ML20049A508
| ML20049A508 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Crane  |
| Issue date: | 03/31/1981 |
| From: | Hickey C Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8104070188 | |
| Download: ML20049A508 (28) | |
Text
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t to ihe Aquatic riot.i moi ! is!,e cies Cun..
m...,
of the Su:quchanna River fiora iln-19/9 Accident at Three flile Island I uclear Station et s >-
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C 1.. nce R. liicicy,.1r.
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'ij f o e i.', - :otal Engineering Cec.w h d,
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Ol t ice of l'ucle.ar l'eact ca I:. ;oliit ion
,jP b
ti. S. I'oclur Rcgulat ory Co.,ission m
'w hington, D.C.
20555 ABSTRACT
.ics of the r. crc atia.,al fishcry of the f o<.qu. hanna River near Three E'an "ile Islmi !!oclear St at icn c'uring the post accident year of 1979 are
- t.. ; > r.d taith thaae of the five year pre-accident period 1974-1978.
t'o.dhly c;nd.anual fishing effort essentially were normal during 1979.
!'i.". sis (fic.hes act ually kept) and indices of h:;n.'>t success tcere at i.. c. ti Icw lcvels for five rcnths (and on.in ; rro.tl basis) af ter the act L':nt.
The ac.c. hly harvest indices grc.. nlly i:.i rosed with tice until.oia.al Irvels t. re sticined ducir.g t':e diGh post-accidant conth (Sep t.. - hc r).
The.fept. > sod harvests did nat n sult frc:n water quality, ecological, or radiological causes attributatile to the accident.
Changes in angler harvest lichatior and low retention rates for all the najor fishery species were the prir.ary contributors to the poor harvest success of 1979.
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Th2 gr.411 r. ca a y of t he r oot hly hai vost s to noi cal levels folic... d the wae 9. ntral trend as the perception of threat and concern with c,..issions felt by the people living near Three Ilile Island.
Alth:njh the 1979 annual harvest was poor and most of the fishing year was disrupted (in terms of conthly harvests), recovery during the same year along tzith nmal levels of fishing ef fort sugy:st that the accidrat-relat ud ef fects en the fit!.uy were t c,ym ary.
INlft'DUC110N On 'a'nc< day, Ihrch 28,1979, at 4:00 A.M., scveral '.zater pumps stopped wcrhing in the Unit 2 nuclear pcwer plant at Three 11ile Island !!uclear Station.
Thus began the series of cvents that escalated into the worst accident yet experienced by the nuclear power industry of the United States.
The accident was of critical public concern due to health and safety considerations, about which voch study and documentation has occurred and will be continuing in the fut ure.
To date, the cajor effccts of the accident have been social, econcaic, and psycholegical (or mental health) stresses of the people living in the region surrounding Thice 11ile Island (Kewny, et al.,1979; Flynn,1979; flynn ind Chal.ers, J980; Scranton, et al., 1980; USNRC, 1980 a, 19S0 b).
During the post-accident period of April-July, 1979, the recreational fishery harvest from the Susquehanna River near Three Mile Island was 2
- i j r
- ri:i:
o i
. :c 4 -'~n t 3. :rs of r. o.rd (Ilickey and Sr.. orth,1979).
The h,rmst c.'actirr,s were not the result of ir,mcts to the fish pcpolations fr;:n t!,e accident, but t.cre attrihet. d t o citered fisha,;.an behavior related to their twilr Aje of the co o.r,ve of t he accident and their amrcnnss of lic,uid ielen es to the Riv.:r.
The iesult s of icht hyof.u'nal i.nd fichary simiics for t! e entire post-accident y.'ar of 1979 now are cc:.plete (I,'ardacci et al.,1980).
Therefore, this p:Ter e>.cmines c'ynsics of the recreational fishery during the t otire post-accident year of 1979 in cc. 3.rison iaith those of the fit.-,.,i pre xci 'ent period 1974-1978.
