ML20125B875
| ML20125B875 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Monticello  |
| Issue date: | 06/04/1969 |
| From: | Price H US ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AEC) |
| To: | Alton E AFFILIATION NOT ASSIGNED |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 9212100198 | |
| Download: ML20125B875 (23) | |
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n Docket No. 50-263 JUN 4 1969 Hrs. F,arl R. Alton 4216 40 Avenue South Minneapolis, Minnesota 55406
Dear Mrs. Alton:
Your letter of April 14, 1969, to the President has been referred to me for reply.
I am enclosing several documents that I believe will be of interest to you.
On January 2,1969, the White Itouse released a repert on the environmental and other public interest problems in siting large electric power plants, both nuclear-powered and fossil-fueled. The Atomic Energy Comssission was pleased to cooperate with the President's Office of Science and Technology and other Covernment agencies in the study leading to this report.
I an enclosing a reprint of Chapter III, " Nuclear power Reactor plant Siting;"
the full report, " Considerations Affecting Steam Power Plant Site Selection,"
may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documentse 13. S. Governr. ut Printing Of fice, Washington, D. C. 20402, for $1.25.
The waste products of nuclear reactor fuel have been handled safely and stored in such a fashion that they pose no present pollution problem. A detailed discussion of radioactive vaste management and research and radioactivity in the environment, is contained in the enclosed copy of AEC testimony presented at 1968 hearings on " Environmental Quality" before the Subcomunittee on Science, Research, and Development of the flouse Coassittee on Science and Astronautics.
You mention in your letter that "We also know death rates from cancer and leukemia have increased in areas on Coltunbia River downstream frcun the reactor by 12.9% in a study by Bailar & Young for Public Ilealth Service."
I am not aware of any such statenient in a study by Bailar 6 Young. I am aware, however, of an article published by Public !!ealth Reports in 9212100198 690604 PDR ADOCK 05000263 A
e Mrs. Earl R. Alton ;
April 1966 by John C. Bailar 111 and John L. Young who are with tha National Cancer Institute, Pubite Nealth Service.
I as enclosing a copy of that 3
article, or, titled " Oregon Malignancy Pattern and Radioisotope Ftorage - A Reappraisal," which concludes that "me evidence was found that pers us 4
living downstream from the Hanford Preserve or along the Pacific const of Oregon have had an eacess risk of death from cancer in general or from leukemia in particular."
I am also enclosing for your information a staff report on the status of the licensing of the Northern States Power Company's Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant, and our evaluation of radiological effects from its operation. With this report I am enclosing two booklets, " Licensing of Power Reactors" and " Atomic Power Safety."
Sincerely,
'( signnd ) Hm.!d C. Prke Harold L. Price Director of Regulation Enclosures 1.
" Nuclear Power Reactor Plant Siting" st2.
Statement of Dr. Joseph A. Lieberman 3.
" Oregon Malignancy Pattern and
_ Radioisotope Storage - A Reappraisal" 4.
Report on Monticello plant 5.
"f.icensing of Power Reactors" 6.
" Atomic Power Safety" DISTRIBUTION:
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Statement of Dr. Joseph A. L.leberman, Atomic Energy Connission.
before the Subcommittec on Science, itescarch and Development of the House Connittee on Science and Ast ronautics February 1, 1968 19o7 han been an event ful year in the growth of the nuclear power industry.
The rate at which ciectric utilities have ordered nuclear-power units has been remarkable, even to those who are close to the industry.
By the end of 1967, approxima tely 50,000 megawatts of nucicar eles.tric powar had been fitinly consnitted, wi t h about 2000 megawat t s of plant capacity now in operation. This rate of growtn is even more remarkable when one considers that it was only ten years the Shippingport Atomic ago (December 1%7) that the tirst commercial plant powe r S t a t ion ope r a t ed by t he Duquesne 1.ight Co. -- went on the line to supply 60 megawat ts of electricity to the city of pit tsburgh.
Tne most significant aspect of this nuclear power growth is that the safety and reliability of light water reactors have been established and nucicar plants now being planned or under construction are being built on L
the basis of their economics. While economics have played a major role in this e. urge of nucicar power, another advantage of nuclear powy plants is that there has been a >; rowing awareness of their advantage as clean sources of power which do not contribute to the current burden of air pollution.
In fact, f
some atilities have chosen nuclear power und have indicated that in so doing, they wis.hed to reduce air pollution.
The management of radioact tve vaste ef fluents f rom consnercial nuclear power plants continues to be carried out on a highly satisfactory basis; ope rat ional records for the past 7-10 years indicate offluent. discharges of ieau than 10 per cent ut in ternationally accepted radia tion protection limits. The following material presents sunnary information as requested on specific aspects of radioactive effluent control.
Future Waste Management Problem With the recent surge of t he nuclear power industry, some peopic habe exprn sed concern that a *erious environmental pollution problem would result.
f rom t h is growt h ; similarly, others have been concerned that the development of saf e and economical nuclear power might be deterred because of the waste disposal problem.
In this connection, t he management of radioactive wastes re sol t ing ' f rom t.be p roce s s. i,, o f s pe n t luel elemen t s I rom nuc lea r I
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electric power plants is a major consideration. The highly radioactive waste t
j materials which are separated in this operation must be contained and isolated I
f rom man and his environment for literally hundreds of years. Long.terro high ac t ivit y wa ste na nas,eme nt requirement s are continually being evaluated, in order to guide the development and planning of the Consnission's ef fluent cont rol R&D program. This potent tal f uture problem was di.vussed at length, during hea rings of t he Joint Commit tee on Atomic Energy in 1959 when it was e st imated t hat, using the then current processing technology, the volume of htsh and intermediate leveI wastes accumulated by 1980 would reach 36 million -
gal'ons.
Since t he t ime of t he se hearings, extensive improvement s in fucis technology and Luel reprocessins; rnethods have markedly reduced the~ volume of high act ivity reprocessing waste s which a re gene rated per unit of nuclea r pc.wer produced.
Also, during this pe riod of nine years, estimates of installed nuclear power in :%D have risen by a factor of 5-7 -- from 25,000 MW in 1959 to the.present e
12a 000-170,000 MW forecast.
Howeve r, the estimated accumulated high-activity e
waste to be handled by 1980 has dropped by a factor of about 7 -- from 36 mil;.an gallons to approximest.ely 5 million gallons. Even wit.h the currently p ro,e c ted nuc lea r powe r growt h r.a te, t he accumulated waste volumes by the year 2 Gin are e stimat ed at about 80 million gallons, which is comparable to the high activit y wa ste volumes which have been satisf actorily managed by the cc.nni ssion in it s ope rations to date.
The se e st ima te s a re based on an assumption that t he wastes would be stored as liquids f or long terms in underground tanks.
However, wit h t he satisfactory de ve l opment of processes f or conversion of high-level liquid wastes to stable
.. (now in t he engineering demonst rat ion phase), with subsequent l ong-t e rm ol o s t o ra ce or disposal in a dry geologic f o r n...L ion s u c h a s sa l t (now in the field testin/ s t.: ge l, technology f or an alte rnative waste management t ystem will become available.
