ML20039D956
| ML20039D956 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Clinch River |
| Issue date: | 11/30/1980 |
| From: | ENERGY IMPACT ASSOCIATES |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20039D944 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8201060373 | |
| Download: ML20039D956 (150) | |
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l AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYS AUGUST 1980 CLINCH RIVER BREED 5R REACTOR PLANT SITE Prepared for CLINCH RIVER BREEDER REACTOR PLANT PROJECT SAFETY DIVISION OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE l November 1980 l l Ene:gy Impact Associates P. O. Box 1899 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230 l l
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title Page i Table of Contents ii List of Figures iv List of Tables v 1.0
SUMMARY
l 1.1 Aquatic Ecology Reconnaissance Survey 1 1.2 Terrestrial Ecology Reconnaissance Survey 2
2.0 INTRODUCTION
6 3.0 AQUATIC ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY 8 3.1 Procedures 8 3.1.1 Field Procedures 8 3.1.1.1 Sampling Locations 8 3.1.1.2 Field Methodology 10 3.1.2 Acquisition P 1cedures for Current Information 10 3.2 Results of the Field Reconnaissance 11 3.2.1 Bathymetry 11 3.2.2 Substrate 15 3.2.3 Macrophytes 18 3.3 Current Information 20 3.3.1 Water Quality, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, Plankton and Periphyton 20 3.3.2 Fish 20 3.4 Conclusions 22 4.0 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY 23 4.1 Procedures 23 4.1.1 General Visual Observations 23 4.1.2 Vegetation Plot Sampling 24 4.1.3 Wildlife Observations 24 (Continued) ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 4.1.4 Acquisition Procedures for Current Information 25 4.2 Results of the Field Reconnaissance 25 4.2.1 General Observations 25 4.2.1.1 Forest Management Disturbances 25 4.2.1.2 Pre-Construction Disturbances 26 4.2.1.3 Special Site Features 26 4.2.2 Vegetation Data 27 4.2.2.1 Importance Values and Species Presence 28 4.2.2.2 Diversity Indices 28 4.2.3 Wildlife Observations 36 4.3 Current Information 36 4.3.1 Oak Ridge Forest Management Plan and Plant Species 38 4.3.2 Wildlife 40 4.4 Conclusions 40
5.0 REFERENCES
42 ( APPENDIX A SITE VEGETATION PAP AND LEGEND 46 i i 1 l l iii
t LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 2-1 Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site and Vicinity 7 3-1 L'ocation of Transects for Sampling BoL;om Substrate (Numbered 1 through 6) and for Bathymetric Profiling (Lettered A through G) in the Clinch River, August 19, 1980 9 3-2 Bathymetric Profiles of the Clinch River Near the Proposed Location of the Water Intake 12 3-3 Bathymetric Profiles of the Clinch River Near the Proposed Location of the Wastewater Discharge 13 3-4 Bathymetric Profile of the Clinch River Near the Proposed Location of the Barge Unloading Area 14 4-1 Shannon-Weaver Diversity Indices (H') of Overstory and Understory Species Densities for Each Vegetative Community Sampled on the Clinch River ~ Site 33 4-2 Shannon-Weaver Diversity Indices (H') of Ground Cover Species Densities for Each Vegetative Community Sampled on the Clinch River Site 34 iv
LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 3-1 Results of Ponar Grab Sampling in the Clinch River, August 19, 1980 16 3-2 Aquatic Macrophytes Observed in the Clinch River, August 19, 1980 19 l l 4-1 Ground Cover Vegetation Data for the Clinch River Site - l Shortleaf Pine Plantation (1976) - August ?8, 1980 29 l 4-2 Understory Vegetation Data Summary for the Clinch River l i Site - Shortleaf Pine Plantation (1976) - August 28, 1980 30 l 4-3 Floristic List of Plant Species Observed in the Short-l leaf Pine Plantation (1976) - August 28, 1980 31-32 4-4 Significant Wildlife Species Observations on the Clinch River Site - August 27-28, 1980 37 4-5 Summary of New Plant Taxa Collection and Sighting Records for Roane County and the Five County Region Surrounding the Oak Ridge Reservation 39 v
SECTION 1.0
SUMMARY
Limited aquatic and terrestrial field reconnaissance surveys were conducted by Energy Impact Associates (EIA) on the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant (CRBRP) site and on the Clinch River adjacent to the site in August 1980 to identify ap-parent, significant changes since the 1974-75 baseline survey (CRBRP Environ-mental Report, Section 2.7). Additionally, new data, since 1975, obtained from availabl.e literature and personal contacts were reviewed. 1.1 AQUATIC ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY A one-day aquatic ecology field reconnaissance survey was conducted August 19, 1980 with the assistance of Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) personnel and equipment. The field effort focused on a description of.the physical habitat conditions of the river, in terms of bathymetry and general substrate character. Aquatic organisms incidentally encountered were also noted but not quantita-tively sampled. Bathymetric profiles of the Clinch River were obtained at the proposed intake, discharge and barge unloading areas using a recording fathometer. Results of this effort indicate that the Clinch River bottom profiles changed only slightly at the proposed intake and discharge locations from 1975 until 1980. At the proposed intake, the eastern side of the river bed appeared to be steeper than noted in 1974-75, whereas at the proposed discharge, the chiinnel on the CRBRP side of the submerged bar was found to be deeper by approximately 6 feet. A bottom profile at the proposed barge unloading facility was also recorded. Since the barge unloading area was relocated since 1974-75, changes in the bottom profile at this location could not be determined. Ponar bottom substrate grab samples indicated that bottom habitats have generally remained nearly the same since 1974-75. The Asiatic clam continues to be locally abundant in some grab samples. Macrophytes (large aquatic plants) were more abun-dant locally in 1980, apparently due to lower water flows, lower turbidity and warmer water temperatures in the Clinch River this ye.ar as compared to 1974-75. I
Based on the ont-day field reconnaissance and review of available literature and personal contacts, it is concluded that: o In general, information examined in this effort did not indi-cate substantial changes in the aquatic ecology of the Clinch River since 1975. Apparent differences are as follows. o There is an apparent increase in copper levels in the river. o Aquatic macrophytes have increased in abundance; however, this l is probably due to unusual weather and is not expected to persist. l l o Two species of fish, the striped bass and the yellow bass, may be more abundant than in 1975. o Sauger, an important game fish, may spawn ir, the section of the river bordering the CRBRP Site; the relative importance of this area for sauger spawning is unknown. o Mature (4 years plus) striped bass in Watts Bar Lake use the Clinch River as a coolwater refuge during the approximate period of mid-July through October. The outside bend of the river between CRM 15 and CRM 17 appears to be a favored location. o The blue sucker, listed as threatened in Tennessee, has been recently collected in Watts Bar Lake, but not in the Clinch River within approximately 15 miles of the Site. 1.2 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY A two-day field terrestrial ecology reconnaissance survey was conducted August 27 , and 28, 1980. Personnel from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and TVA as-sisted with literature acquisition and dascription of changes to the site area. The EIA field effort centered upon visually evaluating disturbed lands 2
on the CRBRP site and examining populations of rare plant species observed dur-ing the 1974 baseline survey period that occurred near the CRBRP intake and discharge areas. The field effort also included sampling a shortleaf pine plantation that was established in 1976 and evaluating wildlife population changes on the CRBRP site based on habitat quality, limited sightings and pub-lished data. The samoled shortleaf pine plantation is designated "shortleaf pine plantation (1976)' in this report, to be consistent with ORNL forest cate-gories. Most of the site rerains essentially as it was in 1974. Small areas disturbed by pre-construction activities have been partially revegetated by natural suc-cession. Forest lands that were thinned, estimated at 550 acres, were moderat'ely disturbed, while an area estimated at 25 acres that was clear-cut and plantec'. with shortleaf pine was substantially changed. Forest management activities occurred a : cording to the Oak Ridge forest management plan. Rare plant species populations near the CRBRP intake and discharge areas rem.ined undisturbed. The lizard's tail population consisted of approximately 200 indi-viduals near the proposed discharge location, while the Carey's saxifrage population consisted of three individuals south of the proposed intake location. Vegetation data obtained in the shortleaf pine plantation (1976) indicated low cover, low diversity and moderate tree growth. ' Diversity indices were low as expected for a young forest stand. Wildlife activity during the survey period was low due to a severe local drought. However, published data indicated increasing whitetail deer popula-tions for the Oak Ridge, Reservation (ORR) as a result of hunting protection and abundant food. Wild turkeys were reported te be present and increasing on the ORR. Sobcat prcsence was confirmed and the population is increasing. Eastern cougar, listed as endangered in the U.S. and Tennessee, is a possible ORR resi-dent. Eastern cougar and bobcat individuals travel over large areas in search of food. 3
Based on the two-day field reconnaissance and review of available li M rature and personal contacts, it is concluded that: o Vegetation and wildlife on most of the site remains as during the 1974 baseline studies. I o Oak Ridge Reservation forest management activities, that were conducted per the ORR forest management plan, resulted in minor to major disturbances to CRBRP site forests. However, major management activities on the site are not expected again for at least 5 years. o Weedy plant species and wildlife associated with early succes-sional vegetation have increased in abundance on land di:turbed by pre-construction activities. Approximately 25 acres of disturbed land remains sparse ~.y vegetated. o Whitetail deer and wilJ turkey populations have increased substan-tially since 1974. o Other wildlife populations appear stable over the long-term based on habitat quality. Few species were observed during the survey as a result of drought conditions. o The bobcat and possibly the eastern cougar apparently reside on
- the site , cart of the time. They both have large home ranges on l
the ORR. The eastern cougar is listed as endangered by the state of Tennessee and the U.S. Department of Interior. o Rare plant species observed during 1974 surveys are not expected to be listed as threatened or endangered. Proposals to list three site species as threatened have been withdrawn. 4
o Several wildlife species listed as threatened or endangered by the state of Tennessee occur en the site, as discussed in the CRBRP Environmental Report, Section 2.7.1.4.5. Populatiens of these species are unknown, but habitat utilized by them has not changed significantly as a result of site disturbances. l l l l l , 5
I SECTION
2.0 INTRODUCTION
Since the aquatic and terrestrial ecology field surveys were conducted in 1974 and 1975, ecological changes may have taken place in the Clinch River and on the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant (CCdP) site -(Figure 2-1). The aquatic baseline survey was conducted in 1974-75 and the terrestrial survey in 1974. In order to identify significant changes in the aquatic and terrestrial ecology of the site from that described in the Environmental Report (ER) through Amendment.VIII,U ) the Aquatic Baseline Survey Report (2) and the Vegetational Data Report,(3) limited aquatic and terrestrial field reconnaissance surveys were performed and post-1975 literature and data examined. This effort was not intended to produce quantitative data for definitive comparison with baseline data, but rather to identify apparent, significant changes from baseline con-ditions noted in 1975. Locations of proposed facilities (for example, intake, discharge, barge unloading area and quarry) were determined from the site engineering plan.(4,5) The aquatic field reconnaissance survey was conducted by Energy Impact Associ-ates (EIA) with the assistance of Tennessee Valley Authority-(TVA) personnel , on August 19, 1980 to identify any apparent changes in the Clinch River adjacent to the CRBRP site with a focus on bottom profile (bathymetry) and bottom substrate. A terrestrial reconnaissance survey was conducted by EIA l on August 27 and 28 with the assistance of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and TVA personnel on August 27 to evaluate site changes following timber harvest j in 1975 and pre-construction site disturbances. Site evaluations included visually discernable wildlife population changes, rare plant population changes and vegetation changes on land disturbed by timber harvesting. This report describes results of the one-day aquatic and two-day terrestrial reconnaissance field surveys along with a review of new information obtained since 1975. Apparent significant changes in the aquatic and terrestrial ecology baseline condition since 1975 are discussed in Sections 3 and 4, respectively. References cited are contained in Section 5. For the convenience of the reader, Figure 2.7-6 of the ER(I) (vegetation map and legend) is reproduced in Appen-dix A. 6 l l j i
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SECTION 3.0 AQUATIC ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY Procedures and results of the aquatic ecology reconnaissance survey, including those utilized during the field reconnaissance survey and in obtaining current information (personal communications and literature), are described in the fol-lowing sections. 3.1 PROCEDURES 3.1.1 FIELD PROCEDURES l A one-day field reconnaissance of the Clinch River bordering the site was conducted on August 19, 1980 by EIA, with the assistance of TVA personnel and equipment. The field effort included a visual inspection of the river and description of the physical habitat conditions of the river in terms of bathymetry and general substrate character. Aquatic organisms incidentally encountered were also noted, but no quantitative sampling of organisms was performed. l 3.1.1.1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS Field work was performed at the same approximate locations as were sampled during the aquatic baseline study ( ' ) and included the area near the currently proposed barge unloading facility. Shoreline reference points established for the 1974-75 studies were not found, so minor location variations from the base-line program may have occurred. Bottom samples collected near the proposed intake were later found to have been taken approximately 400 feet downstream of the baseline transect location. 1 Shown in Figure 3-1 are locations of transects for benthic (bottom) sampling (numbered) and for bathymetric profiles (lettered). Bottom samples were col-lected at three points along each of five numbered transects (Transects 1 through 5), approximately 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 cf the river width from the right l 8
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Q Barge Unloading Area T,' CRM 15 + Approximate . W 18 Location Intake of 9 g+,@ l Approximate Location of Discharge CPJi 16 , d CRM 17 M
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+++-O Benthic Transects / Stations l 0 Bathymetry Transects 0 1500 3000 Scale in Feet l Figure 3-1. Location of Transects for Sampling Bottom Substrate
! (Numbered 1 through 6) and for Bathymetric Profiling ! (Lettered A through G) in the Clinch River, August 19, 1980 I , 9 l l l l
bank facing downstream. These points are indicated in Figure 3-1 as short'
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dashes crossing the transect. Near the proposed barge unloading facility location (Transect 6), the bottom was examined only near the right shore (where dredging and other activities would occur), at approxmately'O.1 of the river width distance. Bathymetric profiles were restricted to series near the proposed intake and discharge loc 3tions, and a single profile at the barge unloading area (Fig-ure 3-1). 3.1.1.2 FIELD METHODOLOGY Bathymetric profiles were taken using a boat-mounted Lowrance recording fath-ometer. Accuracy of the fathometer was checked using a calibrated depth chain. Boat speed was maintained as constant as possible during recording periods. River width was estinted to the nearest 50 feet from U.S. Geclogical Survey maps showing the shoreline at river elevation of 741 feet MSL. i Bottom substrate type was sampled using a Ponar grab operated by means of a powered winch. As was the practice during the baseline survey, two to five attempts were made to collect a composite sample at each ' station. Materials collected were visually examined, substrate qualitatively described, and presence of organisms noted. If three attempts yielded no bottom material, it was assumed that the bottom consisted of large rock or other large impene-trable hard surfaces. Observations were also made of visible features of the, aquatic habitat and of submerged macrophyte beds. Samples of several macrophytes were returned to EIA's laboratory for examination. 3.1.2 ACQUISITION PROCEDURES FOR CURRENT INFORMATION The availability of aquatic ecology data collected in the vicinity of the CRBRP site since 1975 was determined through phone and personal contacts with 10
personnel from TVA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), the Tennessee Wild-life Rescurces Agency (TWRA), and Tennessee Technological University (including former graduate students) and through review of available literature and data. Information learned during phone conversations is noted as such unless written materials substantiating the Communication have also been reviewed. 3.2 RESULTS OF THE FIELD RECONNAISSANCE August 19, 1980 was hot, humid and sunny. Thundershowers occurred sporadically in the afternoon. During the period of the field reconnaissance (9:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m.), the river changed according to operation of Melton Hill Dam from zero flow to 10,000 cubic feet per second (cfs).I ) This resulted in a varia-tion in water surface elevation from approximately 740 feet above mean sea level (MSL) to approximately 740.5 feet MSL.(3) In general, the river appeared similar to the descriptions in the ER.II) Shore-lines were generally steep and wooded, with the exception of pastureland on the east side of the river near the proposed intake location. In the wooded areas, fallen trees frequently provided cover close to the shorelines. The water was moderately turbid; for example, the penar grab was visible only within approximately 2 feet of the water surface. 3.2.1 BATHYMETRY Bathymetric profiles of the river near the proposed water intake, discharge and barge unloading facility are presented in Figures 3-2, 3-3 and 3-4, res-pectively. The river bottom near the location of the proposed intake (Figure 3-2) forms a broad river channel with a maximum depth of 23 to 26 feet. A narrow (less than 50 feet in width), shallow (5 feet deep or less) bench occurs along the western shore of the river (on the CRBRP site side). Comparison of Figure 3-2 with Figures 2.5-5 and 2.5-7 of the Environmental ReportO) indicates that 11
Transect A EAST g WEST
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O 100 710 , Note: See Figure 3 1 for Hortrontal $cale of Feet Transect location. 1 I l l I i Figure 3-2. Bathynetric Profiles of the Clinch River Near the I Proposed Location of the Water Intake I l l 12 l l L
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Figure 3-3. Bathymetric Profiles of the Clinch River flear the Proposed Location of the Wastewater Discharge i 1 13
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the bottom is only slightly changed from 1974-1975: the eastern side of the river bed appears to be steeper than that recorded in 1974-75. Profiles taken near the proposed discharge location show the continued pres-l ence of a large submerged bar in the center of the river (Figure 3-3). Com-parison of Figure 3-3 with Figures 2.5-6 and 2.5-8 of the ER(I) indicates that the channel on the northeast side of this submerged bar, that is, the channel nearest the CRBRP site, is currently deeper by approximately 6 feet. These results suggest that some enlargement of the river channel has taken place since 1975, but that subsurface features of the Clinch River are other-wise similar to those of 1974-1975. Differences in results may also be due in part to some variation in the precise measurement points used during the 1980 and 1974-1975 surveys. A bottom profile was also dete mined for the river in the area of the proposed barge unloading facility (Figt . 3-4). In this area, the edges of the river fall steeply to a maximum depth of approximately 23 feet (elevation 717.5 MSL). A small rise (10 feet maximum height above the river bottom) occurs toward the western side of the river. Because the barge unloading area location was changed after the baseline surveys were completed, no previous data for this area are available. Therefore, direct comparison with 1974-75 data is not pos-sible for this location. l 3.2.2 SUBSTRATE Ponar grab samples were collected in locations corresponding to those sampled in the 1974-75 baseline survey,(I) except in the area of the intake where samples were taken approximately 400 feet downstream of the 1974-1975 baseline transect. Samples were also collected near the location of the currently proposed barge unloading facility. Locations are shown in Figure 3-1. The results are summar-ized in Table 3-1. Comparison of these results with Tables 3.0-22 through 3.0-28 in the Aquatic Baseline Survey Report (ABSR)(2) indicates that the bottom substrates have 15
TABLE 3-1 RESULTS OF P0NAR. GRAB SAMPLING IN THE CLINCH RIVER, AUGUST 19, 1980 Tran;ect* Station ** Substratet Organisms 1 0.3 Gravel (4-5 cm) none 0.5 Hard bottom tt none 0.7 Clay, coarse sand .Corbicula shells 2 0.3 Hard bottom,tt some small gravel none
- 0. 5 Hard bottomit Corbicula shells, 2 cm 0.7 Granule,. gravel-boulder Corbicula shells, up to 1.5 cm 3 0.3 Clay .
none 0.5 Sand to gravel (to 7.6 cm) none 0.7 Clay, fine sand 2 live Corbicula, 0.8 and 2.0 cm a 4 0.3 Clay, some 0:ganic matter snail shell; mayfly (Ephemeridae)
. 0. 5 Coarse sand to granule none
-0.7 Coarse sand to granule several live Corbicula, <0.5 cm 5 0.3 Gravel Corbicula shells 0.5 Coarse sand none -
0.7 . Granule, gravel (0.3-1 cm) several live Corbicula, 4 cm; snail shell 6 0.1 Gravel-boulder several live Corbicula, 0. ' cm
- Refer to Figure 3-1 for location.
** Approximate fractions of~ river width from right bank facing downstream.
t Approximate designation following Table-2.7-36 in ER.II)
.it Ponar. grab did not penetrate. substrate.
remained nearly the same since 1974-75. Small differences between these two sampling periods at individual stations are probably due to slight variations in sampling locations or to localized water changes. In no case were the 1980 results inconsistent with the range of observations made at each station during the baseline survey.( } The bottom type near the proposed barge unloading area (Transect 6 on Figure 3-1) had not been evaluated previously. A series of Ponar grabs were taken in this area on August 19, with large rocks (up to 15 cm) being the only bot-tom material recovered. Although it was not the purpose of the reconnaisance survey to sample aquatic organisms, ponar samples were also visually scanned in the field for signs of aquatic life. Live Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) or their shells were collected in several locations (Table 3-1). This organism was regularly abundant in the 1974-75 collections.(1,2) _ Live individuals.were collected during the recon-naissance survey at Transects 3, 4 and 5 along the left bank facing downstream (away from the CRBRP si u), and near the proposed barge unloading area. Com-pared with 1974-75 data (Tables 3.0-111 through 3.0-119 in the ABSR),(2) these results suggest a more restricted distribution of this organism than previously noted. Although benthic grabs such as the Ponar are relatively inefficient sampling gear for Corbicula,I4) this methodology was consistent with that used in the baseline survey. Other surveys in various areas of Watts Bar Lake sug-gest that this organism is still generally increasing in abundance, although sporadic, unexplained die-offs occur yearly in some locations.(5) Several aquatic snail shells were collected, but no live individuals. Une aquatic insect, a burrowing mayfly rymph (Ephemeridae) was taken in the soft bottom at Transect 4, Station 0.3. Hexagenia (a member of the Ephemeridae). was collected on several occasions in 1974-75.II) In summary, it appears that changes in the bottom substrate of the Clinch River near the CR8RP site since 1975 have been slight. Benthic organisms noted in August 1980 were also collected in the 1974-75 surveys. 17
3.2.3 MACROPHYTES The major difference between the present aquatic ecology as noted during the August 19 reconnaissance field survey and that of 1974-75 was an increased abun-dance of macrophytes (large aquatic plants). In the 1974-75 aquatic baseline study, macrophytes were characterized as sparse, with only occasional collec-tion of Eurasion water milfoil (Hvrioohyllum sp.), the bryophyte (Fontk.alis sp.) and the liverwoit (Scaoania sp.). In contrast, during the August 19 reconnaissance survey at least six species (0) of macrophytes were observed in scattered beds in shallow water, as indicated in Table 3-2. The most common macrophyte was pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus), which formed the bulk of most of the observed beds. Also occasionally abundant were coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum) and water milfoil (Myricohyllum sp.). The macrophytes Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton pusillus and Najas sp. were also present. The macrophyte beds observed, while dense, were generally not large enough to cause a nuisance. An exceptionally large stand of plants was observed on the shallow bar in the vicinity of the proposed discharge (bathymetric Transect F on Figure 3-1); this bed was approximately 150 feet wide and several hundred feet long. A phone conversation with Leon Bates, TVA biologist at the Muscle Shoals, l Alabama facility, provided information that macrophyte growth had increased throughout eastern Tennessee in 1980.(7) The exact cause is uncertain, but is probably related to unusual summer weather. A prolonged hot, dry period de-creased water flows and turbidity and increased water temperatures during the j summer of 1980. These conditions are favorable for macrophyte growth. When the weather moderates, macrophyte growth is expected to subside. Bates also substantiated that water milfoil (Myricchyllum), Potamogeton pusillus and Najas minor are common near the CR8RP Site.II) j- 18 i
F-TABLE 3-2 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES OBSERVED IN THE CLINCH RIVER, AUGUST 19, 1980 Transect
- Station ** Species Observed A 0.9 Potamogeton pectinatus, Ceratophyllum demersus B 0.1 Potamogeton crispust, Najas sp., P. pectinatus C -
no sacrophytes observed
,- D. 0.9 Fotamogeton pusillust E. 0.1 Myriophyllum sp., Potamogeton pectinatus F 0.5 Potamogeton pectinatust, Myriophyllum sp.
