ML20126E345
| ML20126E345 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | 07000510 |
| Issue date: | 04/23/1984 |
| From: | Tolderland D U.S. COAST GUARD ACADEMY, NEW LONDON, CT |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20126E284 | List: |
| References | |
| 11080.1C, NUDOCS 8506170051 | |
| Download: ML20126E345 (22) | |
Text
_
U) superintencen New Lonoon, cr osa2a
. U.SDepartment
-...m u.s coast cero Actoemy enone:
OfTransporration
'g United States Coast Guard M
DPOSINST 11080.1C 23 April 1984 DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE INSTRUCTION 11080.lc Subj: Radiological Safety 1.
Purpose:
To promulgate regulations and guidelines pertaining to the use of radioisotopes and radiation producing devices.
2.
Cancellation: DPOSINST 11080.1B dated 12 March 1979 is hereby cancelled.
3.
General.
While learning about radiation, radioactive substances and general a.
laboratory techniques, cadets and staf f members of the department may be exposed to ionizing radiation. In keeping with our paramount concern for safety, it is necessary that members of the department involved with such programs be knowledgeable of the potential hazards of ionizing radiation and radiation related equipment. A departmental Radiological Safety Of ficer (RS0) shall be designated to accomplish this and to advise all departmental operations in this area. The specific duties of the RSO are outlined in enclosure (1).
b.
Although the RSO has overall responsibility for the radiological safety program, all department members working with radioactive materials and/or radiation generating devices have specific responsibilities for their own segment of the program including radiation safety.. Enclosure (2) is provided to assist staf f members in becoming familiar with these responsibilities.
3.
Action. All departmental users of radiation devices shall become familiar and comply with the guidelines and policies set forth in this ins truction.
4.
Effective Date. This instruction is ef fective upon receipt.
[
e D. S. TOLDERLUND 8506170051 850521 REQ 1 LIC70 SNM-0463 PDR Encionure IS)
23 April 1984 Subj: Radiological Safety i
Encl!
(1) Duties of Departmental Radiological Safety Officer (2) Departmental Policies and Procedure for the Use of Radionuclides and Radiation Producing Devices Tab At Exempt Quantities of By-product Material Tab Bt Radiation Protection and the Use of Radionuclides Tab C: Radiation Protection and the Use of the X-ray Diffraction and Spectrographic Units Tab D: Radiation Protection and the Use of Lasers Tab E: Authorized Users of Licensed Quantities of By product Materials Tab F: Authorized Operators of X-ray Dif f raction and Spectrographic Units Tab G: Custodians of Departmental By-product Materials Tab II: Emergency Procedures Pertaining to Accidents Involving the X-ray Diffraction and Spectrographic Units Tab I: Leak Tests Tab J: Radiation Safety Standards - for posting in laboratories Dist All Departnent Members
3 O
(V V
Enclosure (1)
DUTIES OF DEPARTMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY OFFICER 1.
While it must be unders tood that safety is the paramount responsibility of all department members working with radioactive materials and radiation generating devices, one member of the department will be designated as Radiological Safety Of ficer (RS0). This duty shall be designated only to a staf f member having the knowledge and training needed to measure ionizing radiation and to make recommendations regarding radiation protection. It shall be the responsibility of,all department members working with ionizing radiation to follow the recommendations and ins tructions drawn up by the RSO in the interests of radiation protection; to further the use the protective devices provided for their welfare, and to bring to the notice of the RSO any defect that may become apparent. The RSO shall report directly to the Department Head. Specifically this, staf f member shall:
a.
Establish, promulgate and insure that operational procedures pertaining to radiation safety are carried out so that the radiation exposure of each worker is kept as far below the maximum permissible dose equivalent as possib le.
b.
Provide instruction in safety practices as required, for all personnel who work with ionizing radiation.
c.
Require a system of personnel monitoring where deemed necessary.
d.
Require the establishment of radiation control areas, including placement of appropriate radiation warning signs and/or devices where deemed neces sary.
e.
Provide for annual radiation safety inspections of all operations using radioactive materials and/or radiation generating devices.
f.
Res trict the use of radioactive materials and/or radiation generating devices to personnel who demonstrate a knowledge of the materials, equipment and safety procedures required to insure the safety of themselves and workers in the vicinity.
g.
Review and approve the es tablishment of new operations and/or changes to procedures and modifications to equipment producing ionizing radiation.
h.
Maintain the departmental NRC byproduct material license and NRC i
s pecial nuclear materials license.