With adoption of a c onve rs ion-t o-solids va st e management. con-cept, approx imate l y l~. cubie foot of nulid was.te would be produced pe r hund red' gallons of high-activit y waste (pe r 10,000 mwd of f ue l exposure.). I reliminary eng s oce ring and econosic eva luations ind icate a 30-yea r inte rim storage of w'a ste soled, would be desirable before f ii.u l d a r,posal; by t he year 2000, the rate of production of wa n e solids for final di vosal or long term storage would require about 2.8 acres of salt mi ne floor space pe r year.
(Additional information on ralt disposal is providec ur. der the Section "hong-term Safety of High-Activity h te beorage".)
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Duri ng i he past yea r, va rious iash lorn grouph have been involved in an extein.sve cooperative etfort to update the 1902 i<cport to the President on Civilian Nuclear Power.
Itscluded in t his e f fort is a study of nuclear power growt h patterns in t he U. S. to the year 2020 in order to determine the size and location of fuel reprocesuing plants and associated waste management re qu i reme nt s.
An up-to-date con;prehensive long-range waste management plan is oise being developed, taking into account the late st power projections and f uel reproce ssing plant size and locations, in order to deterrnine the nuuse and size of pe rmanent high-act ivity wa ste storage sites which may be requ 2 red.
It is planned that repor t s o' t he se studies will become available to indust ry and t he public upon their coa.pletion.
In a re lated que stion, some concern has been expressed on the decom-a.is,1oning of power reactors and the a nociated disposition of the reactor site, t f t his should be required. Nuclear power plants are currently being built using a design life basis of forty years.
If, for some reason, it is -
deciJeu to retire t he plant, p roce du re s for dismantling the plant would be s u b.j e c t to Conunission approval and would be required to racet the Commission's standards f or protection of the worker and the gene ral public.
Deconrnissioning alte rnat iven, which require evaluation, include varying degrees of " moth-balling" the plant, i.e., de c ontamina t ing, dismantling and removing the facility (in whole or in part) and burial in place or at - an approved disposal f acility.
P rocedt re s for the se ope ra t ions must be oubmitted to the Commission in accord with it s re gu l a t ion r., to assure that adequate sa f ety measure s will be taken in the ( oui se o r de c oua i s s i on i ng t he reactor, and with respect to any sources of radiotion that ma y t he re a f t e r rensi i n.i t ilw site. iix pe rie nce is being gained in tool. o-ba l l i ng plants. suc h a s t he ll..llan. Nuclear Power Facility in Nebraska and t he Carolinas Viiginia Tube Reactor in South Carolina, which indicates that power rea c t or: i an be decommissioned sa fely.
Tran + rtution of Radioactive N tc ria l s principal haza: % which must be guarded against during the transport 4 ;.c of radioactive or t usile material are accidental criticalit y (nuclear chain,
re a c t i o n, and release of radiouctive materiak or radiat ion because of loss o. containment or shielding as a result o f ' in,pa c t or exposure to a se ve re fire.
T l.e de i.a za rd s a re avoided by specif ying the shipping
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j conditions, carefully controlling the quantity of fissile material which may be shipped in a single container, and by designing and f abricating the shipping containers to withstand a series of hypothetical accident conditions, including severe impact and fire.
Each shipment, including container design,
must mset the requirement s of various regulatory agencie s, including the AEC and t he Department of Transportation.
The shipping experience of AEC contractors and licensees has been exceptionally good.
During the transportation of this material there has been no death or injury due to the radioactive nature of this material.
A continuing research and development program is being supported by t he AEC to assure that the engineering technology is adequate to satisfy the needs of the cask designer.
A shipping cask design code.is presently setng Jeveloped for the u se o f t he industry at the Oak Rid ge National Laboratory (ORN1.) in Tennessee.
Other research is underway to develop a sub a t i t u te for lead as th'e primary shielding material in large shipping casks because of it s rein t ively low melting point.
Future R6D is anticipated in the area 01 fast breeder reactor fuel shipping, as an integral part of the Commission's trast Breeder Reactor Development program.
Long-Tern Sa fe ty of ilich Ac tivi ty Waste S torage More than 20 years' experience with the storage of liquid high-activity wastes in special'ly designed underground tanks has shown it to be a safe practical means of interim handling, but the long-term usefulness of this method any be limited. Assessments have been made which indicate that large-releases ot~ radioactivity due to geologic and hydrologic events are only L remotely possibic in t he areas whe re high-activity wastes are stored. These studies-have included an evaluation'of ' he historic record of seismicity and the longer-ranging t
geologic record, including investigation of geologic structure; physical and hydrologic propertica of sedimen t s and rockn; and analysis of terrains 'in the vic ini ty of high level waste management operations)
Studies of extremely un!Lkely l h Ngie events.are beian continued in a f urt her e f fort to'apecify 4
t hei r probability a t occurrence and potent ial ef fect s on nuclear f acilities and a noei.aed waste management systeus.
Due to the inherent restrictions of tank storage, such as potential leakage t
and the necessity ot liquid waste transfer for periods ot' hundreds of years, the Commission has supported an extensive research and development program directed' e
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engineering practical systems f or conve rsion of high activity liquid. waste at to a 3.olid form.
Concurrently, extensive studies have been carried out to f
de t e rmine the most suitable geologic formations for the long term storage of highly radioact ive va ste mate rial. Salt i s an advantageous disposal media because of it s unique geologic charaete riotics.
Salt f ortr.at tons are dry and impervious to wate r.
They are not associated with tisable ground water sources a nd, t he rc iore, have no connection or contact with the biosphere.
Because of its plasticity, f ractures in salt seal or close rapidly. Deposits of rock salt under ly some 400,000 square miles of the United States cnd represent sono of t he few naturally occurring dry environments in the castern part of tbc country -
whe re t he most extensive deve lopme nt o f t he nuclear industry is taking place.
Exte n u ive labora tory inve st iga t ions a t OhNL and field studies in the Carey Salt Mine, Lyons, Kansas, a re providing i f eld data and design information required
. o r t t.e engineering h sign of a long term disposal facility for high activity waste solids.
A f ield experiment called l'roject Salt Vaul't, has been carried out in which Engineering Test Keactor fuel elements of high-radioactivity were used to s ir..u l.. t e the thern.a1 and radiation characteristics of full-scale power reactor fuel reprocessing wastes, such as would exist in a pot containing calcined uclida.
T he f f eld den.onst ration began in November 1965 -. four successful ct.a nge s of f ue l e len.ent s we re complet ed in Junc 1967. The experimental re sults from Project Salt Vault are now being evaluated and appear most encouraging.'
The feasibility and safety of handling highly radioactive materials in an under-ground environment ha s been demonst rated, and the stability of salt under the ef f ects of heat and radiat ion has been shown. Engineering reports of this _ work will be available to industry during this year and the various factors involved in e st abli shing a p rot ot ype salt d i spo s.11 f acility f or t he storage of high a c t i v i t. y wa s t e sul i d - in now under st udy a t ORNh. The use-of othe r geologic materials for long t e n.. s t o ra ge, suc h a s c ryst.a lline bedrock, thick anh'ydrite, o r l ime s t one be d u. i :,. a l so unde r ni udy.
