Text

Effects of Salt Drift on Land Dwelling Vertebrates
	ML20087P556
Person / Time
Site:	Oyster Creek, 05000000
Issue date:	04/02/1984
From:	Clark W, Rogers R, Wolgast L; RUTGERS, NEW JERSEY, STATE UNIV. OF, RUTGERS, NJ
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ML20087P554	List: ML20087P553; ML20087P556; ML20087P558;
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{{#Wiki_filter:-. - CH 0 THE EFFECTS OF SALT DRIFT ON IAND [ / ' DWELLING VERTEBRATES by William R. Clark, Robert Rogers and Leonard J. Wolgast i Forestry Section Rutgers - The' State University, e f O g e G 6 9 4 , s ^O W 4 e 9 e ~,1,-.r - .,7 8404090158'840402 PDR ADOCK 05000219 R PDR

O ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish at this point to acknowledge our indebtedness 'to Mrs. Katherine Price and Mr. ' Bud Cooper for su' plying us p with numerous records of birds observed on Island Beach State Park. We wish to recognize Dr. Paul G. Pearson of Rutgers Zoology Department for his sugge,stions concerning this _ study. We are grateful to Dr. John J. McManus of Farleigh Dickinson University for his contributions to this study. We arc indobted ~ to-Dr. J. Richard Trout for his help with the statistical analysis of the data. We acknowledge likewise the cooperation of Dr. Bruno C. Moser and Dr. Stephen J. Toth who supplied us with, updated information throughout the study. Finally, we acknowl-edge the comments of Dr. Benjamin B. Stout and Professor Richard F. West, who read the first draft of the manuscript and i' Mrs. Hazel Newell who typed the manuscript. ~ e 9 4 e e d c ,;/ 'h s h.y

W The 5ffects of Salt Drift on Land Dwelling Vortebrates Objectives: l 1 To obtain an estimate of the potential effects of salt drift on the individual land dwelling vertebrates in the Forked River area, and to consider potential "l alterations in community structure among those species present. Procedures: . A check list of land dwelling vertebrates inhabiting the Forked River ' - area has been developed using a literature survey. This information has been' l supplemented with field observations. A check list of land dwelling vertebrates inhabiting Island Beach has also been developed since ground level salt concen-l ' trations average ten times higher than in the Forked River area (Moser, unpublished data). Field observations-were also used to supplement the Island Beach check list. .(' In order to develop a quantitative index of summer bird numbers in the Forked River area, aerial photographs were utilized to delineate the various habitat type's present. Two sampling stations were located within each habitat ty'pe, one station within the 0.5 to 1.5 mile band surrounding the proposed cooling tower site and one station outside 1.5 miles but within a 5-mile radius of the proposed site. The salt marsh habitat type does not occur within the 0.5 to.l.5 ' mile' band and therefore contained only one sampling station. - - At each sampling site birds were observed on early morning censuses of -~ - one hour duration. Each pair of sites within a vegetation type was saraplad at the same time by two observers to eliminate time of day differences. Before actual counts were started a measure of conspicuousness was deternuned for the common species at a site.- Conspicuousness measures were the average distance L that individuals of a species first attracted attention by calling, moving or just-sitting still. This is an attempt to account for differences ir. bird activity and ~ visibility in the different vegetation types (Kendeigh,1944). Twice the co.upicu-ousness distance multiplied by the linear distance traveled is equal to the z.rca being sampled. When actual counts were mado at a sample site care was :aken - ~ to walk'at a constant speed and not to cover the same ground twice. All'dista nt. ~ songs were ignored, as were birds flying overhead unless they flew into or out of the vegetation.. Birds not positively identified were not recorded, k ' Two population indices were calculated from these data. The density index was calculated by methods reviewed by Kendeigh (1944). The dancity-index formula is as follows: x A .___._.____m.-_m..___m__.mm_---_____w-________.___a.2_.__.__m..__m_ L DI = (SN 43560) / (2. D. C ) g 1 [ where density index DI = sample distance (average distance traveled during D = consuses at cach site) SNi= number of birds of ith spccios conspicuousness average distance for i A specic's Ci t = In addition, the total density for all bird species combined at each site was calculated. The second index calculated was a diversity index. Diversity indices were calculated according to Lloyd, Zar and Karr (1968) by the formula: H = 3.3219 (log 10 TN I SN log 10 SN ) i i TN where diversity index H = total birds observed in one hour TN = e 'u SN.= number of birds of i$. species i These data were subjected to an analysis of variance utilizing a partially nested design to characterize the variability of total bird density and species diversity among vegetation types and between sites within vegetation types. Cer.,uses,were conducted between 6:30 and 10:00 a.m., July 6 through July 30,1971. Each pair of sites in a vegetation type was censused four times during that period, as were the marsh site and Island Beach which were not paired. t In addition, general reconnaissance of the area was conducted during i this same period which included qualitative observations of the reptiles, amphibians and mammals of the area. Snap traps baited with peanut butter were L used to sample the nocturnal small mammals. Information regarding'the salt tolerances of the land dwelling vertebratos inhabiting the Forked River area was obtained from the literature where available. - Quantitative information was unavailable for most of the two hundred and seventeen species present, but the information available for related species has also' been - reviewed to arrive at an opinion of the estimated offects of salt drift from the rm cooling tower. ya

. --_~.. -. - Checklist of Iand Dwelling Vertebrates ~ Found in the Central Pine Barrens Region ~~- - of New Jersey SAIAMANDERS - Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum) ' Eastern Tiger Salamander (Amby5toma't. tigrinum) Four-toed Salamander (He'midactyllum scutatum) Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon c. cinerous) Northern Two-lined Salamander (Eurycea b. bislineata) Red-spotted Newt (Diomictylus.v. viridescens) Northern Red Salamander (Pseudotriton r. ruber) i-FROGS AND. TOADS - Northern Cricket Frog (Acris c. crepitans) Fowler's Toad (Bufo - woodhousei fowleri) Pine Barrens Treefrog (Hyla andersoni) - { Northern Spring Peepe- (Hyla c. crucifer) Bullfrog (Rana catesbaiana) Green Frog (Rana clamitans).' Pickerel Frog (Rana palustris): Southern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens sphenocephala) Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica)' Carpenter Frog (Rana virgetipes) -Spadefoot Toad-(Scaphiopus holbrooki) , -TURTLES 4 4. Common Snapping Turtle (Chelydra -s. s'erpentina) Eastern Painted Turtle (Chrysemys p. picta) Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata) - Wood Turtle (Clemmys insculpts) c i Bog Turtle (Clemmys muhlenbergi) . Mud Turtle (Kinoster.icn s. subrubrum)- Red-bellied Turtle (Pseudomys rubrh%ntris) ~ Stinkpot (Sternothaerus odoratus); Eastern Box Turtle (Torrapone c.Lcarolina): e 1 4 .y y_.,.-,._,- -,,.#v.,.. .m,-,y-,,7-r.,,p- ,m --,,,,,,,,_,,w y,

4 LIZARDS h. pive-lined Skink (Eumeces fasciatus) Ground Skink (Lygosoma laterale) Northern Fence Lizard (Sceloporus undulatus hyacinthus) \\ SNAKES s }' Eastern Worm Snake (Carphophis a. amoenus) Scarlet Snake (Comophora coccinea) . Northern Black Racer (Coluber c. constrictor) Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus h. horridus) Ringneck Snake (Diadophis p. punctatus) Corn Snake (Elaphe g guttata) Black Rat Snake (Elaphe o. obsoleta); Eastern Hognose Snake (Heterodon platyrhinos) Coastal Plain Milk Snake (Iampropeltis doliata triangulum) Eastern Kingsnake (Lampropeltis g. getula) Northern Water Snake (Natrix s. sipedon) Rough Green Snake (Opheodrys_ aestivus) Northern Pine Snake (Pituophis m. melanoleucus) Northern Brown Snake (Storeria d. dekayi) Northern Red-be_111ed Snake (Storeria o. occipitomaculata) Eastern Ribbon Snake (Thamnophis s. sauritus) l Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis s. sirtalis) BIRDS P1,ed-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias). Green Heron (Butorides virescens) Common Egret (Casmerodius albus) Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Black Duck (Anas rubripes) Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus) -Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) Red-tailed-Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) ~ Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus) - Marsh Hawk (Circus cyaneus) Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) g. . Pigeon' Hawk (Falco columbarius) Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius) Ruffed Grouso (Bonasa umbc11us) Bobwhito (Colinus virginianun) Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) tw$ y 4 y -.y=- y -er9 1 r-- +. g --e- --m-g*qeyey 47 g+-e+ h- +p -y-eW -e ',gW p+ r m W ew,,-wee.-1pc--ye

O y s 5-BIRDS (Cont'd)[ h K'111 deer (Charadrius vociferus) American Woodcock (Philohela minor) Spotted' Sandpiper (Actitis macularia) Solitary Sandpiper (Tringa solitaria) ' Mourning Dove (Zonaidura macroura) ' Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanns) Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythropthalmus) Screech Owl (Otus asio) Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) Saw-whet Owl'(Aegolius acadicus) Chuck-will's-widow (Caprimulgus carolinensis) Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferus) Common Nightha'wk (Chordelles minor). Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica) t l ' Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) [ ~ Belted Kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) - Yellow-shafted Flicker (Colaptes auratus) Red-bellied. Woodpecker.(Centurus carolinus) Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) Hairy Woodpecker (Dendrocopos villosus) l .{'> Downy Woodpecker (Dendrocopos pubescens) t Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) -Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) 'Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) Traill's Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) Least Flycatcher-(Empidonax minimus) Eastern Wood Pewee (Contopus virens) Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor) F Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx ruficollis) 7 Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) Purple Martin (Progne subis) ' Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) ' ~ Common Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus)- 7 ' Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus). ~ Carolina Chickadce (Parus carolinensis) Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor) ^ White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) 4 ' ~ Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis) l

Brown Creeper (Certhia familiaris) 5Houso Wren (Troglodytes aedon) f{

Carolina Wren'(Thryothorus ludovicianus) [ Long-billed Marsh Wren (Telatodytes palustris) ,Y' 1 g q e f a sa --eg-g394p - r ers-mw-g4-my-yege79sgp w aaryen gyreyg-gpy-Mr+-s-e y ye og er

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BIRDS (Cont'd). o M;- Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) Catbird (Dumetolla:carolinensis)' Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) "^ . Robin-(Turdus migratorius) Wood Thrust (Hylocichla mustelina)

Hermit Thrush (Hylocichla guttala) 1Swainson's Thrush (Hylocichla ustulata)

Gray-cheeked Thrush'(Hylocichla minima) . Veery (Hylocichla fuscescens)- Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) r

Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila. caerulea)

Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa) ' Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) ~ Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) m Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus). l ' Starling-(Sturnus vulgaris) ~ White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus)- Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons)

Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus)

~ Black-and-white: Warbler (Mniotilta varia) Prothonotary Warbler (Protor.otaria.citrea) Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) ~-Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora pinus) Tennessee Warbler (Vermivora peregrina) Parula Warbler (Parula americana)- 1 Yellow Warbler.(Dendroica petechia) Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica magnolia) - Cape May Warbler-(Dendroica tigrina)- Black-throated Blue"Warbiar (Dendroica caerulescens) L. ~ Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata) Black-throated Green Warblst (Dendroica virens) Blackpoll Warbler (Dendroica striata) Pine; Warbler (Dendroica ' pinus). . Prairie Warbler (Dendroica' discolor) ' Palm; Warbler (Dendroica palmarum)- i Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) . Northern Waterthrush (Sciurus noveboracensis) _i ~ . Yellowthroat (Goothlypis trichas)'

Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria.virens)

~ Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina) 4

Wilson's. Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla):

! American Rodstart (Setophaga ruticilla)- ' House Sparrow (Passer domesticus). -~% Eastern Meadowlark.(Sturnella magna) 1 ' Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) q,: c I Ng ~ .-[ ~, ., ~,.. _,.- _..,,.---,-, _,,_,.. ~. - : -...,a, u

BIRDS (Cont'd) -(, Orchard Oriole (Ictorus spurius) Baltimore Oriolo (Icterus galbula) Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) Scarlet _ Tanager (Piranga olivacoa) Cardinal (Richmondena cardinalis) Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) Evening Grosbeak (Hosperiphona vespertina) Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus) Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea) Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus) American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis) Red Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera) Rufous-sided Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) Henslow's Sparrow (Passerherbulus henslowii) Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammospiza caudacuta) Seaside Sparrow (Ammospiza maritima)- Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) - Slate-colored Junco (Junco hyemalis) (s- - Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) rield Sparrow (Spizella pusilla) uWhite-throated Sparrow-(Zonotrichia albicollis)' E Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca) Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) . MAMMALS OF THE NEW JERSEY PINE BARRENS Opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) Masked Shrew (Sorex cinerous) Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda) Least' Shrew (Cryptotis parva) Eastern. Mole (Scalopus aquaticus) Star-nosed Mole (Condylura cristata) Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) Eastern Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflavus) Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus) Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Eastern Chipmunk (Tamias striatus) Woodchuck (Marmota monax) k,.g2 '_ Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)._ Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) s 3 O .__ N. -EY 2 d eiwa.