- i. Investigate any case of abnormal radiation exposure to personnel and take remedial action, if necessary.
- j. Insure departmental compliance with all applicable Federal, State and local rules and regulations.
k.
Insure that proper security of radioactive materials and radiation producing equipment is maintained.
1.
Keep records of type and amount of radioactive material on hand in the department and personnel monitoring data for those who une or come in contact with radioactive materials.
0 ld v
Enclosure (2)
DEPARTMENTAL POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF RADIOS 0 TOPES AND RADIATION PRODUCING DEVICES 1.
General.
a.
While learning about radiation, radioactive substances, and general, laboratory techniques cadets and staf f members may be exposed to ionizing radiation. While the individual in charge may realize that definite safeguards are required, he may not be certain how to provide them.
It is the purpose of this enclosure to provide the needed information.
b.
Radiation ef fects on human beings are of two general kinds. The firs t is injury to the body tissues of the irradiated individual (somatic ef fect).
The second is inju y to the germ plasm of the irradiated person; such injury would not be apparent in the individual but might become evident it the transmission of hereditary defects to the descendents (genetic effact).
c.
Much is known about the doses of radiation necessary to produce early or late somatic injury:
the doses in general are considerable. For the radiation sources used in this department such doses could be received by an individual only as a result of gross carelessness or of ignorance of the presence of radiation.
d.
Genetic damage is more subtle, in that it becomes manifest only in future generations. There appears to be no lower level to the amount of radiation which may produce some genetic effect, the extent of which may be expected to increase with the dose. Furthermore, once the dose has been received, there probably is little recovery from its ef fects.
The individual retains alterations in his genetic material, and his descendants (conceived af ter irradiation) may show the results of such change. The individual who inherits genetic mutations, in all honesty however, may have changes which are beneficial - as a mutation does not necessarily mean a harmful change. Neverless, it is important to keep irradiation of the reproductive organs to a minimum.
2.
Maximum Permissible Doses for Educational Institutions.
a.
Results of various studies on radiation exposure have been utilized in developing recommendations for Maximum Permissible Doses (MPDs) by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. The primary goal is to keep radiation exposure of the individual well below a level at which adverse ef fects are likely to be observed during his lifetine.
b.
With respect to the uses of ionizing radiations in educational institutions the following MPDs have been recommended.
=-
O O
(1) Students over 18 years of age and staff. Such individuals should not receive an exposure exceeding 0.5 rea per year in addition to natural
}'
background the medical exposures.
l (2) Students under 18 years of age.
Such individuals should not receive whole body exposure exceeding 0.1 rea per year due to their educational l
activity..
I c.
To provide an additional factor of safety, each experiment involving i
ionizing radiation which is to the conducted by this department shall be planned in such a manner that no, individual receives more than 0.01 rea while.
carrying it out.
4 d.
It should be noted that there is no dif ficulty in performing radiation experiments in conformity with the above if appropriate precautions are taken.
3.
Departmental Radiation Sources.
i a.
General. In assessing the radiation exposure problem in the j
j department, and in planning an appropriate radiation safety program, it is necessary to know exactly what sources are being maintained in the department.
e To accomplish this and insure that the department is not in violation of f
Federal reaulations. no radioactive sources will be procured by staff members without the prior approval of the department Radiological Safety Officer. To insure this, the department supply office shall not accept any requisitions for i
the procurement of radioactive materials which have not been approved by the RSO. In addition. no department member shall cause any radioactive active materials to be introduced into the department by any other means without j
obtainina the prior approval of the RSO.
b.
Radionuclide Sources. The aost commonly used sources of ionizing
[
j radiation in the department are artifically produced radionuclides.
j Acquisition of these radionuclides requires a specific license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission if the amount is greater than that set forth in Title 10, Chap 1, 30.71 Schedule B of the Code of Federal Regulations (see Tab A to i
this Enclosure). Staf f members shall plan experiments using the miniaua strength of radionuclides required. In any event radionuclides shall only be introduced into the department in the manner outlined above. Specific safety
{
precautions for radionuclides are contained in Tab B to this Enclosure.
c.