Also discusscd briefly are
-f
r
't" :ies tint enitortd or assessed ascts of the 1: c
'.c,:.li. a ia ic1..t ion to River biota and fishes (therral, chc-mical s
- i. :ic k.f. a1 i isd.ir.yd), as well as applicable results of social and
- m. 31.-) il
,ti c.s >t udies of the pecple living near Three Mile Island.
f 2 ih0DS /J.'D DATA SEWfS r
coal i h'.ig in the S: sqc u hr n:2r Three l'ile Island o c o: 5 a ;'m Ycrk I'.u t a i'and. et ihn ': n>trc< n sides of red 11ill Dam z!.d Ys r(
l..,n P:;m, and in the t ailrace area of the hydroelectric station (Fig.ce '.).
Argl r ercel
...ess hace M en coaducted at all feur 3
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I.d c.i,
,ic ;1,.al.1: ns '.. r. m... ; - J r_
at biologiril t im'j due to the loc 6 tion of the po.a r plant there ind ih. to t!.e r.;tential for i:: cadiate effects fiom plant operation on the Pc..d biota.
Although all four survey arcas will be discussed generally, this analysis will focus on the Pond fishury.
Poving creel surveys that have Isen 4 i..!ac t ed by boat on tvo weekend i!:ys and two ucekdays par conth cinte 1974 by P.itter et al. (1975) and Pardacci et al. (1976,19//,1978,19/9, l'.00) are the prirary sources of data used in this assers><nt.
l! nefore, data are asailable for five pre-accident years (1974-}9/S) and for the post-accident year of 1979.
On each rur.y date,.c.gler intervic..s were conducted during three 4-hour p in k:
Cu00-1300 bcurs; ]301-1i00; and 1701-M00.
The data obtair..:d are c.'nsidered to be "ii. con;,lete" since they represent statistics for the ti.;e-fislied-until-interviewed for each angler, rather t!an the recults of cea.pleted fishing trips by anglers.
The data colloci d ucre statistically tre8ted and espandi'd to obtain annual estic 'es of fishing J foit, catch, eod harsest.
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l!.e York Scn rond of the Susquehanna River
.nid it.e loca t ions of:
Three Mile Island; the d." s l':at f :r' the Pand; and the facilitics that rtintr i!'at e t.
s,e of t!.e Later resources of t he rend.
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U:e fnnler.s Engler residcnce during 1979 (for all cis el t urcry areas conbined) t ns af smt EDT frem York and Dc ghin C%nties, /; i... cast er County, and 9,';
Co.' ;rl nd County.
York I's...:n P md o ;1ert pr Iminantly 1eie fro'i York
(.2.C ), Piuchin (39.), Fe brl nd (1/%), l..n.f icr (E),.nd l ehEnon (6%)
Ce nties.
Eleven other Pc.asyhenia c..uat i s..ci e repi escnted by ang-1ers fi: hing in ti.e cieel < urvcy srea.
Out of state c.nglers also 1:ere r o t ed, b ut t' cy ice re few i n r.: '. '.:a r.
L'o significaat changes in ar.gler i esidance sec.i e noted daring 1979 (!'ard.3cci et al.,1950).
Of the aglers intervic4:ed during 1979, abaut 6V repartcd that they ate their hu;w,t (or at least sc:ae of it), 25.; relcased all they caught, and 10% did et'. cruise (relcased and cave aay; g u e away only; and other u.h fin d eses).
Ocerall, during 1979 (all faur crcel t urvey areas),
- 5. 85 of i' e 1 A rs ' !10 r. s,v
- d to e,
.1 :e.as.'uring t ' e crcel survey reported th3t t hey chage:d the use of their catt.hes af ter the I arch 28 accident U':: J wei et al., liEO).
TFey reported eating t!.eir harvests (or at least ; art of tha) prior to the accident, !'ut doing ethan ise afIer ihe accident.
Of the anglers 1.ho reportcii that they reltased or gn e zi.ay iheir catches and harvests, abcut 18". -iatcd iSat prior io the M cih nt, they ate their harvest (or at le.St c e of il L P..ta on 6
alteied uses are init wail..ble for each separate creel survey area.