MAMMALS (Cont'd) Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans) - Beaver (Castx car.cdonsis) White-footed snouse (Poromyscus leucopus) Red-backed Mouse'(Clethrionomys gapperi) - Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) Pine Vole (Pitymys pinetorum) ' Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) Southern Bog Lemming (Synaptomys cooperi) -. Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) House Mouse (Mus musculus) - Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus hudsonius) Red Fox (Vulpes fulva) - Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) Raccoon (Procyon' lotor) Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata). Mink (Mustela vison) s Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis) . River Otter (Lutra canadensis) White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) _ { , Compiled from Conant (1962), Connor (1953), Fables (1962) and McCormick (1970). e e 4 4 4 4 4 0 ~s' ^

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-~ _9_ t 4 FIELD SURVEY FORKED RIVER AREA SALAMANDERS None found during general reconnaissance. - FROGS AND TOADS Green Frog - Common in all wet places. t Southern Leopard Frog - Caught in both cedar swamp sites. i' ' sites, Pine Barrens Treefrog - Heard calling at both cek ~ id at Carpenter Frog - Heard calling at one cedar sw r other swamps in the area. Fowler's Toad - Caught on upland sites and frequw.af caught in salt marsh. _ TURTLES Eastern Painted Turtle - Caught at pond near cedar swamp. Spotted Turtle - Seen along Cedar Creek. Wood Turtle.. Single individual caught in pine upland site. Eastern Box Turtle - Very common at all sites. ' LIZARDS. Northern Fence Lizard Seen at upland mixed site. ~ _~ SNAKES Northe'rn Black Racer - Seen along road in upland hardwood area Northern Water Snake - Found at lake near cedar swamp. 4 n MAMMALS dead along the road. . Opossum Two. individuals-seen Eastern Cottontail:~- Very common at all sites. a Red Squirrel - Common in pine and mixed sites. Gray Squirrel -Individuals soon in woods near Waretown; White-footed Mouse - Thirtoon individuals caught at. sites #5 {'i and #7 during140 trap-nights. 7 a '1, ~ - f _. : M a

MAMMALS (Cont'd) Red-backed Vole - Single individual scen in cedar swamp. Meadow Vole - Droppings and cuttings abundant in salt marsh. ' Pihe Vole - Seen frequently at upland sites. Muskrat - Signs and houses common in salt marsh. Eastern Molo - Tunnels common on upland sites. Raccoon - Tracks scen at lakes in the area and in the salt marsh. Whito-tailed Docr - Very common at all sites. BIRDS (Species judged to be nesting within the 5-mile radius area from field observations.) Green Heron Tufted Titmouse Mallard White-breasted Nuthatch Black Duck House Wren Wood Duck-Mockingbird Turkey Vulture Catbird Red-shouldered Hawk Brown Thrasher -Sparrow Hawk Robin Ruffed Grouse Starling Bobwhite Red-eyed Vireo { ~ Killdeer Black and White Warbler -Mourning Dove Blue-winged Wa bler -Yellow-billed Cuckcoo Pine Warbler ~ Whip-poor-will. Ovenbird Common Nighthawk Yellowthroat Belted Kingfisher' House Sparrow Yellow-shafted Flicker Red-winged Blackbird Hairy Woodpecker Baltimore Oriole Downy Woodpecker Common Grackle. Eastern Kingbird Brown-headed Cowbird Great Crested Flycatcher Scarlet Tananger . Eastern Phoebe Cardinal Eastern Wood Powee' American Goldfinch Tree Swallow Rufous-sided Towheo ' Barn Swallow

Seaside Sparrow Purple Martin Chipping Sparrow Blue Jay Field Sparrow Common Crow Swamp Sparrow Fish Crow -

Song Sparrow' Carolina Chickadee-3 I ..d i.. 4 .umAP--'T^- .mm ' se. .W-e yn e N M. hN - N ~ . Checklist of Land Dwelling Vertebrates of b Island Beach State Park, New Jersey

MAMMALS -

Red Fox (Vulpes fulva) Mink (Mustela vison) House Mouse (Mus musculus) Meadow Jumping Mouse (Zapus.hudsonius) White-footed Mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) Oppossum (Didalphis marsupialis) Eastern Cottont. ail Rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Masked Shrew (Sorex cinereus) ' Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) Long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata) Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus) ( ' REPTILES Northern Black Racer (Coluber c. constrictor) Eastern Hognose Snake (Heterodon platyrhinos) Common Mesk Turtle'(Sternotherus odoratus) Diamond Back Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina) Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina) Spotted Turtle (Clemmys guttata)

No list of amphibians of Island Beach has been compiled.

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n Birds that have been seen at Island Beach: h Common Loon (Gavia immer). Red-throated Loon (Gavia stellata) Horned Grebe (Podiceps grisegena) Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps) Eastern Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) ' Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) Eastern Green Heron (Butorides virescens) .Little Blue Heron (Florida caerulea) Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibi's) Common Egret (Casmerodius albus) Snowy Egret (Lencophoyx thula) Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) Eastern Least Bittern (Ixobrychus exilis) American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) Whistling Swan (Olor columbianus) Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) Brant (Branta bernicla) Snow Goose (Chen hyperborea) { ~ Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Black Duck (Anas rubripes) Pintail'(Anas acuta) ' Green-winged Teal (Anas carolinensis) Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors) American Widgeon (Mareca americana) Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) Redhead (Aytha americana Canvasback (Aytha valisincria) . Greater Scaup (Aytha marila) Lesser Scaup (Aytha affinis) . Common Goldeneye (Bucephala'clangula) Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola). Oldsquaw (Clangula hyemalis) White-winged Scoter (Melanitta deglandi) Surf Scotor (Melanitta perspicillata) Common Scctor (Oidemia nigra) Hooded Merganser'(Lophodytes cucullatus) Common Merganser (Mergus merganser) Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipter striatus) Marsh Hawk (Circus cyancus) {' ' '. Osprey (Pandion hallactus) Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) O t 9-

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Pigeon Haw'k (Falco columbarius) ~ Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius) (h ' Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) ~ Ring-necked Phcasant-(Phasianus colchicus) -Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris) Virginia-Rail (Rallus limicola) Sora (Porzana carolina) Purple Gallinulo (Porphyrula maritinica) American Coot (Pulica americana)- American Oystercatcher (Haamatopus palliatus). q, Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius 'somipalmatus). -Piping Plover (Charadriu.s melodus) Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) American Golden Plover (Pluvialis dominica) Black-bellied Plover (Squatarola squatarola) Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) . American Woodcock ( Philohela minor) Common Snipe (Capella gallinago) Spotted. Sandpiper (Actitus macularia) Solitary Sandpiper (Tringa solitaria) ~ - Willet (Catoptrophorus 'semipalmatus) . Greater Yellowlegs (Totanus melanoleucus) . Lesser Yellowlegs (Totanus flavipes) Knot (Calidris canutus). "'p Purple Sandpiper (Erolia maritima) b Pectoral Sandpiper (Erolia melanotos) ~ ~ ~ ~ White-rumped Sandpiper (Erolia fuscicollus) Least Sandpiper (Erolia minutilla) ~ Dunlin (Erolia alpina)- _ Short-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus griseus) . Stilt' Sandpiper (Micropalama himantopus) ~ Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus) u ~ Western Sandpiper (Ereunetes mauri) . Sanderling (Crocethia alba) Northern Phalarope (Lobipels lobatus) Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus) ' Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)' . Herring Gul1 (Larus argontatus) ~ Ring-billed Gull (Iarus delawarensis) Laughing' Gull (Larus atricilla) ~ ~ Black-legged Kittiwske (Rissa tridactyla) Common Tern (Sterna' hirundo) 7 . = Least Tern (Sterna albifrons) _ Black Tern (Chilidonias niger) . Black Skimmer (Rynchops nigra) (

Dovekie (Plautusfalle)
Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macroura)

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Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus omericanus) Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythropthalmus) Snowy Owl (Nyctea scandiaca) Long-cared Owl (Asio otus). _ Saw-whct Owl (Aegolius acadicus) Chuck-will's Widow (Caprimulgus carolinensis) Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus ' ociferous) v Common Nighthawk (Chordellos minor)- Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) Bolted Kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon) Yellow-shafted Flicker (Colaptes auratus) Red-bellied Woodpecker (Centurus carolinus) Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpos crythrocephalus) Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapius varius) Hairy Woodpecker (Dendrocopos villosus) Downy Woodpeckcr (Dendrocopos puboscens) Black-back Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus) Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) Western Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis) Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris) Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) (' Traill's. Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii) Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) Eastern Wood Pewee (Contopus virens) Olive-sided Flycatcher (Nutta11ornis borealis) Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) - Tree Swallow (Iridopronce bicolor) Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) - Purplo Mar +'.n (Progne subis) Blue Jay (Cyanecitta cristata)- Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus) Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus) . Carolina Cliickadee (Parus carolinensis)- - Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor) White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis) Brown' Creeper (Certhia familiarus)- House Wren (Troglodytes aedon)~ -Winter Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) Bewick's Wren (Thyromanes bewickii) Carolina Wren (Thyrothorus ludovicianus) y'2 Long-billed Marsh Wron (Telmatodytes palustris) -Short-billed March Wren (Cistothorus platensis) y

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~ ~ MockingbNd (Mimus polyglottos) F{,. - Catbird (Dumotella carolinensis) Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum) Robin (Turdus migratorius) Wood Thrush (Hylocichla.mustelina) ~ Hermit Thrush-(Hylocichla guttata) ~

Swainson's Thrush (Hylocichla ustulata)

Gray-cheeked Thrush (Hylocichla minima) TVocry (Hylocichla fuscoscens)- . Eastern Bluebird (Sialis siclis) Blue-gray Gr.atcatcher (Po,linptila caerulea) +- p Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa) e ' ~ Ruby--crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) . ~ Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla c'edrorum) s Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus)

Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus)-

3; s Bell's Vireo (Vireo bellii)

Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons)