Equipment Producing Ionizing Radiation i
{
-(1) Of the various kinds of radiation produced by high-voltage l
i equipment only the ionizing types such as x-rays and electrons are I
within the scope of this program. Public Law 90-602 provides that the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall establish an
" electronic product radiation control program which shall include j
the development and administration of performance standards to j
control the emission of electronic product radiation". To date the performance standards authorized under the law have not been i
promulgated. Nontheless, a set of guidelines entitled RADIATION i
SAFETY REColetENDATIONS FOR X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND SPECTROSCOPIC EQUIPDENT (MORP-68-14) has been issued. Until such time as the i
Secretary determines what the regulatory standards shall be, 1
(MORP-68-14) shall be adhered to by all members of the department
{
using electronic equipment producing ionizing radiation.
i 2
(V3 O
V (2) The specific potential electronic radiation hazards maintained by this department are the x-ray dif fraction and spectrographie units.
These units shall only be used as described in Tab C to this Enclosure.
They shall never be used by other than operators authorized by the Radiation Safety Of ficer. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHALL ANYONE INTENTIONALLY CAUSE ANY PART OF THE HUMAN BODY TO BE EXPOSED TO THE PRIMARY RADIATION BEAM OF THESE UNITS.
(3) Any electronic tube operating at a potential above 10 kv should be considered as a possible source of x-radiation even though it was not designed for that purpose. Staf f members operating devices having tubes operating above this range shall advise the Radiation Safety Of ficer so that safety inspections can be made.
d.
Lasers. Several facts have been established to indicate that laser devices currently produced for use in classrooms can pose hazards for injury to both students and instructors. The department presently has several lasers. All are capable of causing human injury, namely changes to retinal cells and/or retinal burns. Although a federal radiation safety performance standard for lasers has not yet been developed, the precautions outlined in Tab D to this Enclosure are generally accepted as adequate to minimize the risk of injury of students and other observers. All staf f members using or intending to use lasers shall become familiar with adhere to these precautions.
e.
Security of Sources. All departmental sources, whether exempt or not, shall be secured, when not in use, in such a manner so as to prevent unauthorized use. The storage location must also provide adequate shielding, as necessary. The Radiological Safety Officer shall normally act as source custodian. Source custodians other than the RSO.
shall be designated by the department head as required and listed in Tab G to this Enclosure. All storage areas shall be labeled in accordance with NRC regulations. All source custodians shall keep continuous records of each source, its location, its original assay with date, user and final disposition. Each custodian is directly responsible for the sources he naintains and shall insure that the sources are only made available to authorized users and shall report any misusage or loss immediately to the RSO, (1) Exempted quantities of radionuclides may be used by and under the supervision of all departmental staf f members provided they comply with the guidelines contained within this Enclosure and its Tabs.
(2) Licensed quantities of radionuclides shall only be used by and under the supervision of those individuals listed in Tab E to this Enclosure.
(3) The x-ray dif f raction and spectrographie units shall only be caerated by the individual specified in Tab F to this Enclosure.
(4)
T'e Radiological Safety Of ficer may authorize use of departmental r aurces to additional staf f members provided each is trained in the proper use of and is knowledgeable in the safety precautions necessary for the particular source.
3
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TAB A T Encicsura (2)
(]
v EXEMPT QUANTITIES OF BY-PRODUCT MATERIAL Title 10-Energy I 30.71 Schedule B.
t : : s'a evyem,t meeenes e ucrocunes e,weact me ins i
N 1
100 Penaan,m t03 IPd 103)
N Aneumpty f22($51223_
Peneanwn 109 iPs 109)
M 10 Anemony t24 (se 1245 to Pnosonorus 32 sp 326 300 Anemony 125 (Se 125)
Plannum 199 (Pt 1918 too 800 Arterne F3 IAS F31 P.irwm 993m (Pt 193g
'00 10 Arsenc 74 4As Fet Arawns 74 sAs PSI t0 Pimenum193 (89 1931 100 Pimenum 19Pm IS't 19Fm6 200 arvereg 77 lAs ?Tl Piennum 197 tot 19n 800 i
10 O1 tenuni 131 (Be 13tn Poennem 210 t8e 2101 9
i to Berne 133 esa 133) to Poiamenn 42 in 42).--
toren 140 see t405 Pressoavann 1421 e 14A
'00 8
1 Siemusn 210 (Se 2103 presoonwnuum 143 apr 143!--
10 f
t0 I
to P'er'ievuum 947 *** 1878 --
grapues 42 (St 423 to Caerreurn 109 fCd 1091 Promewawm 149 (Pm 1891.--
3 f4 Caertunt tInnt ecd 1Ilm3 Rnemwn m one1961--
I t00 Cassem t1SeCdt1$5
'883-AnW*n' 'M 8"'sta 103mn
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t Cacnam 49 (Ce est 10 m 10:sm e "sw'80'ueswa105(Rntobs 10 Cas;n,n 47 (Ca 47) 50 I
t00 Careen to tC tem Russeum M sRe 06:
Corn,st 949 lCe lett 100 Ruesourn 87 tRe t')
W n
100 Ceum 143 #Ce em Ruinemurn SF (Ru trl M
t Carn,n t44 ICa 144h Ru'n**W'n 103 IRu 103 __.