!!c taver, the Pelaisylvania fish CcLaission Waterway Patrolman who patrols the York County side of York llaven Pond noted a large proportionate return (unquantified) of angler catches to the Pond following the accident and t! roughout 1979 (personal coaunication, Warren Singer, fenm.,ylvenia fish Cc..aission).
i%rithly, Scaconal,.jnd_fanual_ fjshing. Ef fort fishing ef fort on the York !!aven Pond (in terms of nt.ber of anglers, hours fished, and hours fished per fishing trip) essentially was noimal during 1979.
The only departure frca historic trends was during July and August, when the mean Icngths of fishing trips were 10-12% less than the minima of record and 19-24% less than the conthly mean values during corresponding pre-accident i..anths.
The sui.or nonths have been those during which the longest fishing trips of the year occur.
The noSer of anglers interviewed en the Pond relative to the total for all four creel survey areas was lower than normal during April, liay, and Septeder and above norral for L'eter.ber 1979.
The number of hours fished on the Fond relative to the area-wide total was below normal dur-ing April 1979, t ut within the normal range for each succeeding post-accident roonth.
7
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On in annual basis, the. fishing effort on the Pond during 19/9 was within the range of values recorded during the five pre accident years (T.-ble1).
!!owever, during 1979, angler participation increased at other areas and was at a record high annual level at the hydrostation i
(thrdacci et al.,1980).
i f
The Icw levels of relative fishing effort on the Pond is=ediately following the accident might be associated with increased effort at other neai,y areas.
It thus appears that during 1979, angler partici-pation in the river fishcry near Three 1111e Island was at normal-to-high levels ielative to the five pre-accident years of record.
i lbothly and Seasenal Indices of Catch and liarvest i
The om..ber of fish caught per angler hour of fishing effort and the rmLer of fish caught per angler (or per fishing trip) on the Pond dur-ing 1979 were lower than normal only during May.
During all other post-cccident months, the values were either normal or above normal.
The catches on the Pond relative to the total area-wide catches were at a record low level during April, at low-normal level during I'ay and June, and norual levels thereafter during 1979.
The nuabers of fish harvested (fish actually kept) per angler hour of effort on the Pond were at recor'd low levels during the post-accident 1
months of April (no fish harvested), May and June and within historical 8
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The number of fi:,h harvested per fishing trip stere record low values for the post-accident ruonths of April, l'ay, June and August, with July equal to the low value of record for that month (Figure 3).
The retention rates (percent of the catch actually kept) were record low values during each post-accident conth frca April through August, with nonra1 values for the remainder of 1979 (Figure 4).
During April, no fish caught in the Pond were kept by anglers, all were returned.
The retention rate cppeared nearly to recover to normal pre-accident levels during July, but was again.
depressed in August, before full recovery in September.
Sirailar July-August patterns also occurred for the indices of harvest per hour and harvest per angler.
The harvests from the Pond relative to the total arca-vide harvests were record low values for the post-accident months of fpril, liay, June and August, with normal values during other Fenths.
A decrease in the relative harvest index from July to August occurred, similar to the other harvest indices.
The reduced relative catch and harvest indices for the Pond probably result from a combina-tien of depressed retention rates for the Pond along with increased angler participation at the other three crcel survey areas (and only nor.nal participation on the rond),
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MONTHS Figure 3.
Mean nu,T.bers of fish harvested per cng'.er (or per fishing trip) on the York Haven Pond during the months of April through Nover:her 1979 (solid line) crd 197a-l?73 fb rAer. i i r.e, s ho. i r.g tr.e 5-yea r
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AN20t13d L.
Annual Catch eind ihnest During 1979, the principal catches and harvests from the York llaven Pond are estimated to have been as follows:
9 Caught liarvested
/
Sj'ecies flo.
flo.
