ML20082J000
| ML20082J000 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Zimmer |
| Issue date: | 11/18/1983 |
| From: | Williams J CINCINNATI GAS & ELECTRIC CO. |
| To: | James Keppler NRC OFFICE OF INSPECTION & ENFORCEMENT (IE REGION III) |
| References | |
| LOZ-83-0233, LOZ-83-233, NUDOCS 8312010347 | |
| Download: ML20082J000 (24) | |
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T1fE CINCINNATI GAS & ELECTRIC COMPANY W
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Docket No. 50-358 L
ff U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region III 799 Roosevelt Road Glen Ellyn, Illinois 60137 Attention:
Mr. J.G. Keppler Regional Administrator Gentlemen:
RE:
WM. H. ZIMMER NUCLEdR POWER STATION - UNIT 1 COURSE OF ACTION W.O. 57300, JOB E-5590, FILE NO. 956C, During the November 1, 1983 public meeting on the Zimmer Course of Action, the NRC raised several questions with respect to the scope of the Plan to Verif y the Quality of Construction (PVQC) of Zimmer and the extent of the inspections
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of hardware under the PVQC. This letter is to provide you with additional information with respect to these matters.
4 The scope of the PVQC will encompass all safety-related structures, systems, and components (SSCs). Sargent & Lundy (S&L) is preparing lists which classify all such SSCs. Additionally, where CG&E FSAR commitments have made other SSCs subject to a formal quality program, these additional items will be evaluated within PVQC, Such items include components that are non-safety related but. are required to be Seismic 1 (e.g., nonsafety components routed on top of safety-related p oponents) and portions of the fire protection system.
The acceptance criteria for evaluating these installations will be provided by S&L.
The PVQC will consist of four main inspection and documentation review activities, which may be conducted concurrently or in sequence, depending on S
the SSC to be verified. These activities are (1) visual inspections of as-constructed SSCs, (2) physical inspections of as-constructed SSCs, (3) reviews of ' documents associated with the purchase and supply of fabricated or manufactured materials and equipment, and (4) reviews of documents associated with the site fabrication and installation of SSCs.
Following these activities, the individual SSC's will be statused as conforming, nonconf orming or incomplete. Then, on a sampling basis, confirmatory physical inspections of conforming SSCs will be performed.
Nov251993 8312010347 031118 l\\\\
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Page 2 Visual. inspections will be conducted on the accessible portions of each SSC.
These visual inspections will identify and record existing identification numbers on material and equipment, dimensions, configuration, and other attributes ' required by design drawings and specifications that can be observed without special tests or equipment.
Visual inspections will provide data which will be used to identify SSCs that are conforming, nonconforming, or incomplete with respect to visual attributes.
The type of visual inspections to be conducted will vary depending upon the type of SSC being inspected. Examples of typical visual inspection activities are included in Attachment 1.
These visual inspections will be defined and l
controlled by quality verification instructions and checklists.
For example, visual inspections will include, but will not be limited to, the followirg:
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' Piping / mechanical - Visual inspection will be performed on piping,
o valves, welds, pumps, supports, snubbers, restraints, and hangers.
4 o Electrical - Visual inspections will be performed on exposed 2
conduit, trays and wireways, supports, welds, junc tion boxes, penetrations, busses, cables, panel boards, motors, and motor control centers, Civil - Visual inspections will be performed on concrete structures, o
penetrations, soils, anchor bolts, embedments, and painting.
o Structural - Visual inspections will be performed on steel structures; galleries, ladders.and stairs; equipment supports; bolting; welding; and special. doors.
o HVAC - Visual inspections will be performed on ducts, vents, and
-dampers; supports; and fans and blowers.
o Instrumentation - Visual inspections will be performed on tubirg, supports, and instrumentation.
Physical inspections of SSCs will be performed as necessary and appropriate to inspect nonvisual attribute requirements of design drawings and specifications.
In general, these attributes can only be confirmed by using special tests and equipment performed by specially trained and qualified d
inspectors. The type and number of examinations will be based on engineering
- judgement and analysis of the severity of possible deficiencies and will focus on SSC's without adequate supporting documentation and areas where potential problems have been' identified.