to Coensa 131 (Cs 1316 1.000 peumenn,n ICS teu t0SI I
Coenan 934m #Cs 134#ng 100 shnnemum 100 ifte WI N
Coen,n 134 lCs 134)
I barnenum 191 qw th
'00 I
fg Samenurn 153 sbm 153!
4 Caense 135 (C31351 i
10 Coenn 936 sCs 138)
Scarum,n 46 sSc des 100 Caen,n 13F #Ca 137) to Scarunwn 47 (Se en N
Cruanne 36 sCs 344 10 bcanon,n 48 ISC del -
10 I
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TAB B t u nclosura (2)
Radiation Protection and the Use of Radionuclides 1.
Protection Against the External Hazard From a Radiation Source In all experiments, the experimenter shall choose the source of a.
minimum strength to do the experiment.
b.
Each experiment shall be designed in such a manner that no individual receives more than 0.01 rem while carrying it out.
To accomplish b., one may have to consider exposure time, distance c.
from the source to the individual, and shielding.
d.
For a source of given strength, the absorbed dose is proportional to the duration of the exposure.
For all practical purposes the exposure rate varies inversely with e.
the square of the distance from the source.
f.
Lead shielding, foil and brick, is available within the department to attenuate radiation.
i g.
Although you may have shielded yourself directly from the source, radiation may be scattering from various places and exposing you.
Check all areas t (i.e., unde r tables).
2.
Containment of Radionuclides. Containment of radionuclides involves minimizing the potential or resultant contamination from a source, thereby providing protection principally against the internal hazard.
Whenever possible experimenters shall plan experiments in such a a.
way that the radionuclide is confined in a sealed container.
Further, the radioactive face of the container should never be handled.
b.
To insure that lab areas do not become unknowingly contaminated, the pneral area will be surveyed prior to the start of the experiment and the background will be recorded. A background count for the area will also be taken af ter the experimental apparatus is removed. Any contamination shall be cleaned up and brought to the attention of the RSO (a survey meter is available in the nuclear I
physics lab).
c.
Disposable protective gloves will be worn at all times while handling sources (these are available in the nuclear physics lab).
A lab coat shall be worn when handling unsealed sources.
O O
d.
All individuals working with the source shall dispose of their gloves according to paragraph 2.1 of this Tab, wash their hands, and survey their clothes before leaving the area.
e.
No radioactive source regardless of intensity shall be kept close to the skin (i.e., in a plastic container in someone's pocket) for any extended 1ength of time.
f.
All possible precautions shall be taken to prevent radioactive i
materials. regardless of amount from gaining entry to the body. Eatina.
drinkina, and smoking shall not be permitted in the experiment area.
g.
Unsealed sources shall only be used by individuals who demonstrate to the RSO an ability to use them safely.
(A film strip and instruction on their use is available from the RSO on request).
h.
All containers of radioactive material shall be properly labeled at all times. The label shall indicate the date of the essay and the kind and quantity of radioactive material, and shall carry the standard yellow and magenta radioactivity symbol. (Labels are available in the nuclear physics lah).
1.
hn radioactive liquids are being used great care shall be taken to avoid spilling or smearing them. All experiments using liquid sources shall be confined to a single location. The working surface of this location must be of a non-absorbent material such as metal or plastic to ensure that spills can be easily cleaned.
t
- j. Exempted quantities of radioactive nuclides in solution shall not l
be added together to obtain a source of a higher activity.
If higher activities are desired the RSO shall be advised so that proper authorization can be obtained for their acquisition.
k.
hn work with exempted quantities of liquid sources has been completed they may be disposed of in the sanitary sewage system, beina flushed away with a copious amount of extra water. Larger amounts requiring disposal j
are not to be disposed of but rather to be brought to the attention of the RSO.
l l
1.
All solid exempted quantities of radioactive waste shall be placed i
in the specially labeled can in the nuclear physics laboratory. Larger amounts which require disposal are to be brought to the attention of the RSO.
i m.
Containers of all radioactive sources shall be kept closed at all i
times except when in actual use.
l n.
Pipetting of radioactive solutions by mouth shall never be pe rmit ted.
o.
