ML20094A707
| ML20094A707 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Crane  |
| Issue date: | 11/01/1984 |
| From: | Jason Christensen, Gardner E, Kelly F, Kimel W, Robert E. Uhrig GENERAL PUBLIC UTILITIES CORP. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20094A610 | List: |
| References | |
| SP, NUDOCS 8411060504 | |
| Download: ML20094A707 (174) | |
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November 1, 1984
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD In the Matter of
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METROPOLITAN EDISON COMPANY
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Docket No. 50-289 SP
)
(Restart-Management Remand)
(Three Mile Island Nuclear
)
Station, Unit No. 1)
)
TESTIMONY OF THE RECONSTITUTED OARP COMMITTEE (DR. JULIEN CHRISTENSEN, DR. ERIC GARDNER, MR. FRANK KELLY, DR. WILLIAM KIMEL AND DR. ROBERT UHRIG) ON THE TMI-1 LICENSED OPERATOR TRAINING PROGRAM 0411060504 841101 PDR ADOCK 05000289 T
PDR s s_
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r TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I.
Background & Introduction...............................
1 II.
The Special Report of the Reconstituted OARP Review Committee...................................
4 A.
Cheating..........
,............................... 5 B.
The Current Licensed Operator Training Program............
...................... 7 1.
Training Resources & Management...............
7 2.
Training Staff......................,........
10 3.
Instructor Development.......................
10 4.
Licensed Operator Training Programs and Procedures...............................
12 C.
Communications Between Management, Training and Operations Personnel.................
22 D.
Conclusions.......................................
24
.III. The Committee's Views Today............................
24 A.
Adequacy of Operator training, particularly in emergencies (UCS Issue 1)...................... 27 B.
Licensee examinations (UCS Issue 2)...............
28 C.
Response to cheating (TMIA Issue 1)...............
29 L
D.
Training management and personnel
)
(TMIA Issue 2)....................................
30 E.
Operator attitudes (TMIA Issue 3).................
31 IV.
Conclusion.............................................
31 Special Report Attachments 2-6 Curriculum Vitae Documents Relied on by the Reconstituted OARP Committee t
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r November 1, 1984 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD In the Matter of
)
)
METROPOLITAN EDISON COMPANY
)
Docket No. 50-289 SP
)
(Restart-Management Remand)
(Three Mile Island Nuclear
)
Station, Unit No. 1)
)
TESTIMONY OF THE RECONSTITUTED OARP COMMITTEE (DR. JULIEN CHRISTENSEN, DR. ERIC GARDNER, MR. FRANK KELLY, DR. WILLIAM KIMEL AND DR. ROBERT UHRIG) ON THE TMI-1 LICENSED OPERATOR TRAINING PROGRAM I.
. Background & Introduction In the fall of 1979, Metropolitan Edison Company, the (former) operator of Three Mile Island, Unit 1, convened a com-mittee of five individuals with expertise in the various as-pects of nuclear power plant training to review its post-TMI-2 accident training program at TMI, the Operator Accelerated Retraining Program (OARP).
This committee, known as the OARP Review Committee, consisted of Dr. Julien M. Christensen, an experimental psychologist and human factors specialist; Dr.
Eric F. Gardner, an educational psychologist; Dr. William R.
Kimel, a nuclear engineer and Dean of the College of Engi-neering, University of Missouri-Columbia; Mr. Richard J.
Marzec, a training official for Duke Power Company; and Dr.
Robert E. Uhrig, a nuclear engineer and Vice President,
r Advanced Systems and Technology, Florida Power & Light Company, who served as the Committee's Chairman.
On June 1, 1980, the OARP Review Committee issued a Report.
In general, as set forth in the Licensing Board's partial initial decision of August 27, 1981 (LBP-81-32 at 11 201-203), the' Committee found the OARP to be a high-quality, well-executed program.
This de-termination was relied on by the Licensing Board in its finding that Licensee has in place at TMI-l a comprehensive and accept-able training program.
LBP-81-32, 1 276.
In the summer of 1981, it was discovere that operator license candidates had cheated on the April, 1981 NRC license exams.
Hearings were conducted on this and related matters.
In its partial initial decision dated July 27, 1982, the Li-censing Board reviewed the record on cheating at TMI and ruled that the GPU Nuclear training program was adequate to support the restart of TMI-1.
The Atomic Safety and Licensing Appeal Board, however, in ALAB-772, remanded the issue of training to the Licensing Board for additional hearings.
In Section III.C of ALAB-772, the Appeal Board asked a number of questions regarding the adequacy and integrity of the TMI-1 licensed op-I~
erator training and evaluation program, and-stated that the im-pact of the findings regarding cheating on the Licensing i
Board's earlier decision and on the licensee's training program was not given the full consideration by the Board that it warranted.
The Appeal Board indicated that, in light of the cheating incidents, the Licensing Board should have sought t l.
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e further testimony from the OARP Review Committee "whose views the Board previously found so persuasive."
In response to ALAB-772, and in view of the Nuclear Reg-ulatory Commission's pending decision on whether to allow TMI-1 to restart, GPU Nuclear Corporation asked the individual mem-bers of the OARP Review Committee to meet on an expedited basis to respond to the training issues raised by the Appeal Board.
The original members of the Committee, with the exception of Mr. Marzec, who was not available, but with the addition of Mr.
Frank L. Kelly, another Licensee consultant (but also a prior witness upon whom the Licensing Board had relied) who previous-ly had served as a Chief of the Operator Licensing Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission (now the Nuclear Regulatory Com-mission), were able to convene in late May and early June of 1984.
This Reconstituted OARP Committee prepared a Special Re-port, which is appended to this testimony as Attachment 1.
Also appended to this testimony as Attachments 2-6 are the cur-riculum-vitae of the members of the Reconstituted OARP Commit-tee.
The purpose of this testimony, which is the product of the Committee as a whole, is to summarize (i) the approach taken by the Committee in preparing its Special Report; (ii) the find-ings and conclusions of the Special Report; (iii) the Commit-tee's subsequent work to review in greater detail the TMI-l licensed operator training program; and (iv) the overall find-ings and conclusions of the Committee. m
7 II.
The Special. Report of the Reconstituted OARP Review Committee The Reconstituted OARP Review Committee met for two inten-sive three-day sessions at the end of May and in early June of this year, first at TMI and then at Parsippany, in order to re-view with. knowledgeable GPU Nuclear personnel the current sta-
-tus of the TMI-l licensed operator training program.
Dr. Kimel was' unable to be present'during the initial session; he subse-quently visited TMI for an individual briefing.
Dr. Uhrig was unavailable for one day; however, he spent three additional days in Parsippany drafting the Special Report and subsequently coordinated the editing of the Final Report.
As-indicated in the Special Report, the Committee's task was subject to the severe time constraint of the then-impending NRC meeting on the restart of TMI-1.
The Special Report there-fore does not constitute an in-depth study of the TMI-1 licensed operator training program.
The Special Report does reflect the considered views of the individuals on the Commit-tee on the licensed operator training program, based on discus-sions with numerous GPU Nuclear personnel (see Table A-1 of the Special Report), a review of a substantial amount of documenta-tion (see' Table A-2-of the Special Report), and both guided and unescorted tours of the TMI training facility and a tour of the TMI-1 plant, including the control room.
As the Special Report makes clear, no limits whatsoever were placed by GPU Nuclear on the Committee's contacts with" individuals or its pursuit of J.. - - -
information.
The Special Report is the product of an iterative process undertaken by the Committee as a whole.
'Its format and contents were determined solely by the Committee.
The Special Report is organized in a manner designed to respond to the questions raised by the Appeal Board in ALAB-772 about the licensed operator training program.
The Committee need not repeat here all of its observations that are set out in its Special Report.
Instead, it will take this opportunity to highlight and summarize its findings.
A.
Cheating In the Special Report, the Committee addressed the cheating that occurred at TMI and, essentially, prompted the reconstitution of the OARP Review Committee.
Cheating is an issue of personal morality, and is not an easy issue for educators or professionals to grapple with.
Cheating is complex in its derivation, highly situational and individual.
Management must take the utmost precautions to prevent it.
The Committee of course recognized that the cheating incidents which occurred in April 1981 as well as the other incidents of cheating discussed by the Licensing Board in its July, 1982 decision were extremely serious and reflected unfavorably on the organizations as well as the individuals in-volved.
The Committee concluded, however, that this behavior on the part of a very few individuals did not negate the Hercu-lean efforts of so many -- trainers and trainees -- during the past five years.
e-After the discovery of cheating, GPU Nuclear took the nec-essary precautions to prevent future cheating incidents; in-deed, the Committee has never seen such stringent examination security procedures.
Today, there also are excellent training procedures in place to provide the necessary guidance to training personnel on construction, administration (including proctoring), evaluation and interpretation of examinations.
These measures facilitate the proper administration of examina-tions and thereby reduce the opportunity, the feasibility and the temptation to cheat.
Individuals responsible for the TMI-1 licensed operator training program at the time of the cheating feel a keen sense of responsibility for the cheating that oc-curred; the training organization is firmly dedicated to ensuring that it does not happen again.
The Committee determined that it would not be feasible or useful to attempt to determine what each member would have thought had they known that conditions existed that subse-quently permitted cheating to occur on NRC and Licensee exams.
Therefore, in the Special Report the Committee focused instead on the current TMI-l licensed operator training program.
In its view, this was the most effective approach, given the pas-sage of four years and the fact that the OARP, for which its original Report was prepared, was a one-time program that has been succeeded by subsequent developments.
B.
The Current Licensed Operator Training Program The Appeal Board has asked whether the deficiencies in op-erator testing, as manifested by the cheating episodes, may be symptomatic of more extensive failures in the licensee's over-all training program, and whether those deficiencies have been remedied.
The Committee answered these questions by evaluating, to the extent possible, the steps that have been taken by, and the performance of, the GPU Nuclear operator training program during the four years since its initial Report was issued.
The answers to such questions do not depend upon a single activity, a single event, a single success, or a single
-failure.
Rather, the answers depend upon the existence at TMI of a systematic preparedness to address problems and events that occur.
1.
Training Resources & Management The GPU Nuclear Training and Education (T&E) Department, servicing TMI, Oyster Creek and corporate headquarters in Parsippany, includes 108 staff members plus six contractors, and its 1984 budget is $7.3 million.
This is about an order of magnitude increase in both staff and budget since the TMI-2 accident.
The Committee was impressed with the large resources assigned to training of nuclear plant and support personnel.
The Committee considers this resource commitment to reflect the commitment of GPU Nuclear top management to excellence in training.
The Committee felt that the primary basis upon which it a
could assess whether GPUN assignments of training managers is appropriate was to assess the quality and performance of the program.
The Committee did not consider it appropriate to second-guess GPU Nuclear's management decisions, after the cheating incidents were uncovered, on the assignment of indi-viduals to positions in the company.
However, the Committee's view, implicit in the report, is that the cheating that oc-curred was not a reflection on the moral character of any of the individuals in charge of the operator training program at the time of the cheating incident, although they of course shared in the responsibility for the occurrence of cheating on company exams.
The Committee found that training management accepted this responsibility, ar.d was firmly dedicated to ensuring that cheating does not recur.
In general, it was the Committee's view that, as regrettable as the cheating incidents were, they must not overshadow-the extraordinary progress made by the T&E Department since the TMI-2 accident under the lead-ership of Dr. Long, Dr. Knief, Mr. Newton and, more recently, Dr. Coe and Mr. Leonard.
The Committee also believes that in an organization that is responsible for effective training on a broad scale (with operator, technician, engineer, management, and general employee training being administered), a special mix of manage-ment, education, and experience is most beneficial to the con-duct of training operations.
The Committee is of the-view that i
the T&E management in place is performing very well and has been innovative and effective in development of the GPU Nuclear training programs.
The individuals cited by the Appeal Board -- in particular, Dr. Long, Dr. Coe, Mr. Newton and Mr.
Leonard -- have the variety of backgrounds recommended in the 1980 OARP Committee Report.
They possess the complementary skills and knowledge that, in the Committee's view, are essen-tial to the smooth functioning and effectiveness of the GPU Nu-clear training program.
In August 1981, the TMI training staff moved into new quarters (20,000 square feet).
This move provided more office, classroom and library space to accommodate various training programs, and allowed for more efficient personnel access to the training operation because the facilities are outside of the plant security area.
Moreover, a second building, to be completed next year, will about double the available training quarters.
The replica simulator, along with additional office space for Training and Communications personnel, will be housed in the new space.
The Basic Principles Training Simulator (BPTS) was deliv-ered to TMI and became operational in early 1984.
The BPTS provides licensed operators with ongoing refresher training in PWR basic operating principles in an environment that encour-ages learning.
The simulator's design, checkout, and training program development were supervised by an experienced TMI licensed SRO who continues to supervise the implementation of
_9
the simulator training programs.
The Simulator Development Manager provides additional depth of experience.
Overall, the Committee finds appropriate the management responsible for the TMI licensed operator training program and the facilities available for use by operators in the program.
2.
Training Staff There currently are six instructors at TMI-l who teach licensed operator training.
This number does not include ei-ther the Lynchburg simulator instructors or the instructors as-signed to the simulator development section of the TMI training department.
At the time tha Special Report was issued, there also.were six licensed operator instructors; however, since June, one of the six has been replaced.
Four of the six cur-rent TMI-l licensed operator instructors have been or currently are SRO-licensed or certified at TMI-1.
Four of the six have a Bachelor's degree; one of these four also has a Master's de-gree.
In addition, there are two contractors who previously were TMI-l SRO-licensed who teach licensed operators.
3.
Instructor Development An extensive program for the training and further develop-ment of instructors has been undertaken by GPU Nuclear.
This program is being conducted in accordance with a strategy developed by the Director of Training and Education, Dr. Coe.
A standardized method for instructor development and the conduct of effective performance-based training is in use, with a number of guidance documents developed to aid in the system-atic pursuit of performance-based instruction.
Thus, for exam-ple, a detailed rating sheet permits the evaluation of an in-structor on a number of the important factors related to teaching, such as familiarity with technical information, ade-quate preparation and presentation of materials, establishment of sound learning objectives, selection of appropriate instruc-tional methods, proper use of instructional aids, proper treat-ment of explanations and questions, classroom management, and instructor characteristics such as voice, diction, enthusiasm, and appearance.
There is also a rating sheet for the evalua-tion of examination administration.
In addition, a number of specific steps have been taken which further ensure that qualified instructors are selected and that their skills improve on the job.
These steps include (i) adoption of a formal Instructor Mode of Progression that clearly outlines the criteria for instructor job descriptions and specifications; (ii) instructor development modules offered as on-going programs administered uniformly by the Manager of Educational Development; (iii) required regular instructor evaluations by training management; (iv) unannounced documented classroom visits by the Vice President / Director of Nuclear As-surance and the Director of Training and Education; (v) a plan for the consolidation of appropriate GPU Nuclear training pro-grams; (vi) licensed instructors making required and routine visits to the plant; (vii) off-site programs for educational and career development;.(viii) regular staff meetings to dis-cuss current company and educational issues; and (ix) formation of a GPU Nuclear Training Advisory Council that meets regularly to advise the Director of T&E on broad educational and person-nel issues.
4.
Licensed Operator Training Programs and Procedures In the Special Report, the Committee considered the issue of the adequacy of the current TMI licensed operator training program from several different vantage points.
The Committee reviewed GPU Nuclear's responsiveness to the extensive recom-4 mendations in the areas identified by the OARP Review Committee in 1980.
In this way, the Committee was able to evaluate sub-stantive aspects of the current program and, as well, assess
.the commitment of the company to the improvements the Committee
. endorsed four year ago.
Chapter III of the Special Report sum-marizes each 1980 OARP Review Committee recommendation and GPU i
Nuclear response.
In short, all of the Committee's recommenda-tions have been seriously studied, and all but one recommenda-tion, which the company decided not to implement, have been adopted and have been or are being implemented.
Particularly pertinent to the issue of adequacy of the TMI-1 licensed opera-3 l
tor training program are the following improvements:
(1)
Curricula incorporating (a) heat transfer, fluid flow, and thermodynamics, (b) small break LOCA, (c) plant,_
_. ~. _ _ _
transient training, including abnormal transient operating guidelines (ATOG) and-(d) simulator training, incorporating de-pressurization and natural circulation have been developed and are included in the licensed operator training and retraining (requalification) program.
(2)
Continuous, internal self-examination and periodic external reviews have been conducted at TMI.
Currently, GPU is seeking INPO's accreditation of the TMI operator programs, including the TMI-1 licensed operator training program.
. (3)
GPU Nuclear has taken steps to insure that the con-tent and conduct of B&W's cimulator programs are exactly what GPU Nuclear considers necessary and appropriate, are complemen-tary to other operator training and, where feasible, are re-sponsive to changes that occur in the TMI-1 control systems, plant design and procedures.
(4)
GPU Nuclear has secured and placed into operation a Basic Principles Training Simulator (BPTS) built to its own specifications and based on its own studies.
GPU Nuclear has also ordered a replica simulator for TMI-1 which will be deliv-ered in late 1985.
Additionally, an actual size TMI-1 control board mockup, has been installed in the TMI training building.
(5)
As previously discussed, a program for instructor de-velopment has been implemented since the fall of 1980.
The
. program includes such topics as curriculum development, devel-opment of behavioral learning objectives, preparation of lesson outlines and lesson pl,an formats, utilization of audio-visual 1
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aids, in.atructing/ teaching techniques, preparation of examina-tions, evaluation techniques, and counseling techniques.
(6)
Decision analysis training is included as part of se-nior reactor cperator training.
The original program offered
- ha 1980 by Management Analysis Corporation has been modified 4
and has become an integral part of the initial SRO training program.
(7)
GPU Nuclear has developed guidance for the prepara-tion of examinations.
This guidance includes a matrix of con-tent (knowledge) and type of response (skill or ability) re-quired to answer the written examination questions.
(8)
GPU Nuclear has worked with INPO in the preparation of a generic task analysis list for utilities that have op-erating nuclear plants.
T&E is presently using the INPO task analysis in the development of the BPTS program.
The app'lica-ble INPO/B&W task analyses are also being used to upgrade the specifications for the classroom and on-the-job tra'ining (OJT) portions of the operator training programs.
(9)
GPU Nuclear management philosophy with respect to nu-clear power plant operation and responsibilities to the public has been well developed and has been disseminated to GPU Nucle-ar personnel through a variety of memoranda and corporate pub-lications.
In summary, it is the Committee's view that GPU Nuclear's commitment of additional resources and the dedication to build-ing a quality licensed operator training program for the TMI-1 =
operators since the issuance of the 1980 OARP Review Report (or for that matter since the Licensing Board's 1981 and 1982 man-agement decisions) has been impressive.
The Committee also reviewed information on the curront status of licensed operator training, independent of our prior recommendations.
In the last several years, the TMI-1 licensed operator training program has been enhanced in a number of ways.
The Committee believes that the TMI Basic Principles
~ Training Simulator (BPTS) is the most advanced basic principles trainer for licensed operators in the United States.
Further-more, GPU Nuclear is one of only three U.S. utilities of which the Committee is aware that gives its operators training on both a BPTS and a full-scale (B&W) simulator.
The BPTS is intended to teach operators basic principles of neutronic be-havior, reactor kinetics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, fluid flow, and PWR operational characteristics.
Systems diagnosis and operating procedures are taught on the B&W full-scale si-mulator (which will be replaced as a primary training device by a replica simulator at TMI in 1985).
Thus, GPU Nuclear opera-tors receive excellent training in both theory and practice.
It is important to note that the BPTS requirements were established by GPU Nuclear engineers and instructors and the simulator was designed to their specifications.
GPU Nuclear personnel performed the analyses for the BPTS that led to the specification of learning objectives, panel layout, layout of.
control rod section, etc.
hdvanced simulator characteristics such as freeze (stop-action), reverse (e.g., go back and repeat operations again, if desired), slow-action (action can be slowed to one-tenth of real-time), and performance measurement capabilities are included.
(The replica simulator will also have'these desirable features.)
The important point is that in the development of the BPTS, GPU Nuclear demonstrated not only
. impressive design engineering capability, but also the ability to formulate instructional plans on how to integrate the BPTS into the training program.
In addition to the BPTS program, special B&W simulator training programs have been developed to provide operators ex-perience with the use of major TMI procedural changes, steam generator tube rupture emergency procedures, and other Licensee Event Report (LER) lessons learned.
The B&W simulator is used for initial training, maintenance of skills and special training requirements.
It is also used, contemporaneously, by senior members of TMI Operations staff to assess operators' ca-pabilities.
Quality control is exercised by the Training De-partment over the content of the B&W simulator training pro-gram.
Because TMI-1 has undergone several heatups and cooldowns as part of hot functional testing, operators have been provided with experience in the operation of certain sys-tems.
RO and SRO-licensed candidates are required to spend at least three months on shift as an extra person as part of their training program.
There are 28 specified evolutions that are conducted at the plant or on a simulator as part of the requalification program.
The BPTS also provides the ability to train operators on the use of the control room pressure-temperature (P/T) plotter which allows operators to diagnose abnormal P/T behavior.
This replaces the formal training using the computer aided instruction system, although this training tool is still available for self instruction by the operators.
In addition to its regular simulator training, GPU Nucle-ar, over the past year, committed to extra training at the B&W simulator in Abnormal Transient Operating Guidelines (ATOG) and tube rupture scenarios.
The ATOG philosophy is a " symptom-oriented" rather than " event-oriented" approach to responding to unanticipated plant transients.
In anticipation of restart, each TMI-1 operating crew also recently completed three addi-tional. days of refresher training at the B&W simulator.
To further enhance the effectiveness of ATOG procedural training, the mock-up TMI-1 control board procedures trainer has been in-stalled at the Training Center.
Licensed operators review the ATOG procedures with instructors and perform a step-by-step walk-through of each procedure and reference the actual con-trols displayed on the mock-up panels.
As previously men-tioned, GPU Nuclear has taken delivery of the BPTS and is scheduled to receive its replica simulator in late 1985.
The Training Department utilizes instructor lesson plans to conduct all of its training sessions.
These plans require management approval before being used.
As a means of
mainta'ining Operations Department feedback to the training pro-cess, weeklyfmeetings with shift operators and the Training De-partment are. held to review all program revisions and schedules and to resolve any.special problems that may arise.
GPU Nuclear has produced and published an Operations Plant Manual (OPM), a multi-volume technical-reference document
' intended to cover all systems and major components in TMI-1, as well as fundauentals and theory necessary_to. understand the I
operation of power plant systems and equipment.
It is used by a
operators and instructors as a valuable reference document.
Each section contains behavioral learning objectives for auxil-iary. operators, RO's and SRO's, and is written from an opera-tor's viewpoint.
Much of the detailed engineering information typically found in system descriptions, but unnecessary for op-t erator training, has been omitted.
To date, over 100 of the 121 OPM sections have been issued, with the remainder in vari-ous stages of preparation, review and printing.
Every section 4
has been reviewed by the appropriate technical organization for.
completeness, accuracy, and for appropriateness of the learning j
objectives.
The Committee believes that the training programs cur-I rently conducted at TMI enhance the operator's ability to main-tain licensed operator competence.
Each annual requalification training program reinforces and builds upon the previous knowl-
' edge of the operators; the requalification examinations, which
.are designed to test this knowledge, cover pertinent subject
matter and are structured to measure retained knowledge of technical subject matter.
Following the TMI-2 accident, the NRC, INPO, and the industry committed resources to an analysis of what an operator needs to know to operate nuclear power plants safely and effectively.
INPO's task analysis, initially issued in 1981 and updated periodically, is being used by GPU Nuclear in the development of TMI-1 task analyses.
The use of task analyses in the development of the training curriculum will further enhance the licensed operator training program.
Reexaminations on much of the same subject-matter, which is required by the requalification process, is inevitably going to result in the experienced examinee's familiarity with key issues on which he should and will be examined.
In addition to written examinations, an oral examination is used to assure that operators have a' thorough understanding of the subject-matter.
GPU Nuclear has included in its training pro-gram for instructors a seminar on test construction.
Seminar participants develop a taxonomy of learning objectives and use it to evaluate examinations in terms of~a two-dimensional blue -
print that includes both content and the variety of types of mental processes needed by the examinee.
More recently, ses-sions on this matter have been incorporated into the Fundamen-tals of Instruction course.
Following such a blueprint will ensure that test questions will sample more broadly the kinds of mental operations that are required for a demanding job such as that of the control room operator, and will not simply encourage memorization for test-taking purposes. - -
The. format and content of the examinations are designed to test specific skills and knowledges.
The examinations, based upon behavioral objectives, are an important element in the performance based training program.
Both informal job and task analyses done by the GPU Nuclear staff and a set of task analy-ses constructed-by INPO have been used.
The written, oral and
.B&W simulator examinations are part of GPU Nuclear's overall appraisal of a potential operator's competence to function safely in the TMI-1 control room.
The entire evaluation pro-cess involves:
(1) classroom activities with lectures, quizzes, and examinations, (2) simulator exercises involving
'the solution of problems related to the transient behavior of the system, and (3) on-the-job performance and evaluation.
These th me components are integrated so that the required skills and knowledges can be tested appropriately, and the ex-tent of each examinee's understanding can be ascertained reliably.
The examination process has been revised in an effort to improve both the effectiveness of the administration of ques-tions and the efficiency of the grading process.
The TMI-1 Training Department has established very stringent rules to govern the administration of examinations.
These include phys-ical separation between the personnel taking the examination, a proctoring provision, and the signing of an affidavit by stu-dents to the effect that all work was their own and that they had neither given nor received aid.
There is also a specific L
review by the grader for parallelisms.
i l
4 e
All TMI training programs, including, of course, the licensed operator training program, are subject to auditing by GPU Nuclear management.
For example, the licensed operators undergoing requalification training on the B&W simulator are observed at least once daring each cycle by the VP/ Director of TMI-1, the VP/ Director of Nuclear Assurance, and/or the Direc-tor of T&E.
In addition to providing management with informa-tion, and a different perspective, on the effectiveness of the training program, the audits provide the operators with the confidence that management is truly concerned that the training activities are carried out effectively.
The TMI Training Department has continued to administer written, oral, and simulator demonstration examinations for the licensed TMI-1 RO's and SRO's.
The required annual licensed RO and SRO requalification examinations were administered by the licensee for calendar years 1982 (Cycle 9) and 1983 (Cycle 10).
All licensed RO's and SRO's who were required to take the exam-ination either complefad it successfully or subsequently were re-trained and were successful on re-examination.
On behalf of the Committee, Mr. Frank Kelly evaluated a sample of the 1982 and 1983 written RO and SRO requalification examinations, the answer keys, and individual results on these written examina-tions.
He concluded that the scope and content of these writ-ten examinations were adequate to judge the effectiveness of the training program and that the operators have maintained high levels of qualification.
l In summary, during the period of time that has elapsed
- since the 1980.OARP Review Committee Report and testimony presented by other licensee consultants, the TMI-1 licensed op-erator training and requalification programs have been signifi-
-(
cantly improved.
Additionally, there continues to be a strong GPU Nuclear management commitment to training.
Since the OARP Review Report was issued in 1980, most of the Committee's rec-ommendations have been carried out, and the strongest aspects of the.OARP have been developed further and incorporated in the current training program.
The present program is superior to the OARP training program.
Management has actually devoted censiderable additional resources to training, as well as to systematically developing procedures that promote an effective program.
In short, the Committee believes the present training program strongly supports the restart of TMI-1.
C.
Communications Between Management, Training and Operations Personnel Based on discussions with a variety of GPU Nuclear person-nel, the Committee found extensive evidence of effective commu-nications between company management and the persons involved in the licensed operator training program -- both operators and training staff.
There are a number of ways in which these open channels of communication are fostered.
The Special Report notes the following lines of communication:
(1) formal inter-views with operators by the Vice President / Director of TMI-1;.
(2) operator certification procedures requiring Operations and Training Department performance and attitude evaluations; (3) the VP/ Director of TMI-1 attendance of training classes at least four-hours per month; (4) bi-weekly management reports from each division to senior GPU Nuclear management; (5) periodic meetings by the VP/ Director, TMI-1, with operators and by the VP/ Director, Nuclear Assurance with training person-nel; (6) management and supervisory development programs; (7) weekly off-shift tours by management; (S) attendance by se-nior managers from Nuclear Assurance, Operations and Training at the B&W simillator; (9) approval of operator training pro-grams, including schedules and content, by Operations manage-ment prior to their implementation and regular meetings between Operations and Training to discuss common issues of interest; (10) meetings between shift management from week to week during requal training in order to improve the program as it is retaught; and (11) attendance by the manager of Plant Training at the VP/ Director of TMI-l's managers meetings.
The Committee also found that GPU Nuclear's top management has emphasized the need for and encouraged the development of strong communication channels within the Company.
A number of corporate memoranda and staff meetings bear out this finding.
The necessity for GPU Nuclear employees to act honestly, responsibly and cooperatively also has been stressed by the company.
After examination of the evidence, the Committee has con-fidence in GPU Nuclear management's current awareness of the real and perceived problems of its employees.
It has in place working and demonstrably effective communication practices be-tween top management and the operating crews.
D.
Conclusions Based on its " quick response" study of the TMI-l licensed operator training program, and focusing on the issues raised by the Appeal Board in ALAB-772, the Committee concluded that the GPU Nuclear licensed operator training program produces quali-fied operators and is an excellent program, under the direction of qualified and dedicated personnel.
Management has accepted responcibility for its actions that contributed to the occur-rence of cheating in the past, and has taken the appropriate steps to ensure that cheating does not occur in the future.
The Committee also noted that GPU Nuclear had responded appro-priately and responsibly to the Committee's 1980 recommenda-tions.
4 III. The Committee's Views Today l
The Committee recognized that in preparing its Special Re-port, limitations of time had prevented its members from ana-i lyzing first-hand all of the relevant documentation that they would have liked to have reviewed, and from making more first-hand observations of the program and personnel than they were
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Therefore, the Committee members have spent as much time as each had available since the Special Re,
port was issued in June,J1984 pursuing these further' efforts.
Their goal has been to assure themselves that they retained their confidence in and soundly endorsed the conclusions they previously reached in the Spe'cial Report.
.These conclusions
- were based to a significant extent on intensive briefiniJ ses-sions with GPU Nuclear personnel who described the operator training program to the Committee, and answered its questions.
To-the extent the Committee could no longer, support its conclu-sions, each member fully appreciates the obligation to shy so in this testimony.
In order to manage the work effort on which the Committee strove to embark over the last several months, Committee mem-bers each tended to focus on the topic areas mos$ closely asso-ciated with each of their respective areas of expertise and ex-perience.
Thus, Dr. Christensen has tended'to focus on the adequacy'of the simulator programs, Dr. Gardner has focused on the educational quality of the operator training programs, Mr.
Kelly and Dr.' Kimel have conc'entrated on the substance of the program, and Dr. Kimet and Dr. Uhrig have paid particular at-tantion-to the management issues of interest.
These topic areas are not mutually exclusive.
Moreover, each Committee member has participated in as many activities and reviewed as much material as personably feasible, not always within their area or areas of " specialty."
Nevertheless, through this hi t-effort, each Committee member has been able to concentrate in considerable depth on various aspects of the question at issue:
the adequacy of the current TMI-l licensed operator training s
program, notwithstanding the cheating that occurred in the past.
In order to gain the first-hand confirmation sought by the Committee, Dr. Christensen and Mr. Kelly have visited the B&W simulator.
They also visited the BPTS and Mr. Kelly is sched-uled to perform an evaluation of the nuclear and thermodynamic performance characteristics of the device.
Dr. Gardner, Dr. Christensen, Dr. Kimel, and Mr. Kelly have visited a number of licensed operator training classes and have discussed training with a number of the operators who participate in the program.
Dr..Uhrig also talked to two operators.
Dr. Gardner and Mr. Kelly expect to attend portions of the forthcoming in-structor development course that will be taught et TMI.
Dr.
Kimel and Dr. Uhrig have discussed the cheating incidents with merbers of GPU Nuclear management.
In short, the Committee members have made and are still engaged in an effort to ensure themselves that the confidence they (again) placed in GPU Nu-clear is well-founded.
The amount of effort the Committee members as a group the-oretically could expend in this effort is almost unlimited.
This is because the licensed operator training program is multi-faceted and the relevant documentation is very extensive.
The Committee members have attempted to absorb as much information as feasible, and to focus on the most important documentation. is a list of the documents on which the Committee has relied in its further assessment of licensed operator training at TMI-1.
This list reflects the
' fact that members of the Committee have engaged in considerable first-hand learning about the program over the past four months.
The Committee is aware of the subdivision of operator training issues in this proceeding between UCS and TMIA.
That subdivision provides a convenient framework within which to summarize the Committee's current views of the program.
A.
Adequacy of Operator training, particularly in emergencies (UCS Issue 1)
From a review of the licensed operator training program descriptions, it is evident that operators are taught the sub-jects required for safe operation of the plant, and, in partic-ular, the accident response subjects emphasized after the TMI-2 accident.
The more complex issue, of course, is the effective-ness of these programs in teaching operators how to safely operate TMI-1.
Simulator experience, of various kinds, relates the subjects taught to plant operations.
This past year, the development of ATOG, or Abnormal Transient Operator Guideline procedures, and training on those procedures, has further en-hanced operational ability.
Hot functiona.1 testing provided a valuable opportunity for on-the-job training.
The Committee is aware of GPU Nuclear's extensive efforts in preparing a job task analysis of the control room operator, which is directed towards receiving accreditation of the licensed operator pro-gram by INPO.
Within the Committee, however, is knowledge of the operator's job.
Committee members have reviewed the pro-gram documentation and visited the simulators.
The Committee has considered and is favorably impressed with the training and educational quality of the program.
It is the judgment of the Committee that the current licensed operator training program is effectively designed and is being implemented to train indi-viduals to operate the plant safely, particularly in emergen-cies, in accordance with approved procedures.
B.
Licensee examinations (UCS Issue 2)
The Committee has reviewed Licensee's procedures related to the construction, security, control, and. grading of examina-tions.
As previously mentioned, two members plan to attend portions of a forthcoming GPU Nuclear instructor development program at which examination administration and construction is emphasized.
Mr. Kelly and Dr. Gardner also have reviewed all of the most recent comprehensive initial qualification and requalification written examinations.
As indicated in the Spe-cial Report, the members of the Committee have never seen such rigorous examination security procedures.
The Committee notes with approval that the examination process for RO's and SRO's includes written examinations, oral
! L
examinations, on-the-job ovaluations, and simulator examina-tions.
The Committee believes that appropriate attention is being given to ensuring that examinations contain an appropri-ate mix of subject-matter and emphasize different learning skills.