Snallcouth bass 4,958 GS. 6 1,180 58.8 Sunfishes 997 12.9 209 10.4 Channel catfish 751 9.9 292 14.5 Rock bass 751 9.9 292 14.5 Total:
all species 7,556 100 2,009 100 The total estimated catch from the Pond during 1979 was within the range for previous years, while the hai.'est was a record low, being 9.7% below the minimum of record and 25.6% below the five year pre-accident mean number of fish harvested (Table 1).
On an annual basis, both the catch per angler hour and the fish caugh per trip on the Fond during 1979 were within the ranges recorded for pre-accident years.
The annual indices of harvest per hour and harvest per l
fishing trip were record low values, 7.1% and 12.5% respectively below i
i the pre-accident minima of record (Table 1).
The annual retention rate i
(percent harvested) for 1979 also was a record low, being 14.2% less 14 f
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i..tti.es ad h.itests are m de.
Thns, the harve.,t r<'orti.:s
(!,,t nocut i al i : ring the first few post-accident r;.onths were t uificient to pieduce a i.e ord low level of harvest for the entin e fisliing ye ar of J'n9.
The harvest indices for 1979 appear to have been infin?ncol by large c6tches of ruallr.out h bass and raaderate catches of the ot her,:njor
- j.tcies, with lornor:ral retention rates for smallr ath bass (23.6%) and chtnnel catfish (38.PI) 'nd recci d icw t.,r. cal harves ts. nd ret ent ion rstes for rach bar.s (38.F..).,nd su.ifishes (21.3%).
f.'o ether year had such :4 c s -;l.c-t oai d low i. t cation i ates for all t he major f ishery s
- g c;cs.
". '.ahnce and catch per tifort data froa biological strdies m.;. L t h4.:alle:.uit h b <ss and sunfishes were in low abund. ace in 1979, hile t.mL l' ass and ths.:ncl catfish '. cre relet:vely -d.:ndant
(*ar.*ccci et al., 19f0).
T!.e barvest indices of 19'i1, inf1: ' ed pri-
,:arily :y 1e
.-l..md.,nce, 1:wge c.4t cFc s, cad peur h,. r t r.it e: of IL311o th b'(s, evegests a large recatch rate of r n ica:.ly crught Ind retui r.ed fish.
Post-Accident iisherv Sec-ary T!.e foregeing ana!yde> suggest that 1979 eas an sb:.
.il i h:rg,t t ar on the Yorh Hasen Pend with respect to harvests, i.e., 'un e t-
- 'd in.iices 15
of harwst success
..re at record low levels.
The fishing effort expr.nded during 19/9 on the Pond was within the range observed for previcus years, but the harvest success was lower than that which might hate been expected during a normal year with comparable effort.
During the r.onths following the accident, the Icvels of fishing effort and the indices of catch success were normal, except for a few deviations.
!bucver, the in fices of harvest success were at record low levels with j
nor.:.a1 valuas not attained for all indices until September, six nonths after the accidant.
The harvest reduction might have bcen influenced in part by Icw abundance of some fish species; but the overall poor retention rates and the patterns of record low monthly harvest indices that gradually improved with time following the accident are not explainable by biological or population abundance data alone.
l The observed changes in angler behavior and catch retention noted above appear to have been the major contributor to the record low harvest success cnd abnormal fishing year of 1979.
This is discussed further in the folicwing section, s
EFFECTS OF THE ACCIDENT ON THE FISHERY Releases to the River of liquid radioactive natorial during and following the accident totaled less than one curie of all radioactive products.
Negligible amounts of tritium were released.
The releases, although 16 i
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of
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- :.in
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- t I
a i,f ",e : RC t oe losie.a1 '.p; i. i ficol ions (Rugovin and f ri."plon, l',C0; N:':RC l',20 a).
'::r,e of the liquid radioactive wastes in t!.c Unit 2 aue.iliary, fuel handling, and reactor containment buildings vere ielm 'ed during 1979.
Therefore, the quant ity of radioactive c.aterial in liquid ef fluents thus far i.:lc. sed as a iesult of the I; arch 23 accident are
- ot significant (.%govin aid fr yton, 10i0).