If there is any reason to suspect contamination or an accident occurs, isolate the. area, clean it, and contact the RSO.
i p.
Only individuals specificed in Tab D to this Enclosure shall use l
licensed sources.
q.
No radioactive materials shall be lef t out unattended for extended lengths of time.
2
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Tab C to Enclosure (2) 1 Radiation Protection and the Use of the X-ray Diffraction and Spectrographic Units.
1.
The use of the x-ray dif fraction and spectrographic units maintained by the department shall be governed by the following policies and guidelines:
A person shall be appointed to be res ponsible for radiation safety a.
within the area of operation. Whenever feasible this person shall be the departmental Radiation Safe ty Of ficer. He shall be responsible for the following:
(1) Insuring that operational procedures pertaining to radiation safety are established and carried out so that the radiation exposure of each worker is kept as far below the maximum permissible dose equivalent as is practical.
(2) Providing instruction in safety practices for all personnel who work with or near x-ray dif fraction and spectrographic units.
(3) Insuring that an adequate system of personnel monitoring is maintained and used for those experiments where the absorbed dose is expected to be 25% of the maximum permissible dose.
(4) Maintaining radiation control areas including placement of appropriate radiation warning signs, and/or devices.
(5) Providing for radiataion safety inspection of x-ray dif fraction and spectrographic equipment.
(6) Reviewing and approving modifications to.x-ray apparatus, including x-ray tube housing, cameras, dif fractometers, shielding, and safety inte rlocks.
(7) Investigating any case of abnormal radiation exposure to pe rsonnel i
and taking remedial action, if necessary.
1 (8) Insuring compliance with all applicable Federal, State, and departmental rules and regulations.
b.
In the event the person responsible for the general radiation safety program is not a user of the x-ray facility a senior facility operator (SFO) shall also be appointed. The SFO shall assist and be responsible to the RSO in the following areast (1) He shall provide training in the proper use of the machines as required.
t (2) Oversee the performance of any modifcations to the x-ray apparatus; including x-ray tube housing, cameras, dif fractometers, shielding and safe ty interlocks.
i l
l L
s O
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~
(3) Retain personnel monitoring data on those experiments where an absorbed dose of at least 2.5 mrem is expected.
(4) Insure facility compliance with all safety directives contained herein and those issued subsequently by the RSO.
(5) Oversee the operation of the facility by all other authorized opera to rs.
(6) Establish and post near each x-ray unit a preoperational check-of f list to be followed by all operators. As a minimum this will require checking operating controls, safety devices, and the experimental apparatus before the x-ray tube is turned on.
c.
All authorized operators shall:
(1) Wear film badges and wrist or ring badges at all times while in the x-ray equipment room where an absorbed dose of at least 2.5 mrem is expected. These badges shall be worn on the body in the areas which are most likely to be accidently exposed (i.e., if an operator works with his lef t hand wearing the wrist or ring badge on the right hand, it is useless).
(2) Be issued machine-enable keys. Each key will be identifiable to the particular operator who is solely responsible for its use.
(3) Be in immediate attendance at all times when the equipment is in operation or maintain appropriate security of the area if not in attendance when the equipment is in operation.
(4) Design each experiment in such a manner than _n_o, individual o
receives more than 0.01 rem while carrying it out.
(5) Never operate the unit with interlocks and/or other safety devices bypassed or inoperative.
(6) Never modify the apparatus without the prior approval of the RSO and SFO.
(7) Perform a caref ul preoperational check of operating controls, safety devices, and experimental apparatus before turning on the x-ray machine.
(8) Never intentionally cause any part of the human body to be exposed to the primary radiation beam of these units.
(9) Never permit a non-authorized operator to use the units without proper supe rvision.
(10) Comply with all safety directives contained herein and those issued subsequently by the RSO and SFO.
(11) Notify the RSO and SFO immediately of known or suspected abnormal radiation exposure to himself or others.
2
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2.
In addition to the aforementioned the following general operational and l
safety procedures shall be followed:
Only trained personnel, as approved by the radiological safety a.
of ficer and SM, shall be permitted to install, repair, or make other than routine modifications to the x-ray generating apparatus and the tube housing apparatus complex.
I b.
Procedures and apparatus utilized in beam alignment shall be designated to minimize radiation exposure to the operator.
Written emergency procedures pertaining to radiation safety shall c.
be established for each facility by the radiation protection of ficer and shall be posted in a conspicuous location near each x-ray dif fraction or 4
l spectrographic unit. These shall list telephone numbers of a physician and the radiation protection of ficer and, as a minimum, should include instructions for the following actions to be taken in case of a known or suspected accident i
involving radiation exposure.