'It is the Committee's judgment that Licensee's opera-tor examinatica process adequately measures the operators' ability to safely operate the plant.
C.
Response-to cheating (TMIA Issue 1)
After the cheating incidents, Licensee engaged in exten-sive introspection in order to ensure itself that the ramifica-tions of the cheating incidents had been thoroughly considered and acted upon.
The Committee has already discussed the exami-nation security issue, which is the obvious cheating-related problem requiring correction.
The Licensee went further, how-ever, and considered other ways to ensure itself that its training program was satisfactory.
For example, the numerous communication lines that have been established between the Operations and Trainir.7 Departments are an important response to cheating.
It is the Cor.mittee's opinion that GPU Nuclear has properly responded to the problems in its training program identified internally and/or by the NRC decisions in this case.
4 D.
Training management and personnel (TMIA~ Issue 2)
In this testimony, the Committee has already discussed its view that the senior people responsible for the management and implementation of the licensed operator training program are properly qualified by their own experience and attitude to im-part the information and values necessary for safe operation of TMI-1.
The Committee has concluded that these individuals are effectively implementing licensed operator training.
The Com-mittee's continued contacts with these individuals, specifical-ly Dr. Long, Dr. Coe, Mr. Newton and Mr. Leonard, further sub-stantiate their views.
These individuals provide a valuable mix of management, educational and nuclear reactor operations experience, and display an attitude of attention to detail and dedication to their job that is essential to a quality training program.
Committee members, particularly Dr. Gardner and Mr. Kelly, reviewed the licensed operator instructors' resumes, attended some classes and talked to several operators about the licensed operator training program.
The Committee is satisfied that the educational, technical and more subtle attitudinal quality of instruction is very good.
It also is confident that GPU Nucle-ar is striving continually to maintain and improve its instruc-tor capabilities through its educational development programs.
4 ~
E.
Operator attitudes (TMIA Issue 3)
Members of the Committee observed TMI-1 operators and can-didates in the control room and at the B&W simulator.
As pre-viously mentioned, Committee members have had the opportunity to individually discuss training with operators (including the six shift supervisors) who were in the TMI training facility.
The Committee also is aware of the various processes and proce-dures in place to ensure that operator views and criticisms of training are aired, responses provided, and appropriate actions implemented.
It is the Committee's impression, based on the observations and assessments it has made, that, the operators recognize the value and have respect for the licensed operator training program, recognize and accept their responsibility as licensed operators to participate in the program, and believe that it is an effective program.
IV.
Conclusion In conclusion, after a thorough consideration of the issue, it is the Committee's judgment that the licensed opera-tor training program at TMI-l is an effective program and will continue to qualify individuals to operate TMI-1.
The Commit-tee thus takes this opportunity to reaffirm the conclusions reached in the Special Report and, in particular, the findings from that Report that have been highliThted in this testimony.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS i
Pt.ge Preface I
I.
Introduction i
II. Current Status 10 A. Status of the GPU Nuclear Training Program 10 S. Organi:stion 13 C. Instruct:r Development and Qualifications 20 D. Examinati:n - Structure and Centrol 23 E. Security of Examinations 25 III.. Im:lementation of the Rec:mmendations of tne CARP.Repcrt 23 IV.
Committee Response :: Questions and Issues Raised by tne ALA3-72 42 A. Training and Testing Effectiveness 43 E. Simulat:r Training cf Licensed Operat:rs 53 C. Impact of Cheating on C:mmittee's Ree:mmendations 03 D. Management and C =munications 75 Y.
0:nclusions 32 Appendix 34 e
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PREFACE On May 24,1984, the A:Omic Licensing Appeals Board (ALAS-772) issued a decision in the matter of restarting the Three Mile Isiand (TMI) NLeisar Generating Station Unit 1.
It remanded the issue to the At:af: Safety and Licensing Board (ASL3) for additi nal hearings in three speciff e areas:
training (with spe:f al empnasis on the licensed operat:r training :r: gram in view of the cheating incident), alleged Teak-rate falsification at TMI-1, and the Die ka=p Ma f f-o.-gram.
This report addresses enty the training issue.
In the fall of 1979, the Training Department of Metropcittan Edison 0:.
- nvened a c:==ittee of five individuals with expertise in the varicus aspects of nuclear training to review the Operator A :alerated Retraining Program (CARP) with respect t: f ts adequacy in =eeting the NR;-ic:csed requirements, as well as meeting the needs of the Operat:rs to operate TMI-1 in a safe and ::=petent matter. This c:mmittee (generally ca' led :ne OARP Review Committee) consisted of Dr. Juifen M. Christensen, an experimental psychologist and hu=an fact:rs specia11st; Dr. Eric F. Gardner, an educational psychoi gist; Dr. William R. Ximel, Dean of the College of Engineering, University of Missouri-C:1ue:ia; Mr. Richard J. Mar:e, a training Official f:r Ouke P:wer C:cpany; and Or. R :er: E. Uhrig, Vi:e President, Advanced Syste=s and Technelegy, F1crida Power & Lign: C:::any, who served as Chairman.
The OARP Review C:mmittee issued its re;cr:
(generally known as the CARP Review Reper ) en June 1, 1980.
- is : lear fr:m reading tne ASL3 partial inittai decisi:ns and :ne ALAE decisi:n :na; be:n gr:ups gave ::nsidera:1e weign: t: :ne CARP Review Re: Ort.
The ASL3 1
cited the generally positive rec =endaticns of the CARF Review C:=f ttee and gave special emphasis to the many CARF Review Commi::ee ree:=endati:ns that had been i:ralemented by Metropolitan Edison and GPU Nuclear.
In its partial initial decision dated July 27, 1982, the ASL3 ruled :na:
the GPU Nuclear Training Program was adequate :: support the restar: ef TMI-I in spite of the cheating which had cccurred. The ALA3, h: wever, remanded tne issue of training to the ASL3 for additional hearings.
Tney asked many questions regarding the adequacy and integrity of :ne licensee's entire training and evaluation program and stated that the im:ac: Of :ne findings regarding tne eneating en the Licensing Scard's earifer decisi:n and en the licensee's training pr: gram was not given the fuii ::nsideration that it warranted. More specifically, the ALAS indicated tna: :ne ASL3 shculd have scught further testimony in Tight of the eneating incidents from the CARP Review C cmittee "whose views the Scard previcusly fcund se persuasive."
In response tc this request, GPU Nuclear asked the individuai memcers Of the CARP Review C:=ittee :: cest at TM: during the week of May 28, 1954, and at Parsippany, N.J., during the week of June 4, 1984, :: res end :: the issues raised by the ALAS.
Since Mr. Richard ifar:ec, one of the C:=f ttee mem ers, was not avafiable, the C:cmittee was rec:nstituted by re iacing s
Mr. Far:ec witn Mr. Frank L. Xeity, a private ::nsuitant ah: :revicusiy ha:
served as a Chief of the Operat:r Licensing 3ranen Of :he A::ci: Ener;y Cc=ission (new the Nuclear Regulat:ry C:= mission), tir. Kelly was a witness fer GPU Muclear during tne TMI restar hearings and, in fa::,
served alcng with Crs. Christansen and Gardner as a em:er Of a :nree-man exper: witness panel during these nearings. Mr. Xeily br:ugn: :: :ne C =ittee expertise in :ne examining and licensing cf nuciear react:r 2
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cperaters.
Hence we believe that the rec:nstitu::d C:==1ttec served tne role envisioned by the ALA3.
In our initial meeting, the rec:nstituted Com=f ttee saw two r les that it could serve in contributing t: the record of :ne TMI-I restart hearings.
First, the C:mmittee c:uld prev 4de a "cuick respense" that would be available in time to c:ntribute to the NRC meeting at which the C:mcissicn has indicated it wili fermally consider tha issue of restarting TM -1.
See:nd, the Committee could undertake a =cre definitive study of the issues raised by the ALA3 and provide a report on this study in a time frame c:nsistent with the ASL3 hearings.
This re:crt has been prepared specifically for the impending Nuclear Regulat:ry C:= mission meeting.
Because cf the limitations of time, there was not an cpportunity ::
undertake an in-depth study of the type that was undertaken by tne CAR?
Review Committee in 1979-80. Whether er not the C:cmittee undertakes ne
. mere definitive study is a matter for GPU Nuclear :: decide at a later date.
GPU Nuclear provided to the C:c:ittee fuli access :: any re;crts, procedures, training rec:rds, exa=ination results, et:. and the :pp:rtunity to interview any personnel selected by the C:=mittee fr = the varicus GFU Nuclear Divisiens.
The C:mmittee interviewed as many instru:::rs, supervisers, and administrators and inspected as many training facilities as tine permitted.
Indivicuais ::nta::ed by One er = Ore Of :ne ::=nittee me :ers are listed in Ta:Te A-1.
We also reviewed a iarse num:er :f documents (See 11st in Table A-2) made available :: us by the GPU Nu: lear.
Altneugn many pr:bing and clarifying questiens we-e asked and answered, n:
attempt was =ade t: ::nduct a quality assurance : neck :n nese d:: cents.
Based on :ne review, interviews and fa fiities' ins:ec;i:ns, :ne ::=ri :ee 3
reached its cwn conclusions and wr:te its report. The Committee dete-mined the approach, the method of review and the structure of this report. GPU tuelear provided secretarial support and reviewed the =anuscript f:r technical accuracy only.
'4here the ALAS asked specific questiens of the C =1ttee, answers nave :een provided consistent with the limitations of time. The Chairman cf the Committee assigned areas of responsibili:y :: the individual C: mittee memoers c:nsistent with their areas of expertise, and the individual reports and views have been integrated into a single document which has been ad:pted by all of the Com=f ttee mem:ers.
In this repcrt the name GPU ttuclear and the abbreviation GPU?! are used in a generali:ed way to mean the organi:atien which has the responsibility f:r the Di! plant. At the time of the UtI-2 accident, training for Ut:
personnel was carried cut by Metropolitan Edis:n C mpany at Three Miie Island. Later, all nuclear related training functions were centrati:ed :y GPU and assigned as the responsibility Of the GPU ttuelear C:rporati:n in Parsippany, t{ew Jersey. GPU ?!uclear maintains training f acilities at be:n the R4I and Oyster Creek sites as well as the Parsippany Headcuarters.
Tne C:=ittee did net hesitate to acdress certain philose:nical issues 3.
- nceec, many :f wnica nave pe-meated one ASL3 and ALAS cecisi:n re: r:
the questiens raised by the ALA3 are =:re pnfics:pnical tnan f actual.
The conclusions and views expressed are these of the C:m=f ttee mem ers and d:
net necessarily represent the views of GPU l{uclear or its management er Of the organi:ations wnien em:1:y the mem:ers of the C:=ittee.
4
Chacter I. INTRODL'CTICN "The cheating and related incidents called into questien the acecuacy and integrity of the Licensee's entire training and testing program.
Although we found that the reopened rec rd of :ne cheating itself was as fully develeced as possible, the impact of those findings en the Licensir;g Board's earlier c nclusiens on Licensee's training programs was not given the full censideration it warrants.
In par:1cular, the board should have s0Lght further testimony, in the lign: of the cheating incidents, frem the OARP Review Ccemittee, whose views the Board previously found so persuasive."
P 155, ALAS Decision, itay 2c,195c "It is apparent that the generally positive testimony of the CARP Review Comittee and licensee's other independent censultants was of
. decisional significance to the Board's initial, ecually positive judgment en licensee's training program. Once the cheating incidents raised questions about that judgment, it was incu= bent u:en :ne Scard so heavily relied in the first instance."*gdent experts u;cn unicn it
- seek further testimony frem the inde:9
"#9...the under; innings of the Scard's earif er decision (i.e., the c:nsultants' predictive testimony) were shaken.
If taa: testimony is-to have any real weight, it must be reevaluated in light of actual events."
P 65, ALAS Decisien, May 24, 195c Tnis report provides the infer =ation scugn: in the above recuests and makes 1:
.available in a timely manner t: the GPU ttuclear =anagement and : :ne !!uclear Regula: cry Comissicn.
The ALA3 asked many questions, s:me demanding factual answers and : cme de=anding philascphical answers. 'Jithin the limits f time and resources available, the Rec:nstituted CARP Review C:=ittee (the
- mittet) will attemp: :: respend :: tne ALA3 c:ncerns.
The C:mittee is in c:mplete agreement witn all parties :: the m!-i Res ar:
Hearings that the cheating incidents which eccurred in Acril i381 were extremely sericus and reflect unfaverably en the cr;ani:atiens as neii as :ne individuals invc1ved.
It is easy :: ju== :: the ::nclusi:n :na :nis :enavf:r 5
en the part of a very few individuals negates the Herculean effer:s Of s =any during the past five years.
Indeed, the principal question wnich ne A::eais Board has raised is whether or not the existence of this :neati1; would have enanged the views that the CARF Review Cec =f ttee expressed in 1:s ??80 re crt.
To address this issue in its pr:per perspective, we have :: go tack to the 1979-1980 ti=e fra=e and reconstruct the environment which tnen existec.
In an crder dated August 9,1979, the Nuclear Reguia::ry C:m=issi:n in Section II.1(a) cedered the licensee to:
"Aug=ent the retraining of all Reactor Operat:rs and Senior Rea:::r Operat:rs assigned to :ne c:ntrol reem includin-training in the areas Of naturalcirculationands=allbreakicssofc:cTan ac:icents inciuting revised =recedures and the TM:-2 ac:ident.
All c: erat:rs will als:
receive training at the B&W simula:cr en the TMI-2 ac:ident and One licensee will : nduct a 100 percent reexamination of ali
- era
- :rs in these areas. NRC will a0 minister : m:lete examina:fons :: ail licensed personnel in ac::rdance witn 10 CFR 55.20-23.*
The licensee developed the CARP in response to the ab:ve directive.
- was a one-time program designed to meet the specift: needs articulated in the 00= mission ceder. The OARP Review C:mmittee was asked by Me re::iitan Edisen to review this program with respect t: its adequacy n:: enly in tems Of meeting :ne NRO-i=;; sed requirements but also in te ms Of :ne necessary requirement fer the operators to operate TMI-1 in a safe and c:c:etent An analogy was made to the ac:reditation procedure widely used in manner.
engineering education to deter =ine the adequacy of engineering :urricula.
sneuld be noted tha: the :nstitute Of Nu: lear Power :erations (:NFO: Mad :eem
- reated Only a few =enths earlier and st=:iy was ne in a :csiti:n ::
6
undertake sucn a task in the time frame decced essential.
(When :ne :==it:ce began its deliberations in the fail of 1979, Metropolitan Edisen ex:ected ::
bring TMI-l back on line seme time in mid-1980.)
The CARP Review C:=mittee was enc:uraged by fietrepcittan Edis n :: c:nsider the se pe of its activities t: be broader than just reviewing the CARP program.
Indeed, the report addresses such related =atters as the decisfen analysis training program, =an-machine interactions, the use of si=utat:rs in Operat:r training, and the educatien and training requirements f:r a nu: Tear facility staff. Strengths and weaknesses were identified in the training program, and a nu=cer of rec:=cendations that went weil beycnd the sc::e Of the CAR? was included. On balance, the OARP Review C:==f ttee erd:rse: CARP and ex:ressed its c:nfidence that the ongoing training ;r: gram was ade:ca:e in 1980 :: support the restart of TMI-1. While the CARP Revicw C:==ittee did not qualffy its views in any way, these views were based en ::nfidence in the innovative appr:ach being taken by Metr:pciitan Edis n, c:nfidence in tr.e quaf f fications of :ne pecple involved in the training program, and a::ve ali, c:nfidence in the c:=mit=ent made by Metr:pciitan Edison and GPU, its :arent Organi:ation, :: deveicp ex:ellence in its training pr:gra=, The ::==ittee is delignted to see that its canfidence in the training program, the training staff, and the operating c:mpany (new GPU tluelear) have been ampiy justified.
The issue of cheating is very difficult : ::nsider rati:naliy.
- is addressed ty s:ce pr:fe:sicnal grou:s thr: ugh :anens Of etnics enf:r:e:
varying degrees by different pr:fessional organi:stions.
By tne time a :ers:n bec:mes a pr:fessi nal (e.g., a doctor, a lawyer, a registered pr:fessi:nai 7
engineer, a certified pu:lic ac: untant, etc.) the individual has already survived a large numcer of screening pr: cesses and is expected :: behave.in an etnical manner.
Even se, these au:rediting and certifying organi:atiens take precautions te assure that the ethics and standards of the gr:up are weii underst:cd by these whom they examine and these who practice in the pr:fession. ClearTy, the reie of a reacter operator also has a significan bearing on the health and safety of the pubife. Laxness on the part of any crgani:stien involved (the ifcensee, the Nuclear Regulat:ry C:mmi:si:n, varicus g vernment agencies, etc.) simply cannot be : lerated.
Tne questien tnat the C:mmittee has been asked regarding its views :n :ne 3?U Nuclear training pr: gram in light of the subsequent cheating goes weii :eyen the OARP, a one-time pr:grar that has been sue:eeded by subsequent deveic;ments. The CARP c:nstituted a ::tal of 243 hcurs Of instructi:n (exclusive of training at the W simulat:r).
During the past f:ur years, eacn react:r Operater and senier reacter c;erator has participated in a: ut 1000 hours0.0116 days <br />0.278 hours <br />0.00165 weeks <br />3.805e-4 months <br /> f additional classreem and simulat:r training. This has teen : ace
- ssihie by the use of a six-shift r
- tation in whien eacn snift r:utinely spends every seventh week in training. The pertinent questien for One C:mmittee t day is net the impact of the cheating up:n the 2a3-hour CARP Or tne GPU Muclear training pr: gram of 1953; rather, it is the impa ef the eneating u:en a vastly im:reved 1954 training ;r: gram that has :revided a::r:ximately i2iG neurs Of ciassre:m and simula::r : raining :: :ne ea:::-
cperaters in :ne last five years.
8
In addition :: =any specific questions, the A: peals 5 card has ais: raised :ne f=11cwing general issues:
1.
Whether or not the deficiencies in Opera:Or testing, as manifested by the cheating epis des, ma/ be sympt:matic Of = re extensive failures in the licensee's overali training program.
2.
Whether er not these deficiencies still exist or have been remected sufficiently :: ensure the health and safety of the public.
The best way := answer these questions is to evaluate the steps :na: have bee.e taken by, and the perf:r=ance of, GPU Nuclear during the four years since :ur initial report was issued. To the extent possible and in :ne time avatia:1e, we will try :: de this later in this re:crt.
Suffice :: say at this : in:
that tne answers :: such questions de not depend upon a single activity,,a single event, a single sue:ess, or a single failure.
Rather the answers depend upon a systematic preparedness to address any ;r:blem er situa i:n ::a:
might ec:ur. The hist:ry of :ne nuclear pcwer industry rec:rds tne :::urren:e of many unf:reseen cperatienal and tecnnelogical pr:blems (fuel densift:s i:n,
- re barrel vibraticn, the Oavis-Sesse transient, the St. Lucie steam :u::le,
- ne Ginna steam genera::r tube failure, etc.).
The ability cf :ne rea:::r operat:rs and their utility supper; teams :: deal with such pr::lems c:nstitute the essence of a program for protecting the health and safety Of the public.
9
Chacter II. CURRE'1T STATUS
^
A. STATUS OF THE CPU NUCl. EAR TRA:N:NG PROGRAM Tne rec =endations of the CARP C:cmittee were taken seriously by GPU Nuclear management, and steps to implement a number of them were in progress prior ::
the c:cpletion of the 1980 CARP Repcrt. The initial progress Observed by the C:mmittee in 1980 has been ac:alerated. A new training depart =ent organi:ation has been established by Dr. Richard P. Coe, birect:r Of Training and Education, that develcps and administers a uniform method cf Oceration f:r the training programs at each of the three sites. The details ::ncerning the varicus aspects of the training programs have been described in the self-evaluation dccument that has been submitted f r INFO a::reditati:n.
A Noveccer 1953 su=ary cf the deveic; ment and current status Of the GPU Nuclear Training program has been presented by Ad=iral H. G. Rickover in a re;cr: entitled, "An Assessment of the GPU Nuclear Cer;0 ration Organi:ation and Seni:r Management and its C:mpetence to Opera e TM:-i." The se::icn dealing witn training c:mprenensively su=ari:es the devei pment of :ne training activities since 1979-1980 wnen the CARP Review C:=ittee was preparing its report.
It will provide the background for cur later c:=ents regarding specific aspects of the GPU Nuclear Training Fr: gram. The ::=1::ee end:rses the presentati:n and views given by Ad=iral Ri:k:ver. '9e se::f:n :f his re;cr; entitled, '7ne :::cr:ance :f Tr,sining" is re;r::u:e: nere.
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In tse commer::al nucteer ocwer ncustWs anaw The lmoortance of Training. After tne tecnnical cesign cf the ::antitself. ne mestimocr.
ysts cf tae sessons of TMI. trammg nas been centi-fioc as one of the may items neecmq greater tant e.ement m assunnq reiiscie and saf e : graten management attenten. The nar er Of tae !r'sttuts of.nue: ear ;cwer giantis tne traming of the crew of Nuctear P! ant Coeraten UNPC) reflects !?ns anc will coerate tne tant. A key meicator of emonasis.
management's uncerstancmg cf saf e nuclear tant cporoton la tne cegree to wniCB nigna vel atten.
NucWar.s WDqmcmq Of tse -Orocrate anc e
tion is given to traines. Descite evicence frem tne Waining cr: gram is cuite enmatc.1 afec s i
Naves Nucisar P*cgram as to its im;crtance. Inis an unnsamec ceterminaten :y GPU management
=recoeure nac a==arently not been wiceiy ac:ect.
to caste a ininmq cr: gram sec:nc t: nee, m t e ec y tne c:mmere a; nuctear =cwor ecustry at nuctear mcustry. be felicwmg =aragra:es. nien tne eme cf tne IMI ac:: cent.
are only exametes illustrate tse funcamentai: Par.
In tne nest =ry of tse Naval Nuctear Pacgram, acter of some of tne imgrevements wnicn Nave trammg was one cf tse eany actions, even ceters teen mace.
many of :ne :asic tecenicat cec:sions. sac teen mace in tre cevoicement anc :enstructen of tne
- Crgani: sten. Wite tse Organi:stien :f ait nue: ear activites of GPU mt: cne : m anv
-tant. This emenasis en earty anc ncreugn trammg
- tne GPU Nuctear Ccrocraten - Oirect re-of tne crews cf tre nue: ear su:mannes anc surf ace sconsiciinty f or ali nue: ear piant trammg w as srnes mace it =cssiele to &ssign a fuity tramec
~ew to ccerate tre ciar.t cunng every : nase of assignec to tre cerocrate tevet.. "e wr:c-I-nstructen anc testmg. metucm; sea tnats.
rate Cirecter cf Trammg roccr s != tre *ce-beretcfera. tre custom m sniccuncmg "ac teen
- esicant. Nuctear Assurance. a ecsit'en ac=
- erform !Pe tests anC sea that witn a c:viiian trial fillec Oy tne *9fsCM wnc was cire:UV *e*
2~w Ire navas crew t:ca Ovea after tre tnats. :ut s:CnSteie fer organages tse uog*acec **3m-
$:exe-one vaiuace f ammanty witn tne :: ant tnat n'; cr: gram at TMt.. his : siten f "'S' esi-tiiety fcf training meets 15e recuire*ent trat a agr3 n m t.=q testrig pe*1cc WCuic have given tec management must :e mvcives e anc taae resocnsaciinty for tse ;r::er t'a ing -f ri 9 79. :sfere tse TMt ace: cent. tram,ng nue:eer =iant perscenet. 8ur-Pet G.
Nuce 8'
-tacec reavy renance on tne f act trat ::nsicerade numeers of tne : eratmg anc mamtenance crews management nas tamen a cesitive csitica m f avor of im rene trainmg f acutres an.
were fermer mem ers of tne Naval Nucear *re.
ceMonnnancMCum% W 7a#g W N'
-ram IPe casic training wniCN !ncss eC;ie nac ton to :e aCO ume W F.s WWaM rgce,vec in tPe Navy was useful m snCriening tng tme neecec t: cuanty trem as commer::ai atant e Fae:iit es A large new inmms :u"ceg as c eraters in tre many investigations anice nave teen tunt at TMI witn s; ace for i $
teen mace int :ne trammg as:ects Cf the IMI c:assrooms. mamtenance trammg la:s.
ac:: cent. it nas een =rcugnt cut that IMI tramms licrary staff effices, anc - ccam t*sinies tencec t c:ncentnte on tse nart w colectve of ascs. =ar*cularty m eiectronic anc aucc-gettng tre c eraters su::essfully tnreugn tne visual ecuicm ent. 8vrtser trammg m -*amte-NRC : erater exammation. lf tse NRC exam f anec nance anc raciation centreiis core witsm to c=ver ait tse eiements cf =iant tnecry saf e tre giant itself anc m taccrat=n t ave's aca-c;eration. anc casuatty =rceecures as a==iscaele cent to tre :: ant.
to tne comr ereal tants. se trammg =r: gram o Staff,. he trammg staff. wnics was omv mignt weil miss trem also seven m numcer m
.,9. mas :ee enca-ce:
a
- e At tPe time of tae ac:: cent. trere was enty a to $ $. witn furtmer mcreases to $1 ::ar e sraatl::mmitment Of =aysical rescurtes anc :e'*
ween tre ;we nucear simutat:*s are esta: e:
ater tr"e t: traincy. Eur*5 ea " *t. tre Stage Cf gg 7g =;7.gf ygge.73mf.
.gg.$,; g a g
!*aindq m !?e =rgani:stef* *as not "ig" tne niecensec. tre staf* *tur":4's
- f *
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seven* ersen training Orgaf'iaa!!cn re Crtec to the y3gg
,,ggggg,gg, f,gy,,g f.,3,,,,g, Sucenntencent of Tnree Mae ts:anc.: m eting for ein, y;,, ef inmmg wmen a,e :ee-nis attentien witm att of tne =rceiems of coeratng a accec to maae tPis a ::mmete trammy site with :19 em:iovees. ene : mmer::aily coerat-
,,engy,,ygn,, en,m,n ne,, a, : n.
mg nue: ear =cwor :' ant. anc ne = tant m tse fmat water cremist t. anc generai e-eievee stages Of star u: testmq Ivicence of tne secen*
ggg Cary :Csten wniCm trammg c*uciec can to feuf*C Not eniy Fas 're num e nammq su,,
e tre trammg attencance ree:r s at tre eme.
een me easec. :ut ars: tre :uantv :* r e C eratenai::nsiceratens =reventec as muen as msm -n mas :een gun :ntica' am%:-
SCS of tre screcuiec attencarce at trammg tec, Consicerame eMer sas g:ee m: ::n"Q tures; tnese not attenemq aere assigeec taae, excenencec msmers aits :a:a;T.- m nome caesages f or soif stucy 11
ponence m the TMI:: ants er m etner =tants anc mero years te cualify as ::ntrol-rocm of a samdar type. At prisent, fcur mstruct rs coersters. Cnce tse =r: gram is c :tacs. anc in reacter coerster
- raining are icensec ty we camM guacance it win give stamitry !=
r NRC twc as Senecr Ruct r C: enters (SRC) mat grou f er many yurs.
and two as Reacter Coerators (RC). An e Simulator Trammg. The =cogram to instad instructor Ceve.c mont P.ogram is also e two simulaters m the trammg f ac:iit, at NI
= tace. Cne celectve rs to have frve coerater is wel uncerwav. Sasse 8anc::ees Simulaters instructors bconsec as SRCs on W1 1. witn wdl be cairvered in eeny 1984 to octn TMI.1 ccm letion ex:ectec in eany 198 A A con.
anc Oyster Crees: =recaracces at esen site enumg =regram rs in off oct to ensure tnat trie for usmq et in traming are Cn senecuse. This instruct rs acvance in mstruecenat stdis and simulatcr coes not cu=licate tne nys cal knowiecge of their area cf S:ec: alt:ation.
layout of the clant. But cemcristrates its Simdir ex=ansions of staff. an u: graced cynsmica of coeraten; stucents :an rucHy program. anc extensive new fac: lites were see tne effecta of enanges wnics taev =an ocservec at Cyster Creen.
meme at the centret bcarc anc Dec:me e Coerster Trammg. Cne cf the significant ac.
'nnmatey f amdiar wrtn t e arme:o mant cns tamen to ennance coerator trainmg my vanac>es. anc :ne retancesnics ermeen TM1 management is tse Organizaten =f coer.
mom.
acons personnel mt six snitts. This oermats he Rec 6ca Simulat:r for TMI.1. :ue t ce m trammg t: ce given :: every coerater for one
=tecs at ne enc of 1985. is a :nysicas cuci.
full ween m seven. a man wnica sucstantally canon of me Lant Ocerstng tenscie anc s exceecs NRC trammg mmimums. This is controlloc by scents catec : mouter re.
unusualin the mcust y. anc is a g=cc cemen.
grams that weil f artnfudy moces t=e funca.
stration of tre ::mmitment of GPU Nue: ear's mentale of :lant coera:ces. :t wid cu:iicate a management != ceceme one of tse Dest m very wice var ety of transeent ::ncittens ac trammg.
accurate re:resentaten of anat me mant There are Otner refresnmq eiemer.ta cp itserf wri! cc uncer tse mant : ncances anc 4
managementinvcivement m trammg such as coerster ac cns amica are encson. At the em:nasis en managerw vet trammg m nue:aar cutset. me Reenca S;mutat:r w.d : acie te e
trecer,in the cetads of mant cesign. anc in mocet scme 20C sant f anure secuences, coeraten anc mamtenance. Managers also we me ocssiciiity of ex:ancmg terevgn carte:Cate m me Onefing of many of tne accmenal:rogrammmg. != SCC f asiure cycnc trammq : onces for esca crew, anc S*cuenc es.
nave tec:me mvervec m simulater trammg at Two of me mest important and significant Sacccca & Wilecx, Lynencurg Virgmsa, enanges wnren nave Deen mace tv Generai Suci c e Entry Levet Trammg. TMI.1 management is
" * " #9 "# ' I" '
tens nave :nn tre aten of JU Nucear
- nangmg its crevicus em nasis en tse nenng of Navat Nue:sar excenencoc personne to fill
'"*"" * * 'I* " "'#3"*'" **#'0#~~'"'I'*
vacanc:es m the c erater ranas. They have ment, and me u:gmcec trainmg Or: gram wnica u wn m mau.
a agment :nange founc tnat Octn avana dity anc retent>cn cf ex. Navy persennelis act cremising in the
- s. Muc. Cart of me Nasen mat sucn a large ste:
Icng run. The com=etten for tnem is becem.
ncnese m trammg : W to mace.
ing ever greater as tre presency erogrammec The management of :ne trammg a::vity at tre
- mmer::al ny : car mants ::me en line m NI.1 Clant fully meets tse recuirement mat !:
tne next five years. 7me cr: gram wnien has managers :o cirecov mvervec we tne t.aming ac.
- een startec at 7MI tanes =remismg entry Dv't'5 'n
- seneg = asses. seen; aig s's-car:2.
evet c:erstmg :eccie cirectv frem nign revicmq rescur:es. anc menit:eng e r:; es:
senect. Tney weil recuire two years t:
Of me crogram t: assore its ::ntnuee :er.:r.
Deceme auxdiary mendicensec) coerat:rs mance anc im revernent.
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- 5. ORGANIZATION AND MANAGERIAL HIEFARCHY CF THE GPU NUCLEAR TRAINING ORGANIZATION The position of the Training and Educatien (T&E) Department within the G?U Nuclear Corr: ration is shown in Figure 2-1.
The Direct:r of T&E reper s ::
the Vice President - Nuclear Assurance who in turn reports directly to tne Office of the President. The fact that T&E is on the same icvel as Quality Assurance, !!uclear Safety Assessment, and Emergency ?reparedness is an indication of the i=pertance attached to T&E by ::p management.
The division of responsibilities within the T&E Cepartment is sn:wn in Figure 2-2.
Each plant (TMI and Oyster Creek) has its cwn piant training crgani:ation. This is clearly accr:priate since Oyster Creek is a EWR and TMI-1 is a PWR.
The C rporate Training and the Educati:nal Deve10:=en:
Sections serve both nuclear plants and the Corporate Headquarters.
The GPU Nuclear Training and Education Depart =ent includes ICS staff me::ers plus six :ontract:rs, and its 193A budget is $7.5 milifen.
This is ::re tnan an order of magnitude increase in botn staff and budget since the T!i:-Z ac:ident. The Committee knows of ne other utility that assigns such a large fraction of its resources to nuclear training. Again, this reflects the com=itment of GPU Nuclear ::c manage =ent to ex:ellence in training.
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MANA3is.AL n.-<Ar.-:
"In rec:nsidering its earlier a:praisal Of tne CAR?, the C:m=1: tee sneuid take ac::unt of several im er: ant personnel enanges witnin :ne Training De;artment. Fce examcle, Dr. Robert Leng, wne was Direct:r cf Training and Education during :ne eneating incidents, nas been pr: coted :: GPUN Yice President for Nuclear Assurance.
Dr. Ricnard P. C:e has re:iace:
him. Samuel Newt:n, f:rmer Operater Training tanager, is new Manager Of Plant Training.
Edward J. Frederick, a c:ntr:1 r:cm c erat:r assigned ::
7;i!-2 at the time of the accident, has been premeted :: Su:ervis:r of Licensed Operat:r Training. Letter fr:m D. E. Bauser :: A::eai 3:ard (May 6, 1983) at 2-3.
In view of what oc:urred, are tnese a:pr:;riate assignments?"
Footnote 56, p. 71, ALAS decision, itay 2',
1954 In the above citation, the 3 card has raised the issue :f wne:ner ;ers:nnei :n resconsible enarge of the training activities during ne c. eating incidents should have been pr:=:ted er even should have been retained in the Training and Education :epartment. The C:=mittee mem:ers ar2 no: ;rivy :: :ne : asis for assignments and pr:metions within GPU Nuclear.
Hence tne C:=mittee is n::
in a position :: "sec:nd guess" GPU Nuclear management's decisi:ns. The pri=ary basis upon wnich the C:=mittee can assess wnether nese assignments are a: repriate is the quality and performance of :ne. program :: day.
The individuals named in the above quotation are all in :ne direct iine na:
has One responsibility f:r cperat:r training. H: wever, in an cr;ani:sti:n that is responsible for effective training on a bread scale (with :: erat:r, technician, engineer, management, and general employee training being administered), a special mix of management, education, and ex:erience is m:s beneficial t: the c:nduct Of training ::erations.
Educa:icnal Back;r unds Within :ne GPUN ergani:ation, Dr. R::er: L. L:ng (Vice President, Nuclear Assurance) possesses a 3.5. in Electrical Engineering 16
(Direct:r, Training i Education) holds a 3.A., an M.A., and a Ph.0. degree in the field of Industrial Education and Administrati:n.