G -- no macrophytes observed
- Refer to Figure 3-1 for transect location.
** Approximate fraction of river width from right shore,. facing downstream.
t Specimen collected and identification verified in laboratory.(6) s 6 19
s- O 3.3 CURRENT INFORMATION In addition to the results of the aquatic ecology field reconnaissance survey discussed above, conversations with TVA, ORNL, TVRA and Tennessee Technological University personnel and review of literature provided information in the following~ sections. 3.3.1 WATER QUALITY, BENTHIC MACR 0 INVERTEBRATES, PLANKTON AND_PERIPHYTON Water quality appears unchanged in the Clinch River except for an apparent in-crease in the concentration of capper.CO'3) This trace metal was below detection limits during the baseline survey, but was sometimes detected during the pre-construction monitoring program. The average copper concentration at five. locations ranged from 30 to 40 pg/l with a standard deviation of 19 to/36 pg/1.(8) There is little information to suggest significant changes in most groups' of organisms, including benthic macroinvertebrates (bottom-dwelling animals visible to the unaided eye), zooplankton and phytoplankton (free-floating microscopic animals and plants, respectively) and periphyton (the algal community attLched to submerged surfaces), since 1975.(8) It is apparent that dominant species may vary; this is especially true of algal species. Such differences _are con-sistent with natural yearly variation. Differences in sampling stations and methodology may have enhanced observed differences. 3.3.2 FISH
'ihe fish community has received the most intensive examination since 1975, but much of-the information is s yet unpublished. Differences between current information and 1974-1975 baseline survey results are as follows.
o The Clinch Riv?r near the CRBRP site may be used by sauger, an important game fish, for spawning.(10,H ) The importance of the site area in this regard relative to other locations in Watts Bar Lakt is unknown. This was not suspected in 1975 for at least two reasons: (a) the common presumption was (and still is) that 20
1 5 these fish spawn in dam tailraces in the Tennessee Valley, and (b) no sampling of adult fish occurred during April, which appears to be the primary spawning month for this species in the Clinch River. o Striped bass and yellow bass appear to be more numerous than in 1975.(12,13) The increase in the former is due to stocking by the Tennessee Wildlife Resource Agency which began in 1971 and increased in intensity beginning in 1975.II4) o Very recent information shows that larger (4 years +) striped bass use the Clinch River in general as a coolwater (less than 75*F) refuge during the warmer months (mid-July through October).(I4~II) 1 The outside bend of the river from apprcximately CRM 15 to CRM 17 (Figure 3-1) appears to be a favored location;(I4~I7) the proposed CRBRP discharge is on the inside of the bend at approximately CRM 16. Another preferred location appears to be the western side of the river near the Grubb Islands,(15) from approximately CRM 18 to CRM 18.5. o The blue sucker, a species of threatened status in Tennessee,(18) has been collected in Watts Bar Lake twice since 1975. One fish was collected at CRM 0.3 in 1975,( U) and one was collected in the Tennessee River near Loudon in 1977.( 0) Although habitat in the Clinch River appears to be suitable for this species,(21,22) no blue suckers have been reported from the river near the Site, o More species of fish larvae (10) have been collected in the Clinch River downstream of the CRBRP site than were reported in the ER. Location and methodology differences may account for the varying results. o Otherwise, there does not appear to have been any discernable , change in the fish community. 21
There is more information on the fish community of the Clinch River near the CRBRP site that has not yet been _obtained for review. This. includes a report
'in preparation by ORNL personnel and an environmental report prepared by Exxon Nuclear, Inc.
s
3.4 CONCLUSION
S Based on the one-day field reconnaissance and review of available literature and personal contacts, it is concluded that: o In general, information examined in this effort did not indicate substantial changes in the aquatic ecology of the Clinch River since 1975. Apparent differences are as follows. o There is an apparent increase in copper levels in the river. o Aquatic macrophytes have increased in abundance; however, this is probably due to enusual weather and is not expected to persist. o Two species of fish, the striped bass and the yellow bass, may be more abundant than in 1974-1975. o Sauger, an important game fish, may spawn in the region of the river bordering the Site; the relative importance of this area , for sauger spawning is unknown. o Mature (4 years plus) striped bass in Watts Bar Lake use the Clinch River as a coolwater refuge during the approxiamte period of mid-July through October. The outside bend of the river between CRM 15 and CRM 17 appears to be a favored location. o The blue sucker, listed as threatened in Tennessee, has been recently collected in Watts Bar Lake, but not in the Clinch River within approximately 15 miles of the Site. 22
SECTION 4.0 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY Procedures and results of the terrestrial cology reconnaissance survey, includ-ing those utilized during the field reconnaissance survey ~and in obtaining cur-rent information (personal communications and literature), are described in the following sections. 4.1 PROCEDURES A two-day field reconnaissance survey and data gathering trip was conducted by EIA on August 27 and 28, 1980. ORNL and TVA personnel assisted with the survey on August 27. General visual evaluation of site changes since baseline condi-tions (1974), as reported in the CRBRP Environmental Report (ER)(I) and the Vegetational Data Report (VDR)(2) , were made along the peripheral and cross-site trails shown in Figure 2-1 and at the proposed reactor site, discharge, intake and quarry.I3) Vegetational plots were emplaced in the shortleaf pine planta-tion (1976) to evaluate species present, importance values and diversity. Rare plant species populations near the CRBRP that were observable at this season were examined for numbers of individuals and chtnges since 1974. Wildlife ob-served during an early morning survey and during general visual evaluations of site changes were recorded. Field sampling was supplemented with information obtained by conversations with personnel from ORNL and TVA curing site evalua-tions August 27 and with literature provided by the participants. 4.1.1 GENERAL VISUAL OBSERVATIONS On August 27, selected portions of the site were visually examined by EIA, ORNL and TVA personnel for changes since 1974. These portions included harvested forest stands, the proposed reactor location, access roads (peripheral and cross-site, as shown in Figure 2-1), proposed quarry site, rare plant popula-tion locations near the proposed intake and discharge, the cedar forest near the proposed intake and the oak-tulip poplar natural area near the eastern site boundary. Disturbed land was photographically documented and the type and extent of disturbance recorded. Signif.icant species observations were also recorded. 23
Vegetation communities noted in the text refer to those shown on Figure 2.7-6 of the CRBRP-ER.(I) This figure is reproduced in Appendix A for the convenience of the reader. 4.1.2 VEGETATION PLOT SAMPLING On August 28, EIA sampled two point-centered vegetation plots in a shortleaf pine plantation that was established in 1976. This 25-acre plantation was Com-munity C, a former shortleaf pine-Virginia pine forest that was clear-cut, scarified and replanted'with shortleaf pine seedlings in 1976. The plantation
.is termed "shortleaf pine plantation (1976)" in this report. The vegetation 2
. plots included a 53.8 ft ground cover plot (4.14 ft. radius) for herbaceous plants and woody stems shorter than 4.5 feet tall and a 538 ft 2woody sapling plot (13.1 ft radius) for woody stems 4.5 feet ard taller but less than 0.5 inch diameter at 4.5 feet above the soil surface. No woody stems larger than 0.5 inch diameter at 4.5 feet above the soil surface were observed in this clear-cut community. Species name, number of plants per species, number of stems per species and percent cover per species data were recorded for each plot size.
Total percent of soil surface shaded by vegetation, percent not shaded, percent shaded by dead stems and leaves, slope, direction, aspect, stand age and canopy height were also recorded for each plot. In addition, species observed in the vegetation type but not present on a vegetation plot were recorded to document their presence. Vegetation data analyses are as described in the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, Vegetational Data Report.(2) 4.1.3 WILDLIFE OBSERVATIONS Wildlife sightings, tracks and other signs observed by EIA during site activities were recorded. In addition, EIA personnel conducted an early morning survey. Beginning at sunrise August 28, EIA personnel drove the peripheral site road slowly from the entrance gate to the proposed quarry site (Figure 2-1) and recorded wildlife calls, songs and sightings. 24
1 4.1.4 ACQUISITION PROCEDURES FOR CURRENT INFORMATION The availability of terrestrial ecology data collected in the vicinity of the CR8RP site since 1974 was detenmined through phene contacts with ORNL and TVA personnel. Literature and personal communications are cited as appropriate in the following sections. 4.2 RESULTS OF THE FIELD RECONNAISSANCE-Weather on both August 27 and 28 was foggy in the early morning and partly cloudy (5 to' 10 percent cover) from 9 A.M. u .til evening when a light fog formed. The region was enduring a prolonged drought. Soil moisture had been so depleted that the leaves on many understory trees were wilted by late morning. Leaves on a few overstory trees were wilted from late morning until early evening on Au-gust 27. Soil was dry and hard. Springs that normally flowed freely were dry. As a result of the severe drought conditions, bird and mammal activity was very low even during early morning hours. No cr:ptiles or amphibians were observed during the brief survey period. 4.2.1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS General observations include those associated with forest management, pre-construction disturbances and special site features. l l 4.2.1.1 FOREST MANAGEMENT DISTURBANCES In accordance with planned 1975 Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) forest management,( ) all pine trees on the site that were affected by southern pine beetle were cut, ( loblolly and white pine plantations were thinned and shortleaf and Virginia pine stands were either clear-cut and replanted to pine or just thinned. The shortleaf-Virginia pine stand identified as Community C in Appendix A was l clear-cut in 1975, scarified and replanted with shortleaf pine seedlings in l 1976, based on observed tree age. Other pine stands were thinned as planned l l l 25
to promote vigorous growth of crop trees or to promote reproduction of pines or hardwoods depending on site capability. A total area estimated at ap-proximately 500 acres was affected by pine thinning activities and 25 acres by cleir cutting and replanting. Hardwood forest (Community K, Appendix Al on the upper north-facing part of Chestnut Ridge was thinned as planned by removing diseased and poorly formed trees. Approximately 50 acres (Appendix A, Figure 2.7-6)(I) were affected by this thincing operation. One 40-foot tall chestnut scpling in this hardwood forest was observed to be dead from chestnut blight. Other smaller chestnut saplings nearby appeared to be healthy. 4.2.1.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION DISTURBANCES Core-drilling activities and pre-construction stability tests and excavation activities observed from 1973 to 1975 had disturbed portions of the CRBRP site near the proposed reactor core structures and nearby land. Approximately 33 acres in an area estimated at 360 acres were observed to be disturbed by these activities. Tests for a quarry si'.e, conducted in 1976 and 1977'as indic'ated' by ages of tree saplings and stump sorouting disturbed approximately 3 additional.
~
acres. Land disturbed by pre-construction activities was observed to consist of unim-proved roadways and cleared land for 2 meteorological towers, subsurface stabil-ity tests, water permeability tests and miscellaneous tests. Herbaceous vegetation har, stabilized approximately 25 percent of disturbed land (eight acres). The remainir.g 25 acres were sparsely vegetated and subject to water erosion. . 4.2.1.3 SPECIAL SITE FEATURES The hillside southeast of the proposed quarry (Figure 2-1) was observed to have layered rock strata dipping approximately 30 degrees southeastward toward the Clinch River. Portions of these rock strata were exposed on two steep rock faces dipping outward toward the river. Portions of individual rock layers 26 3
had weathered loose and fallen to the roads.de of the peripheral road. Other portions of these layers had weathered sufficiently that they a re only weakly in contact with underlying layers, a condition suggesting a sigi.ificant rockslide potential. However, depth of rock weathering or actual rockslide potential cculd not be determined from visible surface conditions. Two rare plant species populations identified near the proposed water intake and discharge locations were examineo. Lizard's' tail population evaluation near the proposed wastewater discharge on August 27 indicated an approximate population of 200 plants.(4) The population had not been disturbed since
'1974 and has been stable since then. Carey's saxifrage was observed August 28 on a limestone rock face approximately 400 feet south of the proposed intake location. The population consisted of three plants in a very restricted area near the river. )
The cedar forest adjacent to the proposed intake was undisturbed since 1974. Species presence, small topsoil piles and cedar trees remained as they had been in 1974.I ) The oak-tulip poplar natural area (Community A, Appendix A) remained essentially as in 1974. The only changes were 6 years of growth on individual trees, re-cent clearing of shrubby vegetation on the adjacent gas pipeline corridor with a bush-hog pulled by a tractor and herbicide spraying on the corridor. Tulip poplar, oak and hickory trees adjacent to the pipeline right-of-way were dying from herbicide injury. 4.2.2 VEGETATION DATA Vegetation in the shortleaf pine plantation that replaced Community C (Appen-dix A, Figure 2.7-6)(I) was sampled during this brief reconnaissance field sur-vey to evaluate vegetation present on this clear-cut and replanted land. . Short-leaf pine had grown to a maximum height of 5.5 feet and therefore was absent from the overstory plots (stems > 6.0 inches diameter) and only poorly represented in the understory plots (stems > 4.5 feet tall). Ground cover and understory 27
vegetation data are summarized in Tables 4-1 and 4-2 using the same format as in the VDR.(2) The four year-old shortleaf pine plantation had a weak but developing canopy at 4 feet that shaded nearly 15 percent of the soil surface. The ground cover vegetation category covered 65 to 70 percent of the soil surface leaving 30 to 35 percent of the soil bare and exposed to soil erosion. Dead stems covered less than 5 percent of the plot area. 4.2.2.1 IMPORTANCE VALUES AND SPECIES PRESENCE Decumbent panic grass (Panicum sp.) dominated the ground cover representing 33 percent importance; average panic grass cover on each plot was'45 percent (Table 4-1). Bush-clover (Lespedeza violacea), dwarf cinquefoil (Potentilla canadensis) and shortleaf pine were second, third and fourth in importance having importance values of 14.3, 5.8 and 4.7, respectively. Seedlings of sweet-gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), biltmore ash (Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) were also sampled in this shortleaf pine plantation (Table 4-2). Tree seedlings of seven other species were also observed in the plantation (Table 4-3). Twenty-three of the 50 taxa observed in the plantation were weedy. Nineteen woody and six herbaceous taxa observed had previously been sampled in Community C, while sixteen of these occurred in both Communities 0 and J. l 4.2.2.2 DIVERSITY INDICES Shannon-Weaver diversity indices were calculated from 1980 and 1974 data ( } using the formula in Reference 5. These indices were summarized by general-forest category (hardwood, successional pine, pine plantation, cedar and hardwood-cedar) and presented in Figures 4-1 and 4-2. Data indicated as SP-80 were ob-tained in 1980 All other indices were computed from 1974 data.(2) Diversity indices of sampled overstory trees included a standard error (SE) of the mean estimate as indicated by a box surrounding the mean in Figures 4-1 and 4-2 (SE equals standard deviation divided by number of observations in the mean). A r 28
l 1 i
. 1 TABLE 4-1 GROUND COVER VEGETATION DATA FOR THE CLINCH RIVER SITE -
SHORTLEAF PINE PLANTATION (1976) - AUGUST 28, 1980* Relative Rela tive Relative-Percent Percent Percent - la ,ortance lhanber of We Percent Frequeac Orni ty Cover Vilue Species 9tadrats oMcM. Cover d"F)y _(; D) 1 C L j fv1 Panicum so. 2 1.296 91.0 5.1 64.4. 30.0 33.2 (Decuseent panic grass) _L_ esp _e_cera violace), 2 476 43.0 5.1 23.7 14.2 14.3 (sush-61cver). Potentilla cana*. asis 2 27 33.0 5.1 1.3 10.9 5.8 7 b rf cinnuefo M ' Pinus echinata -2 2 21.0 5.1 .1 8.9 - 4.7 7srtTiefTine) Con 1 46 18.0 2.6 2.3 5.9 3.6
~"(yyacanadensisnorseweed P So11daco n*= oralis 1 19 17.0 2.6 1.0 5.6 3.0 (Gray golcenroo}
Les era re ns - 2 10 9.3 5.1 '.5 3.1 2.9 t ie';iing f sh-clover) thus c y liina, 2 4 7.5 5.1 .2 2.5 2.6 7tnged sumac) ' . Androocgon viratnicus 1 43 8.0 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5
-"ITio_omse_dGe) tubus hispidus 2- 5 6.! 5.1 .2 2.1 2.5 Trounotirryl tubus betulitolius 2 6 5.2 5.1 .3 1.7 2.4 lirca-leaveWackberry)
Lonicerajagen,1ca ca 1 9 12.0 2.6 . 4 3.9 '2.J Tapanese honeysuckie) Gnaphalium obtusifolium '
-~
2 7 3.4 5.1' .3 1.1 2.2 (5weet ev&EitingT~ Liauidaaear styracif twa 2 5 2.7 5.1 .3 .9 2.1 (Seett M f frianthus ale;ecuecides 1 28 1.0 2.6. 1.4 2.3 - 2.1 (Flwne grass) wereascue thapsus 1- 3~ 3.7 2.6 .1 1.2 1.3
- (NileinF Eupatorium hyssopffolium 1 2 3.0 2.6 .2 1.0 1.2 (nyssco-leaved tnoroug%ert)
Geum canadcase 1 4 1.4 2.6 .2 .5 1.1
- 7hite avens)
Stytosanthes biflora 1 1 1.5 2.6 .05 .5 1.0 (Pencil .fl~owerF Solidago caaadensis var. sentra 1 1 .8 2.6 .05 .3 I.0 (Canada golcenrod) Smitas 91auea 1 2 .4 2.6 .1 .1 1.0
~ T3riucous greenbrier)
Carn so. 1 2 .3 2.6 .1 .1 .9 Tedge) Rhaamus carot tniana 1 2 .3 2.6 .1 .1 .9 (caro 1Tna buutnorn) - vitis aestivalis 1 1 4 2.6 .05 .1 .9 (5anmergraTeT Fraxinus awetcana var. bit tmoreena 1 1 .3 2.6 .05 .1 .9
-(IlltEoce asa; thus raiteans 1 1 .3 2.5 .05 .1 .9 7oisWTvB ifer, 1 1 .2 2.5 .05 .1 .9 Ph .2 2.5 .05 .1 .9 2tolacta ame-teana 1 1 (PokeweedT fuchernia $9~tna 1 1 .) 2.5 .05 .0 .9 (Mila-pursia%
TOTALS U" EUTT NT.T T3*U TM.M IM 5 100:0
- Two 5. square meter ctreular plots were utt1f red.
29
o --
,e TABLE 4-2 UNDERSTORY VEGETATION DATA
SUMMARY
FOR Tile CLINCH RIVER SITE - SHORTLEAF PINE PLANTATION (1976) - AUGUST 28, 1980* Relative Relative Relative Basal Percent Percent Percent Importance Number of Number Area Frequency Density Dominance Value Species Quadrats of Stems (00 in ft2 ) (% F) j% D) (% 00) (IV) Pinus echinata 1 1 .0003 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0
'(Shortleaf pine) .
Rhus copallina 1 1 .0003 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 7 Winged sumac) TOTALS 2 2 UUU6 TUD3 TUD U T06 5 TOU U 8
- Two 50-square-meter circular plots were utilized.
s s C
TABLE 4-3
.FLORISTIC LIST OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN THE SHORTLEAF PINE PLANTATION (1976) - AUGUST 28, 1980 Sgcies Samoled Common Name Scientific Name OVERSTORY TREES Red maple Acer rubrum Hockernut hickory Carva tomentosa-Biltmore ash FrEinus americana var. biltmoreana Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
- Tulip poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
- Shortleaf pine Pinus ecninata Black cherry Prunus serotina White oak Quercus alba Black oak Quercus velutina Sassafras Sassafras albicum SMALL TREES Flowering dogwood Cornus 'lorida Blackjackoak Quercus marilandica SHRUBS AND VINES Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Carolina buckthorn Rhamnus caroliniana Winged sumac Rhus copallina Poison ivy REUs radicans
- Birch-leaved blackberry R EGs betulifolius Groundberry Rubus hispidus
- Glaucous greenbrier Smilax glauca Rusty blackhaw -Viburnum rufidulum Summer grape Vitis aestivalis COMPOSITE FAMILY ASTERACEAE ,
Common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia White-heath aster Aster ericoides Horseweed Conyza canadensis
- Hyssop-leaved thoreughwort Eucatorium hyssooifolium Late-flowering th- oughwort Eupatorium serotinum 4teet aerlasting Gnachalium obtusifolium hairy gciden-aster Heterotheca pilosa Smail's ragwort senecio smallii
- canada pidenrod Solidago canaaensis var..scabra Gray goldenrod Solidago nemoralis Wing-stem Verbesina alternifolia (Continued) 31
TABLE 4-3 (Continued) Species Sampled Common Name Scientific Name MUSTARD FAMILY BRASSICACEAE Cow cress Lepidium campestre SEDGE FAMILY CYPERACEAE Sedge , Carex sp. SPURGE FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE Milk purslane Euphorbia supina. LEGUME FAMILY FABACEAE Partridge pea Cassia fasciculata Wild sensitive plant Cassia nictitans
- Creeping bush-clover Lespedeza repens Bush-clover Lespedeza violacea Pencil-flower 5tylosanthes biflora ST. JOHN'S WORT FAMILY HYPERICACEAE Spotted St. John's wort Hypericum punctatum MINT FAMILY LAMIACEAE Hoary mountain-mint Pycnanthemum incanum EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY ONAGRACEAE Evening primrose Oenothera biennis POKEWEED FAMILY PHYTOLACCACEAE Pokeweed Phytolacca americana GRASS FAMILY P0ACEAE Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus Plume grass Erianthus alopecuroides i Decumbent panic grass Panicum sp.
ROSE FAMILY ROSACEAE
- White avens Geum canadense Dwarf cinquefoil Potentilla canadensis FIGWORT FAMILY SCR0PHULARIACEAE Mullein Verbascum thaosus 32
2 4.0 3.5 - I _ 3.0 - f 2.5 -8
- Z e -
H O 2.0 - 21 Es _. , g 1.5 -
. e s 1.0 -
H
= H 0.5 -
' ' ' ' l I I I 'l I I 0.0 ItF SP PP C ll-C lif SP PP C H-C SP OVERSTORY UNDERSTORY Figure 4-1. Shannon-Weaver Diversity Indices (11') of Overstory and Understory Species Densities for Each Vegetative Consnunity Sampled on the Clinch River Site (The center line l-tindicates J the mean and the box size indicates one standard error about the mean. The absence of a box indicates that only one datum point is included. IlF = liardwood Forest, SP = Suc-cessional Pine, PP = Pine Plantation, C = Cedar. H-C = Hardwood-Cedar and SP-80 = Suc-cessional Pine Sampled in 1980.)
4.0 H H H 3.5 -- 8 s" 3.0 -- H _ E
~
8 H - _ H - d 2.5 - 2.0 H 3 - E o 1.5 - m. s H 1.0 - 0.5 - I I I I 3 I I ' I I I ' ' ' 0.0 ilf SP PP C ll-C HF SP PP C H-C SP-80 llF SP PP C H-C SPRING SUMMER FALL Figure 4-2. Shannon-Weaver Diversity' Indices (ll') of Ground Cover Species Densities for Each Vegetative Conmunity Sampled on the Clinch River Site (The center line t-t indicates the mean and the box size indicates one standard error about the mean. The absence of a box indicates that only one datum point is included. liF = liardwood forest, SP = Successional Pine, PP = Pine Plantation, C = Cedar. H-C = Hardwood-Cedar and SP-80 = Successional Pine Sampled in 1980.)