The engineering judgements and analyses will be documented in accordance with project procedures. Areas to be physically inspected include:
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(1)
Items identified in the Report of the NRC Evaluation Team on the Quality of Construction at the Zimmer Nuclear Power Station, NUBEG
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- 0969.
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-(2)
Items identified in the reports of the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, NRC inspection reports and items in public allegations now on file.
(3) Areas that have been the subject of extensive or significant nonconformances identified by the quality confirmation program and in 10CRF 50.55(e) reports.
(4) Those portions of the SSCs where documentation reviews identify the absence or inadequacy of a required inspection.
(5) Those portions of the_SSCs known to be inaccessible.
(6)
Confirmatory physical inspections on conforming accessible SSCs.
(This physical inspection is performed af ter the statusiog activity discussed below.)
Physical inspections will provide data which will be used to identify items that are conforming or nonconforming. The type of physical inspections to be conducted will vary depending upon the type of SSC being inspected.
An overall program to identify and evaluate physical t(sting methods has been developed for the project. Bechtel, as consultant to CG&E, is currently evaluating several advanced non-destructive inspection methods for their applicability to Zimmer. The results cf these evaluations will be available to the NRC as progress' is made. Physical inspections will be defined and controlled by quality verification instructions and checklists. Examples of typical physical inspection activities are included in Attachment 2, with additional detail ior ASME embedded or buried pipe, concrete structures, and electrical equipment given in Attachment 3.
For example, physical in spections will include, but will not be limited to, the following:
o Bolting will be physically inspected for tension and torque.
o Welding (Piping) will be physically inspected by means of nondestructive _ examination, - destructive examinations, mechanical tests, and chemical analysis.
o Material Traceability (Piping) will be physically inspected by means of physical analysis and chemical analysis, o
Cable and Terminations will be physically inspected by means of megger tests, hi pot tests, and resistence tests.
o Motors will be physically inspected by means of megger tests and polarization index tests.
.o.
Concrete will be physically inspected by strength tests on core samples and destructive testing at selected locations.
P2g2 4 In addition to visual and physical inspections, a review will be made of documentation for material and equipment and of construction installation documentation for each SSC.
This review will identify documents that are deficient, missing, or which otherwise do not conform with requirements f or use in verifying the quality of construction. Documents which are acceptable will be reviewed to provide data used to identify items conformirg, nonconforming, or incomplete.
The data generated by the visual and physical inspections and documentation reviews will be evaluated by Bechtel PVQC personnel. This evaluation will
- antify and status each SSC as
o Conforming items - A conformance will exist only if the documentation review indicates that the item conforms, and if the visual inspection for each accessible item indicates that the item conforms, and if any physical inspection for the item indicates that the item conforms, o
Nonconrorming items - A nonconformance will exist if the documentation review indicates that the item does not conform, cy; if the visual inspection for an accessible item indicates that the item does not conform, cg-if any physical inspection for the item indicates that the item does not conform.
Incomplete items - An item will be incomplete if an analysis of o
the documentation review and the visual inspection indicates tha t required construction or inspection activities have not yet been performed.
Sampling will be utilized to perform confirmatory physical inspections on conforming SSCs. These inspections will be performed as outlined above and will be of sufficient numbers and types, based upon statistical analysis to provide confidence that the relevant items are, in fact, conformirg as indicated in the documents.
Procedures will be developed under the PVQC which will govern the sampling plan for confirmatory physical inspections.
In general, the sampling plan will rely upon industry-accepted techniques and will vary depending upon the type of items being inspected. For items that are accessible or require nondestructive testing, the sampling plan will provide for inspection by attributes, using predetermined acceptance quality levels and lot tolerance percent nonconformance for control'of acceptance or rejection of a lot. For items that are inaccessible or require destructive examination, the sampling plan will provide for inspection by veriables, utilizing results of physical inspection on accessible items or parforming random sampling and using engineering evaluations and judgement regarding severity to establish the confidence level for. the remainder of the lot.
Based on the results of the inspection results, lot sizes may be expanded.
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Pega 5 t
It may be noted that statistically-based sampling has been employed in various verification programs for other nuclear projects and is a valid verification technique. The confirmatory physical inspection program will not constitute the first-line verification of the quality of an SSC, but instead is intended to provide added confidence that the quality of an SSC is accurately indicated by existing documentation. It is not necessary to conduct 100% reinspections to provide a suf ficient level of confidence that the existing documentation
. correctly identifies the quality of construction.
In summary, the PVQC will include visual inspections to determine the as-constructed status of each accessible SSCs'; reviews of documents associated with the materials and construction installation of each SSC; and a
. program of physical inspections - based upon statistical analysis.
Toge ther,
these activities comprise a comprehensive plan designed to verify the quality of construction and identify conformances, ncaconformance, and incomplete work.
- I trust that the above description of the PVQC will provide suf ficient.
information to complete your review of the Course of Action.
The varification program will be described in much detail in the PVQC Program which will be submitted to the NRC for-review and approval.
Very truly yours, THE CINCINNATI CAS & ELECTRIC COMPANY J
ILL[
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NIOR VICE PRESIDENT cc:
NRC Office of Inspection & Enforcement Washington, D.C. 20555 NRC Resident Site Supervisor ATTN:
W.M. Hill NRC Zimmer Project Inspector, Region III ATTN:
E.R. Schweibinz NRC Office of Nuclear. Reactor Regulation Division of Licensing ATTN:
D.G. Eisenhut L.L. Kintner
Page 1 of 14 ATTACHMENT 1 j
I TYPICAL VISUAL INSPECTION ACTIVITIES SSCs identified on the approved Q-list will be subject to visual inspections. The visual inspections will be performed on accessible SS.s.
The essential attributes will be defined by the responsible designer. The following are typical visual inspection attributes.
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Piping / mechanical Large bore piping Elevation, size, slope, heat numbers, welding, welders identification, line/ spool identification, code data nameplate identification (when required), visual damage
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Visual / measurement Small bore piping Elevation, size, slope, heat numbers, welding, welder identification, line/ spool identification, code i
data nameplate identification (when required), visual damage Visual / measurement Valves and operators, Elevation, size, position indicators location, valve type, flow direction, bolts (if flanged), gaskets, welding (if welded),
welder identification, heat numbers, manufacturer, position indicator (open/ closed),
packing, alignment, i
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ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC
' operator manufacturer and type, operator stem orientation, nameplates, tag number Visual / measurement Fumps, gear b' oxes, Elevation, size, and couplings location, type, direction of rotation, manufacturer, heat numbers, motor manufacturer and type, welding (if welded),
bolting, gaskets, alignment, nameplates, gear box type, gear box
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manufacturer, gear box lubrication, coupling type and fit, tag numbers Visual / measurement Hangers Elevation, size, l
location, type, welding, l
welder identification, shims, bolting, thread engagement, l
identification, spring l
loading (as applicable) pipe clearance, clamping to pipe Visual / measurement l
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Page 3 of 14
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ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Supports Size, location, elevation, welding, welder identification, anchor bolt type, anchor bolt size, clamping, thread engagement, heat numbers, identification Visual / measurement Snubbers Size, location, elevation, type, manufacturer, setting, bolting, welding, welder identification, leakage, fluid levels, identification Visual / measurement Restraints Size, location, elevation, welding, welder indentification, placement, fit, bolting, thread engagement, identification Visual / measurement NOTE: The above-listed attributes / characteristics are typical of those to be reviewed / evaluated. The listing is not intended to be complete, and it is recognized that there may be additions, deletions, and/or substitutions necessary as the PVQC is implemented.
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Pcge 4 of 14
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ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Electrical Exposed conduit Size, material type, visible damage, routing, bend radius, smoothness, number of bends, distance between pull points, ground connection, fittings, bushings, Seismic 11/1
- criteria, identification, end seal af ter cable installation, channel separation Visual / measurement Trays and wireways Size, material, type and
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construction, identification, routing, proper fittings, grounding, dropouts and spillovers, covers and mounting, splice types, and visible damage Visual / measurement Supports Type and configuration, spacing or location, material type, welding, welder identification (when required),
concrete expansion anchors and connections, identification (when required), and visible damage Visual / measurement s
Prgs 5 of 14 N
ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Junction boxes Size and type, location, orientation, identification (when required), mounting, connection to conduit, and visible damage Visual / measurement Penetrations Identified and installed at correct location and elevation, proper bolting and thread engagement, protection of machined surfaces (if not closed), proper orientation, and visible
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damage.
