears through education to what the possible situation was. CHAIRMAN KIME:P!: Excuse me, could : ask cne question, Cora? I'm fascinated by the following fact: you made an eloquent plea for more public educatien, and ycu've just pointed cut that the distinguished University within ten miles of a major nuclear power plant depend that the faculty have to be educated en the subject after the accident. Don't you find some irony in that? DR. COLEMAN: Yes. Mcwever, we do teach a number of courses at the campus - in it radiation safety and health are covered, but it's a prcblem of getting ec the people and their interest unless there is a crisis. Pecple are lethargic and they don' t :are until scmething happens. CHA:??RI KI"2MY: Yes, that was what I was wondering abcut exactly. Pr fesser Marrett. MS. MA3?ITT: You =enti:ned scmething about the way ycur neighhcrs and :ther people whcm you knew respended in terms cf try ng : get Out of the sres. Since y:u f;f .0:
Leave, has there been any conflict, er hcw have veu rela:ed s Oc chose pecple whcm you knew well who did nce 1save the area cr who did leave the area? CR. COLI:iAN : think very well. They accept my beliefs and my cenfidence and accept their concerns and interest in the thing and I think maybe it was a ?.ederating influence between the :we of us exchanging ideas and thoughts back and forth. CHA!?l4AN KI:ENY: Thank you very much for ycur question. MS. JORGINSCN: D. T. Smith, please. MR. SMITH: Gecd afterncen,:tr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen of the Cc= mission, staff members. My name, cen-trary to your agends, is V. T. Smith and : am not a par: of any anti-nuclear activities. I am not an anti-anything activist. I am also not a speech writer, se please bear with me. Wha: : am is an outraged citizen : hat has recently evacuated his family for eleven frust sting and difficul days of ccmpletely ics: time as we resife eigh niles fr = Three Mile Island, :hree miles cu: side cf T.e:r:pelitan's arbitrarv. liability. Cn March 29th of this .vear, mv. vife and ~ joyously brcught hcce cur seccnd daughter fr = the hespital. She was us: six fays c*f. On :.te =crning cf the 30th, all hell b cke 1:cse, and we .ef: f:r Oelaware
- stay with relatives. And we left because, in the face I
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4 i Of all the informati:n we were trying te digest, i: ;us: seemed ludiercus to hope for the best. There is an over-whelmine. amount of data shewin9 there is ne safe levels of radiatien exposure and the cuestion here was net, is there risk with low levels of exposure, but rather hcw great is that risk? I am fimnly convinced that it will take many years before my wife and I will reali:e the censecuences c.e .h .e v .
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..a.3.., ... ..., cu, .wa.,a Mr. Nerman C. Rasmussen, author of Wash 1400, or The Report en Nuclear Reactor Safety, recently stated in his repcre that he underestimated the psychciegical impac* cf an acciden: like that at Three Mile Island. He attributes this psychelegical trauma to the public's lack cf understanding of nuclear energy and radiation.
CHAIRMAN KZMENY: Ixcuse me, I cculdn't hear that chrase.
. Would .vcu mind repeating that? t was ius: , that
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MR. SMITH: Yes. Mr. Rasmussen attributes this psyche-Icgical trauma to the public's lack e d understanding of nuclear energy and radiation. CHAIP.M.AN KIMENY: Thank .vcu.
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. 223 understanding, but rather the obvicus lack of talent, integrity and understanding inside this plant. Me :cpolitan Edisen receatedly -layed. e dcwn the significance and sericus-ness of not only the damages to this plant, but aise cf the dangers of the radiation emissions :hrcucheut their so-called a
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eight hcurs into their " event" assessed a one percent damage to their reacter red. Five days later, NRC cfficials in-creased that estimate fifty .cercent. . Undaunted bv . their miscalculations, Metropolitan Edisen new calmly reasons with the Pennsylvania Public Utilities Cen=ission e c: a rate increase to ecver the eic.htv.-eight nillien dellars hev. need to replace this reacter. Metropolitan Edisen's accountabili:v. is certain1v. verv . i flexible. According to an NBC news repce: this week, Metropolitan Edison ic.nered a warnine. delivered nere than , a year ago by the NRC of the pessible nalfunction Of an 4 .. s . .-". ..e r .
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o ev. . n ncidentally, the =ere fac: cf Me:repolitan Edisen's reluctance te label this an acciden: as ceposed to an event
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Sev.end all this new thev. want :c dump their waste water into the Susquehanna without voluntarily shcwing any concern for an enviren= ental i= pact.
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...a is that Metrepelitan Edisen lese its cperating license and
.ecssibiv. even GPU, and hece for a new holdine. cc==. anv shculd . . this plant and the nuclear industry sur rive. . Nuclear energy has encugh short-si,htedness and e=c-ticnal uncertainties without the additienal drama centri- "u ed " v.
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c'e any second chances for Metrcpolitan Edisen, iust
. . as there are no second chances fer residents here to escape the radiation exposures we received.
I tec, like Chairman Keneny, who stated here *hursday . .~- n.4 g
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. . -.c , u. .a..e p c=ised te dedicate myself to the truth. But you knew,
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,..,a-energy. And Three Mile Island was not a freak accident.
It was not just one of those things with the probability of a meteor hitting you en the head, as Mr. F.asmussen would have us believe. This accident was predicted with all the tecis of probability and the benefit of scientific investigation where, if I may, this was a scheduled event. A scheduled event that the public and the industry will have to learn to expect frem nuclear energy. Dr. Jchn Gof fman, who pioneered with the nuclear industry for thirty-six years estimates that the U. S. wastes as much as forty-five to fifty percent of the energy it produces and, in light cf that, I wonder why we need nuclear energy at all. There's just two more things that I wculd like to caution this Ccmmission en should we allcw the public interest in energy to fall under the centrol of these whose cnly accountable interest and respcnsibility is to their secckholders and profit picture? m ike oil interests, and public utilities like Metropolitan Idisen wb ; ultimately exploit public interest and something far mere precicus - cur basic freedcas. I might also caution this Ccmmittee as to any future esccmmendaticn for resciutiens to these pr:blems here, : impicre you to be very cauticus cf using public funds to fren the ces:s Of these resclu:1cns.
- : hank v.eu *ter". much. 1
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CMAIRMAN KEMEMY: Cculd I ask cne questien, and please remember we are very early in cur investigation - I have a great deal to learn. You made the reference to your living curside the five mile radius, which has certain impact on you, and I didn' t get the reference, which is scmething I should knew and I den't knew. Would you be kind encugh to explain the significance of it? MR. SMITH: Yes. You cannce recever any evacuation, any ecencmic costs that you have for evacuating, if you voluntarily lef t, because the evacuatien involved only the five-mile radius. Of course, when we were evaluating this information, I don't think radiation makes the distinction between five miles and eight. Sc we were glad to leave. CHAIRM.AN KIMENY: Professcr Taylor. MR. TAYLOR: You and several c:her witnesses ecday have called for revoking the Metropolitan Edisen license - the operatinc. license. When would v.ou creccse that tha: be revoked? MR. SMITH: 3efere they get even cicse :: recpening this plant in any way, shape er form - Unit One, Uni: Twc. I think if .you're sincere in ycur interests in:o delving
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MR. TAY OR: The reascn : asked tha: questien is that
! wculd new like c ask what instituticn y:u wculf p cpese 1
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,,I om shculd have the direct responsibility for dealing with the Unit Two ccre and whatever is inside containeen: from this point en?
Mr.. SMITH: Well, I wculd hope that this Ccmmission, ! 1 Ccmmissioner Taylor, would find some reasonable suggestions ! cut of your investigatien. I personally - ! shudder at the thcught - ycu knew that the public has frented meney frem the beginning of.this nuclear - frem the beginning of the nuclear industry. We've researched the waste - ycu knew,
, we do that as taxpayers. New it's true, if the industry itself were respensible for doing that, cur ener-v. v would ces: us more. But ycu see, i t still ecs:s us in tax f
dollars, and that terribly distorts what this energy : really_cests us. So, when you ask about who should be responsible... MR. TAYLOR: Who should do it? MR. SMITE: Who should do it. MR. TA? LOR: That's what I'm asking. Semebcdy's get to de it, the questien is who would you feel =cs: ccm-fertable doing that job?
.90t. SMITE : In the face of all that's happened here since. March 29th, : wonder, Cc=missiener Taylcr, who we dc trust. Whc shculd we trus ? ;
Cc==issicner Taylcr, ; =ight add, that might be a gecd pein: fcr you :: investiya e, alcng wi:h all the other
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1: I. ia 223 things that you have to do here. MR. TAYLOR: That's why : asked the questien. That's , scmething we want to look into. CHAIM Wi KEMENY: Thank you very much. MR. SMITH: I thank yeu. CHAIRMAN KEMENY: Serry, tne'mement, please. MR. Mc?HERSON: I had a questien abcut reycking the license. Wculd you do that if you were in a power Oc de it, would you do it new without formal hearings, er wculd you wait until there had been a proof of respensibility and liability en the par: Of Metropolitan Idisen? MR. SMITH: Commissioner McPhersen, I believe that as long as they're not in a pcsitien to do any'further damage I see no urgency in this and : think the truth is ultimately what we're after here. So I would delve in 0 the activities - of the March 28th incident as icng as Metropolitan Edison isn't allcwed to reopen - it'isn't trying to reopen at this point - and : think I'd let it go at that, but I would use extreme caution before I would allcw them Oc reopen that plant. CHAIM WI KEMENY: Thank you very much. MR. SMITH:- I thank ycu all very much. MS. .JC RGINSCN : Are Ms. Kukic and Ms . Spes.m. .in here? In that case, nay : call Sue Tegan, please? MS. TIGAM: March 29th,-197?. 'Jn ti " : hat day, I had-
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4 that face ~ul morning, at 3:53 a.m., a crisis began that would chanc.e mv. life and the lives of thousands of ceccle . . in Central Penns.v1vania. My reactien en -hat Wednesda-l
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l March 29th, my attitudes began to change. We find cut that radicactive material was vented between 11:00 a.m. and 1:30 i 1 i en Wednesday - and beginning at 5:00 p.m. cn Wednesday, and c - .7 . 4 .." 4 ..c, ..".. c u c, h *..". e .7 43 - ". . . .i .= d d _d .ic n **., ._=_' _1 o .' ..". _i s ad.ia _4- n, .adia*.4.r. was a.'so ."e=..ed ". " . u g ". ..'.a. # . . -- u _ _' a c *.
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reaching levels as high as 1200 millirems per hour.
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t I 4.10 long as possible to save the utility =cmpany and its prefi: margin than to notify the proper authorities, :c anncunce i en radio and televisien, for pecple to stay inside and keep the children home. Cur children leave for schcol between 7:30 and 3:00, either walking directiv to schcol, er to a bus secp.
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, r were exposed to the highest levels of radiation that morn-m ing, and no one knew until i: was tec late. No cne, excep: +
these who were running the plant. ' To evacuate or not? This was the questien of the day. As the day were en, the fear began to mount. Why weren't we being evacuated? Was it because, as : had heard on , March 29th, that there were nc plans to evacuate all four surrcunding ccunties? Mere releases in the afterncen: three =en exposed to 1500 millirems at 3:00, and by . 5:00, i talk of a =el:-dewn increased, the stressed almest breaking point. To leave with the kncwledge that ycu =ay never return - er stay and expcse cur children to mere radiation
'and panic in the streets if an evacuatien was called?
These were real End justifiable fears. My faith in Met Id and the qucte " experts" frem the NRC was totally shattered. These experts, or specialists, as =any as twc thcusand during the wcrst cf the crisis, had no idea hcw t: ccrrect the pe:entially le:hal situation fac ng them.
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the plans they were OOnsifering including breaking pipes ,
231 starting fires, or causing ancther accident, :: ructe Roger .Mattsen, to get into a node for which all these sys-tems were designed, and we cculd cope with. These men were holding t!.: lives of approximately one million pecple in their hands. If veu c.ive an"
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dangerous the situation was, it is an unforgiveable cutrage that shculd not be permitted to centinue. Why are these =en allcwed te centinue in : heir present positions? These sa=e men licensed TM: knewing cf twenty-two defects at the time of licensing. They knew, acccrding to Dr. Henry Kendall, an MIT physicist, of ten failures in the :ccling system in the past year, and did noening. They inspected the plant three days before the ace: dent, and did nothing. They admit that knew of prcblems of the other plants, but centinue to alicw :nem Oc cperate. Why? M.r. Hendrie himself has admitted that the possibility of another TM: cccuring is one in thirty in three months. This Ccemission will take six men:hs - Other ecm=issions, six .cn:hs to one year. Who is going to handle the . ext accident, two men:hs dcwn the ::ad? t I feel an immediate merit:rium shculd be es11ed en all nuclear pcwer plants f:: at less: six months :: until the
- m=issi ns can ::me up with sc=e 00ncrete decisi:n. Mc
- ne, anywhere in the werld, shculf ge th : ugh the 1 ving hell that we were subjected to f:: eigh: days.