Samuel L. Newt:n (Manager, TMI Plant Training) Mas a 3.5. deg-ee fr:m the U.S. Naval Acadeny, M.S. degree from the U.S. Naval Post Graduate School, and is a graduate Of tne Navy Nuclear Pcwer Pr: gram.
Edward J. Frederick (Superviser, TMI Licensed Operat:r Training) provides the TMI training pr: gram with ex'. ens've education and experience in nuclear power' plant cperation. He is a graduate of the Navy Nuclear Power Program and has c:mpleted c:urses t: qualify him as a certified TMI-1 senter react:r Operat:r instruct:r and is a licensed TNI-2 senter react:r operat:r.
Ex:erience Dr. L:ng has nearly twenty-five years of cirectly related experience in nucitar engineering, design, operation, and training, severai f
tnese years in the teaching and administration of university nuclear engineering programs. As Direct:r of the TMI-2 Ac:fdent Assessment Team wni:n began its investigation during the morning of Mar:h 29, 1979, he became intimately acquainted with the TMI-2 ac:fdent.
Prior :: assuming his present positi:n, Cr. L:ng was Direct:r, GPU Nuclear Training & Edu:sti:n Oe:artment.
Dr. Coe has twenty-three years of relevant educational and industrial experience in the fields of education and human res:urce devel:tment.
In nis assignments as a high school administrat:r and university pr: fess:r he was directly inv:1ved in tne deve10: ment and :ertificati:n Of tetfessi:nat s a!"
mem:ers and student taa:ners. He was als: extensively inv:! vet in :ne test;n, develep=ent and delivery of numer:us training pr: grams f:r severai farge 17
c:rporations both as a training manager and as a priva:e c:nsultan:, Or. ::e is certified as a Chief Scncei Officer and Direc:Or Of Vcc2:fonal Edu:sti:n in Pennsylvania and several other states. As Direct:r Of GPU Nuclear Training &
Education Oepartment, he has applied these educational principles :: :ne day-t:-day c:nduct of the c: erat:r training, both initial and recuaiif f:a:icn, as well as ncn-licensed Operat:r training, prafessi:nal, General Ex:icyee Training and Management Deveicpment.
Ouring his twelve years of c:m=issioned naval service, Mr. New::n, in sedi: ice
- Engineering Officer Of the Watch qualifica:icn, qualified and served as a Chief Engineer Officer in a nuclear submarine and c:m:leted qualification f:
P c:==and Of a su: marine.
Some of tne licensed RO's and SP,0's at TM: possess extensive ex:erience in :ne US Navy Nuclear P:wer Pr: gram, sucn as Engineering Officer of tne Wat:n (E Wl, Engineering Wat:n Superviser (EWS), Electronic Tecnnician (ET), Rea:::r C: erat:r (RO), Macninist Mate, (MM) and Eiectricians Mate (E'4).
Since Messrs. Neat:n and Frederick understand :na de:afis Of :ne Navy trainin; Program, they were a:Te :: structure TM! cperat:r training pr: grams :: take advantage of the previcus training and experience of the Navy persennei.
- n particular, Mr. Frederick, as an experien:ed ficensed TM: stati:n :: erat:*,
dire::s and monit:rs the Ut:-licensed 0: era::r pr:gra: 50 as :: ensure :* t*?y transiti:n fr:m :ne Navy pr: gram :: :ne 7: :ragram.
A ditt:na**y, nis experience during :ne TM:-Z ac:fdent and nis sucsequen: e:2:sti:n an: trainin; en small break LOCA phenceena qualifies his creden:Tais in :nis area.
IS L
In addition :: tnese in::viduals discussed a:cve, Mr. Bruce P. ' c:nar, M:
Operat:r Training Manager,, assists tne Manager-Fian: Training by the develep=ent and i= pie =entation of licensed and non-li:ensed Opers:Or training pr0gra=s. Mr. Leonard is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy with a 5.5. in Naval Architecture and is a graduate of the Navy Nuclear P:wer Pr:grs=.
He has five years c.' Nuclear ~ Navy experience in sub=arine Operati:n and has served as a prc:: type Navy training staff department head, respcnsible f:r i= pie =enting navy cperat:r and' technician training pr:grs=s.
The T&E =anagement in place is perfaming very well and has been inn:vative and effective in develep=ent of the GPU Nuclear training pr:gra=. ~he individuals :ited by the ALA3 have the variety of backgr unds re::= ended in the OARP Repert. They possess the c =plementary skills that are se essential t: the s= ctn functioning of tne GPU Nuclear training program. The C:=1::ee
- elieves that any deficiencies that existed at the ti=e of the Oneating have been c:rrected. Any disruption new would be'c:unter-productive :: ne stability that GPU Nuclear has established in its crgani:a:icn and :perati:n.
The C:=ittee empnasi:es the i=por ance 'Of the managerial hierar:ny devei::e:
within the T&E Department. The C =mittee believes that :ne Organi:a:1:n as i:
exists ensures that training =atters are dealt with on a pricrity level c = parable t: that provided t: plant cperations, engineering, and if censing.
Based upon our review of the education, experience, and especiaily the recen:
performance of Ors. Long and Coe and Messrs. New::n,. rederi:k, and '.e:nar:,
te C:=ittee ::ncludes that their presen; assign =ents in :ne 3?U Nu: Tear
=anagerial hierarchy are both appropriate and hignly beneficiai :: the training pr:gra= at TM!.
19 4
C. INSTRL'CTOR DEVELOPMENT AND OUALI.' ATIONS "The Licensing 3:ard's decisi:n requires licersee :: esta:iisa :riteria for training instruct:rs. Licensee has submitted these new riteria, and the staff has a: proved them. But in view of the weaknesses in this area previously identified in the CARP Re: Ort, the C mmittee as well sneuld review licensee's new training instruc:cr :riter(s."
PP. SS-69, 'iA5 Decision, May 24, 195:
"The important consideration is the cualification of the training instruct:rs. And that is what the CARP Rev1ew Committee sncuid acdress again in the context of the licensee's new instruct:r criteria."
P. 59 ALAS Cecisien, May 24, igSa An extensive program for the training and further deve10: ment of instrue::rs has been undertaken by GPU Nuclear at ea n Of the three sites.
This higniy integrated program is being c:nducted in ac::rdance with a strategy ceveicce:
by the Direct:r of Training and Education, Dr. Ricnard P. Cee.
The following documents provide a standardi:ed method for instru:::r develep=ent and the ::nduct of effective perf:rmance-based training:
1.
"Operat:r Training Instrue: r Indec:rination/Quaifff:a icn T aining Program" describes the procedures for the indoctrination, training, and j
certification of instructors involved in training licensed and non-licensed operators and shift tecnnical advis:rs.
2.
"GPUN :nstruc Or Deveicpmen: Program" describes and pres:ribes a process for the initial and continuing cer:f fication and quaifficati:n Of instructors.
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" Training Systa=s Cevel:p=en:" describes a me:ned f:r systema:ically managing and ::nducting training within GPU Nu: lear.
4 "TMI Training Cepartment Instruct:r Evaluatier Procedure" describes the TMI Training Cepartment's Instruct:r Evaluati:n Program and assigns specific responsibilities pertaining Oneret:.
A detailed rating sheet has been developed that permits the evaluation Of an instrue:Or en a nu=cer of the important fact:rs related to teacning, such as familiarity with technical infermation, adequate preparation and presenta:icn of' materials, establishment of sound learning objectives, selection of appr:priate instructional =ethods, proper use of instructional aids, pre:er trea:=ent of explanations and questions, :Tassr:cm =anage=ent, and instru ::r enaracteristics such as voice, diction, enthusiasm, and a;;earance.
In addition, tne f:11cwing specific steps have been taken with res:e : :: :ne selection and training of instruct rs:
1.
GPU Nuclear Training and Educatien has deveicped and ad:::ed a f:r:11 Instrue r Mode of Progression that clearly cutlines the criteria f:r instructor jcb descriptions and specifications.
2.
Initial instrue:Or development programs as weil as advanced instruct:r deveicpment Odules are effered as On-going :r: grams 1::inistere: un f:r-Ty :y d
the Manager f Educational Cevelopment.
3.
Required on-going instrue: r evaluations are carried Out by training
=anagement.
Ce:ending On the individual instrue::r's schedule, as many as eign: documented evaluations may be =ade in One year.
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4 Unannounced d:cu=ented classr::= visits ar: =ade :y the Vice President / Direct:r Of Nuclear Assurance and the Director Of Training and Education.
5.
A plan f:r the integration Of appropriate pr:gra=s and ne three site training staffs is being deveicped by Dr. Richard Coe, Ofrect:r Of Training and Educa:icn.
5.
Licensed instruct:rs are required to visit the piant en a requiar basis while cener instruct:rs are scheduled as appropriate.
l 7.
Off-site programs f:r' educational and career devel:;=ent are u:iii:ed.
S.
Regular staff =eetings are held witn several organi:ations :: discuss current.c:=;any and educational issues.
9.
A GPU Nuclear Training Adviscry C:uncil tna =eets regularly has :een f:rmed := advise the Director of Training and Educa:icn :n br:ad edu:sti:na and personnel issues.
i 22 l
{_
A TMI document, " Con:r:1 ef Examinatiens f:r Units 1 and 2", provides the guidance needed at the section level for the preparati:n, administra:i:n, and grading of exa=inatiens for operat:r training. A ::mpara:Te ::rporate docu=ent c: vers all c her areas of testing.
Precautions :: preven chea ing are described, and the general c:nditions under which the exa=inati ns re ::
be administered are presented.
The detailed procedures t: be used in ::nstructing operat:r training c:mprener:sive examinations at TMI are specified in a memorandum dated January 27, 1954 from 3. P. Leonard, Operat:r Training Manager, :: the Operator Training Section.
It specifies:
"In all phases of the exa= we =ust insure that we are in ::=:iiance si:n rules and regulations, both internal and external.
There mus: aisc :e a conscious effort :: create an exam whica ::ccrehensively evaluates :ncse knewledge areas that are empnasi:ed during the requalificatien year."
'itta:hments 1-6 detail guidelines that will be used f:r ::cprenensive exam: in both Units 1 and 2.
In tne case where an annuai exam is re:uired for non 'i:ensed c; erat:rs er ETA's these guidelines also a: ply.
Attacncen: 7 pr vides se=e hints in writing operat:r exa=s."
The first six attachments are:
Attachmen: 1 - Exam Asses 1y. The detailed responsibilities of the written exam c:crdinat:r,. exam writers, and tecnnical reviewers are specified.
A::acnment 2 - Exa= Question :: ding. An ex:lanati n with filustrati:ns Of ne :: ding and a two dimensional ca:rix :: summari:e :ne :nara::eristi:s f
of :ne examinati:n questions are presented.
Attachmen 3 - Exam Review and Approval. The recuired and review a::r: val process, along with ac:ess authori:ation for security purp ses is specified.
23 M
Attac.kmen: 4 - Annual R quaiffica:icn Acministra:icn. 'This sec:icn reaffir=s and ex: ands upon the Centrol of Examinati ns ; rec cure (5200-ADM-2500.01) with regard :: prcctors, allcwable exam ::;ies, answer sheets and scrap paper, seating and ac::mmeds:iens, changing Or clarifying questions while tne exam is in progress, and general rules Of c:nduct.
Attactment 5 - Exam Grading. This section references the grading criteria established in the Con:rci of Examinations for Units 1 and 2 precedure (5210- A.r#-2504.01) and definea:es cualifica:icn requirements, grading time frames, re:cr:s, and exam dissemination guidelines.
A::achment 5 - Exam Exemotion. The section specifies who mas a:pr:ve exemptions from eraminations.
The Manager, Plan Training IMI, indicated that the specifications in Leonard's memcrandum wcre carried out during the recent requalificati:n examinatiens wi:n one exception - c:=pletion of the c: ding of all examina:icn questions.
The c: ding of examination questions can be done either after ne examination has been :nstructed or during its constructicn.
It is =cs:
useful and effective if it can be done while the examina:icn is under construction so that the examination will be consistent with a two-dimensi:nal matrix specifying c:ntent as one dimensien and skill / ability as the ::her.
However, the :: ding provides valuable information about ne examination in eitner situation.
The procecures as outlined and described constitute an excellen; se: Of parameters f:r the construction, administration, evaluation, and interpretation of imper: ant written examinations.
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E. SECURITY OF EXAMINAT:0NS GPU Nuclear has deveicped and impiecented the most secure pr0cedure that tne C:=mittaa has ever seen f:r the prevention of enea:in;.
The pr: gram c: vers all aspects of examination prepara:icn, storage, and administra:icn. The responsibilities of the Director :7 Training and Education, Managers Of Training, Section/ Group Supervisors, examiners, and pr ct:rs are carefully defined. New instruct:rs meet with the Director of Training and Education wn:
em:hasi:es, aceng cther :nings, the imper:ance of preventing cneating.
A: TM:
the VP/ Director of TMI-1 personally interviews all operat:rs, stressing the imp'r:ance of knowledge honestly gained.
All new trainees are ap:rised Of the c
i=;cr:ance of honesty in the program.
In addition su erviscrs : neck On tne acministration of examinations on a randem basis.
Examinations a: GPU Nuclear are placed in the fellowing four categ: ries, and esca categcry has appropriate requirements for guarding its security:
Categcry I.
Written examinations on which the grades form ali er ;ar: Of :ne basis for certifying satisfact:ry cecpletion of required training.
Category II. Diagnostic instruments that the instrue: r uses to de:e:: and correct deficiencies.
Categ:ry :::. Crai examina:icns ::ncucted by indivi ual examiners :P Oy a beard of examiners.
Category :Y. Evaluation of skili levels in perf:rmance Of a::ual :r simulated tasks.
25
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Security provisions f:r Categcry I c:ver every aspect of preparation, s:: rage, administration, grading, and retirement. Materials are kept under Icek and key, with admission to the area open only to authori:ed individuals.
Every c:py of an examination is nu= cered and must be ac::unted for at the termina:fon of an examination. Question banks are used :: vary the :n:ent f 1
examinations (e.g., successive eaaminations en the same t:pic must nave a:
least 50 percent different c:ntent for non-cyclic repetitive pr: grams. Fcr cyclic progra=s the requirement is that there be a different examination f:r each week with at least 40% cf tne conten differen f:r ::nsecutive weeks).
Questien order is varied. Surplus =aterials are shredded.
The administration cf Category ' examina:icns is ecually well ::n:rciled.
The examinee is t:1d whether the ex3=inatien is ": pen beck" er ":lesed beck".
(All-licensed cperat:r requalifica:icn examiniatiens are ":1csed beck".)
Authori:ed materials (e.g., calculat:rs, tables, e::.) are s:ecified, and specific handling requirements are given to the students.
5:ecific instructioni are read to the students, and they are warned about the disciplinary tetion that the c:cpany will take against cheaters. The ;r::::r assures n. self that students are separated as =uch as pra :ical and :na: :ney have only authori:ed materials with the=.
No unauthcri:ed materials are alicwed on blackboards er wall charts, and authori:ed =a:erials are free Of ne:es, e::. A seating char is preparyd fer later reference, if needed.
A:
ieast one pract:r must be available at all times during the examina:icn, and r
l students are ailewed :: leave :ne r:cm eniy in emergencies and :nen :nly :ns l
at a time.
A toile has been installed in the testing roca f:r the s:ucen:s' convenience and to strengthen the security for NRC, Operat:r Annual Recual an:
GPU Muclear Mock Ext =inations.
If one leaves, his/her examina:' n is lef; i
wit :ne proc::r.
- f a studen: has a cuestion, :ne ;r::::r ; es :: :ne 1
26 I
student ratner than vice versa. At the c =piction of :ne examination, :no prec::r cellects the examination at the student's locatien and ensures tna:
the student has signed the certification on the c:ver shee: :: the effect tha; all of the work is his own and that he has r.ot used unauthori:ed materi:Is, etc.
Instructors are recuired to check for suspicious degrees of paratielis wnile grading Catt.gery I examinations, and provisiens are made f:r investigating ali such instances.
Less stringent bu, equally appropriate measures are taken f:r Categ ry ::,
III, and IV examinations.
The Committee members reemphasi:e that tnis is :ne
=0s't detailed, c:=prehensive system that they have ever seen for preventing eneating in academia er elsewhere. While no systa= is c:= pie:ely f::i;rcef, this one c:ces as c1cse to that objective as is possible witheu: vicia:ing the rights of the students.
27
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Chauc rt.r OF ini OAR? Riviin Ri? ORT In its report dated June 1,1980, the CARP Review C:==i::ee made a nu=ber of rec:==endaticns for i=prevement of those activities t.cr= ally handied by the Training Depart =ent.
It concluded:
"The CARP is superier to other Operator Training Fr grams at TMI, and a nu=ber of its elements should be incorporated in tne etner basic training cr grams.
The Cc==ittee specifically re::== ends ade;;ien Of
=any of the quality contr:Is initiated for tne CARP."
The specific recem=endatiens =ade by the CARP Review C:==fttee (pp. 140-149 cf'dle C =mittee Report) along with the action taken by GPU Nuclear are briefly su==ari:ed belew:
Rec:==endation A The C:mmittee made two rec:==endations regarding tne OARP:
f 1.
Specific subjects frc= the CARP should be added :: Other cpera:Or training programs. These subjects included:
a) heat transfer, fiaic flew, and ther=cdyna=ics, b) s=aii break LOCA, c) plant transient training, including anticipated transien: Operating guides, d) simulat:r training, in:Orporating depressurf:a:icn and natural fr ulation.
GPUN Res:ense - Curricuia ine:r;; rating ali Of :nese :::i:s ave :een deveicped, and their inclusien in the licensed Opera::r traini ; anc retraining progra= has been reported t: the C:==ittee.
E.
C ntinuous, internal self-exa=ination and periodic externa! revie- -ere ree== ended f r future pr:gra=s.
-o dw
GPUN Res:ense - The descripti0n Of the new GPU Nucler.r administrative recrgani:ation of the Training and Educatien Department includes the
=echanis=s for both internal and external reviews.
The NRC nas reviewed many aspects of the progra.7, and GPU Nuclea" is preparing f:r an INFO accreditation review of its Opera:Or, Rad Con Technician and STA Training programs during 1984 In addition, Data-Cesign Labora:Ories (DDL) prepared an assessment report of selected T?i!-1 training progra=s in 1982.
Rec:==endation 3 Attentien snculd be directed to the develep=ent of career :aths f:r degreed personnel in the c:ntrol rec =. Assistance sneuld be availa:ie
- ne GPU Nuclear staff for self-i=prevement and career advancement.
GPUN Rescense - The Training Department is planning and studying ways t: facilitate empicyees i=;reving in their skills and knowledge, including tne obtaining Of academic degrees. Cn-site degree :r: grams have been installed at both TMI and Oyster Creek.
T&E is working 1csely with tne Hu=an Resources Department in the develep=ent of career path programs for GPU Nuclear personnel.
T& E has recently adepted its cwn "=0de of progression" whi:n identifies : :entia' career pa:ns for training and non-raining pers:nnel.
29
ae::==ence::en,
1 i
i i
GPUN should replace the current tem:crary training facilities with a permanen training facility =cre condu fve :: learning.
GPUN-Res:ense - A 20,000 sq. ft. training building has :een ::nstru::ed and cc upied at TMI. A building addition, dcubling that space, has been approved and will be c:mpleted in 1985.
It will house the replica simulater and provide additional effice s: ace for Training and C:mmunications.
Similar facilities have been :reated at Oyster Creek through the remedeling of buildings at the Forked River site, adjacen:
t: Oyster Creek.
Re :m=endation 0 GPU Nuclear sh uid take steps :: insure that the ::nten and ::ncu : Of 3&W Simula:Or ?r: grams they procure are exa :Ty what tney want, are
- m:lementary : Other Operat:r training, and are res:ensive :: ::anges that may ec:ur in TMI Con:r:I Recm design and/cr precedures.
GPUN Res ense - See Table 3-1 at the end of this chapter.
30
' ' p.ec==:ndatien E In deveicping its plans for operator training facilities and pr: grams, GPU Nuclear should carefully c:nsider the proper functi:n cf each instructicnal element and precedure as well as :ne interrelationships a= ng them. Management must overtly support the importance of simulat:r training.
GPUN Res:ense - GPU Nuclear has secured and 11 aced int: c:erati:n a Basic Principles Training Simula:Or (3 PTS) built :: their cwn i
s:ecifications based On their studies.
GPU Nuclear has als: Ordered a 9.
a replica simula::r for TMI-i wnich will be delivered in late-1985.
See Section 5 cf Chapter IV.
Rec:mmendation F Human Engineering principles should be ine:rporated in the ::dificati:n of TMI-1 Con:rci Recm.
GPUN Res:ense - GPU Muclear secured the services of M?R and two human facters specialists :: redesign the TMI-1 c:ntrei r:cm.
5:ecial attention was given :: making the alarm system c:::atible wi:n ne per:e::uai and inf:rmatien-nandling :::acilities Of :ne :: era::rs.
Training :jectives have been established whien reflect these cnanges in the c:ntrei reem.
(See als: Section A Of Chapter IV.)
31
Sc=e of the changes made t: i= prove the TM:-1 con:r:1 rc. m fr:m a Human Fact:rs perspective include:
- The complete relabeling of contr:1 panels :: improve readability, reduce glare and implement a hierar:nical labeling sene=e.
- Addition of demar:atien lines to group func;ienally related controis and indicatiens and tne addition of mimic ifnes :: indica:e component relationships within systems.
- Replacemen: of lenses for pushoutton ::ntr:i and lign: indica::rs to improve readability.
- Replacement of meter scales :: c:rrect defiefencies in scale divisions, i=;reve readability, indicate meter failure pcsition and display ncrmal and eff-ncrmal bands.
- Redue:fon in glare through the use of icw giare label plates and panel paint and instaliation of-lign: baffles.
- R= arrangements of c:ntr:Is and indicatiens :: i= prove inf:rmati:n display on sele::ed panels in:1uding: 1) an Emergency Feedwater Systa=
rearrange. dent int: a mimic, 2) replacement of the ESAS status panels.
- Alam system enanges to i=pr:ve tile readability, :: re10:a e tiles
- more optimum 1cca:icns, := aid in de:emining alarm significance an to improve the audible characteristics of the system.
Rec:=endati:n G Amen; :ne re::=enda:icns made by :ne ::=i::ee #:r :ne GPU Nuclear Training an Educa:ica Ce:ar:ren: *ere:
1 An Instruct:r program should be identified and i=:lemented f:r :ncse assigned full Or par:-ti=e tea:hing duties.
The progra: sn:ui: ine!uce sucn :::ics as curriculum devel:pment, devel:p=en: Of :enavierai 4
32
cbjectives, preparation of lessen Outlines and Icss n plan fermats, utili:ation of audio-visual aids, instrue:ing/ teaching technipues, preparation of examinations, evaluation techniques, and ::un:eling tecnniques.
CPUN Res:ense - A program for Instruct:rs deveicped and i= lemented since the fall of 1980 new has all of the above topics. As an examp.le of on-going activities, a seminar en examination ::nstru::icn has been effered to the instruct:rs by an cu: side : nsultant, and the skiiis learned have been applied to the c:nstruction of their Own ::urse
' examinations.
The instructor deveicp=ent program, which is being administered c:nsistently at all three sites, has been centrali:ed under the control of the Manager cf Educa:icnai Development.
.cr=al instruction (especially classrecm teaching techniques) and 2.
educational psych:1cgy (classrecm learning) shculd be initiated f:r mem ers of the per=anent training staff. Training persennei need specifi: training en hew :: deal with heterogenecus iasses (:wenty ::
six y year olds). They also need instruction in the mes; efficien: use of : Tass time, taking into ac: unt =ctivational and fatigue fae::rs.
GPUN Rescense - The Instructor Training Program whien has been devel ped and i=:lemented includes ali Of the a: ve ::: 10:.
3.
Instructor senocis need to be established and ali training pers:nnei cualified in ac: rdance with clearly stated criteria.
33
GPUN Res:ense - A qualification progra= for instrue:crs has been established :: enhance their technical skills and teaching ability and to make sure that they understand and i=ple=ent all of :ne pr: edures on conducting : Tasses and handling examinations.
Rec:==endation H A =cdern scphisticated training aids section should be devel: ped ::
su:per; the i==ediate requirements for tne identificati:n and deveic;=ent Of additicbal training aids.
GPUN Rescense - A =cdern video studic has been establisned at Oyster Creek where training tapes can be prepared for bc h TMI and Dyster Creek.
Standards for the develep=ent of :Tassr:c= instructional aics have been ad:pted.
A Basic Principais Training Sicula::r (3FTS) nas been delivered anc is being used at TM!.
Plans are being =ade ::
further integrate its use int: :ne :Tassrec= ::urse werx :n ;cwer ::an-systems.
Rec =cendation I Decisien analysis training should be included in :ne ner=ai :: era::r training.
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GPUN Resocnse - Decision analysis training is incluced as par: cf j
senter reac:Or opera:dr training. The original progran effered in 19F.0 by Management Analysis Corporation has been modified and has bec:me an
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integral par: of the initial SRO training program.
Rec:c endation J The practice of changing an operator's work schedule every week should be modified se that changes are =ade every four :: six weeks.
GPUN Res:cnse - This rec:==endaticn was studied, but GPU Nuclear decided no: :: implement such a change.
Re :==enda:icn K GPU Nuclear should consider participation in the Institute f:r Nuclear Po<er Operations (INPO).
GPUN Res:ense - GPU Nuclear is an active =eccer of INFO.
TM:-i
- erations have been ins:ected by NPO.
3PU Nuclear nas su:mitted
.e a:pr:pria:e "self evaluatien" reports to supper: its re:ues: f:r accreditation of its training program for Operat:rs, Rad : n Technicians and Shift Technical Advisors.
35
Rec:mmendation L A detailed table of specifica:icns for crai examina icns with spe:ift:
propertiens of questions and time assigned to eacn category sncuid be develeped.
GPUN Res:ense - GPU Nuclear has developed guidance f:r the prepara:icn of both cral and written examinations, which includes a = atrix :f subject c:ntent and type of respense required.
Rec:==endation M Task Analysis f:r the tasks cf the c:ntrol r:cm Operaters should :e prepared and used to establish both training repuirements and hu=an engineering repuirements.
GPUN Res:cnse - GFU Nuclear has werked with :NPO in the pre:arati:n :f a generic task analysis list for utilities that have cperating nu: lear plants. T&E is presently using the INFO task analysis in the deveicp=ent of the Basic Principles Trainer 3tmula:Or (EFT 3) Pr: gram.
The a:;ii:abie *N?0/3&W task analyses are als: being used :: : grade One specift:ati ns f:r ne :iassr::: and 007 :Or:icns Of :ne :: era :P training programs.
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Recccmendation N
~ nuclear ;cwer plant GPU Nuclear manage =ent philes0;hy with espect t:
cperation should be clearly' articulated and made known t: all :ersonnel, GPUN Res:ense - GPU Nuclear management philosophy with respect t:
nuclear pcwer plant operation has been weII develeped and has been disseminated t: GPU Nuclear personnel thrcugh a variety Of memertnda and corporate pu'iications.
(See discussion in Section 0 Of Chapter a
IV.)
The C m=ittee is highly pleased with the acticns which have been taken ::
implecent its ree:==endatiens.
Indeed, it is, in the C:=mittee's view, a true indica:icn of the dedication of the GPU Nuclear Training and Educati:n Cepartment and its management to the achievement of excellence in training.
37
TABLE 3-1 RECCMMENCATIONS IN THE CARP REVIEW REPORT REPORT REGARDING SIMULATOR USAGE AND GPUN RESPONSES TO THOSE RE00!1MENCAT 0NS RECOMMENDATION GPUN RESPONSE 1.
Evaluate training aids a.
Designed, devel: ped, and ac:uired and part-task trainers the Basic Princi:les Trainer (SFTS) and their proper place b.
Upgraded control r:cm = ck-u:
in the training c.
Simulation on CRT cf P/T ple:
ar: gram d.
Currently reviewing ; art-task (p. 97) simulators for botn c; erat:r and maintenance training ;r: grams e.
Use of part-task simulat:rs included in five-year pian f.
Expanded ute of c:m: uter-assisted instruction planned E.
Opti=al use of full-a.
Full-re:1ica sicula::r is s:neduled missien simulater for delivery in :ne fourth :uarter (i.e., integral part of 1985. After testing is ::m-r:
pleted, this simula: r will recia:e Of training =3) gram)
(pp. 98 & 14 the 5&W simula:Or in the integra:e:
training program.
b.
Using tne GPUN Training Systems
~
Development Model (basec n needs analysis, task analysis, :enavierai learning ebjectives, e:c.)
an integrated training program is being devele:ed with assign =en: Of appropriate training rescur:es ::
each part of tne program.
3.
Difference between a.
The Basic Principles Trainer (EFTS) simulation and simulater emphasi:es basic actual cperations principles and, as such, trafns (pp. 98, 101, & 144) eperators en =atters that are essentially inde:endent of any particular plan:;
i.e., princi:les that a::1y generally :: nuclear cwer plan: :: era:icns.
The exac -re:!i:a simula::r wi :e ca:acle Of minimi:ing simulation-coeration di#ferences Oy initially providing a a:acility :f modeling a: proximately E00 pian:
failure secuences wi:n :ne pcten:iai :: ex:and :nis num:er ::
500.
c.
Instrue::r em:nasis :n :i#feren:es.
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Tablo 3-1 RECCMFENDATION GPUN RESPONSE 4
Training for a.
Simulat:r training management has simulator instrue::rs been intimately involved in :ne (pp. 98 & 146) desien and devel:p=en: ef the TM:
simufa ors, b.
A program for Instrue::rs who are SRO certi'ied er licensed :: :e provided 320 hours0.0037 days <br />0.0889 hours <br />5.291005e-4 weeks <br />1.2176e-4 months <br /> of speciali:ed training on the BPTS has been initiated to enhance the interactive instructer-student relationships.
c.
A similar amount cf s ecialized training will be given :: :nese SRO's wne vill instrue: en :ne exae:-replica siculator.
5, Practice on a.
See response t: items 1, 2, a, 5, identification and 8, 11, and 13 in :nis Table.
integration of b.
The SPT simula :r provides inf:rmation for principle-based training; initially response to the exact-re:Tica will nave One emercencies capability cf providing :rac-ice (p. 100) scenarios en approximately 200 sequences with expansion as required.
5.
Im:r:vement of a.
Design, develo:=en: 1 ac;uisiti:n :f understanding of the 3PT simula::r at TM: nave :een basic pnysical completed.
principles b.
On-going pr: cess of i=:reving (pp. 100 & 101) lessen plans, visual aics, e::.
7.
Negative transfer a.
While the 3&W si=ulat:r is effects good, it is recogni:ed that i; is (p. 100) not an exact re:lica of the TMI-i control recm.
The new sf=ula:Or will be an exact re:lica.
In addition, a configura:icn c:n:rti process is being esta:11sned :
assure that enanges =ade in :ne actual pian; are i==edia eiy reflectec in ne si=uia::r.
B.
De-briefings a.
Weii,crgani:ed de-briefings are (p. 101) held.
b.
When a:propriate, scenarios are sto::ed :: =aximi:e student analysis Of the process and evaluation Of :re: sed res::nses.
c.
The 3PT5 has :ne a:ility :: s:::
and backtra:k ::erati:ns s: na:
c:erator err:rs :an be icenti#ie:,
stressed and c:rre::ed.
39
Table 3-1 RECCMMENDATION GPUN RESPONSE g.
Crew "centests" a.
Crew-to-crew ege:etitien on (p. 102) simula:Orr has no been in:r:duced; however, crew ::=:arisens are ma:e on a scenaric by scenarie basis.
- 10. Manage =ent supper:
a.
GPUN =anagement is fully c:==i :ed of training to training as evidenced by (p. 102) training facilities, si:e of training staff, instruct:r qualification progra=s, :ur: nase :f two si=ula: Ors at TM:, and :ne direct involvemen: cf =anagemen; in the training progra=.
This includes direct personal involve =ent by the V.P. 's Of Nuclear Assurance and TMI-i and One Direct:rs of Training an: Educa:icr.
and Operations and Maintenance in
.the evaluation of instruct:r perfer=ance, c:nten; of curricula, and si=ulat:r raining exer:ises, e::. Observations and deficiencies are noted witn rec:==enda-icns f:r immediate c:rrective acti:n.
- 11. Performance a.
This will be included as an integra:
Measurement Syste=
part of the replica si=uia::r.
(p. 103)
- 12. Ensure relevancy of a.
See res;cnses :: ite=s 2 and 3 in 3&'4 training :: TM:
this Ta:1e.
(p. 107) b.
GPU Nuclear instructional staff works closely with BiU personnel in the deveic:=ent of Objectives and lessen plans for the si=ula::r progra=.
- 13. Si=ulat:r training a.
Ai1 cf :he CARP re::==endati:ns inc:r: crating nave been in:!uded in :ne de:ressuri:sti:n and simula:icn ;r:gra= as we!! as natural circulation in :ne classr::= :r:grs=; in (p. 142) addition, ::::enents Of :ne AT:5 Progra= are included.
- 14. Crew : raining as a.
See also responses :: ite=s a and 5 well as individual in this Tacle.
training b.
GPU Nuclear trains :: era::rs, by (p. 144) crews, 1: he 3FA exer:ises.
~. -.
Table 3-1 RECOMMENDATION GPUN RESPONSE
- 15. Task Analysis a.
The GPU Nuclear Training Systems (p. 148)
Develepcent Model serves as :ne basis for the devele; men cf all future GPUN training programs.
Task antlysis is to be used ::
validate and refine.these programs.
INPO rated the commitment Oc this model as
" excellent" and stated tha: it exceeds the recuirements of :ne NRC model.
(See Ref. 25 Tacie A-2)
^
4 al
CHAPT ~R IV. COMMAiiz: n:SPONSE TO CUESTIONS AND !$5UES RAISED SY ALA3-772.
In its Decision dated May 24, 1954, ALA5-772 recanded the TM:-i res:ar:
hearings and suggested that the ASL3 "...should have sought further testimony, in the 11ght of the cheating incidents, from the CAR? Review Committee...".
The ALAS sought the Cennittee views en many spe:ific issues throughout its decision. '41 thin the limitations of time and inf rmation avaiiatie, the C cmittee will respond to these inquiries.