Visual / measurement Busses Identification, proper support, routing, configuration, connections made, no oxide grease used (when required), boots, clearance to conductive material maintained, and visible damage Visual / measurement Cables Type, scheme.
identification, correct termination point, routing, channel separation, clamping, bundling, proper lugs and connectors used, I
conductor insertion into lug, proper crimp,
Pzgs 6 of 14 ATTACHMENT I (Continued)
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Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC conductor and insulation undamaged, bend radius, support, insulation or stress cone installed, termination tight Visual / measurement Panel boards Identification, location, mounting, grounding, shipping splits properly joined, internal interconnections completed, expansion anchors, welded attachments, and visible
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Visual / measurement Notor control centers Identification, location, mounting, grounding, shipping splits properly joined, interconnecting jumpers installed, bus bars connected, welded attachments, concrete expansion anchors, and visible damage Visual / measurement 1
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P:ge 7 cf 14
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ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Motors
- Mounting, identification, location, shaft rotation and lubrication, and visible damage Visual / measurement
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NOTE: The above-listed attributes / characteristics are typical of those o be reviewed / evaluated. The listing is not intended to be complete, and it is recognized that there may be additions, deletions, and/or substitutions necessary as the PVQC is implemented, s..-
b Pega 8 of 14
{N ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Civil Concrete structures Location (line and grade), voids, boneycombs, embedded debris, form mismatch, surface irregularity, exposed rebar, column size and location Visual / measurement Penetrations Location, azimuth and elevation, envelope dimensions, identification (mechanical), visible damage, welder identification, weld l( )
number, weld quality, material type, displacement / distortion, and concrete l
I Visual / measurement l
Soils Type, estimated sieve analysis for gradation, organic and inorganic debris, moisture content, grade l
Visual / sample Anchor bolts Size, grade, type material, orientation,
- location, I
identification, visible damage, full thread engagement, grouting Visual / measurement IC 1
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2 Prge 9 cf le
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ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Embedments Elevation, location, orientation, identification, bolt hole locations (when bolted), grouting,-
envelope dimensions, visible damage Visual /mecsurement Painting / preservation Dry film thickness (spot check) on steel, holidays, runs, sags, pinholes, crazing, texture, color match, coating material
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Visual / measurement e
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I NOTE: The above-listed attributes / characteristics are typical of those to be reviewed / evaluated. The listing is not intended to be complete, and it is recognized that there may be additions, deletions, and/or substitutions necessary as the PVQC is implemented.
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Pega 10 of 14
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ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Structural Steel structures Size, type, location, welding, welder identification, bolting, thread engagement, hole location, copes, length, heat numbers (when applicable), visible damage Visual / measurement Galleries, ladders, stairs Size, type, location, fabrication, bolting type, size and thread engagement, welding, configuration, material, grouting (when
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required), mark numbers (when applicable), and visible damage Visual / measurement Equipment supports Size, type, location, bolting type, size and thread engagement, welding, welder identification (when required), support contact, grouting (when required) identification, visible damage Visual / measurement
Pcan 11 of 14 (h
ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Bolting Location, diametes and length, type, proper thread engagement, washers, hole size, number of bolts, visible damage, configuration Visual / measurement Welding Location, size, type, weld and welder identification (when required), code acceptability, visible damage Visual / measurement
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Special doors Location, size, type, hinges, locks, assembly, identification, visible damage, freedom of operation Visual / measurement i
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NOTE: The above-listed attributes / characteristics are typical of those to be reviewed / evaluated. The listing is not intended to be complete, and it is recognized that there may be additions, deletions, and/or substitutions necessary as the PVQC is implemented.
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Pags 12 of 14 s.
ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC HVAC Ducts, vents, and dampers Size, location, elevation, routing, identification, joint configuration, type, gasketing, visible-damage, coating (as applicable), envelope dimensions Visual / measurement Supports Size, location, method of attachment (weld size and type, code weld acceptance, bolting size and type, thread i
engagement), clearances, j
coating application
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(when applicable) visible damage Visual / measurement Fans and blowers Size and type, mounting, location, connection to ducting, tag number identification, rotational freedom and direction, protection, i
visible damage, motor size and rating Visual / measurement NOTE: The above-listed attributes / characteristics are typical of those to be reviewed / evaluated. The listing is not intended to be complete, and it is recognized that there may be additions, deletions, and/or substitutions necessary as the PVQC is implemented.
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1, Pcgs 13 cf 14 m
I ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject
- to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Insulation Structural Location, material thickness, adhesion Visual / measurement Equipment / components
- Location, identification, material type and thickness, adhesion, protective covering (when required)
Visual / measurement Piping Location, size, pipe identification, type and thickness, adhesion, protective covering
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(when required)
Visual / measurement NOTE: The above-listed attributes / characteristics are typical of those to be reviewed / evaluated. The listing is not intended to be complete, and it is recognized that there may be additions, deletions, and/or substitutions necessary as the PVQC is implemented
Paga 14 cf 14
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ATTACHMENT 1 (Continued)
Attributes and Characteristics Subject to Visual Inspection Plant Area SSC Within Each Area Under PVQC Instrumentation Tubing Size, type, material d
type, routing, radii, connections (nuts fitting, welds), line marking, smooth bends (no flat spots), and-visible damage Visual / measurement Supports Type, size, mounting type and location, inserts, fit to I
tubing / welding, and/or bolting acceptable, and visible damage
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Visual / measurement Instrumentation, recorders,
- Location, indicators, alarms, etc..
type, recorders, identification, connection to tubing / supports, mounting, flow directions, visible damage, and protection Visual / measurement NOTE: The above-listed attributes / characteristics are typical of those to be reviewed / evaluated. The listing is not intended to be complete, and it is recognized that there may be additions, deletions, and/or substitutions necessary as the PVQC is implemented.
Page 1 of 3 ATTACHMENT 2 EXAMPLES OF CONFIRMATORY PHYSICAL INSPECTIONS l
AREA / DISCIPLINE l
ATTRIBUTES AND CHARACTERISTICS I
I I
I I.
Bolting / Concrete Expansion l
1.
Tension (Pull) Test Anchor Bolts l
1 A) Verify proper installation l
of installed bolt l
l B) Verify proper tensioning and l
integrity of bolt l
l 2.
Torque Test I
l A) Verify nut installation with l
required torque applied i
II.
Welding / Piping l
1.
Testing of weld deposited filler l
material (production welds) l l
A) Perform NDE l
l
-Radiography l
-Dye penetrant testing l
-Ultrasonic testing l
-Magnetic Particle testing l
-Material sampling l
-Fiber optics and TV camera j
inspections l
-Plastic impressions of l
questionable areas for i
outside analysis l
l B) Mechanical tests l
1
-Tensile test l
-Bend test l
-Charpy V-notch l
-Etc l
l C) Chemical (spectrographic)
I analysis I
l D) Hydrostatic testing of l
piping systems
Page 2 of 3 ATTACHMENT 2 (Continued)
I AREA / DISCIPLINE I
ATTRIBUTES AND CHARACTERISTICS I
I I
I III. Material Traceability / Piping I
1.
Testing Installed Pipe 1
l A) Physical analysis I
l
-Tensile test I
-Bend test
-Charpy V notch l
-Etc I
I B) Chemical (spectrographic)
I analysis l
IV.
Cable & Terminations / Electrical l
1.
Megger Test I
l A) Verify cable insulation j
l integrity l
4 l
2.
Hi-Pot Test I
A) Confirm insulation characteristics by I
measuring leakage current l
1 i
i i
l B) Verify proper I
construction / installation l
of stresscones i
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3.
Resistance Test I
A) Verify continuity of circuits I
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Signal tracing to determine I
cable routing 5.
Time domain reflectometers to I
identify discontinuities l
V.