E:. ginning in early t.pril 1979, gut tissue cini fie:h of a variety of finfish species,,are collected frcm the Fucqi..ha,ma River and i cper Chesapcake Bay a!,d analyzed for the
(.. ' t :me of r. 'iene:l iiles (!2 Lean, 1979).
/,quatic vceetation, bottom st :nts, a..d Che opi.c.i.e Bay shellfishes (blue crab and cysicr) also re =nilyx.d.
"crolt.s thret.gh h'ove:mber 1979 indicated thcre vas no d % c.: r.dbla r. 'icactivity and no apparent inciemant of radioactivity that. 4n be et u it.oted to di> charges frea Three liile Island h'uclear Station.
The n.ir.um doses that a person trould have ecceived by eating fish fi e:a t he Susquehanna Riur..: re calculeted b:-sed on liquid releases
- f. cm The re 11ile Island during t! e pericd Msrch 28 ff3y 11,1979 (l!ShRC, M.30 a).
The.nalysis no: cd a t nns-, tion rate of 0.25 kg (about l
or,a-half pc :nd) of fish per real, twice a day, for a 60-day period.
The resultine total dase was wcli Niew NRC li:aitalicas for protection of I
the public (l% RC, IMO a).
i l
i C.e. rat ing conditions of the rwie.4r station during ar.d folleang the f
accident result ed in the r.;u.c of 'sh aral million gsllcns of t r,ated l
I l
17
\\
l l
l
1 t
i. :m t cial ef flocals t o t he Su'pthanna River.
Cot h the v.ical.uid ther. mal ef flounts score maint.$ined within the limitation establish 6d by the NPDES peiait ting.iuthority (Cenaonwealth of Pennsylvania) and were within the Lcuads of those analyzed during impact assesst.,ents prior to Unit 2 operation.
!!aintenance of the required quality of non radiological liquid ef fluents appears not to inve b. en icpaired as a result of the accident (iiickey and S
.ccrt h,1979).
Since effluent limitations were not violated, impacts to equatic biota of the River were not expected.
Post-arcident acscssments and biological studies confirmed the absence of :ny ecclegical ef fects attributable to the accident (liichey und h..a 1.h, l'R9; !!ardacci et al.,1980).
1 The initial post-accidant assessment of the recreational fishery acted iccm d low harvest indices for the York Haven Pond throudh July 1919
(!!ictey and S.niorth, 1979).
The changes were attributed to altered.
fishing behavior due to the anglers' awareness of the' accident and the releases of liquid industrial wastes tu the Susquehanna River.
Reduced harv...ts tzere not attributed to altered stater quality of the River or to ecological impacts to River biota from the accident.
This assesscent has examined the recreational fishery for the entire post-accident year of 1979 and defined reduced harvests beyond July and also on an annual basis.
Angler participation and fishing effort on the Pond scere within historic levels, while both were increased at other "A
18 e
~
v 4
9 w ie us
\\i i V g
J 9
i.
, T.,
a, il t'
- i. n. :i h r J he n c 1..r
. M ot nor I he yol ine s'.or1 rae i.p.
i.,iod i q iog t he d. ar drit n. d inglers fi zi utiliz ing the River dur i:.i; t he
- . ot,4rcid nt i..ont hs of 1979.
Since the fishery there prirarily is a i
'11ecal onec(that is, i.iost anglers live cit hin 70 uiles and are resid. nts
'of the t emties bcrdaring the Riser), <.ngicrs do not have to trael long
.T.
. dist inces to pursue their r;..rt.
this i'. coM,1 'i:d ',cith the i sfiate i
f and 6dverse ef fects that the
,a.idmt henf on tourism in the ll.irrisburg g
s, lad south-central Pennsylvania u na (f lynn and Chal!.:rs,1900; Sci. nt on, b30).
1 i
!i e post-t_cciiMnt d<preraien in ".anthly fishery h;rcest indices cual the
- :n arly f ull i. cosery by July f olli.ed the swe general trend as the per-s.
teptiJn of thecat felt by the pcpolat.e living n"ar (s.ithin 15 miles)
Three ;ile Isl<.nd.