S. 1 9 As I see it, there are twc choices: the lives of the populations living near the plants er the profits cf the utility ccmpanies, and their stockholders. Which is =cre important? The future of this country depends en our = cst imper-tant natural. resource - cur children and the generations to felicw. If we allcw the dellar to win we are cc=mitting genetic suicide. It is too late for the pecple cf Central Pennsylvania. We had no choice. But we must new stand up and speak out against. corporate and Government centrol ever the future of our world. Utility and the NRC are cuick to point cut that no one was killed er injured. This state- . ment is ccmpletely ludicrous. We wen't knew for fifteen 2 or twenty years hcw many are going.tc die, and how nany will i he injured with cancers er genetic birth defects. The r psychoicgical and ecotional effects can be seen today. The injury began en March 28th, and will centinue for the rest of our lives. We will never knew hcw much radiation we j were exposed :c. Could Met Ed's failure rec.orting :he > first leaks for four hours and Friday's, March 30th's, for three hcurs be due to the fact tha: the levels were se high that if the truth were kncwn i==ediately an evacuatien would l have been called and wculd have T.ade :he nuclear industry icek had. They tried to =ake themselves icek goed by I brine.inc. in a bcdv. scannine. machine. I The anncuncemen: cf ! l ! i
- ne machines' arrival was April 10th - f:urteen days after i
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the accident. Icdine 131 has a half life of 7.4 days. Cn the fifteenth day, when the scanning started, what traces of 131 left in the bcdy would have been negligible. We also fcund cut in the paper last week that the machine cannot detect Beta rays, which af f ect bene narrow. It was a publicity. stunt, pure and simple. Encugh is enough. There should never be ancther Utah - Nevada incident in the history of this nation. We want this incident disclosed new, not twenty-five years later as happened out there. And there should never be another accident te be investigated in cur history. We have the techncicgy to put a man en the Mecn, we surely should have enough to develop cleaner burning ccal er sclar energy. According ec Senater Gary Hart, when he appeared en the Phil Denchus show, the Federal Government needs financial support frem corporations such as G.I. and Westinghouse te proceed with research into sclar energy. When asked why we don't centribute, Phil Cenchue answered bv. sayinv, "Because v. cu can ' t put a meter en the sun." Senater Hart agreed. The Federal Gcvernment centributes seventy-three millien dellars .cer .year tcwards nuclear research. M'.r c.uestien is, whv. can't that be used instead f:: sclar er
- al. Caly thirteen percent of Our energy is supplied fr:m nuclear pcwer plants. *e 's put a s :p :: i 's pr:wth riph: new. Shu: them f wn new bef:re this can happen ag2in.
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1 1 234 Let's put our priorities in the proper perspective. Our lives, and the lives of Our children, are the mesh imper: ant priority, not our electric canopeners and food processcrs. l l CHAIRMAN KIMEMY: May I start off by asking you, early ; in your remarks ycu quoted seme quite high levels of radia-tien. I believe at one point you said 1200 millirems per hour. I'm,$us interested where the information ecmes frem. Where wculd that particular... 1 1 MS. FIGAM: The 1200 millirems was reported Friday morning supposedly right above the stack on the island. :: didn' t go of f the island. Supposedly it was 1200. Met Id said it was 350. It's just one of these ecnflicting reports, but where did they ccme up with 12007 CHAITd4AN KEMEMY: No, !'m just most curious who re-ported 1200, do you knew? MS. FIGAM: It's in the paper. CRAIRMAN KEMEMY: In the paper. Other questiens? Thank you very much. MS. JORGEMSCM: Or. Jchn Barneski. DR. SARMCSK:: Mr. Chairman, members of the 00mmissien, thank you for the invita:icn and the oppcrtunity :: speak to you today. I am a member of the Middletown ccmmun;;y and a practicing family physician in the ::wn. : te : me acutely interested in the prcblems of nuclear energy when my wife and :we children evacua:ed Triday scrning after :he sc:ifen: i: Three Mile Island. 5in:e that time, .uch ias
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cur Congressmen. We plan to centinue to werk en a iccal level to =ake people aware that danger still exists. no. 7..; .,s.;...'_=.., .' . a. _' .= s . s _.x wa. =>. . - '-
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problems directly related te che events which previcusly cccurred. When I perscnally pc11ed my patients, better than eighty percent of these polled admitted te being under extra stress during the last six weeks. And I see between two hundred and two hundred and fif ty patients per week. i I have had respcnsible husbands and fathers in my effice cnable to ecpe with everyday problems. I have seen fear and frustra icn in the eyes of young couples as they bring , their babies in for routine checkups. I have had pregnant : wcmen contemplating abortien because of their fear of the - unknown affects en their unborn fetus. Ecwever, my biggest problem lies in the future, for, if the nuclear plant centinues to cperate , these anxieties t and fears will remain and probably increase. I cannot reassure my patients that nothing will happen when : don't knew, and especially when the medical information available to me says that there is an-increased risk of cancer and leukemia. Cne of cur previcus speakers mentioned that the s:stistics en increased medical pr:blems are 1:w. Su: if ! you are that statistic, then it's cne hundred percent. The solutiens to the problems we presently face must be found, Or the pecple of Cen: 31 Pennsylvania will for-ever suf fer the censequences , bcth real and imaginary. My > ples.is tha: the decisions :.: be made.be made by ht=ans based en human emetien, and nc: biased by pc11:iral Or f i, 6
t I I eJ E econcmic pelicies. s If anv.ene in this recm can leck at any two er three year old child 'in Middletcwn and deny that he is worth mere than three TM!s, then he is a sorry human being indeed. Thank .veu. CF.AI?.".AN KIMENY : Ceuld you.tell us a little bit mere about the kind of emotion, withcut cbvicusly viciating doctor-patient confidentiality, a little T.cre about the kind cf emetional trauma you've experienced in ycur prac-tice. DR. 3ARNOSKI: Initially, in the first several days,
- here was just a Ice of semi-hysteria, anxiety, fear.
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238 MR. McPEERSCN: Dr. B arnes ki, before - this accident happened, were you aware of any such problems, problems of this nature that you thought might have been attributed ec icw-level radiation frem the plant or fear of the plant being here? Or is it cniv. after the acc dent that v. e u . . . - DR. 3ARNCSK:: It has only been after the accident. I think in general we never really discussed the plan: 4 before that. 1 hR. McPEERSCN: You say in your testimeny that ycu and your eclieagues en this ccmmittee plan Oc centinue to work en a local level ec make pecple aware that danger still exists. What is that danger that you believe still exists? DR. BARNCSK : We feel that there is a significant danger of radiation leakage while the clean-up process centinues. C*4AIPJ4AN KIMINY: Could I ask - I'm scrry - cculd I ask the audience, please den't misunderstand =y request abcut askinc. veu to held dcwn vcur a=..=lause.
. . I knew v.ou feel very strongly en this. We are fighting the c1cck and we want to be sure that absolutelv. everv. ene c.ets he ard ,
and it's cnly for reascns of time that :'m asking that. Cc=missicner McPhersen. MR. McPEIRSCN: -Then you say, Or. Barneski, tha: the solutiens the prehlems we presently face must be fcund
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t that these - well, let me put it this way - as : understand it, people, as you perceive them in your patients, have sudfered damage, psychoicgical damage, if not direct physi-cal, physiological damage, which damage is likely to cen-tinue whether the plant is opened up er net. Is that correct?
- DR. SARNOSK : Tc a certain extent whether the plant is opened er no seme of that will c:ntinue. The pecple that beccme nervcus er anxicus ever that particular problem may continue to have emotional problems in the future.
These numbers, hcpefully, . will be very small, but scme pecple do. MR. McPHERSON: Right. Just to return to that sentence that the solutiens to the problems we presently face =ust be found or the pecple of Central Pennsylvania will forever suffer the consecuences. That would - I take what you're saying there that if the plan is reopened, tha: these problems would be exaserbated, that if the plant is nct opened they will centinue in seme pecple, perhaps ac: as... CR. SARNOSK:: Ycu can i=agine any ne riph: new with a two or three year old child who'll fif teen years fr m new that child gets ill, and by an illness that is net readily explained. That accher er fa:her is going te remember that child fifteen years back. MR. McPEIESCN: :'m vendering what the Tederal Gcvern-T.e n : : uld de,'er .ha: any gover==en: :: private en:*:/ 2 l l
m - 240 cculd'dc to alleviate those problems? DR. 3ARNCSKI: Many pecple have called for a health
=cnitering over the next ten to twenty years. That would be extremely difficult to do except en an individual basis.
-I plan en practicing hepefully in Middle:cwn the res: cf my professional career, and I mn going to remember everyone who ccces in, and I have to have that in the back Of my mind. That doesn't T.ean that I crder a full investiga:icn en everyone who ccmes in ill, but the physicians have to keep that in mind. I think as grant frem the Govern =ent, or any. other tvce of matter, would be very difficult Oc e
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3 4 .3 MR. McPHERSCN: Thank you. CHAIFF.AM KZMEMY: Dr. Marks? DR. MARKS: First let me say I think it would be very valuable if we could get any data en the ef fects of the accident in terms of health and safety of you and any of your colleagues. Is there any group of physicians who share your experiences and who migh: have additional fata of value tc the Ccmmission in its work? D R. BARMCSKI: There is one of the speakers, two or three frem new, Dr. William Sheff, will be speaking en this. He heads a group of physicians in the area concerned abcut it. He has collected much more medical infor=ation than I have, en this matter, and in f act has several reprints available to the Cc= mission. DR. MARKS: You perscnally feel that you are being adequately informed about the health and safety ccnsequences of the levels of expcsure to which the population is at risk at the present time? CR. 3ARMCSK:: I was infor=ed perscnally as a physician in the area by no one when the accident occurred. I was net called and told there is a cer:ain level in the air, be on the lockout. I had to depend on repcrts in the news-paper, en the radio for these levels. And then advise my pazients On that basis. I was net given any nedical infor-ma:1:n tha: : could use. t 5
2 4' .' DR. MARES 'Aho do you think should have had :he respons;- bility of keeping the physicians -- the local physicians and the public informed with respect to these data? Do you think the s ta te depar tmen t o f heal th ? Of course I'm not really sure how you're organi:ed, but --- (interrupted). DR. BARNCSKI: We are locking at scmething now that has not been present before, but projecting into something, it could have been or should have been a committee, pessibly made up of local health of ficials , state health officials, and federal people to act as a liaisen. To answer these questiens. DR. MARKS: You certainly wouldn't have resented being infer =ed. DR. BARNOSK!: Certainly not. DR. MARKS: That's for the record, primarily. Do you feel that you are also, in terms of your training and e:cper-ience, sir, do you think that you have adequate information with regard to the -- net only the shcr: but the long term consequences of radiation? DR. 3ARNCSK : At this point, I am getting cicse to that goal. I have had to educate myself a li::le bi: af:er the accident occurred. And : im getttng to that pein: that I feel confident if the information is relayed to ne and it is accura:2. OR. : TARES : But would you -- : mean, f: you f eel that you snculd have access :: mere in t: r=a tt :.. :: a::ess :: scne ferr.whi:n :culd : heck tu: whether er ne; y:ur int:r=a:i:n :s
4 ,. , adequate. =ean, it's a heavy respencibility you're dealing 4.4 ...u. .u.e e . OR. BARNCSK!: I wculd hcc.e that over the future Years . there would be some form of comnittee available to give me the information en pollution counts , on meter readings , on water samples and also a centralited committee that we could forward any of our questions and problems tc. We have al-ready run into difdiculty along that line when several patients or at least people that : was in contact with had questiens concerning possibly increased levels of radiation. And we're told that they had to go to private sources to prove their p;cblems e:<is ted. And for such a problem of this magnitude I would have thought we would have immediate federal and state investigatien of that. And I'm speaking of several parties , were told if thev. want results the"'2 d have to c.o crivatelv . . . CHA!P.vRI K'.'ME:lY : Conmissioner Taylor, dtd you have a question earlier? MR. TAY' CR : No, my question was answered. c.u..a... 2 c.r y
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CMA!RMAN KEMENY: Thank you very .:uch for your testi-menv. . (A?PLAUSE). MS. JCRGENSCN: .v.r. Marks has asked us : make a very brie' adjustment in the agenda because he has a six o' clock plane t catch. In that case we'd like to call Dr. William s.u.oa.:. .
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DR. SHCFF: Good afterncen. I certainly appreciate the ce.c.ortunity to come here and address all of v.ou.
. I have prepared a written statenen: I will read.
MS. JCRGENSON: Dr. Sheff, will you pull the :.icrophene a little closer to you, please? DR. SHCFF: Yes. Can you hear ne be::er now? - MS. JCRGENSCN: Yes, th ank y u .
- 33. SHCFF: C.k. A bit of background. I as a .chv.sician.