(1) Notifying radiological safety officer.
i
)
(2) Arranging for medical examination, being sure to notify the examining physican that exposure to low energy x-rays may have occured.
d.
If, for any reason, it is temporarily necessary to alter safety 4
I devices, such as bypassing interlocks or removing shielding, such action shall i
be:
l l
(1) Specified in writing, approved by the RSO and SFO and posted near the x-ray tube housing so that other persons will know the existing status of i
i the' machine.
l j
(2) Terminated as soon as possible.
l e.
Radiation exposure to individuals, either within the radiation li controlled area or in its environs, shall be so controlled that the maximum permissible dose equivalent values as set forth by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements or Federal, State, and local rules and regulations, are not exceeded. See paragraph 2 of Enclosure (2).
i f.
Personnel monitoring shall not be required of students observing an experiment conducted by an authorized machine operation, if the absorbed dose is expected to be less than 25% of the maximum permissible dose.
l 3
Personnel monitoring shall be required of all personnel operating i
an x-ray machine when an absorbed dose of 25% of the maximum permissible dose j
is expected. (See paragraph (1) of this Tab) i
^
h.
Radiation protection surveys shall be conducted at least semi-annually by the RSO, if the machine has been used over the past six month j
pe riod.
1.
Radiation protection survey shall be conducted by the SFO whenever an equipment modification has been made.
i.
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- j. The tube housing leakage radiation, measured at a distance of Scm from the surface of the tube housing with beam ports blocked, shall not exceed a SmR in I hour.
k.
Radiation originating within the high voltage power supply (i.e.,
transformers and rectifiers) shall not exceed 0.5mR in I hour at every specified rating at a distance of 5 cm. f rom the housing of the power supply.
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For x-ray dif fraction and spectrographic equipment in which the primary x-ray beam is completely enclosed, the stray radiation at a distance of l
25 cm from the tube housing-apparatus complex, as measured with a monitor l
appropriate for the energy range monitored, should be reduced to a minimal level and shall be less than 2 mR in 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> at every specified tube rating.
m.
For open beam x-ray equipment the following precautions shall apply:
(1) Either easily visible flashing lights or other equally conspicuous signals that operate only when the primary x-ray beam is released (i.e., x-ray tube activated and beam ports open) shall be provided in such a manner as to alert persons to the potential radiation hazard. This signal shall be labeled so that its purpose is easily identified.
(2) The operator should be in immediate attendance at all times when the equipment is in operation. Deviations from this practice shall be cleared through the RSO.
(3) When not in operation, the equipment shall be secured in such a way as to be accessible to, or operable by, only authorized personnel.
n.
Each tube housing-apparatus complex should be so arranged as to prevent the entry of parts of the body into the primary radiation beam path or cause the primary radiation beam to shut of f upon entry into its path.
o.
A shutter status (open or closed) indicator should be provided, on or adjacent to the tube housing, which will automatically indicate the position of each shutter, in a readily discernible manner.
p.
A sign or label bearing the words " Caution - Radiation - This Equipment Produces X-Radiation When Energized - To Be Operated Only By Qualified Personnel, "or words having similar intent, shall be placed near any switch which energizes an x-ray tube. The sign or label shall use the conventional radiation caution colors (magenta on a yellow background) and shall bear the conventional radiation symbol.
q.
A sign or label bearing the " Caution - Righ Intensity X-ray Beam",
or words having similar intent, shall be placed on or adjacent to each x-ray tube housing. It should be located so as to be clearly visible to any person who may be working in close proximity to the primary radiation beam.
r.
A red or magneta warning light with the notation "X-ray on", or equivalent, shall be located on the control panel and shall light only when the x-ray tube is activated. Also, a labeled x-ray tube status (on or of f) l indicator, preferably a red or magenta light, should be provided on or adjacent to each tube housing so that tube status is readily discernible.
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s s.
Machines which utilize an x-ray dif fraction camera should have appropriate ports of the x-ray tube housing arranged so that either:
(1) The x-ray tube can be energized only when the camera co111 mating system is in place or (2) A shutter mechanism allows the primary radiation beam to pass only when the camera co111 mating system is in place.
t.
The coupling between the x-ray tube and the collimator of the dif fractometer, camera, or other accessory shall prevent stray x-rays from escaping the coupling.
u.