The rchlic's roncern with e:nissions from the nuclear m.
' ~ *iaticn cad the p rceptian of ihicat icare greatest daring the accident, Sut by lat e July ' oth h3d.'ecreased relative to le~.cls during the accident
- i (ll nn ad CI
'..ars, l'A O).
Siailarly, 00^< vf ibe i.cr:ans re;puding to 3
t,vastioning raid t hat their at t is iiics. hiring.luly 1979 s.ere uncF.nyd by s
t he accic.ent or tat e Incl to n,w:.al (fl;,nn, E;9; F1.
and Chairers, 3
a30).
The 6 gleis 1ha u e the riter near Three I;ile Island rrcdomi-
~
v atly are local resider.t ; therefore, it is understandable that the P
' :-hed chngas in pest aci i ! cot harvest patterns folleized the same w
~s f,
.e: al trend as the local public' - perception of threSt frer the
~
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f l
, s
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+
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m.
o 1.
r,
. f e.,
'l :" i. T.
1 1 :.y
. ni s i
3 t h it U.i. c.ti n (or. ;,u ur 1 o t !n.'at an) only t he iver envirc rr.ent.ind n,t the u.:.;ral ;.polation of the site vicinity.
Ducing late July 19/9, ahoot 4,&.~0 callons of teater 5.eio released from T!a ce liile Island to the Susqw L ana River.
Although the. ele.ne pot.c.i no threat to public f, alth or safety, it cas r. ;.o i: d to be "sli).1 ly radioactive".md was
.,idely publicin d by the n,us. dia..i oond /.:.sust 1.
II.is elicited the receipt of inquiries (leti. irs md phone calls) by various Pennsylvania resaurce ccencies fro.i. ale s concerned with radioactive vaste and the cafe cc :.c ption of P.in r fish (personal cccmunication, Larry Jiickson, Arca fisheries I'm.iger, Pc nnsylvania Fish Coc qission).
The reduction in harve.t i. lit es for n. gust af ter a nearly full recovery to nornal levels in July..iif.t !.e.d t.ri! utable (at least in part) to the release event daring 1mte July - carly T.ugust.
This group specific behlvior is e cosi.. at.. it h st udy result s..hich det.onstrate that recreational fish-ciran a e...ccially senditive to and concerned with environmental quality (. :ler pollution, st ro alteration, ctc. ) and,nnsger.ent pro-
- h.s a...ti:.-d wit h ads ersa enti. ;i.:.antal cajitions (:beller and Ercellin, 19/2; I M ning, 1979).
The es ntial c. ;n, eats ef a iecreational fi>hery are threefold:
the fish; their ensiio.. cot er h.Witat; and the people who depend on the fish popul;.t ic.ns--t he anglers (St roud,1975).
Therefore, a fishery is dependent en all thece (e penents and if any one is altered, the quality 20
-- N
of
o i i i. t j 4 ! :.
r.n f.e.iI!.
.l.
Iho y., I i t y.. f ' ' a.,
t
.t f I* !.c s y of Ycs R 'is, en.%d was alii i ed, soit t h omb acc id nt. rel.-h d altciat ion of the fish pcpolat ions or their aquatic environ ant, but by i.funges in the fishet:Jin ccm,ponent through perception of redt'ced i nvii on,..ent al or fish quality and ch.:nges in harvest behavior.
Perception., of threat sod alt. i cd :, ort f ishery he.rvest paticrns leve acto.cpanied other types of envirom.ent.il events associated with equi, tic r ent c.oi n a nts.
During the tiid-l'JiO's, the inwet icide 1.cpone vas found to I, ave rent.in;t.d pcrtions of the h.e.
River, Virginia, a tributary of the le.or Chese,;._,Le Bay.