The forma: used here is to quote directly fr:m the ALA3 decision (with reference deleted) and to answer the questions or respend :: the statemen:
i==ediately below the quotation. As indicated in the Preface, the C:=mittee has based its responses on infer =ation made available by G?U Nuclear personnel, supplemen:ed by a ifmited amount:cf personal c servation, and, of curse, earifer involvement in the CAR? Review Committee Report, the ASL3 hearings, and individual :nsulting activities f:r GPU Nuclear by s==e of the C:cnittee mem ers.
These issues that the C:enittee per:eives as being cf primary : ncern :
the ALAS have been arranged in four general categories. The C:m=f ttee believes that it has addressed the primary training issues associated wit:
restart of TMI-1. The C =mittee further believes that it is : s:
a:;re:-iate that these issues be acdressed as Of :ne ; resent, :e:ause training within GPU Nuclear has been a dyna =i pre:ess.
The ::::itten f
additional rescurces and the dedication to butiding a quaifty progra:
during the time sin:e the CARP Review Reper (or even since the ASL3's Partial Initial Decisiens) have been i=:ressive.
42
- _=.
A.
TRATNING AND TESTING EFFECTTVENE55
...we believe that the Scard c:uld have elaborated =cre en the areas the
[0ARP Review] C==ittee identified as needing improve =ent (e.g.,
description of control roc = cperat:r task:, tne training facility, instructor training, c:=munication between =anagement and staff)."
P. 21 ALAS Cecision, May 24, Ig54 During the period of ti=e that has elapsed since the testi=cny presented by the OARP Review Committee and other licensee consultants, tne TMI-1 ifcensed operat:r training and requalification pr:grs=s have been i=:reved by tne addition of training facilities and equipment, additional and better qualified training staff, imp'le=entation of =cre effective training progra=s and procedures, initiation of an effective =anagement auditing pr: cess, and establishment cf a =ulti-disciplined GPUN Headquarters training su:per crgani:atien. Additionally, there continues to be a streng GPU Nuclear Management c:==it=ent to training at the TMI and Oyster Creek Stations.
Traininc Facilities - Late in August, 1981, the TMI training staff ::ved in::
spa:fous new quarters (20,000 sq. ft.) adjacen :: the TMI Visit:r's Center.
This =cve pr vided =cre office and classrec= space, as weil as library s: ace
- ac::mmodate varicus training programs and alicwed fer =cre efficient personnel ac:ess to the training operation because the facilities are cu: side of the plant security area.
Acditionally, ne 5asi: ?rinciples Training Si=ula :r (5775) was elivered ::
i iMI and became cperationai in early 1954 This si=uiat:r provides ti:ensid l
operators with engring refresher training in PWR basic cperating principles in an envir:n=ent tnat en: urages learning.
Simulat:r design, che:k:ut, an:
i training pr:grs= devel :=en: were su:ervised by an ex:erienced T!'.I license:
SRO wn: ::ntinues :: su:ervise the si=uia:Or training ;r:gra s.
I l
I 43 i
1 i
.,.c
.y..
r
,,--....._._r.,e.%.-..--m,__,.-,._.-,-.,.m.
Training Staff - It should be noted that the nuccer of instruct:rs assigned ::
operator training at the TMI Station is nearly double the average num:er :f i
similarly assigned instructors 4: Other nuclea pcwer plants in the United i
Statas. Moreover, iihe fact that most of the TTil cperat:r training instru:::rs have er will hold either RO or SRO licensees or certificates provides
~
invaluable knowledge and experience input :: the training programs and establishes an all-important instructor credibility with the operat:rs in training.
The Operat:r Training Program staff has continued to increase its nu=:ers :f qualified instruct:rs. As of June 1, 1984, sixteen instrue::rs and suserviscrs were assigned to c:nduct licensed and auxiliary Opera::r training.
The majority of the operat:r training staff are experienced operators. Six cf the operat:r training staff have cegrees.
These instructors who are not currently licensed er certified as RO's er SRO's are currently in training er scheduled f:r training programs f:r 11:ensing r certifica:icn as RO cr SRO's prior t: the end of 1985. Additiona !y, eff:r s are in place :: fill the remaining authori:ed posittens with similarly qualified instructors.
The addition f these licensed persennel wiii fur:ner ennance the Ui! Operat:r Training Requalificatien Frograms.
Trainin; Programs and Precedures - 3eginning in 1952, severai new pr:gra=s, designed :: =aintain or improve Opera::r ::::e:ence, nave been i=:Terente:.
In addition to the SFT5 pr: gram, special 3L' simulat:r training ;:r: grams aere developed to provide operators experience with the use of major DfI procedurai nanges, stea= generat:r tube ru::ure emergency pr:cedures, and ::her Lf:ensee Event Re:cr: (LER) lessons learned.
-The TMI-T Piant has undergene severai heatups and ::cidewns as par: Of a::
l 1
functional testing, providing the operat:rs with piant operati nal ex:erience.
PrceeduraTTy, the Training Department utf11:es instrue::r lessen pians ::
- ndu:: all its training sessions. These plans require supervis:ry a:prevai bef re being used. As a means of =aintaining Opera fons Departmen: fe"dback to the training process, weekly meetings with shift supervis:rs and tr.e Training Department are held to review ai! program revisions and schedules and to resolve any special prebtems tnat may arise.
Management Auditing Process - Presently, all TMI training programs are subje::
t: auditing by GPU Nuclear =anagement. For example, the licensed 0:ert :rs undergoing requalift:ation training on the S&W sf=ulat:r are Observed a: ieas:
en:e during each cycle by the VP/ Dire::Or of TMI-1, the VP/ Dire::Or Of Nuclear Assurance, and/or the Director of Training and Education during :ne administration of Operational examinatiens that feature TM: scenaries and precedures.
These audits provide the Opera: Ors with the ::nfidence na:
=anage=ent is truly ::ncerned that the training activities are carried cu:
effe::ively.
Head uarters Training Suceert Oreani:stien - Figures 2-1 and 2-2 Outline One organi:ation of the Nuclear Assurance Division and the Training and Edu:sti:n Oe;artment, respectively. The training operation a: :ne Ut: 5:ati:n is su:per:ed in ::a ters both teennicai and a:ministra:ive by ne ::r::rste Training and the Educa:1cnal Deveicpcent greu:s and Technical Fun::i:ns wn:
provide technical review of lessen plans u:en request.
- n additien, it has a dire:: ::= uni:stien channei to the office Of the Presi:en: :ne:ugn :ne 45
VP/ Direct:r of Nuclear Assurance, :nus ensuring that training ma :ers :an be addressed on a pricrity level equal :: that pr vided for piant ;eraticns, engineering, and licensing.
Training and requalification are necessary processes in the devei:;ing and maintenance of a c:cpetent nuclear power plant operat:r.
During the ;as:
three years, the TMI licensed RO's and SR0's have par:fcipated in a centinuous training program, and their ::mpetence h4s been evaluated periodically in :ne classrecm, on simulat:rs, and in the TMI plant itself.
It is theref:re one C:mmittee's positien that, fr:m the standpoint of the training Of the RO's and SRd's,TMI-1canbestartedbpandoperatedina=annerthatpr:videssafety to the general public and pr: duces electricity efficiently and e::ncei: ally.
This conclusien is further amplified and docu=ented in the presenta:1:n Of :ne felicwing results of the most recen: NRC examinations.
During the s: ring :f t
1983 and again in the winter of 1984, NRC operat:r licensing examiners administered written, cral and simula:Or demonstration examinatiens (at the m* simulat:r) :: twelve R0 and f:ur SRO (upgrade fr:m RC Ifeense) 11:ense candidates. As a result of these examinations, the NRC issued licenses f:r eleven of the twelve RO candidates and all four SRO candidates.
The tweifta applicant was returned to his former position as an Auxiliary C: erat:r.
As a resuit, 3FU Nuclear has a :::ai Of 35 licensed :: erat:rs.
This :::ai :#
19 SR3 and 19 R0 license holders is far mere th$n :ne minimum P.um:er e:essary for six-shift operation.
Equally impressive is the hign m:raie Of the c: erat:rs, as evidenced by the fact that Only one :: erat:r has resigned in :ne past two and One-half years.
46
"In sum proper training is essentif t: the safo cperatien of tne pian:
and requires the closest scrutiny.o 61The rec:rd in tnis proceeding is replete'with exam:Tes of where it is essential for an cpera:Or to be fully c:nversant witn ;iant design and precedures.
We note in this connection a recen: Notice of Viciati:n follow citing numerous instances wnere licensees' personnel failed ::
proper operating precedures. The staff noted that licensee had ad=1tted and identified most of these violations and took c:rrective acticr.
Nevertheless, because of the larce nLm er of' violations within a relatively short time, tne staff'detarmined that a $40,000 civil penalty should be i= posed.
Licensee has apparently decided :: pay :nis fine."
p 76, ALAS Decision,iay 2t, 1954 G?U With regar d to the Notice of Vi:1ation, the C mmittee notes in :na:
Nuclear's response to the criginal Notice of Violation and mposition of Civii
?enalty dated February 29, 1984, none of the viciations were attributed :
improper r inadecuate training.
Furthermore, in the c:rrective actions and steps taken to prevent recurrence, which from all indications, nave been
.ac:epted by NRC Staff, additional training was recuired f:r eniy One of the nine specifi violations (violation #3). This training was required only because part of the response was t: change a pr:cedure, with training :: be
- nducted on the enange. That training, en revisions :: the R;5 leak ra e procedure, has been ::nducted by the Operations Staff.
Training for Auxiliary Operators on valve line up and verifica:icn precedures l
and on valve construction and position indicatien has also been ::ndue:ed by the Training Department, both in response t: violations la and 15 and ::
an :NPC procedure :nanges br ugn; abcut by G?U Nuclear's res: nse ::
evalua:fon finding.
Training at a nuclear pcwer statien is Of utm:s: imper:ance :: :no safe an:
effe::ive Operation of the pian:.
G?U Nuclear managemen: re::;nt:es :na: :ne LT C
safe and efficient cperatien of a nuclear pcwer piant involves :::a1
=anagement suppcrt of the operators, who not eniy must undergo years of rigerous training :: ebtain a'n.NRO license but aise are recuired :: =aintain this level of c:mpetence c:ntinuously by means of requalifica:icn pr grams.
The Cc=mittee further notes that GFU Nuclear has c:nducted training on the examples cited by the ALA5. The ATOG procedures, wnich have been the su: ject of extensive training, address most of them..
" Enc = passed within this t pic are issues cencerning the adecuacy Of :ne testing precedures :: measure training effectiveness and the related cheating matter."
P 14, ALAB Decisien, May 2c, 195c."
Su secuen t: the eneating incident, the TMI Training Depar:=ent nas c:ntinued
The required NRO annuai licensed RO and SRO requalification examinations were ad=inistered annually :y 4
- ne licensee fer calendar years 1952 (Cycle 9) and 1953 (Oycle 10).
Ali licensed RO's and SRO's wne were required :: take the examinatien either c:mpleted it successfully er if sc=e portion of the exa=ina:icn was f ailed, subsecuently were re-trained and were successful :n re-examination.
Felicwing c:mpletion of :ne 1952 and 1983 TMI-1 iicensed RO anc SRO recualification progra:s, Mr. Frank Kelly evaluated the 1952 and 1953 dri :en R0 and SRO recualification examinations, the answer keys, and individual results en these written examinations as part of an Overa I review.
He c:ncluded that tne sc:pe and c:nten: Of ne written examina:i:ns was ade:uate c8 1
to_ judge the effectiveness of the training pr: gram and that tne :; era: rs have maintained high levels of qualification.
1 The cheating incidents en the NRC examination and certain licensee administered qui::es occurred prior to the requalification examinati:ns discussed above.
No cheating incidents were found during the administration of these examinations.
Therefore, those cheating incidents did not have any bearing on the results of these examinations.
"Oces the training program actually enhance the operat:rs' kn:wiec;e er si=piy ene:urage =emorization f:r test taking purposes?"
.ecision,1.ay..:, ac-n y
- r. ca, nLn,.,
"The Licensing 5 card as wn.11 stressed the i=portant relationshi: be: ween training and Operat:r competence."
P 14, ALA5 Decision, May 24, 195 The C==ittee believes that the training programs currently ::ndu::ed a TM*
enhance the :perat:r's ability to =aintain licensed perat:r ::::e:en:e.
Ea:n annual requalification training program builds upon the knewiedge Of the operat:rs, se that they bec:me more knowledgeable and :nerefore are able ::
cperate the pian more safely and effectively. The exa=inations :ney are required :: pass are designed :: tes: this knowledge.
The re:uali#i:ati:r examinations ::ver su: ject matter that provides evidence that an :: erat:r is
- mpetent to operate the plant.
l 49
- - - - --.-- ~..,
The sc:pe and c:ntent of the industry's operator license examinations have been deveicped and refined over the past twenty years. They are structured ::
measure retained knowledge of technical subject matter and have been deveic:ed from consideration of task analyses of routine and non-routine 0; era::r duties. Fc11 ewing the TMI ac:fdent in 1979, the NRC, INPO, and the industry c:mmitted res ur:es to an analysis of wnat an operat:r needs :: knew ::
operate nuclear pcwer plants safely and effectively.
This anaiysis has significantly influenced the structure of RO and SRO license examina:icns.
With respect :: testing precedures, it is, of c urse, i=pertant tnat an operater be able t: express himself en written and crai examina:fons.
This
^
enables examiners = re easily to assess the extent cf ea:n c: era :r's knowledge.
It also means that many questiens =ust be devei: ped in ea:n subject area.
If a RO cr-a SRO has successfully c:=pleted f ur er five requalification periods fc11cwing his initial ifcensing examinatien, he has pr:bably experienced mos =ethods of evaluating the subject ma :er.
Curing ne examinations, he =ay recogni:e certain key points that have been asked :f him previcusly, and inis will facilitate bcth his written answer and nis :rai However, if an operat:r thercughly understands the su:je:: material, answer.
questions that are representative and un-at:fgucus will elicit c:rre : answers.
With regard t: the requaliff:atien cral examinations, Jr. Eri: F. Gardner a ::::anied two examiners at TMI during :ne 1950 recua:ifica:i:n :ra:
examinations. He Observed that aI: hough ea:n examiner addresse ne s ::e f examination differently, they both asked questions in all cf the a:pr: riate su: ject areas. The licensees were knowledgeabie Opera: Ors, and, as a esuit, tney were deemed :: be ;uaii# fed and sere passed :n :ne cra: ext:f a:i:ns.
50
Although they had no idea cf the saecific questions the examiners would empicy, they responded satisf actorily, demonstrating that they thoroughly underst:cd the material. 'Je conc.ude, thereferi., that the cpera: Ors at TM; are safe, c:=petent cperators, and that they understand the examination subject matter.
GPU Nuclear has included in its training program for instructors a seminar en tes: construction develeped witn the help gf a consultant.
The initial sessions consisted of both classrecm presentation and a worksncp. During :ne wcrkshop participants develcped a taxonomy of learning objectives and used it evaluate examinations in ter=s of a two-dimensional blueprint that includes both content and the variety of types of = ental process needed by tne examinee.
More recently sassions en this matter has been incorperated int the
" Fundamentals of Instruction" Course.
Felicwing su:n a blueprin: wiii ensure that the test questions will sample more br:adly the kinds of :sental operations that are required f r a demanding jcb such as that of the ::n:r:i Recm 0: erat:r. Hence the~ training progra= does enhance the opera :rs' knowledge and d:es not, simply enecurage =emori:stien fer test-taking ;ur::ses.
II"A related :r:blem--indeed a ":at:n 22"--is that because Of lack Of use, tne coerat:rs skills nave decline during the :eri:d Of ::an:
snutdown. Tnis is eviden from a recen: ins:e :icn re:Or: wnere :ne staf#
concludes tha overall licensed persennel at TM:-1 are weli traine: :u:
identified several areas of weakness that are :: be adcressed in a s:ecia:
restar: training program. Ltr. from 2.. 'J. 5:arastecnf :: H. C. Mukili,
( April 13,1984) (Inspection reper: Nc. 50-259/54-05 a: 4-5)"
Footncte 57 :. 72 ALA5 :ecisi:n, May 24, 1954 CT
The above citation refers to an Operaticnal Readiness Evaluaticn c:nductec by the NRC in April 1984 It indicated a need for additional training to im:reve familiarity and skills with cpera:icnal c:nditions for some :: erat:rs wh se cperational skills appear to have declined during the preienged shu:d:wn. Gpu Nuclear took i= mediate action to address the specific items noted in tne report.
In fact, GPU Nuclear had already made provisions t: address tne general area cf skill deterioration for prelanged shu:dewn. A restart requalification card to be utili:ed during het functional testing, :ere ;cwer testing, and the power escalation test program was issued in April 1983.
Furthermere, the pcwer escalation test program was designed with held time periods at 40% and 75% pcwer levels to allow all crews an opper. unity ::
participate in hands-on performance of ite=s identified en the restar:
cualification card. Additionally, based on its cwn management's Observation of the-crews during the ATCG siculat:r training at the S&W simula::r in January and February of 1984, GPU Nuclear recogni:ed the need f:r One :rews ::
scend time practicing s =e routine evolutions associated witn ::erati:n at pcwer and had already scheduled additional training f:r ea:n crew a: :ne 31W simulat:r in May and June of 1984 Finally, the het func icnai tes p r:gra:-
has been c mpleted since the issuance of the inspection report, there:y providing aeditional training for the operaters.
Tne c:ver ie:ter which transmitted the ins ection re:cr: states:
"Sased on the results of these efforts, licensed personnel a: TM:-i aere found to be kncwledgeable and well trained.
The results also indicate an effective recualification program. The nature of GPU Nuclear's a::reacn to this evaluation did not per=it advance pre;aration :n :ne :ar: Of One licensed pers:nnel.
Consecuently, we believe tna: :ne fav:ra:le results are indicative of a sound and effective training 2::r:acn."
57
The inspection reper also states:
"Sased en tnis assessment, the inspect:rs determined that there were no generic areas of weakness that were attributa:Te to training;...."
The Com ittee also believes that the inspection report sper.ks direc:!y :: the concerns raised by the ALAB regarding the efficacy of the training programs in the light of the cheating incident.
"We are troubled by the numerous substantive problems in the exa=inati:n
....In short, the question and answer keys often reflect training information, (s =e of wnich =ign be cbsolete or overly specific), ra:ner tnan actual plant design. Tais, in turn, means that training =ay not be criented to actually cperating the plant.
Again this shows undue e :nasis on passing the exa=ination, as opposed to learning how to 0;erate ne particular plant in question."
- p. 75 ALAS Decision, May 24, 1984 Tnis questien raised about the current training progra= has been addressed :y
- ne staff of the training progra= at GPUN. The Training and Educa:icn Cepart=ent subscribes to the jcb task analysis approach to training develep=ent. R0 and SRO licensed candida:es are required :: spend a: Teas:
- nree =cnths :n shift as an extra person as part of their training program.
Tnere are 23 s:ecified evclutions that are ::nducted at the : Tant :r :n a si=ula: r as part of the requalifica:icn pr: gram. Additional e=:nasis 's placed on heat transfer, fluid ficw, and tner= dynamics in If:ensing examinations.
In addition to its regular si=ulater training, GPU Nu: lear, over the past year, c:=itted :: extra training at tne 31W Simulat:r in
Abnormal Transien: Operating Guidelines (ATCG) and tube rupture scenaries.
The ATCG philosophy is a "symptem-criented" rather than " event-criented" ap, roach t: responding t unanticipated plant transients.
- n anticipatien of restart, each TM*-1 cperating crew aIse recently c mpleted three additional days of refresher training en the Lynchburp simulat:r. GPU Nuclear has taken delivery of the Basic Principles Training simulat:r and is scheduled ::
receive its replica simulater in the fourth quarter of 198S.
For operator training, GPU Nuclear has produced and published an Opera:icns Plant Manual, a nine volume set c:nsisting of 121 sections intended :: ::ver all systems and major c:mponents in TMI-1, as well as fundamentals and thocry necessary t: understand the cperation of pcwer plant systems and e:ui: men:.
The manual was designed t: be the basis for training lessens plans and ::
serve as a sole seur:e reference fer cperaters.
Each secti:n contains behavioral learning cbjectives for auxiliary Operat:rs, RO's, SRC's and STA':,
and is written from an operator's vieweoint. Much cf the detailed engineering inf:rmation typically f:und in system descrip: fens, bu: unnecessary f:r cpera:Or training has been cmitted. Tc date, 101 of the 121 secti:ns have been issued with the remainder in various stages of prepara:icn, review and printing.
Every section has been reviewed by the appropriate technical organi:ation f:r c:mpleteness, ac:uracy, and for appropriateness of the learning cbjectives.
Mr. P. R. Clark, Presicent Of GPU Nuclear, addressing ne Su:::mmittee Oc Energy Research and Production C:m=f ttee on Science and Techncic;y, U.S. House of Representatives, en May 22, 1984 said:
"30th the re:11:1 simula:Or and ne 3P75 have ::m: uter-assis;et exe-:ise ca:atilities wni:n ;ermit a:: urate assessmen: Of : era::r ;erf:rman:e.
All of the simula:Or training activities empnasi:e :ne im::r:an:e :f :ne team t
- a w4
c:nce:: and effective c: municatiens among personnel when centreiting and respondi'ng t: nor=al plant c:erations to ac:idents.
The Institute of Nuclear P:wer Operations (INPO), created in res:ense ::
tne TMI-2 ac:ident, has had a signiff: ant effect en ocera :r training.
INFO guidelines have been used to evaluate, revise, and strengthen GPUN Opera:Or Training Programs, GPUN has applied to INFO for accreditati:n Of its Operater, Shift Te:Snical Adviser, and Radiological Centrols Technician Training pr:gra=s and the ac:reditation process is underway.
Classrocm training for GPUN operators has approximately doubied in both the auxiliary / equipment operat:r and react:r coera:Or replacement programs.
Furthermore, the training is new tailored t: specific background and experience of the individuals."
"Are tne ifcensee and NRC examinatiens an effective way :: measure an operat r's ability to run the plant? Do the fermat and ::nten: f :ne examinations enceurage cheating?"
P. 63, ALAB Decisien, May 24, i;54 The Cemittee believes a relationship between training and cperat:r ::m:e:ence does exist, and that the industry's examination pr: cess is an effe::ive way ::
=easure eacn operat:r's kn:wledge and his ability :: run the plant.
he f:rmat and :ntent of the examinations are designed :: test spe:ific skills and knowledges. The examinations, ' based upon behavicral Objectives related :: task and job analyses, are an i=pertant element in the performance based training program.
Ecth informal job and task analyses done by :no GPU Nuclear s sff and a set c:nstru ed by INPC have :een used. The 4ritten examina icns are par cf GPUN's overali a;praisai Of a ;;;entiai :: era::r's c:mpetence to function safely in the Control Roca of TMI-1.
The entire evaluation process involves:
1.
classrecm a::ivities with iectures, cui::es, and examina:i:ns, 2.
simulater exercises involving the s:1ution f pr::lems -e: ate: :: :ne malfunctioning cf :ne system, and 3.
on-the-jeb performance and evaluation.
These three ::=penents are integrated se that the required skills and knowledges ein be tested appropriately, and the extent of each examinee's understanding can be reliably ascertained.
The examina:fon femat has been reworked and revised in an effort :: i=:reve both the effectiveness of the administration of questions and the efficiency of the grading process.
Following the cheating incidents at TMI, =uen discussion a=cng experts in the industry ensued regarding cheating en examinations.
Tnose NRC and industry examiners with ex:erience in this field feel that cheating rarely cc:urs.
In particular, during their =any years as NRC examiners, neither Mr. Xelly nor, t: the best of his knowledge, any :f nis colleagues in bc:h NRC and industry, c:uld reme=ber a single incident unere an operat:r was caught cheating on an NRC-ad=inistered written exa=inati:n.
Following the eneating incidents with the TM! cpera :rs, the industry evaluated ways to pr:tect against such incidents. For exa=ple, it was reali:ed tnat the pctential fer :neating c:uld be reduced by be::er
=enit: ring. D erefore, the NRC and the industry, including ne 2: Training staff, established very stringent rules to govern the ad=inistra icn :f examinations.
Tne changes that were in::rporated included pnysicai se: art:i:n be ween the personnel taking the exa=ination, pr: vision Of =:re : nan one persen :: pr:ct:r an examination, and the signing :f an affidavi: :: :ne effe : that all acrk was neir own and tha: :ney nad nei:ner given n:r received aid. Tnese and =any other ite=s (See Secticn :* C) were in::r: crate:
int; industry and NRC examinations to improve the security of the exa=inati:n pr :sss. '4hile One C==ittee =e=:ers can Only s:eculate as :: sny One individuais in cuestien : netted, :ney believe inat :ne f:- 1:, ::.:en:, an:
ce
c:nduct of the industry and NRC examinations de nething :: enc:urage :n's cheating. To the c:ntrary, thay believe that the present f:r:at, c:ntent, and especially the security pr:cedures disc:urage cheating.
...we believe the Scard (ASLB) c:uld have elaborated =cre en the areas the (CARP Review) 00==ittee identified as needing improve =ent.... 5ee ais:
0ARP Report, a:
140,...."
P. 21, ALA3 Decisien, May 24, 1954 Note p.140 in CARP Report deals with the man-=a: hine interface.
GPU Nuclear has taken several actions t: i=:reve the hu=an engineering f :ne c:ntr:1 re m and its cperat:r training program. A c:=:e:ent c:ntrac :r, MFF.,
and two c:nsultants with expertise in human f act:rs design were re ained :
redesign the TMI-I c:ntr:1 r:c=.
They interviewed ex:er: Operat:rs and c:nducted waik-nreugns and talk-throughs based en carefully selectad scenarics. The redesigned centr:I r: = was based :n an analysis Of :ne inf:rmational require =ents f the opera::rs. Two hu=an fa:::rs s:ecialis:s werked c:ntinu:usly with the design engineers of MPR :: ensure tha: :ne revised c:ntr:1 reem was designed in ac:Ordance with sound human engineering principles. T: ensure safe effective plant Operations, the c:ntr:i r:c= was ccm:letely redesigned including changes in the basic design of instrumen:s and
- n:r:i s, functionai arrange =en: Of displays and ::n:r is, re--crking Of :ne entire alar syste=, tne additien of CRT's, and i=:r:ve=en: f :ne rxi g enviren=ent.
The alar = syste= was made =cre c:=patible witn t.e per:e::uai and infer =atien-handling capabilities of the Opera: rs.
Ali Of these :nanges have been made in the TM*-1 0:ntr:1 R::=.
Training objectives were established that reffected the changes in the ::ntr:I The walk-through/ talk-through data plus input frc= educationai experts room.
witnin GPU and frc= outside experts served as the..asic behavierai data en which these training cbjectives were based. A further validatien of these objectives, along with specification of c:=petency levels, is being c:ndu:ted a.
empicying task analytic data supplied by INFO.
!n su==ary, GPU Nuclear perscnnel clearly recogni:e that maxf= ally effec:f vc systems perf:rmance is achieved only by Optimi:ing the =an-machine relati:n-ship. This optimi:ation requires that attention be' given both : design f:r human use (human engineering) iand the estabiishment of training : jectives with prevision of adequate faci'ities and personnel t: meet tnese Objec:fves.
Specific GPUN respenses to the CAR? Review C==ittee rec:==endations are 1
presented in Chapter !!! of this report.
0 58
- 5. SIMULATOR TRAINING OF L* CENSED OFERATORS "Because of the demonstrated weaknesses in past testing procedures, wcuid the C:mmittee recuire even greater usage of simulaters in training and testing."
... we nave been unable to iccate any regulat:ry require =en for a specific amount of simulater training.
The CARP C:mmittee, h: wever, should reconsider its generali:ed view on this ::pic witn respec: :: the particular amount of simulater time per operator a TMI-1.
See Lic. Exn.
27, CARP Report, at 99.
PP. c9-70, ALAS Decisi:n, May 24, 195' The Committee interprets " greater usage" to refer no only :: :ne quantity :f simulat:r usage but aisc to the quaifty cf simulat:r usage. A se :nd as:e::
of this issue is ::ncerned with whether er not "...aIT TMI-I cperat:rs, previcusly Ticensed er not, should be tested en a simula::r."
Amount and Nature of Simulat:r Trainin; - GPU Nuclear pur:nases in extensive amount of time en the Sab::ck and Wiic:x (B&W) simula: r a: Lynen:urg.
The hours of training at Lynchburg f:r the last :nree years f:r :::n ini:f ai training and recuaiffication training are if sted in Ta:ie 4-i.
Clearly, a very significant increase in the amount of simula::r training f:r recualification oc:urred in 1983.
In addition, the ::ntent of the :r: gram
- hanged significan:Ty.
The tnree-week initial pr: gram f:r ne RC's a: resses su:n :::f:s as n:rmai operations, emergency precedures, start-up procedures, integrated ian:
operations, and se en. The twc-week initial pr:gr:m f:r :he IRC's in:iudes
- ractice On n
- rmai :perations, emergency :r::ecures, et:. si:n signf#f:an:
em:hasis en :ne r:ie of snift su:ervisors.
TABLE 4-1 Hours for Indiv. dual Operat:rs cf Initial and Re ua11ft:ation Training at B&W f:r the Past Three Years INITIAL
- REOUALIFICATION*
TCPICS Ro SRO Ro sao 1981 120 80 40 40 Refresher i
16 16 Transient Assessmen:
1982 120 50 40 40 Refresher 1983 120 80 40
+50 Refresher 24 24 Tube Rupture 40 40
- ATCG 1984 120* "
Sca*
24 24 ATOG II & L:w ?:wer 0:eratiens 40***
40 *"
Refresher
- 50% classr:cm time at the simulat:r and EC% hands-en si=ula :r time
- The ATCG Training was actually c:nducted in 1954, even tacugn 1: was :ar of tne 1953 requalification cycle.
~~ Pr:je::ed (Refresher f:r 1984 scheduled for January, 1935.)
- Heurs en::m: ass recuirements for 2 recual cycles.
Note: Requalifica icn Training year runs fr:m Mar:h :: "ar:n.
The requalification program f:r RO's and SRO's was increased fr:: :ne 40 n:urs in 1952 :: 144 hcurs fer the = embers of each gr:up :: meet a s:eeffi: need.
Eacn crew practiced not only these scenaries required by NRR (the s:-ca"ed
" Cent:n Re uirements") but af sc maj:r precedurai :nanges, plant status
- nanges, tube ru::ure pr::edures, and ::her s:enaries.
A se:arate pr: gram involved practice en the new abnertal transient ::erating guidelines (ATCG), including the use of sy :::m-based pr::e:ures -1:ne- : nan event-b ased :r::edures.
An: ner AT;3 pr: gram ais: ;ra:: ice: as :1 - :# :ne training f:r :ne 1954 requatifica-i:n :y:ie in:iu:ed n:rmai : an: ::e t-i:ns, piant start-u: and : re AT 3 exercises.
L
Many other qualitative changes have been made since 1950 tna; significan:Ty streng:nen the simu!at:r pr:gra=, per se, and thus increase ne effe::iveness of the everaTI training program.
Certain of these will new be described..
Basic Princi:les Trainine Simulat:r - GPU Nuclear is the one of only three U.S. utilities of wnich we are aware that gives its operators training :n b::n a Basic Principle Training Simulator (EFTS), the requirements f r which were developed by GPU Nuclear pers:nnei, and a fuTT-scale (S&W) simulat:r.
The EFT simulater is intended to teach Operat:rs basic principles of neutr:ni:
behavice, react:r kinetics, thermodynamics, hea: transfer, fluid f t:w, and ?'J.
Operational charactaristics. Syste=s diagnesis and operating pr:cedures are taugh on the 5&W fu11-scale simulat:r (which will be replaced by a re:it:1 simulater at TMI). Thus, GPU Nuclear operat:rs receive ex:stient training in both theory and practice.
It is im:cr: ant :: note that the EFT simulat:r recuirements were esta:if snet by G?U Nuclear engineers and instruct:rs and the simulat:r was designed ::
- neir s:ecifications. GPU Nuclear pers:nnei perf:r ed the analyses 7:r :ne 377 simulat:r that led to the specification of learning c:fectives, :anei iayout, Tayout of centrei r:d secticn, et:. Advanced simula::r enaracteristics such as free:e (step-action), reverse (e.g., g back and repea Operatiens again, if desired), si:w-a: tion (action :an be slewed ::
- ne-en:n Of real-time), and ;erf:r an:e easuremen: ca:a:iitties are included.
(The repii:a simula::r will afsc have :nese desira:1e fea:ures.)
The important point is that in the deveic; ment of the 3PT simulater, GPU Nuclear demonstrated, no: Only im:ressive design engineering :a:a:ility, :u:
als instru :icnal ;ians en how :: integra:e ne EFT simula::r int: :ne training pr: gram.
61
Objectives of 5&W Simulater Training - GFU Nuclear em:Icys the 5&W simula::r to su port a three-fold program:
initial training, maintenan:e Of skills, and special training requirements (a.g., wnen new precedures were develeced f:e handling leaks and/or ruptures in steam generat:r tubes, all of the precedures were run en the simulater before being appifed in the actual plant).
Initial Training, Maintenance of Skills and Scecial Training Recuirements -
Each crew was given 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br /> on the si=ulat:r plus 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br /> of classrecm before the tube rupture precedures were instituted in the plant.
As an: ner example, the appr ved ATCG precedures were handled by running them :n the simulat:r befcre ine:rporating the= in the training curricule=.
Feii: wing simulat:r training, the ATCG Precedures were revised t: reflect lessens learned during the training sessiens. The C:mmittee feels ina :nis is an ex:eilent way :: employ a full-scale simulat:r as a signiffeant elemen: in a wei.1-integrated training program.
- ndivi:ual and Crew Assessment - The B&W simulat:r is used als: by seni:r memcers of TMI Cperations staff :: assess individual and crew :a:a:111 fes.
These' exercises provide 2 basis for evaluating not only the pr:ficien:y of individual crew mem:ers but aise crew integration, crew ::mmunicati:ns, and duty assignments. Operat:rs can be interchanged am:ng crews :: maximi:e vera11 crew :a: abilities.
Quality Assurance and Quality C:ntrol of Simula::r Training - The Oire:::r :f Training and Educatien and members of his staff pers:nally visi '.yn:n:urg and
evaluate tne pr:grs=s being administered t: GPU Nuclear cperat:rs for suitability as training =aterials and assurance that the si=ulat:r training is fulfilling its objectives as an integral par: cf the everall training pr: gram.
Quality c:ntr: 1 is exercised by having training pers:nnel travel :: 1.ynen:urg a week ahead of the first crew's arrival :: finali:e pr: gram c:nten: and methods of presentation.
Excellent werking relationships have been estabitshed between GPU Nuclear training staff and 31'4 simulat:r instru::icnai staff. This interacti:n ensures timely and appropriate resp:nsiveness :: any changes in simulat:r training requirements.