Ma na ge me n t Re se..reh Wg e e ie u.ana geme nt of radioactive vaste ma te r ia l s in a growing atomic energy 1
i n, ry can be c la ssif ied under two gene ra l ca,tegor ie s.
The se a re the t rea tme nt and disposal of large v.olumes of low activity gaseous, liquid, or solid wastes +
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f 6-facilities; and the treatment and ul timat e dispo al of much smaller volumes of high activity wastes generated during the reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuels.
Significant progress and accomplishments have been achieved during the past ten years in developing satisf actory waste management systems for both categories of waste.
The success,> over the years, of the Commission's vaste management program is illustrated by the excellent effluent control record 'which ha's been achieved by the industry and AEC contractors. AEC production and research zueliities and large compercial nuclear power plants limit releases of radioactive mterials to the-environnent to concentrations which are only a small f raction internationally accepted radiation protection standards.
Highlights of the m.
R&D program are briefly suntnarized --
1.
Advanced low-level waste treatment and disposal technology involving the use of evaporation, ion exchange, foam separation, electrodialysis, water recycle, and asphalt solidification has been developed. This technology is now being'used in the design of commercial power reactor and fuel repro' cessing waste man.igement facilities.
2.
The disposal of actual intennediate level waste by hydraulic f racturing of shale has been demonstra ted with an engineering-scale pilot plant a t ORNL. This technique which was obtained f rom the petroleum industry, consists of injecting a waste-cement-clay mixture under high pressure through a slotted well casing into an impermeabic formation at depths of, in the case of ORNL, 700-1000 feet.
A hydrof racturing plant was placed in operation at Oak Ridge duriny, 1966 for the disposal of evaporator slurries; the use of this disposal method at other sites is now under study.
3.
The Waste Calcining Facility at the Nat ional Reactor Testing Station in Idaho becane the world's-first plant-scale f acility for converting actual aish-level radioactive wastes to a safer, solid form in Decembe r 1903.
This plant has continued to operate satis-f actorily over the pa st four years, during which time about 1.3 million gallon.s of high-ac tivi ty aluminum type waste f rom the reprocessing of test reactor fuel have been solidified with a volume reduction to about 1/10 the original, and then stored in stainless steel bins in underground vaulte.
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4 The technolo'gy for solidification of power reactor fuel reprocessing high-level' waste has reached the engineering.
scale demonstration phase with a " hot". pilot plant having.
been placed in operation at the Commission's 1.aboratories in Hanford, Wa shington, in November 1966. Ope rat ional data ara now being obtained for three vaste solidification re sult s processes using full-scale high activity waste; of this program will be available for industrial use during 1969-70.
CRl:L laboratory and field research involving the storage of high-level waste solids in a salt mine has culminated in a full-scale field test program at the Carey Salt Company Mine in Lyons, Kansas (details provided above).
Results of this fic1d study and engineering design information will be available for industrial use by 1969.
In brief, the vaste management F6D program has been and is providing the technology to engineer systems for effluent control, as required by an expanding nuclear c'nergy industry, and no " breakthroughs" are required to mee t future loads. The nature and quantity of vaste e f fluents f rom thermal and fast breeder reactors are being evaluated as development proceeds'on the se f uture reactor systems.
Wa ste ' Reconcent ra t ion by' Biological Organisms (Ecological Processes) certain radionuclides are known to be concentrated by biological processes in organisms. This concentration by biological prccesses may occur in the 3
food chain leading to man.
Four notabic examples are the reconcentration of (1) ce sium-137 f rom f allout in Caribou reat which is caten by Eskimost (2) phosphorous-32 by fish in the Columbia River from cooling water which through the llanford production reactors and is then discharged to the
. pas se s river; (3) zinc-oS by shellfish, particularly oysters,,that live in locations near the mouth of the Columbia Kiver, and (4) todine-131'in animal and human t hyro id y,la nds.
T he reconcentration of radionuclides in man's food chains
- always be considered whenever radionuclides are released to the environment.
must The Consnission takes into account reconcentration aspects in setting release limits to the environment f rom operating f acilitie s.
The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Se rvice is regularly consulted on questions in this area.
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t in the case of waste released by power reactors and fuel reprocessing plants :he radionuclides most likely to be reconcentrated are the iodine-131 released to the atmosphere and zine-65 released to a water system. Evidence available f rom the Clinch' River Study (a comprehensive stream study carried out during 1960-64 by the AEC, ORNL, USGS, USPHS, TVA, the Tennessee Dept. of Public Ilealth, the Tennessee Stream Pollution Control Board and the Tennessee came and Fish Commission) indicates that the maximum accumulation of radionuclides entering the Clinch River from Oak Ridge National Laboratory operations which might concentrate in the biomass constitutes only an insignificant part of the radioactivity in the river. Thus the river system can be likened to a pipe-une with little retention or concentration of radionuclides in either the not tom sediments or the biota.
II zine-b5 is to be released into or can be transported to a. marine environment, special consideration must be given to its reconcentration.
Zine is concentrated by shellfish (1000-10,000 times); as an activation product, zine-65 is present in the waste discharged by several light water reactor power plant s and, whe re required, special limits can be applied to its release.
The gaseous wastes discharged by nuclear fuel reprocessing plants may cont ain snall amounts (below permissible limits) of tritium, krypton-85 and todine-131. Only iodine is capabic of being concentrated by biological processes; nowever, t he other radionuclides may be cycled by ecological processes.
lodine-131 appears principally in the food chain which leads through milk to man and the procedures for monitoring this food chain are well developed. Environmental monitoring data again indicate radioactivity concentrations well below those of public health significance.
Theru 1 E f fec t s of Steam Elec t ric Genera t ing Plants-The genera tion of elec trical power produces waste heat which must be discharged to surface water or to the atmosphere via cooling towers. The average thermal ef ficiencies of dif ferent. types of steam electric plants vary approximately as follows
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Therefore, at the,present time, a nucicar plant of current design j
discharges more waste heat to surf, ace streams t. tan a conventionally fueled plant of the same size because of a lower thermal ef ficiency. Of course, i
about ten per cent of the waste heat f rom a coal-fired plant is discharged to the atnesphere with the combustion gases, whereas essentially all of the heat discharged by a nucicar plant is through the water cooling system..When i
breeder reactors become operational, this disparity will be reduced.
tast Geaerally speaking, the problem of " thermal pollution" is one of degree.
inc rease in water temperatures can be harmful, or in some cases, b' neficial e
An to certain fish and aquatic life. The questions that must be answered are y-are the ef fects of small increases of temperature in various situations, wnat and if harmful, how can these ef fects be avoided? The world's electric power 1
demand will continue to grow at an ever increasing rate.
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of waste heat will have to be dissipated, regardless of the proportion of coal-fueled to nocicar-fueled plants that are built. Largo _ quantities of condenser cooling water (several hundred thousands gallons por minute for a 1,000 MW e plant of either type) will be required. As a result, the availability of aucquate condenser cooling water is becoming a major consideration in selecting f
3 sites for these plants. Proper site selection requires information on the physical dispersion of heat in the environment and the effects of small tanporature
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increases on the biota.
Research in this area has been underway for s'me timo - for example, the o
AEC has sponsored research on the phys' cal and biological. cf fects of temperature i
on Columbia River for more than fif tcen years. As a resul t, mathematical models
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are now being developed for predicting the increase in temperature of the receiving wat er f rom heated ef fluents which arc' discharged into riv'crs, lakes, The rollability of these models is being determined against and tidat systems.