. o
-small box, as for pine plantation overstory trees (Figure 4-1), indicates low variation between the loblolly and white pine forests (SE = 0.011), whereas a large box, as for successional pine ground cover in the spring (Figure 4-2),
indicates greater variability (SE = 0.174). Individual forest stands as the cedar forest, hardwood-cedar forest and shortleaf pine plantation (1976) have no SE estimate. Diversity indices of pine plantation (PP) overstory trees, cedar forest (C) overstory trees and shortleaf pine plantation (1976) understory saplings sampled - in 1980 (SP-80) have approximately equal means (0.537, 0.534 and 0.693, respec-tively). Diversity of successional' pine (SP) forest overstory trees and hardwood-cedar (H-C) forest overstory trees are approximately equal (1.166 and 1.112, respectively). Diversity of hardwood (H) forest overstory trees is moderately high-(2.500). Diversity of understory stems in the hardwood forest, successional pine forest, pine plantation, cedar forest and hardwood-cedar forest ara higher than the corresponding values for overstory trees. This indicates that these forests are in transition to more diverse types as abundant, single dominant species are replaced with multiple dominants. These same trends were discussed in the ER in Section 2.7.1.3(I) based on species presence and Importance Value trends for overstory and understory species. Ground cover diversity indices are uniformly higher than indices of overstory and understory strata within the same forest type. For example, hardwood forest overstory, understory and ground cover (spring, summer and fall) diversity indices are 2.500, 2.691, 2.810, 3.301 and 3.228, respectively, indicating a progression from a moderately high index fer overstory trees to a slightly higher index for understory stems and higher indices for ground cover. Within the ground cover vegetative stratum, diversity tends to increase from spring to fall. However, summer ground covar diversity of the shortleaf pine plantation planted in 1976 (SP-80) was only 1.178, approximately equal to diversity of overstory trees in successional pine and hardwood-cedar forests and considerably lower than indices for all other ground cover samples and for all understory stem samples. This low diversity for a young forest stand is expected. 35
4.2.3 WILDLIFE OBSERVATIONS. Wildlife observations are summarized in Table 4-4. Cleared lands were exten-sively utilized as wildlife travel routes and feeding habitat. Deer sightings and tracks were frequently observed in open, disturbed habitat throughout the site. ORNL personnel (Dr. Fred Taylor) reported during the survey that wild turkey were first observed on the Oak Ridge Reservation in 1975 and have been increasing in abundance. Insects, acorns, tree buds, seeds and other foods consumed by turkeys are abundant on the Reservation. Other wildlife observations are summarized in Table 4-4. ORNL personnel (Dr. Tom Kitchings) reported during the survey that osprey and bald eagle individuals did not nest on or near the Reservation as determined by a low-level aerial search. Both species are listed by the state of Tennessee as endangered.(b) Dr. Kitchings also reported that eastern cougar sightings, es-pecially southeast of ORNL (Figure 2-1) continue to be frequent; these sightings tuggest the presence of several animals on the Reservation. The cougar is listed as endangered by the U.S. Department of Interior and State of Tennessee.(5,6) Considering that cougars primarily hunt whitetail deer and that deer are abundant and protected on the Reservation, their presence is not unexpected. Cooper's hawk, a bird species listed as threatened by the state of Tennessee,(6) was observed near the proposed quarry along the Clinch River. b) Habitat util-ized by other threatened or endangered species considered in CRBRP-ER Section 2.7.1.4.5(I) had not changed significantly on the site. 4.3 CURRENT INFORMATION In addition to the results of the terrestrial ecology field reconnaissance sur-vey discussed above, conversations with TVA and ORNL personnel and review of literature provided information in the following sections. s 36
l . t 1 l TABLE 4-4 - SIGNIFICANT-WILDLIFE SPECIES OBSERVATIONS ON THE CLINCH RIVER SITE - AUGUST 27-28, 1980 location Common Name Scientific Name Notes Perip*:eral road, barge unloading Whitetail deer Odocolleus virainlana Coe and two fawns observed on area 8/27; Doe (probably same animal) observed on 8/28 Peripheral road, 3400 feet Whitetait deer Odocolleus virginiana 6 point buck observed crossing nortn of CRBRP road on 8/28 Pertpreral road, 2950 feet Whitetail deer CJocolleus virginiana Doe observed crossing road on 8/28 southeast of CR8RP Gas pipeline, bulldozed core Whitetail deer Odocolleus virginlay Tracks abundant on 8/27 and 28 drilling trails, logging trails, CRBRP meteorological
- tower sites CR8RP preconstruc-tion cleared land and clear-y cut forests 150 feet east of CRERP Raccoon Procyon totor Scat observed in seconstruction clearing on 8/27 3600 feet portheast of CRBRP Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperit Cbserved 8/27 roosting in sycamore tree between Clinch River and perip%eral road. Flew east across Clinch River.
Hardwood forest Turkey Meleagris callopavo Not ot' served but reported from Oak Ridge Reservation includteg_ CR8RP site since 1975 . Peripheral road, 1800 feet south Great blue heron Ardea herodias Observed 8/23 roost {ag on road-of CRSRP side and in flight southeast and then south crossing Clinch River Cedar and hardwood forest 1500 Bluejay Cyanocitta cristata One individuit heard caillag on feet sou'hwest of CRSRP 8/28 Carolina chickadee Parus carolinensis Three indf viduals heard calling on 8/28 Connon crow Corvus brachyrhychos Two fetividuals sighted and beard calling on 8/23 t Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus One individual sighted in filght, a second heard calling on 9/28 Downy woodpecker Denarecopos pubescens One individual sig%ted at close ren')e on 8/28 Yellow shafted flicker Colaptes auratus Several insividuals heard calling on 8/18 -
- b
4.3.1 OAK RIDGE FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN AND PLANT SPECIES The 1975 pulp and timber harvest noted in Section 4.2.1 was a part of Oak Ridge Reservation planned forest management. The 1976-1980 Forest Management Plan-continues to upgrade Reservation forests.( ) However, no forest management ac-tivities are planned for 1976-80 in forest management compartments 13 and 14, the portion of the Reservation containing the CRBRP site. The 1981-1985-forest management plan is in preparation, but unavailable at this time. No major manage-ment activities are anticipated on the CRBR? site based on discussions with ORNL personnel during the reconnaissance field survey. A list of plant species suggested for classification as threatened or endangered by various authors was published in 1979.(8) The list includes three from the CRBRP site: black snakeroot (Cimicifuga rubifolia), ginseng (Panax quinouefolius) and Carey's saxifrage (Saxifraga careyana). Black snakeroot and ginseng are re-ported in ER, Section 2.7.1.3.4(I) and the location of Carey's saxifrage is reported above in Section 4.2.1.3. Dr. Leo Collins, a member of the Tennessee Committee for Rari Plants and a participant during the site reconnaissanu survey, indicated that none of these species is expected to be listed as threatened or endangered for Tennessee. On Decerter 10, 1979, the U.S. Department of In-terior, Fish and kildlife Service, withdrew a 1976 proposal to list some 1700 plant taxa since the two year time limit for action had passed.(9) Black snakeroot and Carey's saxifrage were included on that list. These two species and ginseng are included on an unofficial 1978 list of rare plant species.(10) A revised inventory of vascular plants of the'five counties in the Oak Ridge region and their habitats of occurrence was published in 1975.(') Ninety-three taxa collected or sighted on the CRBRP site in 1974(2) had not previously been ! reported for Roane County and an additional 55 taxa had not been reported for the 5-county region (Anderson, Knox, Loudon, Morgan and Roane Counties), as shown in Table 4-5. 1 38 1
. TABLE 4-5
SUMMARY
OF NEW PLANT TAXA COLLECTION AND SIGHTING RECORDS FOR ROANE COUNTY AND THE FIVE COUNTY REGION SURROUNDING THE DAK RIDGE RESERVATION Types of Records
- Roane County 5-County Recion**
Genera Collectionst 0 7 Species Collections 83 40
. Variety Collections 6 4 Genera Sightings 0 1 Species Sightings 4 3 Variety Sightings 0 0 TOTALS 93 55
- The number of new collections or sightings of genera, species and varieties for the CRBRP site that had not previously been reported for either Roarie Cpun Ridge Reservation.lll)ty Taxa or therecorded 5-Countyin region surrounding one category are notthe Oak included in others.
** Anderson, Knox, Loudon, Morgan and Roane Counties.
t Specimens are on deposit in the University of Tennessee Herbarium with duplicate specimens in the Energy Impact Associates herbarium. 39 l
4.3.2 WILDLIFE Two reports of whitetail deer populations of the Oak Ridge Reservation (12,13) indicate that populations increased substantially in the period 1969-1977(I2) and much less rapidly in 1978.(13) Protection from hunting and abundant food and cover seem to be the main contributing factor's. Road-kills by automobile, illegal hunting near the Clinch River and predation by eastern cougars con-tribute to deer mortality. A preliminary study of bobcat (Lynx rufus) activity confirms the presence of this species on the Reservation and use of part of the site (Chestnut Ridge, Figure 2-1) by one male bobcat.(I4) Bobcat home range was observed to be 1416 hectares (3500 acres) for a female and 3076 hectares (7600 acres) for a male.II4) Low food availability and the relatively small and widely separated areas of old field habitat where the preferred food (cottontail rabbits and cotton rats) abounds contribute to the large observed home ranges. The bob-cat population on the Reservation probably numbers 12 to 15 individuals and appears to be increasing.(15) The state of Tennessee has updated its 1975 list of endangered and threatened species.(6) Species observed on or potentially present on the CRBRP site (I) I were not affected by these updates. 4.4 CC.4CLUSIONS Based on a two-day field reconnaissance and review of available literature and personal contacts, it is concluded that: f l o Vegetation and wildlife on most of the site remains as during the 1974 baseline studies. o Oak Ridge Reservation forest management activities that were conducted as previously planned resulted in minor to major disturbances to CRBRP site forests. However, major .nanagement 40
activities on the site are not expected again for at least 5 years, o Weedy plant species and wildlife associated with early successional vegetation have increased in abundance on land disturbed by pre-construction activities. Approximately 25 acres of disturbed land remains sparsely vegetated. o Whitetail deer and wild turkey populations have increased substan-tially since 1974. o Other wildlife populations appear stable over the long-term based on habitat quality. Few species were observed during the survey as a result of drought conditions, o The bobcat and possibly the eastern cougar apparently reside on the site part of the time. They both have large home ranges on ORR. The eastern cougar is listed as endangered by the state of Tennessee and the U.S. Department of Interior. o Rare plant species, observed during 1974 surveys, are not expected to be listed as threatened or endangered. Proposals to list two site species as threatened have been withdrawn by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. o Several wildlife species listed as threatened or endangered by the state of Tennessee occur on the site, as discussed in CRBRP-ER i Section 2.7.1.4.5. Populations of these species are unknown, but t I habitat utilized by them has not changed significantly as a result of site disturbances. 41
, s.
SECTIGN
5.0 REFERENCES
SECTION
2.0 REFERENCES
- 1. Project Management Corporation, C; inch River Breeder Reactor Plant Envir-onmental Report, February 1977, 5 vols.
- 2. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Aquatic Baseline Survey Report, March 1974 - May 1975, Maren 1976.
- 3. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Vegeta-tional Data Report, September 1975, 192 pp.
- 4. Burns and Roe,.Ince,-Site Plan WP-19, Drawing BC501, Revision 4, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, May 19, 1975.
- 5. Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation, Burning Limits, Spoil Stockpile, Construction Clearing Limits and Surfacing Requirements, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, Orawing No. 12720-YSK-002-2, October 26, 1977, 1 inch = 400 feet.
SECTION
3.0 REFERENCES
- 1. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Envir-onmental Report, February 1977, 5 Vols. ,
- 2. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Aouatic Baseline Survey Report, March 1974-May 1975, March 1976.
- 3. Shelton, R. , Director of Reservoir Operations, Tennessee Valley Authority, telecon with Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, September 2, 1980.
- 4. Mattice, J. S and Bosworth, W., " Modified Venturi Suction Sampler for Collecting Asiatic Clams," The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 41(3):121-123.
- 5. Mattice, J. S., Oak Ridge National Laboratories, telecon with Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, August 18, 1980.
- 6. Fassett, N. C. , A Manual of Aouatic Plants, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1957, 405 p.
- 7. Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, Trip Report,' August 19-20, 1980.
- 8. Woosity, L. H., Jr., Taylor,.M. P., Toole, T. W. and Wells, S R.,' Status of the Nonradiclogical Water Quality and Ncnfisheries Biological Communi-ties in the Clinch River Prior to Construction of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, 1975-1978, Tennessee valley Authority, Division of Environ-mental Planning, Water Quality and Ecology Branch, Chattanooga, Tennessee and Muscle Shoals, Alabama, February 1979.
42
t i
- 9. Tennessee Valley Authority, unpublished water quality data, Melton Hill Dam ta11 water, 1978, 1979.
- 10. Fletcher, J. W., Assessment of Adult and Larval Fish Populations of the Lower Clinch River Below Melton Hill Dam, M.S. Thesis, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, December 1977, 90 pp.
- 11. Scott, E. M. , " Clinch River Sauger Study," unpublished manuscript, Tennessee Valley Authority, 1980, 15 pp. -
, 12. Loar, J. , Dr., Oak Ridge National Laboratories, telecon with Wagnar, D. [, Energy Impact Associates, August 14, 1980. ,
- 13. Tennessee Valley Authority, unpublished rotenone survey data for Watts e
Bar Reservoir, 1949-1980.
- 14. Myhr, A. , Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, telecon with Wagner, D. J. ,
Energy Impact Associates, October 20, 1980. ,
- 15. Coutant, C. C. , Dr. , Oak Ridge National Laboratories, telecon with Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, October 23, 1980.
- 16. Cheek, T. , Tennessee Technological University, telecon with Wagner, D. J. ,
1 Energy Impact Associates, October 21, 1980.
- 17. Van Den Avyle, M. , Dr. , Tennessee Techological University, telecon with Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, October 13, 1980.
' 18. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Commission Proclamation, " Endangered or Threatened Species," Proc. No. 75-15 (June 12, 1975) as an: ended by i ' Proclamations 77-4 (May 13, 1977), 78-14 (September 22, 1978) and 78-20 (December 8, 1978), Nashville.
- 19. Tennessee Valley Authority, unpublished gill net data, Kingston Steam '
Plant, 1975.
- 20. Heitman, F., Lake Eufalla Fishery Management Unit, Lake Eufalla, OK, two telecons with Wagner, D. J. , Energy Impact Associates, October 15, 1980.
, 21. Smith, P. W., The Fishes of Illinois, University of Illinois Press, l Urbana, 1975, 314 pp.
- 22. Pflieger, W. L. , The Fishes of Pissouri, Missouri Department of Conser-vation, 1975, 343 pp.
SECTION
4.0 REFERENCES
- 1. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, Environmental Recort, February 1977, 5 Vols.
l 43 l _ -- - . .,- - - - -
-. o
- 2. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, Vegetational Data Report, September 1975, 192 pp.
- 3. Bradburn, D. M., " Forest Management Plan, ERDA Oak Ridge Reservation:
1976-1980," Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 1056, June 1977 (0RNL/TM-5833), 58 pp.
- 4. Beinborn, W. A., Dr., Energy Impact Associates, Trip Report, August 27-28, 1980.
- 5. Pielou, E. C. An Introduction to Mathematical Ecology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1969, p. 229.
- 6. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Commission, Endangered or Threatened Species, Proclamation Number 75-15 (June 12, 1975) as amended by Proclamations 77-4 (May 13, 1977), 78-14 (September 22,1978) and 78-20 (December 8,1978), .
Nashville.
- 7. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, " Republication of List of Endangered and Threatened Species and Correction of Technical Errors in Final Rules," Federal Register Volume 45, Number 99, May 20, 1980, pp. 33767-33781.
- 8. Parr, P. D. and Taylor, F. G. , Jr. , " Plant Species on the Department of Energy - Oak Ridge Reservation that are Rare, Threatened or of Special-Concern," Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, Volume 54, Num-ber 3, July 1979, pp.100-102.
- 9. Endangered Species Program, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, " Service withdraws Proposals to List 1,876 Species," Endangered Species' Technical Journal, Department of' Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Volume 5, January 1980, pp. 1, 3 and 4.
- 10. Ayensu, E. S. and DeFilipps, R. A., Endangered and Threatened Plants of-the United States, Smithsonian Institution and World Wildlife Fund, Inc.,
Washington, D.C., 1978, pp. 180-182.
- 11. Mann, L. K. and Bierner, M. W., " Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Flora: Habitats of the Vascular Plants - Revised Inventory," Oak Ridge National Labora-tory, Environmental Sciences Division Publication 775, October 1975, ORNL-TM-5056, 141 pp.
- 12. Story, J. D. and Kitchings, J. T., " White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation: Data on Road-killed Animals, 1969-1977," Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental-Sciences Division, Publication 1320, July, 1979, 26 pp., ORNL/TM-6803.
- 13. Kitchings, J. T. and Story, J. D., " White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation Supplement 1: .1978 Status Report," Oak Ridge National Laboratory, EnvironmentaltSciences Division, Publication No. 1398, September 1979, ORNL/TM-6803/S1, 25 pp.
44 t
1 I
- 14. Kitchings, J. T. and Story, J. D., " Preliminary Studies of Bobcat Activity Patterns," Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual Conference, Southeast-ern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Volume 32, pp. 53-59, 1979.
- 15. Kitchings, J. T., ORNL,~ personal communication to Beimborn, W. A., Energy Impact Associates, 1980. '
e 4 0 45
APPENDIX A VEGETATION MAP AND LEGEND FRCM THE CRBRP ENVIRONMENTAL TEPORT, FIGURE 2.7-6 l t 46
a t a l W.S 8fUCLEAR 8
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, pp Figure 2.7-6. SITE STUDY AREAS AND OVERSTORY VEGETATION (Legend on Pages 2.7-507, 2.7-508 and 2.7-509.
Alphabetic letters designate study areas.) 2.7-506
l LEGEND FOR FIGURE 2.7-6 Cover Type Number __ Forest Cover Type Acreage 1 Lobiolly pine plantation, 1948 48 2 Shortleaf pine plantation, 1951 35 3 White pine plantation, 1951 39 4 Loblolly pine plantation, 1951 86 5 Loblolly, shortleaf pine plantation, 1951 2 6 Lobiolly, white pine plantation, 1952 7 7 Shortleaf pine plantation, 1952 6
~
8 White pine plantation, 1952 37 9 Virginia pine plantation, 1952 13 10 Loblolly pine plantation, 1904 29 11 Shortleaf pine plantation, 1954 87 12 Virginia pine plantation, 1954 28 . 13 Natural pine (VP, SLP, VP-SLP, SLP-VP, SLP- 95 9 MIXED HARDWOODS) 14
- Eastern red cedar pine (CED-SLP, CED-SLP-VP, 107 CED-FIELD, CED-PINE FIELD) 15 Eastern red cedar-scarlet oak 2 16 Eastern red cedar, scarlet oak, ash, northern 14 red oak '
17 Eastern red cedar, white oak, northern red oak 31 18 Eastern red cedar, sweetgum, tulip poplar 11 19 Tulip poplar, white _ oak 2 20 Tulip poplar, northern red oak 6 21 Tulip opolar, northern red oak, sugar maple, ash 33 Sweetgum 4 23 Sweetgum, pine (Virginia, Virginia-shortleaf) 42 24 Shortleaf pine, tulip poplar, southern red oak, 11 hickory 25 Sycamore, ash, eastern red cedar 4 26
- Sycamore, American elm, boxelder, black willow 9 27 Sycamore, American elm, boxelder, sugar maple 13 2.7-507
AMENDMENT III August 1975 LEGEND FOR FIGURE 2.7-6 (Continued) Cover Type Numer Forest Cover Type Acreage 28 Sycamore, tulip poplar, American elm, black 2 walnut 29 Boxelder, hackberry, American elm 2 30 haerican elm, boxelder 3 31 Ash, hackberry, black walnut 5 32
- Beech. white oak, northern red oak, eastern red 7 cedar 33
- Beech, northern red oak, tulip poplar, sugar maple 8 34 Sugar maple, American elm 2 35 Sugar maple, white oak, tulip poplar, hickory 10 36 Chestnut oak, black oak 17 37 White oak (Chestnut oak), northern red oak, 91 tulip peplar, sugar maple, hickory 38 White oak, hickory, black (sour) gum, northern 129 red oak, tulip poplar 39 White oak, tulip poplar, hickory (white oak, 55 hickory, tulip poplar, northern red oak) 40 Northern red oak (southern red oak), white oak 2 41 Northern red oak, ash, shortleaf pine 2 42 Northern red oak (Black oak), tulip poplar, 30 white oak, hickory 43 Northern red oak, white oak, tulip poplar, pine, 11 eastern red cedar 44 Northern red oak, white oak, sweetgum, eastern 14 red cedar 45
- Northern red oak, tu 'o poplar, white oak 28 (northern red oak, white oak, tulip poplar) 46 Northern red oak, hickory, pine (northern red oak, 11 hickory, eastern red cedar 47 Northern red oak, white oak, pine, tulip poplar 10 48 Northern red Jak, eastein red cedar 4 49 Black oak, hickory, tulip poplar 2 50 Southern red oak, shortleaf pine, white oak 7 2.7-508
n, e LEGEND FOR FIGURE 2.7-6 (Continued) Cover Type Number Forest Cover Type A,creage 51 Sycamore, tulip poplar, sweetgum 7 52 Bufiding and Construction sites 3 53 Roads 13 54 Powerline right-of-ways 58 55 Cutover and abandoned fields 7 56 White oak, black oak, hickory, sweetgum- 4 9 57 Shortleaf pine plantation, 1976 25 Total Acreages 1,364
- Unusual vegetation areas 4
2.7-509
4 1 F
. * . c2
- M QQ.
7-2A> ll l
/
i REFERENCE 2-24 4 G R AY'S , l i Manual of Bcrany 6 l I I EIGHTH (CENTEXXIAL) EDITION-ILLUSTR ATED ! t i A HANDBOOK OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS lOF i AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND ADJ ACENT 1C I i , I f t Largely rewritten and expanded by j Merritt Lyndon Fernald FUNER PROFYSOR OF NATURAL HHTORY, EMERITL*B, I AMD FORMER DIRECTOR OF THE CRAY ILERBARIUni, HARVARD UNIVERSITY WITH ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN SOME GROUPS t t t
,i d< /
Yg h Corrected Printing,1970 b CORRacTrows ScerLIED sY R. C. Rotuus i 0 \ \ D. Van Nostrand Company London Melbourne Cincinnati Toronto New York l WMOW W_ e
- n.
. i-1 l
t' i i
\s.' l 483 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 1869-193S), SMAM S T. -
frm,
- 6. L. Smallil Wieg. (for its discoverer, Joss Ktms:. Sarru, l liabitally suggesting nos. I and 2, sery s!cndcr,1-3 dm. high; stem plandular,I a a deep green, reniform-onte,1.5-3 cm. long, many times shorter them the slend A t t he s or bracts and clonguts (up to d as long as .
. 1. L. cordata. very loose and open,2-10 cm. long, its rucAis gland I- it trithpaal lance. linear, a thir l-a
- 1 cm. long) fliform pedicels glabrous; sepals bnceolate;
. 2. L. autrut;s.
lip, spreading or reflexed; lip broadlyi SmaII, obora'e,not D. Don: Ophrys rciliate,6-9 mm. long, the dda an open sinus,there bearing a broad oldong to obonte toot j tooth on each side; colurnn thick,1.5 mm. long. (L renifonn sSmallii
. 3. L.a=rica."' Pa. and W.Va., s. to Ga. and e. Tenn. July, Aug. !
s
- 4. L. herecatia.
Tribe IV. Erinhonur Lindl. ConAt.-noot
- 13. CORALLORHlZA Chatelain hid,"""#*'0 Perianth somewhat ringent, gibbous or obscurely l h ibbosity spurred or short at base. Sepals and p
. 6. L. .s,gg*.* nearly alike,1-3-nerved;!steral sepals ascerding, forming with the ip t e gh base of the com ideh plzbroue excep spur which is mostly adnate to the ovary. Lip slightly adherent to t eBrownish, purplish or y 4 mnded-orate,1-3 cm.
