ML20083Q066
| ML20083Q066 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Oyster Creek |
| Issue date: | 02/26/1973 |
| From: | Reintjes J COMMERCE, DEPT. OF, NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE |
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| ML20083Q056 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8302230062 | |
| Download: ML20083Q066 (46) | |
Text
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-FINAL REPORT .
(DMPILATION AND CORREIATION ANALYSIS OF ?UBLISHED AND UNPUBLISHED ENVIRONMENTAL DATA WITH DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE, AND MOVEMENTS OF YOUNG MENHADEN IN MID-ATLANTIC ESTUARIES
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s By John W. Reint'jes ,
l National Marine Fisheries Service -
' Atlaritic Estuarine ' Fisheries Ceuter .
Beaufort, North Carolina 28516 8302230062 730520
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Contents jage, Introduction. . . . . . . . . ............-........ 3
' Sources of information. . . . .................... 4' Correlation analyses of temperature with menhaden abundance . . . . . 4 Influence of other environmental factors. . . . . . . . . . . ... . .
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Survival of young menhaden in relation to temperature and salinity. . 8 4 I
Conclusions and remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Recommendations . . . . . . . ............. . . . . . . . 18 l 'Sclected bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Appendix tables and figures . . .'. . .- . . . ............ 23 l
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Introduction l
, Atlantic menhaden is one of many species of coastal mar ne fishes that undertake migra'tions along.the Atlantic coast of the United S tates . These migrations follow seasonal patterns that gen-erally are northward in the spring and southward in the fall. The movements are related to the life cycle of the fish and seem correlated to water temperature.
Menhaden spawn.in the' ocean along the Continental Shelf and as small, slender larvac, about a month old, they leave the ocean and move into the shallow estuaries and bays. They move up the tributaries near the boundary of fresh and brackish water to metamorphose into juven-iles that resemble the adults in appearance and in behavior. Spawning occurs along the middle Atlantic States during the late fall and early spring. By May and June, the young-of-the-year arc occupying streams in all of the estuaries from Florida to Cape Cod. They usually remain
, in the tidal nurscries until August or September when they return to the
, ocean. Juvenile Atlantic menhaden have been observed leaving 'the nurser-
.ies with the first appearance of aut.umn. .It appears that an early cold spell will cause them to move into the ocean or. downstream towards higher salinity water and if the weather. warms, they of ten return to, or remain in the est'uary until the next cold spell. This movement from the estuaries, north of Chesapeake Bay, appears to be cocplete by late November or December.
A few stragglers have been reported every year with a greater incidence of occurrence in years with late autuans and mild winters.
The exodus of young manhaden from'the estuaries is more easily related to autumnal cooling of the'coastel waters than it is to any other phenomonon associated with the seasons. Such changes as shorter day length, solar radiation, and angle of incidence may be the information that physio-logically prepares the juveniles for fall migration. Despite the physiolog-ical mechanisms involved, temperature is the most obvious change and the one most easily measured.
The purposes of this report are to determine from published and unpublished data, the relation of temperature to the fall migration of young menhaden from the estuaries, to provide guidelines to induce young menhaden to migrate when the normal seasonal cooling of segments of the estuary is prevented by introduction of heated water, and'to prevent mass mortalitics
, from occurr~ing if the source of heat is interrupted or discontinued.
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, Sources of Information
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Collections of estuarine fishes have been made along- the Atlantic coast for many years with some concurrent environmental observations, usually temperature and salinity, lost of these collec-tions were infrequent, irregular and .did not continue throughout the year. More significant to-the present study, were t,he methods used to capture fishes. Menhaden are fast-swimming pelagic . fish that form dense schools and are not easily nor of ten caught in townets, trawls, haul seines, traps, or other fishing devices customarily .used to collect coastal fishes. Consequently the collections used for this study had to be regular throughout the year and include menhaden.
Regular collections of estuarine fishes, including menhaden, were made at five localities along the Atlantic coast of the United
> States at temperature, salinity and some other environmental observa-tions. The number and kinds of fishes were recorded and young menhaden .
were one of the more commonly occurring fish in the collections. The areas and dates were as follows:
Indian River, Delaware April 1957 - June 1958 Neuse River, N.C. December 1965 - October 1967 Pamlico Sound, N.C. December 1965 - October 1967 Great Egg Harbor, N.J. September 1970 - Octbber 1971
. Newport River, N.C. January 1970 - July 1972 Indian River, Delaware and Newport River, N.C. data were col-Iccted by the N'ational Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, N.C. Neuse River and Pamlico Sound, N.C. data were provided by the University of North Carolina, Institute of Marine Sciences, Morchead City, N.C. and Great Egg liarbor, N.J. by the New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfish, Nacote Creek Research Station.
Correlation' Analyses of Temperature with Menhaden Abundance
- The objective of the analyses was to correlate the changes in temperature with the occurrence of young menhaden throughout the year.
Each geographical locality was treated separately.- Before.a correlation of temperature could be made with the occurrence of menha' den, the reli-ability of the information had to be established. Temperature observa-tions casily meet these requirements. Thermometers are accurate and precise enough for' the temperatu're variations occurring in estuaries.:
llowever, the occurrence of menhaden, as determined by catching them. -
depends upon the effectiveness of the sampling equipment. Menhaden are
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S fast-swimming and elusive. Special nets are needed for their capture and the ability of the nets to catch them' changes as the fish .become larger and more agile. Meterological conditions, clarity of the. water-and time of day also influence the effectiveness of nets to catch menhaden.
Correlation analyses of temperature and menhaden abundance were made on 5 sets of observations, one of each geographical locality.
These are summarized in table 1. The results show significant correla-
. tion of menhaden occurrence and temperature in all sets of data except the observations from Great Egg Harbor, N.J.
The largest amount of data was collected at eight stations in the Indian River, Delaware. A number of environmental observations were made at each station including salinity, pH, oxygen, inorganic and total
, phosphates and suspended solids. The Indian River study was directed towards young menhaden and had frequent observations thus providing a good basis for conclusions on menhaden occurrence as related to tempera-ture in the middle Atlantic area. Monthly average values for salinity, temperature, pH, oxygen, inorganic and total phosphates and dissolved solids with the mean number of menhaden and other fishes are given for
'the eight stations in the appendix tables. -
Correlation analyses of'the occurrence of young menhaden with temperature were made with data from three North Carolina estuaries. The data from all three estuaries, Neuse, Pamlico and Newport Rivers show signficant correlation of menhaden occurrence wi'th temperature. The sea-sonal behavior of young menhaden south of Chesapeake Bay is not as pro-nounced as to the northwards.
Collect. ions of young menhaden were made by S. M. Warlen of the Beaufort Center from April 1966 to June 1968 in the Neuse River. He wanted menhaden throughout the year to follow.~ growth and scale development.
He u' sed seines, trawls, gillnets, and pound nets and was able to catch some menhaden during each month. From these observations, it appears that some young menhaden overwinter in estuaries south of Cape Hatteras and their behavior is not a reliable guide t'o' the movements of menhaden in New Jerscy.
The analysis of Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey data did not show a significant correlation of temperature with menhaden abundance. Although statistically not significant, the seasonal occurrence as related to tem-perature agreed with the results of other studies in Delaware and North Carolina. Menhad'en were caught at 12 stations in Great Egg Harbor. A total of 4,619 menhaden were caught; 4,617 at 11 stations in June, July and August when temperatures ranged from 70-81* F. Only 2 were caught.ar ,
one station in November when the temperature was 49' F.
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Table 1.--Correlation analyses of temperature and menhaden occurrence in five Atlantic coast estuaries. -
Frequency No. of F Locality Dates of sampling observation value Indian River, April 1957 3 times 921 70.4 Highly significant corre-Delaware' - to June 1958 a veck' lation of temperature to menhaden occurrence.
Ecuse River, December 1965 3 to 4 210 9.7 Significant correlation North Carolina to October 1967 times a month ramlico River, December 1965 3 to 4 . 126 21.1 High1Iysignificant. ,
North Carolina to Oct6ber 1967 times a month !
Great Egg Harbor, September 1970 2 times 143 2.0 Not significant at 5%
, New Jersey to October 1971 .a week level.