Motors / Electrical l
A) Verify winding insulation I
integrity I
e
i Page 3 of 3 ATTACHMENT 2 (Continued)
I AREA / DISCIPLINE l
ATTRIBUTES AND CHARACTERISTICS I
I l
l l
2.
Polarization Index Test 4
l l
A) Verifies acceptable i
moisture level in motor I
windings 2
I l
3.
Conductivity and chemical I
residue testing for break-l down of internal components l
VI.
Concrete / Civil l
1.
Strength Test l
l A) Rebar mapping of area with I
sonic or radar units to l
determine appropriate area l
to obtain samples l
l B) Core drill to obtain sample I
for compression test to l
verify adequate concrete I
strength l
I C) Schmidt Hammer and Windsor l
Probe test to verify j
l concrete strength I
l D) Hammer testing to check I
concrete for voids i
I l
NOTE: The above is a typical listing of physical inspections; it is not intended to be a complete list of examples. There may be additions and/or substitutions necessary as the PVQS is implemented.
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Page 1 of 2 ATTACHMENT 3 SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL TESTING METHODS
'The following are examples of methods that can be explored to determine the acceptability of inaccessible material or material surfaces that are not exposed for visual examination. Three cases were considered (1)
ASME III buried or embedded pipe. (2) concrete structures, and (3) electrical equipment.
- 1) ASME III Buried or Embedded Pipe-Available methods for visual internal pipe examination of inaccessible installations range from fiber optic units to T V.
cameras. These methods provide visual two dimension inspection.
For large diameter pipe visual internal examination may -be performed by placing inspection personnel in the pipe (limited by physical conditions, pipe configuration and safety regulations)
Personnel visual inspection can be enhanced while in the pipe by use of a T.V.
camera that allows more qualified personnel visual access from outside and produces tape record of the evaulation process and use of plastic impressions of questionable areas that can be processed as negatives to produce a positive replicas for outside evaluation and future reference.
Physical inspections such as liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, eddy current, in-place metallography, ultrasonic examination (would require developement of unique procedures), and field metal analysis equipment (portable mass spectrometer) can be used to evaulate material grade and acceptability. In addition some destructive examination such as scrappings and small diameter plugs can be removed for chemical analysis. Larger pipe wall material samples, above 2"_ x 2". can be removed for mechanical property testing.
These methods would require engineering evaluation of the extent to which applicable codes or standards permit repairs and modifications (e.g. may require an ASME code case).
Different methods of gaining access to the pipe such as through valves (disassemble the valve allowing access through valve), small or identical branch connections (access through an accescible branch), limited excavation, and open ended lines will be utilized.
Our preliminary analysis of embedded and buried safety related pipe indicates a total of 3678 linear feet and 845 welds in the service water cycled condensate and fuel pool cooling and cleanup systems.
In total this represents less than.4% of the total piping on the project. Of this total less than 500 linear feet are embedded in concrete. All of this piping is for low pressure service with a design pressure less than 200 psig. A program to perform an early documentation review of this inaccessible pipe is being developed so that the condition of-weld and material traceability and quality is known at an early date. We will keep you advised of progress in this area.
Pagn 2 of 2 4
ATTACHMENT 3 (Continued)
- 2) Concrete Structures:
Available physical verification techniques are:
- 1) hammer testing to locate prior consolidation areas, hollow / voids. and poor repair work; 2) concrete strength tests such as schmidt hammer, winsdor prode. or selected core samples (e g. 2" size which is destructive but can be repaired easily); 3) rebar location by use of sonic and/or radar units (not suitable for use in congested rebar areas), some of these units may distinguish between different size bars such as a #8 or #11 but not necessarily between a #10 and #11 bars; 4) some radiographic methods could be developed that would have limited application at providing a definable rebar pattern.
Application limits are based on source size, concrete thickness, and accessibility.
- 3) Electrical Equipment:
Available physical verification techniques are:
- 1) Meger testing for motors and electrical cable 2) use of time domain reflectometer to identify discontinuity 3) signal tracing to determine cable routing 4) high POT testing for capacity testing of equipment such as transformers: and 5) oil test (s) of electrical equipment oil reservoirs for conductivity and chemical residue that may indicate a breakdown of internal components.
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