*Ld open, plabrous; column. Anther terminal; pc11en-masses d a raceme of 4, cobredsoft-wary, flowers. Ai free.-herbs des l~
m subtending bract; sending up a simple scape uhich hassneathsin place of leaves anFruit r 2/c, IAe uMer orchd lang, deepli didacd rout.) Const.tonnmsx R. Br.
- e. Lip 3-lobed or wif h a promincut lateral tooth on each usarein.
",*hmbute.
, s. N.E.,- Plant greeniab, greenish-yenow or rarely brownish: i h lowflowere yellowish. green i h red nd Oreg. Late May to suchtly brewn-tinged;tip notched . . . .on . each 1. C. tr0tda. side tow.ard base, w tsultr or purple: capsules greenish; chsch flowermg in spring.l warm.yenownsh: flowers usus!!y spotted.
to no.1, stifer end Plant madder. purple, brown or
. with purple or red; lip auritled and with prolonged lusal lobes; .
. 2. C. espsu macWasa. es
. ); en, LS-10 flower cm. Jon$ reddish. o brown or iulvous: f'owering in suninwr..
.6.
1p; lip 10 mm. long' the sin 7s and u *.* a. Lip unlobed e, tire or merely denticulate.6.Perianth 3-7 mm. long. not obviously striped p,g , , capsule 5-1:! mm. long. . . sepals e, and petals somewhat spre ding: Iip3. C. W winiana. e.Perianth about 7 mm. long: . , . . . . . mn.and very loca!!y mbout 5 man. long: flowering in spring. e.Perianth 3-s mm. long; sepals and .petals 4. C. edo,uorhisa,
#*I*
. . . . . . . .twurly
. . . cunnivent
. sa a hood; lip high* leares oblong. 2.5-3 mm. long: autumnal.
6.Perianth 03-2 cm. long: sepals. sad petals 5. C. siriata. tunded to subacute . . . . .evnspicuuualy
. . . purple-veined: tip a 2-10 cm. long, its tongue.shapea; capsule 1.5-2 cm. long. C. - Rhizome
)wers pale green or 1. C. trifida Chatelain (3-parted; from the 3dnind lip), Esitty or PAtr.d platforms; scope cr as begas d y- or grecrush-w hite, Mt'p, ush slender schitish, Mth somewhat intricate branching, l formism rowly oblong ffattenedm. high, l blhue; h l
. ds, enicareous silts
., s. to Casp6 Pen.,
up to 8 cm. long; pedicels very short, atbroadly first rounded scending,later ref!
"I'#" "#'d"'I'd; lip nearly equaling petnis, eddung, subtrumenic or P 'I*II" tip, seith Imr Emsal fulws, trhitish, vith many Nord, Que., rulL*ng., or Intrplik...s. - Dryish tu -
3- T Wet and notched at thickets, bogs and wnods, Green 1. and Lab. to Alaska, o to n. Nild., Cote
?"lle'.; the lanecolate N tP I emargmate et n. Ont., and mts. to Wvo. and Oreg. tEurasia)- J lip trhite,With d lip; un. us mostly asW ""F darergent otericles at tnost brownish. tipped, these and the similar petals lineds, tr.luncerdute, uns;mIIc ;
ruct and other dotted or seith stryfeto basal reddish dots,3-4 mm. I long, thickets teith um abruply narrowed r
"}* U*Y K~; M*c' d Tenn.,
car,s,acs greenish, beco,=ing drub, G-10 mm. long. (C.O., trtfida n. Ind.,of ed. 7) - hmp woo m) T. - Helatively and svamps, Nild. to B.C., s. to NA, N.E., N.J., Pa., mta. to Ga. an Wise., Mo., S.D., Colo. and Ores. May-July. - hpes suhtary to densely clustered f,['[n"",dlF "I 8A g its mea !8 2. C. macunts Raf. (mottied or spotted). .wrrm, I C. - Usually courn r than no.1; brownish; senpc (hith raceme) up to 6 dm. high snit I cm.J thick r! ntse, yellme to
***b '"d "8r*'IF fuscous or purplc.brous, the similarly colored whcatim extending ucl! above th reen, ciliate, cunc.
30 mal fourth hear
- u few-35. or more.flonered. 0.4-2 dm. fung; perianth d u!.itish, u
{-{g, amp tu aty
- c. N.E., or mes.
1-2 cm. lon,. - Pry woods, Nad. to D.C., s. to N.M., N.E., LL, Va., upland of N.C , Tenn., O., Ind., Wisc., Minn., S.D., Colo, and Calif. Inte Juno-Aug.- Fresh plants o I t E
~ ~.w.. .. _
* * - ~
i . . p' . 8 484 OIICIIIDACEAE (ORCIIIS FMIILY) in the following color-forms (until dry): typical plant uith scapes, sheaths and perianth yellow, ,cith short-tiedicelled a+ the lip epotted; forma Myida tpeck) Farw. (yelionish) simihr but hp unspotted; forma Inter- tAe 3rd drocl'iMI T ? s"' df s media Farw. (intermediate) with scape and sheaths dull brown or fuscous, perianth yellow. iarcral seeds, co"81"'1
- brown, lip spotted; forma punices (Thrtlett) Westh. & Adams treddish-purple) the seape, In wet sphagnuni, n.
sheaths and perianths reddish-pt.rp,c, lip spotted. 2. M. tfschfpoda *
- 3. C. Wisten&na Conrad (for its discowrer, CHARLza JoNr.s Wisun,1782-ISG3), Wistra's mrm,0.5 2.~, dm. hid C.- Coarser than uo.1,14.5 dm. high; scope somen hat bulbous at base, from a small coral- oval,1.7-9 cm. long, a loid rhizome, ringed usa red or purple, commonly llexuous toward summit, with paler striate tetow the uml one' '
sheaths below; raceme luz and open, 2-13 cm. long;fewers suun nearly horizontal, finally some- brfore cryrn*La "'6 what reflexed; perianth G-8 mm. long, the reddisk or purplish-bacLed hncar sepals sumesrhut punded perbmth jn*!I+ spreading, thcir pulce innerfaces Jfceled trit 4 purplc line*; petnis ivale, slieht17 shorter and broader, far to axis of orary, fo purple-flecked; lip 5 mm. log, deftered, roundish, scith basal clair, univled, schite, tdth purplish slender moinkd,ts V dots, c=arginnte; cupsule S-12 mm. lont. - Rich, chiefly deciduous woodland, Fla. to e. Tex., phyllos et d , D0% '
- n. tbecoming very loest) to N.J., Pa., W.Va., O., s. Ind s. Ill., Mo. and 8.D. I te ifarch-May. s. lab. Pen. to 3 fan.
- 4. C. odontorblaa (Willd.) Nttt. (tooth-rooted). Ian or Arrnix C. - Simdar to no. 3: Ind., %"tse., Min"-'
- smaller throughout.1-3 dm. high; scape often greener, slender; recen e 3-20. flowered,1.5-7 2. M. unifolia Mi hiCI ca. long; perianth 3-4 mm. Zong; sepals and petals approximate as a hood, sube7wd; lip white, 2.s-3 mm. long, crintly- or crose-margincd, purple-rimmed and -dotted; capsults slender- MT pedicelled, pendulous, 5-8 mm.109. - Dry woodlands, sw. Me. to Minn., s. to Ga., Ala , j3 e7 8 une I
Miss. and Mo. Aug.-early Oct.-l'orma Mrida Wherry (yellowish) has scape, shcaths and '%g,. W me perianth yellow twithout the usted purple tones) and the lip unspotted. ..
- 5. C. striata Liudt (stripedt, Statrza C.- As coarse as no. 2,1.5-3 dm. high; stoutish M "60 hu-scape and shcaths madder-purple, or in forma f61ra Fern. (yellowish-brown) yellowish to '
\ '8 orange-brown as also the perianths; rucme 0.3-2 dm. long; flowers subspproximate, often very b
,Y numerous: perianth usually purplish. O.S-2 cm. long, the lance-orate translucent conspicuously b*
purplc-ecined sepals and pctals loosely approximate andforming a broad areLing hood; lip toque- y Sg. ,a.ss, Fl shaped, usually madder-purple (yellow-brown in forma fulca), striped only at base, about as long 1 as other petals, abruptly drooping; capsules strongly ref' exed.1.5-2 cm. long. - Calcareous or 4. M. Bayardi 1 rich woods, Gaspd Pen., Que.; sw. Que. to w. Ont., s. to nr. N.Y., s. Ont., Mich., ne. and n. smaller throu:;hou
- Wise. and ne. Minn.; s. Alta. and s. D.C., s. to Wyo., Ida., and Cahf. Late May-Aug. 1.5-12 cm. long ar long; flowers greer dello'J,2.5 mm, br
- 16. MAL 1XIS Sw. ALuaxrs. Anorn%:orra and a-1.4 mm.10' Sepals lanceolate. oblong or ovate, spreading. Petals lanceolate, filiform or linear, spreading. ,,, long, sciti th Lip auricled at base, narrowing toward the summit, entire or -left. Column very small, terete, wc!s and clearin with 2 teeth or auric!cs at the summit and the erect anther between them; pollen-masses 4, 5. M. floridim
! in one to r (2 in each anther-locule), cohering in pairs, waxy, without sta!Ls, fihments, or trarely 1 or 31-le-I gland.-Low herbs of Am. and Eurasis from sclid tubers producing simple stems which high; leams subni j bear 1 or few leaves and a raceme of tiny mostly greenish flowers. (Mulucos, awk er delicate, ne becer (usuall) from the frail character of no.1.) Including Macnostrus (Nutt.) Est. scale prolon':ed;
- a. Leaves 2-5. alternate, basal, subtending axillary new tubers; sepals narrowly 21steral obb.m i ovate. 2 of thern ereet, the 3rd drooping: petals half as long. lasce-ovate, petals filibrm, E a
blunt: tip orate, conspicuously green. nerved. erect, much shorter than prolongcJ, the tw lateral sepals; capsule crowned by the persistent porrect perianth. . . 1. M. pr.kdoa4. milien, the marr I '
- a. Leaves solitary or 2(-3). subbasal or hi;;h on stem, without asi:lary tubers; g ,piga scr.,
sepals lanceolate to ovate; petals linear to thread-like;I p not conspicuously Inargy ,g,,4 reined. with entire tip or 2.eleft. . 6.
- 6. Leaf 1 (rarely 2); flower greenish to yellowish. . c.
- c. Lip drooping. entire, abruptly long-pointed. . . . ... .. 2. #. 6recAy-l peda.
g 3
- c. Lip finally ascendine. 2-lobed at summit. with a nelian tooth, g,p.ds oblong ltaceme oblonecylindrie, in anthesis 1.3-2.5 cm. thick: pedicels 4-10 8 tout at loFe, *
[ mm. long; lip oblong-oval, shallowly cordate at base, the 2 latern! eS'h anther-Im' spicallanecolate lobes much pmtonced, the centml tor,th ruinute. . 3. Jf. ==ifetia. h of trop, an*I te Itaccme slenderly c)lindrie, in antheais 5.-10 :::n. thiek; pedicels 2-4.5 mm. long: tip broadly cordate-deltoid. the 2 lateral apical lobes few. flowered r-deltoid and shorter than the broad hasal ones. the median tooth lustrous leaves. triangular. . .. . . . . . .. .. . . 4. Jf. Rasardi, 1. L. lihf 61k 6.Isaves 2 (rarely 3): tip orange tu vermilion, ercet, entire, cordato.ovatm the. Conratturiah I basal auricles broadly rounded. the tip not prolonged. ..... . 5. JI./foridaan. green,luatrous
- 1. M. paludosa (L.) Sw. (boggy), Doc-M. or A.- Plant very s ender, 0A-2.5 dm. hieh; i fiara Wadmon slender rhirome surmounted by 2-5 atternate oblanceolate or narrowly olmvate lenres 0.5-3 cm. fruit ascendin long, these crentually subtcraling sinull tubers; scapc filiform; raceme rery alcrukr,1-13 cm. long, lanceolate but I
l 4 -~. f p i f-1 l
? q j' , e.
L I *
, l I
l l 436 ORCIIIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) W curved; petals pendent, usually madder-purple: lip 6eoudly cuncate.obo wie, trouslucent, , usuall, petioled nerved and plaited modder-purple, 7-10 mm. long, with cbping auricles at base; capsuks clavate, erect
- on long species: ours, and another 1 1
pedicris. (L. hii@lia (Sw.) Lindl.)-Lnamy or sandy woods and cIcarings, s. N.lL to s. l nf the genus Tipeda.) Minn.. s. to s. NI, Ga., Ala., Tenn. and alo. 3 lay-carly July. i L T. discolor (Pursh) N
- 2. L. Loeselii (L) Richard (for Jonaxx Lonr.i.,1G07-1G'5) Loasts.'s, Doc-or Ygt. tov T. i faces) ~ Leaf 5-13 CS- I*
-Sma!!cr than no.1, with lanecobte to hnre-ovate scuom green strongly keeled leares; flower. I raceme 1-3 cm. long; spur a ing stem (asal raceme) 0.*r3 dm. high;/o.rcre 2-25, ubvut 5 mm. bmed, pilorrish-green, 1 on short
-IbntmWorest, h to ascending peditris; lip enneare, oldung. to uhucate-spatulate, about 5 mm. lang, arching; capsules and s. Ind. July, Aug.
Jaager than (Acir pedicels. -Bocs, peaty meadows and damp thickrts, Gasp 6 Pen., Que. to Sask.,July. June, s. t.s N.8., NI, N.J., Pa., Sid., up42nd to .ua., O., n. Ind., n. El., e. 3!o. and N.D. (r.u.) Sepals and petals nearly e
- 18. APLICTRUM (Nutt.) Terr. Perry-noor. ADAM.AND-EM , Imus nor spurred at lose. La l the middle lobe somechat 8 Perianth neither gibbous nor with any tsace of a spur or sac at hase. Lip free,3-lobed,j withplants with stout or somen three longitudinal cresta. Column compressed; pollen-masses 4. -4 espe from near &c summit
;e j "IU of a globubt corm-like tuber. Leaf soli:ary; petiole distinct. The s! ender naked rootstock , L EI' '3"'A
- D @.* '#h producing each year a globular solid tuber or corm, often 2.3 cm. In diameter (filled with with stout sheathing purpra exceedingly gluteous matter), wl.ich sen Is up hie in summer a hrge oval many-nerved purple, almut 2 cm. long; e phited leaf hating through the winter; early in the succeeding summer the scape appears, ut }
terminated by a loose raceme of lurid flowers. A single species. (Name from a-pneatur, scitA. C. ' out, and the Greek piectron, spur.) ' f L A. ~tyemale (Muh!.) Torr. (of winter; from the conspicuous evergreen leaf). - Rootstock 8 like a coarse chain of 2-4 !arge biennial corm-like tubers separated by intermediate slender Crass I.7 I strands; leaf firm, blue-green, corru;:ste-striste, the blade 0.7-2 dm. loeg; scape stout. 345 f dm. high, with remote sheatNng bracts, the leaf often shriveled at flowerior time; flowers Subchss I. ARC
& 8-20, about i em. long, divergent, purplish-green or madder-purple, or in forma pillidum t House (pale) pale yellowish throughout; sepals long, greenish or yellowish, singed with madder-
- purple; petals shorter, arching over the culumn, olJone, obtuse, yellowish, tinged with madder- FAM. 40.
i purple above; lip white or r.early so, sparingly marked with magenta; plump capstdes re. Flouvrs perfect or do. flexed.Ark.- May, Rich June. woods, now becoming rare, sw. Que. and Vt. to Sask., s. to s. NI, Ga., Tenn. .
. l, and se<ded a rF'l8 l"'.'
more, hypogynous
. t 19. CALTPSO Salisb. spikes of flowers naked l Sepals and petals simihr, ascending, spreading, oblong 4anceolate, acute, magenta-crimson, g rarely white. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, saccate, nith three longitudinal rows of y yellow (or white) ghs*4ike hairs in front and with a translucent spron4ike r ppendage (formed '9tamens mostiv 6 er 7. hy' e by the overbpping of the lip) spotted with madder-purp;e, the sse (bearing two conspicuous ,f 3-4 indehiscen't rarpels ur horns at its base) whitish, with irregubt usually purple-madder markings. Column winged, Perennial paludal herbs, one l having the opereubte anther hat below the apex; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all t
sessile on a square gland.- A single circumbores! species with sohtary basal leaf and a l' oled learcs') the pedicel crowded without in a s!
.l flowered
- , Calypso.) scare; sometimes with a cornsline rhizome below the tuber. (Named for the goddess sP{arance giving1.rise to th.
0 i S. cernuus (no&9 I 1. C. bulbasa (L.) Oakes (with a bulb). - P! ant 0.5-2 dm. hizh; tuber superficial; leaf niferous, the rhirome stona oval to round-ovate, veiny, bluish-green, with undulate rnargin, 2-G cm. long, developing in spike 1-3 rim. long, pedon l autumn, overwinterine, and shriveling soon after flowering season, the slendtr petiole 3- _ 8wamps and shallow wat g
- angled; scape smooth, nith membranous sheathing bracts, it and the leaf from separate buds;. Iu.* Mo. and se. Ihns. June l pedicel of flower subtended by a petatoid bract; lip resembling a sugar.scocp, 2-2.5 cm. long, . i' marked u.th purple-madder, or white in forma candida llylander (white); erect capsule FAM.
tipped by the marrescent perianth. (C. borealis salish.; CytAcNa bubsa Ilouse)-Cool mossy woods, chiedy calcareous. often about bases of Thuja, Lab, to Abska, s. (now very, pioccious (or by exci locally) to (Eurasia)
- w. Nfld., N.8., n. N.E., n. N.Y., Mich., Wisc., Minn., Ariz. and Calif. Mid.May- aments, one to coh be early July. caps,de, witA 2-4 pari.
. raky doern. -Sti:: mas
- 20. TIPULARIA Nutt. Camrt.T Oncms men. Cott!cdons thtte:
or ebe leafaike and pet Flowers greenish, tinged with madder. purple, numerous in an elongated loose bractless
, 3 ,ntendinc or divereen*
raceme. Sepals oblong. oral, obtuse, upper stTal narrnwer. Petals oblong, obtuse. Lip with a cach ihwrr with I to 4 le f, slender spur, 34alel; htcral lobes obtuse, obscurely tonthed; apical lobes 1,rnad at bane, . simiae or had stiemw: bua
' margin deflexed at the mia",c, aper espanded. Column wing!rss; anther operrulate, terminal; Aments soon arebing or pod I pollen-maws 2, waxy, each 2 3nrted, connected by a lincar stalk with the transverse small *I*
ghnd.-Tubers connected in a horizontal serics, producitig in autumn a single ovate slender. ermm'tti'*l *' *Mi". "2- t; I, ddsted or prohnged e
-w -
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- - f* REFERENCE 2-25
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Repub!! cation of Lists of Endangered and Threatened Species and Correction of E. _ r , Technical Errors in Find Rules n-a 5 E E .= 1. e m
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f V 33768 Federal Register / VII. 45. Nr. 99 / Tuesday. May 20,1980 / Rules and Regulations f-DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Islands tree boa. San Esteban Island chuckwalla. Fiji banded and Fill crested regard to the historic ranges of the listec taxa. . jd. g Fish and Wildlife Service iguanas. Bolson tortoise. Plymouth red- Dated: hfay 14,1960 p bellied turtle, totoaba. bonytail chub. ,Wi - t.7nn A.creenwalt. 4, 50 CFR Part 17 Goodenough gambusia. and Kern Director. fish and wiMyeService. 9 primrose sphinx moth. Plant species Republication of the Lists of added to 117.12 are bunched arrowhead. Regulations Promulgation o 1 Endangered and Threatened Species Tennessee purple coner lower. Accordingly, il 17.11 and 17.12 are :- and Correction of Technical Errors in 1.ipochaeta venosa. Truckee barberry, revised and republished to Title 50 of Final Rules Chapman rhododendron. green pitcher ; the Code of Federal Regulations as set . plant. Harper's beauty, purple. spined forth below: Aoewcy: Fish and WildLfe Service, hedgehog cactus. Wnght fishhook L Interior. '[ cactus. Uinta Basin hookless cactus. Lee PART 17- ENDANGERED AND ACTION:Finalrule: republication of the pincushion cactus. Arizona hedgehog U.S. Lists of Endangered and THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS f cactus. Brady pincushion cactus. Si!ct Breatened Wildlife and Plants and pincushion cactus. Raven's mazanita, 1. 50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12 are revised !; correction of technical errors. to read as follows: MacFarlane's four.o' clock. l.!ayd's 1
SUMMARY
.
- ne Service hereby issues a hedgehog cactus, black lace cactus. Endangered and threatened h f d 'd Peebles Navalo cactus. Kuenzler { 7.11-nd stened V1 ife an Pla 50 hedgehog cactus. Nicoll's Turk's head (a) The list in this section cortains the g
CFR 17.11 and 17.12. The last cactus. Knowlton cactus. Stenogyne names of all species of wildlife .5hich republication was January 17,1979 (44 angustifolia var. angustifolia. have been determmed by the Directer to FR 3636-3654). Technical errors are also Haplostechys hoplostachya var. be Endangered or Threetened. It also corrected ~ angustifolia. Cooke's kokio. Mesa Verde contams the names of species of wildhfe DATE:These lists include all species cactus, bunched cory cactus. Lloyd's treated as Endangered or Threatened listed as of May 10.1980. and are Mariposa cactus, dwarf bear-poppy. because they are sufficiently similar in Chilean false larch or alerce appearance to Endangered or ny all ub a rule efrecti e May Anci8t#0CCCtus tobuschil. Davis' green es ed pec s i et se 23.1980) and the Goodenough gambusia pitaya. Nelh.e cory cactus. Sneed d-(final rule effective May 30.1980). The pmcushion cactus, spineless hedgehog N,, ame" " Scientific Name", and txts of 50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12 are also cactus. Cuatemalan fit or pinabete. (ffective May 20.1980 (see 45 FR 13c10. Some populations of the Amencan Endansered or Threatened" define the F;bruary 27 '1980). alligator have been reclassified and all species of wildlife within the meanmg of ApoREssEs: Comments concerning this the non.U.S. populations of the the Act'%us, differently classified republication should be sent to the American crocodile were added to the eographic populations of the same Director (OES). U.S. Fish and Wildhfe previously listed U.S. population. The vertebrate subspecies or species shall S vice. U.S. Department of the InterGr. following captive self sustaining be identified by their differing Washington. D.C. 20240. Populations of species have been geographicboundaries even though the FoR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. removed from the list (see the other two co!umns are identical. T'he Mr. John L Spinks, Jr Chief. Office of September 17,1979. Federal Register [44 term " Entire" means that all populations . Endangered Species. Washington. D.C. FR 54007).h jaguar, black lemur, ring- throughout the present range of a j 20240.(703) 235-2771. tailed lemur, leopard, tiger, brown eared vertebrate species are listed. Although 3 SUPPt.EMENTARY INFORM 4 TION:The lists pheasant. Edward's pheasant. bar tailed common names are included, they l incorporate species officially listed as pheasant. Mikado pheasant. Palawan cannot be relied upon for identification Endangered or Threatened under the peacock pheasant. Swmhoe's pheasant. of any specimen. since they may vary k' Endangered Species Act cf 1973. as Since the republication of the lists is a greatly in local usage. The Director shall l amended, and 50 CFR Part 424. The consolidation of previous rules, and the use the most recently accepted scientific previous republication was January 17 technical changes are purely to aid the name. In cases in which confusion might 1979 (44 FR 3G36-3654). The animal reader, this document is not a rule as arise. a synonym wul be provided in species added to i 17.11 sir.cc that contemplated under Executive Order parentheses.The Services sha.ll rely to publication are Canbbean monk seal. the extent practicable on the 12044 and 43 CFR 14.2(e). Therefore the InternationalCode ofZoological Ryukyu rabbit. Simien fox. Malabar provisions of that rule do not apply, and large spotted civet. Iriomote cat. Fea's Nomenclature. a determination of significance is not muntjac. Formosan sika. Ryukyu sika, required. In addition. the Service finds (c) In the " Status" column the following symbols are used. "E" for North China sika. Shansi sika. South for good cause that this document shall Endangered. 'T' for Threatened. and "E China sika. Corsican red deer. Barbary be effective as indicated above and that deer. Yarkand decr. Dactrian deer. notice and public comment are [or T](S/A)" for similarity of western giant eland. Jentink's duiker, appearance species. unnecessary. Technical errors detected Tora hartebeest. Swayne's hartebeest. (d) For information purposes only the ! Zanzibar suni. sand gazel!c. Saudi In previous lists and the Federal Register " Historic Range" indicates the general ' of February 27.1000 (45 FR 13010-13020. known distnbution of the species or Arabian gaze!!e. Pelzeln's gazelle, ! to be codified at 50 CFR li 17.11 and subspecies as reported in the scientific ' Arabian gazelle. Arabian tahr. West 17.12). have been corrected. Some
!.frican manatec. Crevy's zebra, literature.The present distnbution may scientific narnes have been changed to be greatly reduced from this historic Hartmann's zebra. Virginia big-cared tellect current usage. Synonyms or bat. Ozark big-cured bat. red. necked range.This column does not imply any alternative names are indicated by (=). limitation on the applicatics of the parrot, saltwater crocodde two Readers are requested to ndvise the unnamed boas from Mountius Virgin prohibitions in the Act or impicmenting Service of any errors.particularly with rules. Such prohibitions apply to all I
e Federal Resister / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May :'O.1980 / Rufas and Regulations 33769 4 (not applicable) appearing in either of exaraple, the genus Hylobotes (gibbons) Individuelt of the species. wherever is listed as Endangered throughout f ts found. When the list is updated annually these two columns indicates that there are no special rules and/or Critical entire range (China. India. and SE Asia); cny Change in the range will be added. Consequently. all species, subspecies, (e) For informational purposes only. a dabitat for that particular species. Ho.-ever, all other appropriate rules in and populahons of that genus are footnote to the Federal Re-ister considered fisted as Endangered for the publication (s) originally listing a species Part 17 and Pstts 217-r and 402 stt!! apply to that species. In addition. there purposes of the Act. In 1978 (43 FR 6230-b provided under the column "When s2?3) the species Ha/iceetus Llosed." Footnote numbers to il 17.11 may be other rules in this Title 50 tw - relate to such wildlife. e.g pcrt-of-entry leucocephalus (hald eag!e) was hsted as cad 17.12 are in the same numerical sequence. since plants,and animals may requirements. it is not intemded that the Threatened in " USA (W A. OR. h!N. WI. be listed in the same Federal Register references in the "Special Rules" colwan M11" rather than its entire population;
! list a!I the regulations of the two thus, allindmduals of the bald eagle i document.ht document inchades a Services which might apply to the found in those five States are consuiered statement indicating the basis for he species or to the regulations of other [isted as Threatened for the purposes of listing.