Newport River, January 1970 3 times 507 6.9 Significant at 1% level. i North Carolina to July 1972 a month ,
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'. 109/6, Influence of Some Other Environmental Factors i Correlations of total phosphates, displacement volumes of suspended solids, and number of other fishes to the number of menhaden
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were analyzed for Indian River, Delaware and for the number of other-fishes to the number of menhaden for Great Egg Harbor, N.J. and Neuse,
- Newport and Pamlico Rivers, N.C.
l Significant correlations of total phosphates (F=32.5) and b . suspended solids (F=16.9) with number of menhaden were obtained for L Indian River. Since much of the suspended solids are plankton, the total f . phosphates and suspended solids may be measures of the standing. crop B of plankton. As the abundance of plankton is seasonal and is related B to water temperatures, the correlations are in agreement with the i correlation of temperature to number of young menhaden. No measurements g for phosphates or suspended solids were availabic from the other localities..
} The correlation analyses for the number of other fishes to P the number of menhaden are shown in the following table:
b 3 No. of F Locality observations value
- Remarks 1
s Il Indian River, Del. 807 13.5 Significant i Neuse River, N.C. 217 2.8 Not significant
?
3 Pamlico River, N.C. 132 18.5 Significant
- Great Egg Harbor, N.J. '66 22.5 Significant i
j Newport River, N.C. 540. 0.5 Not significant i.
I The correlations were significant at Great Egg Harbor, N.J., Indian River, Del. and Pamlico River, N.C. but not at Neuse River and Newport l River, N.C. We have no explanation for the results for the Neuse River, i
for the data were obtained during the same period an in the same manner as for the Pamlico River. The non-significant correlation of number I
of other fishes to number of menhaden in the Newport River is probably due to the highly selective method used-to catch young menhaden. A surface trawl, towed between two outboard clotorboats was used. This gear is designed to catch pelagic fish in the upper stratum and few other fishes, than menhaden, are in this habitat in the Newport River.
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Survival of Young Menhaden in, Relation to Cold Temperature and Salinity
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Larval Atlantic menhaden enter estuaries from the ocaan when they are 1/2 to 11/4 inches long. They transform into juveniles and usually spend from 6 to 9 months in these nursery areas. They normally migrate from the estuaries, bays, and sounds in the autumn to the ocean.
When they remain in the estuaries and are exposed to a rapid decrease in water temperature or the temperature approaches the freezing point, mass mortalities may occur.
The seasonal occurrences of menhaden larvae and juveniles in relation to temperature was noted at Indian River, Delaware during 1955-o 1958 and was reported by June and Chamberlin (1959):
" Water temperature also is related to certain life
, history features and behavior patterns of the fish. There appears to be a minimum temperature associated with the occurrence of larvae at the river mouths during winter.
Over the past three years, for example, water ' temperatures below about 3* C at the mouth of Indian River have coincided with an absence of menhaden larvae in our plankton tows. When low temperatures have prevailed over a period of several wecks, we have found a high percentage of structural abnormalities, especially among the larger larvac, once recruitment into the estuary recommenced. Thus, water temperature during the period of entry may be a source of mortality in some years.
A heavy winter kill of one-year-old menhaden in the Neuse River, North Carolina in February 1958 was attributed to freezin's water temperatures which persisted over a period of two weeks. Also, all young menhadeh being reared in the outdoor ponds at Beaufort (ca. 500) were killed during this period. .
"The fall emig. ration of juveniles from the estuaries also appears to be directly related to water temperature.
Our records from Indian River indicate that it commences when temperatures in the estuary first fall below those of the adjacent ocean. Such a drop may occur in the shallcw waters on each cold night af ter the end of August, cach occasida being accompanied by a departure of juveniles.
On the other hand, during warm periods in the fall, numerous juveniles reappear in this estuary. Comparisons of, size distributions and meristic characters of these late inhabi-tants have shown that they were not members of the endemic summer population, but probably originated in estuaries north of Long Island and presumably chtered the river while l migrat'ing southward." g .d..
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' . Experiments were performed at Beaufort, N.C. from-Januar Ap'ril 1964 to ascertain the effect of low. temperatures on Atlanti'y to c men-i1 ., haden larvae.
(1965) follows:.Theresults.anddiscussion,includingtable1,frof(Lewis.. ,'
" Behavior of larvae'in test. buckets followed a definite pattern. As they bedame chilled they lost equilibrium, floated and twitched erratically, and finally settled on the
- bottom. A response could be initiated by touching these larvac
, with a probe. Larvae that apparently were dead could be removed from the water.and warmed; if still alive, heart pulsations or
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muscle reflexes occurred.
" Table 1 lists the number of hours that larvae survived before a 50% mortality occurred. Generally, larvae acclimated-at cooler temperatures survived loImer at a given test tempera- -
ture than those acclimated at warmer temperatures. Duc to
' equipment' failure and subsequent repair,- some or the larvae from the 15.0 C acc11mation series were in holding and accli-
' mation tanks for a month or longer. Ordinarily, larvae were kept in these tanks for 2.wceks.or less. The uneven results in the 15.0 C acclimation series may be'due to holding larvae
,aut extended time or possibly are characteristic of-larvae acclimated at this temperature. Only three tests could be completed in the 20.0 C acclimation series.
i "In several cases durin~g equipment failure, the water temperature dropped to near. freezing for several hours.-
Approximately one-third of the larvae that were exposed to this low temperature for less than 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br />' recovered when warmed to room temperature.
, " Length frequencies of larvae from those experiments in which all larvae died indicated so relation between the size of larvae and survival time.
"With few exceptions, larvac acclimated at 7.0. C survived
' 0.0 to 4.0 C approximately 1.5 to 3.5 times longer than _ those acclimated at warmer temperatures and the survival time in-creased with increased test temperature. There was a marked-difference in the survival time of larvac acclimated at' different temperatures and1 tested at 4.5 C. - Larvac acclimated at 7.0 and 10.0 C survived over twice as long as those acclimated at 12.5 or 15.0 C. Larvac survived equally vell at 5.0 C for all acclimation temperatures. Those tested at 5.5 C and above survived for approximately 6 days or more, except for larvae-acclimatcd'at 15.0.C. Larvae from the 15.0 C series showed
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poor survival at 6.0 and 7.0 ~C possibly due to holding 1arvae 4 ~
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Table 1.--Number of hours to 50% mortality of menhaden larvae exposed to different temperatures (from Lewis, 1965)
Acclimation
. temperature
. Test temperature C g.
Celsius -1.0 0.0 ,0. 5 1.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 3.0 7.0 -
8.5 11.5 13.0 33.5 38.5 40.5 37.5 10.0 4.4 5.2 9.0 5.3 16.7 20.4 23.0 33.2 12.5 -
4.2 7.0 9.6 13.4 17.9 17.7 '35.0 15.0 -
3.'4 6.4 6.0 4.5 14.5 10.0 23.4 20.0 -
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Acclimation Test temperature C .
temperature Celsius 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 7.0 8.0-e.
7.0 77.0 96.0. >137.5 >137.5 - - - -
10.0 46.0 26.8 132.7 130.0 >144.0 >144.0 - -
12.5 39.2 45.0 60.0 132.0, 216.0 >216.0 - -
15.0 18.9 45.7 36.4 140.0 140.0 70.0 82.8 >169.0 20.0 -
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"more than a month. Larvae in the' control buckets did not die-during any experiment. On the, basis of these data, it appears that_acclim_ation' temperature is more important to the survival
,of larvae at test temperatures less than 5.0 C than it is at 5.0 C and above.
"The experiments conducted in the laboratory partially explain the absence of menhaden larvae in plankton collections taken when water temperatures were below 3.0 C. Whether the larvae were killed or avoided the cold water in the estuaries has not been detenained."
A summary report on menhaden in estuaries with observation from Indian River, Delaware was prepared by Reintjes and Pacheco (1966) .
. An excerpt on the effects of temperatures with table 1 and figures 1 and 2 follows:
"The collections at Indian River, Delaware, appeared to show a relation of temperature to time of entry into the estuary and, subsequently, to movements and survival within the estuary. The water temperatures, catches of larval menhaden at the inlet and catches at a nursery area nearly 12 niles above the inlet at the base of M111sboro DamwerecomparedfromDeegmbertoJune, 1955-56 and from September to June, 1956-61 (Figs. 1 and 2). Comparison of the occurrences of the larvae at the inlet with their sub-sequent appearances or absences in the tributary nursery.
area indicate that a water temperature 3 C may be critical.
This conclusion is in agreement with June and Chamberlin (1959).
"On the basis of these field observations, the effects .
of different low temperatures on larval Atlantic menhaden for various initial or acclimation temperatures were tested in the laboratory (Lewis,1965) . Larvac were acc11 mated at -
five temperatures from 7.0 to 20.0 C and were exposed to temperaturcs from 0.0 to 6.0 C at half-degree intervals.