S_olitary Vireo (Vireo.-solitarius) Red -eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus) ' Philadelphia Vireo (Vir'eo 'philadelphicus) ~ < Warbling Vireo (Vireogiluns) h"> Black-and-white Warbler (Mnictilta varia) ' Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea)

Worm-eating Warbler (H51mitheros vermivorus)

~ Golden-winged Warbler. (Vermivora chrysoptera) ~ Blue-Einged Warbler (Vermivora pinus) r ' Brewster's Warbler (Vermivora pinus x chrysoptera) - ~ Tennessee Warbler (Vermivora pesegrina)- D 2 L Orange-crowned Warbler (Vermivora colata)

Nashville Warbler (Vermivora ruficapilla)
Virginia's Warbler (Vermivora v' rginiae) i Parula Warbler (Parula americana) -

- YellovlWarbler (Dendroica petechia) ' Magnolia Warbler (Dondroica magnolia) - N (Cape May Warbler.(Dendroica tigrina) 7 Black-throated Blue Warblcr (Dendroica caerulescens) 1Mprtle-Warbler (Dendroica coronata)'- m

Black-throated Gray. Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens):

. - Black-throated Groon Warbler (Dendroica virens) ~ Cerulean WarblerL(Dendroica cerulea)- fBlackburnian' Warbler (Dendroica fusca): Yellow l-throated Warbler.(Dendroica dominica)- Clicstnut-sided. Warbler l (Dendroica ' pennsylvanica) .h.. J

Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanca)

'E < Blackpoll_Warbict (Dendroica striata) 1_'{ g_ {.; O Pine Warbler (Dendroica pinus) Prairic Warbler (Dendroica discolor) Palm Warbler (Dendroica palmarum) Ovenbird (Sciurus aurocapillus) Northern Waterthrush (Sciurus noveboraconsis) . Louisiana Waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla) Kentucky Warbict (Oporornis formosus) Connecticut Warbler (Operornis agilis) Mourning Warbler (Oporornis philadelphia) Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virons) Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia citrina) Wilson's Wcrbler (Wilsonic pusilla) %c Canada Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis) ? American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) Eastern Meadowlark (Sternella magna) Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoenicens) Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius) Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula) Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) - Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea) Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra) Cardinal (Richmondena cardinalis) Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) ~ -Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus'melanocephalus) Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca caerulea) Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) Painted Bunting (Passerina cirls) 7 Dickcissel (Spiza americana) Evening Grosbeak (Hosperiphona vespertina) -Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus) -House Finch-(Carpodacus mexicanus) a Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea)' Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus) American Goldfinch (Spinur tristis) Ea' stern Rufous-sided Towhee (Piplio erythrophthalmus) Iark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) Ipswich Sparrow (Passerculus princeps) Savann Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus.savannarum). l ii) Henslow's Sparrow (Passerherbulus hens ow Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammospina candacuta) Seaside Sparrow'(Ammospiza.maritima) b ~%. w-

1 )

Vesper Sparrow (Pooccetes gramincus rk Sparrow (Chondestos gramrancus)

) ..ssin's Sparrow (Ainiophila cassinii Slate-colored Junco (Junco hyemalis) Trco Sparrow (Spizolla arborca) 1 Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) Clay-colored Sparrow (SpizcIla pallida) Field Sphrrow.(SpizcIla pusilla). ~ Harris' Sparrow (Zono:richia quorula) White-crowned llis) - White-throated Sparrcw (Zonotrichia albico Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca) ~ Lincoln's Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii) [*"" = =% Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana). LSong Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) - (Cooper - unpublished list) . Compiled from: e 4 e we-4

7.. g,

,,g m 9 O D '~ ^ ^. emysm'* I b . D ee#h h4* l-i W Whe-N -o. .- u a

FIELD SU RVEY .ISIAND BEACH STATE PARK,-NEW JERSEY BIRDS (Species judged to be nesting within the park from' field observation, and personal communication with Mrs.. Katherine Price.) Green Heron Black-crowned Night Heron Mallard Osprey Spotted Sandpiper - Laughing Gull Mourning Dove Belted Kingfisher Eastern Kingbird Tree Swallow-Barn Swallow Fish Crow Carolina Chickadee l. (" * : House Wren Mockingbird ' Catbird Brown Thrasher Robin Starling ' Yellow Throat House Sparrow . Red-winged Blackbird Common Grackle Cardinal. ^ American Goldfinch Eastern Rufous-sided Towhee Seaside. Sparrow Song Sparrow - 6-e w 4 Er . MM _=. f-O C

- = r _r.

. a Checklist of Land Dwelling Vertebrates that Occur - on Both Island Bdach and the Mainland = AMPHIBIANS - No list available REPTILES Common Snapping Turtle

Spotted Turtle

- _ = _ Stinkpot Eastern Box Turtle Northern Black Racer Enstern Hognose Snake 4 . BIRDS Pied-billed Grebe Great Blue Heron Common Egret '31ack-crowned Night Heron Mallard - Black Duck - Hooded Merganser - Turkey Vulture Marsh Hawk , Osprey wum.nw. Pigeon Hawk Sparrow Hawk Bobwhite Ring-necked Pheasant . Killdeer American Woodcoci. Spotted Sandpiper Solitary Sandpiper Mourning Dove Yellow-billed Cuckcoo Black-billed Cuckcoo Saw-whet Owl Chuck-will's widow Whip-poor-will: Common Nighthawk Ruby-throated Hummingbird . Belted Kingfisher "O Y ^ l . BIRDS (Cont'd) Black-and-white Waroler Yellow-shafted Flicker Prothonotary Warbler Red-bellied Woodpecker Golden-winged Warbler Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Blue-winged Warbler Hairy Woodpecker Tennessco Warbler Downy.Wo odpecker Parula Warbler Eastern Kingbird Yellow Warbler Great Crested Flycatcher Magnolia Warbler Eastern Phocbo Cape May Warbler Acadian Flycatcher Black-throated Blue Warbler Traill's Flycatcher Myrtle-Warbler Least Flycatcher Black-throated Green Warbler l Eastern Wood Powee Blackpoll-Warbler Tree Swallow Pine Warbler - ~ Barn Swallow Prairie Warbler Purple Martin. Palm Warbler Blue Jay Ovenbird Fish Crow Northern Waterthrush Black-capped Chickadee Yellowthroat Carolina Chickadee Yellow-breasted Chat Tufted Titmouse Hooded. Warbler White-breasted Nuthatch Wilson's Warbler Red-breasted Nuthatch American Redstart Brown Creeper House Sparrow ~ House Wren Eastern Meadowlark _ - Carolina Wren Red-winged Blackbird Long-billed Marsh Wren Orchard Oriole . Mockingbird Baltimore Oriole Catbird Common Grackle Brown Thrasher Brown-headed Cowbird yr Robin Scarlet Tananger Wood Thrush Cardinal. Hermit Thrush Rose-breasted Grosbeak Swainson's Thrush Indigo Bunting Gray-cheeked Thrush Evening Grosbeak Veery Purplc Finch Eastern Bluebird ~ Common Redpoll Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. Pine Siskin ~ Golden-crowned Kinglet American Goldfinch Ruby-crowned Kinglet ' Rufous-sided Towhee ' Cedar Waxwing - Henslow's Sparrow Loggerhead Shrike Sharp-tailed Sparrow ~ Starling ' Seaside Sparrow White-eyed Virco Vesper Sparrow . Yellow-throated Vireo Slate-colored Junco Red-eyed Vireo. M $ #N s* L.' --====:

BIRDS (Cont'd) [ Chipping Sparrow - Field Sparrow White-throated Sparrow - ~ Fox Sparrow

Swamp Sparrow Song Sparrow -

MAMMALS Opossum-l Masked' Shrew Little Brown Bat Eastern Cottontail Rabbit. Gray Squirrel White-footed Mouse Meadow Vole Muskrat House Mouse Meadow Jumping Mouse .l, Red Fox qc Raccoon Long-tailed Weasel - Mink 7 r e 4 9 e e i

tt O

O J y t P r g m _.A. ,_a ha. M - -.= - M

~. 4 22-o _Two hundred and seventeen species of land dwelling vertebrates have been reported for the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. Evidence of many of these species was actually found during the field survey in the Forked River area. Two hundred_and seventy-one species of land dwelling vertebrates have been reported from Island Beach Stato Park. Twenty-eight of the bird species . were judged from the field surveys to be breeding on Island Beach. I Twenty-one percent of the reptilian species reported for the Pine Barrens are also reported for Island Beach. Forty-two percent of the mammalian specios reported in'the literature for the Pine Barrens also occur on Island Bei.ch. Ninety percent of the birds which have been seen in the Pine Barrens have also been seen on Island Beach. Comparison.of the field survey data reveals that 47% of the

birds judged to be breeding in the Pine Barrens during July also breed on Island

~ Beach._ These comparisons indicate that a significant number of the land dwelling n -vertebrates which inhabit the Forked River area also inhabit areas with much - higher salt concentrations in the environment. ~ 1The background airborne salt concentrations on Island Beach range from approximately 5 to 18 times higher on Island Beach than on the mainland one mile inland from the_ tower site. Yet many of the vertebrates that are found in the Forked River area also live quite wellion Ialand Beach. Those vertebrates that do not occur'on Island Beach are probably excluded because of a lack of some L f! .'is probably. excluded from Island Beach because of the lack of sod for tunneling-essential habitat component. For example, the pine vole (Pitymys ninetorum) ~ L and its local distribution in the South Jersey area (Pearson, personal communi-cation). ~ ~ The fresh water areas on' Island Beach have a ground water salinity of approximatsly 2,000 ppm (Martin, _1959). : The vertebrates of Island Beach have _no difficulty tolerating these salt concentrations-in their water supply. The salinities expected to exist after the cooling tower is in operation will be well- ~ .below the present' concentrations in the fresh water on Isla' d Beach. Since the n projected depositional rates are 5 times' the present depositional rates in thel 1 area of the tower,Ithe'totel' salinity of flowing' streams should not exceed 42.1 m ppm NaC14 The.totalPsalinitp"of:the ponds in the area should not exceed 99.06 % PP7

ppm NaC4(Toth;.~ personal communication). These ' salinity levels are negligible re n

+ compared to those which currently exist on Island Beach. k b c. _q p

~

h's t yl_ c. f 7 9 g +-u g.i-N vre ?-c a-ari*='f P5 rw e We heet"e we-e-**Mw"' s w--s .-mmv*r'w**-**1 1eww-~**te-m+""u-***muh*=d'w"'"**w

. KEY TO VEGETATION TYPE MAP WITH APPROXIMATE ACREAGES PERCENT OF TOTAL KEY VEGETATION TYPE ACREAGE AREA !f.I.',1.( Hardwood 4,552 9.1 [.h, Southern White Cedar 602 1.2 Mixed Hardwood-Yei!ow Pine 15,926 31.7 Yellow Pine 3,766 7.5 [ n.... 'W-Saltwater Marsh 1,758 3.5 Bay 10,960 21.7 - Non-Forested 12,70.2 25.3 L TOTAL. 50,266 100.0 ' Total Forested Area 26,604 53.0 ~~ Non-Forestod 12,702 25.3 1 - Bay. 10,960 21.7 Total area within 5-mile radius of Proposed cooling tower 50,266 100.0 , K. - : - f ~ ~ Map Scale: e, '^ A. ~ L'- A ' ~.- - __ nn... _. - w

.. 21, 4, _ 4 ./ J

Q. ;

4 FIGURE I '.h. ' Vegetation Map Showing Location l -i J- ~ of Sampling Stations j 1 ( L A m e E')) I 5,' + e b 1 I f' t i 1 t e O s b 1. 9? '>S s

g m.

s }. 4 m 9 1 f a y

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^ c t ~ 1 I +. 5 f .9 a 1

=+-

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~. -25. t-o Table l'. Bird D6nsity Index - Total Densitics(Birds / Acre) Cedar Swann Time

1 Site
2

-1 1.45S 5.457 2 3.935 3.042 3 3.022 5.684 4 5.344 2.256 R= 3.440 R = 4.110 Salt Marsh Time-

3 Site 1

5.904. 2 8.398 No data 3 4.764 4 4.039 s R =5.776 Pine Time

5 Site
6

'l 6.814 5.118 2 4.739-8.653 3-7.875~ 5.854 6.878 4 4.075 fc = 5. 87 6 fc =_ 6. 62 6 h F 4 -P%- E T-T-7ramw

W 1 '1 yr 7PW*tr iFtW5 5trt w
mt'f-T*-T q
W"yr" WP *"F-1 W" - '*

7 C-- T 'f4*'

r: ~ Table 1. (Cont'd) Density Index Mixed Pine - Hardwood Time

7.

Site -

8

-I 5.039 0.845 2 3.731 2.059 3 2.918 1.035 4 3.790 1.732 - R = 3.870 g = 1.418 ~~~ Hardwood ' Time - '#9 Site

10 1-2.171-5.240 2.

1.059 5.897 3 1.962 5.048 4 3.482 4.413 g = 2.169 R = 5.15 0 Island Beach Time ~ .#11. Site 1 3.736 -2 15.887 3 14.744 No data '4 15.918 5 11.856. 6 16.031 ' R=13.029 w _ = g Q_. e + W e .,,,,-.-.--~..,..............;,..,.,,,._--,..,._..,..m,._,.--......... }- ~7 -y.+. -. - =,.m~-~ .w

~. Table 2. ~ Bird Density Index - Summary Shoot (Birds / Acre) - (' Veaetation Tyo5 ~ Site Number Monn - Cedar Swamp

1
2 3.440 4.110 3.775 t

Salt hiarsh

3 No data 5.776 5.776 Pine

^#5

6 5.876 6.626 6.250 Mixed Pine-Hardwood
7
8

'3.870 1.418 2.644 Hardwood

9
10 2.169 5.150 3.660 Island Beach
11 13.029.

No data 13.029 e i = __-4+9 6 e .g A p1umi-%ce,. w. .W4., 3 m+ V' Appendix I presents density indices of the common bird species in the ( Forked River area. Tables 1 and 2 summarine the data for the bird density indicos A partially nested design has been utilized to investigato the influence of vegetation typ'e, sites within vegetation type and time of sampling on bird density and diversity indices. The analysis of variance of the bird density . data follows: Bird Density Index Analysis of Variance Degrees of Sums Mean Source freedom of suuares Squares P ratio Total 31 128.877 Vegetation ' 3 - 56.365 18.788 24.344***- Sites (Vegetatio'n) 4 31.817 7.954 10.306*** Time 1 0.007 0.007 NS Vegetation X Time 3 0.642 0.214 NS Sites (Vegetation) X7".me 4-28.470 7.117-9.222*** - Replicates 1 0.001' O.001 VegetationX Replicates 3 1.420 0.473M Sites Vegetation X Rep icates-4 4.171 1.043 ( ) l fA Time X Replicates - 1 0.180 .0.180 pooled error Vegetation 2: Time X Replicates - 3 2.803 0.934 variance Sites (Vegetation) X Time X Replicates 4 3.003 0.751 = 0.772

- - Significant at.001 level of confidence.

. Tabular value of F with 3 and 15 d.f. = 9.34 - Tabular vade of F with 4 and 15 d.f. = 8.25 e 0 A ) 9 e + y 3 y m 't -e-+-r-- e

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1 Site
2 1

1.664 1.807 2 2.038 1.611 3 2.611 2.483 4 2.394 1.485 2 = 2.177. R = 1.847 Salt Marsh Time

3 Site 1

2.201 2-2.369 No data 3 2.943 4 ~ 2.174 [.,. -R = 2.422 Pine time

5

, Site ~

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~ 1 3.111 3.128 2 3.003-2.871 3 3.505' 2.462 4 3.252 2.469 R = 3.218 g = 2.733 i l i 4 5 e +, s ^ _. - -- ~ /%m d m n

a ( Cont'd) Diversity Index Table 3 ( Mixed Pine-Hardwood Time

7 Site
8 1

2.904 2.656 2 3.016 2.803 3 2.876 1.700 4 2.877 ?.699 R = 2.918 R= 2.465 Hardwood Time

9 Site
10 1

2.445 2.621 2, 2.548 2.873 3 2.544' 2.902 4 '3.057 2.909 R = 2.649 R = 2.826 ( Island Beach Time

11 Site 1

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Tablo 4. Bird Diversity Index - Summary Sheet ~ Mean Site Number _ Vegetation Tvpe Cedar Swamp

1
2

g 2.177 1.847 2.012 I.

Salt Marsh

3 No data 2.422

{ 2.422 l ~

5
6

~ Pine. 3.218 2.733 2.975 Mixed Pine-Hardwood

7
8 2.918 2.465 2.691 Hardwoo d
9
10 2.549 2.826

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11 No data 3.125 3.125 t

o Highly significant diUcrences (.001) were found to exist among vogotation . types for total density index. Figuro 2 represents this result graphically. Least ,l' significant confidence intervals have been plotted cround the mean density index for each vegetation type. Non-overlapping red blocks represent signifi-ca'nt differences in bird density indices among vegetation types. Bird density indices arc significantly higher in pine than in the other three vegetation types. Figure.3 illustrates the nature of the highly significant (.001) interaction which exists between time and sites within vegetation. This interaction means -that the time at which a given site was sampled strongly influenced the density index for that site. If this total bird density index is to be used in the future 7 as an indicator of the environmental effects of the _ cooling tower,-it is suggested that sampling be expanded to include all sites at the same time. Diversity index, which is the ratio between the number of species and the number of individuals, is considered to be a more sensitive indicator of changes in community structure than the total density index. Odum (1959, 2nd Ed.) indicates that when man introduces a stringent limiting factor into a natural community, diversity is usually reduced even though the total number of individuals l] remains unchanged or perhaps is increased. Tables 3 and 4 present a. summary of the bird diversity index data. The 4 - analysis of variance follows: (~ Bird Diversity Index 1 nalysis of Variance A Degrees of Sums Mean Sourci frcadom of squares Squares F ratio ~ Total ' 31-7.934 ' Vegetation 3 4.113 1.371 11.92*** Sites '(Vegetation) - '4 1.164 0.291 NS Time 1' O.008 0.008 NS Vegetation X Time - 3 0.472 0.157 NS Sites (Vegetation) X Time 4' 0.'418 0.105 NS Replicates -1 0.035 0.035, Vegetation X Replicates 3 0.712 0.237 Sites (Vogotation) X Replicates 4 0.547 0.137 Time X Replicates - 1 0.044 0.044 pooled error - Vegetation X Time X Replicates 3 0.268 0.089 variance - Sites (Vegetation)XTimeX Replicates 4 0.153 0.038 = 0.115 ~

- - ~Significant at.001 level of confidence.

~ Tabular value of F with 3 and 15 d.f. = 9.34 gy _[- W OOM% Mh__ $ ps S c_ M fag e6 M T_m W -p 'em4 A

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Highly significant differences (.001) were found to exist among vegetation types for bird diversity index. Figurc 4 shows the data with 1 cast significant (- confidence intervals plotted around the mean bird diversity index for auch vegetation typc. Non-overlapping red blocks represent significant differences in bird diversity indices among vegetation types. Bird diversity indicos are significantly lower in cedar swamps than in the other three vegetation types. 8 L e e e n e e 5 4 1 J e

~ l ; o Results of Literature Review i Salt poisoning can and has occurred in land dwelling vertebrates under certain conditions. Definitive evidence of salt poisoning under field conditions ha's been presented by Trainer and Karstad (1960) for cottontail rabbite (Sylvilacus floridanus)', bobwhite quail (Colinus virainianus), ringneck pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), and rock dove (Columba ilvia). Todd, Lawson, and Dow (1964) have ' presented clinical land histological evidence of salt poisoning in barnyard pigs Sodium chloride poisoning has also been reported for domestic fcwi (Blaxand, 1946). The.U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife warns against the exccssive use of rock salt in winter road maintenance since under certain con-ditions wildlife mortality may occur (The Conservationist, April-May 1971). (Little is kncwn about the exact levels of tolerance to ingested sodium chloride -.for the land dwelling vertebrates which do occur in the Forked River area. How-eve,. some quantitative studies have been conducted for a few of the wildlife species, and for related domestic animals. . Trainer and Karstad (1960) report mortality within 24 hours after 3 grams i of Nacl were administered in a single dose di actly into the digestivo systems - of adult ringneck pheasants and cottontail rabbits. However, in pheasants fed - -increased amounts 'of salt in their dry mash, signs of intoxication appeared only !when the quantity of drinking water was restricted (Trainer and Karstad,1960). Sublethal effects have been demonstrated in bobwhite quail. Quail lost weight when drinking 1% or higher Nacl solutions, and markedly increased their fluid consumption. (McNabb,1969). Exprimental evidence of Nacl tolerances in chicks, hens, turkey poults, and ducklings has been presented by Krista, Carlson, and Olson (1961). No L detrimental effects were found in chicks fed solutions containing 4,000 ppm sodium chloride, but decreased growth and 14 to 47% mortality occurred at 7,000 ppm, and 75 to 100% mortality occurred at levels of 10,000 and 12,000 ppm sodiuin chloride.. Egg production was reduced in laying hens at and above .-10,000 ppm sodium chloride. Turkey poult mortality increased as sodium chloride - concentration increased above 4,000 ppm. Forty-three percent mortality occurred in ducklings at 10,000 ppm sodium chloride while little mortality occurred below-this level. However, a' linear relationship exists between growth retardation . and NaC1' concentration between 4,000 and 12,000 ppm sodium chloride. - Similar responses by chicks to Nacl administered in solution have been reported by other researchers. ' Doll,~ Hull, and Insko (1946) report distress caused-by drinking solutions containing 5,000 and 9,000 ppm sodium chloride. No evidence of toxicity was reported in chicks receiving 2500 ppm sodium chloride. 1 s 4 ,r va w ma ra n .,aw .-w,-, -,--e_+ --,r-ww.,,.,-n,m,,--.-,---- e,,w.. --en,--..m .m .,-,-,--n

, i Experiments in which Nacl has bocn ingested with the feed h anducted on fowl arid pigs. h k

However, 110% N;C1 caused heavy mortality within one week among baby c ic s.

I Nacl concentrations ranging up,to 20% in the feed pro Adult pigs ingesting Nacl with their feed have shown evidence of salt I poisoning at a concentration of 5% Nacl when their wat (Ek, 1966). feed with restricted water and'showed no symptoms of salt toxicity. l Although excess Nacl may have deleterious effects as previously dis-t In [ cussed, Nacl can be a valuable supplement in the dic h practice in vertebrates, especially birds and mammals. This leads to t e commonBleitz (19 of placing salt blocks in an area to attract deer.Cassin's finche ) evening grosbeaks (Hescerichena vescertina), and pine siskins (Sainus_ .are attracted to salt licks placed for mammals. ( 9 0) report that cotton-

wildlife populations to salt hunger. Trainer and Karstad 1 6 l ble tails in need of Nacl might take excessive amounts when a readily avai a supply is found. While the cuantity of salt ingested under these circumstanl might not be harmful in the presence of a readily a I

^ v L during severe winter conditions. Many species are able to cope with high salt concentrations in the en One of the mechanisms by which salt can ment while others are less successfulinfluence the relative succ For example, the habitats of frog's and toads have been correlate . ability to survive

loss of body water.'or high salt concentrations i Neill (1958) reports that many amphibians and reptiles occur in salt w s

areas. As a group salamanders'are poorly adapted to withstand high s h environment, while frogs are more successfulin this regard.) Snakes an Salt water water species of turtles have been found to invade salt water areas. races often exhibit such modification as darker coloration, structural ada 4 Examples-of~ amphibians which have been found in areas of high salt content include spotted salamanders Ambystoma maculat or alteration of diet.- leopard frog' Rana oipiens sphenocephala, Fowlers toad Bafo w h and:. representatives'of the genera Acris and!Hylai -Reptilian species i d snapping tertle Ch'eEdra' serpentina;,imud turtle Kinosternon subrubrum 4 turtle Chemmys cuttata,; painted; turtle Chrvsemys picta,: box tur:le Torrap ~~ lis carolina, northern watetsnake Natrix sipedon, garter snake, Thamnop . andithe northern black snake Coluber constrictor reMaie*ilffbundMNRivistarse.* m-- c =__

_w_ The degree;ottolerancfof:some: species of;amphibianalto:salttenviros-(' ments:Is:strikingt Tercafs and Schoffeniels (1962) found Bufo viridi., a fresh water species of toad able to tolerate 2.34% solutions of sodium chicride (75% sea water). Tho' crab-eating frog (Rana cancrivora) is able to complete its life cycle in 20% sea water although in the field breeding occurs after heavy rains when the salinities are lower (Gordon and Tucker,1965). Strahan (1957) found that the capa' city of a fresh water toad, Bufo melan-ostictus, to resist saline conditions increases during larval life. One and one-half day old tadpoles were unaffected by 0.25% solutions while tadpoles eight and one-half days old were unaffected by solutions up to 0.75% sodium chloride. While differences in tolerance to high salt concentrations are also present among birds and mammals, these higher organisms are generally more adaptable to salt in the environment. The more advanced excretory systems found in these vertebrates enable them to deal more effectively with most water balance problems. Many raptors secret salt through the nostrils. This raechanism is of adaptiva value for these carnivores since they acquire a high sodium load from their food (Cade and Greenwald,1966). Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) have evolved an especially efficient salt utilization ability. Those subspecies which are year-round inhabi-tants of salt marshes are able to maintain their body weight when fed 0.55 molar ( sodium chicride over a period of ten days (Cade and Bartholomew,1959). Getz (1968) reports that the white footed mouse (Peromyscus leaccous) is able to tolerate drinking solutions of up to 0.3 molar sodium chloride for ten days without changes in body weight or significant mortality. This agrees closely with current research being conducted at Farleigh Dickinson University (McManus, personal communication). Other small mammals such as the red back vole (Clethr:onomys gacceri) are less adaptable to increasing salt concentrations. This species can only tolerate salt solutions of up to 0.1. molar sodium chloride (Getz, 1968). In addition to the possibility of direct physiological effects vertebrate populations may be influenced indirectly by changes in plant communities. Vertebrate population levels are partially a function of the plant communities present in an area. Various plants have differing salt tolerances, and adding salt to the environment may favor some plants over others. Plant community changes cout! result in altered vertebrate communities. In areas where herbi-cides have seen used to control weeds, changes in the populations cf insects dependant upon the weeds resulted in changes in bird populations (Moore,1962). Wocdbury (1948) indicates that salinity as a factor influencing vertebrate popu-lations in the Great Basin is probably most important as it affects the distribution of plants. JT'~ LJ~~ ~. -. ~.... 9 Research conducted at Island Scach State Park indicates that the arrangc-mont of plant populations is determined by a salt spray gradient and the ecological amplitudo of each species population in relation to the salt spray factcry (Martin, 1959).- Shurc (1970) has reported on the ecological relationships of s:nall mammals on Island Beach. The distribution of those vertebratos on Island Beach is related to the topographically controlled pattern of environment and vegetation. - The mariti:r.c vegetation of Island Beach supports a greater abundanco of small mammals than those reported in mainland studies. Shure indicates thc.t a possible factor causing these high densitics may involvo the heterogenicty of the vegetation.

This salt spray induced vegetational mozaic includes a large propor.icn of ccotonal area, which by an edge effect may lead to greater small mammal abundance.

Woolfenden (1958) had previously reported on unusually high densitics of masked shrews (Sorex cinereus) on Island Beach. - Certain* species: warrant special consideration because they'are restrictede - to very specialized-habitats.e Any alterations in these habitats could drasticallyr - affect the total numbers of such speciest The official list of Endangered Scocios of The_ United States oublished by the U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (1970) does not include any of the species found in the Forked River area. However, two species.of amphibians which are relatively rare and occur in restricted habitats are found in this arest According to Gosner and Black (1957), the pine barrens tree frog (Hy_la,andersoni)gand the carpenteg frog (Rana:virgatines) pre restricted to areas containing acid waters such as the New Jersey pine barrens. These frogs have a competitive advantage during ombryonic development because they can tolerato more strongly acid solutions m.... s 'than other New Jersey frogs. The pine barrens tree frog. breeds in small basing .. A lortslow moving streams, but never in stagnant water. The carpenter frog inhabits

' ' larger rivers and lakes where there is floating vegetation (Noble and Noble,1923; Standaart, 2 957). In addition, Nobic and Noble report that breeding of the pine MW barrens tree frog is synchronized with rainy periods,. Such breeding behavior could potentially be an advantage if Nacl concentrations increase in the

' environment. a O 4 e e S e S y

1 CONCLUSIONS ( 1. For those species of land dwelling vertebrates which occur on boch Island Beach and in the Forked River area we would expect there to be no direct physiological effect at the levels of salt concentration expected to exist after the cooling tower is in operation. 2. The bird population indices developed to this point should prove aseful in assessing future population shifts, if any, which may be a result of the cooling tower operation. Much more work needs to be conducted in'this regard. 3. We would expect there to be no direct physiological effects for those species investigated in the literature at the levels of salt concentration expected after the cooling tower operation. Since the salt tolerances of me.ny of the species in this area have not been studied, predictions concerning these vertebrates can only be based on the authors' opinions. Ou opinion is that direct physiological effects on those species whose salt tolerances have not been studied will be negligible. k~ ' The relatively rare pine barrens tree frog and carpenter frog should not have ( the specialined nature of their habitats changed by the higher concentrations ~ f sodium chloride expected after the tower is in operation. o 5.- A possibility exists that some vertebrates may be attracted to the area by the added salt in the environment. Since salt-is not expected to accumulate iW ~ the areaLit:is our opinion that this. effect will'be minimalt 6. Since the living components of the pine barrens ecosystem may vary con-siderably with regard to their salt tolerances, some species may ultimately be favored at the expense of others. Due to the complex nature of the interactions which exist in biological systems, the direction and magnitude - of these changes in community structure cannot be predicted with a high degree of certainty. e

* ^

mm =

ume*

mM M .~

,42-- LITERATURE CITED . (( Blaxland, J. D. 1946. Toxicity of sodium chloride for fowls. - Vot. J. 102:157-173. Bleita, Don. 1958. Attraction of birds to salt licks placed for mammals. Wilson 3u11. 70(1):92 (Abstr.). ~ Cade, T. J. and G. A. Bartholomew. 1959. Sea-water and salt utilization by

savannah sparrow. Physio 1~ Zool. 32:230-238.

~ ~ Cade, T. J. and L. Greenwald. 1966. Nasal salt secretion in falconiform birds. Condor 68:338-350. .Conant,. Roger. 1962. Notes on the distribution of reptiles and amphibians in. the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. - N.J. Nature News, 17:16-21. Connor, P. 1953.. Notes on the mammals of a New Jersey Pine Barrens area. J.' Mammal 34:227-235. Doll, E. R., F. E. Hull and W. M. Insko Jr. 1946. Toxicity of sodium chloride for baby chicks. Vet. Med. 41:361-363. Ek, Nils. 1966. f Experimental salt poisoning in pigs..Nord. Veterinaer Med. 17:604-613 (Abstr.). Fables, D. G. 1962.. Breeding birds of the Naw Jersey Pine Barrens. N. J. Nature News.17:60-64. ' Getz, L. L. 1968. Influence of water balance and microclimate on the local . distribution of the redback vole and white-footed mouse. Ecol. 49:276-286. Gorden,. M. S. and V.- A. Tucker. 1965. Osmotic regulation in the tadpoles of the crab-cating frog (Rana cancrivora). ' J. Exp. Biol. 42:437-445. Gosner, K.- L. and I. H.' Black. 1957. The effects of acidity on.the development - and hatching of New Jersey frogs. Ecol. 38:256-262. i Kendeigh, S. C. 1944. Measurement of bird populations. Ecol. Monogr. 14:67-106. Krista,: L. M., C. _W. Carlson and O. E. Olson. 1961. Some effects of saline waters on chicks, laying hens,-poults and ducklings. Poultry Sci. 40:938-944. b Lloyd, M., J. H. Zar and J. R. Karr. 1968. On the calculation of information - theoretical measure of diversity. Amer. Mid. Naturalist 79:257-272. ,} .m.'~.,...-..._ Martin,. William E. 1959. The vcgotation of Island Beach State Park, New Jersey. '( Ecol. Mono. 29:1-46.. - McCormick, J. i970. The Pine Barrons. A Preliminary Ecological Inventory. 'Now Jersey Stato Museum Research Report 92. Trenton, N.J. 104 p. McNabb, F. M. A. ~ 19 69. A comparative study of water balance in three specios of quail. II. Utilization of salino drinking solutions. Comp. Biochem. and Physiol. 08:1059-1074. Moora,- N. W. 1962. Toxic chemicals and birds: The ecological background to conservation problems. Brit'ish Birds, 55:428-435 (Abstr.). 4: Neill, Wilfrad T. 1958. The occurence of amphibians'and reptiles in salt-water areas, and a bibliography. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Caribbean 8:1-97.- Noble, G.K. and R. C. Noble. 1923. The Anderson Treefrog. Obsc.-/ations on its habits and life history. Zoologica 2(18):416-455. ] Odum, Eugene P. 1959. Fundamentals of Ecology. 2nd Ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.' 546 p. -- Rolilf, F. J. and R. R. Sokal. 1969. Statistical Tables. W. H. Freeman Co., { San Francisco. 253 p. Shure, Dontid J. 1970. Ecological relationships of small mammals in a New . Jersey btrrier beach habitat. J. Mammal. 51:267-278. Standaert, W. F. 19 67. Growth, maturation and population ecology of the~ carpenter frog (Rana vircratines). Rutgers U. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. _ State of New York Department of Environmental Conservation. 1971. Rock salt threatens wildlife. Conservationist, 25(5):40. I Strahan, Ronald. - 1957. The effect of salinity on the survival of larvae of 3 ufo melanostictus. Copeia 1957(2):146-147. Tercalfs,' R. R. and E..Schoffeniels. 1962. Adaptation of amphibians to salt ~ water. Life Sciences 1:19-24. ~ Thorson,. T. and A. Svihla. 1943. Correlation of the habitats of amphibians with their ability to' survive the loss of body water. Ecol. 24:374-331. Todd,- J. R., G. H. K.. Lawson and C. Dow. 1964. An experimental study of salt poisoning in the pig. J. ' Comp. Pathol, and Therap.- 74:331-337. {~. LTrainer, D. O. and L.LKarstad. 19 60. Salt poisoning in Wisconsin wildlife. J. Amer. Vot. Med. Assoc. 136:14-17. .w L 'm-m=--=Luar m %f. u_w ,,.m e a

- in-United Sta:cs-Department of Interior. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. 1970. Endangered Species of the United States. 4 p. Woodbury, A. M. 1948. - Animals and salinity in the Great Basin. Amer. Naturalist 82:171-187.- .Woolfendon, G. E. 1958. An unusual concentration of Sorex cinereus. J. Mammel. 40:37. 4 C c. e 6 8 9 A g 4 4 6

s APPENDhX I Bird Density Indices - Raw Data t' I O e % = { (. r-

f . SAMPL E --I.- D. - 11 SPECIES. ' BIRD DENSITY INDEX Nu. ut-ts I RDSTKCRt- >g CAR CHICKADEt: 0.3 5 9' "- .YELLOWTHROAT 1.100

.: =:.:.:--

TOTAL PER ACRE 1.459 .P* CEDAR-SWAMP-Site-41 / '8:45 a.m. -): July 15,1971 l ):

y.

l l - ) __ i i): ,D -, .)[ s k l R:... - 9.eek- _m .i L- .'.L.._ ~

.... ~.. - _.... '-SAliPLE I. D. - 12 SPECIES BIRO DENSITY INDEX Nu. ut-tsis DS7ACR t . ROBIN '"

0. 412 ----

CAR CHICKADEE 0.359 -- CATB IRD ~ 0 ~.~8 4 6 - BLilE JAY 0.943 YtLLOWTFIRUA i

1. 37 5 (OTAL PER ACRE i.~9 3 5- =

I r~ f - CEDAR SWAMP Site #1 6 6:30 a.m. ) Tuly._2.L_1971 V ): ~ ). i . )' -(: c _. J 11- )

-S AMP L E--I.- D. 13 0 SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX NU. Ul-61 RT)STA CR'e _(j . CATBIRD'~ 0.~846~"~~ ~ - CAR CHICKADEE 1.076 ' :v YELLOWTHROA l'100~~ V} ~ iOTAL PER' ACRt: '5. 0 2 2--- (.1 ___ ~

. )

~ . 3. )- D '. 3 CEDAR _ SWAMP _ Site #1 7:55 a.m. 3 Tuly 27.1971 1 3- ). 4 .**e.m. .e 111- -] i*w 9 .... -. - -.. = - .... ~... +.. - I; 'g ... ~,. -.. Y -- s. e.e .m _a

.-SAMPL E : I. D. -- 14 SPECIES < BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO. UI-t$ 1R'D57ACR t: i . BLUE ~' JAY 0.236'----~^ TOWHEE ~ 0.275 ROBIT ~ 1 ~~2 37 --~~ CATSIRO 0.846 YECCOWTHRUAi z.750 9 TOTAL PER-ACRE 5.344 1 CEDAR-SWAMP-Site-41 6:30 a.m. 3 - Tuly 29,1971 I - -) ,)-

').

l-) i) - v i) ).. eMme.eme : a eue iv - .) ,g ?- m e

1:.tP L E-1. ' D. 21-BIRD DENSI7Y INDEX SPECIES No. GF BTRTISTECKE 1.019'- TOWHEE 0.611 ROBIN

0. 349 ~ ~

BLtlE~~ JAY O.627 CATBIRO 23'5'2 YeLLUTJT7tRTIAT TOTAL PER KCRE 57457 ~~ ~~ t f CEDAR SWAMP Site #2 8.:4.5. a..m. Tuly 15.1971 { 1 1 v 4 ^ _m

S Ai'iP L E 'I. ' D. 22 -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ' ~ SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDFX NO. OF-til R'D'SRCli'E ( ^ TOWHEE 0'.611" ~ ~ ~~ BLtlE JAY 0.175 ~~CATBIRO ~ O'. 6 2 7' ' )- YELLOWTHROAT 1.630 '-) TOTAL PER ACRE 3.042 3 I) 3 ~ ) 3 .} CEDAR SWAMP __S.ite_s2 i 6;_30 a. m. .J Tuly 21,1971 .) 3-3 N .3- =._ ) 3 vi _ _ ~ ' 3... _.._.. 1 l 3 =... w )

. y. ~~'5 A IP L E I.' ~ D. --- 2 3 SPECIES , BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO-- OF BTRTJS7ECRi 3- / 7~~~~ CAR-CHICKADEE 1~.~0 63' ~ ~ BLUEJAY 0.524 TOWHEE': 1.' 019"~ ' "- -)- CAT 8IRD O.940 RITBlN. 6~3'06 -) . YELLOWTHROAT 1.833 41Rume. TOTAL PER-ACRE 5.684 -) ) 3 G r -) I-CEDAR SWAMP Site #2 7:55 a.m. Tuly_2.7_,_1_9 71 .3: 3-e ) ). 4 I- ' ' es, - m., y vil (

_ _. =

..a....i..

-- S Aapt g. I.~ 0. ^ - 24 ~~~ ) SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO. OF 81TO57ACifE ~~ { ' -~ TOWHEE O'. 611" ' ' CATBIRD 0.627 --~~~ YE L L OW THROAT 1~ 019 ).- ) TOT'A'L PE~R 'XCR'E 2;~256 ~~~ ~ "~ .- ) ') .g .) -) C_ED.AR_ S_WAMP_ Site _4L2 ); '. 6_QO a. m Tuly 29,1971 .) ') .) I

i. -

3

3~

viii =#. a.:. , _ -, =, ,g _4'g

- aA.'=.W*-

-._4,,g vg ..g r,s, _g, ow.w.am. e. g.. p om, 4,, ,o Q g g 99 g,

SAMPLE T'. D. ~ 31- -~ SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO OF-BTRO'S7A~ CRY ~ f ~~ TREE SWALLotf - 2. 5 60~ ~ BARN SWALLOff 0.114 - RED-W GLACKBIRD O '. 7 A 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ SONG SPARROW 0.603 MO~CRTNGiTI RD 072'84 GOLOFINCH 0.042 -~YE LL OWTHROA T l'.'5 1 7 ~ ~ - - ~ TdTAL PE8 ACifE 5.904 1 ) ) -. .). SALT _.MARSILSite_13 ';f. 910_0_a_..m. .) Tuly 26.1971 ) Y E' - ) ix ( e _-,, an e r-- --- +== 5c% - o- --e m e ^.).

._ =. ... S A.W. P L E - I.- - 0. r -------3 2 -- - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ - - - - SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO. Gi-u l HD S7A~CRF. 4.267 - "- / TREE ' SWALLOW 4-BARN SUALLOW l.422 CATBIRD O.427 REO-H BLACKBIRD 1.067 -SONG TPARR'0w-07603 YELLOWTHROAT 0.569 = GOLDFINCH 0 ~.~0 4 2~ ~ - IUIAL PtK ALKb 5.696 SALI_MARSli_ Site _4.3 .f.' 9.:1.5.a..m..___. Tuly_ 21._1971

)

3.. 3

)i. -

) ):. t _ _ __ __..__. s ,-,s =. r n - - +,, -,, - - ~. - n

=~~~ ~~ "'~~ ~~' - - ' - - ' ' ~ . _. S M I P U I. ~0. ~~ ~ ~ ~ ' '3 3 '- ' ~ ~ ' ~~~~~ ~ ~~ SPECIES BIRD DENSITY ItIDEX. tIO- 0F lill(057A~CT(E ' ~ ~~~~ TREESWALLOW' 0'.'171 ~ ~ ~ ~ BARN SWALLOW O.455

.~~~~ RED-W BLACKBIRD 1.209-SONG SPARROW 0.948 Y~LTOMTfiif0'A T 1~ 1 2'8 CATBIRO ~

0.427 GOLOFINCH 0. 0 8 4' ' " ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ MOCKINGOIRD O.142 . - - = ~.-:.:.;;u-TOTAL PER ACRE-4.764 ) SALT _MA_RSH__Sile_93 . 's. 9:20 a.m. ) Tuly 29,1971 ) ) e., .w ) -). -p.:_ xi . s 1

- -S AM P L E l.- D. - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SPECIES ' BIRD DENSITY INDEX Nu. O t-til x DS7A'CRE ~ != TREE SUALLOW'_

0. 3 41 ' ' ~ ~

RED-W BLACKBIRD 1.920 1-. SONG SPARROW 1.034' - " l CAT 6IRD

0. 4?.7 YETEDWTHKUA i 0.T70 GOLDFINCH O.126

+ TOTAL PER ACRE 4.037 t: ~$ SALT _MARSILSite_t3 . s{. 7 4 5_a.._m. . 3 Tuly 30.1971 3-

)

I )- 4 ) ) xil =

['

./ '.). 4 Y

- e D egep ges a

.-_w-- wea w -es --~e G

"N*'

4 a Q v.. .[ M .e ~.-... o-%-... p.q o.wgy.m. g. h.,,.. .y%,.

'- SM.PLE I.~D. ' 51' - - - ~ - ' - " ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ SPdCIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO. OF BIROS/ACR'E ~ ( ObMNY WOP - ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0.362 BLUE JAY 0.686 i "-~~ ~" '- C A R C H I CK A D E 6 1.861 ~~~ ~ ~ TUFTED TITMOUSE 0.113 tmh THRESIItR 0.482 8-WINGED WARB 0.305 y....... ,076 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ OVENBIRO~~~- 0 YELLi1WTHROAT 0.560 GRACKLE 0.'117 ~ - ~. - " - ) COMBIRD 0.122 5 CAR 7'NANGc K 0 l'5b CARDINAL 0.134 .)

CWHEE 1~.'8 42 -

~}. (UlAL PtK ALKc 6.614 ) ) i PIN _E Sit _e.15 6:30 a.an. ). Tnly 13 1971 . -). ) .)-. i___ .- ( _._ --- xm. 1 O =.

- ~ SAMPLE I. D. '-~ 53 " - ~ ~ ~ - ' - - - - - -).'~ SPECIES BIRO DENSITY IPOEX NOTOF B1R0S7NCe'E ~ / BLUEJAY 0~, 07 6 \\ O.055 C CROW ~~~ CAR CJ ICKADEE~

1. 8 61 ' ~ ~~ "~ ~ ~

~ .).- -BEH HARS 1.447 6 6 -RINBED 7IARS 07T52. YELLOHTHROAT 0.280 ~~ SCAR"TANANGER 0.078 ' - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ ' ~ ~ '~ ' TOWHEE 0.789 y m -)- TOTAL PE'R ACRE 4.739 -) y .) ]- PINE. Site _95 .i- ( 7453.a. -) Tuly 16.1971

T 0

3 3-sty _ y ( ).

e ' ~'SAFPLE 1.~~D. ~55 ) SPECIES BIRD DENSITY I b'G E X A'OTrfF ITTR"D57ACT(E / --~~-' C A T S I R D - "072 0 2~ - ~ ~ )- - Y-S FLICKER 0.079 WOOD' PEEWEE ~ 0^.145~--- CRESTED FLYC O.121 O E-4W 07305 ) CAR CHICKADEE l.241 " ~ ~ ~ - - TUFTED TITHOUSE

0. 2 2 6 ' ~~ ~ ~-

BRN THRASHER O.322 ) ROSIN ~~ ~ 0~. 5 7 9--~~ ' Bf.W HARil 1.447 BM IifGED tlARB o.1d4 ^ PINE WARB O.609 )' YEtt.OUTHROA4 0.~28 0 - - GRACKLE 0.117 ) SCAR'TANANGER OT078'-- TOWHEE 1.974 ) e-e_ TOTAL PER ACRE' 7.875 ) ) P.INE_ Site.h5 ) fi.3 0 a. m. 3 July-e26_, 1971 ) ) e -. ) . ene o ee ) .:e e. ....e_e___e .(...= .xv.. s ^ .+ .ee+ee. e a.ee es e,, es e e-emp -eene .se e mee . en e-e em e + - eene seae== e e=-

33gptg ; g p, --- - 3 7 - - ' ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ' - - ' - ^ ~ ~ ' - ~ - - - - - SPECIES PIRD DENSITY I ?:0G X RQ- 0F BTfo~s/TcTie ....-..-.. C A T B I R D 0.404~~ ~~ ~- TOHHEE 0.921 " ~~ ~~ D OWN Y HO P '-- 0.241 - j CRESTED FLYC 0.241 CXCCTiTCKIDEh 1 - 2 41-~ ~"- ROBIN 0.386 ) ~' N000 "PE ME E ~~ -- 0. 0 7 2 ~ ~ ~ ~~~ SCAR TANANGER 0.078 ~~ GRACKLE ~~~~

0. 0 5 8~~-

) YdLLOWTHROAT 0.280 B CUE 7AY 0- r52 3 ) i OTAL PE R A'CR t 4.075~ ~ ) 3 ) PINE._ Site _#5 ) (' - . 8 :4 5_a. m. ~ Tulv_2 8. 1971 ) 3 3 ) N. 3 _. _x i... v .A. 3 J

SAV.PLE I. D,- v--- ' $Ph',IEd. BIRD DEhSITY I.40Ex NO' T;I-B I R'D57NCT< c , f. - CATS IRv 0.103~ ~ MCURNING DOVE 0.072 - DOWN Y 'cl.T '- ~ = ~0.109' ~' - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - BLUE JAY 0.069 cTelTCKADcc Ts122~'~ TUFTED TITMOUSE 0.612 ~ -~~ ' 6&h WAR 6 ~~~~ ~ ~ 0.65S " ~ ~ YcLLOWTHROAT 1.014 ..gg.CKLE~ 'O 211' ~ ~~ ~ - - - - - - - ' - - ~ ~ -~ TUWHEE 1.071

.:=~~-

3. e TOTAL PER ACRE 5.118 3 3 3 1 M P.INE Site #6 ) 6:30 a'.m, 3 July-.l.3., 19 Z1 ,) - .) - _- -} p.) ,.j -. Xvii. -v ..'). ( .e'- e.w._

m.. m

a. c o ee i w.e4m..e

.o +.e.m esee. .e g. 3

.. $g:.;ptg y, o, s 3 _ -... } ~ SPECIES ' BIRD DENSITY ItDEX Nu. u s-BT RDSTECR '.: (~ CATBIRD ~ 0.'365~' ' ~ ~ ' MOURNING 00VE 0.072 -.. _ y_ p g.y g gg._ 0.071 - DONMY t.0P 0.109 o1.116-J4Y 0 2 76~'- CAR CHICKADEE 2.526 ..) O.175 _ _. g g g.... _ = -- ' - - ~ " YELLOHTHROAT 3.041 G RA CKL !! '- 0.'053- ' ~ - - -. - ~ ) COWSIRD 0.775 t uBFict: 1.1Vu ) ) i OTAl.- Pt:R 'ACRt: 8~~65T ) ) PINE Site #6 7:45 a.m. Tuly 16.1971 3 ). .) d ') ) ) l} ._' _ _._...x. viii )(.. s -) J)' ~+ ~ a.

S AM P L E I. D. ------- 6 5 ) SPECIES BIRD DENSITY I NiiEX Nu. Ur-t$1RDS7ACR t %( MOURN IN G' D O'!t 0.' 14 4--~ ~~ ~ DOWNY WDP 0.109 ). . B LUE' J AT--~ 0.138' " CAR CHICKADEE 2.245-YbLL uw i FiRG : 2702'fl ) TO'dHEE 1.190 TOTAL PER ACRE 5.854 ) ) 3 ) } PINE Site.46 's 20 a m- ) Tuly 26.1971 ) ) ) ) )_.- 3 _.. -. -.-.. f .( XIX ./ ) OE""O' ' PM W. 4.Sh W -

6 5mm a--

- _ _-.We.6_.M g e .ig %g . es . 1.em e o.w..m._r. ..m. .w h am.. m em g J

. -S Al:c L E I.- D. - - - -- - 6 7 - - SP6CIES BIRD DENSITY INDEY rfD OFBTRDSTACRE ( ~~~ '--' TCUME E 2.'381' - - ^ - 3LUE JfY 0.7.76 YELLOh' THROAT' 2.~788~ ~~~ ' Y-S FLICKER 0.071 cAs cHICKADet 0 T61 BRN THRASHER 0.291 CARBITD ~~ -~

0. 3 6:>

MOURNING 00VE 0.144

.:=.-- :. -.:.:.:--.:-

4 TOTAL ped ACRE 6.878 i i ) PINE Site #6 (; 8:15_a_,m. Tuly 28.1971 ) ) ) _. ) ) ) _ _ _ _ = ) ( xx J ) .... -. _. = )

..SANPLE Ie D. ~ 7 T----- - ~ ~~" ' ~ ~ - - - ~ - ' ~ ~ ~ SPECIES ' SIR 0 DENSITY I S'O E X wOT0i-7"IYO$7tiCRb 3 ' ' - ~ '~ ~ ' ~~' O '.'3 4 l ' - - " " - - ~ ~ ...__ C A *'M R C Y-BILL 2O CUCKCOO 0.062 ...._.00hNY hup ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ 0.102 ~ CRESTED FLYC 0.204 C%R CRI'CiGTfEt: 17048 TUFTED TITMOUSE 0.286 ~~6CS WARS 0.917~' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ COudIRD 0.103 SCAR TANANGER 0T19 6' '-~ ' -~ CARDINAL 0.226 iOWrice - _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _'5 6-- 1.5 n 6 OTAL-~PER ACRE

5. 0 39- -- ~ ~~

l MIXED Site #7 ( 8:00 a.m. t Tuly 13.1971 ) ) ) ) ) ) g ._x_x.i. O } )

- S A M P L E I.-~ D. ~ '- 7 3 - - ~ - - ~ -- - - - - - - ' - - ~ ~ SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO. OF BTRDSTiiChE' -( ~-~~-"Y2B I LL dif 'CUCKC'OO O'.' 12 3- - - ~~- ~ CATBIRD 1.023 ~~~ BLUE' JAY' 0'.064 - ~~ .) C CROW 0.047 CW CITICTTUEo. d.~52 4 ~ TU~-TED TITMOUSE 0.190 s# -" '-" B R.N THRASHER 0.136 ROSIN 0.163 YcLLOWTHROAi O'.~ 2 3 7 -- -- - ) CARDINAL 0.113 TOLst:c 1.Tl1 )- ) iOTWL-PER ACRt:

3. T 31--~ --

). 3 ) "lyIXED._ Sit.e_e7 6:3.0_a. 3n. _uly 1R 1971 T ) ) 8 .) ~ ). ~ ) ( xxii - s .)

SAMP L E "I 4"D.~ r> .-) ' SPECIES , BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO-~"' OF - S I R D57A~CR t -s ( i40VN ING ~DOVt 01135-DOWNY NDP ' O.102 , ) BLUE JAY O'.'129 C CROW 0.047 KOFIN

o. W9

) BCH WARB 0.611 GRACKCE 07098 ~ ~ SCAR'TANANGER' Oj. 06 )~- iOWMtt 1.1 l'1 i ) TOTK D ER AGRE ,2.9T8 )' )

)

)- MIXED _ Site 47 .6 '-() ' 7 4 0_a. m. .). Tulv 26,1971 ) ) -),- ~ xxiii "- ('-- )~

e-

~. .)'

SAMPLE I.'D'.'- 77 -~ ~ ) SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO. R TDT /TCRE j .(.- gto -JAY O'.~322~~~~ J TOWHEE 1.000 CAR CHICK 1DEE 17571 )- - C CROW 0.047 (c W.G 0.S'06 TUFTED TITMOUSE 0.286 ) - OVENB'IR6' 0'.'064' Y-S FLICKER 0.133 -) U ) I U i AL. PbR ACRE 3.(90 ) ) .) 3. MDED_ Site _47 --( 7 35 alm _ ) Tuly 2R; 1971 y ) e ) ) ) )

}

XXIV M. -) ...-.s__-... ... - ~- -.

S AM PL E I.-D.-- 81 ) SPECIES BIRD OENSITY INDEX NU. Ur blHDS7AG E ,( MOURNING" DOVE 0 ~.~ 0 4 7- ~- ' BLUE JAY O.081 C' CROW )' O.~0 5 9 -""

MOCKINGBIRD 0.171 LAKULa\\AL

o. OTT

) ) TOTAL PER ACRE 0.845 3 3 3 ) 3 MIXED [._ Site _l.8 8:00 a.m. 3 -Tuly 13.1971 3 3 3 3 3 3...____.. xxv g( '%se 3

J. _ -- S A.N P L E I. " D. -

8 3

=- } SPECIES ' BIRD DENSITY INDEX su. ul- 01RDS7%ca: .~ - j- ~~Y-BILLEO CUCKCOO 0 ~.~0 39' R-S HAux 0.029 )- ~- MOURNINi: DOVt: 0J127'- BLUE JAY 0.081 GA TCHIG Acce 0766T) ~ MOCKINGBIRD 0.086 .. ROBIN" ' 0.~103'~~~ ~ ~ OVENBIRO 0.203 GRACKLE 0 031 ~'~" ) TO'dhEE 0.700 ) TOTAL PER ACRE 2.059 ') ) )' )- iWIXED Site _iB 6:30 a.m. )._ Tuly 16.1971 ) 4 ) ) ). ) e -) _Gd"g .J ' g ) =.. _ _ =

--S A P.P L E I. 0.-- 85 ) SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX dONr-uI aD57AU t: -( Y-S FLICKER 0.~0 42 -~" ' CAR CHICKADEE 0.330 KOBIN o.103-"- -~ y-TOWHEE 0.560 ) TOTAL PER ACRE 1.035 ) ) 3 ) ) ) MIXED _ Site #8 d 7 40 m m- ~ Tuly 26,1971 3- ) em .) 3 3 3.. M.( xxvu .**.-me. . e e e em eum e.. e eum g .,9 m

~ --S AMPL E 1.- D.-- --8 7 BIRD DENSITY INDEX SPECIES NU. UI- 01 K U 5 / AL,KT 0s042 - Y-S FL' ICKER-0.122 BLilE JAY 0.330'~~ ~ R CHICKADEE 0.060 FTED TITHOUSE 020 > KGBTis 0.700 TOWHEE O'~039 Y-BILLED CUCKCOO . 0.041 OVENBIRD 0^;107 CATBIRD ~ 0.086' MOCKINGSIRD -TOTAL PER ACRE 1.732 4 MIXED __S_ite #8 7:35 a.m. s Tuly 28,1971 ~ ~ 6-1 . { - ____ _. - xxviii T

\\ 5A.';PL E' I. ~D. 92 SPECIES ' BIRD DENSITY INDEX NUWi~tTI'RTS7AC.& .3 [ Y-B 1 t!L ED"CUCK'C'00' 0'.032~'~ ~ Y-S JLICKER 0.068 .). " HOURNING'DOV'6 0'.13 8' ~ ~ ~ SLUE JAY 0.099 GiC'CITl'CAA0 tie 17671 .) TUFTED TITHOUSE 0.049 ~' OVENBIRD 0.033'~" TOWHEE 0.682 ) ) TOTAL PER ACRE 2.171 ), ) ) ) HARQWQO_D_ Sit.e_#9 7:30 a.m. .s - ) July 15,1971 ). .) '). _) )- ) au )- ..,_i:., aw -.

.~ S AMP L E I.- D.~ ' ~~~~94 ~ ~ ~ - " " - ~' ~) SPECIES BIRD DENSITY IND:X NO. OF BTRO'57A~CWE ..{~~ R-S HAkK 0.024-~'~~ BLUE JAY O.132 ~ ) - F CROW' 0 0 46' ~~' ~ ' TUFTED TITMOUSR-0.146 ROBD 020lf3 .) CARDINAL O.058 . TOE HE E'- O'.568~ ~ ~ ) TOTAL PQ ECRE

1. 0~59

-) ).

)

-- ) ) HARDWOOD Site #9 .,.d 8:10 a.m. ) Tuly 21,1971 4 ). 4

.g, b

f) .): _-.-n_-

~ 7 AMPLE' L' D.~ 96- ~ ~ "- SPECIES BIRD DENSITY It'DEX NO-OF tT!YD57EC'R'E (' ~~~ CA'781 RO." O.262 ~~ R-S.HAU:( 0.024 . BLUE JAT--

0. 2 30"-~~

l . C CROW 0.072 CKR T TCKADEE. 07402 YELLOHTHROAT 0.121 ..~--- 70NhEE"

0. 8 5 2~ ~ ~ ' '-- -

~ ~ IUIAL PtK AGRt 1.964 i i 1 6 )- HARDWOOD Site #9 6:25 a.m. t Tuly 27.1971 e .. ) . 2 y 4 c - )~ . )'

('-

F._......._-..__ L..,-- ,,.,n ,,w... u e e, .,.-.c ... ~ ,,.-,-w ,,n ...,, v

n. wn..,

~ S,AMPIS. I.D, 98 / . SPECIES Bird. Density Index. No. of Birds / Acre 3 Towhee 62.5 ) Car. Chickadee .516 Mourning. Dove .03_4 C. Crow. .024 '3 Catbird .087 Blue Jay .132 .3 _..C_ardina1 .115 3 F Crow .955 Tufted' Titmouse a.f 3 3 Total. par At'ra 2.482 ) ( ~ A iia __R_QWOOD Site #9 3 8:00 a.m. Tuly 29.1971 3 5 c y i . y 3. 1 . se .m e.e.u. -- 5 c m. ')........._. . (.._ __.. ~ xxxii 1. t l.

~ -SAMPLE I.'-0. 102 ) SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INI)EX is u. ul-o I KU57A~CR c ,{ C ATB IRD "-,

0. 5 3 5- ' ~ ~

~ Y-S FLICKER 0.209 B LUE"'J A Y ~ O'.337 -~' ) TUFTED TITMOUSE 0.498 subD 2 T29 CARDINAL 0.118 ) TOWHEE'~~ 0.814~~ = ~^ ~ ) suiAL P t,R ALKb 5.240 3' 1

)

) ) HARDW.QOD_ Site 41_0 [ 7:30 a.m. July 15,1971 3 ) .7 y_. 1 3..- .(._.- V xxxiii 3 _.... -

S AliPL 2-I. 0. - ---104- ) SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX nu. ur uinD5/KChe -(- CATBIRD ~~

0. 3 57"'-~"

MOCKIN.:SIRD 0.284 BLUE JAY ^^" 0.337 ~ ~~ )- CAR CHICKADEE 1.096 ~~ a ut-I cu i 1 i riOUs t: o.39~9 '8RN THRASHER 0.284 -) ~ ~ - " " ROBIN" ~~~~~ 2.558'" TOWHEE O.581 )- ,). TOTAL PER ACRE 5.897 _) ) ) ) HARDW. ODD _ Site elo

d 8:10 a.m.

-). Tuly 21.1971 .)l 4 ) )- D). )- ) '.,( xxxiv o e en ..l-. ~.

_.-5 A P PL E I. D. - 106 ) S P'dC I ES , BIRD DENSITY INDEX Nu. Or o a P.D57ECR t- 'r, CATBIRD

0. 714 ~ ~- -

Y-S FLICKER 0.140 ) BLUE'~ JAY 0~.'2 69 ~~ CAR CHICKADEE 0.274 aGi&4

2. 5 F4

) YELLOWTHROAT O.743 ~ ~ CARDINAL' O -~ 118 -~~' ' ~ TOWHEE 0.233 y

=:--

) TOTAL PER ACRE 5.048 ) ) ) ) HARDWOOD Site #10 )(~ 6:2S a.m. ~ s July 27,1971 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 1 __.__w.__... -..---A- ~^ ~ ^

-_ =_, -$ A.S!PL E -I.- 0.- 108= ) SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX NU. Ul ' tilHi)S7tiCRF -(~ TOWHEE = 0.930--- CATBTRD 0.714 BLUE' JAY. 0.539~ -' .)*

ROSIN 1.535 6ATTRAI5EER

0. 1 42

-). YELLOWTHRAT 0.7.48 ~~ TUFTED TITMOUSE 0.'199' ~ - DOWNY WOP 0.107 .) TOTAL PEit ACRE 4.413 3 ) - [] i .) HARD@OD_ Site #10 e f. w\\ - 8:00 a.m. ?) - o Tuly 29.1971 4-4 O 9 9 a 9 3 ~ W_-.. p - e ne ee a ~ xxxvi ' ) h.._..._. - - L. WD M M-_ 4_ g ggge, . f ese. -7 e, em.me h esdne mem py 99a'.- -e.-r-.y

-e,,y.-

my-- ---g"'--e-4 t-f'T'8u-r '-TT'-'D lFS ""'IfW'MWFPNNN' '*Y'F"" N"'

E - - " - - ~ ~ ~ - ' - - " ~ ' 5 AF.PL E' I."D.~--- 1T1 ). SPECIES BIRO DENSITY INDEX NO. OF BTRTSTAC'R'E -{ CATBIRO-0 6'39---' ~~-~ R (~ SHER O'. 48 ) - YELLOUTHROAT 1.117 6RACKLc 0.447 0.169 + CARDINAL ) 0767 0-- ~ aGWHEE SONG SPARROW 0.339 ) TOTAL PER ACRE 3.736 ) ) 3 3 3 ISLAND _ BEACH _ Site #11 6:35 a.m. . 3 Tuly 20.1971 O O O l l 9 O ry Vu _ ~ xxxvii

G. -....-- _ -..

= - - O-g g w .c--t

--S AH P L E I c,--D.- 11-2 2-- SPtic I ES ' BIRD DENSITY INDEX nO. ut-i3TRDS74CRE~ {- TREE Sh*ALCOW 0.' 5 5 9 - ~ ~ BARN SWALLOW 1.676 F CRGid 0.~8 9 4- ~~~ ~ ~" R-HINGED BLACK 8IRD O.419 SGTu.vARKDu 0 503 CATBIRD 3.512 TOW H E E '- -

1. 7 8 8" ~ "

YELLOWTHROAT 4.842 GRACKLE - 0.447-~- YELLOW WARB 0.745 bKN AMKA5MdK U.49( r 3 IUIAL Pt:R ALR t: 13.86( ) ~

ISLAND _ BEACH _ _ Site 411

/ 6:45 a.m. Tuly 20.1971 ) ) ) 7 .= I ( -. --- ') rxxviii 3 E

r y SAMPLE 'la'"Da f13 SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO. OF BT[0'S7Ec[E IREE' SWA CL'Oli 0~. 4'47 -~ ~ ( BARN SHALLOW - F CROW 1.006 0374- - RED W BVLACKBIRD 1.676 Monr<NIS Dove 0-~).T3 ) SONG SPARROW 0.508 C A T3 I~RO' 5.109~ ~-~ TOWHEE l.117 ) Yell'0WTHROA 4.7 5 2-~~ BRN THRASHER 1.242' ) TOTAL PER ACRE 14.744 ) ) = ) ISIAND_BEAC_II_ Site 411 -( 8: 5_0_ a. m. 5 July 20,1971 o 1 ~ ,. (. xxxix ..~- - -

SAMPLE I.-D.-- 114 = ) SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX rIONt-ninus /ACR E- { ~~ ~~~~ RED-W' BLACKBIRD 2 ~2 3 5-- ~ ~ SONG SPARROW 0.677 YELLOW WARB 1749 0-~ ~~ ~~ -

TOWHEE 1.564 suuMmiu vive

o. 426

) YELLOWTHROAT 3.352 CATBIRD ~ d.~423 ~- GRACKLE 0.745 ---.=---.:-------- ) 3 TOTAL PER ACRE 15.918 -) ') ) 1 ISLAND BEACH Site #11 ^ j(, -- 7:15 a. m,. Tuly 23.1971 ) ) 3 ) )- .- ), 'I^.. I ( x1 - N .9 _.w

':..::== =. . L _..; z. , z :. --- 3 A!4P L E T '.' D - ~ HP = ) SPECIES ' BIRD DENSITY INDEX NO. OF BIR' TIS / ACRT -[ -- TGWHEE ' - 0^'670---'- BRN THRASHER 1.242 -)- ~~~ TREE SHALLOW 0~.~2 2 3 ~ BARN-SWALLOW 0.112 e. C3ou onT9 .) RED-W BLACKBIRD 2.654 ' SONG ' SPARROW 1~.016 CATBIRD 3.831 ) 7ELLOWTHROA i 1749 0- "~ GRACKLE 0.149 iICUMdliW UUVC U. 419 ) ~ ) IU a AL7FACRt 11.530 ) ) )- ISIAND_BEACJLS.ite_L11 ' ' ( 8:40 a.m. " ): Tuly 23,1971 4-e 4 ). 9 S 6

)

-)- xu --e,= -= ,~.,,,.,,, .-,._n.,.,,,.,

i. L_-_-_=- .u. ' ),--SAP.PL E -lwC. 6 SPECIES BIRD DENSITY INDEX Nu. Ua-ts1RT)T/ AIRE ~ CARDINAL 07339 MOUNING DOVE =

p. CROW

~~ 0.213 0.'372~"' RED-H ELACKBIRD 1.956 duNU 3PAnnuW 0368 CATBIRD 6.386 TOi! HEE - ~ 1.7 8 8~-"- BRN THRASHER 1.490 YELCOW~MARB t 980 T OTAL PcK A'CR t 16.031 ' ) .I T ) J.. ISIAND_BFACJLSite 411 . (. /. 8:10_a.m. ) Tuly 23,1971 3 ' ) ) y- ) ~ .' { ~ vit t ). - _}}

ML20087P556

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