Decisiens regarding what shculd be taught en the S&*4 simulat:r are based en training deparc=en: less:n plans developed fr:m identified training needs na:
result fr:m a c:ntinuous review of operat:r skills and an analysis of s:e:ifi:
jcb recuirements for Operation of the TMI-1 plant. The simulat:r :r:gra: is an integral part of the everall training progra= because the sf=uia::r pr: gram's cbjectives are:
(1) an on-g:ing review Of cperat:r skill re uirements, (2) ace:c=cdation of new : difications and pr:cedures, an: O' specific cperational requirements of the TMI-1 plant.
"At the same time, :ne ~ cci::ee sn:ui
- nsider wne:ner ai!
M*-i opera: Ors, previously licensed er net, sh uld be tested en a sinuia::P.
...de believe it is important that the CARP Review C:cmittee n:w ::nsider wnether, in view of ne c:=prc=ised written examinations, previously licensed operat:rs snould be tested en the si=ulat:r as well."
P. 70, ASLAB Decisi:n, May 24, !!!!
63
This issue has been addressed aceve. Te recapitulate, GPU Nuclear requires recualificaticn annually by (1) classroem examinatien, (2) in-plant walk-throughs and talk-throughs, and (3) 40 hours4.62963e-4 days <br />0.0111 hours <br />6.613757e-5 weeks <br />1.522e-5 months <br /> of crew training cr. the B&W simulater (supplecented last year by special ATOG training).
In a werd, all previously licensed operaters have been tested and will continue to be tes ed annually on the simulater, but not necessarily by tne NRC.
4 64
O C.
IMPACT OF CHEATING UPON COMMITTII's RECOMMENCATICMS "In reading the CARP Repert, one question is ines:apable: would tne Cennittee reach the same favora:1e c:nclusions in lign: cf tne cheating incidents and su:sequently acknowledged deficiencies in licensee's training program?"
- p. 67, ALAS Decisien, May 24, 1984 "For instance, the OARP Report referred t: ' pre-ac:ident neglect' of the TMI Training Department and identified more specific short::mings (bitterness) and anxiety among s me empicyees, inadequate training faci 11 ties, the need f:r s:ecial teacher training f:r instruct:rs, et:.
Notwithstanding these and other criticisms of the pr: gram, tne C:=mit ee gave the OARP hign marks. Mcw would the c:=mittee mem ers new strike tne balance between tne positive and negative aspects of the pr: gram?"
- p. 67, ALAS Decisien, May 24, 1954 Perhaps the = cst perplexing issue with which the C:mmittee had t: deal was tne cheating incident :n the NRC-administered react:r cperat:r examinaticn and other allegatiens of cheating en NRC and/or GPU Nuclear administered examinations. Other than the direct admission by the twc principais inv:1ved in the NRC react:r cperat:r examination eneating, the C:mmittet is as c:nfused as etners aptear t: be about these allegations.
(Nete the disagreements between the ASLE and tne Special Master.) The C:m=ittee :cssesses ne clairvoyance in this regard, and it makes ne attemp; :: resolve Onis issue.
Suffice :: say that cheating occurred on the recet:r c; erat:r exam, and additional cheating may or may not have ec:urred.
For purposes Of this re:ert, the C:mmittee accepts this as given and wiii res::nd t: the issues addressed t the Cear.ittee by the ALA5 ac::rdingly.
The fact that anyone cheated on examinatiens is, of c:urse, inexcusacie. The real motivati:n f:r these few instances may never be kn:wn. When wna: s:: ear
- se des trasie and wortnwnile ends are inv:1ved (e.;.
dev:ti:n : a ' den:,
a highly desirable jcb er career, security for ene's famity, e::.) sc=e individuals a:parently are willing :: rescr: to iliicit means t: a:nieve :nese ends, especially if they think that tiey will not be Setected.
Whether cheating is the pr: duct of a lifetime of experiences, *.he result cf the immediate envir:nment, or a pr: duct of beth, pr:bably cannet be determined. Attempts t identify this pr: cess and persens who may cheat uncer a given set of circumstances have not been very sue:essful.
Cheating tieng with dishonesty has been shcwn in psychciegical studies :: be highly situational. Hence, management must take the ut= cst precautions : ;reven:
ft.
It is essential that when the stakes are high, these in authority (supervisers, pr cters, etc.), develep, institute, and ad=inister ::n rcis that not only =ake cheating virtually impessible but als: pr: vide fer ex::sure of the oc:asional persen who attemots to eneat.
As regre::able as the cheating incidents are, the C:=mittee feels taa: :ney mus not be allowed to evershad:w the extraordinary pr:gress made by :ne Gp'l Muclear Training and Education Department since tne TM:-2 a::ident.
- ndee:,
one eneating seems :: have served as a sticulan: :: the training pers:nnei ::
red:uble their eff:r:s.
- n discussiens with the management :( :ne Training and Educatinn Cepartment, there was a keen sense cf their res:ensibilities in the cheating incident and a firm dedication :: see that cheating never ha:: ens again. The :=mittee believes :na: he pr:cecures ;resentiy in :!a:e a
prevent : heating in :ne future.
The C::m:ittee fully su::ce s appr::riate disciplinary action agains; indivicuais wn: nave engaged in, ::9c:ned, :r en::ursget :nea:ing in any f:rm.
Cn :ne ::ner nand ne *punisn=ent sneuld fit ne : rice".
Ne ::. '::ee 66
does not believe that individuals who "c:cperated" during training, ei:her through misunderstanding of the ground rules or thr: ugh past-Taxness en the part of tne. instructor, snculd be treated the same as these who cheated during NRC exams er Ccmpany administered cer ffication exa=inations. Whfie dis =fssai is clearly appr:priate in the latter case, in'dist.retiens during training should not necessarily bar a person permanently frca involve =ent with nuciear plants when he has demonstrated his awareness of the sericusness of the ethical issues involved er from prc=ction at a Tater date wnen :.he individual's perfer=ance warrants it.
In virtually every case where the Nuclear Regulatory C==f ssion, the ASL5, :r the ALAS have raised cbjections :: an individual's c:ntinued parti f;a:1:n in the TMI-I restart activities for any reason, GFU Nuclear has re=cved the individual fr:m the prescribed activity.
Individual careers have been disru::ed, and seme individuals have left.
Indeed, the C:=f ttee feels that GPU Nuclear may be "everreacting" t: de=enstrate,its willingness :: ";; :ne extra mile" :: establish its credibfif ty with its e= Icyees, the NRC, ne ASLS, the ALA3, and the general pubite. GPU Nuclear may have teen denied :ne services of sc=e very talented people en the basis of If t:1e ::re ::an ru=cr, hearsay, er "de=eaner judg=ents." Perhaps this is inevita:1e, given tne special cir:u= stances that surround the TMI-f restart.
Tne C:=1 :ee feels :na: an entire training pr:gra: and :ne re:utati:cs :f :ne everwnelming majority of the ::ns:1entious studen:s and :: era::rs a: TM*
should not be tarnished by the actions of a very s=all minority.
Perf:r=ance en examinatiens :f the TMI cperat:rs, subsecuen: :: the :neating e:fs:de, is essentially the same as it was price :: the e:is:de -- and :nis under c:nditi:ns s Ofsn:ly c:ntr:ited tha :neating si=:iy wcu!d ne:. ave :een 47
possible. The C:mmittee accepts this as One additional piece of evidence that only a very, very few were involved in cheating. Further, it is sa isfied that GPb Nuclear training personnel have done everytning that can be done t:
ensure that' efforts to cheat are reduced to an absciute minimum.
The C =mittee's evaluation of the training program can only be meaningful if it reflects the situation that exists today. Since the CARP Review Reper was issued in 1980, most of the rec:=endatiens ::ntained have been carried Ou,
and the strongest aspects of the OARP have been deveicped further and incorporated in the current training program.
The present program is significan 1y superior to the CARP training program. Management has actually devoted c:nsiderable additional resources (both personnel and new buildings) to training as well as systematically devel: ping procedures that prem:te an effe::ive program. Many of the current procedures are des rfbed in :ne TM Self-Evaluaticn Repcrts dated May 24, 1984, sent to One INFO a::redi a:fon team as preparation f:r their review of the GPUN training program.
The C:emt :ee's view of the present training pr:gra= is well d:cumented throughout this repor't. Suffice to say that the C:=ittee believes the present training pr: gram strongly supports the restart of TM -1.
"For example, it is essential to knew if Dr. Gardner's f avorabie ::ini:n of the Operat:r Accelerated Retraining Progra=--cffered in Ia:e 1950 and based en wna: he believed was the sa:isfac::ry i=:lementati:n Of :ne
- r: gram--wculd be altered by the subsequen: knewiedge f : netting :n licensee and NRC examinations."
- p. 55, ALA3 Decisi:n, *1y I',
I!!'-
Ncte: As requested by :ne ALA3, :nis issue has been a:dresse: Oi Or. Eri: F.
Gardner.
en
- This issue can be addressed by answering three separate but related cuestions:
1.
Is cheating an important issue in educational progra=s and/or testing programs 1 The answer is an u1 equivocal yes.
It is especiaily important to prevent cheating in testing programs designed solely to evaluate the skills and knowledges of individuals being tested, such as in the NRC examinations.
Hewever other testing is done as special parts of the learning pr :ess ra:ner than to. provide an evaluative function. For example, to achieve some objectives, test examinees =ay be t:1d to work together or to use certain materials such as books, notes, et:,, in answering questions.
On group 4
practical examinations and take home tests, if the gr und rules are peerly stated, assisting each other or seeking help from ethers may be per:eived as
~
ac:eptable behavier.
It is not that such behavior is ac:eptatie, but rather what c:nstitutes cheating may be diffi: ult to define.
In a specific
-situation, it is important that the purposes and the precedures be carefuliy s:eiled out and be understood by both the examinees and the examiners.
The fact that each shif t must learn t: Operate as a team f:r estimaily safe operation of tne plant must be emphasi:ed. A ::rdingly, the training does pr:perly contain exer:ises and indeed testing, that involves team eff:rt.
If there had been any cheating incidents prior :: my evaluatien of :ne OAR?
training pr: gram, I would certainly have :sken it in:: a ::un; as e:: as try additional information that mign: be relevant :: the evalua:1:n :f :ne :r: gram itself.
It ;ight er might not have influenced my judgment abou: :ne cuaif y of the instructional pr: gram, depending u:en the facts and whe:ner Or P.:: :ne situation had been ::rre::ed.
e--
r r-e r-
,,---e-~-
w--e-
--w-rm
--+ree----ww w----vew--,,,~~w
-e---.
wemve*e*----
ev7+~n-
-r*
+-
2.
Would my evaluation have be:n less favorabie about the pr:gra= had I known aceut the chea:ing on the NRC examinatiens?
I would still have given :ne same weign: to the evidence I c: lie:ted abou: the organi:ation and procedures Of the training program, fr:m ebserving classrec=
act1/ities, interviewing instruct:rs and students, and studying the evaluations given to the instruct:rs by c 5er Observers.
I would not view :ne cheating on the NRC examination as changing my evaluation of any of these activities nor my c:n:1usions about the quality of the OARP Training Pr:; ram.
However, I would rec:mmend that all NRC examinations be given under =uch ::re secure, well-defined c:nditions.
E 3.
Would my evaluation have been less favorable abcut the :r: gram had :
known about ne alleged eneating that ::ck piace en the examina:icns and qui::es administered by GPU Nuclear training staff?
- would have had to deter =ine the pur;cse (educational or evaluative) Of' specific qui::es.
Even if ecliabcrati:n were authori:ed, I would have been c:ncerned ab:ut possible err:neous evaluations of the skills and kn:wiedges :f the examinees. As backgr:und, ! wculd have wished :: kn:w wna: :ne previ:us practice had been, what the understandings about the nature and ;ur::se Of :ne qui::es had been, and what was understcod by students and instrue::rs as ::
their responsibilities at the time the alleged cheating ::ck place. Since :ne infcrmation I had acquired previousiy during the GARP study abcut the planning, instruction and Operation :f the CARP Pr:gra: has n : been 11:ereb, I would be ::ncerned primarily as :s wne:ner any ::1,a:cra:i:n ':nes:ing :r c herwise) had prevented adequate data fr:m being obtained abcut :ne s4 fits :r knowledges acquired my the individuai candidates and wne:ner adecuate er:cedures had been established and 10:iemented f:r ac=inistering ext 'na:f:ns used primarfiy f:r evaiua:f n ;ur:cses.
4 7A I
During CARP, evaluated inf:rmation about students was cbtained from a c:=bination of cui::es, examinations, crai questioning in class, and c:servations of the examinees' perfor=ance, both in the class re m, en the simulat:r, and on the feb.. Fr m the accumulated evidence available (beta positive and negative) including that in the Special Master's re; rt, believe that the evaluation of the CARP enrcilees' knowledge and perf:r=ance as part of the retraining program was valid. Stringent procedures :: protect against eneating have been ad:pted and are being applied currently by GPU Nuclear.
Hence in answer :: the question, "Would I have changed my fav:rabie evaivati:n of tne CARP f f I had had the kn:wiedge that is currently available accu: :ne cheating incidents?"
I would respond that fr m the ree:rds available ::
e, my epinien wculd be unchanged.
"One Or more f the instruct:rs evaluated by ne OARP *ere inv:1ve: in :ne cheating epis:de. Would that alter tne C:=mittee's genera!iy fav:ra:Te per:epti:ns Of :ne instru:::rs?"
- p. 68, ALAS Decisien, May 24, 1934 Dr. Gardner reviewed Table 6.3 of the 1930 CARP Review Re:Or: and with assistance fr:m GPU Nuclear, identiff'ed three ins: rue::rs wn sere inv:17ed in s =e way in the cheating episede. Tse, wn: gave a :::ai :f n y :nree ARP iactures, ara no lenger empicyed :y GPU Nuclear. The :nira, Mr. Musted, wn:
gave six le :ures, was the only one of the three instruct:rs wncse :iass was observed by Or. Gardner.
(It sneuld be n :ed that Mr. Musted was ass::iated witn the enea:ing incident by the NRO investiga::rs, at:ncugn 9 : ::nvi: e: :#
participating in eneating himself.)
Er. Gardner, u::n visiting nis :: ass in 71
r 1980 during the CARP evaluatien and c:nferring with him and with his students independently afterwards, came t: the conclusion that he was a s'uperier instruct:r. His behavier at the time was highly c:cperative; he was interested in his students and c:ncerned that important learning ::ck pla:e.
The students in turn felt that he was able to instruct them in a way that facilitated their learning.
The major c:= plaint after the cheating incident was his lack f ::::eration
. with the NRC investigators and the Special Master during their investigati:ns of it.
If a rec:rd had been avafiable of his failure to c:cperate in any investigation by the NRC, especially with respect to cheating, Dr. Gardner would have c:nsidered this an imp rtant fact:r in evaluating hf=,
His skiiis and perfer:ance as a teacher in the classraem would still have been evalua:ed favora:1y, but c:nsideration of his attitude :: wards proper auth:rities w uit definitely have icwered his everall value as an instruct:r.
H: wever, tnere was no evidence at the time cf tne CARP Report tnat would nave suggested any lack of cocperation.
(!: is noted that Mr. Husted has been removed fr:= ali res:ensibilities associated with licensed and ncn-iicensed :: erat:r training as directed by the A'.AB. )
"Mr. Xelly testified abcut tne pride and enthusiasm f:unc a=:n; er:::yees in the training pr: gram as well as tne pr:fessicnalism Of :ne instructors...Dr. Christensen observed similar attitudes...Sucse:uen:
post-cheating testimony, however, reflected a lack cf :nese cualities.
Kelly and Christensen 01 uld have been asked how the latter ni;nt : ear n their prev 1cus assessment :f tne effectiveness Of the training ;r: gram."
- 7. 66 A' A5 :e:isi:n, May I', ??5'
'Secause of the limited ti=e available, there was little opportunity :: visit with operat:es r :: menit:r classes being taugnt as s:me C:c=ittee =e=:ers were able t: de in 1980. Fence, the primary bases the C:=mittee =em:ers have for re-assessing the effectiveness cf the training program is the materia!
provided to the C:cmittee by GPU Nuclear (See Table A-2 in the A::endix), its dis:ussions with management persennel, mostly from the Training and Educati:n Capartment, and the performance of cperat:rs on NRC administered and NRC-sanctioned, GPU Nuclear administered examinations. The perf:rmance of the operat:rs and trainees on these examinations is documented thr:ugn:ut nis report. The development of the Training and Education Department, since the 195'O CARP Department, as reflected by the training factif ties, the large num:er of well-qualified training persennel, the c:=prehensive pr:cedures ::w in effect, and especially the c:=mit=ent of rescur es by GPU Nuclear management give further evidence of the hign quality f the training
- gram today.
"There is ne real dispute that the administration of the A:ril 7951 NR; examination and earlier ifcensee tests were lax. --- In fact, tne Cor:rnission has issued a Notice of Viciation im:csing a $40,000 civil penalty fer licensee's failure to im:lement its 0: erat:r Acceierated Retraining Program properly. --
'4 hat is relevant nere however, is wnether tnere can be c:nfidence that future training and testing pre:edures will not be c:m:remised."'
F::tncte 15, P. 22 A'.A3 :ecist:n, May 24, 1954 Although the Notice of Viciation cites the licensee's fatture :: i=:lement its 0; erat:r Ac:elerated Retraining Pr: gram pr:;erly, tne s:e:if t: dates :fte: :n wnien :neating is alleged :: have :::urred (N:ver:er 2 and !!, !!!C, Cece :er ti, 1930 and Mar:n 27, 1951 and tne :::k exam :n A:ril 2-3, 193 0 73
are, in fact, after the CARP was c:::leted and after the CARF Review C:::nittee issued its repert.
In view of tne fact that t,his fine has net as yet been fully resolved between GPl! Nuclear and the NRC, it is ne: a::r:priate f:r the Cent::ittee to c:c=ent further on this matter. However the C::=ittet is confident on the basis of the information presented in this report :na: future trainir:g and test precedures will not be c:= premised.
6 9
7!.
O. MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATIONS
" Top ManLgement needs t: keep aware of the real and perceived pr::lems of its empicyees. Id. at 149. The c:mmittee suggested that there was a lack of c:mmunication ce: ween top management and the cperating crews.:: Oc the post-cheating changes in the training program adequately amelicrate this situation?:0 53The Special Master similarly c:ncluded with regard to the peer administration of licensee's examinations, that if ifcensee was not aware of -these :nditions, its management was out of touch with the training program."
- p. 71, ALA3 Decision, May 24, 1981 Note:
Feetnote 55 cited above is addressed in Section 3 of Cha :er ::.
In order t: evaluate the issue of communication between ::p management and the training program, the C:mmittee interviewed a broad soectru Of ;ersens (listed in Table A-1 in the Appendix of this report).
Fr:m the dis::ssions with these individuals, the C:=mittee found extensive evidence Of ::mmunications between ::p =anagement and the training Or: gram.
Examples of precedures currently in use a: GPU Nuclear TMI-I in:Tude:
1.
Vice President / Direct:r of TMI-1, H. D. Hukill, ::ndue:s f:rmal interviews normally cne hour er more in duration annually wit each license holder. Aise, ne :ersonat?y interviews ea:n if:ense :anci:a:e as a par cf the certification process prier :: examinati:n.
2.
License examina:fon certification and recualifica:icn certifi:sti:n pr cesses have been formali:ed in:0 an administrative Or::ecure
detailing requirements f:r certification. Written certificati:n by theOperationsandkrainingmanagement,includinganevaluationOf each trainee's per#cr=ance and attitude wnile in training is re:uired.
3.
During each week of requalfi'ication training, a one-hour ""anagement Interface" =eeting is held for operations, =aintenance and tecnnician training crews. One of the f=11cwing three pe:ple attend ea:h of taese meetings: Vice President Hukill, Operatiens and Main enance Director R. J. Tecle, er Plan: Engineering Dire:::r J.J. :: lit: ( hree of the four individuals designated as Emergency Oire:::rs). A se::nd canager typically from a supper organi:ation, (e.g. Training, OA, Rad Con, e::.), also attends.
Between them, they address the status Of situations in their respective areas and respond t: questi:ns fr = :ne trainees in give-and-take discussions.
4 Vice President cf TMI-1 Hukill has c:e=itted and is al=es witheu; exception (in response :: the Rickover audit) a-ending f:ur neurs :f training classes per men n.
5.
31-weekly reports of activities including training are submitted u:
the management chain to the respe::ive Vice-Presidents who in turn submit a re;:cr: to tne Office of the ? resident, indi:ating :::se hers wnich mign: te of interes :: the 3:ard f ; ire ::rs.
- ncia:e: in these items are reports Of off-shift : urs by management.
5.
Vice President of TM -i Hukill heids periodi: mee:ings witn :: erat:rs as a gr:u: severa' ti:-" a year. Vice Presi en Of.Nu:' ear f.ssuran:e R ber: L:ng nelds em:1 ;.ee meetings a: sa n site every six ::ntns.
7.
Management and Supervisory Devel:pment training programs include seminars with panels of Vice-Presidents :: discuss management / supervisory type problems.
Other examples of steps taken to keep management in ::uch with crews are relevant, vi:.:
1.
Off-shift t:urs by management.
Each week three managers are assigned to c:nduct a tour en the 3-11 and 11-7 shifts and :n the weekend.
They are charged with p:inting out pr:blems that they Observe and discussing their functional areas t: determine wnether er no: :rews are having pr:blems in th:se areas.
2.
Senice managers fr:m Nuclear Assurance, Operations an: Training attend simula::r training sessions at Lynenburg :: evaluate training being condu::ed by B&W. Also during recualifica:icn training at tne simulater One of the four emergency direct:rs admini::ers an cperational evaluation of each crew.
3.
Most training programs, schedules, and content, including learning cbjectives are approved by the appr:priate line function (f.e.,
cperations, =aintenance, rad:en, chemistry) prier :: tne ::ndu:: Of training. Meetings, ranging fr = ci-weekly :: : n:niy are ne :
between training and the line functions :: discu.s training er::lems and t: approve these training pr: grams.
During recualift:s:i:n training, a the end Of ea:n week :ne sni':
foreman Or su:erviser fr:m the :rew that is jus
- m:leting traini g
.J
a meets with the Superviser, Licensed Operat:r Training; the Su:erviscr, Non-licensed Operat:r Training; the Operat:r Training Manager, and either.the shift fore =an er the superviser fr:m the crew entering training the next week. The purpose of the =eeting is to discuss the week's training and what needs to be i= proved er e=phasi:ed fer the following week.
5.
Manager of Plant Training TMI, S. Newt n, attends Vi:e P-esiden: TM:-i Hukill's managers' meetings to stay abreast Of en-going events and ::
discuss training proble=s.
If a training need is identified in any of the above steps, it is br ugn:
the attention of the Training Depart =ent.
4 The Committee also reviewed internal letters and =e=cranda :na: streng:nen its belief in the basi: integrity of =anage=ent and strong ::==unica:fon :nanneis that exis: within the utility. For exa=ple, we note a =e=crandu= dated Dece=cer 8, 1933, fr = Mr. P. R. Clark, Presiden: GPU Nuclear, :: Sa=uel L.
Newton (a c py of which was sent to all e=ployees) fr:m which the 'folicwing excerpts were taken:
"GPU Nuclear Corporation mus ::ntinue :: be fuity ::==it ed :: =eeti ;
all of our responsibilities.
?ri=ary a=:n; nese is ::n:u::ing ali :f :ur an: Of Our a::ivities so as :: pre:ect the heal:n and safe:y Of :ne :u:ii:
employees. Under cur license, and our agreemen wi:n :ne :wners :f G?'."s nuclear plants, GPU Nuclear Corporation and the Metropolf an Edison an:
Jersey Central e=ployees assigned to our nuclear sites have taa: very sebering res:ensibility. Each of us =us: fully accep: and devote himsei#
cr herself :: =eeting that responsibility.
It ::=es dire::1y #r:= :ne fac: that we have enesen :: engage in nuclear :cwer generati n wi:n its inneren: p: ential f:r serious ::nse:uences :: :ucii: heti n and safety.
Our jcb is :: assure ina: risk is ke:: a::e::1:iy i w."
'The Owners and cur 30ard Of Cire: rs have = ace clear :ne :veridin; i=pertance tney place en fulfilling :na: resp:nsibility. Our Missi:n states:"
1
"' Manage and direct the nuclear activities of the GFU System ::
j provide the required hign level cf protection f r the healta and i
safety of the public and the empicyees.
Consistent with the above, generate electricity from the GFU nuclear stations in a reliable and efficient manner in c:nf:r=ance with all applicable laws, regulatiens, licenses and ether requirements and tne directions and interests of the cwners.'"
"Many things are involved in carrying out this Mission. Mcwever, : want to draw your attention today to three which are vital.
They have all been the subject of prior guidance but they deserve reemphasis."
"The firs: is that we must set our cwn standards--demanding ones in keeping with the responsibility we bear. They must enc m ass and ex:eed the regulatory requirements. We must actively seek exceilence."
"The second is the need to have full and open c:m=unications--both within the c:mpany and between us and cur regulators.
In par:fcular, preciens, concerns, and uncertainties need :: be identified and addressed c:enly, stand reacy to discuss with any of you any safety concern you believe is not being adequately adcressed."
"The third is rigorous and faithful adherence to all of cur requirements and standards as a minimu=."
"Our sue:ess depends en everyone faithfully fulfilling their responsibilities.
In accepting election to the position of presiden, G?U Nuclear Corporation, I have c:=mitted myself :: the Board of Direc::rs ::
do so.
I ask eacn of you to do likewise."
"The mem:ers of the GPU and GPU Nuclear Scard of Direct:rs nave :r:mised their full suopert. Mr. Kintner, Executive Vice President, joins me in pledging to you cur very best efforts."
This c:mmunica:icn restated ::p management's c:=mitment :: integrity whien had been stated earlier in a letter to employees dated Oct:ber 9,.1951 from Mr. R. C. Arnold, fermer Chief Operating Executive wne wr:te, (the underlining was used by Mr. Arnold for emphasis) l.
l "Again the interes cf the C:m any, its em:icyees, anc the :ub'i: are l
ces: servec cy an ocen anc c:ocera:1ve at:1:uce anc nonesty in Our interactions w1:n :ne governmentai agencies res:cns1:ie ::r requiating Our various ac:1v1:tes.
ne ex:ect your ac:1ve su=:or in rui:14: 1ng :nese as:ects of our cu=itc anc c r: crate rescensi:141:1es.
f I
Evidence of c:==unications between =anagement and GPU Nuclear e=:1cyees is also readily available.
Beginning in tne spring of 1983, Dr. Robert L. L:ng, Vice President / Director of tne Nuclear Assurance Division, has held Nuclear Assurance Division e=picyee meetings at about six =enth intervals.
Se:arate
=eetings are held at each of the three 1ccations, Pars :pany Headpuarters, 4
TMI, and Oyster Creek. The format of these meetings includes one hour deve:ed
- four 15 minute presentations by Division e=p10yees en their current activities, and one hour t: a give-and-take discussion a=eng e=ployees, tne Nuclear Assurance Divisien Vice President, and a Division Vice President fr:=
ancther Division.
These discussiens are used to e=phasi:e the i==:rtan:e Of c:=pliance with c:rporate precedures and govern =ent regulations, doing the j::
rignt, and being problem sc1 vers - not proble= creaters.
The e=:1:yee
=eetings have pr:vided an effective way t: encourage escrit de c:r:s and devele a c:cnit=ent t: excellence and :: quality perfer=ance.
GPU Nuclear has.taken positive steps :: insure that each trainee taking written exa=inations understands c:=pletely the c:nduct expec ed Of him as evidenced by GPU Nuclear Training and Education Depart =er.: ?r:cedure " :n:r:1 of Examinations".- This Procedure also provides guidance t: examiners c:ncerning proper c:nduct of the examination as discussed in Section A Of tais en ap ter.
t Cther evidence of the sciid and laudatory ac::=piisn=ents and acti:ns t
supported by excellent management practices and clear c:==unications (bcth internal and external) are included in the f:ilewing recen: publications:
1.
" Mew GPU Mas Respended :: TM:-2", Jan.-Feb.,195c issue f 3F'l '!u:' ear Today 2.
"L:cking Bey:nd the Lessons:
A Utility Manager's ?srs:e::ive",
Philip R. Clark, Pres, & CEO, G?UN, Nucisar News, A:rii, 195c.
t l
f r
,, - - - ~..,,,., -
- - -. ~. -. - - -..,
.------,-o-
3.
" Nuclear Personnel Training after TMI-2:
The GFUN Response",
R. L. Long, R. P. Coe, D. P. Gaines, and R. A. Xnief, Progr. Nuclear En ergy, 10, 349 (1952). Revision proposed by GPUN May, 1983.
4
" Behavioral Training Objectives for Pian: Simulation a: TM!", P.. A.
Knief, C. A. Iri:arry and D. J. Scit:, Trans. American Nucle 3r Society., 139, 283 (1981).
5.
" Training Requirements at TMI: Harbinger for the Nuclear Industry?",
R. A. Knief, R. L. Long, S. L. Newton, Vol. 45, 1983 Winter M g.
Trans. American Nuclear Society, 45, 195 (1953).
After examination of the evidence, the C:=mittee has c:nfidence in G?U Nucisar management's :urrent awareness of the real and per:eived pr:blems Of its empicyee s.
It has in piace working and demonstrating effective ::== uni:ati:n practices between ::c =anagemen; and the c;erating crews.
In further res:ense to the ALA3's questions, the Cc=mittee believes that the post-chea:ing :nanges in the GPU Nuclear training program adecuately amelicrate the situa: fen Of c:ncern.
Inceed, the C:==ittee believes :ta: GPU Nuclear has one Of :ne scronges: procedures extant and operating in any utility in :ne Unitec 5:a:es
.today to "amelicrate" the c:ncerns expressed by ALAS.
1 n,
Chacter V CONCLUSIONS The Reconstituted CARP Review Cecmittee has reached the felicwing c:nclusiens in its " quick response" study of the issues raised by the ALAB in its May 21, 1984 decision regarding the TMI-1 restart hearings:
1.
The C:mmittee is pleased at the res:ense cf GPU Nuclear Training and Education Department t: the rec ccendations c:ntained in the 1950 OARP Review Repert.
Itfeelst.jatprogresshasbeenoutstandingandthat a
the GPU Nuclear Training and Education Depart =ent now ranks am:n; :he top utility training programs in the United States.
2.
The c:=mit=ent of resources and dedication of the training pers:nnel is indicative of the interest and c mmitment of ::p management in :ne deveicpment of the training program.
The c:nfidence in :ne GFU Nuclear =anagement expressed by the C =mittee in 1950 has been justified.
3.
The management Of the training program is well qualified and tne specific =anagement hierarchy is appropriate. The diversity Of background and the extensive practical c:erationai ex:erience of the training personnel are c:==endable.
4 The instructor development program is appropriate and sh~ uld ;reve ::
be effective.
... - - -., - - _ = _ -.., - - -.
o 5.
The examination development, centrol, and security precedures are mere extensive than any that the C:mmittee has seen in industry or academia.
6.
The c mmitment to the use of task analysis as a basis fer the establishment of learning ebfr.:tives in the deveicpment of c:urse and examination content is an example of the extra effort being c:m=itted to relate training to en the job performance and to increase the safety of plant operations.
7.
The management of the training program recogni:es its responsibility asscciated with the cheating incident.
They have taken specific steps to c:rrect this situation and are dedicated t: assuring that it never happens again.
S.
The redesign cf the C:ntrol Rocm shows that GPU Nuclear =anagemen is determined : provide a well-human engineered c:ntrei r:cm ::
c:=plement the training program.
9.
The develcpment and procurement of the Basic Principles Trainer Simulater and the securing of a replica simulater are furtner evidence of GPU Nuclear management's c:=mitment to excellence in the training program.
- 10. The "bettom line" as far as the C ccittee is concerned is tnat ne 3?U Nuclear training program produces qualified cperators and is adequate to support the restart of TM!-i.
e,
o APPENDIX TABLE A-1 Individuals Contacted by C:mmittee Memcers D. J. Soit:
Superviser, Si=uiat:r :nstruc-ion - TM*
- 7. G. Brougnten Director, Systems Engineering R. P. Coe Director, Training and Education E.'R. Frederick Superviser, Licensed Operat:r Training - TM:
W. L. Gifford Vice President Com=unications R. T. Giaviano Piant Analysis, Manager - TMI H. D. Hukill Vice Pres, & Direct:r TMI-i C. A. Iri:arry Simulater Deveicp=c~., Manager - TM:
R. A. Knief Manager - Educati:nal Deveic;=en:
- 3. P. Lecnard Operator Training Manager - TM:
R. L. Long Vice Presiden: Nuclear Assurance N. J. Monson Contrei Rocm Operat:r - T?iI S. L. Newton Manager, Pian: Training TM!
K. V. Reist Secretary - TM! Training T. B. Recuecere Educa icnal Devei:pment CO rdinator l
- 0. J. Shalikasaviii Deputy Manager - ?!an-Training - 7: :
R. W. Zech=an Tecnnician Training, Manager - TM:
on
e o
TABLE A-2 DOCU!ENTS The documents listed below have been provided by GPU Nuclear :: the Committee fer their review:
1.
INFO Evaluation Three Mile Island Nuclear P wer Station - Unit One GPU Nuclear Corporation, May 1933, 2.
MRC Inspection Repcrt No. 50-239/83-10 of May 1983 3.
GPU ?!uclear QA Audit S-TMI-84-05 findings 1 and 2 of a dated 4/4/54 4.
5210-ACM-2510.02 Rev.1, "Operat:r Training Instruct:r Indoctrination / Qualification Training Program dated A/25/53.
5.
Restar Exam Results Administered by the NRC April and Oct::er 1951.
February Reexam Results 1982.
5.
List of Licensed Operators, May 1984 7.
Recualification Cycle 9 ?regram Statistics (Program, attendance, exam results su==ary) May 1954 3.
Cycle 10 Requalification Program Statistics (Program, exam results su= mary) May 1984 9.
Cycle 84 Licensed Requal Less:n Tepics (Program, exa= results summary)
May 1984.
- 10. ATOG Training Su= nary, May 1984
- 11. Abnormal Transien: Operat:r Guidelines Cen:rci R::= Waik-Thr:ugn Pr: gram, May 1954
- 12. GPU Nuclear letter 3210-54-0209 dated May 10, 1984 H. D. Hukill :: R. W.
Starastecni (NRC), Operational Readiness Evaluation (Inspection No.
50-289/SA-05).
- 13. ASL3 FID (Procedural Sackground and Management Issues) Augus: 27, 1951.
14 ASL3 ?ID (Re:pened ?r:ceeding) Juiy 27, I352.
- 15. Reper: Of the TMI-i Opera :r Accelerated Re: raining Program Revien C =mittee, July 1, 1950.
- 15. ASL3 - Reper of the Special Master, April 23, 1982.
- 17. MRC - Systematic Assessmen: Of Licensee Perf:rmance, A:ril 21, 7954 l
l e-r wD
o TABLE A-2 DOCUMENTS 7he documents listed below have been provided by GPU Nuclear :: the C:mmittee fer their review:
1.
INFO Evaluation Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Statien - Unit One GPU Nucisar Corporation, May 1983.
2.
NRC Inspection Repcrt No. 50-289/53-10 of May 1983 3.
GPU tluclear QA Audit 5-TMI-84-05 findings 1 and 2 of a dated 1/4/54 4.
5210-ACM-2510.02 Rev. 1, "Operat:r Training Instrue:Or Indoctrination / qualification Training Program dated 1/25/53.
5.
Res:ar: Exam Results Administered by the NRC April and Oct::er 1951.
February Reexam Results 1982.
5.
List of Licensed 0:erators, May 1984 7.
Requalification Cycle 9 Program Statistics (Program, attendance, exam results su= mary) May 1984
-8.
Cycle 10 Recualification Program Statistics (Program, exam results su= mary) May 1984 9.
Cycle 54 Licensed Requal Lessen Tepics (Program, exa= results summary)
May 1984.
- 10. ATOG Training Summary, May 1984
- 11. Abnormai Transien: Operat:r Guidelines C:n:r:1 Reem Walk-Thr:ugn Pr: gram, May 1984
- 12. GPU Nuclear letter 3210-84-0209 dated May 10, 1984 H. D. Hukill :: R. W.
Starastechi (NRC), Operational Readiness Evaluation (~nspection No.
50-239/84-05).
- 13. ASL3 FID (Procedural Background and Management !ssues) August 27, i951.
- 14. ASL3 ?ID (Re:pered Pr:ceeding) July 27, 1952.
- 15. Report of the TMI-I 0: erat:r Accelerated Retraining Program Review Committee, July 1, 1980.
- 15. ASL3 - Repcrt of the Special Master, A;rfi 23, 1982.
i
(
- 17. NRC - Systematic Assessmen: of Licensee Performance, A:ri!
2",
1954 I
l f
I l
c-w3 l
l
o TABLE A-2
- 37. GPU Nuclear Training and Educa:icn De;;artment Precedure "Ocntrel cf Examinations," Octccer 1982.
I l
I I
A7 l
f s
JULIEN M. CHRISTENSEN EDUCATION:
Ph.D., Experimental Psychology, Ohio State University (1959)
M. A., Experimental Psychology, Ohio State University (1952)
B.S., Accounting, University of Illinois (1940)
Specialized training in Decision Risk Analysis 1973, Executive Computer Orientation (Data Automation) 1969, National YMCA Scuba Diving 1968, j
Systems Effectiveness - Reliability and Maintainability 1966 Space Fundamentals 1965, IBM Customer Executive 1961, FORTRAN 1960, Nuclear l
Physics 1956, Personnel Management 1952 Effective Speaking 1952, Air Force Radar Observer School 1944. Air Force Navigation School 1943, Pilot Training 1940.
PROFESSIONAL TECHNICAL SOCIETIES:
American Association for the Advancement of Sciences, American Psychological Association (Fellow and Past President of Military Psychology), Society of Engineering Psychologists (Past President and Chairman of the Executive Council), Hisnan Factors Society (Fellow. Past President, and Chariman of the Executive Committee) International Ergonomics Research Society, Society of Logistics Engineers.
Southeastern Michigan Chapter of Htsnan Factors Society (Past President), Systems Safety Society, American Society of Safety Engineers.
LICENSES AND CERTIFICATIONS:
State of Ohio, Board of Psychology (License No. 556)
Scuba Diver's License (1968)
Rated Air Force Navigator and Radar Bombardier Private Pilot's License (1940)
HONORS AND AWARDS:
Tau Beta Pi (Engineering Honorary) 1977 Exceptional Teaching Award, nominated for
" President's Award of Excellence in Teaching," Wayne State University,1977.
The Franklin V. Taylor Award (American Psychological Association),1969.
The Explorers Club (for contribution to Arctic flying),1969.
Air Force Association Citation of Honor,1966.
Air Force Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service,1966.
Nominated five times for Rockefeller Public Service Award, 1954, 1955, 1965, 1971, 1972.
Thrice all-Department of Defense nominee.
Diplomate, American Board of Forensic Psychology.
Listed in Forensic Services Directory (1979).
j Member, Academic Accreditation Council, American Society of Safety Engineers,(1979-present)
Nominated for Aerospace Medical Association Longacre Award, 1954, 1963, 1970, and 1976
Dr. Julien M. Christensen Page 2 Psi Chi (National Honorary in Psychology),1958.
Science and Mechanics Magazine Award.
(First prize in national contest design of safer automobiles'.)
Pole Vaulters Club Member No. 237.
(Those who have flown over the North Pole.
First civilian to fly over the North Pole with the Air Force.) 1947.
La Roche Memorial Trophy (Excellence in aerial navagation) United States Air Force School of Navigation,1944.
Julien M. Christensen Award ( Annual award given by Human Factors Association of Canada for the best student paper.)
EXPERIENCE:
1984-Present Senior Human Factors Scientist Universal Energy Systems Provide expert technical guidance to a wide range of programs involving human factors.
The programs represent the full spectrum of technology from basic research through test and applications. Special concerns include man-machine integration in complex systems, design of control systems, maintainability, communications, product liability, and safety. Continue work of the past several years in product evaluation from the safety point of view.
Much of this is investigatory work performed preparatory to appearing as an expert witness. Served for both plaintiff and defendant.
1980-1984 Chief Scientist, Human Factors l
General Physics Corporation l
Provided direction and guidance to all corporate research l
programs and services which have human factors requirements. Areas of responsibility included product liability and safety, man-machine integration for aerospace l
systems, and nuclear / fossil power plant operation.
Of rected a program for the Sandia National Laboratory which identified sources of human reif ability data and structured a data base management system for probabilistic risk assessment in nuclear power plant operations.
Al so supervised detailed reviews of panel design and layout, control and display configuration, communications, environmental conditions, operating procedures, and maintenance procedures within the control rooms of several nuclear power plants. Directed a program for the Eldctric Power Research Institute to develop maintainability guidelines, from a human engineering perspective, tailored l
- - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
- - - ' - ~ ' ' ~ ' ~ ^ ~ ~ ' ' ' ' ' ~ ' ' ~ ' ~~'
' ' ~ ~ ~ ~
Dr. Julien M. Christensen Page 3 to the requirements of engineering design teams and maintenance personnel at nuclear power plants.
1978-1980 Director. Human Factors Division Stevens, Scheidler, Stevens, Vossler Inc.
Directed the human factors research and development program.
1974-1978 Professor and Chairman, Department of Industrial i
Engineering and Operations Research Wayne State University Administered the Department. Taught higher division courses. Served on academic committes. Represented the University in cor. tacts with industrial concerns, other academic institutions, and professional associations.
1946 - 1974 Director (Supervisory Eng. Psychologist Research)
Human Engineering Division Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Supervised an interdisciplinary tream of over 60 engineers, scientists, and technicians in a human factors research and development program for the United States Air Force.
Programs included visual perception and displays, controls and control dynamics, effects of environmental factors, human performance modeling, maintainability, hinan reliability, information processing, decision-making, safety, and physical anthropology.
1943 - 1946 Captain (Rated Wavigator and Radar Observer) t United States Air Force Construction and validation of academic and in-flight measures of proficiency in navigation.
1941 - 1943 Statistical Clerk and Personnel Technician United States Air Force Training Command Development and validation of tests for selection and classification of pilots, bombardiers and navigators.
Development of academic and in-flight criteria for navigation.
l i
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Dr. Julien M. Christensen Page 4 PU8LICATIONS:
1.
Selection Tests for Bombardiers and Navigators. Trade Test Division. Army Air Corps Technical Training Connand, Chanute Field, Illinois August 1941.
2.
Analysis of Bombardiers-Navigator Selection Test Results. Trade Test Division, Army Air Corps Technical Training Command, Tulsa, Oklahoma, January 1942.
3.
Summary Report: Bombardier-Navigator Selection and Classification. Classifi-cation Division, Army Air Corps Technical Training Command, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
May 1942.
4 Success of Classified Cadets Assigned to Navigator Training.
Research Bulletin No. 28, Psychology Section, Office of the Air Surgeon, Headquarters, AAF,1942.
5.
Reliability of Grades in Advanced Navigation Training.
Research Bulletin No. 75, Psychology Section, Office of The Air Surgeon, Headquarters, AAF, March 1943.
- 6. _ Analysis of the Training of the Navigator. Analysis of Duties of Aircrew Personnel Bulletin No.17, Psychology Section, Office of The Air Surgeon, Headquarters, AAF, April 1943.
7.
Navigational Procedures in Pilotage and Dead Reckoning. Analysis of Outies of Aircrew Personnel Bulletin No.18, Psychology Section, Office of The Air Surgeon, Headquarters, AAF, April 1943.
8.
A Study of Errors in Log Book Computations in Navigation School. Analysis of Duties of Aircrew Personnel Bulletin No. 20. Psychology Section Of fice of The Surgeon, Headquarters, AAF, May 1943.
9.
Elimination Rates and Causes of Elimination in Aircrew Training. Analysis of Duties of Aircrew Personnel Bulletin No. 21. Headquarters, AAF, June 1943.
10.
Intercorrections and Reliability of Grades in Advanced Navigation Training.
Research Bulletin No. 133. Psychology Section, Office of The Air Surgeon, Headquarters. AAF, June 1943.
11 Navigator Proficiency Test, Form A.
Research Bulletin No. 45-12, Psychology Section, Office of The Air Surgeon Headquarters, AAF, April 1945.
(Author 4'
of Bulletin and Editor and Coauthor Test).
- 12. Some Typical Sky and Earth Brightnesses at Altitudes 10,000 to 40,000 Feet and Their Relationship to the Eye-Adaptation Problems of the Radar Operator.
Memorandum Report No. TSEAA-694-ll Hg. Air Materiel Comand, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. December 1946. ATI 110 569.
l 4
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S Or, Julien M. Christensen Page 5 13 Psychological Factors Involved in the Design of Air Navigation Plotters.
Memorandum Report No. TSEAA-694-ID, Hg. Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, October 1946. ATI 105 688. Also appears in Psychological Research on Equipment Design, AAF Aviation Psychology Program Research Report 19, Chapter 5, Paul M Fitts, Editor,1947,
- 14. Design of Scales for Air Navigation Plotters. Minutes and Proceedings of the Army / Navy National Research Council Vision Committee. January, 1947.~
15.
Aerial Analysis of Navigator Duties with Special Reference to Equipment Design and Workplace Layout.
I. Development of Technique. Memorandum Report No. TSEAA-694-15. Hg. Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, September 1947. ATI 125 06.
- 16. Selection Tests for AF Navigators. Journal of the Institute of Navigation, Volume I, Nos. 7 and 8, September, Decenber 1947
- 17. Psychological Research on Navigator Training, AAF Aviation Psychology Program Research Report 10, L. F. Carter, Editor,1947.
(Contributor to several chapters.)
- 18. Aerial Analysis of Navigator Duties with Special Reference to Equipment Design and Workplace Layout.
II. Navigator and Radar Operator Activities on Three Arctic Missions. Memorandum Report No. MCREXD-694-15A, Hg. Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, February 1948. ATI 110 579.
19.
Aerial Analysis of Navigator Duties with Special Reference to Equipment Design and Workplace Layout.
III. Report on Interviews with Navigators of a Photo Reconnaissance Squadron and a Weather Reconnaissance Squadron Assigned to Arctic Duty. Memorandum Report No. MCREX0-694-158, Hg. Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, March 1948. ATI 125 205.
- 20. The Effect of the Staircase Scale on Dial Reading Accuracy. Memorandum Resort No. MCREXD-694-lP, Hg. Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AF3, Ohio, October 1948 ATI 42 468.
- 21. The Sampling Method of Activity Analysis and Its Application to the Problem of Aircraft Crew Requirements. Scientific Methods for Use in the Investiga-tion of Flight Crew Requirements. Flight Safety Foundation, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 1948.
- 22. A Method for the Analysis of Complex Activities and its Application to the Job of Arctic Aerial Navigator. Mechanical Engineering. January, 1949.
23 Human Engineering of the AMCPS-68 System.
AMC Memorandum Report MCREX0-694-18C, Hg. Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, March 1949 (numerous similar reports describing analysis and application of human engineering principles to various Air Force systems).
24 An Analysis of the Activities of the Arctic Aerial Navigator, Tech. Data Digest, 14, 1949.
l l
4 Dr. Julien M. Christensen Page 6 25.
In-Flight Activities of Navigators in the Atlantic and Pacific Areas.
Technical Report No. 5771. Hq. Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, May 1949. ATI 65 836,
- 26. The Sampling Technique for Use in Activity Analysis. Personnel Psychology, Volume 3 No. 3 Autumn, 1950.
- 27. A Comparison of Navigator Activities in the High and Mid-Latitudes.
Technical Report 6027 Hg. Air Materiel Command, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, August 1950.
ATI 84 011.
- 28. An Objective Evaluation of Two Air Force Navigation Plotters. Technical Report 5971, Hg. Air Materiel Connand, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, September 1950.
(Secondary) ATI 110 692.
- 29. Exposure Time as a Factor in Dial Reading Performance.
Thesis for the Degree of Master of Arts The Ohfo State University, Columbus, Ohio,1951.
- 30. Psychological Research Projects of Selected British Laboratories and Establishments. USAF Memorandum Report No. WCRDP-24C, Aero Medical Laboratory Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, July 1951.
ATI 151 644.
- 31. Air Weather Service Survey, II. Weather Briefing. WADC Technical Report No. 6687, Part II (Joint Author), Wright Air Development Center, Wright-i Patterson AFB, Ohio, April 1952. ATI 174 446.
- 32. Quantitative Instrument Reading as a Function of Dial Design. Exposure Time, Preparatory Fixation, and Prac,tice. WADC Technical Report No.52-116, Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, September 1952.
AD 101.
33 Research Projects of Certain British Laboratories and Establishments that Relate to Air Defense. Technical Memorandum Report No. WCR0 52-95, Aero Medical Laboratory, Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. November 1952. AD 5278.
34 Reports of Research in the Field of Engineering Psychclogy. WADC Technical Report 53-75. Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio,
~
April 1953 AD 6991
- 35. The Effect of Selected Visual Training Procedures on the Visual Form Field.
WADC Technical Report 54-239, Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, April 1955. AD 76 423 36 The Importance of Certain Dial Design Variables in Quantitative Instrunent Reading.
WADC Technical Report 55-376, Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, October 1955. AD 97 492.
37 Comparisons of a Single Operator's Performance with Team Performance on a Tracking Task. WADC Technical Note 55-362, Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, July 1955.
(Second Author). AD 96 355.
Dr. Julien M. Christensen Page 7
- 38. Expansion of the Visual Fonn Field by Perimeter Training. WADC Technical Report 55-368 Wright Air Development Center Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, October 1955.
(Second Author). AD 99 643.
- 39. A Study of Perimeter Training with Diversified Stimuli.
WADC Technical Report 56-63. Wright Air Development Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, June 1956.
(Second Author). AD 107 273 40.
Engineering for the Human. Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Military Psychology, National Academy of Sciences National Research Council, 324. Washington, D.C.,
1961.
- 41. Les Rouages de l'Home. Revue de Psychologie Appliquee, _7_, No. 3. July 1957 42.
Trends in Human Factors. Human Factors, l_, No.1, September 1958.
43.
The Importance of Selected Design Variables in Quantitative Instrument Reading.
Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio,1959.
4
- 44. Training in Engineering Psychology. The American Psychologist,1,6_, No. 4.-
April 1961.
(One of eight contributors).
c 45.
Conversations About the Ethical Use of Knowledge:
Weapons Systems and the Ethical Use of Knowledge. Convocation Proceedings, Baldwin-Wallace Collegc, September 1960.
- 46. The Role of Man in Automated Systems. Working Group XIII (8 rig. General Don Flickinger, Chairman) of NATO Long-Range Scientific Planning Committee (Theodor von Karman, Chainnan), CincSouth, Naples. Italy,1961.
(One of several contributors).
47 The Evolution of the Systems Approach in Human Factors Engineering.
Human l
- Factors, 4_, No.1. February 1962.
48 Psychological Aspects of Extended Manned Space Flight. American Astronautical Society, June 1963 Advances in the Astronautical Sciences,15 same material appears also as AMRL-TDR-63-81, September 1963)7. (essentially AD 423 442.
- 49. Why Man Into Space? Sound Seminar No. 829, Cincinnati, Ohio,1963.
(24 j
minute lecture on importance of man in space exploration.)
- 50. Of Men and Machines.
(Thirty minute film.
Part of the Focus on Behavior i
series sponsored by the National Educational Television and Radio Center),
r August 1963.
(One of several contributors.)
l l
- 51. The Use of Space to Study Man. Psi Chi Quarterly, University of Dayton, Autumn, 1963 l
M e
Dr. Julien M. Christensen Page 8 52.
The Emerging Role of Engineering Psychology.(Presidential Address for Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-September 1964.
I. L. " Engineering Psychology:Also appears as Chapter 2 in Howell, W. C. an Appleton-Century-Crof ts, 1971 Current Perspectives in Research," New York:
53.
(With Hetherin Alternatives gton, A. and Ballinger, W.) Manned Orbiting Station and 1
Space Vehicle Panel Washington, D.C., October, 1963.III, Repor (Editor and Contributor) (U) Human Performance Consideration 54.
l Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) Program.
(Confidential Report) Human Performance Sub-Panel, Behavioral Sciences Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, June 1964.
55 The Measurement of General Perfonnance in Military Space Systems.
Space Systems Division and Ballistics Systems Division,
_Tra nsa c-Augus t, 1964
- 56. Human Engineering:
Past, Present, Future. Bio-environmental Symposium, Aerospace Medical Division, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, October 1964.
57 Performance Capabilities of Man on Earth and In Space:
American Astronautical Society, Advances in the Astronautical Sciences,A Study in 20, 1965.
(Also catalogues as AMRL-TR-66-211.)
58.
(With Kraft, C. L.) Some Characteristics of Man Pertinent to Spacecraft Design and Operations.
Space Research: Directions for the Future, Part National Research Council, Washington. 0.C.,1965.Three, Appen 59 Individuals and Us.
Human Factors, 8_, No.1. February 1966.(Presidential Address for the Human F (Also catalogued as AMRL-TR-65-221.)
60.
(With tiiller, J. W., Farr, M.
J., Beach, L. R. and Katchmar, L. T.)
Contributions of Engineering Psychology to Military Systems.
in Uhlander, J. E. (Ed.)
Chapter 12 TR-S-1, U.S. Army Behavioral Sciences Research Laboratory, Psycho Virginia, 1967.
Arl ing ton, 61.
(With Mills, R. C.) What does the Operator do in Complex Systems?
Factors, 9,(4),1967 Human (Also catalogues as A ML-TR-67-100.)
W. D.
Aerospa(ce Medical Research Laboratories, Wright-Patte
. Ed.) Assessment of Complex Operator Performance, AML TR-67-239In Chiles, August 1967 j
62.
An Overview of Human Factors Engineering.
tions, Jndustrial Safety,1_2_, pp. 37-48,1967 National Safety Congress Transac-
_2 I
1
4 Dr. Julien M. Christensen Page 9
- 63. Overview of Human Factors Engineering. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Eastern Regional Safety Convention and Exposition, New York, New York.
April 1969.
C4. Human Factors Considerations in Design for Safety. Proceedings of Safety Conference, University of Maryland, American Society of Safety Engineers August 1969.
65.
Human Factors Engineering Considerations in Systems Development. Proceedinas of the Fifth DRG Seminar on Desion of Ecufoment for Effective Utilintinn.
Moncello (Palermo, Italy) 21-23 September 1969. Also appears as a chapter in Singleton, W.
T., Fox J. G. and Whitfield, D.
" Measurement of Man at Work:
An Appraisal of Physiological and Psychological Criteria in Man-Machine Systems," London: Taylor and Francis, Ltd.,1969.
(Catalogued also as AMRL Technical Report 69-82. AD 727 365.)
66; (With Simons, J. C.) Human Performance in Space Systems.
Lectures in Aerospace Medicine, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, 9-12 February 1970.
67.
Overview uf the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Human Engineering Program. Proceedings of the " Psychology in the Air Force" Symposium, USAF Academy, Colorado, March-April 1970.
(Also catalogued as AMRL TR-70-64.)
68.
Human Engineering Division Program of AMRL, Medical Service Digest, XXI, l
No. 4, April 1970.
- 69. An Evaluation of Some Common Methods of Activity Analysis.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Human Factors / Ergonomics:
Research Metnods, Bellagio, Italy, September 1971,
- 70. What Are They Doing?
(An Evaluation of Some Common Methods of Activity l
Analysis), Applied Ergonomics, 1972.
- 71. Hunan Factors Engineering in the United States Air Force.
Proceedings of the NATO Research Study Group on Human Engineering /Anthropotechnic Soesterberg, The Netherlands, June 1973.
- 72. Motivation and The Systems Safety Concept.
Prtceedings of American Society of Safety Engineers, Dallas, Texas, June 1973.
73 Limitless Man.
Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, Canada, August 1973.
74 Aircraft and Air transportation.
In Wolman, 8. 8. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Neurology, Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology.
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1975.
75.
The Industrial Engineering Program at Wayne State University, AIIE Transactions, 8_, No. 1, March, 1975.
a-
l Dr. Julien M. Christensen Page 10
- 76. Ergonomics--Where Have We 8een and Where Are We Going? Ergonomics,19 No. 3. May 1976.
77 Ergonomics and Engineering. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Association of Canada, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1976.
78.
Status, Effectiveness and Future of Human Engineering, Introductory Chapter in Kraiss, K. F. and Moraal, J., Introduction to Human Engineering, Cologne:
Verlay TVV, Rheinland,1976.
- 79. The General Assembly-Line Simulator (GALS):
Description and General Specifications. NIOSH Unnumbered report. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Cincinnati, Ohio, February,1977. (co-author).
4
- 80. Human Factors in Consumer Product Design. Proceedings of the Consumer Products Technical Interest Group, Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, May 19//.
81 Human Factors Considerations in Designing for Product Safety. Proceedings i
of the Engineering Foundation Conference on Product Liability, New York, New York, June 1977.
82.
Implications of Product Liability for Engineering Design and Education, Engineer-ing Education, 68, No. 3. December 1977.
- 83. Human Factors Engineering--Tools and Directions for the Future, (Invited address, Sesquicentennial Celebration, University of Toronto, Canada,1977 (to be bound and published by the University of Toronto).
i 84.
Human Factors Considerations in Designing for Product Safety. Wayne Engineer, 44,
(
No. 1, November 1977.
85.
Reflections on the Development of an Ergonomics Data Base.
In VanCott, H. P. et l
al, "A Standard Ergonomics Reference Data System: The Concept and Its Assessment,"
NBSIR 77-1403 National Bureau of Standards, June,1978.
86.
" Man / Machine Systems Concepts of Safeguarding; System Reliability presented at j
National Safety Congress, NSC, Chicago, IL, October 4,1978.
87.
" Engineering / Industrial Safety: The Essential Ingredients" - A Basic Manual....
SSS Monograph, J. M. Christensen, et al,1978.
88.
Human Factors Engineering and Hazard / Risk Evaluation (A paper prepared for delivery et the National Standards Technology, Inc., " Products Liability Seminar," Detroit, MI, May, 1979.
l l
- 89. Human Factors Engineering Contributions to Hazard Analysis (Contributions to the Technical Session on " Effective Product Design Review Practices and Procedures").
i Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 23rd Annual Meeting, 1979.
o Dr. Julien M. Christensen Page 11
- 90. (one of several authors) Human Factors Affecting Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) Implementation. Honeywell Report IR-1, Air Forces Materials i
Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, February,1980.
- 91. Human Factors in Hazard / Risk Evaluation.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Human Factors and Industrial Design in Consumer Products. Tufts University, Medford, Mass., May 1980.
(Appears also in the Proceedings of the Conference on Human Reliability in Complex Technical Systems. Royal Swedish Acaderny of Engineering Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden,1982.)
92.
(one of several authors) TMI-Operator Accelerated Retraining Program Review Comittee, General Public Utilities, Parsippany, NJ, June 1,1980.
- 93. (one of several authors) A Review of the Three Mile Island Unit 1 Control Room From a Human Factors Viewooint, Report by MPR Associates for General Public Utilities, Parsippany, NJ, December 1980.
- 94. (one of several authors) The Dictionary of Terms Used in the Safety Profession, American Society of Safety Engineers, Park Ridge, IL,1981.
- 95. The Human Element in Safe Man-Machine Systems.
Professional Safety, March 1981.
9S. Field Experience in Maintenance, Human Detection and Diagnosis of System Failures.
In Rasmussen, J. and Rouse, W. B. (Eds.), Human Detection and Diagnosis of System Failures. New York: Plenum Press, 1981 (with J. M. Howard).
- 97. Working Group on " Impact of Transition on the Human: Near and Long Tem " in Proceedings of the Fourth Human Factors Workshop on Aviation, Report No. FAA-ASF-81-6 (00T-TSC-FAA-81-22), U.S. Department of Transportation, May 1982.
l
- 98. An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering. (Based on remarks made at the ASME-ASNT-NBS Symposium on "Non-Destructive Evaluation [NDE]: Reliability and Human Factors," 12-13 October 1983, Atlanta, GA.)
- 99. The Human Operator in Advanced Aerospace Systems. A planning report prepared for the Director of Life Sciences, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, D.C., December 15, 1981 (with Charles E. Huthinson, Ph.D.)
100. Human Factors Engineering for Maintenance. Maintenance Supervisor's Bulletin, 802, January 1982 (interview).
101. Human Factors Considerations in Lawsuits.
In Esau, D.B. (Ed.) Legal Reference for the Safety Professional. American Society of Safety Engineers, Park Ridge, IL, 1982.
102. Human Factors in Hazard / Risk Evaluation.
In Gerholm, T. R. (chm.) Human Reliability in Complex Technical Systems.
Ingenforsvetenskapsakademien (IVA) Rapport 228, (Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences), Stockholm, October 1982.
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i Dr. Julien M. Christensen Page 12 In Gerholm, T. R.
Training for Optimal Performance in Complex Technical Systems.Ingenjorsvetenskapsakademien (che.) Human Reliability in Complex Technical Systems.(IVA) Rap October 1982.
In Personal Injury, Products Liability and Forensic Human Factors Psychology. Forensic Psychology, American Board of Virginia, 1983 (in publication).
Personnel Selection and Human Engineering Design Guidelines for Maintainability. ~
Training Bulletin _, J. M. Christensen and H. L. Parris (in press).
- i.
i
ERIC F. GARDtTER Date of Birth:
March 16, 1913 Education:
A.B.
(Mathe=atics) Harvard College, 1935 Ed.M.
(Education) Boston Teachers College, 1936 Ed.D.
(Measure =ent and Statistics) Harvard Graduate School of Education, 19k7 Certificate (Naval Architecture) Postgraduate School of Annacolis at University of Michigan,19kh e
Pesitions:
1979 -
Margaret O. Slocum Professor E=eritus of Education and Psychology, Syracuse University 1963 - 1979 Marcaret O. Slocu= Professor of Psychology and Education, Syracuse University 1961 - 1976 Oirector, Psychological' Services and Pesearch Center, Syracuse "niversity i
1961 - 1076 Chairman, Psychology Oecartment, Syracuse University 1961 - 1066 Editor, Psychology volumes in the Hundred "clu=e library of Educatier.
1952 - 1961 Director, Division of Advanced Studies, School of Education.
Syracuse University loL7 - 1953 From Assistant Professor to Professer of Psychology and Education, Syracuse University 19L6 - 19L7 Instructor, Harvard University loll - 19L6 Naval Architect, USNP (lieutenant) 19L2 -
Co: insioned Ensien, USNR 19ho - 19h2 Mathe=atics Teacher, 3everly High School (Massachusettsi 1938 - 19k0 Mathe=atics Teacher, Abincton High School ("assachusetts) 1937 - 1938 Mathematics Teacher, Moses Brown School (Rhode Island) 1936 - 1937 Mathe=atics Teacher, Ver=ent Acadery (Vernent)
-6 I,'.
ERIC F. GARDNER page 2 Professional Organicatien Federships :
1979 -
National Consortium en Testing 1979 - 1980 Me=ber 1980 -
Board of Directors 1969 -
National Council en Measure =ent in Education 1979 -
Representative of NCME to the National Censortius en Testing 1977 - 1979 President 1976 - 1977 Vice President 1969 - 1972 Board of Directors 1065 - 1068 Dhi Delta Kanpa Pesearch Cc==ittee (Chairman 19I7-1983) i f 1960 -
Gerentological Association t
195h -
Institute of Mathe=atical Statistics 1952 -
American Educational Pesearch Associatica 1952 -
A=erican Statistical Assoc,iation 19h8 -
Psychc=etric Society 19L8 -
American Psychological Association ( APA)
Ic70 - 1971 Executive Cc==ittee, Divisien of Educational Psycholecy i
1967 - 1963 President, Division of Evaluation and Measure =ent ic66 - 106T Executive Cc=mittee, Division of Evaluation and Measure =ent 1962 - 1965 APA Council 1960 - 1966 Seentary-Treasurer, Division of Evaluation and Me asure=ent 1955 -
Fellev in Division of Evaluation and Measure =ent,
Division of Educational Psychology, Division of Adult. Life and Old Age, Division of Teachine of Psychology 19L2 -
Elected to Phi Delta Kappa (National Honor Society) Narvard L -.
h
{,
I ERIC F. GARDNER pase 3 Other Organizations:
1980 -
Institute of Nuclear Power Operations : Me=ber of the Special Education, Training and Qualification Task Force 1978 -
Member of Board of Directors, Syracuse Sy= phony Orchestra I
197h -
Advisory Board, New York St, ate Education Depart =ent, Proficiency Exa=inations, External Degree Program 1970 - 197h President, CAREVAL, Inc.
1968 - 1975 Trustee, Manlius-Pebble Hill School 1966 -
Advisory Board, New York State Education Depart =ent, Proficiency Examinations 1962 - 196h Harvard Graduate School of Education Advisory Cc ittee 1960 -
Chairman and me=ber of a number of Middle States, Southern States, and NCA"'I Evaluation Cc==ittees (e.g. 'a'illia and
!!ary, University of Hartford, University of Buffalo, University of Pennsylvania, Cornell University, etc. )
1956 - 1959 Advisory Co==ittee of the United Itates Office of Education, Pesearch Branch 1956 - 1958 t'e =b e r 1958 - 1959 Chair =an 1956 - 1970 President, Test Pesearch Associates, Inc.
loS6 - 1966 Co==ittee of Exa=iners of the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SAT) of the College Entrance Exa.ination Scard 1951 - 1958 "ational Research Council Ce==ittee en Aviatien Psycholosy 1951 - 1979 Chair =an of numerous University ec=.ittees : Syracuse University Senate, graduate school, college and depart = ental co=.ittees en academic planning, pro =otions and tenure, curriculu= and morranization s
ERIC F. GARINER P88* h i
1 Honors and Recognition:
1976 - 1977 Who's Who in the World
^
1974 - 1975 The National Register of Prominent Americans and International Nbtables 197h -
Dictionary of International Biography 1970 -
The Blue Book 196h - 1977-Who's Who in America 1958 -
Imaders in Education 1956 -
Who's Who in the East Named Cenference :
1978 Central New York and Southern Canada =easurerent, evaluation and statistics annual conference named The Eric F. Gardner Annual Cenference Bocks. Ebok Chatters and Research Pacers in Bocks of Feadings :
Gardner, E.F.
Measurement in Education for the 1980's: Teaching and Training Issues, Chapter in Mervin, J. (Ed. ) Measurement in Educatien for the 1980's.
Annual Phi Delta Kappa Sy=cosium on Educational Research.
Rand McNally and Company.
(In press)
Gardner, E. F.
Evaluation of the Coerator Accelerated Petraining Program, Chacter in Uhrig, R. (Ed. ) Peuert of the
"!-l Ceerator Accelerated Petraining Prerran Feviev Com:-dttee,1980.
Monge, R.H. and Gart.er, E. F.
Syracuse Univerrf t, A tult Development Study:
i A Pro 6ress Report, Chacter in Dobbs, R.C. i . ) Adult Education in l
A= erica, Litho Printers, fitssouri,10~3 i
Monge, R.H. and Gardner, E.F.
Social an. mvm xantal Issues, Chatter in R.F. Riezel and J.A. Meachac (Eds. ) The Develecing Individual in a Chancine World, Vol. II, Aldine, Chicago, 1976.
l Cardner, E.F.
Standardi:ed testing in the United States in Develorments in Educational Testine, Karlheinz Ingenka=p (Ed.) Vol. 1, 10-27, University of London Press Ltd., London,1969.
i
- s l_,.
ERIC F. GARDNER page 5 Books, Book Chaeters and Research Pacers in Books of Readings : ( cont ' d')
Gardner, E.F.
Essay or objective test? in Developments in Educational Testing, Karlheinz Ingenkamp (Ed.) Vol. 2, 335-347. University of London Press Ltd.,
1969 Gardner, E.F.
Acvendung standardisierter tests in den Vereinigten Stanten in Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Testanvendune in der Schule, Herausgegeben von Karlheinz Ingenkamp and Theresia Marsolok. Verlag Julius Beltz: Weinheim, Berlin, Basel,1968, Gardner, E.F. Profungen in Aufsatzfor= oder obiektive tests in Meglichkeiten und Grenzen der Testanwendung in der Schule, Herausgegeben von Karlheinz Ingenkamo and Theresia Marsolok. Verlag Julius Beltz: Weinheim, Berlin, Basel, 1968.
Kuhlen, R.G., Monge, R.H. and Gardner, E.F.
Syracuse University Bibliograthy:
Learninc and Cornitive Performar.ce in Adults, Janua:71968.
Gardner, E.F.
Nor=ative Standard Scores in Princioles of Educational and Psycholerical Measurement, Mehrens, Willia: A. end Ebel, Robert L. (Eds.)
Rand McNally, Chicago, 1967, 53-60.
Gardner, E.F.
Some sicnificant fac tors in test ir..'rpretatien, Chapter VIII in Payne, David A..and McMorris, Robert F., Educational and Psycholocical Measure =ent, 201-20h, Blaisdell Publishing Co::any,1967.
Gardner, E.F.