Salinitics were held at 24 o/co during the tests. The results are briefly, as follows:
'if the test temperature reached 3 C or less, 50 per cent of the larvae died within 1 1/2 days.
If the acclimation temperature was 10 C or warmer, a greater number died at 3 C and 50 per cent were killed at 4.5 C.
Cooling to 1.5 C for less than 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br /> was tolerated by most of the larvae if the acclimation temperaturcs '
vere below 15 C.' a- ..i...
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Table 1.-Mean monthly c,atch per plankton net tow of Atlantic '
menhaden larvae and range.of fork' lengths in mm (in paren-theses) from Indian River, Delaware, 1968-16 (from' Reintjes and Pacheco, 1966)
Year Month 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61 October -
4.5 (15-25) -
November -
2.2 (15-25) 1.9 (18-26)
December 0.8 (18-25) 156.6 (18-33) 69.3 (21-34)-
January 0.5 (25) 428.8 (14-31) 66.0 (21-32) .
February 1.0 (24-26) 441.1 (14-31) ,-
, March 153.6 (17-28) 47.9 (15-32) 0.7 (21-26)
April May 34.5 (19-32)1 40.8 (17-31)1 2.3 (19-33) 1.7 (31-40) 6.0 (21-43) 8.6 (23-32) 1 Menhaden more than 34 mm, fork length, are transforming into juveniles; 4 were taken in May 1959 and 14 in May 1960.
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Facun 1.-Catches of nienhaden larvso ami water temi ;raturen in the b.!<t coinpared to cat < hes of lanae in a trila tary, by month, ludian Iber, Delawaic,1%5 58. The vertical hars reprc ent nrnthly wi:h c )
geometric mean catches of lanac at the inlet durin:r ni::ht flo a.1 tides. The horirontai bars reprc>ent we.kly catches at the nmecry arcs (open for 1 to lo and +olid fur rnore than 10). The line ;;raph shows the weekly ancan water temperatures at the inlet during flood side. (fir.m l'.icheco .W).
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>i Faccac 2.--Catches of n.cnhaden lanae and water temperatures in the inlet compared ta catcl.c. af fanac .
} in a tributary, by saonth, Indian liiser, Dslaware, 19'23-61. The ventical bars repre>< nit monthly weighted geometric mean catches of latsac at the inlet duiin:: ni::ht finod tides. Tbc horizontal Isars reg rc-rnt werkly 4
catches at the cureery area 'apen for 1 to 10 and solid for moic than 10). The line graph ehow. ihe wecily -
]1 nican water tempcratures at the inlet during flood tiocs (from Pacheco MS).
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these results. indicated that larval menhaden can suffer.
' mass mortaliti6s when water temperatures fall.below 3 C for several days.or chill rapidly to 4.5 C." I o P
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Additional experimentslon the effects of salinity and . temper-ature on survival and development of larval Atlantic menhaden were reported by Lewis (1966):- -
"Results of ' the two acclimation series in the temperature-j ,
salinity experiment in'dicated that if larvae enter an estuary during the winter or early spring, when water temperatures may approach the freezing point, they will have. the best chance of survival if the water temperature does not fall .
4 below 4* C and salinity remains between 10 and 20 p.p.t."
40 -
Experiments to show the effects of temperature and salinity on survival of juvenile and yearling thenhaden were reported by Lewis
~
and llettler (1968). Their results showed that juvenile menhaden were_
slightly less tolerant of cold temperatures thanifero larvae. Also s
ftWenile menhaden were able to survive better at lower saf1Htics (10 p.p.t.) than at the higher (28' p.p.t.) . Young-of-the-year menhaden were acclimated at 15-16* and chilled, in lots, to 3, 4, 5, and 6* C in 28 p p.t. salinity. Others were acclimated at 18' C in 10 p.p.t. The results are shown ir. table 3 from that report. In general, 50% of the fish died during the first day when chilled to 3 and 4* C.' Survival was p better at 5* C in lower (10 p.p.t.) than in higher (26 p.p.t.) salinities _.
4, h ' The. experiments show'that water temperatures 3* C and below arc
.0 (15 ch'lethaltoyoungmenhadeninallsalinitics'andthattemperaturesof5to 7* C will kill young menhaden thet are accustomed to E mpela_tures a of H* C D
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or above. There may be a greater tolerance to low temperaturcs at salin-ities from 10 to 20 p.p.t. than at those either lower or higher. 'It is reasonable to assume that the greater the rate of change tha greater the mortality although there are no specific experimental results to support
! that assumption.
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' The recommendations to lessen the lethal effects of cold'to young menhaden are as follows: ,
, 3
, 1. Maintain water temperatures abeve 3* C.
- 2. If temperatures'are lowered to 7*-C or below, the clower the ,
rate of decrease the better the chances for survival.
- 3. The shorter the duration of the cold temperatures the better the chances for survival'. ,
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Tabic 3.--Results of tests with young-of-the-year Atlantic menhaden subjected to low temperatures ~
at low and high salinities -
(fron Lewis and Hettler, 1968)
- l Test Acclimation. Hours after start of experiment .
.s . .
Temper-Number Median Median '
ature- Salinity .of temperature, salinity Firs,t 50% Last Termi-Celsius o/oo hours. Celsius o/oo death survival ' death nation .
1 7.0 27 >500 12 28 - - --
128 7.0 30 >500 15 28 118 - -
160 '
6.0 30 >500 15 28 40 160 ,
231 6.0 30 >500 15 28 141 234 -
256 5.0 26 1001500 16 29 39 61 98 98 5.0 26 100-500 16 29 40 53 98 98 4.0 26 100-500 16 29 16 28 37 37 4.0 27 100-500 16 29 3 16 -
21
% 3.0 27 100-500 16 29 5 10 16 16 3.0 27 100-500 . 16 29 3 6 11 11 llh' 7.0 10 >500 18 10 235 - -
358 6.0 10 >500 18 10 86 149 -
334 5.0 10' 10 >500 18 110 110 -
142 5.0 10 100-500 18 10, 128 170 240 240 5.0 10 100-500 18 10 100 110 191 191 4.0 10 >500 18 10 24' 27 63 63 -
~
4.0 . 10 100-500 ,
18 -
10 6 6 99 99 4.0 10 100-500 18 10 23 49 98 98 3.0 10 100-500 18 10 >l 3 49 49 3.0 10 100-500 18 10 0 2 28 28 $
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1 Dashes indicate no deaths.
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- 4. Cold can be tolerated more effectively at salin?. ties from 10 to 20,p.p.t. than at those either lower or higher.
( ,
Larval and postlarval menhaden <f' i
3 '5. are more toicrant of cold than Dr arc juveniles or young-of-the-year, although neither groups
, will survive temperatures below 3* C.
v .
Conclusions and Remarks
- 1. Juvenile menhaden usually migrate from the bays and estuarics of New Jersey commencing in late August and early Septemb,er when they are about 4 inches long and 6 to 9 months old. This movement from the estuaries into the ocean appears to.be com-t plete by late November or early December. A few stragglers have been reported every year with greater incidence of occur-1 rence in years of late autumns and mild winters.
- 2. 'The period of most marked movement from the estuaries is during October when the first autumnal cooling of the water is to 15* C (59' F) or below. .
- 3. The correlation of young menhaden departure with the seasonal change in water temperat'ures indicates that the decline in tem-pcrature is the principal determinant of the fall migration.
If-the autumnal cooling is obscured by the addition of warm water, the young menhaden may not leave the area.
~
- 4. Experiments show that water temperatures of 3* C (37.5* F) and below are lethal to young menhaden in all salinitics and that-temperatures of 5* to 7* C (41' to 45' F) will kill young men-haden that are accustomed to temperatures of 15' C (59' F) and
~
above. There may be' greater toleran?ces to low temperatures at salinitics from 10 p.p.t. to 20 p.p.t. than at thos'e.of higher er lower salinitics.
- 5. The greater the rate of change the greater the mortality. The
- higher the acclimation temperatures the higher the lethal cold threshold. ,,
- 6. Within the thermal toleration limits of the species, a rapidly temperature is in general a grecter threat to survival falling,ising than a r temperature, however a marked - rise in temperatu will cause mortalitics among fish accustomed to cold water.-
Although speculative, the combined effects of a rapid . change in the other may increase mortalitics beyond the extent of~cither change alone.