(f) The "Special Rules" and " Critical Federal agencies or State or local the ACt. Habitat" columns provide a cross- governments. , (h) The "I.ist of Endangered and (g) The listing of a particular taxon Threatened Wildlife" is provided belew-reference to other sections in Part 17 or Parts 222,220 ce 227. The term "N/A" includes all lower taxonomre units. Per spease vweere= eece-Desert aange hsean ehere sisess when leand Cnecal heenas seems sues sooneft narne er48pge ed W Capresuun nous seesu=ed na a Escue E s fee tot w A einen pee escressumpene _1 stA Eye, . E gg pet
&amas wios sugge .-_
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. I 33 710 Federal Register / Vol. 45, N3. 99 / Teesday. May ?0.1980 / Rules and Regulations g
seemos Vetstraw som> Demons wge anson wrwe j Conween nome Smenses name Soms when seed Cance hates Sesoni nsee sneerigered or b i j Deer, L. Caws w e;-. w USSR, G . Erare , Duur. Someen Ass secrum eww peonse e E to NA sea D sr, ameary Ynero E 3 Caws e. ems asveaus uweeca tie e, Asgen- E** 86 4 h4 Deer, Caese insmis pause OsocoNim nen=crum E 80 NA kA j we=ce eCoeos esen'a Enare 1 cean=*== E 10 NA AA V Daar, Coheenn emmended_ Oaxonam gewso mianna , U S A. (M Df4 Eaere Deer, Caracan roe E. t paA Caws e ees carssamm Coreca. Sarerse Ener= esA Deer. Ehre : n Caws ses tune so Southeast As.a E $0 86A NA Damr hog Ernsa E Ase t eCaMalpegygm Thedend, innocruna Enma 3 enA esA aww*tecia E le 86 4 anA Duer. hay Onecawsis earpresrum swiesa Omer, se=a U SA (nouewn Fu Enere E stasarow menadtras t NA Argeners Uruguay, Parspey, Em- E asA Dour, nac Nedrs 8ennL 3 sea u Deer, musa Cams et 48 aist*"s Omne (Sweemk thett Eme E 3 NA adosceim macrudmm nioscanseria. Souencores Asa Enare NA Os i g E IS Cwonaceus seroa- Srsat Argeres Unsper. Erwe NA NA
$ 1S NA NA Pereguev.
Osor, Perses estair Deme alsme mesasperime Det van E*re Deer, Phacore Ace coastenw=* Powcones fCa aman is.anosL Enero E 3 m sea Deer, e=erre Caws Awaro* E IS ' Deer, votan=a htte heoal Entre E DLA psA Cams enaonus rereen0* ism Chna (Scaeng) 3 hA NA Detwar Eeere. E , Anusedwse arcsas Ausersaa 90 NA NA Dog Asees wed(=Dnoisp Entre E a Cart se=ss U fuSR Korea Chna. >=sa, Entre sea esA E 3 NA Southeast Aa,a ata (>$ Pape tsartzem- Es.asonal west Amt.a Entre Chaparg Agary cape E iS esA East AMca en souikom Jacare, Enere NA E a pea sumaang U S A. (Trusa NA Deshar, Junena's Temiones6 Cosmeiconia Joner** Sere Leone. Leena army Coast Entre EnareL Wessern yet Tarueregus arrerasim aisroess.. Se wgm em swory Coast E 50 86 4 ha Elsenere. Aswan Entre E Lanzarra e* raw Ader= Eaere So NA h4 EineharuL Anne Oswees maans.e T a0 anA tr eoie, peset aneca.aaosed Souin<enre mid Southessa Aas Eaere E 1S 44 mare strynpes Westem U S A., wesiem Canasa. Enme NA asa Ptyeeuw. Tasmanen (kangaroot E 1, 3 eracroma egemens teesiewews Ausensa (Tesraarnas . Eaere sea NA Feu, Nor1 hest s=el E S Mdoes voos neces smA siA Fan, Sea Joesan fue Mapse mA:ross musco U SA enorwiera eterek Canaca . Canaoa E 3 feA Fou, Sssion U SA #Camroreme) Eners h4 Se=ne entenes Elmeq>a E 1 ssA Enare NA Genema Qars (=Deamp_ Arvnoareas crate Sommaa. Eiheena E 90 pea NA Gammes. Cnswer'= Enare E Gatosa cu==o'r Morocces 76mma 3 anA NA Gemmet Mhorr Emre. E 3 Gaassa dans autre M 'vecco NA pen Gemene. Morax:can (= Dorcass Enre E 3 Gasese spress massers,ve_ uorocco, Aagena Entre anA NA Geroes. Re a:a Dro Dame Gar ** aa*s erstr E 3 hA NA Soarmen Sena'a Enwe Gareta Arahan Gatese comes - E 3 NA hA Gareas. Sarwr Arahan Pererassa eactueng israss Entre E Garena s.eg6 erose atra_ Jercars Aretrwt PsamsJa 10 pea NA Gasses Seias Arsemen . Garons a.wcas ammspe Entre E 50 anA faraes. arat Jordan. Syna. Sauch Entre saA E 50 NA NA Aratna, awess. GassesL Perreen's -- Garesa areas autrees Sornee= Enere Genese. monderdierned (= Anyng . Gareas eroomes E 50 Gmeda thaaaana Sudan. Egy% Agr e. Le,a~ Enare E man NA Therapeecus seede Nurthem E9 mon,a , Enere 3 asa NA Genere Moosnre nos $rchatng T 16 NA 17 40ict Apnesetm L Chena euna noudheastern Asa EneT E & 15 hA NA Qard At=nerneedtes swer East Aas Enere Go== Gcrure spres E 19 NA kA teare, haons Genes ans wesenne Alacs Enare E Cacrougus haounss anea seepel 3 NA NA Mwtmesest $=eyne's Enare E 15 Acessonws atsoupnea sme,ee Eencoat Somana NA h4 teresesent Tara Ener= E Ategpnia Wwns are_ Emsopa. Sudan. Egyor & SO NA NA Hot sugver Entre E Sus newnaus S0 tea NA tearset Prrowersso's essa fuscat Brnaast Samen _ Enwe . E 3 Comm Arre ors **. Mongoma 864 NA tensonA teorsi Anoenn Enero E IS essezcanoem missense fuA NA Ecuador. Para Chae. Soonst Entre E Argener'a IS NA paA DemenmA SeAh wenn .- a emes Chee. Argenene Psywm Sar1>ery Masne nyeese bacere Enere E 1s Worocco esA anA teo's r eroen Enere E 3
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Federal Redster / Vol 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May *0,1980 / Rules and Regulations 33771
\s IP u es Scaereas name poses range ase en enere sanner9ered e Suses when tuned Camens ammans Seamas nans 9 Canesen none eveneense T to taA 12.ases
$n ter*a t. Caveat Eroe NA ma Law. petwinced Aseves emer Enare E t4 Acame mene Souvern Ana &H eqA mA Lacame. - -
Waeoasy Regneas Em= E i tessariose encl CT _ __ Lap =eamaicaet as meneurs of (. Ww.aeassark genera isvens. Pener. simpsenne. Lep=emW AAperwaa AAxwdha onesapsena vaece S, 6 NA h4 Atir.A wust $snessest Asia __ Eier= E NA 8 _' Pierwere petw E- E & is sea heemms amenames Sousneest ana Sotavesass Leased. ~"" Asia. Tweets NA NA E S
. Corwei And E- NA ItA taans1L eroe Purumore arcus Napel. Am mesmak EJe- E 4 Leises *~===d Aruccon Aesscour-Cama LaceL Sisma E & NA hA Peeps me ps-a wesism ten to #49e Erea h4 17.aQect Laws h-- Ecer= T M Awmuhm;fr - enocnsL 3 hA NA Lare,heestnow Erure. E Lyre. Scareeft Feus 9'ur petwis Sor T 16 hA 17 actr.)
ks.:sca cycxers Terman Eme 8eA SF atXc) teacuseo. Forawsmuess Enve . T 14
.ac>an ($reumes nyts*es ar43 Ra--y = sapensse asosace nascara Moreru isaarug MA e6A Ener. E 3 i
na - = tomased _ kacecs amerws wasa -. 7 16 NA 17 40tc) r h =. m M koosca arsones sua LAssaml D echtsern Cruna.= Enwo Ener= T te m SF 40ic) kacaca antca $n Lna (.Csears 3 NA tiA h e. Toove SM:9 Armw.a Ar'azon fw Ergr a E hearmene. Amatorman Tacna:rta reatpas 6amat M enA west Ccast of Arte etwa Ere= 1 4E Tncesc%s esiopeeres haarumme. Meet Alncan Sene9m Steer Cualza 8ber. %3 17JS6a) 44 E Trrnsc%s pensaes. U SA (Am.thearuret Caecear. Eriara henrume. West twSan ODnosh Ci;aa't. Sara Annev.a. IS SIA NA Ers= E Passo normr Ea.aaonei neun A#Ea 3 InA lea hearummu Ewe E asengener.Tre Arver Cauzcocw pegrees Aca.A 4 hA esA Esare E Cacccoous arousans Senegas u Ghara PLgena to naangstmy. _---e A. - Gaann $ IIA 86 4 besuco E Peas
- U $ A. .NM. A2). Caera and hamage, masemment Souan Amense. tS anA hA Ers= E Caspe tacywa.-L - Panes: art hA aia herefer. CM.an Eter= E is hsartmor. Aaeas - C.acrs r acoisa nwgaceros._ Amarrsa Pesuun E te hA InA Cape 8tactywajeracrt Pssaa. AVwusar' E>vre hA teartaer. staf4Jeomme E 4 kA Pa'arza,sha Auct Ch EJetro sta enA tiarmesel cc~~' W cm3 Ass Bea.;n, Ccnomcna Enador. Pero Erere E 3 Caesico puis g e inA NA himme Gooma's genre Lewsasmal, eastem er s boa Arvecrenmars sereiper A. street 4 sea NA Erare E
- .;a : targe essert Severancoas psa*r'eacrt.a ause -- e teh 864 Erar= E Saammews.s <>Waeera Aness6 - 3 44 NA iderump=akeruwee, lor 9ames Enare E haar=en. Forgiosan yeeceafvosted kodos aew crrysocisa _ fenve n_.__. . Enwe I %$ hA II a0dc) teorsey, Deca nooier AA%susa agra *Acaa.06 Guela#eit sana to tea NA trare E besLJsy Dene Coutpmocw meras Ccasa. West ascs 14 ten hA Entra E Aesopss #3nces CPreug ;fteang-4 trexhre anA NA lety asy, Francow' "=' - Erara E 96 Adossie unions Mensa io sows Ar==aca 14 dea hA letruer. Mcwear ' Ucces Ea:te/nCergs Baseh Eter- E haamusy. Lhoesrs Cascarmeam acesa Ce isroort E 16 tea hA A ==aa arves.s Someo _ Enho h4 M haaresy. praeonas Erspo E 3 hoorney. ea **-a neares_ Saam eersesar Cos.e N:a.Parema E g ggA 36A
[pgr= heorespr. -" _ _ Cseccomscus eyIRrogasAur _ Whlsen PQCrq E 4 enA hA hearmsy. ree-marea nonnesotted Carsacunecus ay=ror.s two a .antaeon. Femando Pa. Ener- 3 NA NA Erere E Adams peoprose etructus CaMae'.c&PeCae4a E $ In4 NA hiirtWP. sDuder Enwe hearney, eg>oer Arears paprW pensmerias . Ccs:a 3bca Farema T 16 hA 17 40rch bar:rsa.n Enare asA 4A lacremy. Torem ord" Prs =3=sraec.s avwcun.s E 3 Orace Enare hA hkyasy. ecosy ag>cor 3agipperg aschacuars E 25 Den Anoise of for hern Pens Eatre - hA hA boreer. yedoedamed accey_ tagarrrts Aldog;&Wa Erare E 15 Awaynps pea.wieda,s __ Av.ws 18 B4A fBa h Auseamen nenwe Enere E AnorJmys #3ac As.scena 4 NA BiA 84= == Austaken nebee Enya E h- Feecrs Psasayers asas Austaa 4 hA 9tA Eawe E h == Gendfe Pseasorays pan =a, . A.s01s= = E 4 8LA hA Aubtraea Enere NA NA Bar=== hem Hosand PsansdDmys nowsedtDeWrtBe* . E $
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3 kA NA Ones. pant Arg =ena. Soewst uruguay. Ortid Enos E hA ture peress,s .. se ena Ottes.La esta Sm,rn An= r= a _ _ Enare E hA ta,re swigacamps #6 anA Oner, ay=g immed Pow. %=,4h to Steam of Mage &an Enere E stA eLA Omer, esenne te,rs erwie E 16 Chde. Argerme _ . Enere 9tA OnA Ones, esasinom neer ta,re provocas T F1 One,acm,mern see Enripura a, ins nerve went coes u GA (mal south to Enwe. Monico (Deia Ceusorrmal 9 NA tea Enare E pena coricomor curts. U C A G.A and Af4 esaa to SC Pree. Flonos anni F L4 NA NA E 4 Auswana. Entre NA NA Pternessa, eme Maupae aheessans . E 4 Auswana Erme . NA Ptarwome. . _& Piersyme ssrwosrts E 3 86A Grard - Enere h MeoWhsd CPlevernys seacepstosus
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l 33772 Federal Register / Vol. 45 No. 99 / Tuesday May 20.1980 / Rules and Regulations peserc range _e p_ ineen where Steam when Inned
/:3 Ceeman nome Seemic name CHece homens Specam name emeergeres or vesseered Poemas -- _. . pyny n w serow Posews ecoy-ended Ausem Enare Prene Ong "
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"" Aa.sma Enwe. se a.
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#tririccurcs ereccr'ws he a. Nepal NA AA fewtocerot _M Emre E h ameascia Indonoea twmcrent Surma Emre E 4 44 hA 8twoocerceL norowrm wwe Careehrmas sanwo com>w_ Zare. %: art Uganda, Cerural 3 sea NA g Enare E 3 Asncan pg. ., anA tiA
! Nwetect $nsmetan Didernicouros asneewtse Sargadsen e Veenare to s Ener= E 3 sea h4 Sant owenioned kioonesa (Borneok onceores seensam Brere Erwe Seet, Cett,een more .mvisenus #waa= E 3 NA Carec,een Sea G6A er Meuco Entre NA imol Perween snore ammeen6e sensiansnets E 1. 3#. d5 NA
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(= Wadagascart Inn hA See senert Fermosm Cows scexw caouente Te=an She ldsst Norm Omn= Emre E to Carmem aspon emanaavts CNna (Shena ng and Crahe hA M tree E to Pro-ncen M hA De ideot Ryuryu Canes acgsm serense Japan Mytayv 'standl Sea ideert Shane Enere E 90 Cetum aswon graseess NA tea Sea toewt Soutn Qune Casim noon sopscre Chne tShane Prouncet Eree E 80 pia Sotthern CNna taA Sort Brazaan Swaned Enare. E dre@ cia dtrepeam Erazd Eier= S0 M feA Seangosag C. men A4stysm acens E 14 sea Cea Entre enA Sananoson Heem Sesrtaen sareapars DJr'unn ;an Rew=c 6 se E 3 sea tA Seeee, Deensrwe Pereimas foe Scusim super crieste Erwe 'I 3 i U SA (De.adevs e erensiAa e Erwe anA NA E t tea liA Sang Detiary Southeast ran Caww sessnm earceim Tw=s.a. Aage a Entre Seat Kathnw CakosesndAmyu E 3 NA atasherw -- Eves GLA Swn, Zanatier Aespeeps awsenesus E 3- tea paA Zanzeer tand negreanno sieteel Ere= E-anoscnees 90 tiA feA { Tarv. Araben Am'erepus presses Dnan Enere Tamerow Sdeem senmarones_ Phappree E SO 8eA 8dA Tamervi, . 1 -e tscrearus see tas speaes) Eree E 4 se4 NA Stan Enee (=. - -- w Taraanrt E 3 NA psA
.goeden4an Harmosen Tameret pod Saguwsm a=mier Decerem Brazs Enee E Tammet eftwoooted Jameius A=P pea *ern Coicy ee 16 NA 8tA Tass.Asen Taarim s-~ Entre 7 14 NA Surma Laos, Carnooca Verwg Enero IF 40ics E 96 h4 NA Tapr. De2Ase Ma'avs.a. Indonesis. Thedana Tsets ar' sees Coeomene and venereda echam es Erwe E 3 M M Tapt. Cower Asse1can Peopmy and Argeaant Tasew earns Sourern adesco to Canomos sus Eres E 3 NA M Ecuador Tase. auswiean Taprim picases Coone.a. E:uamar and .mstwy Ener= E S InA NA Tareer, Pensc,ce Peru and venerwee Tarsam syncoce Phdeceies .- Enwo T Tour Pantiere age Tempoare end Teopcm asa te NA 17 40lc3 Tger. Tasmerman i= Tapacanel. Thr4scote cy incermete Enere E 3, S hA Ause ma . NA Demmetse - ' Entre Cscese are tas -- Peru. 9,azi. Ecuedor. Compet Enero E E 3 feA NA . 3 NA NA Unud Venetuma Obw ewees senen Cyrue . Ecos inesne E tea Wassey. tenaed here Mciew erive Soum Amencan Ana== Erwe. E il NA I tapweevne sescwee 3 h4 8eA j Aissveaa Eaeo Weseoy. tyv= sed essed _ omeacvenae ewww A.mee a E 4 eeA pea t
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E 4 MA NA Whee, the Ausve a Entre 8eseicwwe musn,44 E $ feA NA Whose.tommees Oc c Enare E 3 demone e rsacee,s Ocear=c enann nnesw eers enfyt NA hA Whoo. heasm Entre E 3 M 8s senopasre parasam Oceenc h4 Enere E 3 feA NA
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Federal Reelster / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesdaye May :0.1980 / Rules and Regidations g N Compuut name Spaces Sooneet name temasec re9pm Weiseresa popua mea enere ensangered as amas when esed Creas puenet spaces tsare steessawd te wea per ra =a.m oswas hee Pecac On--c - ev E - E M u seumpSam mean. Acre
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. i Federal Register / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May ?O.1980 / Rules and Regulations 3377'
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S-40 FR 3t738. Ju sy 29. ISTS 54 44 FR as22CP. Auqpas21, 1979 . 36-42 FR 60745. Ncurerrear to 1977. tM FR 44159. Seceoveer21 1975 29-.d3 FR 37tS. Jaresswy27,1976 55 44 FR $4007. Seceenese17.1979 It-do FR 444 9; Seceepeer 26 IS7E 32 43 FR 4C29. Jwesary St.1978 40-44 FR 99064 Octucer 92. 1975 12.- 43 FR 47509. Octueer 9,1975 85-44 FR 632C6. Novemoer30.1971 , 25.- 43 FR 462t; Fecruary 3.1978 13==*s FM 1774 Asst 26,1976 96-44 FR 70677; Doceneer 7. 9979 34- 43 FR 6233; Fecruary14. 1978
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33780 Federal Register / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May 20,1980 / Rules and Regulations ( l 17.12 Endangered and ttweatened plants. , (a) The list in this section contains all species of plants which are determined by tl4 Director to be Endangered or Threatened. It also contains species of plants treated as Endangered or Threatened because tney are similar in appearance to [j . en Endangered or Threatened species (see i 17.50 et sql j (b) The columns entitled " Scientific Name" and " Common Name" define a species of plant within the meaning of the Act. Although common names are usually included. they cannot be relied upon 'or identification of any specimen. since they may vary greatly with local usage. The Director will use the most recently accepted scientific name. In cases in which confusien - might arise, a synonym will be provided in parentheses. The Services shall re!y to the extent practical on the Internctionc1 , i Code of BotanicalNon~enclature. (c) In the " Status" column the following symbols are used: "E" for Endangered. 'T' for Threatened, and "E (or T) (S/A)" for similarity of appearance species. !' (d) For information purposes only, the " Historic Range' indicates the general known distributii,n of the species or subspecies as reported in the scientific literature. The present distribution may be greatly reduced from this historic range. This column does i not imply any limitation on the application of the prohibitions in the Act or implementing rules. Such prohibitions apply to all individuals of the species, wherever found. When the list is updated annually any change in the range will be added. (e) For informational purposes only, a footnote to the Federal Register publication which original?y listed the species is provided under the column "When Listed." Footnote numbers to i17.12 and 117.11 are in same numencal sequence since pfants and animals may be listed in the Federal Register document.That document includes a statement indica *ing the basis for listing. (f)'lle "Special Rules" and "Cntical Habitat" columns provide a cross-reference to other sections in this Part 17 or Parts 222 or 227. The term "N/A" (not applicable) appearing in either of these two columns indicates that there are no special rules and/or Critical Habitat for that particular species. However, all other apprepnate rules in this Part 17 still apply to that species. In addition, there may be other rules in this Title that relate to such plants, e.g port-of-entry requirements. It is not intended that the j references in the "Special Rules" column list all the regulations of the two Services which might apply to the plants in question or to the regulations of other Federal agencies or State or local governments. (g) The listing of a particular taxonomic group includes all its Icwer taxonomic units [see il7.11(g) for examples). (b) The " List of Endangered and Threatened plants" is provided below: spaces Mupanc vange staan when ames Canca natutas soems mass soonsec narae cerenan reme phra
-neer parwan faradr
._soprurw sescicinate surced ano= head U.sA (NC sQ E ss hA NA Assaraceae-Asser tarwy towtava arewiessacase - Tervwenee snape cordm e er U.s A (TN) _ ( 43 NA kA teocneete seassa hare U.s A Pef - E Fs asA NA Setenoaceae-8aceny fomer suroew sev== Tsucmee tharterry U SA tcA)._ _ E F5 hA NA Bendaceae-Secn tarrwr aseme aesr Vrprua naswear torn U.sA Or A) __ _ E sg egA NA n - - -e erwy Arame mcotzisamane tacDanskrs eacteess __ U sA fcA3_ . E e4 asA ha fywnre sameown ver emposeur Cata canea =asMouper U sA (CA) E st 17 9Ena) NA r__-__ m- empu,.
