ML20128D157

From kanterella
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Summary of 850501 Meeting W/Util,Inpo,B&W,Bechtel & Delian Corp in Bethesda,Md Re Eddy Current Test Results Before & After Chemical Cleaning of Steam Generator.Viewgraphs Encl
ML20128D157
Person / Time
Site: Millstone Dominion icon.png
Issue date: 05/14/1985
From:
NRC
To:
NRC
References
TAC-57598, NUDOCS 8505280512
Download: ML20128D157 (55)


Text

_

.,_ . u. .-

o -

. Docket No. 50-336 May 14,'1985;

' LICENSEE:~ Northeast Nuclear Energy Company LFACILITY: Millstone Nuclear Power Station, Unit No. 2

SUBJECT:

SUMMARY

OF MEETING WITH NORTHEAST NUCLEAR ENERGY COMPANY CONCERNING EDDY CURRENT TEST (ECT) RESULTS ON; MILLSTONE UNIT 2-A meeting was_ held with Northeast Nuclear Energy Company (NNECO) on May 1, 1985 at the Commission's Offices in Bethesda, Maryland.- The purpose of-the

. meeting was to convey information about the ECT results before and after chemical cleaning of the steam generator at Millstone 2.

-Background Degradation of steam generator tubes at Millstone 2 has been' primarily caused by pitting. The cause of the pitting of the tubes is attributed to the build up of an iron-copper " sludge" on'the secondary side. Because sludge lancing has been only partially successful in the removal of this sludge, NNECO chose to use a chemical cleaning process during the current outage to more T ieffectively clean the generators. Chemical cleaning took place during the March . April 1985 time frame.-

Prior to the cleaning NNECO performed ECT on the steam generator tubes and concluded that approximately 600 tubes total would require-sleeves '( 40%

through-wall). After the cleaning, additional ECT were performed and the results: indicated 2900 tubes would require sleeves. It is because of this

_significant difference that a meeting was requested to more fully understand the: reasons for the differences and the mechanism-responsible for tube degradation at Millstone 2.

- Because~ Millstone 2 has already received staff approval during the prior outage ('83) to sleeve tubes, there are no Technical Specification changes associated with these ECT results.

A listing of meeting attendees (Enclosure 1) and slides shown at the meeting F

(Enclosure 2) are enclosed.

Summary of Presentation

, The licensee concluded that:

1. It was not surprising or harmful that ECT detection of smaller volume

[ pits were difficult in the presence of copper " sludge." Significant volume pits were detected by ECT even in the presence of the copper sludge.

.4 EE!!N6 PM P-

m

2. The reason for finding small volume pits after cleaning is due to reduced noise and improved signal response resulting from copper removal and the use of a larger diameter ECT probe. Furthermore, they concluded that the chemical cleaning did not result in the formation of new defects or in the propagation of old defects.

The inspection of both steam generator has. essentially been completed. An estimated 2900 tubes require sleeving. The licensee will sleeve these tubes as permitted by existing Technical Specifications. The estimated radiation dosage for the present sleeving operation is 1100 person-rem.

Details supporting these conclusions are contained in Enclosure 2.

Schedule Startup has been re-scheduled for July 1985 due to the greater than anticipated number of sleeves required. Although no Technical Specification change is required, the licensee will make a formal submittal of the data along with conclusions in about three weeks.

9 ORB 1:

00s W ne;vr r/"(/ 5 /0/85 4A

~

A 'i _

. MEETING

SUMMARY

DISTRIBUTION Licensee: , Northeast Utilities

  • Copies also sent to those people on service (cc) list for subject plant (s).

Docket File NRC PDR L POR ORB #3 Rdg Project Manager - 00sborne JMiller BGrimes

- 0 ELD EJordan, IE

- ACRS-10 PMorriette NRC Meeting

Participants:

BDLiaw HConrad-CCheng FCongel SBlock RPichumani RTurovlin VBenaroya FWitt CMcCracken GHolahan EMurphy '

MWenger WJohnston

n

  • ~* - . . , _

Enclosure 1 LIST OF ATTENDEES Nuclear Regulatory Commission D. Osborne DL/0RB#3 J. Miller DL/0RB#3~

B. D. Liaw DE/MTEB H. Conrad DE/MTEB C. Cheng DE/MTEB F. Congel DSI/RAB S. Block DSI/RAB R. Pichumani DE/MEB R..Turovlin DE/MTEB V. Benaroya DE/CHEB F. Witt DE/CHEB C. McCracken DE/CHEB

.G. Holahan DL/0RAB E. Murphy DL/0RAB

.M. Wegner IE/DEPER W. Johnston DE Northeast Utilities M. Childers R. Kacich J. Klisiewicz J. Fackelmann J. Benson:

J. LaPlatney J. Ely J. Kelley EPRI S. Brown C. Wetty Others R. Huston Delian Corp.

L. Connor NRC Calendar J. DeRoy NY Power Authority J. Bates INP0 B. Hawkins Babcock & Wilcox C. BrinkmanL Combustion Engineering C. Batt Bechtel Corp.

N

e --

'O'. -j ,

e .*

DOCKET NO 50-336 l

MILLSTONE NUCLEAR POWER-STATION, UNIT N0, 2 STEAM GENERATOR CHEMICAL CLEANING STEAM GENERATOR TUBE INSPECTIONS MAY 1, 1985

=

T--

q n , _

e

  • l INTRODUCTION & PURPOSE o DECEMBER 5, 1984 - NRC/NNEC0' MEETING CHEMICAL CLEANING PROCESSES

.o PRE-CHEMICAL CLEANING ECT VS. POST-CHEMICAL CLEANING ECT o EXPECTED VS, ACTUAL SLUDGE REMOVED o CONVEY-INFORMATION

l

/

MEETING AGENDA o INTRODUCTION R. M. K ACICH o CHEMICAL CLEANING RESULTS J. W. KLISIEWICZ o PRE / POST-CHEMICAL CLEANING J. M. FACKELM ANN

- PITTING DETECTABILITY

- ECT RESULTS o DISPOSITION OF PITTING CONCERNS J. M. FACKELM ANN o SLEEVING PR0 GRAM J. F. ELY o ALARA J. J. LAPLATNEY o CONCLUSIONS R. M. K ACICH

O *

  • INDUSTRY COMMUNICATIONS o ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE (EPRI) o INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR POWER OPERATIONS (INPO) o STEAM GENERATOR OWNER'S GROUP (SG0G)

p- . .