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.Re'comm;ndations '
. 1 To induce young menhaden to leave .the effluent canal, the water temperature in Oyster Creek should be allowed to j approximate the temperature in Barnegat Bay during the ,
first cold spell, i
- 2. A second and third drop in temperature to or below 15' C (59' F) should also be' approximated in Oyster Creek to flush out the remaining menhaden.
- 3. Water temperatures should be continuously recorded in Oyster Creek and Barnegat Bay and these should be monitored for critical changes.
- 4. During periods of critical changes, salinities at several locations in Oyster Creek should be taken, because in salinities below 10 or above 20 p.p.t. mortalities will a
be greater tha'n in intermediate salinitics.
- 5. After several periods that the water temperatures in Barnegat Bay and.the South Branch of the Forked River have fallen to
.below 15' C (59* F), conduct a search for young menhaden in-Oyster Creek. Cear capable of catching young menhaden should b.e used, such as monofilument gillnet or surface trawl.
- 6. To prevent a cold-kill of young menhaden that may have re-mained in the Creek'during the rest of the vinter, the Generating Station should not' schedule a maintenance shut -
down when the meterological forecast predicts mean daily temperatures below freezing.
[. In the event of an emergency shut-down, when water temperatures
'might fall below 4* C (39' F), a contingency plan, if feasible, to keep water temperatures from falling too rapidly and above a 4* C minimum should be implemented.
Acknowledgements Th'e data in this report was collected and compiled by many State and Federal biologists during the past 15 years. Some of them are-identified in the literature cited, others remain anonymous. The following persons assisted me in preparing this report: Faul E. Hamer and John F. McLain, Jr. , Nacote Creek Research Station; Frank J. Schwartz, .
U.N.C. Institute of Marine Sciences; Rebecca S. Clarke, William'F. Ucttler, Donald E. Hoss, George N. Johnson, Martin A. Kjelson, and Robert M. Lewis, .
Atlantic Estuarine Fisheries _ Center. William E. Schaaf, Biometrician, and John E. Hollingsworth, Computer Systems Analyst, and techhicians of the Center's' Computer' Unit helped with the. analyses'and processing of data.
S g , , s J .'. '.
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9 3 .. -
- j. 19/1 '
19 1
- I
- .
A Selected Bibliography on the Distribution, l
1 Abundance and Movements of Young Atlantic Menhaden s
Dahlberg, Michael D., and Eugene P. Odum.
1970. Annual cycles of species occurrence, abundance, and diversity in Georgia estuarine fish populations. American Midland Naturalist, vol. 83, No. 2; p. 382-392.
! DeSylva, D. P., F. A. Kalber, Jr. , and C. N. Shuster, Jr.
j-
~
1962. Fishes and ecological co'nditions in the shore zone of the Delaware River Estuary, with notes on other species collected in deeper water. Univ. Delaware Marine _ Laboratory, Information
., Series 5, 164 pp. '
Dovel, William L.
1971. Eggs and. larvae of the upper Chesapeake Bay. Natural Resources Institute, University of Maryland, Special Report, No.
4, 71 p. -
llerman, S. S.
1963. Planktonic fish eggs and larvae of Narragansett Bay.
Journal of Limnology and Oceanography, vol. 8, pp. 103-109.-
Hoss, D'onald E., Linda C. Coston and William F. Hettler, Jr.
1972. Effects of increansd temperature on postlarval n'nd juvenile estuarine fish. Proccc.aings of 25th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioner, 1971,.pp.
635-642.
June, Fred C. and J. L. Chamberlin .
1959. The role of the estuary in the life history and biology of Atlantic menhaden. Procc'eding Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute,11th annual session (1958), pp. 41-45.
Keup, Lowell,'and Jack Bayless.
1964. Fish distribution at varying salinitics in Neuse River basin, North Carolina. Chesapeake Science, vol. 5, No. 3, p.
119-123.
Lcuis, Robert M.
1965. The effect of minimum temperat'ure on the survival of larval
' Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortin tyrannus. Transactions of the
., American Fisheries Society, vol. 94, No. 4, p. 409-412.-
3 1. 1. *.
s
fE .
. .p- .
CV -
.19/2 -
20
, i k ., Lewis, Robert M. .
I
^~
1966. Effects of salinity and temperature on survival and develop-ment of larval Atlantic menhaden,' Brevoortia tyrannus. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 95, No. 4, p. 423-426. l
~.
- Lewis, Robert M., and William F. Hettler, Jr.
1968. Effect of temperature and salinity on the survival of young Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol. 97, No. 4, p. 344-349.
McLain, John F., Jr., John F. Makai, and Gregory Vennell.
1972. Studies of the Great Egg Harbor River and Bay. -N.J. Dept.
Environmental Protection, Division of Fish, Game and Shellfish, Misc Report 8M, 156 pp.
Mansucti, Alice J., and Jerry D. Hardy, Jr.
1967. Development of fishes of the Chesapeake Bay Region: An atlas of egg, larval, and juvenile stages. Part I. Natural Re' sources Institute, University of Maryland, 202 p. B. tyrannus,
- p. 64-69. ~
'Massmann, William H.
1953. Relative abundance of young fishes in Virginia estuaries.
Transactions North American Wildlife Conference 18, pp. 439-446.
Massmann, William H. .
1954. Marine fishes in fresh and brackish vaters of Virginia rivers.
Ecology, vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 76-78 Massmann, William H.
1962. Water. temperature, salinities, and fishes collected during trawl surveys of Chesapeake Bay and York and Pamunkey Rivers,
' 1956-1959. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Special Scientific Report No. 27, 57 p.
Massmann, William H., Ernest C. Ladd, and Henry N. McCutcheon.
1952. A surface trawl for sampling young fishes in tidal rivers.
Transactions North American Wildlife Conference 17, pp. 386-391.
Massmann, William H., Ernest C. Ladd, and Henry N. McCutcheon.
. 1954. Post ,larvac and young of the menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in brackish and fresh waters of Virginia. Copeia 1954, No. 1, pp. 19-23.
- ,3 , 3 3.. .
f .**
t 1
._. . . ~. . __ _ _ ..
~
g
. . -19/3 21 Massmann, William H., and Romeo J. Mansueti.
1963. Data from Virginia-Maryland cooperative fish trawl surlveys i in Chesapeake Bay - 1957 and 1958. Virginia Institute of Marine !
Science, Gloucester Point, Special Scientific Report No. 42, 21 p.
Miller, Gra'nt L., and Sherrell'C. Jorgenson.
1969. Seasonal abundance and length frequency distribution of some marine fishes in coastal Georgia. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Data Report 35, 102 p.
e Pacheco, Anthony L. and G'eorge C. Grant'
,. 1965. Studies of the early-life history of Atlantic menhaden in-estuarine nurseries. Part I. Seasonal occurrence of juvenile menhaden and other small fishes in a tributary creek of Indian River, Delaware, 1957-58. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, m Special Scientific Report - Fisheries No. 504, 32 pp.
Perlmutter, Alfred.
1939. An ecological survey of young fish and eggs identified from tow-net collections. In,A biological survey of the salt
~
water of Long Island, 1938. -N.Y. Conservation Dept. 2, 92 pp.
Reintjes, John W.
1969. Synopsis of, biological data en Atlantic menhaden,_Brevoortia
. tyrannus. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Circular No. 320, 30 pp.
Reintjes, John W. , and Anthony L. Pacheco. _
1966. The relation of menhaden to estuaries. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication No. 3, pp. 50-58.
Richards, S. W.
1959. Pelagic fish eggs and larvae of.Long Island Sound, pp. 234-L 314,_In Oceanography of Long Island Sound. Bulletin Bingham
- Oceanographic Collection, vol. 17.
~ ~
Tagatz, M. E. and D. L. Dudley.
1961. Seasonal occurrence of marine fishes in four shore habitats
! near Beaufort, N.C., 1957-1960. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,_
Special Scientific Report Fisheries, No. 390, 19 pp..
Turner, William R. and George N. Johnson.-
1972. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. National Marine Fisheries Service,-
Special Scientific Report -Fisheries, in press. ,
, a .
Westman, James R. and Rose F. Nigrelli.
< 1955. Preliminary studies of menhaden and their mass mortalities.
in Long Island and New Jersey waters. 'N.Y. Fish and GameLJourndl, vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 142-153. ,, , , i.
e e
a --
-, e n e~ -
-mr- - , -
e 19/4 22 Wheatland, Sarah B.