Krpane residues stere found in Jc es River biota, including blue crabs, oysters, and bluefish (Schirisel et al.,
19/9).
cub
.cently, cc:. ;crcial h.u vest ing was closed in the James River (cli cud, 1976) ;nd recreational fiuhing was perioitted on a catch nd rclease basis unly (!! art in, 19/8).
During 1976, sport fishery chai ter l aat t.:ptains from t he le;cer l'iry land partions of Chesapeate Bay report ed nany trip caacellations doe to, ogler concerns with contam-inated bluefish.
Tiip cancellat ions m ong chai ter beats based around the Ano3 polis area ware minimal, ! nt ses cral prive.te !' cat fisherman at Chmprate Frach, l%ryland (more than IN 6,iiles north or up-Eay frea the A :cs River), ';ere ryorted to hae reica rd bleefish eciching up to five rounds due to their concern with kepone contamination (Speir, et al., 1977).
Problems with other aquat ic cont.minants such as PCBs, c.m ury, and rairex also have produccJ concern a:0ng anglers in various 21
ai nas of the U. S.
ml ! ive re:ulted in altered angler p.irtir.ipation in sport fishing. Uell-intentioned publicity associated with such events l
l often has contributed to the reduction in angler participation, cepecially aoong the occasional or less-dedicated an0 ers (ILrtin,1978).
l The situations cbove differ frc:a the cne at Three liile Island in that cont:-minants and potential public health and environmental problems were identified.
T!ose resulted in reductions in both harvest and angler participatien (voluntary or mandatory).
At Three liile Island, no such health or aquatic caviron..: ental probleus occurred and only harvest, not angler participation, vas noticably af fected.
Indices of harvest success i.ere deprested for five months follcuing the accident, but slowly irgroved to pre.:tcident levels during the sixth conth.
Althcogh the 1979 ai.nual harvest was poor and most of the fishing year was disrupted (in terms of monthly harvests), recovery during the same ycar along with normal levels of fishing effort suggest that the accident-related ef fects on the fishcry stere te:rporary.
Rccovery c., pears to have been related to the local public's decreasing concern and perception of threat with time following the accident.
22 e
L_.
ACKf 0WI LOG"Lill5 f.ppreciation to the follo'.cing !!RC staf f is acknowledged for revicu and cer :ent on t his ennu;cript:
Ronsld L. llallard, Charles W. Billups, Thac.as D. Cain, and Ro!'ert B.
E._.torth.
^3
.I i
1.IlERATURE CITED Flynn, C. 8. 1979. _Three ltile Island telephone survey.
Preliminary repart.on procedures and findings.
iURfG/CR-1093.
Prepared for the USNRC by !!auntain !! cst Research, Inc., Tempe, Arizona.
44 p. plus appendices.
l Flynn, C. B. and J. A. Chalraers.
1980.
The social and economic effects of the accident at Three liile Island.
!!UREG/CR-1215.
Prepared for the US!?RC by !!cuntain llest Research, Inc. and Social Ir. pact 4
Research, Inc., Tempe, Arizona.
99 p.
Ilickey, C. R., Jr. and R. B. Sar,xorth.
1979.
flon-radiological consequences to the aquatic biota and fisheries of the Susquehanna-River from the 1979 accident at Three Ilile Island !!uclear Station.
Of fice of fluclear Reactor Regulation, USNRC,1lashington, 4
D.C.
98 p.
i I
Kcmeny, J. G. (Chairman) et al.
1979.
Report of the President's Commission on the accident at Three liile Island.
U.S. Government Printing Office,1lashington, D.C.
179 p.
5 i
f 24 i
c i
.c e-
-.*,,~,,.-..,y,
,p.
-,w.n,_
.,,,,,r.,-.--,.,,,,,,.%.
+.,y.w,..
.,w
+
ISnnieg, R. E.
1979.
Behavioral characteristics of fisho w n and o
o'her recreationists on four Voimont Rivers.
Transactions of the Ar.arican Fisheries Society.
10S(6):53G-541.
f*artin, R. G.
1978.
Icpacts of aquatic contaminants on angling.
SFI Bulletin !!o. 293.