Safety interlocks shall not be. used to de-activate the x-ray beam, except in an emergency or during testing of-the interlock system.
If the interlock system does turn of f the x-ray beam, it shall not be possible to resume operation without resetting the beam "0N" switch at the control panel.
v.
All safety devices (interlocks, shutters, warning lights, etc.)
shall be tested periodically to insure their proper operation. Discrepancies shall be reported to the RSO.
w.
All tube head ports which are not used shall be secured in the j
ci,osed position in e manner which will prevent casual opening. Port covers shall of fer the same degree of protection as is required of the tube housing.
h Permanent shielding should be used in preference to temporary I
x.
shielding whenever feasible.
y.
X-ray dif fractior, and spectrographic equipment should be placed in a room separate from other work areas, whenever possible.
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RADIATION PROTECTION AND THE USE OF LASERS Tab D to Enclosure (2) i 1.
The use of lasers maintained by the department shall be governed by the following policies and guidelines Avoid directly viewing the beam., Direct propagation of the laser a.
beam from the laser into the eye of an observer shall be avoided at all times.
As a general practice, do not place any portion of the body in the beam. This practice becomes increasingly important as the output power of the laser device increases. Good work practices developed early will assist the individual in working safely later with higher output units, b.
Remove unnecessary objects from the path of the beam. Objects with mirror-like finishes reflect laser beams. Viewing the reflected beams shall also be avoided. Demonstration equipment, such as support rods and bench surfaces, shall be painted or treated to produce a dull, non-reflective surface. All optical components shall be rigidly fixed with respect to their position to the laser.
c.
Block the beam when it is not needed. Use a shutter or cap which can be operated to allow the beam to radiate ONLY when necessary for measurement s or observations.
d.
Terminate laser beams. All radiation beams from a laser shall be terminated by nonreflective, absorbing material to prevent unnecessary propsgation beyond the work area. Such targets shall be fixed rigidly to prevent accidental displacement materials.
e.
Prepare and test demonstrations without others present.
Demonstrations shall be prepared and tested by the instructor without others present. The possibility of an unexpected reflection should always be considered.
f.
Deflect Beam in a Vertical Plane. Complex experiments or demonstrations involving reflection or refraction shall be conducted with the beam deflection angles contained in a vertical plane. The laser display system should be contained in a box, open on the side (s), but closed on the ends, top and bot tom. The height of the laser beam axis should be established at a level below or above the eye level height of the instructor or observers.
g.
Affix expanding lens rigidly to laser. When the laser is used to illuminate large surf aces, such as in the viewing of holograms, beam expanding lenses shall be rigidly fixed to the laser.
h.
Do not leave an operable laser accessible and unattended.
- i. Reduce Optical Power. The optical power used shall be reduced to the minimum necessary to accomplish the classroom objective. Neutral density filters or colored plastic can be used ef fectively to reduce radiated optical powe r.
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O Tab E to Enclosure (2)
Authorized Users of Licensed Quantities of Byproduct Materials Authorized User Byproduct Material Authorized to Use LT M. BRAY All Sources Held LT R.J. CHRISTIAN All Sources Held DR A.T. WEHMAN TRITIUM foil for varian aerograph gas chromatograph DR D.A. McGILL Cl4, 400 pCi for biological studies l
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Tab F to Enclosure (2)
Authorized Operators of X-Ray Diffraction and Spectrographic Units Authorized User Unit (s) Authorized to Use
- Dr. Ss.ul KRASNER X-Ray Diffraction and Spectrograpi.i: Unit
- Appointed Senior Facility Operator O
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Tab G to Enclosure (2)-
Custodians of Departmental Byproduct Materials Individual Byproduct Material Responsible for DR. D. A. McGILL CI4, 400 pCi for biological studies LT R. J. CHRISTIAN All other departmental sources 9
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Tab H t v Enclosure (2)
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES X-RAY DIFFR ACTION UNIT In the event that any individual is accidentally exposed to the x-ray beam of the x-rey diffraction or spectrographie unit the following actions shall be taken immediately, a.
Shut down the unit involved.
b.
Notify the Academy duty doctor at extension 8400. Fully comply with the instructions received from the hospital.
c.
Notify the Radiation Safety Officer, LT CHRISTIAN at extension 8637, or at home 848-8506.
In the event that you are a user of either unit and develop an unexplainable reddening of the skin or hair loss:
a.
Repcrt to sickbay for a medical examination as soon as the apparent symptom is noticed.
b.
Notify the Radiation Safety Officer.