1956. Oceanography of Long Island Sound, 1952-1954. VII. Pelagic fish eggs and larvae. Bulletin Bingham Oceanographic Collection, vol. 15, pp. 240-253. s ,
Williams, Austin B., Gerald S. Posner, William J. Woods, and Earl E.
Deubler, Jr.
1967. A hydrographic atlas of larger North Carolina sounds.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Data Report 20, 130 pp.
Wilkens, E. P. H. and Robert M. Lewis.
1971. Abundance and distribution of young Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, in White Oak River estuary, North Carolina National Marine Fisheries Service, Fishery Bulletin, vol. 69,.
No. 4, pp. 783-789.
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Appendix Tables and Fikures ,
Table 1.-Conversion of Fahrenheit to Centigrade (Celsius).
Table 2.--Iddian River, Delaware, Station 1.
Tabic 3.--Indian River, Delaware, Station 2.
Table 4.--Indian River, Delaware, Station 3. .
Table 5.--Indian River, Delaware, Station 4.
Table 6.--Indian River, Delaware, Station 5.
Table 7. -Indian River, Delaware, Station 6.
Tabic 8.-Indian River, Delaware, Station 7.
Table 9.--Indian River, Delaware, Station 8. '
Figure 1.--Indian River, Delaware, Station 1. -
Figure 2.--Indian River', Delaware, Station 2.
Figure 3.--Indian River, Delaware, Station 3.
Figure 4.--Indian River, Delaware, Station 4.
Figure 5.-Indian River, Delaware, Station 5. , _
Figure 6.-Indian River, Delaware, Station 6.
I 1
Figure 7.-Indian River, Delaware, Station 7.
l
- l' Figure 8.--Indian River, Delaware, Station 8.
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{q,,ndix Table la U 24
- j Tablo 3 00nver0 ion of Fchre'nheit to Ccatigrade i i
- p *C 4 't 9 % *F *C F
C *T *C . *F ~ *C j ; 5.t, .3.) 34.0 1.7 45.0 7.2 55.0 12.8 65.0 18.3 75.0 23.9 25.0 29.4
, 25.1 3.0 25.2 . 1.8 45.2 7.3 65.2 12.9 65.3 18.4 75.2 24.0 85.2 29.6 21.4 3.7 35.4 1.9 45.4 7.4 55.4 - n.. 65.4 18.6 75.4 24.1 65.4 29.7 11.6 3.6 35.6 2.0 45.6 746 65.6 13.1 65.6 14.7 75.6 24.2 85.6 29.8 23.s 3.4 35.5 2.1 45.8 7.7 65.s 13.2 65.8 18.8 78.8 24.3 85.0 29.9 It.g 3.3 34.0 2.t 45.0 7.8 56.0 13.3 66.0 18.9 76.0 24.4 66.0 30.0
- ..? 1.2 36.2 2.3 46.2 7.9 66.2 13.4 66.2 19.0 .76.2 24.6 f6.2 30.1 l M4 3.1 36.4 2.4 45.4 8.0 66.4 13.6 66.4 19.1 76.4 24.7 68.4 30.2
.l
,1. 5 .3.6 ' 26.6 2.6 46.6 8.1 66.6 13.7 66.6 19.2 76.6 24.8 63.6 30.3 2a.6 4.9 36.6 2.7 ' 46.8 8.2 56.6 13.8 66.8 19.3 76.8 2$.9 83.6 30.4 j 27.3 2.8 31.0 2.8 47.0 6.3 57.0 13.9 47.0 19.4 77.0 25.0 ' 67.0 30.6 J*.2 .i.7 37.2 2.9 47.2 8.4 67.2 14.0 67.2 19.6 77.2 25.1 87.2 30.7 t'.4 2.6 37.4 3.0 47.4 8.6 67.4 14.1 67.4 19.7 77.4 25.2 67.4 30.6
- .4 2.4 37.6 3.1 47.6 8.7 67.6 14.2 67.6 19.6 77.6 25.3 67.6 30.9 27.4 .i.3 37.8 3.2 47.8 8.8 57.8 14.3 67.8 19.9 77.3 25.4- 47.6 31.0
' .F.2 31.0 3.5 48.0 8.9 68.0 14.4 It.0 68.0 20.0 78.0 25.6 68.0 31.1
- . 2 2.1 35.2 ,3.4 48.2 9.0 68.2 14.6 65.2 20.1 73.2 25.7 80.2 31.2
- ?.4 2.0 'S.4 3.6 49.4 9.1 58.4 14.7 63.4 20.2 78.4 25.S 88.4 31.3 :
- t.4 1.9 33.6 3.7 45.6 9.2 58.6 14.8 66.6 20.3 78.6 25.9 65.6 31.4
- n.t 1.9 30.8 3.8 48.8 9.3 58.8 14.9 68.8 20.4 ~78.8 26.0 88.6 31.6
( 15.G 1.t 39.0 3.9 49.0 9.4 69.0 16.0 69.0 20.6 79.0 2C.'. 49.0 31.7-
} 26.2 1.5 39.2 4.0 49.2 9.6 69.2 15.1 69.2 20.7 79.2 26.8 69.2' 31.S 1 ..4 .!.4 ?J.4 4.1 49.4 9.7 69.4 15.2 63.4 20.8 79.4 26.3 $?.4 31.5
' f,.4 1.3 S t.6 4.2 49.6 9.6 59.6 15.3 69.6 20.9 .
79.6 26.4 69.6 32.0
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- .2 1.0 40.2 4.6 50.2 10.1 (0.2 If.7 70.2 21.2 tLO.2 26.5 90.2 32.3-
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. sD.6 4.5 5%6 10.3 60.6 15.9 70.6 21.4 EO.G 27.0 SA6 ?2.6 3
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.t.6 61.0 10.6 71.0 21.7 81.0 27.2 91.0 ?2.8 j %.2 ...e 41.2 6.1 11.2 10.7 61.2 16.2
- 7142 21.5 41.2 27.3 91.2 32.9 1 g ?. 4 .. 1 41.4 5.2 51.4 10.8 61.4 16.3 71.4 21.9 81.4 27.4 21.4 23.0
{ l b.4 .t.2 41.6 6.3 51.6 10.9 61.6 16.4 71.6 22.0 41.4 27.6 tl.6 2J.1 2..s .C.) 41.5 3.4 51,5 11.0 61.5 16.6 71.8 22.1 81.8 27.7 51.6 33.2
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- t.$ G.4 42.8 6.0 52.8 11.6 62.3 17.1 72.0 22.7 42.0 28.2 92.5 3 '. . $
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] Fro:::: Specir.1 Publication Ho. 278 g . U.S. Depn.rtnent of Co.nnorce .
Conct md Ocodetic Su:Tcy
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Appendix table 2 .. l-155/1 .
Indian River, Delawarc <
Station 1 - Monthly mean salinity, temperature, pH, oxygen, phosphates and suspended solids with mean number of menhaden and other fishes, 1957-1958.
~
Salinity Temp. pH O2 Inorg.'PO4 Total PO4 Solids No. of No. of Month p.p.t. 'C ml/l pg-at/1 ug-at/1 m1'/1 menhnden other fishes April 27.1 15.5 . 8.2 -- -- -- --
0 11.4 lh Iby 28.2 19.6 8.2 --
O.3 - 2.1 0.04 0 34.8 June 28.7 23.8 8.1 4.8 0. 4 , 2.5 0.08 5.5 98.3 July 30.8 25.0 8.0 3.3 0.5 3.5 0.08 163.5 71.3 Aug. 31.9 24.9 7.9 3.3 0.9 4.6 0.09 9.5 110.'5' Sept. 31.4 23.0 , 7.'9 3.7 1.0 5.3 0.07 0 269.8 Oct. 30.7 14.7 8.0 5.5 0.6 3.1 0.-05 0 199.8 Nov. 29.3 10.3 8.3 8.0 0.3 1.0 0.03 1.0 139.5 Dec. 27.0 5.7 8.1 . 7.5 0.2 1.2 0.05 29.0 3.4 llh Jan. 23.8 3.1 7.9 8.1 0.2 1.5 0.06 0 2.5 Feb. 22.0 2.3 7.8 8.6 0.1 1.2 0.05 0' 0-
. I March 22.5 6.1 7.9 7.7 0.1 2.0 0.07 0 9.0 April 21.2 12.9 8.0 J.0 0.1 1.4 0.05 0 33.5
- Sy 23.3 16.5 8.1 --
0.2 2.6 0.05 0 135.2 s, v
June 25.3 22.7 8.4 --
0.4 1.8 0.08 '
1.0 248.3
Appendix tabic 3 - -
~
155/2 *-
Indian River, Delaware Station 2 - Monthly mean salinity, temperature, pH, cxygen, phosphates and suspended solids.with mean number of menhaden and other fishes, 1957-1958.