we*= teuscae(.Echococam L Ada,wnutrie t)_ faenacn tervoom cactus U sA (T10_ E 80 hA taA (aismagris ewww(=c nessee Escocais a. heee cory cacts U sA (TX)- E ee asA ha Adanstsaw a L cowmeme ammunose Seict ed cory coces y s A (74, i 77 ha hA termco ICoarnatan (mienmee srwee ver me t.Esecome 1. adreemanns r k Lee ser.aroun cacam _ U SA shadi _ . Y ei sia hA Cessemes answo ver siesei.5eee a. snood armarman cacam u sA (TX h44 E 82 ha ha teepwnsana s k fewocacam newtywnserous ver secace E Ft ash am EcrWecs=via evernewe var piamaw pecnore PWTuescwedT rt shedgm head cacts cacas.. _UU1 sA A 4A4_-_ SJT1 E Se psA em
. Ecnriorems aseview(.E nomyse of adrert Act Fct>r) .. Leruier hoogenog caca.s U s A th44 _ E 70 mA not Ecymnocipois aards (. E soones var. () Dopo e necoonog cacts U SA (T4 _ E 67 hA NA fewecereus apurneacac e ts var aNw f,E Ma.- ;_;; Diect asce cacts ~ U SA.(T4 E es hA sak Ecrknocuras avaocasses,s war ewcmecte f
- E mvtricus_ Aertrie hessocnog cacts W SA 4A4 42 NA han EcMotureem empocensmead war sweauw(.E meer sus sproegs heogunog cacts U sA ten E ts MA ha var a. E snoemrcus .ar at uT) fans ocevia swimpse var de.as t E annen oevre' green p*ava tasA (T4 E 8I hA pha Anspearine sanwosense t.EcMocacts an. EsnrisonesAm uovas taanpose cacts U s A (f 4 -_ r 77 ha anA mal hsocscam arem( raenere ai arody pacuerwon cacts UsApa_._ E ss een hA A*eets anc=*ays, etnoween tacts U s A iNSA) E F2 hA pia Ptspocacas prwoernerbs war Awoeweege Pestuen hewayo cacts usa (M) _ E GO RW NA
(= fcar=>cacam a. auwswe a Timane.e p. asese ai
#Woocacam see t Ecnemcaram s. vt,a e s 3 sdow powermon cacts U sA (Ar. UT) E se NA NA
$cteccaram pawus t . EcNwcarito p. E siegencia f. WWwa Bases hoonwas cacts U sA ICo.UT)
- se hA #64 ansumerver p. Amauraan p.1 eens*wt acdegracts stesse vertlee ( .Cetradse Mt. (cFleiocacte edeen Wer@e Cacts U SA Co. I Fs NA h4 at. A=*-ebs em 1 edNS schwora1km e*v e hse t #WiAxsets eI Wr9 gps tennoch cacte y s A (UT) _ f SS NA NA O.-= wee-sionecrae taawy aamres pesa.se . sees tarews annand eve orever . U s A lCA) E s0 NA hA
(.swenscwee-c,pese twww-Feere aswessam s CMean eene meren(.pecet _ cme Argeres f 73 NA NA facavew-tinest fanury A41ossoontos Awnee ses ##wwee Psuers mervermeA U s A $CA) _ E $$ NA NA A%aawarmeon cAannew ~ Chapmen mormoempan U s A (F4 _ E et hA 8eA
Federal ReglSter / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May 20.1980 / Rules and Regulations 33781 O W .esme ,.a e S w - =ed C.eca ammim Sceew .uie. k 'o # .c.e. enc .em. Ca e e e FA- % leufr e gg4 Ry@ erg mhM U $ A (yf)_ f 30 NA AstepsAspres%s _.. 3e esA stA papees dramwes._ Many reine=-es USAdCAL_- E Se CW w 6 room U $4 tCA)- E 26 M anA team acmews saa tasa.se 39 M hA Mce martres. Ms.we was trono com. U SA M - E
#9enrayascese-. water'eaf fewy uS A quT)_ 44 hA h4 eeone E
. Miscoes aps acwe -
- M 'amnr 1._ hane U S A qHt) _ g 73 NA NA Marcuac97 s aawsac*pe == av44 e e4 hA San Dego mesa punt U S A (CAI- E esA hA ha J%909Pae acr*' ism s 73 sisregran avuseus ver avsetae hone U3 A m_
Lascwee-4se tariner $7 9sA hA Hyosr's boshAy y S A (FQ - E passeneses as.s E N 8eA NA Persstore emmam VSuA (GA SC) Tsuaise pasasers h_ "* tamdy. 74 NA hA Cocee s home USAM_ E NA stA Acad cocee E 24 Se deaanse aswwl thenn manow U S A (CA) u=% eww , h a; _ ' owe cioch tams u $ A (10, Of4 E se pea NA deepes macarwin MacFetane s 8tma4 moca (>synesse-Everung erveeose fe=r 39 NA stA Eurema emenmrene U S A ICAL - E NA Criores seita sno sureadv'ss E 39 17 96(al Cyn.t.'es sum.wsrs saa nomoe Aceocn Chaws eveem9ervvvoes . U S A (CA)_ Papavesceae pewp law 78 MA M Amen wcoa airees Dwed beeSoopy U S A (UT) - E Phacese-No tammy- T 84 MA NA Gndterelan $r (a peruDefen besccL Aaes pasemsways Guatemma. Haruheaa. El Serveaor Poecree-Grssa 4rrer 44 pea kA Sanano (-Cressoa a <> cur') U SA lCA) _ . E Oaerns mucrare.s Fasa 3e NA hA tweta Oure Fans U S A (CAL E M Seespeeee.e w _ _ U S A (TX)- E 39 hA Temas ses nce Jlresa armee . mewcusaceae-8vrentuo famer T 30 NA stA teorimern odd mormsnood U S A SA NY. Acpunne no.vooracerise OH. Wil. E 26 sea hA Saa Osmeree tuand tartsow U SA lCA)~ Oserwinne anwomee . _ _ Sar ace % r- w; fr dr U SA (A4., GA) 94, et NA NA Green pacher pae E Sarace ia avar wa . _ Scauswauctee-Sadocragoa feve8y 26 sea NA Casammys pues Saa cemenee emare inchwi UAA l CAL E ser9Drunrt 44 StA NA SaA meersn thrtis " U S A (CAL E Cytikereras maneous eso. steisrque Hema (Baio
- Cantorrmat 39 NA hA Furden sin,eenot US A @4E). E Anscurais 4,tesmae Ceeds (New Brunomick)
~~
83 44 FR Gr'Go Octoeer26 1979 75-44 FR 62474. Octatae30.1979 26 -42 FR he43. Aup,se 11.1977 76 44 FR 64247. hove-car 61979 64 44 FR 61798. Octener26.1979 39-43 FR t 7996 Acre 25 19'8 77 44 FR 642=O. Novemcor 8 1979 44 -.43 FR 444f1 Se**meer 29 et t 45 44 FR 4ttr t. Octooer 26.19r9 64 44 FR Sitt3 Octose26 1979 76 44 FR 64252. Novemoor 6 '973 47-se FR 24050 Are 24 1979 79-44 FR 64 732, homember 7.1979 49-44 FR 32405, hne 6.1979 87 44 FR 61996 Octocer 26.19*9 64 44 FR e'9M Ociar er29. 1979 a0 44 FR 64734 howemDer ?.1979 i $3-44 FR 43?01 Jue v 25 19'9 01 44 FR 64740. Novoamer 7.1979
$6 4e Fa $4923 Seremtper 21.19*9 89-44 FR 6:324 October 26.1979 7% 44 FR f r927 Ocioner 21.19*9 32 44 FR 64743.howemeer 7.1979 57-44 FR 56663. Ottomer 2.1979 63 44 FR 6a7s4. poevemoor 7.1979
$6-44 FR 56868 October it 1979 71 44 FR 61929. Oc*ober 26.19'l 72 44 FR 62246. Octoer 26 1979 64 44 FR 6500S *eowemeer 6 1979 96-44 FR $4670 Oc cos= t t.1979 89-45 FR 18929 waren 24. '900 61-44 FR 6'556 October 25.1979 T3-44 FR 62469 October 30.19'1 62-44 FR 6t15e Octooer 25.19t3 74 44 FR 6247f.Octooes 30.19'9
{f1t the arn tSPe Filed bt9-et a 45 eel i SEL9e4 CODE 4310-55-u l l I ' INT 3837-80 sie e unes sm hvii
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REFERENCE 2-26 w.% ;?. 7:1, 4 to r Page 1 of 3 Pages TENNESSEE WILDLIFE RESOURCES CQ9 FISSION PROCLAMATION
- ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES s
~
Pursuant to the authority granted by Tennessee Code Annotated, Sections 51-905 and 51-907, the Tennessge Wildlife Resources Commission ' does hereby declare the following species to be endangered or threatened species subject to the regulations as herein provided. Said regulations shall become effective sixty days from this date.- - SECTION 1. ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES j NOLLUSCS ENDANGERED ' Birdwing pearly mussel Conradilla caelata Dromedary pearly mussel Dromus dromas Yellow-blossom pearly cussel Epioblasma (-Dysnomia) florentina florentinc *
, Green, blossom pearly mussel Epioblasma (-Dysnomial toruZosa
~
gubernaculwn Tuberculed-blossom pearly mussel Epioblasma (-Ugsnomia) torulosa torulosa a Turgid-blossom pearly mussel Epioblasntz (-Dysnonia) turgidula Tan riffle shell pearly mussel Epioblasma (-Dysnomia) Walkeri 9 Fine-rayed pigtoe pearly mussel Fusconcia cuncolus , Shiny pigtoe pearly mussel Fusconaia edgariana c Pink mucket pearly mussel Lampsilis orbiculata orbicuZata White warty-back pearly mussel Plet*mbasis cicatricosus Orange-footed pi=pleback Plethobasis cooperianus
- Rough pigtoe pearly mussel Pleurobema plenum
- j 'Cumberland monkeyface pearly Quadrula intermedia l'
mussel Appalachian monkeyface pearly Qu2drula sparsa mussel
- Pale lilliput pearly mussel TomoZasma (-Carunculinal cylindreIZa
- Painted snake coiled forest snail Anguispim picta ~
l FISH - ENDANGERED t
- Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens '
Ohio River Muskellung' (in Morgan, Cumberland, Eso: masquinongy ohioensis l ~ L Fentress & Scott . Counties) . Barren's Topminnow Tundulus sp. (cf. T. albolineatus) ' Spotfin Chub #ybopsis monacha Ye11outin Madtom . Noturus flaviginnis ( Snail Datter- Percina tanasi ? *Section I amended by Proc. No. 77-4 Proc. No. 75-15* ' l- , datcd M1y 13, 1977, ' Proc. No. 78-14 dated Sept. 22, 1978; and, Proc. No. 78-20 dated Dec.-8, 1978.
.g , -
l
. . , F0g2 2 of 3 Pagea SECTION-I. (Continutd) ,, -
_ PISH (Continutd)
' THREATENED
~.
Silverjaw Minnow Ericymba bucatta - Slender Chub Nybopsis cahni Blue Sucker Cycleptus elongatus Pigmy madtom Noturus sp. (cf. N. hilderbrandi)
. Precklebelly Madrom . E. munitus Slackwater Darter Etheostoma boschungi Coldwater Darter E. ditrcm . ~
TTispot Darter -E.,triseIZa ~ Duskytail Datter E. (Catonotus) sp. Coppercheek Darter E. sp. (cf. E. macula,tum) longhead Darter Percina marocephala . Amber Darter P. (Imostoric) sp. Reticulate Longperch P. sp. (cf. P. caprodes) AFPHIBIANS
- TEREATENED Tennessee Cave Salarander Cyrinophilim paIIeucua '
REPTILES TEREATENED , Northern PLoe Snake Pituophie n. melanoleucus
. Vestern Pig =y Rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius streckeri BIRDS
~
ENDANGERED Mississippt Kite Ictinea mississippiensis Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Bald Eagle NaZ,iceetus Zeucocephalus i Osprey Pandion halicctu's
- Peregrine falcon Palco peregrinus Red-cockaded Voo.dpecker Picoides borealis Raven Corvus corc= -
Bachman's Sparrow AimophiZa cestivalis bach:'nnii THREATENED - Sharp-shinned Hauk Accipiter striatua Cooper's Hawk A. cooperi Marsh Eauk Circus cyancus hudsonius Bewick's Mren Thyror:nnca bc::ickii - Crasshopper Sparrow Ar:modrar:us savannarwi Black-Crowned Night Heron Nycticoru nycticora:
*Section I amendcd by Proc. No. 77-4 Proc. No. 75-15* '
dated Mm 13 1977 Proc. 78-
- dated Sj pt. ,22, 1.478;an.f,o. Proc.14 No. 78-20
' . dated Dcc. 8. 1978.
e
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- g o*De m o m -
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. g
. 3 3 P47;e 3 ob 3 Pasps
'_ ~
- i
~
, 1 SECTION I. (Continued) '
MAMMALS .
- - ENDANGERED
. Eastern Cougar Feli= concolor cougar
. Indiana Myotis Nyotis sodalis
#yotis,grisescen,'
Cray Myotis - s
. THREATENED ,, , ,
. River Otter Lutra car.adensis _
SECTION II. REGULATIONS . Except as provided for in Tennessee Code Annotated Section 51-906 (d) and (c), it chall be unlawful fdr any person,to take, harass, or - destroy wildlife listed as threatened or endangered or otherwise to violate
~
ter=s of Section 51-905 (c) or to destroy knowingly the habitat of 'such qpecies without due consideration of alternatives for the welfare of the spec'ies listed in (1) of this proclar.ation, or (2) the United States . list of Endangered, f auna. Date: June 12, 1975 i e b Proc. No. 75-15* .
'Section I amended by Proc. No. 77-4 - datcd May 13, 1977, Proc. No. 78-14 dated September 2'2, 1978; and, Proc. No. 78-20 e
dated Dec. 8,1978. t - ' .
2-2,7 REFERENCE 2-27 [i
' M'vw 2. ~/, /
U. a u-10 OCCASIONAL PAPERS j
. of the MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY The University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas NUSIBER M, PAGES 13S MAY 12,197G POPULATION ECOLOGY OF THE GRAY BAT (MYOTIS GRISESCENS): PHILOPATRY, TI.\ LING AND PATTERNS OF MOVEMENT, WEIGHT LOSS DURING MIGRATION, AND SEASONAL -
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES : By , MERLIN D. Turiu' ABSTRACT An intensive handing and recovery study of 31. griscscent resulted in 19,691 recoveries at 120 locations. Included were many multiple recaptures and roundtrip rtencries between matemity and hibernatme caves. Gray bats demonstrated strung loyalty to a sumnd:r home range, often includmg sit or more caves, as well as to their winterir.g site. Adult females emerged imm hiberation first, in early April, followed by yearlings of both setes and lastly by adult males. Once at the summer home rance, adult females congregated in
- one preferrttl maternity site to rear young, while adult naales and yearlings clustered in smaller gmups, usually in caves other than the maternity cave.
After the fktiging of young, set and age segregation weakened. and indi. viduals were more evenly dispersed shnmch the home range. Fall migration took place in appmsimately the same order as spring emergence, with adult females leasing in early September and imeniles remaining behind with the last males to lease, usually by mid.Ottober. Distances regularly travektl in migration ranged innn 17 to 437 km (nne way, direct distancei. with nearly the entire southeastern population mngregating in three major hilxrnacula. hfigratory movements appeared to In: dirttt and rapid for adult fenules in partictdar, and weight Ima during migration was direi.tly pmportional to distance t aveled. No Wgnificant w inter movements were observed after hilxrnation began. Is rnonceriov Much is known about the length ami apprmimate timing of migratory movements of bats. Slyers (19GI) aml llall aml Wilson a Vertebrate Disisian. Stilwaukee PuWe 3fusenm. Ifdwaiskee Whennda S?t'233. s re- . *
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- t. - -
-5 g-d 5 E, m j .= 3 ",' .u =
;t :3 : -Is ;.3 ".= L~-g ? i =t.".,p - P S.E 3 =5 =. 5 y..g,r$ny,Sg;=- ~
.j, s '. . z:..=- n = =. ec.
- - t ,s.e
*Fb- = c .=a to x so
.. : = y w =,,, = , . - - =0 :E. ,t ;E ey-=
" E
* '2 to = .= b "E h",,e h* =,.
t, M
= Y { ,EE b=ps ~ # '" e.,' = E - x -$r h "b I w
=m u = P,d a1.s =d.2 5 s h, - >. n
*g h5=o ,to,s=e,.
=U u'w 4.
- t. . *.
- x- .: :2 c, _f x e. 5, & x _4 = .x .,.I. =.e,,==.. o .= 4
- - .=
5 s -5 E
- .= = T I (T .= 2 := n s. x .s Go 3 9 m b ,,, g
.s . Q*=
g ,
. 3 s * *"= c- .,=,, g , .,
, 2 g.==. .gs2g agy g r G* c g g
- l*1 -
=J ta :" r . t 9 3 =c c= "
.u2 ,s 9 ,3 g p)
J a= (Y. = .5 3 9 :. J t= h euo -
=:
<.8 s. gu c-= .3 .3.= ; a,:,
t 8. :='k..:- 5.G
- e. 8 Tc ,f .~i . =- ex a ,c =a jg a gx te- t x ;::-j _g _g g g j,;g F a, g g >j - 2 te c- c a == m g 3 g
- e c ,= ,3 i- s g ;= ,= j. ,,,, g g,g g g g m
=g ,z, x gg- =g j ]
4
,. 9. . , g f. -= = g ==r .=, . *g , =g g *4a .-)
4 l y-- . .- . - . - . . .. P. a
, e N. -
u-2; - -~- ,.- - -- -- - C .c =.- . e- .- . . , O *=. w # -- , C .1f._.'*E C 1.=
=-
_g e . s C . . -
.. =-M= = c- MC **=
3g r .-
- =. =
=t. . - C. C" -
3=a .C
- _g 2 e ,.ot-====*
E w ;- n 7
- 1=
C 7. == n K.*r 7
- =a U.,. . g.- x
.=
- *. c
=.
. s - ..T-c.a *- g m . .x e
. - T ._.c e.
b . a, x>= -
=
, - := =
ag6 # - 1 s = .=j
- c. = " m E x
.::.= - = m. ; ~,=G==.
E .=, *a -r . C- C .g. :.. E. .= ._ = .'
.=.s..~ kx7= .2 -=, 4 C. ,-.4..:. N .4
.s , _== .' .._::
=- . "ne.. b,. a y =. -. _x _
#7
;. ; x 5 ~ C ' .4
.*. - , i =. r mi . ".
= . ==.U = .
r
". v . * =c
"" _ =
- p. _4* J nL =_ s~ ;. *., s - .
== L **
- r $ Y. ,1_ g= , ,C* =a,i. &g e n.
e".
=e! , kf -5
- s. - .
*p , "E =u = ' h "
.z= - = -K e c~ .- 5 n x .= = i =4.=~"-
-ua = : - a *2,x, '= s.- E7* ( Ez==c
= 7 5. ~3 .. = g c
_ < .5 ,- ,s-n w
-!.=szZ"r
- .- -x - e e
= 3= ,G p,
- ei <* _=; =3p a ef 3 ;
= . .m . = . y
=- = ; -7 = .;. - d w = , Pe -c ..,.
r .e ._ = .=.3.,: ..=,=;e ute g -
= _-3
, z
=
..- a =- . =, ri.
; e, r
. . , . , ; . = . g - .=7 . ,, r
= r.
e ". 7. .= = rx ,6 -= ~ .
= =
* =. s = O,O,,,, Mg = ,= E '*.T ;=E2-C-r =
~
,. .= .- Y x".3. =I f,. ___ ". I 4
, O, ._5 m.- .f_ ' " e > .T. 7E *
- a. v:.. a5 d- (
g e e . .x r e 3, ,6 *'2" ,.,_c,,= v.
-. =_.=E
? .= --;; a. - tr a. . = - _.,__%...,m -
=3== .-
- A r - r ms
_ _ m.
-e
=. - . _ x_=_--n %.~wr r x .n. - =.y .-
n = _: ,,,
*? 1. ,E,= .=
*5. =. *f.=5 ,Z . ~. xg. ,. 3a I =I, i._
E ::: .i_ E *, L 7 a:$. I .#s "l =. 3 e* ;; E E z= G s -/
,= .- ..= .- . r,., p- - a
.- , , 6e,, a -
.x
- _ . _-x ., E = .:.-.:._: _- ,. _ : _ *-x=-
- = _
t<---. . .= .=e. r-e i . .,. c _a -r ;.. - , .. s ss. s f .=
, :: =
- x. !,Y- /- = =,, G :.= = = = ~4 * -- , e
. ..,4 5,..-= ,";~====.=.
.-u g 4
==
.=
=, = z.5 .=.
= _ . s ,. Q w .E =
.z ,. ;-
, a
- E =* ;
= c - ra 't - -
-n.
m _; =C = _-
. F* = ,,.=_@==.
s 2 a. -
= = =
- , =w
, ~ '. .* P-= L .7 .-C -
E _z =m , = = - O k. n .,=-z-
^ , a = f -( .h
=-= r-r "u= .C. 7 M -.= = ,x == .
d
- x ---
s_a_, ;a-* c. 6 2.r3 =* e,-,= g 7 = - ,m a=**xi. e == *.w.g.- 4 . =,,, P- ,
;.i. ==
e - x7 1 Y.
= = =
P
=.e . -- S =y -
= . .=. =. , <y =-. zx x e e -. - * * =; c 5 = =.=. - 5 es ,e.s .- =,e , ..=.-,
7 t w z. ,.,,g._- _ ,,=,,, r w
/, ; _.- - - z ._. - - . -
i
= -
./ :=.A =. r, Pz
= ,
27 7-
-.=,?.-
=
,5 .*a. w -m s.,*
- C.
y s "= r - .
.". x ,*
'.=
_ a na- g
=---
;- . 1 _ - e u_ q g gi 8
e ,w -.- X Cg-5 * ** - -
- c. .
i r- c.U- 7z:=_ =, 4- rr.a 3 = =*E 2 U == c. # T_=a ?- f =e p; 7. 3 C..=, :.
.'7. == ,=: rC , ,.u'-.=
t - I,.
; e. _= T_ - .x j
Y .- = .= c .; w - P
-- r n _x,'== . =
- n
- b-6-
- -= ;e. .- ,
r. e. _C ;.= *= ;;,, ;:w . .. _= y .: ,- .=w === =y
" . . rE 7 =g ,,7._
. L r P 4 ::
j
. =g*.*ee;.,-,= .:. .,. z t -
. = _ .* ;- . --_ - 1 ; z - S - - . _E g . ap ,= . _ . = "
.r F _z , .x ,. ._= t=
,.? y
. S= C _ tr 2 e .- _ e. e e4,
,a .s r.. .x 3 m .,. . ,.- r. ._ :. x i. . .- __ .;
- . ,= = w xu =_m_
3 - _z _.- - - r= _u e._. t
- ,r xw c =. _ e,a
_ _ =._ . _=. ._.- . =. Lu . . a .= : .= ._ w .: . = 6
.z -._ .= -,ae .r.- _..._= c, .e=.eei y
... . =. ..-- r_ . .