/

/

. INSIDE CONTAIINENT OUTSIDE CONTAIMENT

)/

STEAM OEMICAL MIX

/

\ / j

/

j

/

4

/

r /

( ) [

i

(/ j SYSTDI

/

/

/

PRIMARY a y RECIRC.

p

/

/

SECONDARY _

/

m WASTE RECIRC. 510 RAGE 0 91. 6 CORR.

t KNIl0 RING i

STEAM GENERA 10R CHEMICAL CLEANING

-, n-,r-..-,-.~.. . ,, e.. ,. ,,- - , , , _ , - _ , - , , , , . - , , - _ , , , , . , _ , _ , . _ , _ . _ _ _ . , . , , _ , . . . , , , , - - - , , ,,-n-,-,.._, _ , - _ _ - - - - .

o . .

MILLSTONE UNIT 2 STEAM GENERATOR TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING NOMINAL PROCESS TEMPERATURES CHECK-0VT RINSE AMBIENT - 2000F FE SOLVENT 2000F FE RINSES (C00LDOWN) 2000F - 1000F Cu SOLVENT 1000F Cu RINSE (HEATUP) 1000F - 2000F PASSIVATION 2000F j

I l

l-

~

MILLSTONE UNIT 2 STEAM GENERATOR TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING ..

PROCESS SEQUENCE SG1 (2 FE, 6 Cu):

R, FE, R, R, Cu, Cu, Cu, Cu, R, FE, R, R, Cu, Cu, R, P, WLU SG2 (2 FE, il Cu):

R, FE, R, R, Cu, Cu, Cu, R, FE, R, R, Cu, R, WLU R - RINSE FE - IRON STEP Cu - COPPER STEP P - PASSIVATION WLU - WET LAYuP

MILLSTONE UNIT 2 STEAM GENERATOR TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING NOMINAL PROCESS TIMES (HRS.)

SS1 SE2 TOTAL FE SOLVENT CONTACT TIMES: 22 15 TOTAL Cu S0LVENT CONTACT TIMES: 32 12 TOTAL FE RINSE TIMES: 13 12 TOTAL Cu RINSE TIMES: 12 10 CHECK 0UT RINSE DURATIONS: 24 12 PASSIVATION RINSE TIMES: 16 12 PASSIVATION TIMES: 8 --

0THERS (E.G. DELAYS, LEARNING CURVES): 32 3D TOTAL HOURS: 209 103

l i

MP-2 C H E M I C A L C L E A N I N G .

t 15 i

14 13  ;

12 I 11 t

R 19

^

0 9 5

4 3 .

2 1 .

e. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ....

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 29 i a3" TIME (HOURS) 1 D:2-FE-1 I :N27FE1 0: FE-1 l

l

h 4

I -

1 MP-2 C H E M I C A L CLEANING .

15-14

13- _

12 -

l I 11 R 10 -

0 9 N 8-7 .

G/L 6-3- -

4 3-

~

,d:[= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14.15 16 17 18 19 20 ea IIME(HOURS) 0:2-FE-2 I :fe-2 0: H27FI?

MP-2 C H E M I C A L CLEANING .

15 -

14 -

13-12 - .

C 11 -

0 10 -

P 9 P 8- '

E 7-R 6-5-

G/L 4-

.: :=/

2 1-

[1 5 5 $ $ 4 'I $ 9 i9 ilI2 i3 I4 i5 I6 I? I8 I9 29 IIME(HOURS) 0:200-1 I :C0-1 0 : N27001

MILLSTONE UNIT 2 ,

STEAM GENERATOR TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING .

IRON AND COPPER PICKUP .

10 9

STEAM GENERATOR 1 8

7 GRAMS / LITER 6 IRON AND COPPER 5

4 3

2 1

Cu4 FE2 CuS Cu6 Cul Cu2 Cu3 STEP: FEl 4 7 2 2 6 9 4 NOMINA 1. TIMES (HRS.) 15

L

MILLSTONE UNIT 2 -

STEAM GENERATOR TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING IRON AND COPPER PICKUP 10 ,

9 8 STEAM GENERATOR 2

7 GRAMS / LITER 6

IRON AND COPPER 5

1 4

3 2

1 STEP: FEl CUl CO2 Cu3 FE2 Cu4 NOMINA. TIMES-(HRS.) 11 3 3 2 4 4

MILLSTONE UNIT 2 STEAM GENERATOR TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING PRELIMINARY SLUDGE REMOVAL DATA SG1 SE2 o PRE-CLEANING SLUDGE LANCING (LBs): 300 225 o CHEMICAL CLEANING (LBs):

DISSOLVED FE-(AS FE30 4) 154 119 DISSOLVED Cu (AS COPPER) 156 140 DISSOLVED ZN (AS ZNO)- 23 21 DISSOLVED Ni (As N10) 7 7 SUSP, SOLIDS _11 __I CHEMICAL CLEANING SUBTOTAL (LBS): 353 290 o POST CLEANING SLUDGE 40 TO BE COMPLETED LANCING (LBS):

TOTAL LBS REMOVED: 693 (515 TO DAfE) l l

l l

l

w e

  • MILLSTONE UNIT 2 STEAM GENERATOR TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING PRELIMINARY PRE / POST CHEMICAL CLEANING SLUDGE HEIGHTS STEAM GENERATOR 1: COLD LEG PRE CLEANING POST CLEANING HEIGHT L1HE~8QW SLUDGE HEIGHT (IN.) SLUDGE HEIGHT (IN.) CHANGE (IN.)