Seventh Annual Phi Delta Kappa Synposium on Educational Research, Discussant in Julian, Stanley (Ed.) I= rovine Exterimental Desien and Statistical Analysis, 132, lk5, 153, 195, 205, 253, Rand McNally and Co=pany, 1067.
Gardner, E.F.
Student and media variables and learnine from the new educational l
=edia, Proceedinas of Project Aristotle Syncesiu=, 35h-372, NSIA,1967.
l l
l 1
I
ERIC F. GA M CR Page 6 Books. Book Chapters and Research Pacers in Books of headings: (cont'd)
Gardner, E.F.
The importance of reference groups in scaling procedure, in Testing Problems in Perspective, Anastasi, Anne (Ed.) American Council on Education, 1966.
Gardner, E.F. and Thompacn, G.G.
Investigation and Measurement of the Social Values Governing Intercersonal Relations A=cng Adolescent Youth and Their Teachers.
(2 volu=es) Cooperative Research Project No. 259A (6418) SU, 259B (8h18) OSU, 1963.
Gardner, E.F. (Ed.)
P oceedings,1062 Invitational Cenference on Testing Problems, Educational Testing Service.
Gardner, E.F. (Issue Editor) Review of I:iucational Research, Vol. XXXII No. 1, February 1962.
Somoson, G.G., Gardner, E.F. and CiVasta, F.
Educational Psveholosv, Appleten-Century-Crofts, New York, 1959.
Gardner, E.F.
Tc=orrov's Graduate School of Education, Syracuse University Press,
Syracuse, New York, 1958.
Gardner, E.F.
Statistical Methods. Annual Peviev of Psycholery, Vol. 8,1957.
Gardner, E.F. and B e=psen, G.G.
Social Felatiens and Morale in Small Grouts.
Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1956.,
Gardner, E.F. and Scepsen, G.G.
Seeial-Felatiens 'ndices as Predicters of Escrit de Cc-es Morale and Greue Effectiveness, Eeport to the Office of Naval Research, July 1955.
Gardner, E.F. and S emosen, G.G.
S e Measurement of Seeial Felatiens in Small Orcuts.
Peport to the Office of Naval Eesearch. July 195L.
Flanaran, et al.
Units, Scores and Noms. Chacter 17 in E.F. Lindquist (Ed.)
l Educatienal Messurement, American Council en E:iuestien, '4ashinzten,1951.
i i
l i
i
ERIC F. GARDNER page 7 Research Reports, Articles, and Revievs:
Gardner, E.F.
Guest Editorial: Changing Attitudes Toward Tests and Measure =ent.
CIDR Quarterly, Vol.11, #2, Summer,1978.
Gardner, E.F.
Bias. Measurement 'in Education, Vol. 9, #3, Su=mer,1978 (Presidential address presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, Toronto, March, 1978).
Gardner, E.F.
Review and critique of the Henmen-Nelson Tests of Mental Ability, 1973 Edition in Buros (Ed.) Eighth Mental Measurements Yearbook. ':he Gryphon Press, Highland Park, New Jersey, 1978.
Gardner, E.F.
Feview and critique of the Student Reactions to Collere Questionnaire in Buros (Ed. ) Eighth Mental Measurements Yearbook. The Gryphon Press, Highland Park, New Jersey,1978.
Gardner, E.F.
Assessing Adults: '4 hat Instru=ents Are Available. Review of Adult Assessment: A Source Book of Tests and Measures of Human Behavior by Richard S. Andrulis.
Charles C. Tho=as, Springfield, Illinois.
In Conte =torary Psycholony, 1978, Vol. 23, #6.
Gardner, E.F.
Review of '"he Myth of Measureability by Paul T. Houts (Ed. ).
Hart Publishing Company, New York.
In Journal of Educational Measurement, 1977, Vol. 14, #h, Gardner, E.F. and Menge, R.H.
Adult Age Differences in Cognitive Abilities and Educational Backgrounds.
Exterimental Axihr Research, 1977, 3(h), p. 337-383.
Gardner, E.F.
Interpreting Achievenent Profiles: Uses and '4arnings. Journal of Research and Develotment in Education, Vol. 10, #3, Spring, 1977.
Stanford Research Recort #1, Definitions, Rationale, and Use of the Total Auditory Secre. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974 Stanford Research Recort #3, Norms Develec=ent Su=r.ary. Harcourt 3 race Jovanovich, 197L.
Stanford Pesearch Report #1., Stanford Nor=s : Derivation, Characteristics and j
Uses. Harcourt 3 race Jovanovich, 197h.
Stanford Fesearch Report #5, Ecuivalent Scores far the 1973 Edition of Stanford Achievement Test and the 19eh Edition of Stanford Achievement Test in " e r:-s of Grade Ecuivalents. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974 l
Monge, R.H. and Gardner, E.F.
" Facts and Fiction about Learning in Adults:
'~h e Dying of a.Yh."
Proceedings: A Conference on Adults as Learner, Penn State University, 197h.
N-
ERIC F. GALDNER page 8 Research Reports, Articles and Revievs: (cont'd)
Monge, R.H. and Gardner, E.F.
" Education as an aid to adaptation in the adult years." In Proceedings of Symposium: Problems of Adaptation throughout the Life Span International Society for the Study of Behavioral Develop-ment held at Ann Arbor, Michigan, August 1973.
Monge, R.H. and Gardner, E.F.
" Age differences in the capabilities adults bring to the classroom." Presented by Dr. Monge to the 50th Anniversary Syncosium on Adult Learning Psychology: I=plications for Higher Education for Division of Continuing Education, SUPl at Buffalo,1973.
Gardner, E.F.
Review and critique of the Cooperative Academic Ability Test in Buros (Ed.) Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook. The Gryphon Press, Highland Park, New Jersey,1972.
Gardner, E.F.
Review and critique of the Lorre-Thorndike Intellirence Tests,
College Edition in Euros (Ed. ) Seventh Mental Measu~ements Yearbook. The Gryphon Press, Highland Park, New Jersey, 1972.
Gardner, E.F.
Interpreting Achieve =ent Profiles : Uses and *4arnings. In Measurement in Education, Vol. 1, #2, 1970.
Thompson, George G. and Gardner, E.F.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Happy-Successful Living.
The Journal of Genetic Psycholory, 1969, 115, 107-120.
Kuhlen, R.G., Monge, R.H. and Gardner, E.F.
Fyr'acuse University Biblierrachy:
Learnine and Cornitive Performance in Adults, January 196c.
Gardner, E.F.
Reviev and criticue of Grour Cchesiveness : A Study of Groun Morale in Euros (Ed. ) Sixth Mental Measurenents Yearbook.
The Cryphon Press, Highland ? ark, New Jersey,19e5 Gardner, E.F.
Review and critique of The Pever ef Influence Test in Euros (Ed. )
Sixth Mental Measurements Yearbook.
The Grytnen Press, Hichland Park, New Jersey, 19o5.
Gardner, E.F.
Countables, Rankables, Measurables.
Review of Peat =an, J.G.,
!ntroduction to Apelied Statistics.
In Cententerary Psycholory, Vol. IX, 85, lohk.
Gardner, E.F.
Can values really be measured?
"he Catholie Psycholocical Pecord, Vol. 1, #2, Fall 1963, 23-31.
Gardner, E.F.
For Theoretical Psy-lometricians.
Feview of Rasch, A.,
Probabilistic Models for Some Intellirence and Attainment Tests.
In Conterrorary Psycholorv, Vol. VIII, 81, 1963.
Gardner, E.F.
Normative Standard Scores.
Educational and Psychological Measure-ment, Vol. 22, #1, Spring 1962.
ERIC F. GARDNER page 9
~
Research Reports, Articles and Reviews: (cent'd) deJung, J.E. and Gardner, E.F.
The accuracy of self-role perceptions : a develop-mental study. The Journal of Exnerimental Education, Vol. 31, #1, Sectember 1962, 27-41.
Gardner, E.F.
Some considerations for users of tests.
The Reading Bulletin, Allyn and Bacon, No. 111, 1962.
Mervin, J.C. and Gardner, E.F.
Development and spplication of tests of educational achievement. Peview of Educational Research, Vol. XXXII, #1, February 1962, ho-51.
Gardner, E.F.
Using tests to improve the efficiency and quality of learning.
,Imerovine the Efficiency and Quality of Learning, American Council of Education, 1961,89-101.
.Myers, L. Jr. and Gardner, E.F.
An inexpensive method to determine the efficiency of a television program. Journal of Atelied Psycholony, Vol. hh, #1,1960.
Gardner, E.F.
Review and critique of The Graduate Record Exa=ination Advanced Tests: Mathematies.
In Euros (Ed. ) Fifth Mental Measurements Yearbook. The Gryphon Press, Highland Park, New Jersey,1959.
Gardner, E.F. and Thc=rson, G.G.
Measuring and Intercreting Social Relations.
Test Service Notebook, No. 22, Harecurt Brace and 'Jorld, Inc., New York, 1959 r
Gardner, I.F.
Review and criticue of Secuential Tests of Educatienal Prorress:
Feadine in Euros (Ed ) Fifth Mental Measurements Yearbook.
The Grychen Press,
Highland Park, New Jersey,1959.
DiCarlo, L.M. and Gardner, E.F.
A comparative study of the efficiency of three groun oure tone screening tests for public school children. Journal of Excentional Children, Vol. 2h, #8, April 1958.
Cardner, E.F.
Development and application of tests of educational achievenent in schools and colleges.
Review of Educational Research, Vol. XXIII, el, February 1953.
DiCarlo, L.M. and Gardner, E.F.
The efficiency of the Massachusetts Pure Tone Screening Test as adapted for a university testing progra=.
Journal of Seeech and Hearing Disorders, Vol.16, #2, June 1953,175-182.
Gardner, E.F.
Review and critique of Metronolitan Readiness Tests in Burer (Ed.)
Fourth Mental Measurements Yearbook. The Gryphon Press, Highland Park, New Jersey, 1953.
Gardner, E.F.
Review and critique of Iowa Tests of Mental Develettent in Buros (Ed. ) Fourth Mental Measurements Yearbook.
The Gryphon Press, Highland Park, New Jersey, 1953.
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ERIC F. GAIU2iER page 10 Research Reports, Articles and Reviews: (cont'd)
Gardner, E.F.
The importance of reference groups in scaling procedure.
Proceedings 1952 Invitational Conference on Testine Problems, Educational Testing Service, 13-21.
Gardner, E.F.
Comments on selected scaling techniques with a description of a new type of scale.
1950, 38 h3.
Journal of Clinical Psycholony, Vol. VI, #1, January Gardner, E.F.
- he determination of units of measurement which are consistent with inter and intra grade differences in ability.
Ha-rard Educational Review, Vol.19, #2, Spring 19h9.
Gardner, E.F.
Value of norms based on a new tyue of scale unit.-
Proceedines, loh8 Invitational Conference on Testing 67-Th.
Problems, Educational Testine Serrice, Gardner, E.F.
Funda=entals of statistics, a review.
Vol. 18, #3, Su=mer 19h8.
Harvard Educational Peviev, s
i
ERIC F. GAREER Page 11 Tests:
Karlsen, 3. and Gardner, E.F.
Adult Basic Imarninr Examination (Revision).
The Psychological Corporation (a subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich),
(In press)
Gardner, E.F., Rudman, H., Karlsen, B. and Mervin, J.
Stanford Achievement Tests.
'Ihe Psychological Corporation (a subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), New York,1982.
m Gardner, E.F., Callis, R.J., Mervin, J.
Stanford Test of Academic Skills.
The Psychological Corporation (a subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich).
New York,1982.
Madden, R., Gardner, E.F. and Collins, C.
Stanford Early School Achievement Test.
Se Psychological Corporation (a subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), New York,1982.
Karlsen, B., Madden, R. and Gardner, E.F.
Manual for Ad=inisterine and Intereretine Stanford Diagnostic Peadine Test, Level 31.
Harcourt 3 race Jovanovich, New York, 197T.
- Karlsen, B., Madden, R. and Gardner, E.F.
Stanford Diarnestic Readine Test,
I.evels R, G t.nd B.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1976.
Beatty, L., Madden, R., Gardner, E.F. and Karlsen, 3.
Stanford Diagnostic Mathematies Test, Levels R, G, Br and 31.
Harcourt 3 race Jovanovich, New York, 1976.
- Karlsen, 3., Madden, R. and Gardner, E.F.
Manual for Ad=inisterint and Inte-eretine Stanford Diarnestic Feadine Test, Levels R, G and Br.
Harcourt 3 race Jovanovich, New York, 1976.
Seatty, L., Madden, R., Gardner, E.F. and Karlsen, 3.
Manual for Adr.inistering and Intereretine Stanford Diarnestie Mathenaties Test, Levels R, G, Br, and 31.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York,1076.
~
Madden, R., Gardner, E.F., Rudman, H., Karlsen, B. and Mervin, J.
Teacher's i
Guide for Interrretine Stanford Achievement Tests, Primary Level I h uch Advanced ',evel.
Harcourt brace Jovanovich, New York, 197h.
- Madden, R., Gardner, E.F., Rud:An, H., Karlsen, 3. and Mervin, J.
Administrator's Guide for Intereretine Stanford Achievement Tects. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, l
New York, 1974 1
I Gardner, E.F., Mezvin, J., Callis, R. and Madden, R.
Manual for Co== unity and Junior Colleres of the Stanford Test of Acadecie Skill. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 197h.
Madden, R., Gardner, E.F., Rudman, H., Xarlsen, B. and Mervin, J.
Technical Manual of the 1973 Revision of the Stanford Achieve ent Test. Harcourt Brace l
Jovanovich, New York, 19Th.
Karlsen, B., Madden, R. and Gardner, E.F.
Stanford Diarnestic Readine Test,_
Level III. Harcourt Brace Novanovich, New York,197L.
ERIC F. GARI1TER page 12 74sts: ( cont' d)
Karlsen, B., Madden, R. and Gardner, E.F.
Technical Manual, Stanford Diasnostic Reading Test, Level III. Harecurt Brace Jovanovich, New York,1974 Gardner, E.F. and Kleinke, D.J.
Syracuse Environmental Awareness Tests, New York State Education Department, 1973.
Madden, R., Gardner, E.F., Rud=an, H., Karlsen, B. and Mervin, J.
Stanford Achievement Tests. Harecurt Brace Jovanovich, New York,1973.
Gardner, E.F., Callis, R.J., Mervin, J. and Madden, R.
Stanford Test of Academic Skills. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York,1972.
Madden, R. and Gardner, E.F.
Stanferd Early School Achievement Test. Harcourt 3 race and World, New York, 1969.
Durost, W., Gardner, E.F. and Madden, R.
Analysis of Learnine Potential Test.
Harecurt Brace and World, New York,1969 Karlsen, 3., Madden, R. and Gardner, E.F.
Adult Basic Learnine Examination.
Harecurt Brace and World, New York,1966.
Karlsen, S., Madden, R. and Gardner, E.F.
Stanford Diarnestic Peadine Test, For=s V and X.
Harcourt Brace and World, New Yerk,1966.
Beatty, L.S., Madden, R. and Gardner, E.F.
Stanford Diagnostic Arithmetic Test,
For=s W and X.
Harcourt Brace and World, New York,1966.
Gardner, E.F., Mervin, J., Callis, R. and Madden, R.
Stanford Achievement Test (Mich School Battery) Forms W, X and S.
Harcourt Brace and World, New York, 1966.
j Gardner, E.F.
Ite=s for Test of Teacher Cemnetence in Educational Measurement.
l Washington National Council on Measurement in Education,19c3 l
Sheldon, W., Gardner, E.F. et al.
Tests for Sheldon teadine Series. Allyn and
[
3 acon, Bosten,1963.
Kelley, T.L., Madden, R., Gardner, E.F. and Rudman, H.
Stanford Achievement Test,
For=s V, X, Y, Z.
Harcourt Brace and World, New York, lo6k.
Gardner, E.F. and Thompson, G.G.
Syracuse Scales of Social Felations. Harecurt Brace and World, New York 1959.
Kelley, T.L., Terman, L.M., Madden, R. and Gardner, E.F.
Stanford Achievement Test, Forms J, K, L, M, N.
Harecurt Brace and World, New York,1953.
1 l
l
r Additions to Eric.F. Gardner Vita under Books, Book Chapters, etc. add:
J 1
Gardner, E.F.
Some Aspects of the Use and Misuse of Standardized Aptitude and Achievement Tests.
Chapter in Ability Testing: Uses, Consequences, and Controversies, Part I and Part II, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.,1982.
under Research Reports, etc. add:
Gardner, E.F.
Intrinsic Rational Validity: Necessary But Not Sufficient.
Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, Vol. 2. No. 2, Summer, 1983 under Tests add:
Ensher, G.L., Clark, D.A.
Michaels, C., Bobish, T., and Gardner, E.F.
Preede I: A First Year Develormental Scale for Premature and Other High Risk Infants. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York (In press).
Beatty, L., Madden, R., Gardner, E.F., and Karlsen, B.
Stanford Diasnostic Mathematies Test, Levels R, G, 3r and 31.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York (In press).
Gardner, E.F., Rud=an, H.C., Karlsen, B., Mervin, J.C.
Stanford Achievement Writing Test.
The Psychological Corporation '(a subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich), New York, 1982.
Karlsen, 3. and Gardner, E.F.
Stanford Diaciostic Readine Test, Invels R, G, Dr and 31.
Harcourt Brace Jovanovi,:h, New Ycrk (In cress).
under Organizations add:
1981 - 198h Chairman, Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INFO),
Cenmittee en Selection 1983 -
Nuclear Engineering Faculty, New York State Education Depart =ent,
Regents External Degree Program i
I s
..c-
e 4
RESUME FRANK L. KELLY Married 55 Byron Drive 5'9" - 145 lbs.
Avon, Connecticut 06001 Excellent health (203) 673-6999 Age:
52 EXPERIENCE Summary:
Thirty (30) years of experience in the nuclear industry engaged in training and evaluation of power plant operators, project management, marketing and startup, testing and operation of nuclear power plants.
Specific Experience:
~
March 1979 to Present President and Founder of PQS Corporation (PQS)
Directed and directs PQS in extensive 1) nuclear power plant training program review and audit activities for twenty-two (22) nuclear utilities, including domestic and Swiss and Brazilian programs and 2) audits of RO and SRO NRC license candidates prior to NRC examinations, as well as audits of licensed operator proficiency, at eighteen (18) nuclear power stations.
February 1977 to March 1979 - Manager, Marketing, EDS Nuclear, Inc.
RESPONSIBILITIES Responsible for the direction of marketing and sales activities, client interface and new business development engaged in by the EDS New York Regional Office.
EDS Nuclear is the second largest diversified nuclear technology consulting corporation in the industry.
Clients include utilities, architect engineers, nuclear steam system suppliers and equipment manufacturers.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS Set up and implemented the Regional Of fice's marketing, sales and business development program, resulting in an office sales increase from S1,200,000 to S4,200,000 in eighteen (18) months.
F1 June 1979 to February 1977 - Manager, Technical Sales and Consultant, x
Market Development, Nuclear Services Corporation (now Quadrex Corporation).
RESPONSIBILITIES 1.
Responsible for the total sales effort of the third largest and most diversified nuclear technology consulting. corporation in the industry.
Clients number nearly one hundred, including utilities, architect engineers, nuclear steam system suppliers and equipment manufacturers.
2.
Responsible for implementing sales programs which provide guidance to nuclear utilities in the areas of their potential service needs, whether they be engaged in design, construction or operation.
3.
Act as Vice-President, Marketing Division in his absence.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1.
Organized a functional Technical Sales group and directed its activities towards a " market by specific service discipline" effort to achieve more effective sales results.
2.
Through my personal knowledge of the many people in the nuclear industry, enabled Nuclear Services Corporation to achieve broader recognition as a nuclear consultant.
This knowledge was gained through contacts made during my twenty-five years in both the industry and USAEC, as well as participation in American Nuclear Society activities.
3.
Prepared and implemented the company's first Sales Training Program.
1973 to June 1974 - Assistant to the General Manager, Nuclear Service Division, Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
RESPONSIBILITIES Developed and organized new product and service business ventures for the Service Division, which by charter provided complete pre-operational services for the Westinghouse product, Nuclear Steam Supply Systems (NSSS).
Main interface with Marketing Division to evaluate existing business for further development or phase-out.
L
4
~ ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1.
Established a new and lucrative market for a " sister" Westinghouse Division, in the area of providing security systems for nuclear power stations.
2.
Developed a computer-oriented data feedback and analysis information system for operating-nuclear power plants.
The potential market, now being pursued, is estimated as a multi-million dollar annual business for the Company.
'3.
Developed and implemented a service to provide utilities with an off-loading, storage and " rough-set" operation for NSSS components'(steam generators and pressurizers) in conjunction with site delivery, utilizing constructor /A/E personnel.
Westinghouse provided technical direction of these operations.
4.
Developed a " Nuclear Training Center" package to supply the personnel training needs of the nuclear utilities.
The multi-million dollar package included training simulators and training center total management.
1969-1973 - Manager, Nuclear Training Operations, Nuclear Service Division, Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
RESPONSIBILITIES organized and directed all nuclear training programs administered to nuclear utilities.
Managed the line activities of seven (7) managers who were responsible for approximately fifty (50) training engineers.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1.
Created and placed into operation the world's first complete nuclear training center, an investment of S6,000,000.
This established Westinghouse as the number one nuclear plant vendor in the training business.
2.
Increased annual training program sales from S2,000,000 to S4,000,000 through the creation of the training center and other related programs, and marketing of total training capabilities.
3.
Marketed and consulted in the development of the first complete nuclear training center in Japan.
d y
l 1962-1969 - United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC, presently Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)), Division of Reactor Licensing.
RESPONSIBILITIES Engaged in all activities relating to the regulation of nuclear power plant operator licensing examinations and evaluation.
Served as Chief, Operator Licensing Branch from 1967 through 1969, responsible for the activities of thirty (30) operator license examiners.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1.
In 1962, devised the first license examination program.
for nuclear plant supervisory or senior operators.
2.
In 1967, organized the operator licensing activities
~
into functional groups, which increased examination and evaluation efficiency by 304.
3.
Recommended and later approved the world's first full scale nuclear power plant simulator used for operator training purposes.
4.
Established procedures for nuclear plant operator training program content, to satisfy the requirements of individual eligibility to take USAEC operator license examinations.
1957-1962 - Senior Nuclear Plant Operations Engineer, Atomic Power Division, Westinghouse Electric Corporation.
RESPONSIBILITIES Directed the construction turnover, startup and operation of several Westinghouse nuclear plants, including research, testing and power reactors.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS 1.
Licensed by USAEC as first Westinghouse operator of a commercial nuclear power plant, the Rowe Yankee Station.
Supervised the initial startup and operation of this plant.
2.
Held NRC licenses for six (6) nuclear facilities, including power generation, test power and critical experiment reactors.
3.
Recommended, organized and conducted the first complete Westinghouse training program to qualify nuclear plant operators for USAEC licensing.
FJ b
EDUCATION 1959 - 1960 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Completed credits necessary for Masters Degree, Nuclear Chemical Engineering.
1950 - 1954
. University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont B.S. in Electrical Engineering, Power Ma]or, Chemistry Minor.
Varsity Baseball; Vice-President, Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity; Deputy Wing Commander, Air Force ROTC Unit.
MILITARY 1954 - 1956 U.S.
Air Force - Nuclear Weapons Officer -
Rank at discharge:
Captain.
PERSONAL BACKGROUND AND INTERESTS Home Town - Burlington, Vermont Hobbies Music, sports, including golf bevling, sailing and physical fitness.
REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL NUCLEAR ENGINEER'S LICENSE, NU-883, STATE OF CALIFORNIA.
AFFILIATIONS Member :
American Nuclear Society; Treasurer, Secretary, Vice-Chairman, and past Chairman, Reactor Operations Division.
Past Secretary of ANS-3 sub-committee (REACTOR OPERATIONS).
Human Factors Society ASME Committee on Operations and Maintenance s
6
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Attachment a a
'e WILLIAM ROBERT KIMEL Dean, College of Engineering Professor of Nuclear Engineering University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia, Missouri 65211 PERSONAL Born:
May 2, 1922; Cunningham, Kansas Married: Mila Brown Kimel, August 14, 1552 Address:
900 Yale; Columbia, Missouri 65203 Telephone 314/445-6132 EDUCATION High School Diploma Clearwater, Kansas 1940 B.S.
(Mechanical Engineering)
Kansas State University 1944 M.S.
(Mechanical Engineering)
Kansas State University 1949 PhD. (Engineering Mechanics)
University of Wisconsin 1956 EXPERIENCE 1944-46 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron, Ohio, Development Engineer 1946-48 Kansas State University, Instructor 1948-54 Kansas State Univrirsity, Assistant Professor 1953 (Summer) Boeing Airplane Co., Wichita, Kansas, Engineer 1954 (Summer) Westinghouse Electric Co., Kansas City, Missouri, Engineer 1954-58 Kansas State University, Associate Professor 1955-56 University of Wisconsin, Fellow (Sabbatical leave from Kansas State University) 1955-56 U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, Engineer (Sabbatical leave from Kansas State University) 1957-58 Argonne National Laboratory, Resident Research Associate 1958-68 Kansas State University, Professor and Head, Department of Nuclear Engineering 1'/68-70 University of Missouri-Columbia, Dean, College of Engineering; Director, Engineering Experiment Station; Professor, Nuclear Engineering 1970-University of Missouri-Columbia, Dean, College of Engineering; present and Professor, Nuclear Engineering HONORARY and PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS, PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AND HONORS Sigma Xi, Tau Beta Pi, Pi Mu Epsilon, Phi Kappa Phi, Sigma Tau, Pi Tau Sigma, Blue Key, Phi Eta Sigma, American Society of Engineering Education, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Missouri Academy of Sciences, American Association for the Advance-ment of Science, Registered Professional Engineer (Kansas) No. 1032, k
e_ KIMEL (Missouri) No. E-13671, The Newcomen Society of North America, National Society of Professional Engineers, Missouri Society of Professional Engineers, Who's Who in America, Fellow-American Nuclear Society,1972 Distinguished Service Award in the field of Engineering from Kansas State University. Governance Award, American Nuclear Society 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980.
UMC Faculty Alumni Award, 1979. Fellow-American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1979.
Honorary Membership Alpha Nu Sigma, 1981.
American Society of Military Engineers Bliss Award, 1982.
University of Wisconsin College of Engineering Distinguished Service Citation, 1982.
Engineers Club of St. Louis Award of Merit 1983.
CIVIC MEMBERSHIPS Manhattan, Kansas: Kiwanis, 1960-68; Chamber of Commerce (Industrial Development Committee) 1964-68. Columbia, Missouri:
Chamber of Commerce, Board of Directors, 1968-77; member, Selection Committee; Executive Vice President, 1976-77; Vice President, Economic. Development, 1975-76. Columbia Area Industrial Development Commission, Chairman, 1970-76.
Columbia Rotary Club:
Program Ch&irman, 1976-78; Vice-President / President-Elect, 1980-81; Rotary President 1981-82.
Masonic Lodge (32*), Shrine, Sigma Alpha Epsilon (Faculty Advisor 12 years and then Chairman, Kansas Beta Alumni Commission of Sigma Alpha Epsilon 7 years)
UNIVERSITY COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIPS Kansas State University 1946-1968 Reactor Safeguards Committee, Chairman; Radiation Safety Committee; General Education Committee; University Representative to Argonne
' Universities Association Meetings; Sigma Xi and Phi Kappa Phi Membership Committees; Civil Defense Committee; Athletic Councils Faculty Senate, Graduate Councils Long Range Planning Committee; Digital Computer Committees Student Honors Program Committee; Campus Development Committee; Faculty Representative on Student Tribunal; Blue Key Advisor; College Advisory Council (precursor to Faculty Senate)
University of Missouri-columbia 1968-present University-wide Extension Council, 1968-1977; UM Business-In-dustry Ceans Council, Chairman, 1981-82; University-Wide Environ-mental Health Committee, 1968-70; Council of Deans; Disaster Relief Committees 1968-72; Ad hoc Committee for Issuance and Control of Keys for University Buildings, Chairman 1970-73; University Research Prrk Committee, Chairman, 1968-72; Energy Conservation Committee 1974-76; Executive Committee for KCMU-TV 1974-80;
,:.' KIMEL Broadcast Media Board 1974-1980; Rural Development Advisory Council 1975-1979; Sigma Xi Research Award Committee, Chairman, 1975; Urban Affairs Committee, 1973; Chancellor Selection Committee, 1971; Provost for Medical Affairs Selection Committee 1973; Dean of Medicine Selection Committee 1975; Missouri University Research
- Reactor Director Selection ' Committee,1974; Resource Management Council, 1973-75; Faculty Responsibility Committee; 1970-73; Faculty Load Guidelines Committee, 1973-75; Dean of Business and Public Affairs Screening Committee, 1979-81; Council of Deans' Committee on Support Services, 1982-84.
College of Engineering Committees: Executive Council, Chairman, 1968-present; Minorities Task Force, Chairman, 1973-76; Steering Committee for Energy Systems and Resources Program, Chairman, 1974-present.
CONSULTING Argonne Universities Associations Operator Accelerated Retraining Program for TMI-1, General Public Utilities, 1979-80; Reconstituted Operator Accelerated Retraining Program for TMI-1, GPU-Nuclear, l:
1984- ; Institute for Nuclear Power Operations Task Force, 1980-1983; New York Regents External Nuclear Technology Degree l
Program, 1983-present; US AEC Division of Nuclear Education and l
Training; US AEC Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research Traineeship Selection Panels NSF-HEW (NDEA Title IV Fellowship i
Review Panel); NSF Ad Hoc Reactor Advisory Panels Kerr-McGee j
Corporation; Collins Radio Company; Wilson Machine Company (gamma probe survey of barrel disposal cask for submarine reactor liner);
National Society of Professional Engineers (FSA courses); NSF l
Review Panel (Secondary School Summer Institutes); NSF Site j.
Reviewer (Department Science Development Program).
i STATE and NATIONAL COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIPS American Association of Engineering Societies: Educational Affairs Council, 1979-present; Guidance Committee, 1979-present.
American Nuclear Society: Board of Directors 1973-76, 1977-81; Vice Chairman, European Nuclear Conference, Hamburg, May 1979; President 1978-79; Vice President / President-Elect 1977-78; Blue Ribbon Committee for Public Policy, 1976-78; Honors & Awards Committee i
1975-78; Public Policy Committee 1979-80; Engineering Education &
l Accreditation Committee 1970-76, Chairman 1973; Planning Committee 1
1966-75, Chairman 1970-74; Nuclear Engineering Department Heads Chairman 1973-74; Nominating Committee 1969-70, 1972-73, Chairman 1979-80; ANS-NRC Liaison Committee Chairman 1976-77; Education Division Chairman 1971-72, Vice Chairman 1970-71; ANS Representative, U.N. Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, l
Geneva,1971; Educational Development Committee 1967-70; Executive
[
Committee, Nuclear Education Division 1966-72; ANS Executive i
Committee for Technical Group for Education 1964-66; Education j
Casalittee 1961-67, Chairman 1963-66; ANS-ASEE Committee, Objective Criteria in Nuclear Engineering Education 1961-63.
l
0 e KIMEL Argonne Universities Association (formerly Associated Midwest Universities (AMU))-Argonne National Laboratory (ANL): Nuclear Engineering Education Committee (NEEC) 1959-present, Chairman 1966-67; AMU-ANL Nuclear Engineering Education Conference, Chairman 1961; AMU-NEEC Long Range Planning Committee 1966-68; AMU-ANL Faculty-Student Conference Committee, Chairman 1966; Review Committee for Reactor Analysis and Safety Committee 1982-83.
American Society for Engineering Education: Energy Committee 1981-84; Engineering Colleges Council 1975-77; Awards Policy Committee, Chairman 1977-78; Nuclear Engineering Brochure Committee, Chairman 1966-68; ASEE-American Schools of Colleges of Architecture Advisory Committee to Office of Civil Defense 1964-70, Chairman 1969-70; Committee on Relations with the AEC 1964 (ex officio), 1967; Nuclear Engineering Division, Chairman 1963-64; Steering Committee, Council of Technical Divisions 1963-64.
Engineering Colleges Consortium for Minorities, Inc.: Member, Board of Directors, 1974-1980, Vice-President 1974-75.
Engineers Council for Professional Development: Board of Directors 1971-77; Admissions Committee 1973-77, Chairman 1976-77; Committee to Evaluate Advanced Level Accreditation 1975-77; Executive Committee 1972; Program Chairman 1972; Meeting Chairman 1975.
Institute of Nuclear Power Operations: Accrediting Board 1982-present.
Junior Engineering Technical Society: Vice President / President-Elect 1978-80; Board of Directors 1976-presents Chapter Relations Committee Chairman 1976-78; President, 1980-81.
Missouri Society of Professional Engineers: Educational Advisory Board 1968-present, Chairman 1969-70, 1973-74, 1976-78 Treasurer 1979-80; Secretary 1980-81; Vice President 1981-82; Chairman, Budget Committee 1979-81; President-elect 1982-83; President 1983-84.
National Society for Professional Engineers: Student Professional Development Committee 1973-75; Education Committee 1983-84.
Legislative and Government Affairs Committee 1984-85; Planning and Organizational Development Committee 1984-85; Executive Board-Professional Engineers in Education 1984-85.
Missouri Atomic Energy Commission 1974-80 Advisory Board for the Int'1. Energy Forum and Workshop for Educators, 1982 Worlds Fair, Gatlinburg, TN; Missouri Governor's Low Level Radioactive Waste Task Force 1981-presents US AEC Observer, UN Conference on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, 1964; Kansas Governor's Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy, 1961-65; Kansas Governor's Nuclear Energy Advisory Council 1965-68, Chairman 1966-68.
\\ KIMEL Argonaut Program Evaluation and Review Coneittee, Chairman 1965-67.
Invited participant at National Academy of Engineers' Workshop on Social Directions for Technology 1970.
Organization committees for
.two Gatlinburg Conferences and three special education sessions at annual ANS meetings, Chairman of three.
Panelist at several meetings of ANS, ECPD/ ABET, ASEE, AMU /AUA, Kansas Engineering Society, Missouri Society of Professional Engineers, Gatlinburg Conferences and other meetings.
REPRESENTATIVE PUBLICATIONS Kimal, W.R., " JETS:'A Good Start for Exploring Career options",
Engineering" 1981, pp. 4-5.
~
- Kimel, W.R., " Perspectives of U.S. Energy Problems", The Journal of The Engineers Club of St. Louis, May and June 1979 (also presented at the 6th Annual Legislators Night sponsored by the Heart of America's Architects and Engineers Legislative Council, Kansas City, January 1979 and at the " Health Effects of Energy Production" Chalk River Conference, Cntario, September 1979).
Kimel, W.R. and M.E. Monsees, "A Survey of the Quality of Engineering Graduates", Engineering Education, Journal of the American Society for Engineering Education, May 1979.
- Kimel, W.R., and M.E. Monsees, "Are Today's Engineering Graduates Qualified 7". Proceedings of the ASCE Educational Conference, University of Wisconsin-Madison, April 1979.
Kimel, W.R., "The Feasibility of Professional Engineering Schools in Missouri", Proceedings of the NSPE Conference and Workshop on Laadership and Professionalism in Engineering Education, St. Louis, November 1978.
Kimel, W.R., " Viability of Nuclear Engineering Education:
Supply Demand", Proceedings of the ANS Executive Conference,
" Economic Viability of the Nuclear Industry", Phoenix, October 1978.
- Kimel, W.R., "ROTC Commissioning Ceremony", Ar=y ROTC Newsletter, Vol. 5, Number 6, 1971.
- Kimel, W.R., "Research Reactors and Their Role in Develeping-Countries", Nuclear News--Geneva IV Edition, Number 10X, 1971.
- Kimel, W.R., R.E. Faw and J.A. Baran, " Analysis of Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Data", Nuclear Applications and Technology, Vo l.
9, 591-604, 1970.
- Kimel, W.R., J.A. Baran, and R.E. Faw, " Reflection of Cobalt-60 Gamma-Rays from Concrete", Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 75, 141-148, 1969.
- Kimel, W.R., N.D. Eckhoff, and L.T. Fan, "A Min-Max Method of Isotope Production", Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc., 11, 1, 96-97, June 1968.
- Kimel, W.R., and N.E. Eckhoff, " Cost Minimization in Activation Analysis and Isotope Production", Nuclear Applications, January 1969.
3 P
.B
i
> KIMEL
- Kimel, W.R., N.D. Eckhoff, and T.R. Hill, " Trace Element Determina-tions by Neutron Activation Analysis: Theory and Development",
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, Vol. 71, No. 1, 1968.
- Kimel, W.R., W. Meyer, and G.G. Sirons, " Measured Fast-Neutron Spectra after Reflection of Fission Source Neutrons from a Nine-Inch Thick Concrete Slab", presented at the American Nuclear Society Winter Meeting, November 10-14, 1968.
Kimel, W.R.,
W. Meyer, G.G. Simons, R.K. Smith, and G.E. Hanson,
" Response function Measurement of the NE-213 Past-Neutron Spectrometer", presented at the American Nuclear Society Winter Meeting, November 10-14, 1968.
- Kimel, W.R.,
N.D.
Eckhoff, F.A. Tillman, and G.G. Simons, " MAD Estimators for Gamma Ray Spectra", presented at the American Nuclear Society Winter Meeting, November 10-14, 1968.
- Kimel, W.R., N.D. Eckhoff, and L.T. Fan, " Optimal Costs of Isotopes", Nuclear Instruments and Methods, 53, 181-184, 1967; North Holland Publishing Co.
- Kimel, W.R., N.D. Eckhoff, and L.T. Fan, " Minimum Cost Polic*/ for the Production of Radioactive Isotopes", Trans. Am. Nucl.
Soc., 10, 1, 47, June 1967.
Kimel, W.R. (Editor-in-Chief), L.V. Spencer, J.C. LeDoux, A.
Chilton, and C. Eisenhauer, (Book) Radiation Shielding--
" Analysis and Design Principles as Applied to Nuclear Defense Planning", Department of Defense, U.S. Government Printing Office (886 pp), TR 40, November 1966.
- Kimel, W.R., R.E. Faw, J.A. Baran, et al., "The Accuracy and Pre-cision of Spectral Measurements", Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc., 9, 2, 351, November 1966.
- Kimel, W.R.,
R.E. Faw, R.M. Rubin, et al., " Solution of the Ceiling
(
Shine Preblem in Structure Shielding Design and Analysis",
l Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc., 9, 2, 346-7, October 1966.
l
- Kimel, W.R.,
W. Meyer, et al., "Oirect Measurement of Fast Neutron Spectra and the Neutron Differential Dose Albedo for Concrete", Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc., 9, 2, October 1966.
- Kimel, W.R.,
R. Faw, R.
Iot:1, et al., "0esign of Structures for Protection from Window Collimated, Celling Scattered Fallout Radiation", Trans. Am. Nucl. Soc., 9, 150, June 1966.
Kimel, W.R. and R.E. Kaiser, " Double Iteration Method for Cetermi-nation of Diffusion Length", Nuclear Science and Engineering, December 1964.
Kimel, W.R. and S.Z. Mikhail, "Censities and Viscosities of N-Propanal-Water Mixtures", Journal of Chemical and Engineering Da:a, 8, 323 (1963).
Kimel, W.R. and M.E. Raville, " Buckling of Sandwich Panels in Edge-wiss Bending and Compression", presented at 4th National Conference of Applied Mechanics, Berkeley, California, 1962, and published in proceedings of that Conference.
.. e 4 KIMEL Kimel, W.R. and S.Z. Mikhail, " Densities and Viscosities of Methanol-Water Mixtures", Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 1961.
- Kimel, W.R., "Value of Subscriticals to the College Research and Teaching Program", presented at 3rd Annual Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies Conference, University Subcritical Assemblies Conference, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, 1961. Atomic Energy Commission Technical Information Division Report No.,
7619.
Kimel, W.R. and M.E. Raville, " Natural frequencies of Vibration of Simply Supported Sandwich Seams", Proceedings of Conference of Solid and Fluid Mechanics, Austin, Texas, 1959.
- Kimel, W.R.,
W.
Carey, G. Baldwin, and F. Prohammer, " Determination
~
of Time Behavior of Neutron Density and of Reactivity on the Argonaut Reactor", Nuclear Science and Engineering, 1959.
Also presented at American Nuclear Society Meeting, 1958 and Mid-American Electronics Conference, 1958.
- Kimel, W.R., " Elastic Buckling of a Simply Supported Rectangular Sandwich Panel Subjected to Combined Edgewise Bending and Compression", Forest Products Laboratory Report No. 1857 and 1857-A, 1956.
REV 8/84
, ~.. -
.... q BIOGRAPHICAL INFOPMATION-a M6 OR. MRT E. WEIS Or. Robert E. Uhrig is Vice President. Advanced Systems & Technology. for Florida Power & Light Company, one of the nation's largest utilities. Among his responsibilities are the Company's environmental licensing and planning (including siting of both generating plants and transmission lines), and the corporate-wide research and development progree (which includes combustion of coal-water mixtures. coal cleaning, pressurized fluidized bed combustion systems, photovoltaics, environmental research, energy storage, load management, and other utility related projects)
His previous responsibilities at FPL fnclude the nuclear quality assurance program quality improvement program, nuclear If eensing, nuclear analysis, and general engineering. He also served as Chairman of FPL's Company Nuclear Review Board for almost eleven years.
Dr. Uhrig was Dean of the College of Engineering and Director of the Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station at the University of Florida (1968-73). While on leave of absence (1967). he was Deputy Assistant Of rector for Research for the Department of De fense, and was responsible for the mangement of the Department's research programs in the pnysical sciences and engineering.
Dr. Uhrig was Chairman of the Department of Nuclear Engineering at the University of Florida (1960-68)..
Associate Professor of Engineering Mechanics at ! cwa State University (1956-60). Instructor in the Department of Mechanics at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point while on active duty with the United States Air Force (1954-56) and held various positions at towa State University while pursuing graduate work (1948-54).
Dr. Uhrig serves as a consultant to the U.S. Convess Office of Technology Assessment (1978- ). was Chairman of the National Academy of Sciences / National Research Council Committee on Nuclear Manpower Requirements (1981-82) and a member of its Comittee on International Cooperation in Magnetic Fusion Research (1983- ).
He served on the Department of Energy's Fossil Energy Advisory Comittee (1978-80).
He was a member of the Research Advisory Comittee of the Electric Power Research Institute (1981-83).
Chairman of its Advanced Power Systems Division Comittee (1983) and Initial Chairman of the Utility Coal Gasification Association (1982-83). He served as Chairman of *9e Atomic Industrial Forum's Domestic Safeguards Comittee (1978-82) and as Chairinan of the Three Mile Island Reactor Operator Retraining Program Review Comittee (1979-80.1984- ).
He was Chairman of the Engineering Advisory Comittee of the National Science Foundation (1972-73). President of the Southeastern Section of the Ame-ican Society for Engineering Education (1972-73), a member of the Board of Directors of the Engineers' Council for Professional Development (1968-72), a member of the Board of 01 rectors of the American Nuclear Society (1965-68.) a Chaiman of its Ecucation Comittee (1962-64) and a member of the Executive Comittee of the Alternate Energy Division. He was a member of the American Nuclear Society exchange delega 1cn i
to the People's Republic of China in 1980 and returned in 1991 on a technical lecture tour.
i Dr. Uhrig received the B.S. degree (with honors) in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Illinois in 1948, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Theoretical and Appifed Mec'tanics from towa State University j
in 1950 and 1954 respectively. He is a 1976 graduate of the Advanced Management Program of the Harvard Business School. He is a Registered Professional Engineer in Florida and lawa. He is the author of approxi.netely 75 technical papers and presentations; a book RANOCM NOISE TECHNIQUES IN NUCLEAR REACICR SYSTEMS (Ronald Press 1970, published in Russian 1974), and the editor of two books based on symposta, i
Dr. Uhrig is the recipient of the Secretary of Defense Meritorious Civilian Service Award in 1968, ta e 1969 National P1 Tau Sigma--Richards Memorial Award by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
the 1970 recipient of the University of Illinois alumni honor award for Distinguished Service in Engineering and the Distinguished Achievement Citation from towa State University in 1980. He was elected a Fellow of the American Nuclear $cciety in 1970 a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement I
of Science in 1980. and a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1980. His biogra:ny is included in WHO'S WHO IN AMERICA. WHO'S WHO IN ENGINEERING. and AMERICAN MEN AND WOMEN OF SCIENCE.
l l
Dr. Uhrig is a native of Illinois (1928) and married Paula M.
Schnepf in 1954. They are the parents of seven chfidren (now grown).
7 1-84 I
i l
[
6/83 i,
UHRIG, ROBERT EUGENE PERSONAL INFORMATION Date of Birth:
August 6, 1928 Place of Birth:
Raymond, Illinois Marital Status:
Married, Paula M. Schnepf, November 27, 1954, Seven children SCHOLASTIC TRAINING 1948 B.S.
(With Honors) Mechanical Engineering University of Illinois 1950 M.S.
Theo. & Applied Mechanics Iowa State University 1954 Ph.D.
Theo. & Applied Mechanics towa State University 1976 Advanced Management Program Harvard University PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE February 1978 -
Vice President, Advanced Systems & Technology, Present Florida Power & Light Company, Miami, Florida January 1976 -
Vice President, Nuclear & Engineering, February 1978 Florida Power & Light Company, Miami, Florida May 1974 -
Vice President of Nuclear Affairs, December 1975 Florida Power & Light Company, Miami, Florida July 1973 -
Director of Nuclear Affairs, May 1974 Florida Power & Light Company, Miami, Florida July 1968 -
Dean, College of Engineering, and Director, Engineering June 1973 and Industrial Experiment Station, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida June 1960 -
Professor and Chainnan, Department of Nuclear Engineering June 1968 Sciences, University of Florida January 1%7 -
Deputy Assistant Director for Research, Department of January 1968 Defense, Washington, D.C., PL-313 Appointment (GS-17 equivalent). Acting Assistant Director, July-September 1967.
(On leave of absence from University of Florida).
June 1956 -
Associate Professor of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics June 1960 and (Nuclear) Engineering; Nuclear Reactor Supervisor; Group Leader of Nuclear Engineering Group III, Institut3 for Atomic Research, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa.
f
Pag 2 3 - Uhrig, Robert E.
AWARDS (Cont'd.)
1962 - Award for " Outstanding Contribution in Research", by the Southeastern Section of the American Society for Engineering Education.
1952 - Elected Member, John Henry Newman Honor Society.
1948 - University of Illinois Scholarship Key.
MEMBERSHIP ON BOARDS OF DIRECTORS Member, Board of Directors and Memoer, Management Committee, Gas Cooled Reactor Associates, 1980-1983.
Member and First Chairman, Board of Directors, Florida Particulate Study, Inc.
1980-1981.
Member, Beard of Directors, EFC Services (FPL Subsidiary), Miami, Florida, 1978-1979.
Member, Board of Directors, FSOS Inc. (utility representative), Orlando, Florida, 1977-1979.
Member, Board cf Directors, Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD) 1968-1972. Member, Executive Committee of the Board, 1968-1969 and 1971-1972.
Member, National Board of Directors, American Nuclear Society, 1965-1968.
Executive Connittee of the Board, 1966-1968.
REFERENCE LISTINGS Who's Who in America Who's Who tri engineering American Men of Science Wno's who in IFerican College and University Administration Who's Who in Atoms The Blue Book: Leaders of the English Speaking World Who's Who ir[ the South and Southwest REGISTERED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER Icwa 83141
- 1953-Present l
Florida *12923 - 1967-Present l
l l
i
Paga 5 - Uhrig, Robart E.
NATIONAL PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES (Cont'd.)
Laboratory, MemberChairman, Neutron Physics Advisory Committee 1975-1979
, Oak Ridge National Member, Energy Comittee, Florida Engineering Society man 1975-1976.
, 1973-76; Vice Chair-Member, Advanced Development Comittee, Edison Electric Insti tute, 1973-lP'4.
Member, Uranium Enrichment Services Task Force, Edison Elect i 1973-1974 r c Institute, Chaiman, National Science Foundation Engineering Advisory Co Vice Chairman 1971-1972; Member 1970-1973.
mittee, 1972-1973; July 1973-Present. Member, Editorial Advisory Board, Annals of Nuclear Sci ence and Enoineering, Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Co s on National es, 1970-1973.
Member of Committee to prepare National Science Board R of Engineers and Scientists in a National Policy for Technology" eport on "The Role
- 1972.
Society, Miami Beach, Florida, OctoberTechnical Program Chairma 17-21, 1971
, American Nuclear Program Chairman, ECPD, National Meeting, Cleveland 1970.
, Chio, October 4-6, President, Southeastern Section ASEE, Secretary, Vice Chairman and Chairman, Administrative UnitVice President 1972-1973.
, 1969-1972.
Member, Editorial Board, Nuclear Enoineering and Desi cn, 1966-1969.
Reactor Noise Analysis" under NSF-JSPS sponsorshipCo
.. seminar on " Nuclear September, 1963 in Tokyo, Japan.
Meeting was held in early Member, Review Comittee for Reactor Physics Division Labora tory, 1965-1969.
, Argonne National National Academy of Sciences, Member, Subcomittee on Research Reac 1966-1969.
rch Council, Chairman, Education Committee American Nuclear Society 1959-1964
, 1962-l % 4.
Member (Approved as a Division of ANS in 1966), American Nuc ucation ociety, 1964-1966.
Member, Planning Comittee, American Nuclear Society
, 1969-1972.
Member Executive Comittee, Aerospace Division 1963-1965.
, American Nuclear Society,
Page 7 - Uhrig, Robert E.
PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES AT FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY Chairman, R&D Advisory Committee,1977-present.
Chairman, Company Nuclear Review Board (safety policy and review group),
1973-present.
Member, Company Quality Assurance Committee,1973-present.
Member,, Company Speakers Bureau,1973-present.
PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES AT UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Academic Deans Council, 1968-1973 Administrative Council, 1968-1973 Board of Directors of the Division of Sponsored Research, 1968-1973 President, Phi Kappa Phi (Florida Chapter) 1972-1973; Vice President 1971-19/2.
Chairman, GENESYS Board of Review, 1968-1972.
Member, Graduate Council, 1962-1965 Member, Research Council, 1961-1964 Member, Nuclear Policy Committee, 1950-1971; Chairman, 1970-1971 Member, Interinstitutional Nuclear Cannittee, State of Florida, 1960-1968; Chairman, 1963 and 1968 Prime responsibility for the organization of two AEC-sponsored international symposia at the University of Florida:
" Noise Analysis in Nuclear Systems,"
November 4-6, 1963, and " Neutron Noise, Waves, and Pulse Propagation,"
February 14-16, 1966.
Served as the Editor of the Proceedings of both of these symposia.
Director, Advanced subject Matter Institute (NSF) on Nuclear Rocket Propulsion, June-August 1962.
pRCFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES WITH OEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE Responsibility for coordination of Department of Defense review, evaluation and selection of Project THEMIS awards (1967 program).
Executive Officer of Defense Science Board Task Force on " Basic Research,"
Report published 1968.
Member of Defense Science Board Berkshire Study Group on Research and Technology (conducted by National Academy of Sciences at Williamstown, Mass.) July 1967.
Department of Defense representative on Committee on Academic Science and Engineering (CASE) of the Federal Council of Science and Technology (FCST),1967.
L-
O PUBLICATIONS OF ROBERT E. UHRIG BOOKS PU31,ISEED Random Noise Techniques in Nuclear Reactor Systems, Ronald Press, New York, (490 pp.) 1976. (Translated into Russian and published by MOCKBA ATOMII3 AT 1974)
Editor, Proceedings of Symposium on Neutron Noise, Waves, and Pulse Propagation, U.S. AtoEIc Energy Co= mission Symposium Series es, CONr 650206, (771 pp.) May, 1967.
Editor, Proceedings of the Symposium on " Noise Anal-sis in Nuclear Syste=s," 7.EE"Tymposium SeFfes, Number 4,
-7379, (505 pp.) 1964.
"The Career and Role of the Nuclear Engineer and Technician," Chapter in Encyclopedia of Education, The Macmillan Ccmpany, New York, 1970.
" Nuclear Reactor Kinetics and Control" Chapter in Nuclear Rocket Procuision, edited by Clayton W. Watson, Florida Eng neering anc Incus: rial Experiment Station, Gainesville, Flor,id a, 1962.
ARTICLES IN REFEREED JOURNALS
" Determination of Reactivity of a Suberitical System,"
(co-author with K.S. Ram) Nuclear Science and Engineering, Volume 37, Number 2, August, 1969.
" Spatially Dependent Transfer Function for Nuclear Systems," (co-author with C.D. Kylstra) Nuclear Science and Engineering, Volume 22, 191-205, 1965.
" Power Spectral Density Measurements in a Suberitical Nuclear Reactor," (cc-author with Renald W.
Sadgley), Nu-clear Science and Engineering, Volume 19, 158-163, 1964.
" Evaluation of Two Region Reacter Parameters by Randem Noise Measurements," (co-author with Allen R.
Boynton),
Nuclear Science and Engineering, Volume 18, 220-229, 1964.
" Propagation of Neutren Waves in Moderating Media,"
(co-author with R.B.
Perez), Nuclear Science and Engi-neering, Volume 17, Number 1, 1963.
"The Kinetic Sahavior of the Coupled Cores of the UTR-10 Reactor," (co-author with Richard A. Danof sky).
Nuclear l
Science and Engineering, Volume 16, Number 1, 1963.
" Material Buckling Measurements in a suberitical Assambly," Nuclear Science and Engineering, Vclume 6, Number 6, December 1953.
" Operating Characteristics of a Graphite-Moderated Suberitical Assambly," Nuclear Science and Engineering, Volume 5, Nu=ber 2, February 1959.
i
~
Paga 2 - Publications of Robart E. Uhrig PAPERS PRESERTED AT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES WITE PUBLICATION IN THE PROCEIDINGS-
" Electric Utility criteria and Decisions:
Coal-oil Mixtures, Coal-Oil-Water Mixtures and Selected Advanced Coal Systems," Pro-ceedings of Eighth Annual International Conference on Coal Gasification, Liquefaction & Conversion to Electricity, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., August 4-6, 1981.
" Review of Techniques of Measurements of Dynamic Characteristics" Proceedings of International Atomic Energy Agency Svmnosium on " Nuclear Power Plant Control and Instrumentation, Prague, Czecho slovakia, January 22 - Zo, 1973.
V Panamerican Congress on Engineering Education," Graduate E November 4, 1972.
Lima, Peru, October 29.
(co-author with M. J. Chanian),"Psuedorandom Pulse Propagation in Suberiti Proceedings of Jacan-United States Seminar on Reactor Noise Analysis. Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan, September 2-i,19es.
" Pulsed and Modulated Neutron Experiments in University of Florida Nuclear As semblies, " (co-author with L. D. Butterfield, R. G. Cockrell M. J. Chanian and R. B. Perez),
Proceedines of the International Conference May 1967, Published 1968.on Research Reactor Utilization and Reactor Mathema "A New Method for the l'.sasurement of Nuclear Cross Sections," (co-author with h.J. Chanian and R.B.
Perez),
Proceedines of the Internatienal Atcmic Enerev Ac co s tum on "NElear Data, " Paris, France, Octcher ~ enev svm-Pu=11shed 1967.
196d, "
i
" Techniques Closely Related to Pulsed Neutron Research,"
l Invited Su:=ary Paper, Proceedines cf International Atomic-Enerey Acency svm=osium on Pulsed" Netitron Researen, May 10-14, 1965, Pu 11sned 1966.
" Analog-Digital Computer Processing of Cata for Noise Analysis in Nuclear Reactor Systems," Proceedines of the Fourth International Cem=utation Assoc:.at:.cn MeetiW, Brighton, England, September 1964.
" Impulse Response cf an Exponential Assembly," Pro-ceedines of International Atomic Enerev Acency Svmeosium en :_xpenential anc Critical Exper:.ments, Septemmer 2-6, 1T63, Publ:.shed 1964.
1 "The Role of the Nuclear Reactor in the University of Florida Interdisciplinary Nuclear Center," Proceedines of I
the Svmmosium on Procramminc and Utilization of Researefi" Reactors, InteEIIational Atomic Energy Agency,7ienna, Austria, 16-21, 1961, Octocer Published 1962.
l
Ptga 3 - Publications of Robart E. Uhrig PAPERS PRESENTED AT EATIOEAL CONFERENCES WITE PUBLICATION IN THE PROCEEDINGS (CONT'D)
" Experience With Coal-Water Mixtures," Proceedings of 10th Energy Technology Conference & Exposition, Washington, D.C.,
February 28-March 2, 1983.
"A National Energy Policy:
The Bu=py Road Ahead",
Proceedings of the Con erence on " Waste Heat Utilization and Management", Miami Beach, Florida, May 1977.
" Academic and Industrial Perspectives on Education for Power", Proceedings of The American Power Conference, Chicago, Illinois, April 1976.
" State of the Art of Noise Analysis in Water Reactors. " Invited paper for ANS National Topini Meeting on Water Reactor Safety, Salt Lake City, Utah, March 26-28, 1973.
" Nuclear Reactor Kinetics Research at the University of Florida, "
(co-author with M. J. Chanian), presented at the Conference on Industrial Needs and Academic Research in Reactor Kinetics, Brookhaven National Laboratory, April 8-9, 1968.
" Pseudo-Random Pulsing of Suberitical Assemblies," Proceedings of Svmeosium on Neutron Neise. Wave s, and Puls e Procaratien. A EC Symposium Ser:es =9, CONF co020e, May 19o7.
- ? age 315)
" Development of Neutron Waves and Pulse Propagation Techniques. "
(co-author with R. 3. Perez) Prceeedings of Svmoosium on Neutron Neise, Wave.s. and Pulse Pro:agation. AEC Sy nposium Series e9, CONF co020o, Ma'/, 19 0 7 (Page 1)
" Measurement of Reactor Shutdown by Noise Analysis,"
Prceeedings of University of Arizena Sv=posium on Reactor centrol and K3.netics, AEC Symposium Series,. Number 1, 1964.
"Model Reference Adaptive Control for a Nuclear Rocket Engine," (co-author with J.T. Humphries and A.P.
Sage),
ASME Transactions, 1966.
" Adaptive Control Concepts for Nuclear Rocket Engines,"
(co-author with J.T.
Humphries and A.P.
Sage), Proceedings of AIAA Propulsion Specialist Conference, June 1966.
" Measurement of the Spatial Dependent Cransfer Fanction of Nuclear Systems by Noise Analysis," (co-author with Chester D.
Kylstra), Proceedings of the Svmpcsium on " Noise Analysis M Nuclear Systems," AEC Tymposium series 7 TID-7679, 1964.
" Nuclear Noise Research Program at the University of Florida," Proceedings of the Symposium on " Noise Analysis g Nuclear Systems," AfD Symposium Series', TID-7679, 1964.
~
l
Pcga 4 - Publications of Robart E. Uhrig I
f PAPERS PRESENTED AT MATIONAL CONFERENCES WITH PUBLICATION IN THE
_ PROCEEDINGS 1
" oscillatory Techniques in a Suberitical Assembly,"
Proceedings of the University Conference on Suberitical Assemblies, UD'"7T19, August 1961.
~
"Present Use of Our University Reactor for Education and Training," Proceedines of the University Reactor Con-ference, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, (August 17-19, 1960) 03XEC Report TID-7608, p. 18-26, June 1961.
" Analogies Using Non-Identical Equations," Volume 81,
.Ncnber 775, Proceedines ASCE, 1955.
REFEREED SUMMARIES PUBLISHED IN TRANSACTIONS WITH PAPERS PRESENTED AT NATIONAL MEETINGS
" Reactivity Measurenents Using Noise Techniques,"
(Invited paper), Transactions of the American Nuclear So-ciety, Volume 9, Numrer 2, NovEEber 196o.
"NRX/EST Nuclear Rocket Reactor Transfer Function: Part II -
Pres sure-to-Pressure Transf er Functions.", co-author'with L.
R.
Ja=es, G. H.
Steiner, and C. A.
Sodenschat:), Transactions c,f,the American Nuclear Society, Volu=e 9, Number 2,.;ovember 1966.
" Design of Pseudo-Random Noise Experiments for NERVA Tests," (co-author with G.H. Steiner and L.R. James), Trans-actions of the American Nuclear Society, Volume 9, Ncmber 2, November 1966.
" Optimal oper. and Closed Loop control fer Nuclear Re-actor Systems," (co-author with J. Saluja and A.P. Sage),
Transacticns o# the American Nuclear Society, Volume 9, Sc=cer 2, November 1966.
"A Digital Ccmputer Controlled Data Acquisition and Processing System for Nuclear Experiments," (co-author with H. Diaz) Transactions of the American Nuclear Scciety, l
Vclume 8, Number 2, November 1965.
"Use of Exponential Cosine Autoccrrelation Functions in Processing Nuclear System Test Data," Transacticas of the American Nuclear Society, Volume 8, Number 2, NoveE?er IFos.
" Energy and Spatial Dependent Transfer and Impulse Response Functions," (co-author with K.S. Ram) Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, Volume 7, Number 1, June 1764.
Pcge 5 - Publications of F.obGrt E. Uhrig REFEREED SUMMARIES PtmLISHED IN TRANSACTIONS WITH PAPERS PRESENTED AT MATIONAL MEETINGS (CONT'D)
" Random Variations of Neutron Flux in a Suberitical Assembly,"
Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, Volume 4, Number 1, June 1961.
" Neutron Waves in a Subcritical Assembly," Summary published in Transactions of the American Nuclear Society, Volume 2, November 195.
INTERNAL TECHNICAL REPORTS
" Measurement of Reactor Shutdown by Correlation Techniques,"
co-author with M.
J.
Ch anian,
R.
Selfridge, C.
D. Kylstra, K.
S.
- Ram, T. 3.
McCall, H.
Diaz, W.
G.
Flournoy and H. W.
Ryals.
Finals report on AEC Contract AT-(40-1)-3067, May 1965.
"A Proposed Model for High Temperature Creep of Tantalum,"
AEC Report IS-138, May 1960.
" Creep of Tantalum Under Cyclic Elevated Temperatures,"
(co-author with Robert L. Hammel) AEC Report IS-125, April 1960.
" A Method of Spectrum Corrosion Protection for High Temperature Creep Testing," (co-author with J.
R. Bohn and Glenn Murphy) AEC Report IS-48, October 1959.
" Observations of Creep of Tantalum," (co-author with Glenn Murphy) AEC Report IS-26, October 1959.
"An Autographic Elevated Temperature Creep Testing Facility,"
(co-author with Robert L. Hammel) AIC Report IS-66, November 1959.
l l
Classified Report, (co-author with Glenn Murphy and Richard l
Cthmer) " Properties of Ames Thorium," USAIC Report, TID-5084, p.
445-458, 1952.
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION AND PAPERS PRESENTED AT MEETINGS
" Utility Application of Coal Mixtures," NARUC Utility Research and Development Seminar, Raleigh, North Carolina, October 25-27, 1952.
"A Utility Perspective on Future Energy Supply," 19th Space Congress, Cocoa Beach, FL, April 26-30, 1982.
" Societal Risks and Engineering Ethics," presented to the College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, February 24, 1981.
" Seeking Alternatives in an Energy Crisis," presented at Annual Meeting of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Hollywood,' Flcrida, October 28, 1980.
e pego 6 - Publientions of Robart E. Uhrig 1
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS PRESENTED AT MEETINGS (C
" Regulation in the Nuclear Industry:
Its Uses and Absues,"
Keynote Speech, Annual Meeting of Institute of Nuclear Materials Management, Palm Beach, Florida, June 30-July 2,1980.
"The Role of Synthetic. Liquid Fuels in the Utility Industry,"
Panel on h nthetic Liquid Fuels, DOE Fossil Energy Advisory Cc=mittee, Houston, Texas, January 10, 1980.
" Domestic Safeguards in the Nuclear Industry," Annual Meeting of Atomic Industrial Forum, Washington, DC, November,1978.
" Meeting the Electrical Energy Needs of the South, Southern States Energy Board Annual Meeting, San Juan, Puerto Rico, June,1978.
"The Utility Role in Meeting the Nation's Energy Needs,"
= resented at the American Vacuum Society Meeting, Tampa, Florida,
'ebruary, 1978.
F "The Five I's: Energy, Economics, Employment, Environment, and Engineering," presented at the National Engineers' Week Banquet Myakka Chapter, Flcrida Engineering Society, and the Sarasota/ Manatee Counties Engineering Society, Long Boat Key, Florida, February, 1977.
" Developments of the Engineering Profession During the Past Two Hundred Years," presented at the Annual Meeting of the Florida Engineering Society, Palm Beach, Florida, May, 1976.
"Utilitied Experience Relating to the Financing of Nuclear Power Plants," Georgia Institute of Technology Conference on " Energy and the Environment -- Cost / Benefit Analysis," Atlanta, Georgia, June, 1975.
"An Alternate Approach to Nuclear Power Plant Construction,"
AIF Ccnference on " Accelerating Nuclear Power Plant Construction,"
New Orleans, LA, March, 1975.
l
" Nuclear Power," Energy Werkshop of Florida State Chamber of i
Commerce, February, 1975.
"How Can the U.S. Utilities Meet the Needs of the Nuclear Electric Energy Economy," ANS (Florida Section) Meeting, Key Biscayne, Florida, June, 1974.
" Nuclear Power in the Real World," Iowa State University Con-l ference on " Nuclear Power," Ames, Iowa, April 1, 1974.
" Noise Analysis in P'ower Reactors," Electrical World, Vol. 180, No. 11, December, 1973.
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Pago 7 - Publications of Robert E. Uhrig
(
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS AND PAPERS PRESENTED AT MEETINGS (CONT'D)
" Radiological Waste Problems," Electrical World Seminar on
" Radiological Waste Problems," Chicago, Illinois, October, 1973.
"The Role of Engineers and Scientists in a National Policy for Technology," presented before Advanced Program, Army Engineering School, Ft. Belivoir, Virginia, April 23, 1973.
"The Engineer in Today's Society," Keynote Address, Southeastern Section ASEE Meeting, Clemson University, April 15, 1971.
" Engineering -- To Improve the Quality of Life," presented before the Annual Banquet of the Mobile Area Inter-Engineering Societies, Mobile, Alabama, February 26, 1971.
" Science Technology and the Engineer in Society," presented at the Annual Banquet of University of Florida Chapter of Tau Beta Pi, 1970.
" Advanced Engineering Education in Florida," presented at the dedication of the West Palm Beach GENESYS Center, October 13, 1969. -
" University Research and National Objectives," Nuclear News, Volume 11, Nu=ber 6, June, 196 8.
" Project THEMIS, A New University Research Program," ASEE Meet-ing, Michigan State University, Lansing, Michigan, June 1967.
" Graduate Education and Research in Nuclear Engineering,"
Nuclear News, Volume 7, Number 6, June 1964.
" Developing Centers of Excellence -- Boom or Boondogle?"
Paper #104-4, ASEE Meeting, June 1964.
" University of Florida Nuclear Research Center," Research Reactor Journal, Volume 3, Number 3,196 3.
" Innovations and Trends in Nuclear Engineering Education,"
Published in Current Trends in Nuclear Power Proceedings, March 1962.
" Summary Report on the Hazards of the Argonaut Multiplication Assembly Preliminary," Argonne National Laboratory, August 26, 1958.
Nuclear Engineering, unpublished notes on 16-week course, Iowa State University Engineering Extension Service, Ames, Iowa, 1958.
I I
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Attcchmant 7 Documents Relied on by the
)
Reconstituted OARP Committee l
1.
ALAB-772 2.-
)
l 3.
LBP-82-56 4.
Special Report 5.
ATOG training summary 6.
ATOG control room walk-through program 7.
Behavioral Training Objectives for Plant Simulation at TMI, Knief et al., 139 Trans. Amer. Nuc. Soc. 283 (1981) 8.
TMI-l BPT systems document list 9.
Licensed operator training program descriptions 10.
Instructor development program draft 11.
Operator training instructor indoctination/ qualification training program description 12.
TMI Training Department instructor evaluation procedure 13.
Procedures on control of examinations (corporate and operator training) 14.
Leonard Memo of Jan. 27, 1984 l
15.
Licensee's response to RHR Report (Dec. 16, 1983) 16.
Recent licensed operator exams I
17.
Exam coding summary j
18.
TMI-l licensed operator job analysis l
l 19.
Selected TMI-1 operating and emergency procedures, including ATOG procedures 20.
GPUN Training & Education Advisory Council charter l
l l
l l
L-n
V
'.I I
21.
Integrity of Training and Testing (presentation to Board of Directors by P. R. Clark, July 12, 1904) 22.
Statement of GPU to NRC in response to NRC's Aug. 6, 1984 Notice, Aug. 15, 1984 23.
Resumes of training managers 24.
Kuhns statement before Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production, May 22, 1984 25.
Rickover Report 26.
Rickover Followup Report 27.
Looking Beyond the Lessons:
A Utility Manager's Perspective, article by P. Clark, April 1984 l
i k