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The second point: Is low level icnizing radiation dangerous? There seems to be an uncualified yes to this sw.s.4
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243 and strensium 90. New, I have been :01d tha: there was no plutonium in the primary coolan: of this three =cnth Old reactor at the time of the accident. This is hard to believe bu: I would like to see the data. As : understand plutonium is not very solulble in water, but neptunian is. Sep:unian 239 is the isc =pe that decays into plutenium with a half life of 2.23 days which means tha: half of the neptunian present at any given time will decay or turn inte, if you will, plutenium by the end of about twc and a half days. Was neptunian measured for in the primary coolant? I do not knew. Stronsium is a beta emitter. It comes frem krypten 90, a noble gas, which has a 33 second half life, decaying into residium 90 with a 2.74 minute half life , which then decays into strensium 90. How much strensium 90 has gotten into the environment? What are the results of any studies done en ground or dust samples where the fumes touched dcwn? Oid the samples include just gam =a spectrocity which would not detect strensium 907 Nhy not specifically tes: for strensi = and other beta emitters , even for alpha e=10:ers , in ground and dus samples. I understand tha air samples were sen: o Ercokhaven National Labora: cry for "further analyis to detect presence of beta er alpha emi :ars." : stress tha: these were air simples, nc dus: or sc;_ sarples :: he bes: cf my kncwledge. Wha: are the resul:s of these studies? Ecw sens; ive are :he :ecnniques. Are there be::er techniques f::
, %a 4 measuring these for these iso pes?
My fif th point: Mcw should radicactive waste be dis-posed of? According to the preliminary notifica:icn frem the Nuclear Regulatory Commission dated March 30, 1979, "less than 50,000 gallons of slightly contaminated industrial waste" were released into the' Suscuehanna River. What dces "slightly cen-taminated" =ean? What isce: pes 4.re present in that waste? The public has a right to knew. I understand there have been many unanncunced, to the public, releases of radioactivity in the f:J:.1 of gasses. I would like to knew more about this policy. Several hundred thousand gallons of cont =mdnated water is to be " filtered", then some of this dumped into the Suscuehanna River. Again, o what does contai=inated mean? What isotopes are present in that water? My sixth peint: Ecw close did we in the Harrisburg area cece = a full scale melt down, a China syndrome? I under-stand if this reactor had been in Opera:icn for one year in- l stead of three months, the core temperature would have been higher and at the time of the acciden: when the core was
" uncovered" for a period of two hours , there could have been l
l a full scale mel:dewn. A much higher chance of that, : a: ' l
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Oces he publi: understand the censecuences of a ful_ scale mel:dewn? Oces the pub'i: understand the ces: in lives? l
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.s0 the Price-Andersen Act sets a limited liability of 560 million dollars, 500 million of which I understand is to be paid by the tax payers.
My seventh point: How much radiation are the workers at Three Mile Island being expcsed to? understand that current standards permit radiation workers five rams per year. L~nder certain circumstances, three rams per quarter, or twelve rams per year, and in an emergency situation, twenty-five rams. I find this deplorable, given that there is strong evidence in the literature to suggest that radiation dosages in the one to five ram dose range measurably increases cancer incidence. Thank you. (APPLAUSE). CHAIRMAK :C4ENY : I am censcious of the fact that Dr. Marks has to leave so if you have questiens I'll recogni:e you first. DR. MARKS: Dr. Sheff, do you have any, I thought Dr. Barneski said that you had some data as to the effect of the acciden en health and safety? DR. SHCFF: I don': have anything written out. Wha I -- I've been in contact with several phys:cians in the area who i i have had similar experiences Oc Dr. 3arneski. Several of my s friends :'ve had s spend a reat deal of time with, try:ng l
- reassure them. I'm in the posi:icn where, having raised l
questi:ns tha: ycu've heard me raise, : really den't knew what j l 2 is going On as much as : feel : should knew as a physician, , 1
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.2 DR. MARKS: That we understand. And we f eel we probably dcn' t either yet. But I think it would be very helpful :c us if you are accumulating data on the effects of the accident on health and safety, which obvicusly includes all aspects of health and sa'aty, if you ceuld make it available to us we'd c.reatly ac.creciate it. . It would facilitate our work.
P DR. 5HCFF: ! don't have any data with .e tcday tha : can c.ive v.ou. DR. MARKS: Sut after you ve: it --- (interrupted). DR. 5HCFF: I'm going to be involved in some studies and as understand tec, jus to give you information, there are sc=e pecple in the area both from the state and c herwise who are going to be doing studies on these psychological effects and some of the medical effects frem the accident. , DR. MARKS: Thank you. CHAIRMAN KIMENY: Cc=missioner Tayler? MR. TAY CR: Ycu mentiened two bits of information, I think pre" aced bv. s av. ine. veu were teld or we were told, and I want te ask in bcch cases, who Ocid you? The first cuestien was, ycu said you were told there was no plutenium in the core, and then as I understcod it expressed reascns fer be-lieving that's not so. Who told you there was no plutenium
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22 have been cree studies done. My understanding is : think is en de 30 2 , 292 or 30 2 , 100 ce sample was taken, and two additional samples early in April. Sc : understand there were three samples of primary ccolant taken and sent away. have not yet seen a repor "cr these sc : called ec see i' I ceuld I:.nd cut wna was in tb.em. I was cid da: there was
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lieve, but I would like to see the data. MR. TAYLOR: Let me make sure I've got it righ: then. Apparently, you were told there was no plutonium in the water. OR. SHOFF: In the water, in the ecclant. MR. TAYLOR: Su that 's not , you were net :cid there was ne plutenium in the core? OR. SHCFF: Ch, there would have to be plutonium in the core. MR. TAYLOR: C.k. ) OR. SHOFF: There would have to be. MR. TAYLOR: The second questien is , who Ocid you tha: the core mel dewn would have been much =cre likely if the l
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253 MS. ~CRGIMSCN: Can we new hear fr:m Mr. Stephen Shelly? MR. SHOLL'l: 0.k., ~'m a residen: of Mechanicsburg, which is about fifteen miles or se from de plant, which probably places me a little bit cutside of what scme of the other speakers have been, but concerned ..cnetheless. Before
! make any remarks about the accident, I want to praise che Cc:.=ission's stance abcut swearing in cf witnesses and de need of subpecna pcwer. : sink those are crucial to your ability ec uncover the facts in this incident, and : think it's remarkable that .vou took the stance that you did< and I'm verv. cleased with it.
. But I strongly obiece . with the apparent decision to hold de remainder of these hearings in Washington. *he accident happened in central Pennsylvania.
Central Pennsylvanians suffered whatever consecuences will re-sult from the accident, and central Pennsylvanians will have Oc live with the plant when it's reopened, which is likely. I'm tired of getting information seccnd hand in the press.
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, have to hear about dem in newspapers. ( A2P:.ACSI) . I
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And despite the assurances of Governcr Thcrnberg and de Director of de Pennsylvania E=ergency Management Assceia:icn don' t feel any way that emergency plans and ce==unication facilities we're dealine with nuclear accidents are adequa:e. 7 cink de accident points d at cue very readily. De s e. .d ..a ~".e .#ac ~. ~ 5 a t "w i.d . 1 a . '.".". .- a. a. .v' .' a. _2.'..=.".d.
". a -d been ccerating for several .vears, a nurber of communities had not developed de necessarv. ecer,ency. . clans .orier ec the
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255 large number of pecple who did no: fellev Governer Thernberg's request tt remain indecrs er to evacuate pregnant wcmen and children within the five mile :ene shows what we migh: realis-tically expect. And incidentally, I knew of no authcrity, legal authcrity shcr: of a declara:icn of Marshall Law which wculd allow a forced evacuatien. ?eeple canne be fcreed c leave. In a letter to the NF.C dated 24 .anuarv. 1973, Meer pelitan Idisen detailed the latest revisions of it's so-called radie-logical environment menitoring program. This program places four, and I think : indicated in my statement that ycu =ay have there three, there are four radia:10n monitoring stations outside a five mile radius of the plan . And for the Cc=missicners who don't have a copy of the map which is Figure 3.2-2 which shews the location of these stc:icns. There 's a 130 dec.ree sec.=ent which contains ne such stations curside the five mile :ene. Art that represents the entire west shore area including the city of Ycrk. And curicusly these stations i which are there are Operated b". "e:::pelitan Edisen C:me.anv..
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it's own radiation =cnitoring program, te. rmitting the util.':v.
- access i: 's cwn radiation releases is criminally ciave. In
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.o releases from nuclear pcwer plants. Such reperts should be made legal requirements.
Finally . I wish to address the ability of reacter c=.erators . to deal with the accident. I want to make it clear that based en the informacien which is thus f ar available the reacter
'eperaters=are net directly te' blame for the r,ccident. :: is ,
rather their. training which is at fault. The simulator eraining based en the aerospace industry's e:<perience is available and should he made a mandatorv. t. art of the training of reactor cperators. It's also clear that plant centrol reem instru-mentation had a great deal to de with the accident. I would ccm=and ycur attentien to a November '976 repcrt cf the Electric
?cwer Research Institute which deals with human facters engin-eering in the centrol reem. Incidentally there was a summary of that article in Nuclear Safety which appeared in November-December 1977 issue.
Now, the NRC has preacsed e the resident inspector program fer operating nuclear reacters. And since there were, a: las: repert, one hundred and twenty-four reacec: inspectors, there , is ne excuse for the lack of a resifent inspec:cr a: Three Mile Island. This must be a prerecuisite for the reopenin~v ef the plant. I will be happy : Inswer any questions. CF. AIRMAN KI.2ETf : Thank you. 00mmissioner Tayler? MR. TA? OR: I would like :: ask icu a questien abeu:
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en in the reactor better, er is it.to give them a deeper s-knowledge of what might be going On if the actions they take don't lead to the censequences they expected. In c her words are vou locking for deep understandinc. of what mic.h: be goinc. en that is not clear in the instrumentatien, er si= ply training in *the use of the centrels and the instrumentatica more effec-tivel; sc=ehew? MR. SHCLLY: What I was iccking for was sc=ething similar
- what : understand, like ast:0nauts or airplane pilots go through. They're put in a simulater which is an exact replica of their centr:1 rec = as possible. And perfer=s all the same functions. And I've seen instances where airplane pilots are
. cut in a situation and everythine. is c.oing along ner= ally . and all of a sudden the plane takes a dive. And they have to figure cut fr:= the instrumentation what's going on, what's causing it, hcw to cent:01 it. And I would think there would be a way to develop sc=eching similar for reacter operators se you can put a persen who's undergene training and who's new ready to =cve Ou and opera e a reac =r, into a simula:Or, have things running nor= ally, and then have a 1 css of c= cling accident, a pump kicks cut and there's c.o water in the cere. So they e e: the experience in dealing with accidents. So the first time they dcn't run"across sc=e:hing like tha: is when an acciden: .scrually eccurs.
MR. TAYLOR: Ic you think the events that happened a: Three Mile Island : uld have been simulated in advance, and used
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- 1R. "A? CR: Thank you.
CHAI.WAN KDENY: ?.Cre cuestiCns?
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CHA:?S.AN KIMENY: Chank you very much. MR. SHOL*,Y : Thank v.cu. CE' '.??.AN KIMINY : I am reminded that I was supposed tc make an announcement. It's mest apprcpriace in view cf the last wi:- was s"r csa.? ~ . ~ . a. ... c u.. . a =.=..'.'a..- ..>..=~..'..'s
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- 4 .. e. c.e o..w.e C - .m ' s m .' c n ..".a *. we . a.k e .- .c r l e *. = .*. . .=... s c . .4 e- -*s cf all of the hearings and of all of our public meetings, and
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health of ny family, my friends and =y neighters. I a= afraid, 2
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then the residents of the area are nethine more than test speci-men. With due respect to v. cur ecmmittee, : plead to you to relieve us frem cur fears and cencerns fer cur lives. We need ycur help to close the two reacecrs ferever. We cannet live in an area where cur lives would be threatened frem time to time. And I say please help us. I ' nave, s .4 . . .' .n 3-
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even: that it was necessarv. to evacuate the area, and rec.cle . wculd be at work. And thev. would have cecc.le there that was . 1 s u.' .# e . .4 ..c. .. e . .". a c. s .' - ,- ". .a. a .- . - v . c "- ' a..m s , I 4 ,
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UNK:ICWN SPEAKER: A questien. Ycu did ne: leave the area, is that correct?
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MR. MANICK: Yes, did leave the area. Ch, my yes. was fertunate. I was able tc leave the area. UNKNCWN SPEAXER: Cculd ycu tell us a bit shcut your de-c .4s .4 ,.., .
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MR. MANICK: Only had one point. When : heard hcw bad it was en Friday # I said !cm pack us. we're gcing. She said we're going to stay. We can't leave cur hcuse. And I said, we're going. We've had encugh. .'.e.d I think that is cur problem
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But we've had encugh. We don't need anymcre. And there's enly ene way to settle it. And that is take these mensters and get them out of here. We den't
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l C.A:?l1AN KIMENY : " hank 'vcu very ,uch. (APPLAUSI). ! l
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he statement which I prepared I believe ycu all have
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- expressed themselves that. nuclear , cwer is. necessary, and that
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-- . . . u. ; s .u.cr e-a that ycur investigation will not serve as a rubber stamp for those views, er a white wash for errers and inccmpetence of NF.C and Metropolitan Edisen. It is hcped that you will recogni:e the ha:ards c' nuclear pcwer. Ter even if there were fail safe i
neasures to avcid accidents, there are unsc1ved, unsolveable as many esteemed scientists say, prcblems of how te everceme the
- i deadiv effects of reutinelv. released radioactive emissions.
. The ,
storage of the poisencus waste that will endanger human, animal
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.r redect s recogni:ed the dangers and formed an emergencv.
cc=mittee of atcmic scientists. I have before me a ltter dated August 6, 1947, signed by Albert Zinstein. He was Chair =an of r the Ccemittee of Atemic Scientists. *de must remember that the ;
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,aa a~..a from a nuclear ;cwer plant. The e'fects are the same en the people.
At that time he pointed cut "we scientists believe upcn ample evidence that the time-cf decisien is upon us, that what we de or fail to de within the next few years'will determine the fate cf our civili:ation. 'fe call for a higher realism which reccgni:es that cur ' ate is adeined with that of our "ellcw country.an, and 'ellcw men throughout the world. Great ideas , may often be expressed in very simple words. In the shadcw cf the acc=ic bcmb it has beccme apparent that all men are brcthers. We recogni:e this as truth and act upon this recog- l nition mankind may go forward to a higher plane of human develep-ment. The angry passiens c' a nationalistic world engulf us. We are dec=ed." CHA:?.MA:! KI:iEti?: I'm intri uedv bv. v. cur ::eninc. c. a r a c. r a c. h .
'in your statement. Could I presume, ene fact that you say -
there that I.didn't knew before. Can you hear me?
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MR. LCWIMTFAL: The =cvie was playing in che area at the
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for several weeks. But it was playing at the time.
. CHAIRMAN KD1ENY: Other cuestions? Thank ycu very such
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MR. LCWENTHAL: Ycu're cuite welecce. (.L PLAC5E). MS. JCKGEMSCN: 3ruce Smith, please. MR. SMITH: Mr. Chairman, members of the Ccemissien, Chairman of the Newberry Township Scard of Supervisers.
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. _ ..".c u s a.sd. _ ". e ". ..a.d." .- = A . e s _i d e.r. . o-in York County. Right across the river frem Three Mile Island.
Newberrv. ccmo. letelv. surrcunds Gcidshcro, in fact, all reads into Goldsbore must pass through Newberrv. Tcwnship. Like =anv. l c ~..".e _ e .' e c*. e d s #.'.4 . _da_' s , . d.id a.c t e v a c". = ~ =. c' ".. .',.. - ..". e . ..' s .' s . 5c my remarks and cbservations are as a direct result of my experience.
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c.ic. antic .cemmanent reminders of Three Mile :sland. These ' cur reminders dcminate the five mile radius area of Three Mile sland, ds ust as the skyscrapers deminate the New '?crk skyline. . The di'ference cd course is the .esvchcice.v. acecmc. anv. ine. the . effects of seeing the e cling towers. These constant reminders c .# ..".a. a c . .' d. e .a. . a.' s c c.n s * =.. . .' v .
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mile area of radiatien, Met Ed, NP.C, evacuation and in scme cases , canic. The si:e and c.reximitv cf these fcur ecwers also explains . 4 why the distance frem the tcwers mean se much in an ebdective . and ecctional opinien about Three Mile Island. .cr the sake of brevity, I have narrewed my prcblems with TM- tc four basic areas, ene for each of the towers. v .s
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10. My third problem area is the insurance payments for these who evacuated "cliewing the governcr's recccmendatien. 70 draw a carallel, each of .veu en the Cc=missien, lives close te scme landmark. New, can veu . tell ne exae:1v. hcw far v.eu 1:.ve frem
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miles, that spells the difference in being paid and nc: being paid. Would you bother to measure if you had been frightened I already by ccnflicting news releases? New let's add another unkncwn. The age of vcur . children. You stav. fer v. cur seven i
.vear old and leave -- excuse ne -- would ycu stav. f.:: .vcur seven
- v. ear cid and leave if he was a year er twe .veunger? "cw nake vcur decision when 1'cu're at hcme alene
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a i ., the Tcwnship and Gcidshcro residents were act even eligible for bcdy scans until : perscnally ecmplained to OER. After much ado, Newberry Tcwnship residents cculd call, and it's a icng distance call, at their own expense, to arrange an appointment. Then Tcwnship residents could drive, and I say fifteen er twenty miles because we elecked it en the way dcwn. At their cwn ex ense all the wav. Oc Middletcwn. Then the final insult, icng lines a the body. scan machine. Fcur towers, fcur riceffs for Newberrv. Tcwnshi.c. The Washingten reporter who wrote about the melt down of trust knew the minds of many residents who live within the five mile radius. We trusted both Met Ed and the NRC befcre March 23. The trust has been destroyed. And there are four permanent, tcwering, gigantic reminders of our lost faith. We thank Gcd that nc
=elt down cccurred within the reacecr. But not even Gcd can ,
c restere the =elt dcwn of trust that has cccurred in Newberry Tcwnship and central Pennsv.ivania. That's the conclusien of my prepared re= arks. And if : 1 mav add >'ust ene c
. two things frem .y cbservations of 'rcur .
I questions to other perscns who testi'ied before =e. We =cved in:c the area in Newberrv. Tcwnshic in 1965. . So that was before the nuclear pcwer plant was buil . I believe
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ot the middle of the river and proceeded ec build. I cuestien whether I would have protested, because as : said in my pre-pared remarks, I trusted that they wculd build a perfectly safe nuclear reactor. And since everybcdy else ends up with a plea to ycu, the President's Cc= mission, : will too. I hope that you will find the truth, report the truth to the public and the President, and dcn't yield to the pressure of ecenc=ics er politics. T.'ank you. (APPLAUSI). CHAIRMAN KIMI:Pl: I think that's one pr==ise : can make en behalf of the C=mmissien, that you will find the truth and will not yield to the pressures of politics or econceics.
. CNK:!CWM S?IAKIR: You mentioned the icng lines fer body scanners in your testi=cny, and I'm interested' te knew, a: that time, what was being told people about what they would knew after they went through the bcdy scanners. In other words was there a sense that if you were checked cut, then it was clear you were c.k.? To what extent was that being said, er was it simpiv. being described as an additional, erecautionarv. diac.nestic teci cf scme kind?
MR. SMITH: The impression : received, and it was strictly from newspaper reports and television, was that the bcdy scan would reveal whether you received ex=essive desages of radiation. , And t: =y kncwledge, : believe they f:und cnly nine pecple that they said received excessive deses. That's all : knew, relating to wha: :'ve read in':he newspapers.
"'!K:!CtC1 SPEAXI2:
. You don' knew what further was salf l
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(.'.-'..=..--"..=.d). UN~CCWN SPEAKIR: 70 the enes who had apparently received excessive deses? MR. SMITH: I read acain that there was supposedly fellcw-up done. I read also that ene of the .cecc.ie was very dis- . s a *. .' s '..d. a d. w .4 '..'. wh a *. "..ad c c .-"..--. a.d . "..e w s y aar . .- .- a. : c . '. s s . . .4 . . .' .v , s .s . L*NKMCWN SPEAKIR: Thank vcu. . CEAIP. MAN KEMENY: Cc=missicner McPhersen? MR. McPHIRSCN: For these of us 1;. vine elsewhere, we
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NRC. ! may have missed his name but : don't think I've heard it ecdav. . And I wonder whether the im=ression we c.e: that he . brought crder and ccherence and a sense cf reliability ec =atters at Middletown was true insofar as the cec.cle of Middletown were . concerned. MR. SM:TH: I wculd imagine *rcu'd get back :c white hats , ar. ." ." .' a c.k. .". a a . -
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m/1 Cne =cre thing, I believe I evaded par: cf your questien, and I've observed the ether questions that you've been asking. The thing'that he did de was give ene voice as :c, this is the way it is and this is the way you shculd react. And that was missing before because definitely remember che first '4ednesday Lieutenant Governor Scranten felt that he had been deceived by Met Ed in the statements, and he said se publicly. I also was with a group cf Newberry Tcwnship residents, wen: down and saw Senater Schweiker. Senator Schweiker had c'. red the plant en Thursday. And one of his aids told us that at the time he re-turned and he fcund cut while he was there he had not been told what radicactive water was being released, and he was infuria- , ted. And it gets =e back to my criginal statement that Met Ed , L was concealing the truth. So Harold Centen could ccme in and be the one voice and be accepted by the United States as the persen who's telling the truth. CHAIRMAN KZXENY: Cc==issioner Marrett? MS. MARRETT: I wanted =cre clarifica icn en your cc==ents regarding evacuatien. According :c your statement, the evacu-atien plan was not followed. New, frc= sc=e ef'the earlier testi=enies, people have indicated the absence of evacuation plans. Secendly, since_there was ne required evacuation,-I guess I'= .iust'nct clear en what v.eu're referrine. te here. t
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MR.'SM~TH: was geing Oc actach, and I de have alcng a , i ccpy cf the evacuatien plan for Newberry Tcwnship ha: "ad been 2 .a4 - ..w.a u,.. ,e . 2..e ww.ww w www .a .aa . .n.... A;.. ....i..,.,......s.,.-
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.,5 things that are supposed to be dcne depending upen what the accident is. . And the ene thing to be dcne that caused me to make the statement is this. If there is release of radioactivity you're supposed to evacuate the area. New these were the evacu-ation plans that were given the elected efficials of Newberry Township,. I think last year. We were to distribute them.
Nothing was said as to hcw we were to distribute them. We chose to distribute them with cur tax netices. And no matter how you would distribute them you would have the pr blem, we ran cut of them. They hadn't supplied us with enough of them. New all of this was prior to the accident. And at the time that we were given these. Well, I have -- let me just read the very, very first part of it. It's frem the York Ccunty Emer-gency Operatien Center. And if you are interested in this I de have cecies and I can 9 ve
- i each of .vou a cce.v.. It starts we in civil defense are absolutely sure that the atomic pcwer statiens were constructed with every possible safety fae:cr.
We are also positive they are operated in the same manner. Ecwever, based en a study by the Oepartment of Envir:nnental
?.esources, we cannet ignore the fact that the felicwing emer-gencies or accidents could occur. Then they categori:e.them >
into five different enes. And the first two are accidents cen-cerning pctential release into the at=csphert: envir:nment. The 1 third-ene is release inte the at=cspheri: envirennent, and this , 1 i i l is the part that nothing was fell wed. Because had this been i I l f 110wed, thev wculf have evacuated.
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didn't ic11cw this er they wculd hr.ve evacuated the area. MS . !!ARPIT"': Your understanding was that cnce an accident i
- cccurred, evacuation automatically would be called for? Is that the way you understcod it?
.'d.R . S2CTE : According :c this release that we received frem York County. Emer vency . C eration Center. .
And this is the release that has en it what I. stated, Fishing Creek Ilementary Schecl, where all eight thousand five hundred residen+s were .
' supposed to go. And it was evacuated en Friday. .And this .as all before new evacuatien plans were drawn up. And they were drawn up after, they.were drawn up Sunday.
CHA Fl!AN KEMINY: Thank vcu
. very much for your testimen.v. .
Ccmmissioners, I have to raise the delisma. We still have fifteen =cre witnesses scheduled. I am going to make myself
=cs: unpepular with the suggestien and you can take it up crivately
. . with =e after the meeting. Weuld v.ou be willine. new r to take a twenty. minute break and then c.c en until 9:00 c..m. ,
And then have dinner after nine? Frankly, I'm not very much in t I the need for dinner myself. UNKNOWN SPEAKIR: We can't hear yeu. CEA ?l'.AN KD!INY : You can't hear me, er you den't want to hear.=e, : don't knew which is the case. I said :': peing Oc make myself mest unpcpular by'saying tha we have fifteen :cre witnesses, and we must.adtcurn by nine. The only alterna:.ve i l 1
! can thinh Cf te prOpcse is that we cw take a Went'* minute j i
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e, I i break and then go withcu: dinner until nine o'cicek and : added that frankly I wasn't very much in the eccd for dinner after the testimony myself. So, hcw de the rest of you feel about it? Are you willing? I then declare a twenty minute recess and we'll do our very best to hear all of the remaining witnesses before nine o.m. (3REAK) 5 I i l l i l l l l l 1 1 1
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ATTENDEIS COMMISSIONEES STAFF John Ke=eny, Chai.~an 3arcara Jcrgensen 2 . .,._4 . x" .?. .
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Carolyn Lewis ?.cnald 3. Natalie Harry McPhersen Cora S. Marre:: Thecdcre Taylor Anne Trunk APPEARAICES 3EFORE TME COMMISS~CN ' James Eurst, Priva:e Citizen Georgia locking:111, Priva a Citizen Mar,jerie Tennysen, Private Citizen Jchn Simen, Priva e Citizen
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Jchn Hulacerg, Middle:cwn 3crcugn Inviren= ental i Adviscry Ocuncil 1 3111 Jchnston, Private Citi:en Alfred Mirando, Private Citizen e Severly v sc H,y.ss, Suscuehanna
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-?_A _0 _C _E _E _D _I _N _G _S CHAIRMAN EEME:Tf: Will the =eeting ce=e cack Oc order, please. We're scing c de cur very ces: Oc hear the remaining 15 witnesses, bu: we have :c addcur. a: nine c'cices.
Se may I call, if I am rign:, cur next witness is Mr. James Hurst. Mr. Eurst. MR. EURS"': Tha.nk ycu. Good evening. 3efore I begin, I wculd like Oc say that Dr. Barneski, wnc spcke with ycu cefere--I am ccccining my efferts in Middle:cwn with his, and that he and I share many of the same concerns. We are working with the 1ccal group in Middletown, PANE, People Against Nuclear Energy. I was bcrn in this Ocwn a.1=cs: 34 years asc. I was educated in the Middle:cwn schools, where I lear.ed accut our sever.=ent and.the de=ccratic wcy cf life, about the land cf the free and the gcVernment of the people, by the people, a.nd for the pecple. My early years were during the after:sth of World War II. I re=e cer watching the war planes fly into and cut of Olmstead Air Fcree 3ase, and the feeling that I had kncwing that ,hese planes had een used Oc protect ny ccunt.'7 and its people 07 ne; allcwing cu side influences Oc :nreaten our American way of life. There's ne way I wculd have believed anycne who tried Oc tell se that ny severn=en wculd willfully allcw the health and safety cf its pecple c ce n satenec for any reascn. With that ccnfidence cadly sna.t.en, ~ si; here
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280 cefore you today, a Cc=cissicn acpointed oy the Presiden; of my country, to tell you of ny cencerns relative :: the recent acciden at Three Mile Island. Should there really ce any questiens in any of ycur minds abcut wha: ny ccncerns are, about what cur concerns are, or should be? Storage tanks cf nuclear -wastes located arcund cur ccuntry, many of them leaking their deadly sixtures into the earth and the air; nuclear pcwer plants, all cf whien leak planned or unplanned a= cunts of radicactivity into the environment. Those things pese an extremely sericus internal threa to the lives and safety of the American pecple. Here in Middletcwn ny f a=117 has been expcsed to unknown a= cunts of radiaticn ever the last seven weeks. We don' t knew hcw much because we haven' t been told hcw such. To use the words of Mr. Hercein, one of Me: Ed's vice presidents, and I quote, "I don't knew why these pecple feel that we have to tell them everythin6 we do." End of quote. Well, I'd like to tell you why. And I'd like to tell his why. Because our lives depend on it, that's wny. I find it extremely disecafiting that I un.<newingly put :ne lives cf sy f amily in the hands cf a ec=pany wnien didn't ?.new until Friday tha it had had a deadly sericus picci:1 an Wednesday. Wculdn't :na: distur: ycu? As little as seems c :e kncwn accut the heal n effects cf icngters expcsure :c 1:w level radia:1:n, anc r i i i f 1
i L 231 i e as different as the repcr ed measurements have :een cf hcw much radiation we may have :een expcsed c, cne pein: cf agreement exists: the =cre radiation a persen can avcid, the cetter off that person is. I have a five-year-old sen whc for his firs twc years was under ccnstant medical attention. He spen scn:hs
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in the Harriscurg Ecspital and in the Children's Ecspital of .h11adelphia. He received numercus ches X-rays in an f attemp Oc diagncse a sericus lung infection. He dcesn' t ' need the free X-rays which he's ceen receiving the pas; seven weeks. Ncne of us need the=, nor shculd we tolerate e...<,.e,
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f Of course, we cculd take the advice of sc e cf :ne
- ental gist. s of the area, who have declared, "If ycu dcn':
li%e it, leave." Ecwever, as I stated in my ceginning cc :ents,
- 4 I've oeen a Middle:cwner for 34 years. D1I Units Nuccer Cne !
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. and Two have been here apprcximately five years. During that ;
t time, it has cecc e covicus to se that we cannet ecoxist withcut sericus jecpardy Oc =y f*~dly's security, health, 3.r.d cen:Al well :eing, which was no the case the 29 years :efere they scved in. Therefere my cccclusien is, they mus go. l And Oc cuote Dick Gregc.~/, "I wculd rather see crew.. cuts and 'lackcuts than pecple-cuts." t , Thanx ycu. (Applause) V } Y~* , , , _ , . , , _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - ^ - - - --
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CHAIRMAN 2CCE!Pf: :
.rofesser Taylcr.
3 s CCMMISSICNER TA'f 4R: At wha: time er when did you have the 1. pressicn that the accident was a 1c =cre aericus than everyone had been led Oc believe during the
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- MR. EURST: ~4 ell, 'I firs; lear .ed abcut it en
'4ednesday like everycne else. That's when it happened. I -
was involved with an antinuclear group in the area apprcximately two years ago. The exten: of my involve =ent was =erely Oc inform myself, Oc read, to find. cut whatever information I cculd. So when the whole' thing happened en '4ednesday, ! ! think I was precacly =cre skeptical than most local residents, I'd like to think because I knew a little bit =cre accut 1;
- han =cs iccal residents, although I'm not a technelegist.
Ecwever, I put my faith in the pecple who were suppcsedly in centrol, and I assumed that it was as -hey said, a =iner
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Friday scr.ing I wen: Oc warh 1.d at accu c:3C-- incident =y, I have the reputa:icn ameng ny f ellew wer.sers ! cf being an antinuke, se everycedy kind cf Jacced =e a li :le
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283 Well, I's in Harris::urg worhing and my f a=117's in Middletown. So I was very curicus tc find cut wha was scing cn. And at that point, a felicw wne wcrss with =e in my cf' ice, his wife was empicyed by the Department of Inviren= ental < Resources, and accut the ti=e this fel10w told =e what he had heard,.the phene rang, and it was my friend's wife, and she said, "Sc=ething ter-ible has happened. Ihey've just called a very big meeting of all the experts here. Sc that was when I really knew tha: things were cad. COMMISSIONER TAYLOR: Thank you. CEAIRMAN : N TY: When en Friday was that? MR. ETRST: When Friday? CHAI?. MAN : N TY: Yes. , 1 MR. EURST: Apprcxt=ately-- CHAIRMAN : N rf: Jus =crning or afterncen. MR. EURST: Nine-twenty in the scrning. ; CHAI? MAN :NTY:
- hank ycu.
i Thank ycu very such. MR. EURST: Thank you. (Applause MS. JORGIlTSON; Gecrgia Lcekingtill, please. MS. LCOIC2TG3ILL: Ecw can I ell ycu the terrcr t
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70.4 Still. cday, the reccliecticn cf the seven days frcs '4ednesday, March twenty-eighth Oc 4ecnescay, April fcur:n ~ brings a sickening kno ;c ny s:c=ach, an unse:: led guil: Oc my conscience. Did I =ake the right choices fer =y children, or did I leave them a legacy of igncran: =1sjudg=en:? Only 4 a. 4
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~4hc can judge what impact en a six-year-cid child the events of that wees have =ade? Ecw dces 27 six-year-cid interpret the a.nncuncement by his scheci principal tha: there is poisen in the air cutside, and cc cne will be allowed out for recess? Ecw does a nine-year-cid reac when, cne u/
cne, his classmates are called cut of the rec = 07 panic-stricken . scthers, ye there he sits? ~4culd he wender why his parents weren't concerned encush fer his welfare te call his hcme as well? Cculd he appreciate that we trusted the experts giving adviscries as to the need fcr evacua:icn? Friday after.cen 1: became apparen: :o my hustand , and =e tha: the experts were'in Octal chacs, 1.d we finally c u'd- e .a .d. . .c . .*
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*here they would have to stay for a few days cecause it was safer than hc=e.
My huscand and I returned c Hu=nels:cwn Saturday scrning. He8s a physician at the Hershey Medical Center, and I as a nurse at a children's ce.re center located exactly five siles frem the nuclear pcwer plant. Fcr the nex twc days, Saturday and Sunday, the nuncers of cur staff dwindled Oc
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Tr.cse of us who remained oc care for the 65 physically l l and =entally handicapped children became increasingly nervous i and uneasy as news bulletins centinued Oc fcilow the activity of the hydrogen bu'ble. o Repcr:s were constantly fluctuating,
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. I and it was very difficult te sc.. thrcush the diverse culletins Oc deter =ine hcw 1 =inent the danger was.
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l I hcpe there will never cc=e a' day, as : wa ch 4 e.
236 =y children grew and reproduce a new generation, that I will have to ask =yself if any of the pc11utants frc :nis accident were responsible for a resulting medical ::agedy c =y leved enes. This was truly an invasica of our private lives, a ..n .. .<c_n.. ..._ae ,n
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I as concerned for myself end for my cwn f = '17's future should Metropolitan Edisen recpen the TMI plan . I as also concerned for the financial impac: this acciden has had en my local eccnemy. The builder of =y deve10p=ent recently advised my neighbor act Oc try Oc sell his property now, because he's finding prospective cuyers very reluctan c inves; so near to the nuclear plant site six miles away. For all of these reasons, I as working diligently Oc disecurage the reopening cf Three Mild Island or any other nuclest plant in this ccuntry. I 1 I will not pay for this reckless irrespcnsicility l l by Me: Id : particular and the nuclear pcwer industry in l j general. And that is why I asked to spea2 cut cday. T5*-t you. (Applause CHAIRMAN KEMIXf: Any questions? Professcr Marre::. COMICS 5 ONI2 MA?.?II: Yes, cne questien wi n
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crganicaticn,, or dust hcw are ycu pursuing tha;? MS. LCCCiG3ILL: My local ec== unity has formed a group which we new ca the Hershey Area Alliance. '4e =eet once a week, right new in pecple's hc=es, and we' re hoping Oc get a larger facility in the cc== unity center, where =cre of the area residents can tecc=e involved. 'ie fcr= cc==ittees to gather 1r.for. ation, bccklets en educati .g people as to the dangers 'nd all the infer =ation r?garding nuclear energy and alternate scurces of energy. '4e have a lo' c cying grcup to go Oc cur local representatives. '4e are scing to shopping centers nd d.4s.. . .u.4 .- . .. 34-- .... c., f ., ,. c p. ,... . . 4 4... e . . . .e..
. . . .. . s a. -,.c _e, feel'ng about the accident. And we are trying to plan a cwn =eeting in Hershey en June sixth, with speakers fer the pecple Oc cc=e and voice their cpinion.
CHAIRMAN EEMENY: Cc==issicner McPhersen. CCMMISSIONER MCFEETsSON: Mrs. Lcchingc111, ycu say in your state =en that when ycu came cack frc= Philadelphia e r. S a ."..*".a -i . c . ...d ..s , -".a .. . -'.'a.*....a. ..a.x. .we dala,
. - .c. a ." . .-d,.af' and Sunday, the =e=cers of the staff dwindled :c a care minimum as =cre and =cre residents lef: :c.eir hc=es. Do you *.ava. .a .J*
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was in this area cy Sunday? Ead ver/ su.... ..-ial nu=cers
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.wC quite a few cf the medical persennel, particularly frem the Hershey Medical Center, were not availab'a a' =~ 7"' day .
Frcs the center I worked, we were working on a care sind-" , and the children were getting strie:17 necessary Care. The two old age hc=es in the area, Fry Village and the Odd Fe11cws Ec=e, already evacuated cn Saturday, but we, being the third facility, didn't evacuate ever that pericd cf time cecause there was such great confusien as Oc where we were supposed to go. No one really knew. CCMMISSIONER MCPEEPSON; '4as there a plan cf evacuaticn for your hospital? MS. LCO:CIG3ILL: M> . erscnal o.cinien was that the plan was very unclear. The Civil Defense wasn' sure where we were going to go, and the ad-*nistrater of the care center thcush: the Civil Def ense knew where we were scing to go, and it beca e clear to =e en Saturday nign: that no cne really knew where we wculd be geing. Se my cpinien is that'it wculd have ceen difficul: to evacuate tha center given the cirennstances. COMMISSIO!E.R MCPEERSON: '" hank yeu. 1 CHAIEMAN KIMI:1Y: Thank ycu very uch for your l
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MS. JORGINSON: Marjerie Tennysen. (Applause i l l.
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Mes i=pertantly, I do net understand wny the persen-re= figure, and resultant cancer precacility, was calculated for a 50-211e radius wnen only these within a five- to ten-mile radius were actually exposed. I ' eel 1: trrespcnsible Oc the residents within a five-mile radius Oc deter =ine the risk of cancer en :he average dcse fcr a fifty-nile radius. In this way, the dcse can be dilutec cy the twc 21111cn living in York, Lancaster, Reading, as well as Harriseurg. Statistically then, en paper, each persen has a nuch snaller share of .he Octal dese. This figure shculd be determined oy dividing the numcer cf pecple only in areas where significant increase in radia:1cn actually Occurred. When :ne dose is calculated fer the five-cile radius, will we see the ;:redi::ed cancer deaths rise fres cne Oc ten,tc cne hundred := cne thcusand local residents? I hcpe that I de act understand these s .e a.,, _< s... a s . r
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a. Oc believe tha: the maximum dcse a: one mile was 30 millire=s over six weeks. '4hy are these af ter-the-f act figures sc such icwer than those reported before the NRC arrived?
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accident with respect to cur future safety means tha: there , are ncne. Scientists do not like to give opiniens as fact, , P as cc=pany officials and' politicians are ap Oc dc. I admi to being =cre anxicus as Oc wha Oc de than I-have ever been befc:e. The c "'a' a' werd was " business as usual", but the consequences of an errer in judg=ent eculd be life-threatening. Governer Thcrnburgh nade a decisicn for all c' us with not such =cre information than cur cwn in tell1ng us we were sa"e en March twenty-eighth and twenty-4.n ..w. . Mes residents did not see: c feel =uch anxiety until warned c prepare for evacuation on Friday =cr-*.ing.
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292 ycur statement ycu say "fac: 6ccd er cad", and I'= not sure wnether it's the acsence of informa:1cn er sc=ething accut the quality of the informa:1cn that was cf greates; concern to you. MS. TENNYSON: It was actually bc:h. During the initial stages of the accident, we did not have any idea whether er not, firs: cf all, we received ar.y truthful infor:ation, and secend of all, hew cad the situaticn was. We snew wna: the situaticn was at the present, ycu knew, fcur Oc seven s' ~==s, or sc we thought a: the time that we knew, but we didn't know what to expect in an hour, er in a day, or whether we were suddenly going Oc 'e o suc'ected . Oc the knowledge that we had three hours Oc get, you knew, fifty miles away, cr--we had no idea what was cc=ing next. And I think tha: that in itself created =cre anxiety for ne, not knewing that the scientists had the reac:cr under 1 control or not. It was all--ycu had to guess. Ycu had ; no idea. And I assumed, because I had read Metrepelitan Edisen's infor=ation, and they had never senticned that any radicactive steam ever escaped the plant, whe:ner rcutinely or in an acciden er anything else--they never even talked accut an accident. Sc that I figured if it had oeen released, it had c ce sericus, :ha: tha was nc One cf the :nings l l they said cculd. happen. And that was the Only thing I Ocul: l 1 l
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294 ' 1 go cn. CCMMISSIONER MARRZ""': '4 ell, I guess in terms cf t what kind of informaticn would 'ce useful, do you mean a kind cf technical oriefing that wculd have ceen preferable, or is there sc=ething more you' re saying, "I' d like scme advice en what I should de," or just what--again, what hind c .# _4 .m ec .a* 4 ,.n. O. i
.V.S. E NIE50N: ~4 ell, I guess wna: I wa.ted was to ce tcld either, "It's safe. Ycu can stay," or Oc ce :
told, "*4e don't knew wnat's going en. If ycu'd like tc leave, perhaps you snculd." And no cne was willing c say either cne .w
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w ,4 person tha- it's safe. I'd like te hear that frcm :ne chief engineer of the plant, not frc= :ne Governor,, e.Ithcugh I resc.ect what he had Oc do. I don't feel that he's 5he e.ersen that I wculd like te have heard that frem. CEAIRMAN iEMI.Tf: Cec =1ssicner Trunk. COMMISSIONER TRUNK: *4ha z.ade you star: learning accut nuclear power cefers the accident? MS. SNIESCN: I criginally came tc this area las: f all, and I had never seen a nuclear plan:, and I guess jus:
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295 CHAI?S.AN E:F.E ff : *e: ce ask ycu Ons questien.
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you seen The China Synd:c=e? MS. TINtffSON: I saw he China Syndrc=e last week. CHAIRMAN KIMI:rf: Last week. MS . "'EIRPfSO N : Yes. 2.ank you. CEAIRMAN .C4I ff: Tha.nk ycu. (Applause) . MS, JORGENSCN: Jchn Simen. MR. SIMON: I ha.ve here a Ecly 51::le, and =y hand is en it, and I willirui;17 and voluntarily do swear c tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the ruth, 30 help me God. Me::ers of this Cc==1ssicn, =y name is Jchn Simen. My 'amily and I live apprcxt:ately ten'and cce-half =11es west of Three Mile Island, in Upper Allen Tcwnship. I a: a registered professional engineer in the states of Pennsylvania and Maine. I hcid cercifica:icn frc: -he state of Maine Civil D e.* *..~.s e a' s e ~..~. y' .a s a . a"d_* c _' . 3 -* ~ .=._1 .~..r._..~'..~...~~.~"~....~.
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296 1 1 I
- he record s cepy of the April Inviren= ental Coaliticn en Nuclear Power newsletter, which gives a crief histcry of One two interventions.
On a perscnal note, my f amily and I experienced mucn incenvenience and psychological strain fres the "'hree Mile Island a-. .d d e r. . . On Wa.d. ad=y* . c . . . ' -.e , 7 .'a.'. . ' " . . _= . v -v a. . . . .- ' . . O udd. a . a. s s . . .' .a , "..c +. ra. .a '. .d .~. .' .g . .". e s e v a. .-d. .f-
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basically because of a lack cf prcper infcr:ati:n. Wecnesday eva.r..'. , A . al.' a. d . "y w' .' . a . w- w e .' .' .b.a .- . w- .ar.e = ."" d.. .d.a...' . n
.-a..a.d .d..e-in the scrning before going cutside. My wife and sen, wnc is twelve years old, en Thursday =crning :cck a reading with a CDV 7CO and read three-tenths of a =1111 rem per hcur, er a cut 3C times :ackgrcund radiation level.
The public has no: ceen tcld by Me::cpclitan Idisen how such radia:1cn was released Wednesday and "'hursday, ou: I perscnally celieve it was a great a= cunt, especially a.fter the containnent explosion en Wednesday afterncen, apprcxt stely at cne. hircy, I guess it was. Upen returning hc=e "hursday evening, I :cck a readin6 again that was apprcximately a eackgrcund levels. :: was a
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An excuse "cr not evacuating that was heard during the accident was that "the people will panic.' This is a cep-cut, for l' cur leaders really believe this, then all the evacuation plans that we have in this ccun ry are wer-hless, and the result frc: a meltdcwn wi'1 de zuch ore severe than any O' us realice. I believe in soft energy. I believe in appropriate technclegy. And I also celieve that small is beautiful. I also believe that whatever we dc Oc .he least of God's children we de un c Him. And I ask God to 'crgive all of us fcr.what we have allowed Oc be dcne c cur ch12dren and His children. God's children don't want =cre electricity. They want.=cre icve and atten:1cn. God's' children dcn't want messed up genes. They want healthy children. And God's children don't want ore free t me en their ha.nds.d Ihey want me an' ngf ul, prcductive work. 7
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CF.AI?l4AN d?.lENY: Yes. MR SIMON: I've taken readings just off and on for-- pretty =uch since the accident, but I have nothing that is sd-".d'd...=".*.']' s - a.". c v a. b a*...s-- " ..d .' a.ve .' s . CF.AI.Cl4AN KEE:ff: A: the p resent time. I really mean: Oc ask, befcre ycu lef your hc=e, before you decided Oc leave the area, when did ycu las: tale a reading? Did you take ,
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300 and Occh a reading at tha: time. Ihis was Wednecday accut 11:CC cr 11: 30. And at Ona time there was ncthing accve cackground-- at tha: time. So sc=ewhere ce: Ween Wednesday ncen or Wednesday elevenish :: twelve, when I left, to wnen I came cack en Thursday evening, there was whatever ycu want to call it. There was a release. My wife said, she told =e that Wednesday night and Thursday morning when she got up in the =crning, tha: there was--I don'; knew because I wasn't there, cut I wculd say she said there was like a fcg, add it was seme:hing that--it's cc usual in cur area. So she sincerely feels, cecause I think that the weather report was that the wind--it had to ce cc=ing that way, because that radiatien didn't cc=e frc= any place else. CHAIRMAli .CENY: Yes. You did not ycurself take a reading on Friday, did you? MR. SIMON: I did net. My wife and sen cck the reading. I have shown them hcw to use the seter oefore, and it's a very si=ple =eter, so I have no deuct whatscever that what they tcck was accurate. C8 AIRMAN .M:r!: ?rofesacr Taylor. COMMISSIONER TAYLOR: Ycu said that en Wednesday wnen ycu were leaving your hc=e tc go to Harriscurg, ycu didn't realize at that time tha: the TMI-2 core was melting. Wha: 1ed ycu to elieve that it nelted, and wnen were y u led Oc celieve that it nelted? MR. SIMCN: I did net realize tha: the cre Or any
301 paraphernalia had experienced =elting until we were twc or three days en cur evacuation. And that was, I'd say, i: must ha"e Oeen Sunday er Mcnday. 00MMISSIONZR TAYLOR: And did you hear this, see it en television, or read a neus reper cr sece:hing, tha the cre had actually =elted or partly =elted? MR. SIMON: Parden =e? I--
- CCMMISSIONER TAYLOR: Did ycu hear en the radic cr see en television er read in the newspapers tha: the core had melted?
MR. SIMON: To =y bes recollection, no, I didn't. COMMISSICNER TAYLOR: 0.K. Tnank you. CHAIRMAN KEME5f: Thank ycu ver/- zuch. MR. SIMON. You're wel: cme. Thank ycu. MS. JORGENSON: Michael Kirchner. MR. KIRCENER: Gecd evening to = embers of the Cc=sission. My na:e is Michael Kirchner. I am a resident of the Harris::crg area, and have lived in this area for =cs of my life, and have many friends and family thrcughcut the area surrcunding 2.ree Mile Island. I unfortunately =issed Maycr Reid and his s :. e=ent this scrning, but I was fortunate encush to ce with hi: in the screugh effice On Friday scrning, March thirtie:h, and it is the events cf tha: scrning :na: I'd like tc relate Oc ycu a: this time. l l l l' 1 1 l
302 I arrived at the =crough office just as the aler was given by the Yorh Ccunty ?clice and .71re ietwcrk, radio net, concerning the detection of high levels of radia:icn en their side of the Susquehanna River. " ediately Middle:cwn efficials sent their cwn men cu., firenen and volunteers, with geiger counters to see if there was a.J pending danger. MS. JORGE:iSON: Mr. Kirchner-- CHAI?RAN IE rf : Could ycu =cve a little to the rike c a.. ' C u . _' *. .# MR. KIRCENER: Surely. To see if there was any pending danger to the ccesunity, and also Oc war. area residents
- C stay indcors and close all WindCws.
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alert, Mayer Reid tried :0 reach Three Mile Island by telephcne, only to find the lines were ja==ed with incccing calls from residents wanting Oc find cut what was scing en. ~4 hen he finally did get through to the Island, he was Old to call the
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Meanwhile, en the televisien that was in the police radio rcen, a cessage was flashed frem Governcr ~'hcrnburgn conce. ing the possible evacuation Of the rea surrcunding
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M_ 0 T _I O__ 'T _S May 19, 1979- I COMMISSIONER MC PFIRSON: I would move cha: the i Chair =an be authorized for the period cc:=encing with the enac: men: of SJRes 80, that is :he Sena:e Join: Resolution cha contains this authori:7 for this Cemdssien and ending with the.cenvening of our next meetinz en May 30, :o exercise the follo ing powers of :he Cen=tission: First, che issuance of subpcenas recuiring :he attendance and testi=ony of wi:nesses and :he production of evidence, and . Second, the designa:icn of Cen=11ssion agents , in other words staff, :o adminis:e: oath and affirma:icns, examine wi:nesses, and receive evidence. Motion carried: 1.'naniscus . L 1 w
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CHAIRMAN :C CT!: *ha.R you very such. MR. KI.2CFE R: Thank you.
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CHAI2 MAN ~CCi?: Yes, he is cc=ing. MR. hW 53 ERG: Hencred mercers cf the Cc==ission, cur
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30~ , municipalities. '"hese plans shculd then be practiced, especia'1, cy puolic institu:1cns, a: leas: Once, e.nd then updated periodically. Rules and regula:icns develcped cy the NRC must be strictly enforced Oc ensure safe cperaticn of the plant. Full time inspec crs are a necessity.
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_ .. s. In cenclusien, we feel that funding fer alternate scurces of energy should receive =ajcr pricrt:y i==ediately, along with increased incentives for conservation cf energy sc that future generations do net have te endure the nental anguish and health uncertainties that we have experienced. Thank you. CHAIE!MN KTEN'f: Cc=missioner Taylcr. COMMISSIOER TAYLOR: Have ycu d.iscussed this ca :er of having practice evacuatiens with other pecple in the a.rea? Do ycu get sc=e sense of whether they thi.9. that's a sced idea
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CHAIEMAN KEMDIY: ^uestions? Thank you very =uch for your suggestions. ( Ac. claus e MS. JORGEISON: Sill Jchns:cn. MR. JOEISTON: Gced evening, Mr. Chairman and re=cers cf the Cc==ission. My name is 3111 Jchnsten. I live accu e.
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208 island dcwn here in the =1ddle of a metrcpolitan area? I scr cf think we've paid cur dues. Mayce we got a lethal dcse Of radiation. Mayce we didn't. Su: I think we sc: enough. We should not be exposed Oc any =cre. There's been precedent for nis. Sc=e of these places in the past have been covered with ce=ent. I =ean, they--this happened in ene case, I can't tell you what it is L::ediately; I could find it cut for ycu, :ncush--where sc ething very much happened in this respect. In sidstream they actually sucstituted the atomic portion of it with coal. And I cani : afford the luxury cf wendering what's going to happen Oc the res cf the country. Hey, I den't wan: Oc see them hurt. Hey, ncbedy else wants this thing, I can assure you. Ncccdy wants it. Bu I don't want c see anyocdy else get it, but I can't afford that luxury. What I'= saying is this. Why do we have to get in dcuole jecpardy? Hey,
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have another accident. Hey, give us a creak, and take these things where--ncoedy really wants them--cut in:c the hinterlands sc=ewnere. O.K., new I know that--and I' scing Oc try c--I want to say cne other thing. I got ene idea 'rc this Ocn=issien ,. ..u. ,. n
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. s"ce cculd have oeen of sc=e assistance." '."..e c her pecple that didn8t leave, sc=e of them have told me, " f I wculd have cnly kr.ewn *..*.a. e .-e vd_ .-] c.' ."ds .."d.a. , -
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0.K., new, if anyocdy thi.ks tha: this was r.ct valid, now when I say this, the National Incuirer even ca. e cut with one of their papers saying this wn.s a hea.x, tha: there was nc
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so happened was the thirtieth of March. I teck it ever Oc Paxten, which is a few miles fres Harris:urg, set i: there, and to kill time, I went dcwn tc the State Library, where I d e a ' c'w-d' b .- ,w s d.. e~ , ar.d ' ..c ' d .- . . a.' ' /- ' s w.".e .- a. 7 -a ' cu c .'
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r J,I . t Thank ycu very much for your testincny. < MS. JORGENSON: 3everly Hess. MS. HISS: I would like sc such Oc be heard. I wonder if you can hear me. 5 CHAIRMAN KIENY: Yes, can ycu =cve a 110:le closer Oc the mike? 'de can hear you, but a little closer would be
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33, g33 : aign:, My na e is 3everly Hess. I live a: Iclu=:ia RD One, + abcut 16 =11es Oc the scuth and east of Three Mile Island. I feel the weight of a very large responsibility. Four c her 4 people 're: the Susquehanna Valley Alliance had criginally ceen scheduled for time tonight. Each cf the five of us en the ccre cc==ittee of the grcup were to have had 10 minutes. ' Secause sc =any pecple in this area wan Oc ce neard, we were asked to shcrten cur time to One 15-cinute presentaticn. '4 e did, and I as spckespersen for this grcup of Lancaster Ccunty pecple whc are cencerned accu: nuclear energy,
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Can ycu hear se? C'd A'.. MAN :GIINY : 'de can hear you very well. MS . EF.SS : F.xcuse me? CHAI.. MAN KIMINY: 'de can hear you very well.
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enerii;7, i:S CCS S a".d bene #itS, acCut Who r.akeS the deC1SiCn3 ar.d hCW, ar.d accu Whether it'S i!;CCd #Cr uS, the peCple, Cur nha_,4. . .., . .
. .s Cu ..v.
a nn. nan...,. . C, o c". . * .>.. *C We.a
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e , gA .an..o. n w .w. ayo
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^
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as J.1
' c . ..". a. c .a ..".c u s a n. d . = = . . .' a va .' w- .' . .a.d .d w a. a. . d v'. .j* .
. . 7'.s.
~
*. h.e /' ' .'..' u s e a wa.".e. d. ~ .a ' c.i a .=...u y a /-s.e. a.d. . .".e . . = .
. . a,. v .ay.- ~ .~ .' . .' c ..
D .- ^. C
- S S . c C .S.,D t u. e c *..'".e ." .~.* d .d w a wa *. '.V A. y a ." *. ..
, d a .' a 5 .
I'Ve heard that there'S a Oc OCn saying in SeWafe
... ... . e... ,a
.. .. 7.S, H am e s c.1.,.. .. . a n . ,.,. . y c.,..,.,L. ..
4 n .4 a A. 4 1, ..4 c m.. . 't Lately I'Ve Oeen reading a0 cut a "9 Verse creceSS, cne that
*. ak = s y .' .=..~ a a .'
- e .= d .d. .' u . .d. c . ,.. ..a a. . .* .- a. ' c . .
. . . /' ...'.=..a- . = a. .d.
- a. ' - o ' s c.' -'.d . .. d . a. .d .v e - c y .' .' .1 .= . a . .
". ' . ./' .= ~ u . . a
- ^'
. .-a.ae .' ". , . .e .
c .' .". e .-e d.w.d ac . .' v a. e.l a.. e.. . a- .' .
. ..".e y .~~ .y esed .""...'..s, ,
- a. .e.. . .- a. . a -..
d dissolved in water for a very long ti...e, and ca. :nen be aoscreed b/' . d ~ .~ ~*. s w- . c .d a. .c '. .= ~. . o d..a....*
- e . ' .v a. .- .."..a. ..".a...
- a.
. . ...e
* .. c - r c .= '. . e e ' .. o
. '..".o s e y .' .a.. . .' s s u = s .* .~. .'. c . .~. a . . . .- *. . e d. .',.~.~.
w..ese .... .../. y a... .s
.u* - , . -
.. ..cc
+
c.e S.,.4 s.w..,J1. 4 ,,,
.a,
..,co..,
. .w..-w.. , w.w.4 h . e ea ar.. d,f' s.~.al.' .'.* s k , w
. .4 . ..d . .". a .- a.
. . . u. ..
9 .e. .. . ,/. .a ... .. #.4sn. . . Shelden Nevick, in a acek called he Careless Atcm, talked accut this precess, which was studied a Parr ?ctd, w.w.. .. . . d. .* .= . . d.ve wa s ,. e s we = =.. d .d . w ."..a . .- a d. .'.-...I
, a. . .
. .a ... d. .- a. .e . .,s* .
4 s . a.1 7.1. e. . ,.. . .:.. S a.4. ,.4 .w . A,. a . a
,/ . s. 7 ,....a w d -
.. ... . .....g .. . . 7 ,, C' c . .w. .
4 ww m..g a. .m.*. e. .. . J e. p. ew .# .o,4J g m.. . .473 e a. g .4 g 4...
. . *Wn
... 'g ..a *gg .p97
. .v 1
4 a g e n .=4. m. g ,o g. p..
- e. . A ,3 .4 * . C " .-d. a .' s a V 8."/' S.e79 .
u gp. 4. . ./. w- .e 4
.w. e. A.4. C aw.. m . 4 ./. .j., m e-g b+ .d [.e..l a m...=. . . w- .o d..*.1. .dC n .b4 w a .# n
. .d .*.1. 4 a. *. . . .W. C .# a
- -e .4..
t .-e . w. .. 3g. .yf.a n. . =..%. g .e .n .a g.u. ,n .o e. gg a. e. g. og. ... .. 4
. .e. ...
. . . . .sy e.s. 6 ** g l
( 4. *
- a. .+q.e 4. . m. e.d. , . gc.a..
Jo g.. A
. . . . . .3 .J . . . e. . m... 6. a. .e *.* A. .- 9.g** a. ,,,~,.=.4 da.=.
. a. e.'. .* d. a. a= , ,
3 .n. .n. whda..'. -
'sa
. ."..u s a..df._' d._' .., .-a. as e . n' ..d. _'._=.=..~"...e-
,s4nac
_ w 4.re deses a.n.. -
._ L. _ u _, _ .,, _a. ,t . s o w.u..a ...n .u. _4o. - u. .< ...,.
- k. _' ..d ..*.a ,, we e .a a .' .' a s u , ..k.a
._a d _' ^
ac._dv'./- ' . .
- _ "a.
1 i S o we a.-= n. ' '.' c _1_= ..r._' ..e- ,,, o 3 c s w ' ~ ' ..e- ^
.= . a .H._' ~.e~ ' .*.
the Susquehanna any nere or wcrse yet, Oc dc th::se things de wr.s . .* =. as .'u.- ..".e . , w.*.e .== .= = ,d._' . a. *. '_ ve _ c _' .' u *,,,a. . . a- .'.-...".=.
.c . a . .u. 1., c e . _. n,.. . c . s 4oc .4 .,. m
- n. .u.c s e .o .- m ..u. . .. A. <__., . _~ a. _, , .n.s a4t, .,. .
4 .. ".e -.u.se c'. ..c. al c-a.-e , '.n. m..u da . ( .w.e , a -' ..e~ u c .=.. . a,, c ' a a. ) .' s _= .*. a. s . ' s ."..a. . s" huscand found en an isl.L*.d in the Susquehanna River. : was used Oc .ccund corn by Indians. And an anthrc.::cic-ist e friend c .' cu. s a ,, 7 . a-E__' .. .a..d. - '
.Ma. s .k.a_' _' C ., _' _' a. -a 3 aa_d_ ..".a.. .". e ...."'. _k s tha: this nay be sc=ewhere between fcur and five thcusand years cid.
_a dus an'. .".e_'c "u,, wer.da.., - w.h. a ,, _= .= =. . .".a ...'..d. o .' s.,. .a _ _ss- . .g . .u.g .. c, e c,o _e s.-. . 3 a.. .e _ . o .* 4 ..g g e _ . . a . . ,<. . e .- o g
.u.e
. .e., us e L,w e..a..a..
~
.4_4 ./.. o. .?
_ c.i . . c u .,. a . .u._4 s s ,. .- .. .
..m. _,,i.a ,,
. .. ..__/.
a nea: thing. It's heavy. r , _
. . ..c ., e-,,4_. .e- c 3
-- ame.an ..u......_ ,. .. a. ,
_ , + . .
, .< .. . .u. , , s ,
.. .,. .4.. .s . .
Maycr Wohlsen talked Oc ycu a ci this ner.ing accu the water du=cing, and cur Congressns.n, Eccer: Walker, spcke aw .- ._C ..,.. - .4C L,. 4 , 4.,.. .
.w
. , L. . ..C L, _. .d...,._. _2 a
. 4
. . .u , 4..... ..
.v .. . a. u.r .yg . .u s a. yg . g ._ ..u..,.. _4a . ,.,. .
. -yg g g a .w n
.. Ao_ w.ys a . .p g _a_.. . . .'. y.
n . y.n._d ,. .u. .u..n g - 4 ,,7e
- _e . dw _e .. _*j .o n. 4. g.u. . , u .3.j. . ..-- ..4 .e . ,. ,4 ... e. d ~.._ _ P, , w .e..d. a .'- .
I. I i t l 1 i 1
3.e., has a 30-year half life; strentium 3C, which has a 23-year half li'e; carium lho, 13 days; strentium 59, 5C days. Previcur ,y NRC cfficials have said -ha: the gases crypten c5 and xenon 133 also are dissc1ved in the water.
,%..4s
. ,a.-a_e .-aan' _y .-aa'1y
---- ge.. e. " _c *o .*. Ch. _d, aman =_nd D..-..s e .d .' ,
who were talking accut what's in the water, agreed that all
*he nc-- ' . a- cd'a.- .d va. "]' y .-. d u c . a- w.
^' . .u c ' a a .- .' .i s a ' c r. s.".c u ' d be '.. w.".e was.ewa.e.." :
.,e auae ...e
.-a.a .m.- .". .a.
- d. .c ., . a. a. . . .-a,3 ..-a .'..e . .
< , ,.r- .d- e, a. c .". - '
. w - _ e .' ..". a.m- a a_,d , . a ..s" c'.
.. a. .' c .evad isotcpes wouldn't ce p:ssen: in large a= cunts. They said tha-
.w.e . *s .".a.d'/' -.a .]* y'
. . ~ a u.cr..'"s a..d. v a,. .-]- --
_ - . ._' a. 4 - d.d .e ' - Q, , _= . .d tha: they are going to be acle Oc rencve every isc:cpe except
.-4.a.
. . . . w.., <-., .ue
.. .. .da.e . .
And I don' t knew wnether ar.y of you knew wna tritium is er net. Su: it is a deucle heavy hydrcgen which has a half li'e of 12 years and can' t be icni:ed cut, as I u,.a.e s .a..c _a .. ww
. ..e w...a . /. _4a- .n_ _,_ 4 . . ,. - a u. .
. .., c _, . w, .#. .v.. 4 ...y . - c _, _... -, .. ; _4 _4 .ac . . ;
c . . ., _..
-- . . ]. . .- , a. u. ,. d. . .,- .."..a.. wa.e., a ." . .". = a' u s ' una .". a . ....a. ".=.'..'a.,"
-71
- _J _.n.
g a g Wg
- w. . . -
g?- a A. .R . .Y. .A M. . " . . g a $.* m7-D . a *. e *
* *- ** p '
_9A. g* _S . 2. .* ". J. . . . . .~~.1
. i dd
*w.".a. ,Q.' g. . A. M w.3C..heg. ---a *..". a. .- . Q l m Wg*.e." .'...C
- C .# - .. . . . . a. ."'. v a. . . "d a. l
.v o. .o .1eg1 r .A e _a .mWe _1W o g es MW =..'*.*w C m* .g'r c'M. ~ . .. a E" W e .- * ~a dM =. W e'M'.b. -
. ..- ^. .' =e Ne.