Sport Fishing Institute, !!ashington, D.C.
8 p.
fici.can, R. I.
1979.
Gamma-cmitting radionuclide activities of Susquehanna River and upper Chesapeake Bay samples.
lier,iorandum (1 p),
tabular data (5 p), and charts (3 p).
Energy Administration, Department of !!atural Resources, Ann ~ polis, Itaryland.
l'oeller, G.11. and J.11. Engelken.
J '. What fishermen look for in a fishing experience.
Journal of Wildlife Itanagement.
36(4):1253-1257.
flardacci, G. A. and Associates.
1976.
An ecological study of the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of the Three liile Island Nuclear Station.
Supplecental Report for 1975.
Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Etters, PA.
249 p.
Nardacci, G. A. and Associates.
1977.
An ecological study of the Susequehanna River in the vicinity of the Three liile Island Nuclear Station.
Supplemental Report for 1976.
Ichthyolo0ical Associates, Inc., Itters, PA.
413 p.
i 1-25 e
l r,,--,,
n
..,-.----,..--n.w,-
.,.,n-,.,.n..,.v- -., -,,
..,m
,-,-w
thrdacci, G. A. and Associates.
1978.
An ecological study of the e
Susequeh::nna River in the vicinity of the Three Mile Island Nuc1 car Station.
Annual Poport for 1977.
Ichthyological Associates, Inc.,
Etters, PA.
685 p.
f.'ardacci, G. A. and Associates.
1979.
An ecological study of the Susquchanna River near the Threeilile Island Nuclear Station.
Annual Report.for 1978.
Ichthyological ?ssociates, Inc., Etters, PA.
721 p.
thrdacci, G. A. and Associates.
1930.
An ecological study of the Susquehanna River near the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. Annual Report for 1979.
Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Etters, Pennsylvania.
705 p.
Potter, W. A. and Associ tes.
1975.
An ecological study of the Susquehanna River in the vicinity of the Three Mile Island Nuclear.
Station.
Supplcmental Report for 1974.
Ichthyological Associates, Inc.,
Ettcrs, PA.
209 p.
Rogovin, M. and G. T. Frar.pton, Jr.
1980.
Three Mile Island.
A report to the cer...nissioners and the public.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Special Inquiry Group.
Volume II, Part 2.
Washington, D.C.
26 e
Schir.:el, S. C., J. M. Pati ick, Jr., L. F. Faas, J. L. Oglesby, und A. J. Wilson, Jr.
1979.
Kepone:
toxicity and bicaccumulation in blue crabs.
Estuaries.
2(1):9-15.
Scranton, W. W. III (Chairman).
1980.
Report of the Governor's Ce a ission on Three Mile
- Island.
!!arrisburg, Pcansylvania.
211 p.,
Speir, H. J., D. R. Ucinrich, and R. S. Early.
1977.
1976 Maryland Chesarcake Bay sport fishing curvey.
Fisheries Ad.iinistration,!!aryland Orphi tr.eut of !!atural Resources, Annapolis, Maryland.
99 p.
Stroud, R. H.
1975.
Behavior of anglers.
SFI Bulletin No. 268.
Sport Fishing Institute, l'ashington, D.C.
8 p.
Stroud, R. H.
1976.
Kepone /mirex contamination.
SFI Bulletin No. 280.
Sport fishing Institute, Washington, D.C.
8 p.
U.S. f;ucicar Regulatory Ccamission.
1980 a.
Report to the Nuclear.,
Regulatory Commission from the staff panel on the. Commission's determination of an extraordinary nuclear occurrence (EtiO).
Office of the Executive Director for'0perations, USNRC, 4
~
Washington, D.C.
I i
8 4
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1
.s-nt ro,.: (.. it. mn Li.in of ;l.e Iln t e l'ile h.1.vJ Unit 2 i. wt_ ur
!'uilding a t- ' t i l. : ce.
':UREG 0552, '/ol. J.
t> fice of !!., clear R.'
c.t.;r ik gulation, U5!.RC, t'ashington, D.C.
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