70 H58 13.0 4.8 -8.2 69 69 12.5 3.6 -8.9 119 25 12.3 3.4 -8.9 56 18 11.8 1.5 -10.3 130 38 9.9 2.1 -7.8 58 8 9.5 3.5 -6.0 139 17 8.1 2.8 -5.3 127 55 6.9 2.6 -4.3 81 89 5.5 3.1 -2,4 60 116 4.0 1.6 -2.4 128 92 2.4 0.2 -2.2 128 98 1.7 0.3 -1.4 12 40 0.8 0.0 -0.8

MILLSTONE UNIT 2 STEAM GENERATOR TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING CORROSION RESULTS MP2 QUALIFICATION PRELIMINARY DATA * (MILS)

CATEGORY LIMITS RESULTS (MILS) SE1 SG2 TUBING 7.0 0.02 0.003 0.003 EGGCRATE 11.0 0.03 0.01 0.04 SECONDARY 91.2 6.1 2.8 2.4 SHELL WELDS 270.0 21.0 3.6 3.4 TUBESHEET- 550.0 10.6 3.0 5.9 MAXIMUM WElGHT LOSS VALUE FROM EITHER STEAM GENERATOR OR PROCESS MONITOR CORROSION COUPONS.

. 4 l

a .

EPRl/ STEAM GENERATOR OWNERS GROUP (SG0G) AND NU DATA ADDRESSING ALLOY 600 SMALL VOLUME DEFECTS o FULL FlLL STEAM GENERATOR CHEMICAL CLEANING:

20% EDTA, PH 6, PROCESS TIME:

260 HOURS (225 HOURS a 2500F) PLUS A 45 DAY RESIDUAL EFFECTS TEST

- N0 INDICATIONS OF~ TUBE SURFACE CORROSION

- NO MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF PRE-PITTED SPECIMENS OBSERVED, o CHEMICAL CLEANING TEST UTILIZING ACTUAL MILLSTONE UNIT 2 PITS:

15% EDTA, PH 7, PROCESS TIME:

45 HOURS (33 HOURS a 2000F) PLUS A 10 DAY RESIDUAL EFFECTS TEST

- NO MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OBSERVED o MILLSTONE UNIT 2 SITE SPECIFIC QUALIFICATION TEST:

15% EDTA, PH-7, PROCESS TIME:

253 HOURS-(107 HOURS a 2000F) PLUS A 30 DAY RESIDUAL EFFECTS TEST

- N0 INDICATIONS OF TUBE SURFACE CORROSION

- NO OBSERVABLE EFFECTS ON PRE-DAMAGED SPECIMENS

o .' .

EPRl/ STEAM GENERATOR OWNERS GROUP (SG0G) AND NU DATA ADDRESSING ALLOY 600 SMALL VOLUME DEFECTS o MILLSTONE UNIT'2 TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING:

15% EDTA, PH 7 PROCESS TIMES: l SG1 209 HOURS (22 HOURS.a 2000F)

SG2'103 HOURS (15 HOURS a 2000F)

- NO INDICATIONS OF TUBE SURFACE CORROSION j

SUPPLEMENTAL DATA ALLOY 600 SMALL VOLUME DEFECTS (PITTING)

TEMPERATURE EFFECT o EPRI (RPS308-1) REPORT

SUMMARY

DATED MARCH 15, 1985

" PITTING CORROSION OF ALLOY 600 STEAM GENERATOR TUBING:

RESULTS OF A LABORATORY SCOPING STUDY," CONTRACTOR-BATTELLE, COLUMBUS LABORATORIES.

- STEAM GENERATOR PITTING, A MID-TO-HIGH TEMPERATURE PHENOMENON

- IN THE LABORATORY, PITS OF THE APPROPRIATE MORPHOLOGY OCCUR ONLY AT TEMPERATURES EXCEEDING APPROXIMATELY 1500C (3020F)

CONCLUSIONS o CURRENT DATA INDICATES THAT TUBESHEET SLUDGE INVENTORIES OF BOTH MILLSTONE UNIT 2 STEAM GENERATORS HAVE BEEN ESSENTIALLY REMOVED, o TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING DID NOT RESULT IN THE FORMATION OF NEW DEFECTS ON HEAT TRANSFER TUBING.

o TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING DID NOT RESULT IN THE PROPAGATION OF OLD DEFECTS ON HEAT TRANSFER TUBING,

MILLSTONE 2 STEAM GENERATOR EDDY CURRENT TESTING 1985 REFUELING OUTAGE o TECHNIQUE /0UALIFICATION/ TESTING ,

o- RESULTS PRE, POST CLEANING o CONCLUSIONS <-

ELECTRONICS 1985 EXAMINATION MlZ-18: DIGITAL EDDY CURRENT TESTER SYSTEM. ,

o 16 CHANNELS 10 8 MIXES o MULTIFREQUENCY.

o MULTIC0lL o HP 9836 COMPUTER DDA-4 DIGITAL DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM o -COMPATABLE WITH MlZ-18 o HP9836 COMPUTER o SIGNAL ISOLATION

( o DYNAMIC RANGE COMPENSATION i

I.

~

ii

, - ., .~, -

PROBES INSPECTION DIA.. IN. DESCRIPTION SLUDGE 540 STANDARD FULL LENGTH 560 HIGH FREQUENCY MAGNETIC SATURATION NARROW FOCUS FIRST EGGCRATE 580 HIGH FREQUENCY PRECLEANING MAGNETIC SATURATION NARROW FOCUS POSTCLEANING 580 HIGH FREQUENCY (HOT LEG)

MAGNETIC SATURATION NARROW FOCUS 600 HIGH FREQUENCY (COLD LEG)

NARROW FOCUS R0W 1 540 JOINTED FLEX l SLEEVES 520 DUAL CROSS WOUND l DUAL B0BBIN COMBINATION I EIGHT PANCAXE COIL ARRAY TOP 0F TUBESHEET SURFACE RIDING

.i l

POTENTIAL FORMS OF DEGRADATION PITTING o . PIT DETECTION QUALIFIED FOR DIAMETERS 1 0.075 INCH IN THE PRESENCE OF MILS COPPER. (HIGH FREQUENCY PROBE DEVELOPMENT) o PITS DETECTED POSTCHEMICAL CLEANING APPEARS TO BE < 0.050 INCH DIAMETER BASED ON SIGNAL AMPLITUDE.

o SIZING ACCURACY ESTABLISHED BY 1981 TUBE REMOVAL.

WASTAGE / WEAR o ASME CAllBRATION STANDARD ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION.

IGA / SCC o- SURFACE RIDING PANCAKE ARRAY PROBES. SCC AND IGA IN THE PRESENCE OF

DENTING.

i j ..

l

D

---f o

  • o/R.??*.T : EB

- ossRdibM!kh!bh!hh!$!b. !5!!

-.adi!f2?ii@MMMMB!R2?i!is !!!!

MiBMiHHeliiffMRISBi$iliinD !!!!

3!MMHEMistHBiHHHHHHHBMii!!$ !!!!

MiMMifRHiM!HERi23.398HsMisW i!H

-dHEMBisM23!!HHIGHHHsMMHHnis !!!!

z xi.3dMMB9Bil!!f!iH6HHBif3i!@ffi#8MHRE !!H

$ dHun!9EE!!i!$228R!itMHBKMili:2iMitM !!!!

re /hiBM!!BiMi!B!BMBf#kMEMifM.!IEd$iB !!H E RMf!MH@sMHi!!MiMie,;ifj:i#NilAREB:iMiisM !5H

= edidiiER$iWiMiH36Ri:.187;M$i.PiMB9!!i:532MB !!M s 2RMRsMH!22Mf!ff!F1EH)4M:ii!fBBNgMi!!R:V !!!!

sis MH!MHM95MBiHM3.f:HiiM:!!B:fBBss!!!!!sF  !!!!

i innBMHi#NHMBBN#iSBBf>f2BRHHMM;" i

~! si si ssMHiff!BE!!!BHMM:#fX!29%i32s!!!Eif H dii E! i!siHERMM!$iHMiM5f:isNfi! dim!!!!! Hisind ll HMBiMEIN$$!!BN!HTi&Gi?:3IME!!!!!- H l yi!!

a! fliH M M sB H2M MiM M R:R M.fsisH N E M.  !! = s ::!

li iMM!!M!NBi!!!fifJiSiFi:iS$!!:idfisiMit.- H iii"!

G! THME!MiHHHH:2iB2MBRU. ir.:.!18! M H n k .  !!  !!

E H Mi M 4iM i!B f B R iP N Qiff E .0 9 24.dif! 2 % .,..- H

-s

, liH.a@.H,eiMn8iH=f

..  ;.=n.=,

G B,n 4. :E= i!>,RH=

.W= ==R'i4M4RU$n@== !H ~

!ah hhf f . o_. I a c_

U b W;H^ -~~C:hk iHHi?ieni~i?NN:.'

CC~~ ~0 ~} .

Z "sliSR$'g9h @ (M?t8i:l! H g a ==.== s=~ =r w:==r= = =% =

$, Nt "c ..== ==. ~=T# =

waer+

-K @==87d

, := ,y =

2.= f #[y.f.v .

- u,_=,. ,,,

IN

g a_ ._

w a

]::p

. r e.

- om

, 1..

'. ---.s - - w.-

< ,..Q .,

- s J;A

~~

"b, -f . [

=F- f~^ . . . =_=;,-- ~~0 , = ~ = =j _

Nu i' iW

__s

. ~

--D. - ,.1 . .. . n. . "'s_-

I,

-~;[(:,. 2 C,-), " = = -j 4y

'-~~

= = C J.- =eo e d. ..

~

~

! ~NSHfHE!!@MN:${%!!

~8. mpg:gg i

~

Essis55sss8ssisBisssesiisniddedessisdsismis:s****dddA~sE'*

EC2 2 3 E ID aw E

MP2 STEAM GENERATOR TUBE FLAW PROGRESSION JUNE 1983 To MARCH 1985 (PRE CLEANING)

FOR FLAWS 2 20% THROUGH WALL IN SG1 AND SG2 COLD SIDE HOT SIDE PROGRESSION. PROGRESSION NUMBER AVERAGE DEVIATION NUMBER AVERAGE DEVIATION TUBE FLAW ELEVATION TS (0".To 1") 26 4 14 24 3 7 ATS ( > 1") 25 20 16 . . .

TOTAL PROGRESSION NUMBER AVERAGE DEVIATION TUBE FLAW ELEVATION TS (0" To 1") 50 3 11 ATS ( > 1") 25 20 16

' ph

--. - . - , - - , - - - ., . - --- - - - - - . , , , , . =

9 e

. . (p g e

.,a!dfis$sisini$t,0  !,!!,

=

-- :::hift,hc' C -

7- 3 c ; - ,_ : : :s*n 2

!U {cib Y4 :x:: Udc[  ::$E fetb$ _1:h):ka 6 f ::v::::: :k,t E Mete:

c  :

c  : feccc eiR, Adckhc;p;92:l f:

s2

-!lb b & bl !!!hkhf'yhYc~d[c #h;'hbh!!b!  !

A$ilifBi$sMiHM8sGED'%BieBi ;iH igiggg g

~~ ~-- -

_. - .. - . 4 m ., p,si:

. _  : :=.

3 a T .

  1. BM!i=@M M Mi W #Ms A W M Rifift !!!!

?_ c MC c J ~~nR,b , _

'R!If "$4t M >\:' 4t,xmeM',

- - R !!! 28 Z s.

,c pse$xg%icx;r

.43

-s_ 3.. _ _ ssrs.-sr w.

M'U: . - Ifc t_ _ s n .

1x--[--

a ._ _ Y.

o U

J .,

b:

'3 gLp,. ".

._sC s'.. 22 4

  1. '. s. ,, _ _

l JH!M ,R!i:Sni!Bi _H E ~..4 a_ l _ M_ M. , , _WM ii_H_

m Ey hM

". } Y _ >< Nof"p -'l u-h,_#.. E5$6 w . .. -_.. . ._ .. . .. . .. .

= ".se,_w!:w-;

I Ex -

wg Sfc e.ctat=x .t gra m aweawgxc5Sterfg-L,,,#? ra,c :./  :

.,.cm a::'f s2 gg ,

E,? g s nE 7

.. w_- . - - , -

c .. , ..

u . _ , - - == , op . g.

. l_T _ ,o fn 5_ . ,.h O,o c

_- - - - _ _--- _ -m __. cccc Gf g== 0 c .s[ _

!!; :!!si M E2iM iniiH M M ~~" M 9 9 3 6M H"  !!*!!!

ti iH2!iMi395!!!MR2!.Ul@ W "U2h H  ::i!

M ;MMMi2MHeliMis1BFK ~"8%BBA  !! 'a iif. S a weemmewmme-M r gam e "aw yus gp g3: si

.H m

e cyosg=ggs ;w>;

. - =!g. g> x 7o e g ,~

,o. .

_= = >g,~m ga Pe=w!#l@2N= oses;=@_ MW ' "

  1. a H it E OA lf1

- _w -- . . . , :x,, ,3 p -

y ..

....t - _ . . _ . .

bl ~  ; l r

r- j,gggggggggggggg'gy, -- l lll Ngn_g_ia_s#u:!: ggt,:igLnem: y. e84E

~

m . e m .__<__ p. a. ~

mn :w::eg :M ;i35 E5:i: .J asswe f56$55bw:etc&,3b S6 s i E' 2,

m- -m . ::

r I

.2: "

-" ~hg4:'::l :_43-- :

,,;.y - -;
C*

I* * ~l%:. -2_#_ +-_ --

. ?~:C_ .. .. ! --

N~=;=;;

sitiistitsaiitteittistuana= e enatuaes=****ees e - E02 2 3 E missE

O

_ __.9, PPO U CDy_ft

-AMiWiMHi!HRE!iHRHi !!!!

JHHHiHH8Bisini!BHMMHH!i!HB liH lisiMMi!9;iMR!!iBit!!s!!HH3HisH! !:::

2Eifi!!BiMHHiH$NRMN!!FGHfi!i !!H iHiHMMiMiliiiHREkBEM%2!st!it!1 ii!!

A=4@-,.2Bils3.R$i,"^1_$_Rls3_3_M-iff.R.fMili:R;t !!!!

7 7

. r - , ~m-s.r.,*.y., s. .

.,D a

^

f m4i!.!L.-.. 1g-

-e .

Ei N. M.:Af %. ,y,2E,,__ _ BifHRi!E,:!

, 4 ,

~

3g lt c~; g: a f .

n  : ::"

~~e g .p..-.ns. =ggg.m <_ .-r_ s. cm . .- __ .- - - ,,r. T.,

Y :h

'n c $" c a s-- 3 . I

==~=, ,=.==.==,- , == == = --.

v . =.

N .. . = = ,, _.

=.,."

H!

i% JE!!s!!!!s?!!!iMil!GB.fisM6Mi3RIMRFEEV E! X!!REHisiMHR!BWMMMF23HMMir ~i!

7 4RHi!!!!!MiliR!BBMMNffeMIf.1Bifi!!!!f H sil 5! iiHili' M e s M !i H R E W M ! B iB Hilf Hi id

!P,. iMMM,,

- = BTW=

, = . . i,?,i,W, itB#,MkNG.. = =

RF#,W,=@= ,i, H..l .

  1. .ii

.s U

!d , 'l ~li!Inlin!E!D!IM$MflI1!IME9_iiS=i H  %'!^

d 3!!!!EH!in!M!RE!isf$le!@ M # RREBR A H if= W H Q [s!i MifB ERB B 2 0iWii. f B M F M S # $ hm H

~5eseM!!i!nMH559i&Ei_RM.ifGifBs!NdBMW H .

2 'RHRMi!!!!GREd!MERitn!!iitd8MilliMH!

O CD C h .

E ~Mi3MiBEinK$N 2 C ", U pS.c,r , ~ .,C 3, 3 ~3 BdiultM?BNC

-,U, C 3,,~

' ~".  :

g --

_ ~~] ;is -

aC

a. ~ sr. . . . --.1 l , _ . . . .  %

E

~~

);

3HHBA8!Is!MsF ~ IBinni!!H

, A r ~ '.= -

' = ^ * " ' .

e=e M Yf_' C(Ogb

=

W-O g N jK %?; ..

$ _:& 1y,p;ge_af,;=.y s wu"

. .  := = -l u Mh iEp,pe_

' C ] p k_ _u f@b Q.,,yit "Q m

. ,,pr.y.. $. ~

a

-mm,x: eg UN 5 :==:me CCCCd20 COO-l*Ce-

  • . 5N53E , _ _ . 22

=

hIbbkhM!

_=^^^-'};;, "Q=y,,,, " " ^ , = 2' mn

. . t-.--ti.- 1

-~b b$$ EC2 2DEmwg

PRELIMINARY MP-2 STEAM GENERATOR ECT INSPECTION

SUMMARY

(DATA THROUGH APRIL 21. 1985)

SG1 - AFTER CHEMICAL CLEANING DESCRIPTION HOT SIDE COLD SIDE HOT & COLD SIDE 1.0 NUMBER TUBE SIDES 7562 6680 14242 TESTED 2.0 NUMBER TUBE SIDES WITH FLAWS 2.1- > 0% 785 1310 2095 2.2 > = 40% 155 1107 1262 3,0 NUMBER TUBE SIDE WITH 402 23 425 DISTORTED INDICATIONS 4.0 NUMBER OF FLAWS (SOME TUBES HAVE MORE THAN ONE FLAW) 3.1 0-1" 673 242 915 3.2 1"-13" 243 1828 2071 3.3 13"-28" 7 6 13 g 3.4 OTHER 3 0 3 3.5 TOTAL 926 2076 3002 5.0 NUMBER,PLUGGABLE 0 1 1 RESTRIOTIONS -

'APPROXlMATELY 99% COMPLETE

PREllHINARY MP-2 STEAM GENERATOR ECT INSPECTION

SUMMARY

(DATA THROUGH APRll 21. 1985)

SG2 - AFTER CHEMICAL CLEANING DESCRIPTION- HOT SIDE COLD SIDE HOT & COLD SIDE 1.0 NUMBER TUBE SIDES 4314 3421 7735 TESTED 2.0 NUMBER TUBE SIDES WITH FLAWS 2,1 > 0% 338 842 1180

2,2 > = 40% 90 669 759 3.0 NUMBER OF TUBE SIDES 123 17 -140 WITH DISTORTED INDICATIONS 4.0 . NUMBER OF FLAWS 3.1 0 - 1" 210 37 247 3,2 1"-13" 172 1119 1291 3,3 13"-28" 5 4 9 3,4 OTHER 0 0 0 3,5 TOTAL 387 1160 1547 i .

5,0 NUMBER,,PLUGGABLE O 0 .

O I RESTRICTIONS ,

  • APPR0XIMATELk54% COMPLETE

..,_--,y. . - _ . _ _ _ , _ _ . _ _

- , , . _ . _ , , ,..r_. , . _ ,

MILLSTONE 2 POST CHEMICAL CLEANING

SUMMARY

OF TUBE SLEEVING OR PLUGGING. REQUIREMENTS (AS OF APRIL 21, 1985)

)

SLEEVING CANDIDATES STEAM GENERATOR 1 DESCRIPTION COLD SIDE HOT SIDE TOTAL

1. DEFECTS 1.40 PERCENT 1101 154 1255
2. DISTORTED INDICATIONS 14 392 406 1661 SLEEVING CANDIDATES STEAM GENERATOR 2 DESCRIPTION COLD SIDE HOT SIDE TOTAL
1. DEFECTS 1 40 PERCENT 666 89 755-
2. DISTORTED INDICATIONS 13 119 132 887*

PLUGGING CANDIDATES-STEAM GENERATOR 1 STEAM GENERATOR 2

1. DEFECTS 1 40 PERCENT 6 4
2. 0 DISTORTED INDICATIONS 0 .

3.. SLEEVE INDICATIONS 4 .

2  !

4. PLUGGING RESTRICTIONS _2 _Q ,

(INCLUDING SLEEVES) 12 6

  • ADDIT 10NALJ233TUBESREQUIRINGREPAIRWERESLEEVED PRIOR TO CHEMICAL CLEANING
  • a 04 M 1 VDtT. . CH 6 MOE2 l CHApeEl MD - 1 BG 1 LIN 29 ROM 11 PRE, sfi4tn st u g W DIN l i One - 1 FitEQ 400 kHz SP5De 4e l

. p EATIW4 - 63 IMO 1

1H T STRIP D55tT i

L 0948 - M 1V

_ 096 3 L SP5Di - 29 amnizou - se nEG RIGHT STRIP 055tT Opp - 94 filed 188 kHz

IF5D4 OS

~

CTS +5.4 l SYSTD.CODF70tA@TIst p5et - DEECT (1)

  1. of D556- E r:0!Le rnu 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

--488 Il 2 i 59 . 4

_i ses !

.00 6 de 4

04 M 1 VDtT,l. 04 & HORZ ,l OW9E1. le - MIM8 3 BG 1 LIM 29 ROM 11 j <

W DISPLM Pnt CHtm ti. fag l

05 = - M 3 05es - s-3 F504 it i

h W ATION - 314 EEG j llTT STRIP 055tf L 05He - M IV l 0596 3 L --

M 29 NDTATIED6 - as EEG >

RIGHT STRIP 055tT 05Ne - EH FREG ISS kHz SPnN SS

"" 2 " - 8" ""

eTS .:1. 4 ,

SYSTD CDFIGURATION 05DE - IIICT (1)

W # of DSM- 6

  • 5, p-I N L#

, FUEGIII2 3 4 5 6 7 9 dM 11 2 a M 4

< 'm

,91 I E 48

, e-

i i

a O BG 1 LIN 29 REBf 31

. CH & YUtf . _ CH M 3 VERT. 05DGEL 05 - 1

~ - EfY DIrlJfr ig Post CHEM CLEAM a5De -

-) ==- rue aos kHz SPRM te

zu L f W 1RTitst - 33 CEO I

j l

LEFT STRIP Q W T

,l , 0558e - EV F1tEG ISS kHz SPSD4 360 ROTAT!!Dt - 333 CEB BlWT STRIP 055tT c5Dee - M w 05 EMS 9 SP554 ES 2.28 YOLTS 132 NOTRTION - Mt DED CTS +5.4 had43 E l

SYSTD9 COFitMytT194 I P5DE - EEECT (1) l 5 et D5H- G I

8:25:39 PM

. _.. .. .... .. 5MtIL 41985

- - 2 L#

FItEi1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 48t E 2 I S t 3 4 k 68 I 5 I 19 i 6 38 PUNT L541TO S &s LEO DRTE J DD-1214. -2 rn n . .4/ 4/g5

_ CH 6 VDtT . _ CH M 3 YERT. D5564EL NO - MIX 8 3 BG 1 LIN 29 ROM 11

% N SNmbT CHEM CLf4H 05Dee - M 3

-y ' 05HS 3 i y SPRM 29

zu RUTRTION - MS IED I LITT STRIP OfstT i D5Dee - 6V

,L F1tEG ISS kHz SP5Di l'A nolmitm - assh uni, girHT STRIP 055tT

' 05Dee - M SV 05DE 3 SPID4 29 8 iM E NUTRTICBf - M1 IES

]*W E)s.4  %

.. 8 STEM SDFItMUITHtt I 05DE - IEECT (1) e er - s b .Jt39 FM

... .... .... ...- fMtIL 41955

- - I FH L9 l F11 illlE B 4 5 E 7 5 i di 11 11 E j - l 'M 4 i I imm i

I ll I E N .

--- -- - - - ,,_...---_-,,--,,-n..,.. ..-.,.-,___,..,m,,,__.,n,,,_,n._, , _ , , . . _ _ _ . , _ . _ , , , , . , . _ , . - . , , . . . . , , _ _ . .

REASON FOR NEWLY DETECTED DEFECTS AFTER CHEMICAL CLEANING o STRONG ELECTRONIC NOISE (COPPER) GREATLY REDUCED BY CHEMICAL CLEANING (COPPER REMOVAL) o INCREASED EDDY CURRENT SIGNAL RESPONSE FROM COPPER REMOVAL (SHOWN IN LABORATORY).

o NEW FLAWS SMALL IN VOLUME, BELOW ECT THRESH 0LD OF DETECTABILITY IN PRESENCE OF COPPER o LARGER PROBE DIAMETER AFTER CLEANING l

i.

COMPARIS0N OF PRE / POST CHEMICAL CLEANING

-ECT INSPECTION RESULTS FOR TUBES TESTED WITH IDENTICAL PROBES BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER CHEMICAL CLEANING SG1 (HL & CL)* SG2 (HL)** SG1 & SG2 PRE POST PRE POST PRE. POST

  1. TUBE ENDS TESTED BEFORE-& AFTER CC 383 383 1369 1369 1752 1752
  1. TUBE ENDS E 40% 37 75 15 84 52 159

% TUBE ENDS h 40% 10% 20% 1% 6% '3% 9%

SGl~- 560 HF BOBBIN PROBE

-SG2 - (HL) - 580 HF B0BBIN PROBE

~

h

~

PROBABILITY OF PRE CHEMICAL CLEANING FLAW DETECTION

c. .

~

VS.

FLAtJ SIGNAL AMPLITUDE 100

- (BASED ON 21 TUBE FLAWS)  ;

l 5 7/8 3 .

p 80-o

w i

$1 m

z bO-l w i

d r

y 40- 2/6 i u.

0/7

! <1 volt 1-2 volts >2 volts

FLAW AMPLITUDE CVOLTS) - POST CHEM CLEAN -

1 _ . . _ .. _ ..

e en tD - ,-4

" A H

l--

Un O~) cs llJ LtJ _H i p p_

.~3 CD l- Z 1--I <T.

_.J M LLJ _ CD tl G .__ J CO E --t- (__3 d 11 ,--

/\ 5.n

- ". u) _W' ff,t_r) I  ;,'ri l

  • _J '3 0 ll Li <E , _t

_J UJ i o

LLJ Lt. Ol e- '

LCl.. 11.

..J ._.

o' l- - <[ Z Ul E-8 uJ i-i P4 L D ._J

- i oe -

l--

7 c 3 g- j g, p4 F

v -i . , UJ =;

'[ $i] LmL l.1J.~.[~F--l 3

- 1 D $

(l.

. J O l-- j -c Q Z M

[-. U.J U.

_3 o , c- ,

., -.s l 8- ~

<L o H 1 - I 11 J C._ $[ F3 g.y l-Z I1'. O l.t .] Q Z MM EibM$E$h((O 3,'S_id2.f; rA 1 LL N '"" '" IS '-- 1 i'!'%

O L.L} ele b." '""N "k%% c- .$$5EN$kW C'8 LM l- L_.I J. _

^ g v 4h g.gt wywhd.dl d h._

at: o:a =

m q,m__

c4 g:- -. ,, .;.-s,

,;m..,xmop=xc.m;g;, w:.n p;.: _.,___y.m.o y g l

U. )

,-)

.jan
i;e ,.

-:.m%% m- .m na;.mmu--:.:w.v.;

I.L ..I ao l

g ,-

m 6 7.x- .-me: . __ . - - wo-m - , a. -_m0;g- gg --4 O

H .

g

-.m,.-.,7e

- m

, rx:.:.w.:.xe.x

,_.mpm w,ww. -m .-

.x::yE.ht!

ST m;., et 2 -; .

wraam=e. m;:.; e .- --a.mmg b,s

,. g mamqpmosssedN*once:z sooniongeneer.:.mmuo coggyd$.,

F -l I i i i i cu es a e em co a o D G D O ((e O D r** to C4 C-J = --I

,-4 i; ep!s eqni J.ed 5 " l'd .40 'ON

^

1985 MP2 STEAM GENERATOR TUBE EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION TUBE FLAW SIZING DIFFERENCES BEFORE AND AFTER CHEMICAL CLEANING USING A .560 CH DIAMETER NARROW C0ll B0BBIN PROBE

, COLD SIDE HOT SIDE AVERAGE AVERAGE CHANGE STD, CHANGE STD, NUMBER IN SIZE (%) DEyL NUMBER IN SIZE (%) DEL TUBE FLAW ELEVATION TS (0" To 1") 17 0 4 34 0 6 ATS ( > 1") 16 11 14 1 -11 .

TOTAL AVERAGE CHANGE STD, NUMBER IN SIZE (%) DEV.

TUBE FLAW ELEVATION TS (0" To 1") 51 0 5 ATS ' ( > 1") 17 10 14 NOTE - FLAWS < 20% OR DTS INDICATIONS ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THIS COMPARISON 4

SUMMARY

o 0VER 99% OF ALL FLAWS LOCATED IN 13 INCH BAND AB0VE TUBESHEET.

(DEFECTS PRIMARILY CL SIDE, DTS PRIMARILY HL SIDE) o PIT PROGRESSION RATE FOR CYCLE 6 ABOUT 20% THROUGH WALL (PRE CLEANING DATA) o WHERE FLAWS IDENTIFIED PRE CLEANING, POSSIBLE SMALL INCREASE IN AVERAGE FLAW DEPTH ESTIMATE AFTER CLEANING (0-10%)

o IMPROVED DETECTABLE THRESHOLD POST CLEANING. DEFECT RATE INCREASE FROM 3% OF TUBES TESTED " PRE", TO 9% POST CLEANING.

o TUBES IDENTIFIED FOR CORRECTIVE ACTIONS (PRELIMINARY)

- 1661 /12 SLEEVE / PLUG SGl (99%)

- 1120 /6 SLEEVE / PLUG SG2 (54%)

l 1

l ii

- - - - - ,- -..-e .- _.. ,

CONCLUSION o .ECT DETECTION OF SMALLER VOLUME PITS DIFFICULT IN PRESENCE OF COPPER " SLUDGE". NOT SURPRISING OR HARMFUL.

o FINDING 0F SMALLER VOLUME PITS AT MP2 AFTER CLEANING, RESULT OF IMPROVED SIGNAL RESPONSE, AND REDUCED " NOISE", RESULTING FROM COPPER REMOVAL AND LARGER PROBE.

o SIGNIFICANT PITS DETECTABLE BY ECT EVEN WITH COPPER PRESENT.

f 5 ,$

. , . . _ + - . . . . . . _ . - , ...,.,,..--..._c. -, ,. - ,, ,. ,,- --- .--- -- ,, - . - - . -..--

j MILLSTONE UNIT 11 SLEEVING PROGRAM

- 0BJECTIVE-o REPAIR ALL DEFECTIVE.( 2 40% THRU WALL) TUBES TO MAINTAIN OPERATIONAL-MARGINS

o. PLUG ONLY THOSE TUBES WHICH CANNOT BE SLEEVED o OUTSIDE OF 40" ' CONT 0UR' LINE OF CHANNEL HEAD B0WL

-(2 IN #1)

.o DEFECTS AB0VE (> 13") SLEEVE EFFECTIVE REGION ,

(6 IN #1, 5 IN #2) o PROBE RESTRICTIONS GREATER THAN .540" (1 IN #1)

STATUS START OF CYCLE 6 4

o 2022 SLEEVES INSTALLED - COLD LEG ONLY o -STG #1 - 894, STG #2-1128 o APPROXIMATELY 1700 EFFECTIVE PLUGGED TUBES VERSUS.2500 ALLOWABLE STG #1-997, STG #2-825 t

0 i

MILLSTONE UNIT 11 SLEEVING PROGRAM STATUS - 1985 RF0 PROGRAM (ESTIMATED) o STG #1 SLEEVES CL-ll10 PLUGS - 40 HL-540 o EFFECTIVE PLUGS, START OF CYCLE 7 = 1134 o STG #2 SLEEVES CL-950* PLUGS - 40 HL-240 o EFFECTIVE PLUGS START OF CYCLE 7 = 935 o- TOTAL ESTIMATED EFFECTIVE PLUGGED TUBES START OF CYCLE 7 = 20f6 o AUTOMATED INSTALLATION IN COLD LEGS o CHANNEL HEAD DECONTAMINATION AND MANUAL INSTALLATION IN HOT LEGS

. o EXPECTED TOTAL MAN-REM EXPOSURE IS MINIMlZED, o MANUAL INSTALLATION IN LOW ( 58R) FIELDS IS FASTER THAN ROSA INSTALLATION o ROSA SOFTWARE WAS NOT QUALIFIED FOR HOT LEG INSTALLATION, IN ADDITION THERE ARE LOADING INTERFERENCES 100 SLEEVES IN 20-39% DEFECTS (PRIOR TO CHEMICAL CLEANING)

WHEN TOTAL PROGRAM WAS EXPECTED TO BE APPR0XIMATELY 700 TUBES.

ROSA - REMOTE OPERATED SERVICE ARM

a S

MILLSTONE 11 SLEEVING PROGRAM

SUMMARY

o- SLEEVING IS AN EFFICIENT MEANS OF REPAIRING STEAM GENERATORS. TUBES TO PRESERVE OPERATING MARGINS o' 1985 PROGRAM WILL NOT. IMPACT CURRENTLY ANALYZED

- CONDITIONS, 2069 (EsT) vs. 2500 ALLOWABLE PLUGGED TUBES o PRIMARY FLOW WILL BE MEASURED DURING STARTUP h

M' f

- . = - - . . , m.,. r-, -- e -.m...-,. < ~ -e_.._ r< ,. - .,.,.....,..% - , , . - . . _ . . ,.,.,---~.-.~,.,-.-r.- - ,, --.

i i

l CHEMICAL CLEANING OF MILLSTONE 11 STEAM GENERATORS-(SECONDARY SIDE)

ALARA IMPLICATIONS o INCREASED WORK' SCOPE ~lN CHANNEL HEADS (BETTER ECT DETECTABILITY) o ALARA EFFORT o EXPECTED CUMULATIVE EXPOSURES

o INCREASED WORK SCOPE IN CHANNEL HEADS ORIGINAL ESTIMATE: 250-300 MAN-REM o COLD LEG SLEEVING USING ROSA (APPR0XIMATELY 2300 SLEEVES) o @ HOT LEG SLEEVING-POST CHEMICAL CLEANING o 800 MANUAL HOT LEG SLEEVES (20 R/HR) o 2000 ROSA COLD LEG SLEEVES o OPTION 1 -

USE NO ADDITIONAL ALARA MEASURES 3000 - 3200 MAN-REM o OPTION 2 -

CHEMICALLY DECONTAMINATE CHANNEL HEADS 1000 - 1300 MAN-REM o CHOOSE OPTION 2 FOR APPROXIMATELY 2000 MAN-REM SAVINGS ROSA - REMOTE OPERATED SERVICE ARM

i ALARA EFFORT o 100% MOCKUP TRAINING

< o- EXTENSIVE SHIELDING IN LOOP AREAS o EXTENSIVE SHIELDING FOR DECONTAMINATION o USE 0F ROSA IN COLD LEGS o CHEMICAL DECONTAMINATION OF STEAM GENERATORS

- 3 R/HR COLD LEGS; 5 R/HR HOT LEGS DF APPR0XIMATELY 4 i

EXPECTED CUMULATIVE EXPOSURES o EVEN WITH MEASURES TAKEN, BEST ESTIMATE OF OUTAGE TOTAL EXPOSURE IS 1800 MAN REM 1

o STEAM GENERATOR SLEEVING ESTIMATED AT 1100 MAN REM J

I i

SUMMARY

CHEMICAL' CLEANING o CURRENT DATA INDICATES THAT TUBESHEET SLUDGE INVENTORIES OF BOTH MILLSTONE UNIT 2 STEAM GENERATORS HAVE BEEN ESSENTIALLY REMOVED, o TUBESHEET CHEMICAL-CLEANING DID NOT RESULT IN THE FORMATION OF NEW DEFECTS ON HEAT TRANSFER TUBING, o TUBESHEET CHEMICAL CLEANING DID NOT RESULT IN THE PROPAGATION OF OLD DEFECTS ON HEAT TRANSFER-TUBING, e

f k

i D

- . - - - ---- - - - - - ~ , - , _ . . , - - - - - - - - , , , , . , . - . . , - , -

e

m v ., .

SUMMARY

ECT RESULTS o ECT SIGNAL RESPONSE IMPROVED AS A RESULT OF COPPER REMOVAL.

RESULTING IN GREATER DETECTABILITY OF SMALL VOLUME FLAWS.

o SIGNIFICANT DEFECTS WERE DETECTED EVEN WITH COPPER PRESENT.

~

i

s-

SUMMARY

SLEEVING PROGRAM o SLEEVING PER MILLSTONE UNIT 2 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS IS AN EFFECTIVE MEANS.OF REPAIRING THE MILLSTONE UNIT 2 STEAM GENERATORS, o THE SLEEVING EFFORT WILL NOT IMPACT CURRENTLY ANALYZED CONDITIONS (20E9-EST vs 2500 ALLOWABLE PLUG EQUIVALENTS) s 1

=.

MILLSTONE UNIT 2 CHEMICAL CLEANING AND TUBE INSPECTIONS

SUMMARY

o ALARA - 1100 MAN REM ESTIMATE FOR SLEEVING PROGRAM o INDUSTRY AWARENESS

~

i

-