= . * = .We'. a. b. o. A. .aaw . .W e .n g - a. , A. g . yp. .# a. .n. _* =. a
- 6. s =. W e .' . " va. . w' -'a'*e u .- *.
I
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. we .' ova. a .. a.- . .' . . d. c .' ..g- a. v a. . j- ."._' .. g- ....a. w =., . _e . . i I
- w. 4c3 .[3 . .w.. . a.c..,4..=...m....
l l
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- l .'" ". ."..e......a.d..
-* *" "va. .'*,7,
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. . _'
- 7 a. .'. a~
t C.# -. " d * *, .*. .' . ^. r. . v' u." D e .* *. a y" . '.". r. d
. . s *..".a*. We C .1.". ' ., .-.C >" W . ** . .W .." a..h.
.k.e o .7. .h Ga. ag-. . 4s ..eL,aed e Cf, o. ,/ o. n.. w a,e.e .' .,L.a.
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.[C .C oj.. 4 a ar.
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. . *.( e W."."s '_ _' V a. d ". ~.."'a- .$ ." a. .n ".a v a.
e
-.1. e..o dj" .e.. s c.w ,eA . 1a d.4 E ..' C .. 1 a. ,/ a .'. s w ..a". o m. . .f
- a a.
A. e a. .n. . . . .* d
. n.L. C L. s .7 C C 4.v.. . . . A. a. _d . .. .w.,.. ma.sC
. . ..C .s .e... .. ... .w. .-.4.a.... .. , . . .
4
. . .we .a. .d 4.,. 4 Che waCer.
C L' .- .'.h -f' =. a ." . C .' d . s v- "6. C .'*.." ' a- . v.' .d . e j =. " s . = ." d .'./' ..*.o. ~
.". a ' a D e e.". .". " V' ".e** "..' e.h *. ".'. a."a. s a C C u *. .".". C .' a a ." V'. ' ' a.d ".s *. .". ." * **. *.
. . 2. a. a. ", s
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- e. e e .. e .. .. .
. .' .". a v a '."..e."..',,e"..y.='."'"'
. >. C . a-4
. ./
a . _en m. .+. , xag.o..g- ,
- n. ._a w..
e.. a ., s. -g, a o a .s . . .n.
/. . . . . g .n, . . e . g < .y3 Las . we =..>. . ]* .".".s . a'id . was
- n. .". a . ' .' d'- a. a.' . .' .-a. a,. .. . ' ".e
= a- r a"*--"s
- u. .a. d e n. -.'
" a . e "" . ..av' .e"- .". a. a.-d- . .".a . *..*.e Ud a ' -' "o s . _d e a,.
w as v' a '. .d..". -
- * *=.a Mi'e 7s' ar.d. . .". a *. ." " .~. . d ". .e . D d ..>. ,- " .'. >. './-
prir.ted up a sien saying, """E, dCn' t dur.p yCur pCisCn in
/. s .,.4
- . ,g.e .e- ya ... e , " d."", v a,. ,,.., *....
"a.a. .'4.'. .' a ' s _' _= ".d , '.."." .- C C d I
L' 3" . .
.w. ay _ ..e
_4 . . . . . _ aL..s.
.. . .4. . . 4 %, .4 ...6 . . . , .* .w.
, ,* .* * - *' . r a .o , .,. ,,C._.
- 4. a ym m/.,
..C ,C _' ". e- *= w*
- a .w
, . .w. . .w. a. 4. a. . . g .e....d....
Og exyg -
- d. o..n.-. a. g .
..a.4.-..'.3.
.s . . . . p.a. g , r. ..9 .as. u, m.
.w *
.. .o . ..w.a y t ." *. a' a C ." *. "g .'* *. S 8 ". , a * '_*,* *. .
and .~ $ "./' *' e , C ay ' = _~ >** .. C '4 w
.. , y e . , ' s"
. .".a". . .- a d. Cu. .Cda. C.' .."~'.">...'."..a.d."..a. . .v. .= .- . . . .W e . . ., / .
- 4. e.w... .w. . _. .C a.-S.*y P.."'.a . * .. .A.' .. a. ." ~. ~.d ".a-
. s .a .d".
. ' m" ."*...o..".#., W a. " .. .
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- a. 4
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. 4 ,2.
.. ..2.,s . r. y l
...u..c. . .g p v..e. . e. y .=,.=.~a.. ....._e-- .e a .e. .e.. .g ., . .u. a,, .e..y.a.
' . .a ..e - .2
..: 3...
2
325 Last Sa urday Licyd "artley, Dean cf -he Faculty a ., 7 A'*. . . a- . e .* '.".".e c ._' sd_ al ce.._d ...a .-] , =.~.c
. .7 w e -. a. .we e. .' ". .u .- - a.
r c.c l e e r. a ,a ar.e _' c.' .d ..d .. e a..s .# .-e n ...e .*J..a.. .-d_ s ."., u e~ = .= =. _= a. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. There we dialogued wd. .4 .' c u. e.x e, .- . a- _'.a. ..".e a.u a.'.a a . ." .' a ' .d d.
. . _. a ,- " c _' _' . . a. a. _d r.s-c a_, _, , d n ,w ,...e M_4 _, ._
.... _s_, , _ .4. ,
.mu ,. _, _4 ,.
n_4 st,.s a . d m...w._4.,
. . . . -_ _, 3e s_.ns.u 4
As we four .ennsylvanians vciced cur fears, shared c u . .c e . . = , - _' . ~..s , .= ~..d. .= s r.=. d . .= . .]' ,u a. s ' _~ ". .s , _= ' = .. _' . '. _ .c . .a ]-
. =_~. . c _i .e . _ . ar.s-a.. , as we we.==,. .c_'d "]' -..". e .." .'. a .= .= s ee ' .=._' _' s ., a , . "*=..'.a.
a ,- c _' _' . _d . ~= ' v-". e s .d. . r. . As ?. ,- e c y _' a_ d .. s .". e -sr,. v a. . . . =. ". . . " . u. ' a..c w
. . a _= .'._' /' d c *.."._' ..k *..".a . ..". a. / . = = . .-d. ..h . . _',, _a .= -,c_d
'. d. . .=._'
d e _' s d .a. .
- a.
. . . 3 ., v e . .. =. ". . . .= =.
_= _ _ /- _' a . .". a~ . .~ u , h.a . .~ .=..=. d. a.
- d. e wh.e P.a..- w e ' .- a. .-. . d ..s- . c c ~1. .d ..u e . - "...=. v a ".."._'a__=.- = ~..a . e/- w- .- .. , .
And I ask you, nen':ers of the *:residen:'s Cennissicn
.d .v e s ..d. e .=. .d
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I think we're just wcrn cut. ! MR. ECCHENDCER: I'm sure. 2.ar2 ycu very much c L, ...a ... . CHAI.7RAN E.'E.NY : I very much appreciace ycur tes:1=cny. .May I ask, de ar.y Cc==issicners wish Oc =ake any
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. 1 I
LIST OF EXHI3ITS PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT'S COMMISSICN CN THE ACCIDENT AT THREE MILE ISLAND SATURDAY , ,\MY 19, 1979
- 1. Statement of Dr. Theodore Gross, Provost, The Pennsylvanis State University / Capitol Campus, entitled "The Universi:y and Three Mile Island" (read verbatim into the record).
- 2. Statement of Kenneth E. Myers, Mayor of Goldsboro Lorough, dated May 19, 1979 to the Commissien
- 3. Remarks to the Commission by Alber: Nchisen, Jr., M;.yor of Lancaster 4 Statement of Judith H. Johnsrud, Co-Director, Environmental Coalition on Nuclear Power, with attachments:
A - News from ECNP (Environmental Coalition on Nuclear Power) entitled "TMI Intervenors Seek NRC Hearings on Water Dumping and Radiation Monitoring" 3 - Copy of AEC documen NASH-740 dated March 1957 entitled " Theoretical Possibilities and Conse-quences of Major Accidents in Large Nuclear Power Plants" C - Special TMI Edition mailed 1/30/79 of " News from Environmental Coalition On Nuclear Power" D - Copy of Docke: No. 50-320, Supplemental Peti: ion to the Director of Nuclear Reactor Regula:icn for Emergency Action, April 27, 1979 E - Excerp s from the 19el-65 Revision of WASH-Ta0, The 3rookhaver Re-cr:, " Theoretical Possibilities 1.nd Consequences of Major Accidents in Large i Nuclear Power Plants" i F- Reproducticn ;. .:mi Energy Legislation Through j 94th Congress, ;d Session, Join: C:mmi::ee en A::mi: l Energy, Congress o f :he United 5:stes , March 197~ (C nta:ning portiens Of Atomic Energy Ac :f 1934)
- 5. Three documents o f the Pennsy'.vania Capital Area " Forward" c:nsis:ing of :a) A pcsiti:n s:2:emen: :: Presiden:'s
")
C mmission dated May 19, 19~9, : Statemen :: the l
LIST OF EXHI3ITS. May 19. 1979 (Centinued) Governor &nd Lieutenan: Governor (of Pennsylvania) dated May 2, 1979, and (c) Statement to Presiden: Carter dated May 19, 1979.
- 6. Letter dated May 16, 1979 to Commission from Kenneth L.
Miller, Director, Division of Health Physics and Assis:an Professor of Radiology, Hershey Medical Center and attached copy of Letter to Hershey Friends and Neighbors dated April 5, 1979 which was printed in the Hummeltown News. a local newspaper.
- 7. Statement of William F. Goodling, United 5tates Congressman, 19th Congressional Dis:ri:: o Pennsylvania to the President's Commission S. 5:atement by Robert S. Walker, United States Congressman, 16th Congressional District of Pennsylvania to the President's Commission
- 9. Statement of Kay Pickering, representing Three Mile Island Alert, dated May 19, 1979, to the President's Commission
- 10. Letter dated May 19, 1979 from Charles A. Cole, Ph:D., ?E, to the President's Commission
- 11. 5:stement of Dr. John F. Barnoski (3 pages), May 19, 1979
- 12. Statement to the Commission by William H. Sho f f , M. D. ,
dated May 19, 1979, with copy of article by Karl ~. Morgan entitled " Cancer and icw level ioni:ing radiation" from The Bulletin, September 1973
- 13. 5:atement of 5:even C. Shelly, May 19, 19~9, to President's Commission 14 Statement by Mil:en Lowenthal, May 19, 1979, representing Harrisburg Area Chapter of United Naticas Association of the United States of America and the Harrisburg 3 ranch, Women's Interna icnal League for Peace and Freedo
- 13. 5:stemen: of 3ruce Smith, Chairman, Newberrv Township 3 card of Supervisors (3 pages) 1:. 5:stemen: of Georgia Lookingbil', Humme".3::wn, Fa., 1 pa;es:
t L _ _______ ___ _ _
1 1 3 l LIST OF EXHI3ITS May 19, 1979 (Continuedi
- 17. Statement of Marj orie L. Tennyson, Middletown, pA resident, dated May 19, 1979 (; pages)
- 13. Middletown Environmental Advisory Council one-page statement of concerns, dated May 19, 1979, presented by John Hulsberg l
l
1 l _v. .._.=. _m. .e. _7.7vd..-. . e ".. w al c.
- a_' .d . '. .. r. r. .'su c _' a_ a.- : .we .~ . .e w. .' a. . .e . .
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1979 issue. Succi :ed oy Jchn 51:en.
^ues .d e n. s a. ..r.- a .- ...d. .e- ..'-.a. d. u. d . - c' y.. . .ad.d
. . a. ...'a~ v,a e. .'..*.e^
the Susquehanna ?.17er. Su mitted :y 3everly Hess, Susquehanna Valley Alliance. S . a .e ..e '.*. . s. o ..". e .: .- a. s '. d. a. n . ' o- vo-d-d.. ao_ . c . . . .".a A .- . .* .d.. a . . . .= . v _, e rs _, a..s , mw ...... . . s.4 s a ...
... .a. /. , .v.. /, : :
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c 6. ._.4.... . . s by Jane Grey.
k M 0 T I O N
------ _S.
v..a v, 1 0. , 1--0 'i .o CCMMISSIONER MC ?HF.RSON: I would move :ha: :he Chai =an be au:horized for :he period cec encing wi:h :he enac=ent of SJRes 80, :ha: is the Sena:e Join: Resolu: ion
- ha: cen:ains this au:hori:y for this Cce=ission and ending vi:h the convening of cun ne:ct meetinz on May 30, :o e:cercise
- he folleving powers of :he Cec =issien:
~
. Firs:, the issuance of subpoenas rec.uiring :he i attendance and test,_=cny or w,_:nesses anc :ne p ccue:,on 0: _
evidence, and - i Second, he designation of Cec =ission agents , in other words s:aff, :o administer oath and affirmations, e:< amine witnesses, and receive evidence. Motien carried: Unani=cus. L I r h 1 I I
- - - * . p}}