Salinity Temp. pH 02 Inorg. PO4 Total PO 4 Solids No. of Month No. of p.p.t. *C ml/l ug-at/1 pg-at/l ml/l menhaden other fishes April 25.8 15.9 8.0 -- -- --
0.02 0 126.6 O
May 27.1* 19.7 8.0 --
0.4 1.9 0.05 1
, 110.2 June 27.4 24.6 8.1 3.7 0.3 2.6 0.10 69.0 115.2 July 30.3 25.3 8.0 3.4 0.4 4.0 0.09 113.3 99.1 Aug. 32.0 25.3' 7.9 3.2 0.5 4.6 0.08 222.5 278.0 Sept. 31.2 23.1 7.8 3.3 0.7 4.8 0.07 607.0 117.5 Oct , ,
30.4 14.9 8.0 5.3 0.4 2.6 0.04 0 228.3 Nov. 27.6 10.6 8.1 7.4 0.2
's 1.0 0.32 1.0 331.5 Dec. 24.7 5.7 8.0 - 8.2 0.2 1.4 0.05 0 46.0 N
Jan. 20.7 3.8 7.6 8.1 0.1 1.5 0.05 3.0 5.3 Feb .- 17.2 2.4 7.4 8.9 0.3 1.6 0.04 0 2.0 March 21.7 6.5 7.9 7.7 0.1 '2.5 0.06 0 7.5 April *19.7 13.4 7.8 6.7 0.2 1.6 0.06 0 132.2 May 20.8 16.8 7.8 --
0.2 1.5 0.04 1.0 153.7 June 22.0 23.4 8.0 --
0.1 1.5 0.11 59.6~ 431.7
. - . . , - - . - - g Appendix table 4 ..
~
155/3 .,
Indian River, Delaware Station 3 - Monthly mean salinity, temperature,'pH, oxygen, phosphates and suspended solids with mean number of menhaden and'other fishes, 1957-1958.
Salinity Tc=p . pH 02 Inorg. PO4 Solids Month Total PO4 No. of No. of
. u.p.t. 'C ml/l Lg-at/1 pg-at/1 ml/l menhaden other fishes April 24.6 17.1 7.8 0.02 0 70.6 llh May 26.5 20.5 7.9 --
0.3 1.9 0.04 55.0 83.4 June 26.5 25.1 8.1 4.3 0.3 2.8 0.11 4.4 103.5 July 29.8 26.1 8.1 3.6 0.4 4.5 O.11 298.0 51.5 Aug. 31.8- 25.9 7.9 3.4 0.4 4.1 0.12 188.0 130.6 Sept. 30.8 23.5 7.8 3.5 0.8 , 7.9 0.10 407.0 ' 252.5 .
Oct., 30.2 15.2 7.9 5.3 0.4 2.9 0.05 0 135.4
~
Nov. 27.2 10.7 8.1 7.2 0.2 1.7 0.08 - 1.0 95.5 Dec. 23.3 5.6 8.0 ,
7.3 0.2 1.6 0.06 0 42.5 llh, Jan. 15.9 3.3 7.5 8.0 0.2 1.5 0.04 14.0 5.5 Feb.,, 14.0 2.4 7.3 8.6 0.2 1.8 0.04 0 1.0 March 18.3 6.6 7.6 7.6 0.2 -
2.1 0.06 0 1.5 April ,17.7 13.4 7.6 6.3 0.2 2.,1 0.05 0 138.7 Yay 19.7 17.2 7.7 --
0.2 2.2 0.05 0 164.0 tj June 20.7 23.8 7.9 0.2 1.3 0.10 26.0 202.8 5
9
. . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . - - - - - -
l '
Appendix tabic 5 .
155/4 .
l s Indian River, Delaware- ~
Station 4 - Monthly mean salinity, temperature, pH, oxygen, phosp15ates and suspended solids with mean number of menhaden and other fishes, 1957-1958.
Salinity Temp. pH Month 02 Inorg. PO4 Total'PO4 Solids No. of No.'of o.p.t. 'C ml/l ug-at/1 un-at/1 ml/l menhaden other fiches
, April 21.0 17.6 7.4 - -- --
0.03 0 140.8 May 24.9 21.2 7.8 ;
0.2 2.4 0.05 49.4 94.9 June 24.9 25.7' 8.1 4.3 0.2 3.1 0.13 14.0 79.5 July 28.8 26.6 8.3 4.1 0.3 4.8 0.16 220.7 48.5 Aug .- 31.2 26.2 7.9 3.6 0.3' 4.9 0.16 102.8, 144.9
, Sept. 30.0 23.7 7.9 4.0 0.5 8.1 0'.14 74.3 202.8 Oct. 29.4 15.4 7.8 4.8 0.2 3.1 0.06 490.0 125.3 Nov. 26.0 10.8 8.0 6.9 0.2
~
1.6 0.09- 1.0 397.0 Dec. 19.6 6.3 6.8
- 7. 6_ , 0.1 1.9 0.07 1.0 256.3 Jan. 11.4 3.5 7.1 7.6 , 0. 3 1.7 '
0.04 0 25.5 Feb. 11.2 2.8 7.1 8.5 0.3 2.1 0.05 0 0 March 14.2 6.4 7.3 7 .'5 0.2 2.0 0.05 0 14.5 April 13.9 13.7 7.3 6.1 0.3 -
1.7
, 0.06 2.0 142.7 May 16.1 17.6 7.4 --
0.2 1.7 0.07 1.0 139.6 June 19.7 24.0 7.6 --
0.1 1.7 0.12 114.6 239.6
P- up CHARI.11S D, WUTg, PhD, Consulting Biologist ( w,,,,,,,_
PHILAOCLf'HI A. PA.1;t';")
as.. 4474.i i
' I 11 January 1p73
\
Mr. H. J. Williams GPU Service Corporation
- 260 Cherry Hill Road Parsippany, New Jersey 07054 D' car Mr. Williams:
On January 9th Mr. Roy Younger, of Resource Management, Inc.,
and I visited Oyster Creek as requested to investigate the report-ed fish kill. This letter is a report on the results of our in- .
f vestigation.
At the Route 9 bridge downstream to the end of the parking lot the stream was open with stretches of rim ice along the shore.
Water temperature (at 1325) was 34*F. at both the surface and the bottom. At 0900 three men were fis.hing, but they left before noon. No dead fish were seen. -
For the lowermost 200 yards at the mouth of Oyster Creek, and along the bay shore for about one-half mile south f roni the mouth, no dead fish were scen. Rim ice was present along the shorelines.
In the short lagoon at the. curve in Dock Ave.- (where the news-
. paper photographs were taken last year) the surface was mostly ice covered. No dead fish were seen. .
Four lagoons extend southerly f rom Oyster Creek and terminate at Bay Ave. These lagoons are bulkheaded and.about 100 feet wide.
. At the butt end they were fully ice covered with the ice about three inches thick. We did see dead fish under (or in) the ice of these lagoons and made counts in the last 50 feet of each lagoon.
Estimated numbers, based on our field counts, for cach of these
- four lagoons from west to cast follow.
Venice lagoon. An estimated 50 dead menhaden from fou'r to
. cight inches long were seen in the terminal 5,000 square foot of the lagoon. in addition, a cluster of 20 to 30 one-inch bay an-chovy were found dead and frozen into the ice.
Sanabelle lagoon. An estimated 400 dead menhaden were pcen in the termir.al'5,000 sq0are feet of this lagoon. The size range was two to ten inches.
e
n _...
CHARLES D., WUQ, PhD , Consulting Dialogist ()
Buccancer lagoon. An estimated 50 dead menhaden were found in the terminal 5,000 square feet of this lagoon. These fish
~
werc all smail, ranging in size from two to 'four inches.
Privateer lagoon. An estimated 400 dead menhaden were foundi' in the terminal 5,000 square feet of this lagoon. These fish ranged in size from two to ten inches.
Although some gulls were seen on these laggons standing on the lec, the population was apparently the normal resident popu-i lation. The many hundreds observed last year at the time of the fish kill were not seen this year.
The fish kill appeared quite small compared to that of Jahuary 1972. Only 900 menhaden were seen in 20,000 square feet of those areas where dead menhaden were found.