5 known conditions. A model has been used to' predict temperaturos of the Deerficid-Rive r downst ream f rom the Yankee Atomic Reac tor, Rowe, Mass., for example, and the predicted temperatures have agreed very closely with temperatures. actually.
l-measured. This mathematical model developmen; is being followed with.an -
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a pp't ic a t t'o n o n the model to the prediction of temperaturt increases throughout an<
ent t re river' basin.
The' upper Mississippi Kiver basin has been selected for the pflot cifort.
In brief, the magnitude and severity of thermal effects problems from both nuclear. and fossil fueled electric power plants depend on local environmental conditions.
Proper site selection is becoming more important as the availability of adequate surf ace water supplies for condenser cool'ing becomes more e ri tical.
llowever, it should be noted that technology for solving potent ial thermal pollution problems is available. Auxiliary cooling syntems (reservoirs, ponds, or cooling towers) can *be a solution, but increased inittal plant costs, in the range o f 5-107 may be required over a conventional y
rive-wat er cool ing syst em.
llowever, these costa may be of f net by increased ficxibility in sit e selection, which could result in lower costs for fuel power transmiasion, and land, plus a lower heat rejec tion to the river.
Extent of AEL rollution Research program E x t en s ive radioac tive waste management and pollution reisted research and devel opr.xo t he.ve been carried out as an integral part of the_ Atomic Energy Commit,n:oa's overall R&D program in order to assure an orderly growth and safe development of the nuclear energy industry. Approximately $30 million was s;,e n t o ring FY 1967 and about $31 million is budgeted for FY 1968 in_the
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Commisnan's biology and medicine, reactor development, weapons, raw materials, produc t ion arn! isotopes development programs for this purpose.
Resource. at AEC mult iprogram laboratories are also being-utilized in a number ot pollution and environmental health studies being conducted in direct
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support of the objectives of other anencieu. Now underway are two joint entort-wit h 11BW' n Nat ional Cen tor for Ai r pollution Cont rol.
One, conducted at AEC'. Brookhaven National 1.aboratory on Long Island.. is examining the economic and technteal teasibility of using stable isotoper, of sulfur to trace the migrat ion and chemical reactions of oxides of sulfur emit ted with stack effluents.
The other, is-a joint program involving AEC's Argonne National 1.aboratory near Chicago, with the Department of Air pollution Control of the city of Chicago
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and the National Center for Air pollution Control. The objective of this tripa'rtite eflort is to develop an air dispersion model-which will aid in the establishment of pollution control measures for the Chicago Metropolitan area.
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11 At Brookhaven National Laboratory a study of the oxidation, by radiation, iron _in acid mine drainage has been conducted in order to assess the potential m
of of this method in relation to other mine drainage treatment methods being developed by the Department of the Interior and the Department of Mines and Mineral Industry of the Stnte of Pennsylvania.
Daring the past year Commission staf f and representatives of the Departments interior and HEW have discussed how resources availabic at AEC's of Commerce, mul tiprogram laboratories m,ight be applied to pressing pollution control and The aforementioned programs and a numbcr of proposed pro.
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abatement problems.
giams now being discussed have, in large part, re sulted f rom this series of The Commission is continuing its ef forts along this line in teragency meetings.
other areas can be identified in which the experience and and is nopef ul-that f acil:.t ics available at its multiprogram laborato. ries can be used to make i
4 substantial contributions to solving pollution and environmental health problems.-
33 of tne Atomic Energy __Act was amended to-Very recently, last year, Sec.
authorize AEC to assist others on health or safety research and development This added authority will problems unconnected with AEC's nuclear missions.
to provide AEC with more flexibility in utilizing its laboratories, se rve to help others solve important national problems _.such facilities and talent r
es environmental pollution.
Summa.ry and Conclusions In summary, AEC strongly supports the efforts which are directed'toward restoring and/or maintaining the quality of our environment -- a goal which The Commission's program of has become an important national objective.
Independent evalu-radioactive waste control is consistent with this obje'etive, have been made over the years by various technical at ions of the program that cocnitteca in t he National Academy of Sciences, and an advisory group to the rad in - --
President's Federal Council for Scionen and Technology have'shown that in a safe and economical active waste management operations are being carried out Also,'the harmful effect on the public and its environment.
manner, without Joint Committee on Atomic Energy nointains a continuing review and surveillance progrcm to assure that developmentiof.the over the Comnission's waste nanagement nucicar energy industry can be carried out with full protection of the public Waste processing technology and environmental science have health and safety.
9
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,----....im
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12 -
been, and are being developed, which will continue to provide satisfactory pollution cont. col systems for the~ cxpanding nuclear power industry. We believe this source of energy vill mako an increasingly significant contribution to the nation's energy needs and. la so s ving, will 1 cad to a major reduction of the country's overall environmental pollution prob 1cm.
I 4>
4 6
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.e.
joiIl:
i o,,.,-
6-1.ulation of pathogenic lepto *pirce from waters used for l'ar 299 recrea tion.
Sim.hy I. Diesch und It'illiam F. AleCulloch 305
!!ealth aml safety'in summer caings.
Paul B. Stani:onis and Roger J. Afeyer A
Oregon malignancy pattern and radioisotope storage.
311 reapprainal.
Cgy73y7g John C. Bailar 111 and John I,. Young. Jr.
ltapid biochemical presumptive test for gonorrheal urethri.
~
318 tis in the male.
it. II. B. Pedersen and R. E. Kelly IIcalth and planning <lepartment efforts in a community re.
323 newal program.
Loucli E. Bellin 329 Prevalence of amblyopia.
Merton C. Flom and Bichard W. Neumaier Speech deIcets and mental retardation. Survey in Oregon.
343 JM>crt W. Blakeley Mental hygiene r.cminare for school perwuncl. Report of a 3 13 jyilot project..
Ghislaine D. Godenne r
i 351 4 elAg#+
Itcecarch in health services. Conferenc'e report.,
. / A g h,Y t$3l Marcus Rosenl> lum Continued ).
J, fjp. 5 9 7 I
.02'O MIGQ OCO This pharma'cy of she'1890's is part of the permanent exhibit of medical history which opened this rr,onth in t
~Besiskeenlan insittatten photograph I
e + g l
1 e
e
l A Reappraisal Orcoon Malinnancy Pattern l,
e o
and Radioisoto13e Storanc e
JOHN C. BAILAR lit, M.D., and JOHN L. YOUNG, Jr., M.P.H.
ported excess risk wns present before the Han-A N INCL: EASED mortality rate for cancer, ford Atomic Energy Facility started operation.
h including leukemia particularly, among G. No study was made of cancer mortality Orcean residents near the south bank of therates along the north bank of the Cohnnbin n,hunhin 1;iver or along the Pacific Coast was Itiver, which is in the State of Washington.
rep.nied recently by Fadeley (1). This would an important observation if it were con-he linned, becan e there is nu increaso.in the radio-Method of Analysh aciire content of water which flows through or
, '"1 caum nmNnWy rates am} kukem.m pw the IIanford (Washington) Atomic Stor-nun'ta h. rates for groups of counties m Ore-gon and M hington irrm 1934 through IDM are Preserve beforo it is entried downstream p
usted by the. direct method (4-4) for p.s rho areas which Fadeley reported to havc were adj.
m neyn mortality rates. Because of the followm.
differences between counties m the age and sex fe:n ures of ha report, however' we have re-ex-compositmn of the populatmn (table 1 and fig.
e The 1950 observed mortality rates for all ammed the (luestion.