.., . . . .. =. _. _ . =_ . .. - . n . __ _ _
.=,=.e_.-
1 e 3 s .e _,= n ._, . = . .. - u- u
. , . _ . _ . .e.
, z .=
.=.= = = = : a ..=, . u x.=- :
- a - .. . = . up
=,3_ #. Z
- f. = $ C. 4 h_ u J. = 1
_' L- or -_* ( "= "3 ( <y*r e, ; - 2 =. _ =.
= b- Is=_ ** O 3u.
u. _. ,a _. . ,= f *E.s : / :(= _7_. e3_=.*.-*_=L
= .u__ =, a.
e e = -
, = -;
s - . . . . : ~., c 6u;: .,
, a.-=. . -==..<-3. = *.
- . u-,,, . .. . . . .. . . ..,u . . . . x u .. x. .
. -= lEs .': .. s =., : .I ,i M E 5 a .5 i E =, E T -
c _
- .: .s S
- L7-5 :fS E E i " i: '
- ,. i41.= ; ,- w; u- 5 u a !5-5
- - =
I s.; f_:.: < -Ac: - e = = ;=5. LoE ei-- =t.55 2 -
- - 7= =9 = Wi- .=. r!) i .= iii M3dO# ,E .=,5 P d ". U
-r r #o.,- d t.
> A P, _C .d ~w CP-r U-n,,Q W . S. I ,. 3 ,2 - - ,
- = u=.- # ,,3 :;: 2M .x..=. I -i.-
.C =
-f -: _. ./*"- =IJ '=.e. Tv-**= 6 _ ,
63 *. = a%..===.=**=~ez
. - M.g,"=
i
? d=$ =32,,. .=. 4* > y
)'".
- =**S*
$ =
- g
- 3. el --
g .,$ ** e @ ' * * .$ " C' ***.d*" t.
=
.. S s Y $" - o
=
- 9. ";=. " *=
r, -:
.y..
-Q
,Q =- Q b
.e
$ be rz .= .- - -
e v ..
. =Y =$ su . u ,yD u 2., g,f y*
s-J-CueoeE. O"C2*]a$- r < - i a
< = ; _= - . , -2 . n k =~ -- .=
> ' ' - ;; C y - =E = "E *=* "=
.;: 4 6 FT=~E
, g-- c ;= a
= - = 0 t.
=w _
z
.-F,..,.** .= e4 u* g
=
in w
-g* x. z - "
.-.-u,==._=. -
x *=- " - u . I_ ._" fz -> =-._*q - ,. . = = - ., k a- - r. ,P., d _ _. z. -. w"".- n, - 3.. h.= , - t
=..._u * =.a".=
rc=. r p-e ,=,in e wf .= -*; w* r= = .. = E,.-gna: 1J C. ; = v's 3 f
-. = g. o g 3 ,,, .X 2,=,=E, , u'C:= g
$ a; y _ , j i _. _. e,. 5 5 .= .E .: .q "c ea
= =. e. -
LM .a > = ; v - .: 7 I
. $ $. E ,_,$.3,
^' ,3 f I E I. C l
ca. C E r # ;= r ._U r _u '. . = r"' Ox
- i_ -w , a:
- L= .=
=. " = *:
- w EIU,4#a E.s =_ a.-
.=a_ -
I
- lll .5
*=**1 3
2 2
-. " g -9 = ="";-=
u= - i= - 7. L .or.i e.. *= e $5 = I *$i^ u=m=L e
= p"* N z - M.2 .*5';# =e ?Mt=t- =
- E N ** = *C ". b a= = y g ,,,, %s
- n. ,g"'** G z k ;;3 ** d-b'== 4 C**==""4* e. **
g( =.C * > '" = - eO.2 2 O h
=* H y C C*="Cp *1. x P.g a*
W O = ^ F* L 4 l a .
,,,g K.=.*'* s c .=. .
1" a
**y- e
* ..==. = u Ti,g ,,, y g"; X. _z hu h e. b
. ,[
u "= *;M -G ] "5= K 3_M.3~ $'"eh ub5 2. -=x t U a= _g a.-3 - 5 -$ 3.3 - E u (,,
.E N.. == f* - ..
_M-D- 3_,gF w; d = .2_
--k 4=.w
-C- 3 :::
- E =z > t= G
$ #Q. h".- *"= U E, Cw=_
= k g% .y te jg en 2 ,.=.C4 ao =N b '". F "* u p gi E emjd 'O d $ ."I. " .h_h d_ b 5 'e .
- '# e..6 C3 g-> ee. O *y
. 3 g _== = 4
-- -=.a- -W z . .* x_ w
--e .c_ c_ e,
_z _4., w-.w W eq ., a u .a = g- a % > g _ d_4 r
> .J., . - = ,u*
r3 1
- w,_=o;=y = G y
,,, e e-ig, -C.*r"- = .:=.:_ ,; -
-:, .=, .y .
g ~ ~u ,a . - sa . . * =. L ~ . e .3 t 4 W'=.'= = d, = I" 5 "h **
" . . , Y I. ** .c
- h *- *#*
E C~ o ., ,. 5, = 3 ~= .3 == " 9 I S.
*! ,..ss 3 >f -[
- r. e u9 A*
."e. O , O,,1*
- Q> *b* = == ,,,-l",
l O 3 ii
.=- =,
O a
**v5E=.-
9"P L E := - -==
~4 - "** .a A =tO.,b
. N "".
g
.=. 6M * '= *C*. - '"
i l . 7 # u %* L,.=~,="O"* = ** e
* = m te E#4 ai. - y **
- l*
.g tt k e M ,,,), b 8 Z,. ?.,
W_ LaS=$, *
=..;,=.=-
= D* a,.
, _ . C 2 **0
. t - e= T """
- e. a"'
x,,,=- o -.me. .
- i z* C- c. -k. y **
.=. o
-3N w7 *3'"" =>.,,b N. = h. g $ '. 0" c 8 *C *= = 8,.I "L 2 ,, 5
+a.
._5 n b' " a'3 eO. "E -: = u. , ..
p 5_x+- - . ~ w c., *~ -- # y - .. 'I b '=h.a tf , . %. 1 -+ - : . ._z.' . c' .,,x
- = E.g ( ~u "_ e.. a.7. ,,",".eg.=(d"* = F c 2, g= .= - 5. E'xc ,,? E'i aoE x 9
- 3x - z u.=.x.y".- -g E -= ; s =. Z g "3" wo = **
.=.='".. g *b f. .e =n.,,;.,,. y -
- g ,e-.O ms 4- M =; ~ e t0 z - a.:
- . - w
-3C ** ga 3 _> = _ 9"w wis' h,- 3 Z.
- L **. ".,*3 * *" 3 g ._ .=,. w- A._= ,( d , =. .
rr . . 1- . . #. - g
.= f w M .y. qb d2* e.g =
0 L. C e=-
.= y > C
=y ._, . bM =: en E "8'#"* a m. "* g, w y =.6 :* 4 "% ".'. .e D ""E"
, b
*'* 4
- 5 3 3 ,'g'* F
=E .= aC 2s =g.: i x h= "E I .5 L 3 *W* = 5 F" ~ 9-a .= - $gE=
i
, 3 *C
= #
.5 C l h yi y es : = == a .". = =
kea G "O =C : .= .- 3 ~.g .= % d' C=C = ==ocan 'C =g b - i 1 k. k f . P 4
~'~ '
" ' ~ ~ " ' ' '
m,.--- w,-- ;, - -- - - - v. v v - - ~ '- --- r- ~~~~"" ' ' ' ~ ' ' ' - ' '
.y ,- .-
1
, L_ _ ___ _ _ _ _ m, = ___ _ _ . _ . ~ _ . . _ _ _ _m _ _ -_
l
/
e*e.e.,c w e ;
- u
- e. p =c ; i *6 = j,
-w -
> ter wps =; = ;=>.6 -6 x 4.= *t a e e wia. ,- g5 - w
- s
= -
- r. . ez Ne
- u, c.=. - c. ,
z- r= a . t .=- =- - _. .e a
. = -..=-
u o ,,6. = -i -
=x=...= u .
. . -r a= : .= c x .x -
=* ez =
m , - s , =e = ."., ;g.
,-es =. 2 . :,,. = ~ . '.u , = ,4 ~-",=.= .e. s.
o
.~ = ,- *
=.c
- r. .
- ra=..,,<.._m. z < . ,, c x w.--u n.- .. ; .= =-. , . .gw si . sy u
- r t .,:= u r .r 'n. u f-
=. _- re,- =. 1 , ,_e:z
,w .=. - ., = =- .= ,
.s ,, . , _ a .,.
r - ,6 - -
= - 3 .
<- y
- - = = . - .=-
==
= . , ,. . . .
hbe-
.. - . . i, r c . ._
gk
-u-
$he te
.I .h .Z
.g 7. h. :h * , ;. -
e 4 b. *I
> = =. - z E ,- .=- =--- =,."E _,^ *= .- .h=*-,x. - .. .x - e a; = , ,e c a . s = 5 - -<-= ,.
u"9
=- -
, - S_ ". n ~N h I, $ h - 3 x . 5 I--,.# l
- 5. x " 3 =E d 4 k TA = 1. ,; ', $ =. ' E N I! E.i
~. 3 F - '.
- N .E E E *E h . $.
"i i l I "5 ?*.5
> x ~.-'* 5_es=- I, L E -5
==
= e-5 Cz r=::: =~ .:6 = . eye w c
=
-r- 5 5==*E 5, '$ : w,= e e) E5 .Y <E E *2*:,
=
;-,#==s ,..
s tr.
.==
==u ..w g u=
, E"_ = g , 6, y =6 3e ,
q
=
.- = . 5 =.=w.
r = .==.
.= =
.r -9u .*&-ce.
n -
.=
2
= L , .: =-
C ** q * > = .,-
* *, ,.r .", ..=2; x- xr .d = c g, 4"
= s.,,m. -x J, o P .F .== , =
e - e == - 4 w. * * *
'l- .,:. = .y =. y .e . .-P
- e-
.= n .= 6 i.
z-3 - =. =.- . - * ' :. .5 -, ;= -= x
> ~= .M"=*1.==
,=5 . -
- - , - = . ,==.x ,; e. z -.6 es -S
=.
.g e 3 "a=525"
. 6
.x - *6 = u-=.=. 3 - T r. : - ,k r a
=-e . ? = =-
= r. u n ~=. .y y.G . . w= ,c =s ,=
..e...=.- a =- = e, v.r .=. ~z ~ n .=- =- f. : c c t,. ~-
a x~
=_
.-s
,,=.,.-=..r.z.,.-=.z..=..
.x., ,.. - z = - -. g. - -
,- . -, m. - .
~
.e.- - 2 u- - e4 -
5; - ..; ._w. ,=. c.
~ f, -e
- x. 4 Cr,-
- e ,6 s- -
u ew
- _a m m, , . _ = ,,r"
- ,e y v: -
a - == .7* .=- -4 :
- u. *=
a .G :_ezE 6 y. x ",-w _,,.=r ,.,' ==
=. g .bc 4
. , .= - = .
C = = p a
,,,, c4 .
.= ~
m
= ., = := 2 = -g .
- ee . = = ? r of
-a s ,.
e r*u
= = = ,-- =
- r=#
x =.
.= - E =
= , = ==.= c- g .- .r
=.=--
= "e z -
.z.
z.=.=
.z .^=--
e; u
=,.=
z >.4* . - r,.,=- c_ g - , as 7
,=*g , u= z...,..n
- 4
- 5 .= Y c e,.a t ,< n- .- ..
v
, . -- . ._ _u = . , . , . r. ,. . , .- n6 .r- s. .s.
.; ; . . .- =
z "' A P n=. /* .E. = ~g =.
- i. .
,_b
.=f*.=-- =. E -= n. -
E, -. I
=. - ; 2- -- s- - ..,. ,.=,. T _h -x r._.... r -==..- .=
2 _. ; - . 2 xI ..*.
.C.' .s .s
.: .ret = r.-=x =-
==. - .
=jL U
= .
- . . .a._= =
. ea
. ia
.z
- - "~=.."c,,,,=<=z
.*.h
- e. .. o,,
-=5.= -E 3 "rE = -- = "3. el = C8 Te 8 . 5 ei ==- ~ af b .== C"
$ ~ ~-e. -5 6$=: *e.Y.. .s E f. ,~Y:x*E O= 'T_ C.- -s= - =, ,,k .=
ei =z-
- .z== ,.=.*--= c , " .== = m , s S
.r . -5.u= - - 6 as g = f ~a. --
e 3 : -
- h.e
=. 3 g = f. u = - e9
== . .=i...
' -, -" =
,- g =P 2 x.
E--
,5
% -- O $ .P -_.5.= 2 a.2 .= 'c_E--I. I *.N.= 3 e4~ .= Er -E. .i. : . "E.
.= E f. $ . .s 3. ",; 8 -3 $. k r = _! I 'r ~! /. E E - E U ,
== f - E -5 f. 5 . "= a""=. h x "" .Fs$,. ~ ~. 3 Px. Y 5 "" m, #
N = !, ,b- E :. ~ u= @e.k- $Ei eE
- h.
, . . . .- n. .. e ..s.=
= =~ =
- -% c.,.,. .t..- . - .r .v.
- r. .
t i' I. . d T 9
- r. - . a *==m-c E. ew ,.r . = ? u# wc _s.sL 7 %_..- r k e uN v..-c
, =.
t =. . x w 5. r. c .- .nx .x...- !, eU L -
. r.*= .1 .z' . _k i.%
.- , . . . .> u. _- ,.,-a a_ .. g *--,- ~ ,..
c ..u , m . .- .a
. - g - _e . ,
. . .. .. -= .n :- . ,-
=: .,=_
- x. . , r ,. .- i -=
, f. .s .;
=. C ,, . ; * . = .= -- c. =. <- ,
e.-- =. =. , y-. -
- e. t - .
y u =. .: -- ;t ...-
-- xu_
e y . , . .
-.= x
.-v =-
u , c .*. L- -.r =m =. . - .= rw =. s 7 <. 4, .e -.T
=
- ,.; , .- - u.
x-e= *x;e x ; ; --n - w==. = e e z .= ,
.=
= =~--a =_-- t=-- n r.-~.zt-
- e. .
-+ -=1 =. 2 r. =.r = ;,=,=.'" =r ~r.-. .= -= .= 7 a .= 0 u; u.a. a ,6 sm = ; - = =, e
~ ~
=
; m.
- ,* .::.: = 3 ,'= i .E 'd D $ ~ =9 =. .= -
# *-, E -E I a i Q g ~p -a ! $ E
- C, ,5 tr a .= $
~
- C *fr., =s ( r, -f E
- g. ' . 9= . ~ = =b =. = .= 4=
- 5,=5
- 4-
= o . -,.
p u f 3= 7. ..: . C
..=-G".,.=.=r-C F- C x 7 t.
=.58
. G -t ~u -E ,P , E E. [ -- = t= ?C.O 7
=C*7t. = .;. ~-
L
=. s _5 E .
. _ . . -rr -* t= -* 5m1 e .x C
- z e
. = -
g
=-
=- =..= <= -x ,.
y
,"<1.-
i.: u.. .< - u g - C .= e. 4
> = -= .x.
, u.
7 ~1..= x*: es.,., ; .x = =- c ,*s t ~ e= =.
= 5 ~- e
- rr=2 - s +1c -
~-r
= 5 .,.
d e
-z . P._xe .,.~,e u . =. = z.. s,Te
. =
.x, 3~ ;z., ,- =;,, ,. : u_e, = 4 . tr . p '=.e
;. e. z
.s a
-- .e,
.y. . - . . , . . .,s , .- - = . . , .=* ..,.- ,s a - or -a w.-.z-.r x
- m. - . ::-- yz
= .:.c t ... .
. = , .. s. . ... , ,. . - y
* . = - a t.- .
- - =-
g . . -
.~
. .= --m.- - . .>- - =- .~
z,
. . .cE. . , . p-e 7u
- z
.=.2".,..-i -
= =-- ; c .
- e. -
-z - -
x *= .-=..".. * . x.. r~==
- - . . . . .* -~ ,x - -- y ._. .- . _ - . -
.4-*~==z=.,,
- x. -
- r.~ -
- - - n m *, s u
- :.-9s=. y* " s%= =*? ,8 ', .= =! y 2 : =.= = =* .u' b. ==
- g -
,.4.= w $ yu .E,o - . 6 . = - C * = - e.
* - . . , = -1 =. = uE :* --
= s - C *y 6,=- .y .==~C = =E- ==_v.* t:es9 o
= =
- nk =,
% = - -
= - -= == = .5 z - 4 . E y s c. 2 ._5 -
E u .E E e == .
--=.
)
r ,, c . . ***..=?-32g~E'g s.h ,= -I E'r. u**E'- . ,y a g e :: E .E
^ rE4.3==.
d
.= T. =W-m - - k_ _; 'E = 2,. =. -< 'd 4 G u.. Z w' l - e.
g =g S Y
- e. - p .Y - b e* - - f a ..
2 op
- = - e3
- s = ~u r's , r- z .- 6.=~-- .cc : k-
- y:= , f ,, 2 M =e x . , .r .c *.=. x
>,.c. * , :
.= e :
.=r.
s.*x. m - u = =~..a. .= =. 5-9
. . . - = . .= - - q # = g . =,.. g .
- m. w ., m.
. - */ # *-
g T "= kx E. 3 .4# .= $ .o [ s-
- b. - ,
- = * . .-: =.= -
5 - .-- - . r i J , , r *E u, h .=M-.. tt .p=-x .C ., _. "=. #, . - 'e .=
- M g . =. .
v b G
=.===w t
< L. ,
=
g
'"' =>z" 'Q ~.
- =
E
- *=r. .=. - - G - . ..=L g 5=~=~=..,.,""C5,*.".=u -
y.2.=.=.. E
+ r t3d
.t F h ,s *,= =. .C.,g z
a .5 e n 2_ m .:.ae- r,E , y.s, .2 *, E .2 5,rp.r :.- y=~;= - - g- -- g ,,- . ,=
- .~:-u <
- u-
-- J " - EI =.
- =g w m-&P.- "= .b., .g 8 , 9, t., :,. C "4"-g y- *O
- t
%. a.
I - * = .M 3 = =z # >,e m - w M -4. .
#- > T .- g- ^
- au* E 2 3,=-=.,-k"=*w= . -
y .E r F. G
" T eS U"
= e
==,=.="4
= y
.-:: .2
-
- AI M
=.=
O g ,
= * = M = = h . 7* : F g
'Q" .-.. :- :-- u=,E" 2 .E. =.]a -E ; b x s = .: a =.:
q =.E."C.E.g 8w .E . 6u :}- s- .'. -E.E,.= 8.k .b z * - -=.,5 ** a=
.e
-r.
- E. .
>,k.*
E"- '# e,
.-.E. w *;.
.M ep.
=
' . p
, n .-#.#3 .
S e. "=*e A- x.f,,. e.
- 4. .'.,
,-c.="...-M.
. - f* 9 r
** b - -E.
. T.-
q
. = e L.*
.G.
. a. -
m
.b.**--P.
e;.. y e- .s 2 =
= W g, = ,*e C.-=- e.e
=. .
-p .-5'. w g 4 g a I
-z *= 1 r * - E .4 b".= =. *~ E =3% z= u *s..@: >t *b " -
= * .. ~ - *
"s=---
en Cr # k.=
= .= b =* O
* *
- i
= . = . 4.. s= -=aS=
= ** 4 w .d, .be.=.
.a = e4 $ C.
. = a e. 3 e-.s.4d. C 9 =TCe E' G~ -.*G w:=. wt C -
m.=.=
- . se G m. .=. e e
, ,. G =
k L P l r v_ ,- . , - . . -
-u-g-- - -. __ , - , , _ ___ _- _. - . _
J \ . i 1 e
?
L _ _ _ _ _ - . _ - - - _ a__ -- - - - - _ . - . - - -. --
/
1 I I, [
* -o t2 -
a9 t =o 2: awaE
*=-
f.
-se 3
- 2 t - o- ug *
. 2' o "2 x.ge =
- / ag .m,,d,, ). g ) i
=c y.E-
,5 u ,g gy.= ge 4 =w T
> /
1 ., I
,a I l., , =-g
=
-e
- uke o
a
, *o ;
[* b ~ m 6 3 i* 4 9 a .ih; E-1
\ ,- - .o, n .a i .,a
$. 2 =-
'.s _=
--3 J l i.J.:e
.st r i a.. - s- i
- = .;,
.5 ;; : s2
- e.
e! 9 u I \
- I
/ 4. j ? ' % )=o<.o A 3* N 3,, -
.I Ps g}e o ;;
, - ,. .1. ,e <
- c.. = x e l / -
c ': e. a. l 8 =- 3 z.a
..Ct
- a. f- e o .. ,; e4 3- =
\ N.i .i
- n +' lz .a=t.- =x
.= -x s
.1 we w e e => : k 4
= .
t . -
= .6 cp
.. ., - a ,y
,x,. ==
i
.,s, m o
u-e ,=aE
., o p
=
+ 1
\
-Q s u
N
- p. -
*2 n;
C, .*
-g 6 .x=
*a., 6
}
(' Il i N
\ f Nf (".' O E E :r
- i
\, i %- , 5 l R I s.~E 3 ['i l
/z/ i ? I
\
s
'E l " ec E ip f .I ~
4 w7 g' % , =t.- o -9 2 : e.=,, t ie , l l ' r- w - *- \ - t -E x i L , k .J x , e:z- 6 a-
.=
E
%i 8
,..Q
=iIr$ . i" E P
- f. :
-5 3 % ~5
"' . = I,
/ f 'q #
2 $5 c
.4
- u. t ..,
.( -on.. x. E .h w -
r=d == - . .e..= =- ~k v=
-h'. s' 03 C .=: *
]
s
.x.. .=*v3 .. .
>g =y.r ; .= x 3 . . . : - .-
r= = u,e w a .- x.. x
- .e er.a. .4 = .. :: = p a. ; . . ,M >.=.r=. u r r
- -=.r;. r E r g r-
.- = r, . = = = ;a: .w jf
= x c u=*-=e- =-
- v.x.. y6- -=. .E. =
. . - : e >a = =e a c*=-,.. - r L- .=. =: = =-=9=. _. ..
,x : . = u.= -
-,3 = - .
> .=
..=
- c , - :: ;-
3 - = =: .; ,2 .,=x.- ,
.. a.= , , .- - ..
.c. - 2Me _r== a .. s x: , :=
,s t e=- -= - sc
. : g =- - -V .=
a e ca- r = m : .
-.=. ~r J .c .=-_= ws .-, .
- e. =x r
-g =.=_: . r.- r. --f.- =r--x =
.r ;e . = = - si; ,.
0 ; r - =- -
- F.=u 75: - - =x , i;
- . ,,- :. ,; .:. x.x x ;; s,,- e :;
se . - x:- ,.r
-g : -( 2 :
, e~ ees-=5 ,=.s-r : ,
u
. r . - .. - . :.,. =.=,x.x.; . - r n
-a -s -- . -
,x . n
-z =
-- 7. _g i,; .=.t-.. -5
.=. .
e ,,
. .a _y- . . .
.r.
... =. . .: .= e4 , ;. E- 4=eu r = :., :. -
r.
., = s c .
"r. <<.2== 2 c, - .=
- x -=,- = 5..s n x - &< x. a
=. = a- r e -.c: a - c - e g =
- <;,= e , .= - s ::a = -- .- .
. "e e, e3 _
- =.. . - :.. x = y.
=
w .g = - - e4 2c , a .e == .eu ,,,,,
~
h-e-=5==r:
- a 3 s =
" u ^ ~ ,,; c ~. E $ N NE . f~ ~,.=" ;.l* -- --;: : , ,-. .
u , C - ! 2= Er .5. im =- .. =~ =: . : :'E. c 9 9 .== 3
,i z ' <=3Yd ei. .a.=. ,L .== - . .
c *e .= ; k=c=z:.b== .l:= .=- *=
; ==~:
-=..=*g.. s x==
= f ===
x . - x .e - C 2.'t , c .e.c .
.: -x. x J .d -e.. .taOe u
- t '- x :. w ~k Cw 3=
u a. ..r-.=. - a* as =T. T =u i
=
3, .
. . , r.x e =. .
- za - - c- ar =. - - e. =. .= =. ==- n- - ,= =-se
.=- ..==.c=,.===g=.2
,. . x. .
. r
- - p. =- __. . .= - ,- = . n. =x e 4 .r==y .- - a
.C t. = -5 b r , == zr - , .-" E . =. e- r t,;.
x
= 0 = f , : -( .=
2-:.
;. re r. 3 ," ; = ,a . .r u: - :: ; x
~- z
* * .. ;f C '
c 2 .= c = <.= = :. =x , . .s _ : ~= = x
=u= =
r .- = = 3e e s: $ ;: %. 7 - .T5 w .= = 3 = .=ilC=.2
= mn =; - =k* .E E r = .f "= .*: 5 =.
=x = .h ;
E,=; = "
.'= =.t "~'
.=
- 7 E *=* . 2 g; u W'4
=e x = .:.: - ~3 - - , -= r i s - -
~- =' - = y. =..
.b,~ .***:.=. b -. x , ** J =r.
~ a . ve , - =, e 7 % ' . r .. .s. s x
,-M*= -*I w ,,A,,, Q ,,, .= M =r-,," = b y . E w h=
*5 0 k .ak f
W* d E 5 ~. 3- "= 2 #.. - , =,,e h _~I-: h 3 7 k . f, I M e $ ,. % *' I
= ,=a == ._.f
- E =.5 =h 5 Ea== '", =a "". A r - . =
a;, a.
.m 2
- e
,r C :z.
'- . == =. e. . is,
- c. ., , -
=-
i, x,.c., =i"* s" 2e = =
< -.t. = .=:, -~~=e : < 1
- = =; y ? :: .: e x . . := =.=.,e-s , = *, .= a= x.=u .u.,r.- =- _=.: =
e . ,,, _ .e = o ry = ei r" =- =-. C- . = - E' g
.s, .ll: ll:,, x Z*= = . 7e.d ,.--= .
-..f x S =F y,,5 w . =.X r
* * ;; L .= 4 - -f =a a%
*, - - ._r g .. . s .d
=N Q
. w X rT * . . , *: E = uM g.==. 2E s# =j4 f =. ==-3 .J=- ;:, ,=3~=.
= ~u p " =x -= . '" :* ~-a2-c=r u= e.s 6 z z : =
5, . , *3
= a - *= "
., .(-
r .:-f s v.g.2 5 =2 a . = c e c. - asrg2seu .a v c g E c zr aw* 4= .1,'. = . == =llll* . = .=: -:: w.e
~ -
=
en .=. -;r = G =-- =I
- 3
". - G =x*: = -m I=
r
~=3 g:..E,el
= *E
= . , * = =
e,, o
- r. .- Q= er, =-- h**G* r o=N e n
'=> y x .=. ,-
< .,a e <y. r - $ ,r
. := - . . --
.x,,.= e ,,. Ne ; , x e3, pt =-3 e .-
x
.- "=3.I -I ,*c*.]f's 2E e=c: - -
3 a2% - - e4 (xe.r - r . h - x'. c a E l.'2 e 0 -= .C.
"E a.
$ 'n ; = .3 E';. : b"x 'E _j I I 'lelE E =5 = E -$ ~rb e. i.' * % .k.E 5 =:.m=ii C =#*r=i o :
2 2 's 3 : ""=~c5 5 5's P "; s5'i fC"I" r M= f = =:-m' ' = . =
^
- --r
- $ 5. 5 J' =- , *" = =.
. = = - r-wh-M-$
513 I," E9IE2 E ". "E =, b
.I -
a j ,g =: d. a = =s=: = = =e==. r **= ** 23i 3.=
=
k 5=2 r3 5' ".7 Q= -55 N "A M 8 E 2.~ k "j'
.&s, w* *aa E s.
- a. a: s,l;n
.= - 5 .=7.a e ' s s u = = o E t #3 c4.c a: m= .vx = . s= a _= .=. = =2 . : .= c .3 cas :Ea i l
B h F I b
.e-- -
m .gy- -
.r -
-~mm w- - . - mv e-- e e ' -- - - .EN* -
'7
--'v "
l l l l l
..j
-m, .. .
s e i , . j 10 OCCASION AL,l'Al' Ells Mll5F.tal OF NATUtt AL titSTolLY t.tnTIJt TON tut.OGY OF 'IllE cit W HTT II site, enn I liougle suany momlwrs of its tulony travrInl to ollier ,,3 l wintering sites. Of .'1110 gray hats baininl dming hilu1natimi in , cave 5, exueir wite foisint wnstering elsewlwee nut a 11.yrar pilieul. , ny. s , fff ' Dming that time 152I usuveries of thew hats were made in case 5. In the ninter of 197.171, 22 hals b.uuhsl at ravr 5 in the winters
' s - . _f. _ -- - g - - 3 <8 - - ~ 'a-fD -
, i I
of 10m01 mri 19GI-02 weic foumi stdl ming t!uit rave. Of ilwse, ,. !
; O' 7
two had Iwe1: rapturext there in five dillest1st wintres, four in four i
/
N h '}
's, p
y wintres, sesen in throc winters, atul nine lhn! Irrn lomul wintering TENN. " 4* \ for the first tiene hilK'O tbc )t ar of lhetuling,13 alut 1-l yours CarINT. f s0s e ""* f i Such loyalty was not uni <pic to cave 5, of a total of 6150 ar-
' % ' ** ' O f se j w N C.
l' j mveries nhule at the three major uintering ouves, emly snar hat was ~ ~ , as I,'] p trcovered at more than eme. 'Ihis hat, a juwni!c male (lhuuhil 7 " g, g
-- - *~ 7 i, # I
% 'a A, t j July 1970 at tage 13), was hitninating in cave 21 eni IS Alateli 1971 g,' '
but was trusvered as an adult two years later hilwTnating he Cave ALA, '-[s ~ g) t S C. ' 41 (11 January 1973), 'Ihese d.ta, I frei, tuovide signdicant imli. cation of loyalty due to the large (N :: 261p nunder of imhsiduals from colony Zi resuured lub. ,nating in two or nuire winters. All
%p[ #
g )N ollwr cohmics denumstrated 10t4 loyalty to their wintuing sites [, .g { 4 eben tlu> ugh many luits urre remu1cd in at least thrre winters. / IAyalty to Insth hilwrnal aml maternity cases is further slumn
# M\ %
hy the numlwr of rotuul trips (from snateinity case to winter rave ss - l and back) recordnlin this study. Iletween caws Si um! 5, Ifi$ sm h
) swivements were acconfed, with 61 hats maling two round trips
]
an.! une foural making three. Sisty round trips were recorded tw-tween cases 25 and 21, amt 15 hats urre shown to I ave made at - , least two. Thirty-nine romul tiips urre recorded twtween caves , o....,,,,,, 6
; 2,3 aml 41, with seven hats making at least two nramt trips. Similar s
, j '
, ..c .
results were obtained innn other colonics escept 69, Irom which >
' I i only 10 rmuni trips were recorded (twturen Florida locahties aml j I ;"*"**f,' ,,, -
* \ : - -.
1 wintering rave 4 8). c -- - - - - - --.,_g o as so i I s A %. , PATrFMU AND15stlNG m stovDit.NT ) .- ,g,_ llegardless of sex, age or gec-traph.c hwation, all gray hats Q 4 s'DN$t g/ /FLA.\ 4 nunni Iwturen <uhl hilwrnating ( "es ami warm ununwr caws es
, \ / (
each spring aml fall. Confirnust ron.al trip novements s arint hum only 17 km one way (case 45 to case 41, see Tahir I) to migratium N b H" *"'" "I ad"I' k"*I" I" 'I"n> 23 d.ni..e 6 migesimy of as mix'h as 4Ti km (ruhmy 09 to cave 4l). Almt giay hats ann- inimh (2n it."ilellu Sta el 21 Augma'"o"Nmnaticr) t el 1970 Numlers { gregated m. only three wm. tesing <-ases, apinodmately 123.0(C i..d u n.,m. m u,...i d
~
% y.W ,A n,c. in n e 1.
hibernated in cave 5, 230.000 in case 21 amt 1.500.000 in case 4 8. In winter tirse caves, all of the unumally nuel t> pe destrilasi in daail clMerr. Sc-al n mu rie s of adult females from alune, may cuntain nere than O(N of the gray hats that lise in the FloriA lum- 6dlow tvpical patterns and are sla>wn in Figs. 5-7. j southeastern United States (south of Kentucky roul cast of the As nwnh.onal alune, at Icau a sniah frach.on froni cad mluny Slississippi Iliver). Although Ilwre are unne ses and age differ. was fmuul hif ornating in c.wh of the three wintering ones; low. cuces in movement, adult females from colony 25 were illustrative crer, only colony 25 was ucIl represented in all three. Nearly all of parterns of movement for the northern ookmics (9,12,25 and 50, bats from culonies 9 asul 12 uintered in cme 5, wlmrc 11 to rnuv-Figs. 2 4). A clifferent pattern of winter behavior was observed in Juveniles and in adult males from Florida ami will be presented cries were made from mlony 9 amt 1828 were made from 12. Only i 1 1
-, "R ~ ' ' ~
-- - - . \ %
,y,,_ . ,rr.
' -1
% 5~
- M
3 r r ( I[ I i" I ll e ,i e , or r 3 3 wgwi n s yt a e n o wh n H edtdainun u a ora r to c ^ 4lcoepmf g, \'q ,- ( s.( W ,w m.c e peo Y,,, - . 5 .
, g A n o
l. is ht ah y t ts .v T , o
'os & i n a e s n -.
.' t
- t. u pe i s Pyh A bt erm A '
, ' v j [p ,
j y't e." ',K y' l
./ ,
e h l g Y _
' ,o
,s s
r htg d"i. 7" 2 . , l atrh h
,L w
n b A t . s ,
' enI 7 gunih y s oc n i
C 'g ,
,o a"" 7 f ue#3 h
- 9
- E
'O _ e Wtg I" a
1 eewr t o
.[
l 4 = d n tuu ,t lI' _. s ., u,\ 0 O a oo) a r F _ i
- mm n a. r r 9 ig u ytc O
ba"wi g. l v 3 Y p ,
~_ , _ (
g ,
- s. t g
r oriF ei S q
; t K o,O _
A p. I loF d tad r ( s () n , gt r d/g i - 8 l
- 1 , . "I* i 4is ee s O _ iI 1 _ n noni C
F
')' ' ,
b"a t)n"me h r re muc r s a
>M
- h e
_ n a - gftogai thdn w N , AM#e.n.ha rl O _ _ .. l s.u g .
,f. d ,f. c
'_ e _ o i r u -
qiowa t ld
** r c i.e;
, ' ni
t owes s
. g n t'p t
t _e m. Ul y e_ Y _ I. n e. g ., _ - i nw tal l s O'l _ . h cofda e a "s.fg . v gia _ l' _
~
A. - bN c*i .. m n or cs. i L b82( "'""ny ne hb
,\
k )t/
~ _
A
/
' l . TQ I '
u m s giwel gt n r ab le a n S I N1n"l = i -
.n -i yr tsl et k i a a av a "l.e t
<n pt et ma I g
,f s 37 ine8 5 ltu11 . nemle tes r ge lb 4 sniet sl edrl e a- nmn s .
I,il igi s t 9-M58 2:1
. v evv e m 4 )r k, m v.o a wnh no nl amu r u.
r I i i a t ce da a o i A gar r o y ccfr v ei9 e dl Felmoh r trl mp nit r uc sc n 8 tu ul I C inTn een,iu rN oiwu n n. m l t t s e aata au 6 e n ra( at if u t n s. u s nsi ee r tn(5 n ph m oi Iie 6 a :. l u n8 t h Y w l u 9l9 t re dl 0 1dh ui4 l c sheie r v n n r u gaun ineiwem i t 7i1 t e r l e n n .de 1 ir rt a t s ml
' 8 n O t1 . e ,2 I s e .
intahenen i 1 t a )
.t r
imo iwdaan orniu"e rJ c.a0nCew 1 l nFi6f o n ), e a m 7, oh w t w n e nr ld i ir21 tmm2tlr a w1 e T n s t s ly fr e 7' 5 o t) l
,t e
n l t a e et t mllcm,t g5 r e i W l L e 0 5 1256 722 31
. . nr e oomma
_ e r t t a sl miy e m r i os ml t.f lTW77 er gut ns lgo . y ,h 2 7 9 nhit u.e g ett iFl u 2' l s e r h eT A H os J _. mna enetun se pi rt a n e C( t uFfi inlle b c tai n e sbir e t 1 in n in( n<5. aam2 s. ut 4 yd on . le ). l i g s ri) h m gi ng de1 n ro s nrmht 2b si g il l t T A h s r s 6 1 1
%l71 i mhi ol i w1 u
r uogah2id r tuna mmtiiot! r wf a ina niTvn i e eFn ol , w7 1't en gi tnmtll nn rmnwoa t r p geil n o ninI a s.dg N me s - en2l r ei.n ir nf 5 oi mS e 1 tana t i s ,c ige nl
,i ta n. 4 c n bt ya 7 nr nr y min .F m a m r s. s
_ l u( gs F Ts eil r nll as i h r eepe r ren r nn - 0 r i r i g g O uh mmu orm inn et 3 m nei 7 wl ml a es ca i tnri(isN i ml aTad loeem6F
.r rhl ri) i ou t
1 2 2 80u0I f 6 . s tmedt paa i mc ct a2 o lunr c v r al 9l 1,h nh i e t r is
.l mer unt nr w5 e . o pf mp it rl U nC i eI nighiol s s s o ,(
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. .u ..... .c ,y w sacs are n in tg 1. . pins retstg I from visewhere almut mi<lnight. Three laats (one mlult male aml two atlult females prnion@ hamhsl in Flori<la) tlut were captmnl 1
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three were Liter rennerett in FLwitta. Cave 51, locatnl 108 km /i ~ j (~ ~ - ~ ~ l
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i north of care 58, was the awarcs: Lwation utrre bats migrating to j , Floritla ucrc Ermwn to stop. If t!w females that twg.m arriving at Si ...80 '00 cave 58 armnul miilnight hail left caic 51 at IMO (carliest line of 4 Io cmcrgenre at cave 58), alwy wouhlluse hail the Iwmts amt turnty is so -_
- 30 minutes of flying tinw. Smh a trip woul.1 have roguirni a nwan 30 ;;,[,,.l" gs > '
flight sprn! of 203 km gwr luiur. 86 68 WFIGuf (mtr'AluMN1 ru:. 9 'Ibe desent.ai. of L m. inves (si..Lc . IM2) emi ne edes l \ ci ta.ml.-.13tv..rie gnwwn. i.. Atal.am . 11.c hir nhcran.no stat.ama p..f-Migratorej uti;;1st ime .Tlw nwan weight of the I.no sample bc amaa$ ** *I t i""'b la d* f*"al da'ing #I= eensory pen.=ts. ,
) o!.lainnt at the smmncr r ave was nnnpaint to fim n.ran of tlw first l F sample of hamletl bats taken af ter arrival at lutwenation rate 5, in ferrmv5 lirtwren unlmiirs 12 aml 23 (f. = 3159, P < 0 01) Imt
- onter to oliserve wright clungi. iluring migration, for <nfonics 9, not Iwtu ren 9 aml 12.
l 12 aml 23 (Fig.10). Ailutt females urre ria.wn for this onnparium No nirn lation irturru mean urights af ter archal aml riist.nxe i became of their tem!cncy to go imnwiliately into .'Whrrluti m. Timse trair!nl in migrati<m was obsenni for adult fematcs in ihne sam. nwan weight changes (aml nwan weights, in fore ami af ter migra.
' ti<m;in gins 1 SE) were as fo!!9 ws: nelony 9. + 0 I gm (II.2 ples. !! owner, when all ws ami age groups urre combincil to inceraw s.nnple sier, pmt-migratory nean weights (in gms, 0.10 ami 11.3 2 0 20); colony 12, O gm (11.210.10 am! 11.2 cirl (N = $7); n I,my 12.
j 0.11). A $ 10) une as folkms: neh m3 9. 10.5 020); colony 25. - 1.2 gni (125 0.20 neul 11.3 007 (N = S3); coLmy 25,11.120.10 (N = 59). These t-test of equality of nwan uright dunge imlicatni signifirant elif. 10 0 I
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latiT willunit lwing dotet ont 'llw s 1usul (6.'O937) u.n a 3e-agling wren etastiLi-IV for aii) olle T t ra w ni. IM3 alt) ililfres1K r% araunig ulu n lumh d at case 21 amt was later fomul 1.ntating at eme .II. sptin, alwn,' mar nwich erlhte dillering totreamrs to disturbame This lut wry pnsibly was only sisiting at taw 21 ulwn miginally al.mg with sh!!rs'ing mallabic alternatiws. 11 snim reannuble to lxnnleil. 't he thini (0 48107) repenents slu imly nampic ut an msnme flut il ottwr neually urll smini caso urre uithin a stuart
; adult fenute w hich proliably represents atmd matrinity raw iliv dntame, dhturbed luts aunhl be npt tui to nuar to Ilu1n, npe- r
.I loyalty, sime slw apparently reaint ymnig ut two dist.mt I.wahties rially if the miginal r nr ni rc init dnene numgh to pnnile alter. , (13 arul 10). Unhirtunatriy, ahlunigh pinloguiry can im Irnon- aute mulnimluil nunting pl. aces. straini, iiisloyalty alumst mner ran lic prunn, due to alw liigh AI3 rrs anal I both limital nulor dhturlearwrs to emly two or , mobility of tirse I ,ets. T!w large numtwr of rmuni tei ' l , rnmnics thn e sisit Iwr winter; ewn ilu n an uLrnni gray hats wemhl quic kly . in fla,s stmly remaim tlw sinmgest evi lreae i,1 1.,3 alty to sunuiuv nun c. Iluwever, lurause t! c liihernaoita urri so far apart in any houw arras. samtv aml ratti was epite large, nuarments urre rntdcted to I Winter pleifopatry.-4luttiple romr.1 trips, in adthtion, are highte * (lean'ges betwarn alternate nemts in lle sanu* taw. This was a , Sigmficant innheators of loyalty to the wintering ute. As witnl uutt >sful asolil.nur strategy, as piintal up by my uintinual dis- !
, prnismsly, a Imver proportion of roum! taips was ritunhil from tuserv of new riunts within kmmu raws mer llw rntire 11 year j l'Iosicia than hum other submics. linucwr, this nmst LLcly rethrts praiod os study. Untd rrwntly 3f. grisnrrns has twen protested t the nunh greater thfliculty of rennerv luith in raw -Il amt he inun must lunnan ilhtmlunw aluc to its nintr ing sites; hilenuting
< Florida, ratlwr flun imhcating rnhu ril phiL patrv, my ol.wrva. tavn of this sprirs, as pointnl out by 513 rrs (1%I), are mually tions at three wintor mes in the Soutlwast imlicate inteme uinter ntrenwly delIuult to enter aml of ten are profitled lay wrtical philopatry. rntrantv thops of nu,rr than 30 m. T!w wey ingh degrw of winter i Alyers (1968) of taimtl similar hibernating tave loyalty results h>yalty olnened for gra3 lues. flwn, may imlent prme to lac repre-for gray hats in ilm Oza:Ls; he ri puted tm loyalty for h males and sentatiw of Ilw suturalIwfusior of nunt 3friutiv ulwn muhsturbnl. (
9W for nuh s. lleputs of winter loyalty for other afpoth me i r- l'atterns ruuf timing of mencment.-%Imt raws within alw lati- ' spently mnflicting, lumner. Al> cts (1961) fouml comiderable tu linal range of this atmly are not untable for laats. .\lany ca es i intercave nunement over sluirt distanws for 31. wduli, in the asc tme tohl in ummwr ami nunt are too warm in ninter; few are Diarks, altlumgh anmng the umre whlrty wparatal caves of Kon- dhnse numgh to pmide s!wlter on a 3rar-nunut lusis, ami cwn tu(Ly, llall (1962) obsennt apprmimately D'JM loyahy for ihn t!.rw ma3 met he rul if they are tem far renanni from aih spute species in sunessisc winters. Twente (IE) aml Kune (Itni) haul supplus \lsra (1%I) fomul that only .llM of the 1% I olnencil some apparent thanges in h>>alty for Af. relyer Itturen c nn Iw sisient une mnl by any spreits of bat either in winter L cases slunt dhtanen apart in Kansas aml OLlaimnu. but a mabnity or sumnwr. In a stml> of lutwenatmg bats in KrutmL3 (aves. Itall ; of t!m bats apparently were hayal 1)umgan aml Fitch (1967) (1962) foueul 3f. grhn rras to Iw m.nLntly nuire restrittril in its reportal 97M loyalty in the sanw area, amt Tinth ami l'.itterson almiw of wintraing rain alun was any oilwr sprics. Altlu, ugh i (1961) repntnl 9W loyalty for this speries in Tnas. In Eumpe, nune tiun 2mo caws an known within llu range of my stmly, Eisentraut (1916) foum! thM loyalty among tium 31. myotis in only thice of ihne arc Lnou n to Imuse major uinter populations l
)
uinter caves ami lirls (1932) obsened lle following p rwnfages of gray bats. Ewn tiumgh nere raws nwe t gray lut summer re-of hibernaentum philopatry anmng sewral ollwr spnin: 31. ,fa. quinuwnts. stdl only a irlatiwly small propution of caws is med. sycneme (911%),31 clanf,cntonii (97.77),3f. rumrcinnius (n27), .h I#igt i .nul 9 slune (Ira:Iy, wnmwr (asn usal by gray hats
- 31. engotis (91.27),31. mystacinus (fi3 ?n ), am131. natte rrri (991rf ). were in all raws hwatnl as near as pnuble to m ajor horlies of ;
hly nperience with 31. griwsrens suggests that a nmntwr of water. Sm h a luniini supply of smtahk caws muitates wasormt ; factors ottwr than actual disl >yalty may nplain the nile range of nunenwnt for nunt gray hat tuhmics. Ihmner, as amtnl hv hisers repentnl ninter behasior, with the prinury fatfor twing human (1968). ulwnewr adopute dhenity nists at a single site, httle or .
' I disturbance. Griffin (1983), for nample, reputal a winter nunc. no nun enwnt nuy lw sus nsary.
ment of 201 km letween rates for 31. Incifugut in New Eng'. nut; Sime greatly increasnl nortality occurs during migratory rnm r-
; Ilumphrey aml Gpe (1970) lwlieved this species amunonly clungni nwnts (Tuttle amt Sinenstm,1976), whrtion simuld f.nor any wintering cases. Alyers (1968),lowever, rrinnted comp! rte loyalty rnluttion of the distaine trasolal twtucen sumnwr and winter a for this species in a wis.ter cave that was schlom disturbed ami casn. It is tipicfore mit surprising to find that,in all but one case, 2
suggested that the amount of disloyahy might he turrelated with the large mainnity of bats from ratir cohmy studint uwd the nearest intense disturbarwr. Certainly a 201 km winter novement wvmkl wineer one. hhnt luts from culonics 9 amt 12 usnl caw 5, which
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