On January 8th, at 1400, Oyster Creek Plant personnel col-lected a sample of nine dead menhaden from Privateer lagoon. The size and weight of these fish follows.
10.25 inches 7 oz.
9.75 4 "
8.5
.3 " '
7.75 "
3
- s. 7.75* 3 7.25* 3 2.75 -
2.0 " -
- Pccked by' gulls.
These fish showed no scale loss, no cutaneous hemorrhages, no excessive accumulations of mucus, and no distension of the mouth, opercula or gills. Death can be assumed to be the result of a cold kill rather than mechanical damage or the effect of
- some toxicant.
A further field observation was made'at the Beach Divd. bridge over South Branch Forked River. Some shore ice was present. No dead fish were scen.
We also sampled in the mouth of the discharge pipe that carries water from the trash flume of the travelling screens. A work crew was performing maintenance on the screens and some dis-charge was coming through. A 15-minute sample produced one living Atlantic silversides, two dead Atlantic herring 2.5 and 3.25 inches long, and ten dead menhaden. Sizes of the latter were:
2.75, 2.75, 2 75, 3 ,3, 3, 3 ,3.25, 3 25, and 3.5 inches. Of O
f - - - I . .._____-.___.__.____._.m_ _ _
. 'v.
. o ~... - - '
n
, CHARLES B. WUR' , Ph.D., Consulting Biologist v)
(
particular Interest is the fact that these menhaden were from the ,
intake canal. Ve presume death was due to mechanical damage by Impingement on the travelling screens. In the intake canal any resident menhaden would be expected to have been acclimated to :
the natural ambient temperature.
D'r. John Reintjes telephoned me this morning from Beaufort.
He had been asked to prepare comments on the fish kill by a director of the NMFS in Newark. I summarized the above informa-ti.on for him over the telephone.
I would, of course, appreciate being kept advised of de-velopments in this matter.
Sincerely yours, ,
Af s 9. f [f4; Q" Charles B. Vurtz cc7 R. R. Younger ,
Resource. Management, Inc. -
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, CHARLES Bf WURTZ, Ph D., Consulting Biotosist . ,,,, cm o ;
, . PHILADELPHI A. PA.1917 9 ai 44.u r 17 January 1973 -l
}
s
- l Mr. H. J. Williams GPU Service Corporation . .
260 Cherry Hill Road Parsippany, New Jersey 07054 -
Dear Mr. Willipams:
This letter represents a follow-up report on the recent fish kill at Oyster Creek. My original letter on this subject was sent under date of January lith. .
. The Oyster Creek Plant went down at 6:00 AM on the morning of December 29th. Following this, the water temperatures in
.0yster-Creek-fell to 45*F (surface) and 44*F (bottom), which was the ambient temperature of the water. A severe cold wave began January 6th and dead fish were first reported January 8th. We visited Oyster Creek January 9th,'at which time the water tempera-ture of Oyster Creek was 34*F (top to bottom). The results of that visit were presented in my letter of January lith.
The plant came back on line the night of January 10th, but i,s apparently not operating at the efficiency level desired. A request to take the plant down again has been made (for the night
, of January 26th). We felt we needed to know what menhaden popu-lation was present in Oyster Crcck after the earlier kill and before the plant went down a second time. With this in mind,-
Mr. Younger and I sampled in Oyster C reck yesterday at our Station l (below the Route 9 bridge). In a half-hour setting
~
,of 400 feet of gill netting we did not take a single' fish. In a a>mparable setting on Decembe'r 29th we collected 210 fi.sh, of which 205 were menhaden. At the time of sampling-yesterday the water : temperature was 53*r (surf ace) and 55*F . (bottom) . ,
Please note, our failure to take fish in the gill nets does-not mean fish are not present. Anglers were making good catches of L
winter flounder f rom the canal's banks and the bridge. In addition, inany small fish were seen in shoal waters. Only one was identified.
This was~a specimen of fourspine sticlcback. Pelagic fish, such
! as the menhaden, houcver ,werc apparently absent.
There are two possible explanations-for.the absence of men-haden from Oyster Crcck at this time. ~
g,;,),bJJI.@ -
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.y . . . s I. ...-} {
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O a - ..r., ,
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ChiARLES B, WU1M, Ph.D,, Consulting Biologist '-
e First, it is possibic that a total kill' of menhaden occurred ;
as a result of the chilling of the water after the plant shut down, '
The kill was not immediate because the pl'ont shut down only low- '
cred the water temperature to an ambient of about 44*F, but when natural temperatures. lowered to 34*F a kill occurred.
'Second, it is possible that'after the plant shut down the menhaden in colder, ambient temperatures of 44*F migrated out of Oyster Creek, and those killed were simply residual fragments of the population that were caught in the lagoons and could not escape.
Mr. Younger and I favor the latter thesis for the following reasons:
- a. The number of fish killed was much smaller than
> the number of those killed last year. ,
- b. The only place dead fish were found was at the dead end of each of the four lagoons that project southerly off Oyster Creek.
- c. As the water cooled the water of the lagoons would 1,ag behind by virtue of being out of the flow of the stream, and fish would tend to remain pocketed
'. In the lagoons rather than venture into the colder water of the stream. ,
Those menhaden acclimated to ambient temperatures (i .e. , those menhaden resident in South Branch Forked River intake canal) were neither killed by the colder water, nor did they migrate from the area. We sampled yesterday at the mouth of the discharge pipe draining the trash fiume from the travelling screens. A five-minute sample produced one 18-inch cel, cightcAtlantic herring, five Atlantic silversides, and 87 Atlantic menhaden. The silver-
, sides were alive and h'ad survived transport by the screens. Some of the menhaden were alive, but dy.ing. The menhaden ranged in size from 1 1/2 to 4 inches. (It is possible that larger menhaden rey be present in the intake canal, but that they resist impinge-ment on the screens.) These fish were killed mechanically by im-pingement and physical damage; they were not cold-killed. One northern pipefish was also scen alive and uninjured by Mr. Younger, but it escaped the sampling net. (The herring were dead.) (The cel was dead, and had been for some time. Death must have occurred at the int'ake screens.) '
O e
=. . ..-
CH@LES B WU1h, PhD, Consulting BiologistU Our re' gular sampling program is scheduled to be concluded i next weck. You will recall, the proposal was made for six {
monthly samples (August through January). We expect to be in I the ficid next Thursday, Friday and Saturday (January 25-27).
We would be happy to.have you join us if you are able to get away from your other dutics. .
A few days ago I gave you information on the dollar value of menhaden as y ou had requested over the telephone. The sources of this information were Commercial Fisheries Review, U.S. Dept.
Commeic c, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Vol. 33, No's. 11-12. An article in that Journal gave values as $186/ ton in January 1971,
~
$150/ ton in June 1971 and $160/ ton in September 1971. In addition, Mr. Younger had a telephone conversation with the ,
Belford Fisheries Coop (N.J.) and was advised that last summer , C/p' they were selling menhaden at $5/100 lbs. I'
.I enclose my invoice for services and costs associated with the fish kill investigation. Although I have posted this against
- Purchase Order No. 64608, as r equested, l'am not sure this is appropriate. It would appear that the purchase order was issued only for our regular program.
If'you have any questioins about any of the above I would
, be most happy to respond to them.
Sincerely yours,
/t, lh/;
Charles B. Wurtz
. Enclosures cc/ Mr. R. R. Younger ,
Resource Management, Inc.
1 .
e
l Appendix tabic 6 l
155/5 Indian River, Delaware
. Station 5 - Monthly mean salinity, temperature, pH, oxygen, phosphates and suspended
. solids with.mean number of menhaden and other fishes, 1957-1958.