- 1. deveralinland count.ies were ondtted with-forms of cancer and for leukemin m the U.S.
our explanation m t he nnalysis.
la Mi ha dd 1 Has,e data (numbers of u.entl.s) were not F,or the years prior to 1940, the rates melude a reported, and random variations of rates cal-small adj.ustment for di(Terences m cause of-culated on the small numbers of deaths occur-k death assignmentsin the fourth,fifth,and sixth rmg m smglo counties were not considered'
\\ revisions of the International Classification
... Al mgh the age and sex structure of the ' Di e % 9b g
g igg g;
g; population varies from one comaty to nuother, the rates were neitl er age ndjusted nor sex rather smallin Oreg'cn (2.1 percent) and Wash-ington (3.G percent), no adjustment was made "U". The f act a. sout the United States fg7 ync,,. The numbers of deaths on which the 4
so and m many other countriew cancer mortahty rates in table I nie based are shown in table 2.
m Table 3 lists the counties included in each rates are higher in cities than in rund areas nren, and figure 2 shows the botmdaries of the p,J) was not mentioned, rhe river and Pacific Counties in the counties and county groups.
counties generally are more densely populated than the inland counties, and, orthis basis, they Metropolitan Portland nren were considered separately from the other river counties because might be expected to have higher rates.
of the diiTerent cancer risk between urban and
- 5. L study uns nmde of cancer mortality rural areas in general (2,3).
data from earlier ymrs to detennine if the re-The age. sex-adjusted mortality rates for all forms of cancer and the numbers of deaths -
The authors are with. i>iometry Branch, National upon which thest rates were based for Osvgon Cancer frutitute, Pub lealth Service.
311 W1. 81, No. 4, April 1
'6
-a*.-
e *<
,m-...-.
+
h
~
/
nnd Washington are shown by county in int.les in both States have increased rapidly in recent
-1and 3.
We did not inc1ndo n simihtr tabula.
yentw, the inerenso has been nhout the same na iion of leukemin mortalhy in this report be-in the rest of the linited Sintes. Interest ingly, enuse the numbers of cenths in most countics the excess in leukemin mortality existed before w ere quit e small.
the linnford Preservo began operation in 1945.
Second, totnl enneer mortality rates in the Results Portland region of Oregon have remained es.
Several trends nre clear from figure 1. Filst, sentially unchanged since 1035. Mortniity in total cancer mortality rates in Oregon and the river counties has increased up to the State' Washington have been consistently lower than' nyernge, but remains substantially below that the nverage rato for the U.S. white population.
for the entire United States, and mortality in In contrast, leukemin mortality rates in both the ocenn counties hnn attuntly declined. In States have been above average for as long as Washington total cancer mortality in the river data by county aro availablo (1010 in Oregon counties has been consi 'ently lower than in and 1934 in Washington).. Although the rates other parts of the Staa. Mortality rates for Table 1.
Mortality rates per 100,000 population for all forms of cancer and for leukemia 5
In the United States, Oregon, and Washington, in various time periods 4
I Area 1934-37 1938 42 1943-47 194%-52 1953-57 ID58.G'l All forms of cancer Total UiJ ted States 8...........
14A 6 140.6 13A 2 141 8 144.0 8 141.9
' 12R H
- 12A 8 12R 5 12R 0 13a 5 132.5 Oregon.
thver counties.......
- 111. 0
- 123.8 112.7 127.3 131.4 131 7 Ocet. n c ou nt ies..................
- 131 4
- 120, 3 113.5 121.5 123. H 121.5 Portland counties...............
- 141 o.
a137.8 142.3 14n 9 13%.I 142.4 I nland cou n t ies..................
i112.7 8121.6 120.3 IIR 8 122.6 123.8 144 H~
136.7 130.2 13A 0 13R 3 lax 5 Washingt on.......
I t ive r cou n t ion..................
125.4 121.5 100.0 114.4 125.0 128.9
( h v. n c o u n t ies...................
12d 3 126.5 12A 7 135,8 127,2 131 7 Port la nil cou nties................
123.0 13R 4 134.I 134,9 12R 1 137.5 I nla nd cou n ties................
140. 1 138.8 131. 0 13E e 142.0 139.7 Leukemia Tot at United States 8.
- 3. 4
- 4. 2 (0
- 6. !
- 6. 8 87.0 l')
'(8
- 5. 3
- 6. 2
- 7. 4
- 7. 6 Oregon.,.
(*)
1(8 L9
- 5. 5
- 7. 3
", 9 i
l 1hver counties...............
I Ocean countien.........'.......
(*)
' 5. b
- 4. 2
- 6. 2 K1
&2 Portland counties....
( *)
' 5. 6
&9
- 7. 0
- 7. 5 K3
{
I nian d cou ntics................
(*)
' 3. 4
- 3. 7
- 5. 3
- 7. 0
- 7. 3 83.1 L1
- 5. 4
&1
- 6. 0
- 7. 4 Whington.....
1 liiver countics...
- 3. 3
- 2. 7 L6
- 7. 2
- 6. I
- 6. 1.
' 3.. I
- 3. 7 4.1
- 4. D L8 7.1 -
Ocean cou nt in.......
Portland counties............
- 1. 1
- 3. 2
- 7. 4
- 7. 6
- 6. 7
- 7. 4 Iida nd cou n t ics.................
83.2 (3
- 5. 5 6.1
- 7. 2
- 7. 6 Itates adjusted for age and sex by the indirect method, taking U.S.1950 observed rates for males and fernales i
in 10-year age groups a standard.
llates for white population only, 8
a llatm for 1955-62.
- 11aten for 1935 only.
- llaten for 1939-42.
'
- Leukemia deaths by county not availabic for these years.
j-
? Itates for 1940-42.
Loukemia deaths not available by county for 1934
- Itates based on leukemia dentb4 in 1035 and 1977 only.
and 1036.
Public IIceldi lleports 312 4
8.**u
.....ip ew w
-- n, u _
-e-.
- 1 w-n,giulation for all forms of cancer and forJ 100,000 i 1
Ff;:ure' 1. - Annual mortality rates gier leukemia, United States, Oregon, and. Washington,1935-40 :
ALL FORMS Of CANCER
. WASHINGTON e
- 200 -
r 4
1 150 D
.....**,,,,,,,,..,.u.,y
.. ***; ;... :*.ss. 8 :*.,,,,,,,;;,..
( og!.
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t i
I I
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- E 16 fg.
i..",...
..e*g.9.t, 8
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,........ - 7.A.- g
.... z..
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o s
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g-f +=
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/_
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- River counties '
-~
= = = - Ocean covnlies -
...* Portiond creo counties 3 -
inland covalles
= = = 5 tole totot
' ' " U.S. w hile <
I u
I 1935 1940 1945-1950 1955 1960 1935 1940' 1945 1950 1955
'1960:
2 Year Nors: Avallable leukemia un'ottality data for 1935-40 are shown in t' ables 1 and 2..
-;y,-,
f.
g
+
4 0
^
III Vol. 31, No. 4, April 1966
- p E
.,,... --...lM
4 y
.m..
, j,,'.
y
/
f.,
- d$..cc.m connlica have also been generally Imv.
Imt in the most recent period (1058-03) they q
Tn nd+ in mminlity raic', for leukemin are were the lowest, in the Stnie.
I onmewhat lee clear cut thhn trends for total In Washington lenkemin mortality rntes in j cancer becan e of the small numbers of deaths the river co mtles incrensed rnpidly before 1050, p in some areas, In Oregon 1cukemin moriality but they havo actually deen nsed since that time j '
increased at about the national averngo in the while rntes in other parts of the State *nnd in' I'
l'ortland un'a, slightly faster in river counties, - the total United States were rising, Leukemia y,
and even fa..ier in the ininnd counties. Rates mortality rates in the ocean counties also have' for the ocean countica have fluctuated widely, increased rnpidly since 1034, but the increnso g
Table 2.
Numbers 8 of deaths fron all forms of cancer and from leukemia l'n the United States, Oregon, and Washington, in various time periods Aren 1934-37 1933-42 1043-47 1948-52 1953-57
'1958-63 All forms of cancer I
Total (*nited Statea ;......
527.001 733,045 824,849 969,037 1,102,279
- 1,200,301 8
e
- 5,845 S, G50 10,220
'11,641 15,832
- 1,229
- 100
- 521 GS2 878 D'rJ 1, 314 O r c uv n...........,...............
lli ver cou nt ies...................
- 173
- 754 1, llD 1,450 1,740 2,308 I
Ocen n comnies..................
- 000
- 2.7s0 4,298 4,994 5, 4 9.>
,,528
- 3?>0
- 1,7bi 2,5G0 2,901 3,40%
4,622 P ortland counties................
8,044 12,127 13,000 16,462 10,130 25,352.,
I nla nd count ieti..................
415 591 648 841 1,06%
1,501 Wnsidngton......................
+
755 1, 0S0 1,221 1,421 1,444 1,070 lliv br counties..................
204 345 434 541 590 85T Orcau counties...................
Portland countien................
}
I pland counties..................
7,270 10,109 11,387 13,057 16,024 21,024 1
5
, Leukemia Total United States 8.........
13,790 22,985 30,24G 41,476
.' 51,03G 8 58,260
(*)
'170 354 s 4s4 04s 873 1:ive r cou nt ics...................
P)
' IG 30 38
?>4
. 74 i
Oregon...
Occa n counticL.................
T)
T 30 44 70 121 127
- 84
' 100 234 2s0 408
?
Portla nd cou n t ica................
(*)81-132' 103 2G4 j
lidand cou ntics.................
-(*)
1 40
. 573 745 041 1,342
- DS 365 I
!!iver counties.................
. *. 6 14 31 50 56 75 Wa shin g t on......................
l Ocea n cou ntica................
- 10 32 39 50 52 90 Portland counties...............
- 1 8
25 32 31 45 Inland cou nties................
e 81 311 478_
G04 602 1,123 t Numbers which were reported. Before the rates were calculated for table 1, comparability ratios were applied to adjust for differences in cause.of.dcath assign <nenta between the 4th, 5 tit, and 6th revis International Classification of Diseases.
I White population only,
- Data for 195 6 02 i
- Data for 1935 oidy,
- Data for 1939-42.
l4
- Data not available by county.
5 i
? Data for 1940-42.
- Total includes one with county of residence unknown.
3
- Data for 1935 and 1937 only.. Leukemia deaths not availabic by county for 1934 and 1936.
Sot:ncra: Otegon 1cukemia deaths by county for 1940-57 and deaths due to all formsof cancer by county for Washin onIcekemia were obtaiaod from the State Itegistrar, Oregon Suito Board of Health, Portland.
1034.1936-38, and 941-44 were 1041-44 deaths by county for 1935 and 1937-57 and deaths due to all forms of cancer for obtained from the State Registrar Wrahington State Board of Health, Olympia. The remainder of the data were t
i obtained from annual volumea of ' ital Statistics of the United States,
.i i
l Pub ic IIcalth Reports i
l 314 l
L 1
\\
(
y
.,,,.-m__
^
?
t l..t Leen no grenier than that of the State as a Figure 2.
Conntlee in Oregon and Washing-ton, by geographic category g,,,)e, i'
.L significant trends were observed in indi-vidual counties in either Washington or 1
N,k b.
Gre;:on.
g,,q,,4 p
/
~g
-,a Summary CetAia Jj r 1 llecause of recent concern over possible con.
a w.,
donination of the Columbin Riverby radioactive kj j
flyf f:
proihtet s from the IInnford (Washington)
'qt - :.;q' pg. ;..
'I.
y ' q g, g, L).uj Table 3.
Counties in Oregon and Washing.
3 ton, by geograpinc category
(
Q.3 y
I tonland p
lcounl Tota i Total i Arca i coun.'
Area
! ties J
tics i
ORIGON
/
30 h Washington..
30 on gon....'
i d
i cLo op llenton...... '
7
)
I:n..
.....I 6 h 1:itn..
CoWhl E esunhia l
Da olo d 0a. -
Do<.aa Diaiana Fa ai klan.
a
( nh..un llood Itiver I
y KhcLitat ynnow e.skan.ania f
I Wahkiakiim Atot.ic Storage Pre. serve, nn independent htudy 8herni m M,alla n aua was andertaken to determine cancer trends m.
U n..a ina w 3,c o
{
p onan......
7 Wn aington and Oregon from 1934 to 1963.
f;}r"" - -. -.
6 [g {;{ii on
....l Fo. the nualysis, the counties within the two art,or curry I
j bland States were divided into four categories: river, I
i JcJemon l'acif c ocean,.T[etropolitan Portland, and inland.
- )((((;"
l l SqnJuan l
lle3ults of the study revealed that in both unn,in t
Tiu.onook l
l M hatemn i
btates mortah.ty rates for n'.i forms of cancer
[ Mj].
combined have been consistently below the inor-1/ ct r o poli.'u rs 3
[ Clark tality rate for the II.S. white polndntion. Both
~ " "
CL M nD nunah b In hin d..........
24 \\ States have had n consistent excess in leuke
""' E t "
4 Adams Inortality, but the excess was present, before the
",."la n d..........
^ [l'l"
]Innford Preserve began operation. No im-I 19 i
iller colinnbia portant mortality trends were observed in indi-
$"["
Y",'l.l.l" vidual counties in either State.
No evidence was found that persons living Garfield mehutes g
y g"lt downstream from the IInnford Preserve or cr.na
$"[;!,
h Kitsan along the Pacific coast of Oregon have ha$ nn l
! Kittitas (Huncoln excess risk of death from cancer.m general or Jcamon Le wi, from leukemin in particular.
Jmenhine Klamath Shran
. Lake i' Okanocan Lhai
[ Pend Orcine agrgatNC15 h""Y (1) 1'adeley. R. C.: Oregon malignancy pattern physl.
jt
~ ". ". * "
Snohomish o;;raphically related to IIanford Washington
, spokar.c
' radioisotnpe storage. J Environ Ilealth.27 : '
K ADT, M ay-J une IDG'l l$r I wa n
Whec>r Whitman' (2) Tevin. M. L., et al. : Cancer incidence in urban i Yakima and rural areas of New York State. J Nat Yamhin Il Cancer Inst 24: 124b1ET, June 1000.
J 315 Vol. 81, No. 4 April 1966
.......x>.
.m....
l tu the United 8tnies. In001040, U.R. Governa (J) llaen=xcl. W, )larcua. 8. C., and
- 1mmerer, M. G.i inent l'rinting Omce, Wnahington, D.C., !!N7.
4 t'uncer morbblity in urlinn and rural Inwa, P118 PuNicatinu No, 4n2 (Public 11cntth Slogo.
(C) El.legelman, )!.
Intraluction to demogreg by.
gral.h No. 37).
U.S.
Government Printing The Society of Actuntlen. Chiengn,10~43.-
f (7) Gordon. T., Crittenden. 31., and IInennsel. W.:
I Ollice, Washington, D.C 20*,0.
Onneer mortality trends lii the United States.
(4) lilli, A. II.: Prinellites of snedical statlatics. Lt. 7.
Nat Cancer Innt )tonorr 0. : U.S. Government Oxford University Pren, London,19G1.
Printing Othee. Washington, D.C.,1901.
G) Linder, P., and Grove, It. D.: Vital ktattatles rates Table 4.
Mortality rates pr 100,000 population and numbers of deaths for all forms of cancer by county,in various titue periods, Ofegon Numbers
.Itates County 1035 1939-1943-1048-1953-10?4-1935 1930-1943-1048-1953-1958-42 47 52 57 63 42 47 52 57 63 i
Clabop........
130 5 132.0 116.6 137,8 151.0 14l. 3
'26 125 163 225 269 315 11iver:
Cohi m bia......
119.8 11213 101.0 129. I 117. 5 142.8 20 SS 110 156 150 230 G ilham.........
80.3 81 1 113. I 1I& 1 102. I 144.6 2
10 16 17 15 26 /
11ood 1tiver.....
102.6 112.5
- 09. S
%8 121 7 131 2 0
48 58 55 02 131 /
Wrro w........
124.3 113.8 133.I 140. 0 121 8 110, 4
,.5 20 31 37 32 39 i Sherm a n........
85.6
- 77. 0 64.8 121 3 107. 8 121. 3 2
8 8
15 16 10 U matilla........
100.0 12& 1 116. 9 127,5 127.6 126.3 24 143 100 258 201 384 Wa3 c o..........
101.2 143.7 123.6 129.3 12E 5 126.7 12, 70 97 115 127
^170 Coos...........
130.8 130.6 110.5 133.8 147.5 121.0 32 162 200 256 325
-364 Ocean:
Curry.........
143.3 St. 0 87.2 136.6
- 02. 4
- 87. 1 5
14 24 46 43 62 Douglas.......
121. 8
- 07. 8 110.9 117.8 125.8 119.2 31 117 209 270 334 431 122 1,228 lane.........
141 9 122,2 111.6 123.5 120.2 124,4
~ 79 328 485 665 776 1.incoln........
10E 7
'l12, 5 112.6
.103. 7 112. 0 121. 0 12 66 108 124 155 Tilla mook......
143. 0 143.2 129,8 111.0 120.5 131,8 14 67 93 95' 113
'161 Clac k am as......
127.4 10& 5 121,3 122.4 120.5 131. 8 67 274 465 557 642 065 Portland:
31ultnomah.....
147.I 144. I 149,7 146.2 143. I 147.8 403 2,302 3,540 4,047 4,367 5, 006 Was hington.....
12& 1 122.3 10E 6 121.5 123.4 117.4
- 46 210 284 390 486 657 llaker..........
131.3 127.4 12R 5 120. 6 121 4 107.5 21 94 110 113 126 138 Inland:
11cnton.........
121 2 121. 0 107,6 05.2 104.0 115.6 20 02 118 120*
150 225 Crook...........I15. 9 105.6 144.O
- 88. 3 149.I 109. 6 4
18 3R 28-56 57 Desc hutes......
108.9
'121. 0 129. 6 117.4 111. 8 122.6 13 72 110
. 113 128 105 G ra nt..........
167.5 121 4 DI. 7 134.2 112,7 125.S 9
30 30 48 43 61 11arney........
4R 3 73.8 121.6 101 6 124.6 128. I 2
14 31 29 37 49 Jackson........
101. S 127.8 120.3 110, 8 13't 0 120.4
. 36 211 313 379
'501' 630 6
19 21 36 J etTerson........
- 59. I 121.1 44,2 105.3
'01 6 115.8 1
9 Josephine.....
156,7 104.5 104,3 127. 0 113. 4 13R 7 25 84 128 187 102 320 K lamath.......
OS. 3 118.8 126,3 113.0 116.D.
132.4 21 125 185
- 184 219 336 Lake.......... 4R 3
- 07. 1
- 01. 3 112,7 131.I 141.3 2
-20 25 33 42 59 Lin n >........ 127,1 132.O I i7. 5 123.4 122. I 11D. 7 36 173 236 206 330 431 '.
31 alhe ur........
94.4 85.6 103,7 115.7 124.2 131.8 10 47 84 109 132 187 31.<rion......... 113,8 131.5 122.4 116.6 119. 3 126.9 79 432 593 656 780 1,131.
Pol k........... 101,6 122.I 122. 0 111.S 110.8 113.3 17 95 134 138 152 205 U nion.......... I10.6 114.5 127.9 131 5 13a 6 115.6 17 78 120 140 148 157 Wallo w a........
97.3 132.2 104.3 118.7 115.2 135.1 6
37 37 43 44 65.
- 89.7 10a 1 126.7 147.5 150.8 122. 0 2
10 16 19 19 18 Wheeler........ 110w311& 0 141. I 132,8 143.5 124,8 29 143 237. 247 288 322 Yam hill........
1941-44 by county were obtained from the '
Souncts: Oregon deaths due to all forms of cancer for the yearsThe remainder of the data were obtained from respective,
State Ecgistrar, Oregon Stato lloard of IIcalth. Portland.
t volumes of Vital Statistics of the United States.
l Public IIcelth Reports -
,316 -
I A.,e
- J.G%
s t
I 187 puut. II. I [and Shack 1cy W.1 Couymrlmon of (D) Pan t, M. M., and Dolman. A.11.1 Omisrability rullon haed un innrtality stattatien for the fifth lim revisions nf the international liat: deatha -
and pisth revisiona. - Unital 14tatca.
1D*,0.
9 nine of death nulgnmento by the Itc0 anal i
la the 1*ntled 8tates 1NO.~ Yatal Statistic =-.- {
Vital 8tatistien-8pecial Itclorts 51, February 81Wlul itelerta 10, June 1D44, p.14.
(
1064, p. 3.
i Table 5.
krlality rates per 100,000 pop [dation and nurnbers of deaths for all forrns of cancer by county, in various llanc periods, Waslaington Numbers Rates County 10'l4-193S-1943-1044-1953-105 % 1934-1938-1043-1948-1033-105s-37 42
+ 47 52 57 G3 37 42 47 52 57 63 n
i 11cnton........
70.2 110.O G17 101.7 113.4 126.4 34 G7 07 153 20s 328 River:
131 175 107 274 326 4%G Cow ht r.........
137.0 119.3 109.2 127.7 129.3 14a 0 Fra nklin........
10G. 4 101,5 128.9 142.5 141, G 125.5 21 30 51 71 DG 129 Klickitat......
UR 9 10G.3 91 1 123.0 134.I 127.9 30 SG 54 75 89 110 hkam ania.......
114.2 101. 8 85.2 102.4 10a 7 D7.1 15 21 20 27 28 34 Wahkiakum.....
93.3 118. 8 04 5 Ga 4 91,1 1G3. 9 12 21 1D 13 20 44 WaHa Walla.'...
ISR 2 140.5 120.3 108. 0 128.2 124 4 106 223 240 230 301 370 Claltam.......
139. 0 121.I los.4 lik. 7 104.D 134.G 80 112 118 149 152 265 Ocean:
Gravs 11prbor...
133.0 141.3 13& 5 150.7 139.1 151.9 220 34G 375 448 444 G21 Isla6d..........
131.3 111 8 97.4 161. 3 117.2 124.1' 37 48 49 94 83 124 J ctiernon.......
13& 7 111 3 12R 5 114.G 150. G 110. 9 41 47 GO M
86 70 Pacifie.......
117.3 10R 7 13& 8 122. 2 146.3 107.7 01 64 117 116 14G 135 San Juan.....
1IS. 5 1016 05.2 113.9 120.2 111. 0 17 21 20 25 29 35 W hatcom.......
I18. 3 125.0 131. 7 131 5 119.4 131. G 2S1 422 482 531 508 714 Portland: Clark...
123.0 130.4 134.I 134,0 12& 1 137,5 204 345 434 541 590 857 Ada ma.........
10s.5 111.4 111 8 R5. 7 121 3 9G. 5 2'1 31 35 28 47 49 Inland:
A m in........
10R 1 11R 4 126.0 114.I lit 3 121.0 32 53 73 81 91 129 Chelan.........
125. 5 ' 126.4 lot 4 101 4 124.2 133.4 125 18S 170 240 267 376 Coh nubin....... 100.2 81 8 105.0 159.G 11R G 101 2 34 25 32 49 38 41 1)ouglas........
77,3 117.0 8R X DL 0
- 02. G 1010 21 46 39 45 53 83
- 82. 4 110 6 121.7 119.5 134.5 108.G 12 25 26 2J 27
- 25 Garfield........
- 72. 0 105.5 13S.3 131.3 124.0 150.7 9
18 25 25 24 35 Fer ry.........
G rant.......... 64 6 11a 9 G5. 0 101 4 111. I 103.0 24 52 40 79 122 177 King.......... 1G4. I 146.5 142.3 149.8 151 G 148.7 2,D20 3,967 4,677 5,809 6,784 8,833-Kit sap........ 145.6 143 9 137.8 14G.0 135.2 12R 4 208 317 392 511 548 714 Kittitas......
151 0 117.9 127.7 124.9 117.2 137.4 94 107 130 141 136 196 1.cwi t........ 144.9 144.G 125.4 129. 9 141 4 140,3 210 305 295 33S 398 4%
1.incoln......... 131 0 12R 7 135.G 10R 3 110.2 12G.5 56 73 80 G2 75 102 M ason......... 150.?
154.8 123. 4
- 97. I 156.5 131 3 52 81 81 72. 132 151 Okanogan. c.... 123. 8 104. 9 117,7 117.0 111.4 131.3 82 105 127 149 151 226 Pend Orcille...
13a 2 127.3 107.7 104.0 167.0 112.4 32
-45 40 41 68 57 -
Pierce......... 14R 1 142.G 134.8 130.9 140.4 142,8 DGG 1,307 1, 564 1,760 2,096 2,607 Sk auit.......... 118.3 14R1
'126. 4 10R G 112.9 111.3 171 298 303 293 328 418 Snohomish...... 142.5 128. 0 127.G 134.0 13S.2 140. 0 455 610 70s 850 1, 038 1,457 Spoknue.....- 151. G 137.3 - 125.3 131.3 138. 2 132.G
'955 1,271 1,3GS 1, 655 1,960 2,50G blevens.........
143.4, 128,1 91 7 130. 5 12a 9 12a 5 101
- ".127 96 144 130 1M Thurstou....... 114.8 120.2 1% 0 133.5 137.3 14G.5 141
,231 282 318 372 533 W hit man....... 17a 2 136.7 122.0 118,3 13L 0 123.G 161 177 107 171 195 227 Y akima....... 136,8 131.2 12a 5 124. 8 13G. 0 133.8 380,500 628 771 944 1,235 1934,1936-33, and 1941-44 by county Washington deaths due to s.11 forms of enneer for the years The remainder of the were obtained from the State Registrar, Wnshington State lloard of Ilealth, Olympia.
Sot:acza:
data were obtained from respecti.ve volumes of V. ital. tatist.i.cs of the. U. nited., S..t.ates.
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Vol. 81, No. 4, April 1966 r
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RADI0lDGICAL E WdCTS OF OPERATING
. TIE MONTICELW NUCLEAR GENERATING PLANT The application'by Northern States Power Conpany for a penrdt to construct. the Monticello plant was reviewed from the standpoint of radiological safety by four bodies in the Atomic Energy Ccomission's process of licensing and regulation, as outlined in the. attached booklet,
" Licensing of Power Reactors." _ These' review groups included the AEC regulatory staff, the Conmission's statutory Advisory Coninittee on Reactor Safeguards ( ACRS), and an atomic safety and licensing board which conducted a public hearing in the matter on May 25-26, 1967, at Buffalo, Minnesota. The initial decision of the board, granting a provisional construction perndt, was then reviewed by the Commission itself. The construction permit was issued on June 19, 1967 Each of these review bodies concluded that the pIrposed plant could be constructed and operated without undue risk to the health and safety of the public.
On November 8, 1968, the applicant applied for'an operating license.
Further safety reviews are now being conducted by the AEC regulatory staff. The ACRS will also review this application and advise.the Connission thereon.. Further, if an operating license is granted, the plant will be under AEC surveillance and undergo periodic safety inspections th:tughout its lifetime.
Small amounts of radioactive material are pennitted by AEC regula-tions to be mleased into the environnent at controlled rates and in controlled anounts from a nuclear power plant. This mquires a continuous program of monitoring and control to assure that mlease limits are not exceeded. The release limits in AEC regulations am based on guides aeveloped by the Federal Radiation Council, a statutory body, and approved by the President for the guidance of Federal agencies. These.
release limits are such that continuous use of air or water at the point of release from the site would not result in exposures exceeding national and international standards for radiation protection of.the public.
The concer.trations of liquid radioactive effluents released from the plant are further mduced by dilution in the body of water to which they are discharged. A survey of all operating nuclear power plants has shown that the concentrations of radioactivity in liquid mleases during 1967 were only a small fraction of the release limits applicable-to the radionuclides in the effluent.
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