Neither of the x-ray units shall be used af ter a known or suspected accident involving rcdiation exposure until a thorough investigation has been conducted and the causes for the cccident have been remedied.
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Tab I to Enclosure (2)
Instructions for Performing Leak Tests j
1.
General Information. At this time leak tests are required on 4 Pu-Be capsules (1-2 Ci and 3-1 Ci) 1 Csl37 (1 mC1) 2 Co60 (1.9 mci and 1-64 C1) sealed sources These tests must be performed semiannually when the sources are being used and annually if they are being stored. The wipe test should also be performed af ter a sealed source is received, transferred, subjected to any rough handling or it is for any reason suspected of having been damaged or is leaking.
The RSO shall be notified immediately if any wipe test shows an activity that is significantly above background.
The tests in.each case are dry wipes. Each source is wiped with filter paper with moderate pressure and the filter paper counted with a suitable counter and that count is compared with a standard source and background radiation. The Pu-Be capsules are checked for alpha radiation and the Cs 37 and Co60 l
sources are checked for gamma.
In either case all sources may be wiped with the same piece of filter paper and a total activity determined. If this count is significantly above bac:-qround or is significantly higher than the results of previous wipe tests, the procedure must be repeated for each source to isolate any possible leakage.
1 The limit for contamination is.005pCi so the activity of the standard used must be equal or less than that and the counting system used must be sensitive enough to detect that level of radiation.
2.
Specific Testing Instructions:
a.
Pu-Be wipe test 2
(1) Set up electronics for 300mm Surface Barrier Detector with multichannel analyzer and scaler as per diagram in wipe test log.
(2) See amplified gain so that Single Channel Analyzer passes es's up to 8 MEV.
(3) Establish sensitivity by counting with the standard source in place about 30mm from detector. Use the A241, PU239, Cm244 mixed source with a strength of.00043pCi as the standard count for five minutes and record count in log.
(4) Make a background count with a clean filter paper in place. Count for five minutes and record count in log.
(5) Wipe all 4 Pu-Be capsules with the filter paper, while wearing plastic gloves and minimizing handling time. Use tongs when possible.
(6) Make a five minute count using same geometry as 3 and 4 above and log results..
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(7) If count shows any activity above background repeat step (6) with wipes from individual capsules.
b.
Co60 and Cl37 wipe test.
(1) Set up electronics for 3x3 NaI detector as per diagram in wipe test log.
Set the amplifier gain and single channel analyzer window so that (2)l37 peaks are accepted.
Co60 and Cs (3) Establish sensitivity by placing the.005 uci Csl37 source directly on the detector and counting for five minutes. Record the count.
(4) Make a five minute background count with a clean piece of filter paper on the detector. Record the count.
(5) Wipe all sources with the filter paper while wearing plastic gloves and minimizing the handling time. Use tongs when possible.
(6) 'Make a five minute count with the same geometry of 3 and 4 above and record the results.
(7) If count shows any activity above background repeat step (6) with wipes on individual sources.
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Tab Enclosure (2)
MDI ATION S AFETY STAND ARDS Alpha and Beta radiation Alpha and Beta emitting sources which we have are dangerous only if inhaled or ingested.
Alpha particles cannot penetrate the skin. Only high energy betas can penetrate the skin.
iMeV betas have a range of less than 3mm in skin and these will have lost most of their enirgy in doing so.
Check,your hands.with a-survsy meter cf ter handling an alpha or a beta source. Due to their lack of penetrating ability, these sources have very thin covers.
Grmma Radiation This is the radiation we must be most concerned about. Gamma radiation has high p;netrability and ionizing ability compared with alpha's and beta's.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission standards for unrestricted areas (our labs) require that a person not receive a radiation dose more than 500 mrem /yr or a continuous dose of more then 2 mrem /hr over a working day as a result of handling radioactive materials. For comparative purposes the " average" person receives an approximate annual whole body rtdiation dose of 110 mrem from natural background and 70 mrem from diagnostic X-rays.
When working with a gamma emitting source, use a Geiger-Muller survey meter to estimate tha dose you are receiving. Survey meters measure radiation levels and generally read in millircentgens/ hour (mR/hr). For gamma radiation being absorbed by a human:
i mR/hr radiation level = 1 mrem /hr absorbed dose.
G: liger-Muller meters are calibrated for gamma radiation and read as much as 50 times too high for beta radiation. Most are not sensitive to alpha particles at all.
No experiment should allow a student to absorb a radiation dose of enore than 10 mrem.
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