Salinity Temp. pH In rg. PO4 Solids No. of Month 02 Total PO4 No. of p.p.t. *C ml/l ug-at/1 pg-at/1 ml/l menhaden other fishes -
April 16.3 17.9 7.2 -- -- --
0.05 44.5 167.0 4
May 21.6 21.7 7.8 --
0.3 3.8 0.08 193.3 112.0 June . 21.3 26.2 8.0 5.1 0.2 3.8 0.16 19.8 140.3 July 27.1 27.3 8.4 5.1 0.2 5.8 0.21 4.3 62.0 Aug. 29.9 26.5 8.1 4.3 0.5 6.8 0.18 84.5 142.1 Sept. 28.4 23.9 8.0 4.4 0.3 10.5 0.16 215.4 189.6 Oct.- 28.1 15.8 7.8 5.1 0. 2 , 3.1 0.08 0 144.4 Nov. 24.3 10.8 7.9 7.1 0.1 1.8 0.10 ' 1. 5 h 661.3 Dec. 11.7 6.2 7. 2 ' ' 7.2 0.3 2.0 0.05 2.0 ,,54.0 O
Jan. 7.8 4.0' 6.9 7.5 '0.3 1.7 0.04 0 62.0 Feb'. 8.7 3.3 7.0 8.0 0.5 5.6 0.08 0 4.0 March 10.9 6.8 7.1 7.1 0.3 1.3 0.06 0 6.3 April 9.9 14.1 7.0 5.6 '0. 4 2.6 0.07 93.0 392.5 May 8.8 17.3 7.0 --
0.5 3.3 0.10 365.2 79.0 ,g June 16.9 25.0 7.4 --
0.2 3.1 O.32 91.3 280.6
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . - - - - - - - - -_j
~
~
( -
l Appendix table 7 .
155/6
- Indian River, Delaware '
~
Station 6 - Monthly mean salinity, temperature, pH, oxygen, phosphates and suspended ,
solids with mean numbe'r of menhaden and other fishes, 1957-1958.
Salinity Temp. pH
_ Month 02 Inorg. PO4 Total PO4 Solids No. of No. of
. p.p.t. *C ' s1/l i pg-at/1 pg-at/1 ml/l menhaden _other fishes April - 14.3 18.6 7.1 -- -- --
0.09 78.0 198.5 May 19.6 22.6 7.9 --
0.2 4.4 0.10 313.1 116.6 June 18.3 26.7 7.9 5.8 0.2 4.3 0.20 37.0 85.5 July 25.5 27.8 8.4 6.0 0.2 7.8 0.21 4.2 73.8 Aug. 29.2 27.2 8.1 4.8 0.4 7.8 0.23 11.4 118.6
/
Sept. 27.1 24.2 7.9 4.7 0.3 10.8 .0.18 141.7 172.7 Oct. 27.0 16.0 7.6 5.1 0.2 3.5 0.10 141.7 104.8
~
Nov. 22.3 11.2 7.8 7.2 0.1 2.3 0.14
- 1.0 476.0 Dec. 9.1 6.4 6.9 , 6. 9 0.4 5.1- 0.09 2.0 111.3 Jan. 5.6 3.9 6.7 7.2 0.4
. 1.9 0.04 3.0 21.7 Feb., 7.6 3.6 6.8 8.0 '0.6 3.7 0.12 0 4.0 March 8.6 6.9 7.0 7.1 0.4
~
'2.1 0.05 0 139.3 April , 7.6 14.0 6.9 5.3 0.5 2.6 0.07 58.2 301.3 May 6.1 17.1 6.6 --
0.7 2.7 0.09 425.0. -r143:2 June 13.2 25.3 7.2 0.2 2.5 0.36 113.6 219.0 i
c)
. v - . . - - - - - - - - - - - . . . - . _ _ . _ . .
Appandix tabic 8 -
~
I 155/7 ~
l -
Indian River, Delawarc . -
l Station 7 - Monthly mean salinity, temperature, pH, oxygen, phosphates and suspended l solids with mean number of menhaden and other fishes, 1957-1958.
l l Salinity Temp. pH 02 Inorg. PO4 Total PO4 Solids No. of No. of Month p.p.t. *C ml/l dg-at/1 pg-at/1 ml/l menhaden other fishes April 8.9 22.7 6.8 -- -- --
0.10 2'. 3 132.0 dlh Nhy 17.3 23.3 7.9 --
0.3 5.4 0.12 439.9 94.1 June 16.3 27.5 ~ 8.0 6.9 0.3 4.7 0.23 82.8 53.2 July 23.0 28.5 8.5 6.5 0.3 9.0 0.27 3.0 45.0 Aug. 27.3 26.1 7.9 4.4 0.4 5.1 0.21 4.0 244.3 Sept. 25.6 24.7 7.8 5.0 0.3 8.5 0.20 27.3 202.5 .
Oct. 25.8 16.'4 75 5.3 0.2 3.3 0.12 428.3 291.1 Nov. 19.9 11.3 7.6 7.6 0.1 ~ 2.2 0.19 - 1.0 617.8 Dec. 8.1 6.1 6.9 , 6.4 0.3 2.1 0.05 2.0 592.0 lll Jan. 5.0 4.7 6.6 7.1 0.4 2.0 0.06 1.0 '122.8 Feb ., , 5.5 4.0 6.6 7.6 1.1 5.4 0.13 0- 0 March 7.6 7.0 6.8 7 . 0" 0.4 '
2.3 0.05 0' 77.7 April ,
5.7 14.1 6.7 5.3 0.5 -
2.5 0.09 5.0 248.7 Ehy 3.9 17.1 6.5 --
0.6 2.9 0.11 83.0 197.0 June 10.9 25.6 7.1 --
0.3 3.4 0.49 92.6 200.6 E!
App:ndix table 9 '
155/8
, ~
- Indian River, Delaware .
Station 8 - Monthly mean salinity, temperature, pH, oxygen, phosphates and suspended solids with mean number of menhaden and other fishes, 1957-1958.
Salinity Temp, pH 02 Inorg. PO4 Solids Month p.p.t. *C Total PO4 No. of No. of ml/l ug-at/l ug-at/1 ml/l menhaden other fishes April -- -- - -- -- - -- - -
h May 16.2, 21.4 7.4 0.3 3.2 0.20 23 0.3 60.8
. June 12.9 27.0 7.6 7.0 0.3 4.1 0.20 54.2 90.7 .
July 20.4 28.0 8.2 7.1 0.3 7.3 0.22 9.0 58.8 Aug. 27.0 23.3 7 .'4 3.5 0.3 7.0 0.16 21.0 22.0 Sept. 24.7 24.0 7.7 4.6 0.4 11.0 0.16 119.7 134.1 Oct. 23.8 16.0 7.3 5.3 0.2 2.4 0.09 31.8' 143.3 Nov. 18.0 11.4 7.4 7.7 0.5
~
2.1 , 0.16 - 1.0 K 669.8 Dec. 5.5 6.2 - 6.7 6.3 Jart. 1.4 4.7 0.3 1.5 0.06 0 267.0 $
6.7 6.6 ,0. 6 2.0 0.05 1.0 1450.0 Feb. 4.5 3.9 6.4 7.0 1.2 6.0 0.14
_ 0 1.0 kbrch 5.9 7.1 6.6 6.5 0.4 2.4 O.05 0 190.0 April 2.9 13.7 6.5 5.2 0.7 4.6 0.06 0 514.1 May 1.6 16.5 6.3 --
1.0 5.2 0.11 0 392.8 June 10.0 24.3 7.0 -
0.2 3.9 0.28 189.0 411.8 g
5 4
.. 6' 5' 154 loi 0 20 0 59 6i O 6' O 6 Il NO. OF MENHADEN .
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i APR. MAY JJN. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JJN.
! App.:nd ix l'! t;u re 1. Mean temperature and range by conth, 1957-1958, with mean number of {
I l
..enhadtn at ::ta:1ea 1 White Creek, a tributary of Indien River, Delaware.
i 1 .! ,.1 J
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Mean temperature and range by month, 1937-1958 with nean number of
- enhaden at Station 2 White Creek, a tributcry of, Indian River, Delcware. 1
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-l . ,iAY JJN. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FE3. MAR. APR. MAY JUN
- P P ' "' I, f r.tt re 6. Mean tesperature and range by month, 1957-1958, with mean number o' I' m nl:::Jen at S tatien 6 - tihi te Cree',., a tributary of Indian River, Delaware.
=g , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
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l . APR. f.iAY ."JN. JUL. AUG. SEFT. OCT. NOV. DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. AFR. MAY JJN.
1 c.
j Appendix Fir,ure 7. Mean te.perature and range by =onth, 1957-1958, with r:can number of e
.,c:.h.ed e n a t :s t at ion 7 I?iti te Creek, a tributary of Indian River, Deln'. core.
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AFa. TAAY JJN. JUL. AUG. SEPT. 007. NOV. DEC. JAN. FE3. MAR. AFR. MAY JUN.
i Appendix Figure 8. Mean te::perature and rcnge by :nenth, 1957-1958, with r:ecn nuntber of g r.enh.2 den at Station 8 I!hite Creek, a tributary of Indian niver, Delaware.
_ - _ _ _ _ _ . _ . - _ . __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _