ML20039D956

Aquatic & Terrestrial Ecology Reconnaissance Surveys,Aug 1980:Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site

ML20039D956
Person / Time
Site:	Clinch River
Issue date:	11/30/1980
From:	ENERGY IMPACT ASSOCIATES
To:
Shared Package
ML20039D944	List: ML20039D943 ML20039D948 ML20039D949 ML20039D951 ML20039D952 ML20039D956 ML20039D961 ML20039D963 ML20039D969 ML20039D977
References
NUDOCS 8201060373
Download: ML20039D956 (150)

Text

{{#Wiki_filter:. ., y y..... _. .._,.__y,,,_...__._._,_.-..._.,.,_ y 5 % g 7 p REFERENCE 2-22 3.r. s q. g '7 < e. 4.,,. 3. A M. "..:: w - ' ; E. .m ~, s . I, E.' ',( f-4 'i 1 s.,i F, ' 7 [ 2.c

-~~ -

s

;.ua.~, 2 2 wno ;7

. u 93c;g. e, M w., u S, J,n, y, 6 of. 3 _ v' :a,=m.W.., c ~ A. % : * % :.,, ..t.s.L. ,..w..+.+..x,+., _, - m i u'm... - ~ -. ? S *:,. _- ..,7.. ;._., ;. ~., ;... .c, s.- ~..,m....

4. ;:,,. g..,g,: >:,g( ;g-

{ a + L . Aquatic and Terrestrial .. -j s. ..K..,.:,.. Ecology Reconnaissa..nce Survey.... r.?. $.(. ?. s ~ .Q &.3$% (..l l August 1980; M&l;;. Reactor?'mq?@ f %,?.:%c LWEClincW River ~ Breeder .. A, ky i.eo. h A 1.. t 7, g. g~.17..,. jp z.. _. y9 ,.,:9... , ;: y g g *..u.g-,-.g....,w,,m;g.,_a,.p.,r, t.,4 ; g n.g a;f 2 c ;4., .n a... ;,., :~... s w, 5,s... .a. .....:- 3 b y

~u..

- 4f, ' : -. %- ' vw -im e e.

j 9,;.a g.at 3...,

Uf& 71 ~,,, =. <7 ; ~ m+.3, %. -q- .~.... g. -., j..,n--; y f:,.. .m. g, g.%* b;.ys-,..,.... y 2. y y., :. .c c. ~= ~ ~

..., f....

...-~'..,6.Ae c 'e.L Prepareci for .v...,,,,.' ..... ~.~.+ - ~. .. ~,. ~ -... - - - L~, a :,- _;*..*..;,... .4 ..:;. r.:.:.. g-p t eec.er ' Reac, tor. P.m. a,.._..e i.m,. -c: ~ ~ : ;

c.v.

jar g., w, . -.s.. . v. =+yi:.,>.-*a ; e e..n .u. * '=.s - a,a.. .4., 4. :- s r 5; /, --

e: -

w:, e.a. L.

a.,,:

..; m: -: ..n.:. w... ~ - - 2 w... n Ch.nch River. 3r. i .m. w. , xma .?roj. t Sa.... ; Division . e.... w..wg w m.w: ec ety ..n....- ..s.sa.. Oax Ricge,.ennessee . v :.

.'or.w#.,,

....c

sc w-

.a ,*e .P . w,.. r.,. ,, 3.y,,c, s. 4 s ;,. - ,e .,=9.,,,- . ~,... - - (.--'V' e. ., c,. ~ ~ .s ,u

• ~5, s.

+ r.;,--*

+

Ir.e., 8 w n..'.' 4, ~ [

s..,

e .. ~ .m,x u,.. -. - Q lm',:-j'...;.. :.,x ik z.. 2 '- fl'..' Q f: y..?;' f .,c. 5 ....,. E ;e.,- s iI , '. -. -. ~,,,,. . ~ ; , " <,i;"; - '~.A.*;; . ',,: ' a . ;... g:.'- 7 t ...' y;.;,.c -,. w .t ' 1, ... :.q, .. ty,,

• ..;, i *-

+ ~.,,. ae i: v . ::.y._..- L - ,. m,:, ]. ? R.w, &,)'y ,, '}y ".}' ' : y 7 y,., s ' ** * - '"? j ~ e.;): V,s.. ;*;: l '..

.i(..

,,,[;^.. ' ' ' ^ a y -e .f,.j - ..i. -s,%'~~u. j,,r, r,..,, ,~;,, -*a. s c vy. ,y,,> > z ?, ;*,;. M.. e.3, n_.., w j, g e e 'NovembeE1980*l.,... Y N.N.. s.g4 -. O N. F.., ... j. .,;. g. 2 ; -

.st ' c.

x c n-w..- o / i ' s; ~ ;,- .t. ,c s .e 4 t I /, - g

s, -.

s ...c s, . s. s. x,.,- .... = s 2 v.- w. n O ENEAGY IMPACT Associates U-Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 8 00537 PDR m,., ~.,. _ _.

AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEYS AUGUST 1980 CLINCH RIVER BREED 5R REACTOR PLANT SITE Prepared for CLINCH RIVER BREEDER REACTOR PLANT PROJECT SAFETY DIVISION l OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE November 1980 l l Ene:gy Impact Associates P. O. Box 1899 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230 l l

b ~ TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title Page i Table of Contents ii List of Figures iv List of Tables v 1.0

SUMMARY

l 1.1 Aquatic Ecology Reconnaissance Survey 1 1.2 Terrestrial Ecology Reconnaissance Survey 2

2.0 INTRODUCTION

6 3.0 AQUATIC ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY 8 3.1 Procedures 8 3.1.1 Field Procedures 8 3.1.1.1 Sampling Locations 8 3.1.1.2 Field Methodology 10 3.1.2 Acquisition P 1cedures for Current Information 10 3.2 Results of the Field Reconnaissance 11 3.2.1 Bathymetry 11 3.2.2 Substrate 15 3.2.3 Macrophytes 18 3.3 Current Information 20 3.3.1 Water Quality, Benthic Macroinvertebrates, Plankton and Periphyton 20 3.3.2 Fish 20 3.4 Conclusions 22 4.0 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY 23 4.1 Procedures 23 4.1.1 General Visual Observations 23 4.1.2 Vegetation Plot Sampling 24 4.1.3 Wildlife Observations 24 (Continued) ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page 4.1.4 Acquisition Procedures for Current Information 25 4.2 Results of the Field Reconnaissance 25 4.2.1 General Observations 25 4.2.1.1 Forest Management Disturbances 25 4.2.1.2 Pre-Construction Disturbances 26 4.2.1.3 Special Site Features 26 4.2.2 Vegetation Data 27 4.2.2.1 Importance Values and Species Presence 28 4.2.2.2 Diversity Indices 28 4.2.3 Wildlife Observations 36 4.3 Current Information 36 4.3.1 Oak Ridge Forest Management Plan and Plant Species 38 4.3.2 Wildlife 40 4.4 Conclusions 40

5.0 REFERENCES

42 ( APPENDIX A SITE VEGETATION PAP AND LEGEND 46 i i 1 l l iii

t LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 2-1 Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site and Vicinity 7 3-1 L'ocation of Transects for Sampling BoL;om Substrate (Numbered 1 through 6) and for Bathymetric Profiling (Lettered A through G) in the Clinch River, August 19, 1980 9 3-2 Bathymetric Profiles of the Clinch River Near the Proposed Location of the Water Intake 12 3-3 Bathymetric Profiles of the Clinch River Near the Proposed Location of the Wastewater Discharge 13 3-4 Bathymetric Profile of the Clinch River Near the Proposed Location of the Barge Unloading Area 14 4-1 Shannon-Weaver Diversity Indices (H') of Overstory and Understory Species Densities for Each Vegetative Community Sampled on the Clinch River ~ Site 33 4-2 Shannon-Weaver Diversity Indices (H') of Ground Cover Species Densities for Each Vegetative Community Sampled on the Clinch River Site 34 iv

LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 3-1 Results of Ponar Grab Sampling in the Clinch River, August 19, 1980 16 3-2 Aquatic Macrophytes Observed in the Clinch River, August 19, 1980 19 l l 4-1 Ground Cover Vegetation Data for the Clinch River Site - l Shortleaf Pine Plantation (1976) - August ?8, 1980 29 l 4-2 Understory Vegetation Data Summary for the Clinch River l Site - Shortleaf Pine Plantation (1976) - August 28, i 1980 30 l 4-3 Floristic List of Plant Species Observed in the Short-l leaf Pine Plantation (1976) - August 28, 1980 31-32 4-4 Significant Wildlife Species Observations on the Clinch River Site - August 27-28, 1980 37 4-5 Summary of New Plant Taxa Collection and Sighting Records for Roane County and the Five County Region Surrounding the Oak Ridge Reservation 39 v

SECTION 1.0

SUMMARY

Limited aquatic and terrestrial field reconnaissance surveys were conducted by Energy Impact Associates (EIA) on the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant (CRBRP) site and on the Clinch River adjacent to the site in August 1980 to identify ap-parent, significant changes since the 1974-75 baseline survey (CRBRP Environ-mental Report, Section 2.7). Additionally, new data, since 1975, obtained from availabl.e literature and personal contacts were reviewed. 1.1 AQUATIC ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY A one-day aquatic ecology field reconnaissance survey was conducted August 19, 1980 with the assistance of Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) personnel and equipment. The field effort focused on a description of.the physical habitat conditions of the river, in terms of bathymetry and general substrate character. Aquatic organisms incidentally encountered were also noted but not quantita-tively sampled. Bathymetric profiles of the Clinch River were obtained at the proposed intake, discharge and barge unloading areas using a recording fathometer. Results of this effort indicate that the Clinch River bottom profiles changed only slightly at the proposed intake and discharge locations from 1975 until 1980. At the proposed intake, the eastern side of the river bed appeared to be steeper than noted in 1974-75, whereas at the proposed discharge, the chiinnel on the CRBRP side of the submerged bar was found to be deeper by approximately 6 feet. A bottom profile at the proposed barge unloading facility was also recorded. Since the barge unloading area was relocated since 1974-75, changes in the bottom profile at this location could not be determined. Ponar bottom substrate grab samples indicated that bottom habitats have generally remained nearly the same since 1974-75. The Asiatic clam continues to be locally abundant in some grab samples. Macrophytes (large aquatic plants) were more abun-dant locally in 1980, apparently due to lower water flows, lower turbidity and warmer water temperatures in the Clinch River this ye.ar as compared to 1974-75. I

Based on the ont-day field reconnaissance and review of available literature and personal contacts, it is concluded that: o In general, information examined in this effort did not indi-cate substantial changes in the aquatic ecology of the Clinch River since 1975. Apparent differences are as follows. o There is an apparent increase in copper levels in the river. o Aquatic macrophytes have increased in abundance; however, this l is probably due to unusual weather and is not expected to persist. l l o Two species of fish, the striped bass and the yellow bass, may be more abundant than in 1975. o Sauger, an important game fish, may spawn ir, the section of the river bordering the CRBRP Site; the relative importance of this area for sauger spawning is unknown. o Mature (4 years plus) striped bass in Watts Bar Lake use the Clinch River as a coolwater refuge during the approximate period of mid-July through October. The outside bend of the river between CRM 15 and CRM 17 appears to be a favored location. o The blue sucker, listed as threatened in Tennessee, has been recently collected in Watts Bar Lake, but not in the Clinch River within approximately 15 miles of the Site. 1.2 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY A two-day field terrestrial ecology reconnaissance survey was conducted August 27 and 28, 1980. Personnel from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and TVA as-sisted with literature acquisition and dascription of changes to the site area. The EIA field effort centered upon visually evaluating disturbed lands 2

on the CRBRP site and examining populations of rare plant species observed dur-ing the 1974 baseline survey period that occurred near the CRBRP intake and discharge areas. The field effort also included sampling a shortleaf pine plantation that was established in 1976 and evaluating wildlife population changes on the CRBRP site based on habitat quality, limited sightings and pub-lished data. The samoled shortleaf pine plantation is designated "shortleaf pine plantation (1976)' in this report, to be consistent with ORNL forest cate-gories. Most of the site rerains essentially as it was in 1974. Small areas disturbed by pre-construction activities have been partially revegetated by natural suc-cession. Forest lands that were thinned, estimated at 550 acres, were moderat'ely disturbed, while an area estimated at 25 acres that was clear-cut and plantec'. with shortleaf pine was substantially changed. Forest management activities occurred a : cording to the Oak Ridge forest management plan. Rare plant species populations near the CRBRP intake and discharge areas rem.ined undisturbed. The lizard's tail population consisted of approximately 200 indi-viduals near the proposed discharge location, while the Carey's saxifrage population consisted of three individuals south of the proposed intake location. Vegetation data obtained in the shortleaf pine plantation (1976) indicated low cover, low diversity and moderate tree growth. ' Diversity indices were low as expected for a young forest stand. Wildlife activity during the survey period was low due to a severe local drought. However, published data indicated increasing whitetail deer popula-tions for the Oak Ridge, Reservation (ORR) as a result of hunting protection and abundant food. Wild turkeys were reported te be present and increasing on the ORR. Sobcat prcsence was confirmed and the population is increasing. Eastern cougar, listed as endangered in the U.S. and Tennessee, is a possible ORR resi-dent. Eastern cougar and bobcat individuals travel over large areas in search of food. 3

Based on the two-day field reconnaissance and review of available li M rature and personal contacts, it is concluded that: Vegetation and wildlife on most of the site remains as during o the 1974 baseline studies. I o Oak Ridge Reservation forest management activities, that were conducted per the ORR forest management plan, resulted in minor to major disturbances to CRBRP site forests. However, major management activities on the site are not expected again for at least 5 years. o Weedy plant species and wildlife associated with early succes-sional vegetation have increased in abundance on land di:turbed by pre-construction activities. Approximately 25 acres of disturbed land remains sparse ~.y vegetated. o Whitetail deer and wilJ turkey populations have increased substan-tially since 1974. o Other wildlife populations appear stable over the long-term based on habitat quality. Few species were observed during the survey as a result of drought conditions. o The bobcat and possibly the eastern cougar apparently reside on the site, cart of the time. They both have large home ranges on l the ORR. The eastern cougar is listed as endangered by the state of Tennessee and the U.S. Department of Interior. o Rare plant species observed during 1974 surveys are not expected to be listed as threatened or endangered. Proposals to list three site species as threatened have been withdrawn. 4

Several wildlife species listed as threatened or endangered by o the state of Tennessee occur en the site, as discussed in the CRBRP Environmental Report, Section 2.7.1.4.5. Populatiens of these species are unknown, but habitat utilized by them has not changed significantly as a result of site disturbances. l l l l l 5

SECTION

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Since the aquatic and terrestrial ecology field surveys were conducted in 1974 and 1975, ecological changes may have taken place in the Clinch River and on the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant (CCdP) site -(Figure 2-1). The aquatic baseline survey was conducted in 1974-75 and the terrestrial survey in 1974. In order to identify significant changes in the aquatic and terrestrial ecology of the site from that described in the Environmental Report (ER) through Amendment.VIII,U ) the Aquatic Baseline Survey Report (2) and the Vegetational Data Report,(3) limited aquatic and terrestrial field reconnaissance surveys were performed and post-1975 literature and data examined. This effort was not intended to produce quantitative data for definitive comparison with baseline data, but rather to identify apparent, significant changes from baseline con-ditions noted in 1975. Locations of proposed facilities (for example, intake, discharge, barge unloading area and quarry) were determined from the site engineering plan.(4,5) The aquatic field reconnaissance survey was conducted by Energy Impact Associ-ates (EIA) with the assistance of Tennessee Valley Authority-(TVA) personnel on August 19, 1980 to identify any apparent changes in the Clinch River adjacent to the CRBRP site with a focus on bottom profile (bathymetry) and bottom substrate. A terrestrial reconnaissance survey was conducted by EIA on August 27 and 28 with the assistance of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) l and TVA personnel on August 27 to evaluate site changes following timber harvest in 1975 and pre-construction site disturbances. Site evaluations included j visually discernable wildlife population changes, rare plant population changes and vegetation changes on land disturbed by timber harvesting. This report describes results of the one-day aquatic and two-day terrestrial reconnaissance field surveys along with a review of new information obtained since 1975. Apparent significant changes in the aquatic and terrestrial ecology baseline condition since 1975 are discussed in Sections 3 and 4, respectively. References cited are contained in Section 5. For the convenience of the reader, Figure 2.7-6 of the ER(I) (vegetation map and legend) is reproduced in Appen-dix A. 6 j i

Oak Ridge / 'g 6 s 3 N E Gaseous ,/, '.!!.s 9

1. e' psd Diffusion Oak Ridge Plant I

f,' ' g g, - National l

f. ~

Laboratory 9 @* j cp 9 s% s 4 )de c., c.e ~. l ~ W' ,A '~ \\ so.*' ~ ~ \\ ' :'s g@q$. o, I r, ' ;+, ii,',o~- y - 99-1

• Barge

'v (99 Unloading i h '. M ' -I*'"' s ,.k ' i, / I Legend: Area Wa ter Intake g esensass CRBRP Site D i 's, g j Boundary ,' g,,' I ,. - i s s's y[g* \\ b CRBRP

i. ',

v. ' -

o ,o s

• fek'g Meteorological

? Water s W Di scha rge,, Tower " r N ,S ) M \\s ' ' ' *,,,, Scaje .o s e e 0 1.0 Mi ,y g + 0 5000 Ft / o l Figure 2-1. Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Site and Vicinity

SECTION 3.0 AQUATIC ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY Procedures and results of the aquatic ecology reconnaissance survey, including those utilized during the field reconnaissance survey and in obtaining current information (personal communications and literature), are described in the fol-lowing sections. 3.1 PROCEDURES 3.1.1 FIELD PROCEDURES l A one-day field reconnaissance of the Clinch River bordering the site was conducted on August 19, 1980 by EIA, with the assistance of TVA personnel and equipment. The field effort included a visual inspection of the river and description of the physical habitat conditions of the river in terms of bathymetry and general substrate character. Aquatic organisms incidentally encountered were also noted, but no quantitative sampling of organisms was performed. l 3.1.1.1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS Field work was performed at the same approximate locations as were sampled during the aquatic baseline study ( ' ) and included the area near the currently proposed barge unloading facility. Shoreline reference points established for the 1974-75 studies were not found, so minor location variations from the base-line program may have occurred. Bottom samples collected near the proposed intake were later found to have been taken approximately 400 feet downstream of the baseline transect location. 1 Shown in Figure 3-1 are locations of transects for benthic (bottom) sampling (numbered) and for bathymetric profiles (lettered). Bottom samples were col-lected at three points along each of five numbered transects (Transects 1 through 5), approximately 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 cf the river width from the right l 8

// Q Barge Unloading Area T,' CRM 15 + W Approximate 18 Location of g+,@ Intake 9 l Approximate Location of Discharge CPJi 16 d CRM 17 / s M i o, Legend: +++-O Benthic Transects / Stations l 0 Bathymetry Transects 0 1500 3000 Scale in Feet l Figure 3-1. Location of Transects for Sampling Bottom Substrate (Numbered 1 through 6) and for Bathymetric Profiling (Lettered A through G) in the Clinch River, August 19, 1980 I 9 l l l l

bank facing downstream. These points are indicated in Figure 3-1 as short' ~ dashes crossing the transect. Near the proposed barge unloading facility location (Transect 6), the bottom was examined only near the right shore (where dredging and other activities would occur), at approxmately'O.1 of the river width distance. Bathymetric profiles were restricted to series near the proposed intake and discharge loc 3tions, and a single profile at the barge unloading area (Fig-ure 3-1). 3.1.1.2 FIELD METHODOLOGY Bathymetric profiles were taken using a boat-mounted Lowrance recording fath-ometer. Accuracy of the fathometer was checked using a calibrated depth chain. Boat speed was maintained as constant as possible during recording periods. River width was estinted to the nearest 50 feet from U.S. Geclogical Survey maps showing the shoreline at river elevation of 741 feet MSL. i Bottom substrate type was sampled using a Ponar grab operated by means of a powered winch. As was the practice during the baseline survey, two to five attempts were made to collect a composite sample at each ' station. Materials collected were visually examined, substrate qualitatively described, and presence of organisms noted. If three attempts yielded no bottom material, it was assumed that the bottom consisted of large rock or other large impene-trable hard surfaces. Observations were also made of visible features of the, aquatic habitat and of submerged macrophyte beds. Samples of several macrophytes were returned to EIA's laboratory for examination. 3.1.2 ACQUISITION PROCEDURES FOR CURRENT INFORMATION The availability of aquatic ecology data collected in the vicinity of the CRBRP site since 1975 was determined through phone and personal contacts with 10

personnel from TVA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), the Tennessee Wild-life Rescurces Agency (TWRA), and Tennessee Technological University (including former graduate students) and through review of available literature and data. Information learned during phone conversations is noted as such unless written materials substantiating the Communication have also been reviewed. 3.2 RESULTS OF THE FIELD RECONNAISSANCE August 19, 1980 was hot, humid and sunny. Thundershowers occurred sporadically in the afternoon. During the period of the field reconnaissance (9:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m.), the river changed according to operation of Melton Hill Dam from zero flow to 10,000 cubic feet per second (cfs).I ) This resulted in a varia-tion in water surface elevation from approximately 740 feet above mean sea level (MSL) to approximately 740.5 feet MSL.(3) In general, the river appeared similar to the descriptions in the ER.II) Shore-lines were generally steep and wooded, with the exception of pastureland on the east side of the river near the proposed intake location. In the wooded areas, fallen trees frequently provided cover close to the shorelines. The water was moderately turbid; for example, the penar grab was visible only within approximately 2 feet of the water surface. 3.2.1 BATHYMETRY Bathymetric profiles of the river near the proposed water intake, discharge and barge unloading facility are presented in Figures 3-2, 3-3 and 3-4, res-pectively. The river bottom near the location of the proposed intake (Figure 3-2) forms a broad river channel with a maximum depth of 23 to 26 feet. A narrow (less than 50 feet in width), shallow (5 feet deep or less) bench occurs along the western shore of the river (on the CRBRP site side). Comparison of Figure 3-2 with Figures 2.5-5 and 2.5-7 of the Environmental ReportO) indicates that 11

Transect A EAST g WEST - Surface 74g I 3 735 6 9 730 12 15 725 18 720 21 24 715 27 710 Transect 5 Surface 740 3 3 735 6 9 730 3 12 { 725 15 s .is T 720 21 0 2 2: g 715 Transect C 7 - Surface 740 3 735 6 9 730 12 725 15 18 ( 720 21 l 715 27 'I8 l O 100 710 Note: See Figure 3 1 for Hortrontal $cale of Feet Transect location. 1 I l l I i Figure 3-2. Bathynetric Profiles of the Clinch River Near the I Proposed Location of the Water Intake I l l 12 l l L

Transect D Surface 740 a l 3 735 6 9 730 12 725 15 18 720 -21 24 715 Transect E 740 Surface 3 3 735 6 N 9 E' 730 12 "9 J ~ -15 ? 725 3 18 *.

720 21 e.

24 C Transect F ? Surface ggn 3 735 ) 6 ,3, 12 725 15 18 720 21 715 0 100 ~ ~ E Nortrontal Scale of Feet [ Note: See Figure 31 for i Transect location. l

• Cesth obscured by dense macrophyte growth.

Figure 3-3. Bathymetric Profiles of the Clinch River flear the Proposed Location of the Wastewater Discharge i 1 13

Transect G WEST 77 EAST 740 i t 7 Surface -3 y 735 -6 y $ 730 3 -12 8 725 -15 i ~ j -18 5 720 -21 -24 l n5 0 100 i Horizontal Scale of Feet i Note: See Figure 3-1 for l Transect location, l I l i Figure 3-4 Bathymetric Profile of the Clinch River flear the Proposed Location of the Barge Unloading Area l l l l I 14 i l

the bottom is only slightly changed from 1974-1975: the eastern side of the river bed appears to be steeper than that recorded in 1974-75. Profiles taken near the proposed discharge location show the continued pres-l ence of a large submerged bar in the center of the river (Figure 3-3). Com-parison of Figure 3-3 with Figures 2.5-6 and 2.5-8 of the ER(I) indicates that the channel on the northeast side of this submerged bar, that is, the channel nearest the CRBRP site, is currently deeper by approximately 6 feet. These results suggest that some enlargement of the river channel has taken place since 1975, but that subsurface features of the Clinch River are other-wise similar to those of 1974-1975. Differences in results may also be due in part to some variation in the precise measurement points used during the 1980 and 1974-1975 surveys. A bottom profile was also dete mined for the river in the area of the proposed barge unloading facility (Figt. 3-4). In this area, the edges of the river fall steeply to a maximum depth of approximately 23 feet (elevation 717.5 MSL). A small rise (10 feet maximum height above the river bottom) occurs toward the western side of the river. Because the barge unloading area location was changed after the baseline surveys were completed, no previous data for this area are available. Therefore, direct comparison with 1974-75 data is not pos-sible for this location. l 3.2.2 SUBSTRATE Ponar grab samples were collected in locations corresponding to those sampled in the 1974-75 baseline survey,(I) except in the area of the intake where samples were taken approximately 400 feet downstream of the 1974-1975 baseline transect. Samples were also collected near the location of the currently proposed barge unloading facility. Locations are shown in Figure 3-1. The results are summar-ized in Table 3-1. Comparison of these results with Tables 3.0-22 through 3.0-28 in the Aquatic Baseline Survey Report (ABSR)(2) indicates that the bottom substrates have 15

TABLE 3-1 RESULTS OF P0NAR. GRAB SAMPLING IN THE CLINCH RIVER, AUGUST 19, 1980 Tran;ect* Station ** Substratet Organisms 1 0.3 Gravel (4-5 cm) none 0.5 Hard bottom tt none 0.7 Clay, coarse sand .Corbicula shells 2 0.3 Hard bottom,tt some small gravel none - 0. 5 Hard bottomit Corbicula shells, 2 cm 0.7 Granule,. gravel-boulder Corbicula shells, up to 1.5 cm 3 0.3 Clay none 0.5 Sand to gravel (to 7.6 cm) none 0.7 Clay, fine sand 2 live Corbicula, 0.8 and 2.0 cm a 4 0.3 Clay, some 0:ganic matter snail shell; mayfly (Ephemeridae) . 0. 5 Coarse sand to granule none -0.7 Coarse sand to granule several live Corbicula, <0.5 cm 5 0.3 Gravel Corbicula shells 0.5 Coarse sand none - 0.7 . Granule, gravel (0.3-1 cm) several live Corbicula, 4 cm; snail shell 6 0.1 Gravel-boulder several live Corbicula, 0. ' cm

• Refer to Figure 3-1 for location.
  • Approximate fractions of~ river width from right bank facing downstream.

t Approximate designation following Table-2.7-36 in ER.II) .it Ponar. grab did not penetrate. substrate.

remained nearly the same since 1974-75. Small differences between these two sampling periods at individual stations are probably due to slight variations in sampling locations or to localized water changes. In no case were the 1980 results inconsistent with the range of observations made at each station during the baseline survey.( } The bottom type near the proposed barge unloading area (Transect 6 on Figure 3-1) had not been evaluated previously. A series of Ponar grabs were taken in this area on August 19, with large rocks (up to 15 cm) being the only bot-tom material recovered. Although it was not the purpose of the reconnaisance survey to sample aquatic organisms, ponar samples were also visually scanned in the field for signs of aquatic life. Live Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) or their shells were collected in several locations (Table 3-1). This organism was regularly abundant in the 1974-75 collections.(1,2) _ Live individuals.were collected during the recon-naissance survey at Transects 3, 4 and 5 along the left bank facing downstream (away from the CRBRP si u), and near the proposed barge unloading area. Com-pared with 1974-75 data (Tables 3.0-111 through 3.0-119 in the ABSR),(2) these results suggest a more restricted distribution of this organism than previously noted. Although benthic grabs such as the Ponar are relatively inefficient sampling gear for Corbicula,I4) this methodology was consistent with that used in the baseline survey. Other surveys in various areas of Watts Bar Lake sug-gest that this organism is still generally increasing in abundance, although sporadic, unexplained die-offs occur yearly in some locations.(5) Several aquatic snail shells were collected, but no live individuals. Une aquatic insect, a burrowing mayfly rymph (Ephemeridae) was taken in the soft bottom at Transect 4, Station 0.3. Hexagenia (a member of the Ephemeridae). was collected on several occasions in 1974-75.II) In summary, it appears that changes in the bottom substrate of the Clinch River near the CR8RP site since 1975 have been slight. Benthic organisms noted in August 1980 were also collected in the 1974-75 surveys. 17

3.2.3 MACROPHYTES The major difference between the present aquatic ecology as noted during the August 19 reconnaissance field survey and that of 1974-75 was an increased abun-dance of macrophytes (large aquatic plants). In the 1974-75 aquatic baseline study, macrophytes were characterized as sparse, with only occasional collec-tion of Eurasion water milfoil (Hvrioohyllum sp.), the bryophyte (Fontk.alis sp.) and the liverwoit (Scaoania sp.). In contrast, during the August 19 reconnaissance survey at least six species (0) of macrophytes were observed in scattered beds in shallow water, as indicated in Table 3-2. The most common macrophyte was pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus), which formed the bulk of most of the observed beds. Also occasionally abundant were coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum) and water milfoil (Myricohyllum sp.). The macrophytes Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton pusillus and Najas sp. were also present. The macrophyte beds observed, while dense, were generally not large enough to cause a nuisance. An exceptionally large stand of plants was observed on the shallow bar in the vicinity of the proposed discharge (bathymetric Transect F on Figure 3-1); this bed was approximately 150 feet wide and several hundred feet long. A phone conversation with Leon Bates, TVA biologist at the Muscle Shoals, l Alabama facility, provided information that macrophyte growth had increased throughout eastern Tennessee in 1980.(7) The exact cause is uncertain, but is probably related to unusual summer weather. A prolonged hot, dry period de-creased water flows and turbidity and increased water temperatures during the j summer of 1980. These conditions are favorable for macrophyte growth. When the weather moderates, macrophyte growth is expected to subside. Bates also substantiated that water milfoil (Myricchyllum), Potamogeton pusillus and Najas minor are common near the CR8RP Site.II) 18 j-i

F-TABLE 3-2 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES OBSERVED IN THE CLINCH RIVER, AUGUST 19, 1980 Transect

• Station **

Species Observed A 0.9 Potamogeton pectinatus, Ceratophyllum demersus B 0.1 Potamogeton crispust, Najas sp., P. pectinatus no sacrophytes observed C D. 0.9 Fotamogeton pusillust E. 0.1 Myriophyllum sp., Potamogeton pectinatus F 0.5 Potamogeton pectinatust, Myriophyllum sp. no macrophytes observed G

• Refer to Figure 3-1 for transect location.
  • Approximate fraction of river width from right shore,. facing downstream.

t Specimen collected and identification verified in laboratory.(6) s 6 19

s-O 3.3 CURRENT INFORMATION In addition to the results of the aquatic ecology field reconnaissance survey discussed above, conversations with TVA, ORNL, TVRA and Tennessee Technological University personnel and review of literature provided information in the following~ sections. 3.3.1 WATER QUALITY, BENTHIC MACR 0 INVERTEBRATES, PLANKTON AND_PERIPHYTON Water quality appears unchanged in the Clinch River except for an apparent in-crease in the concentration of capper.CO'3) This trace metal was below detection limits during the baseline survey, but was sometimes detected during the pre-construction monitoring program. The average copper concentration at five. locations ranged from 30 to 40 pg/l with a standard deviation of 19 to/36 pg/1.(8) There is little information to suggest significant changes in most groups' of organisms, including benthic macroinvertebrates (bottom-dwelling animals visible to the unaided eye), zooplankton and phytoplankton (free-floating microscopic animals and plants, respectively) and periphyton (the algal community attLched to submerged surfaces), since 1975.(8) It is apparent that dominant species may vary; this is especially true of algal species. Such differences _are con-sistent with natural yearly variation. Differences in sampling stations and methodology may have enhanced observed differences. 3.3.2 FISH 'ihe fish community has received the most intensive examination since 1975, but much of-the information is s yet unpublished. Differences between current information and 1974-1975 baseline survey results are as follows. o The Clinch Riv?r near the CRBRP site may be used by sauger, an important game fish, for spawning.(10,H ) The importance of the site area in this regard relative to other locations in Watts Bar Lakt is unknown. This was not suspected in 1975 for at least two reasons: (a) the common presumption was (and still is) that 20

1 5 these fish spawn in dam tailraces in the Tennessee Valley, and (b) no sampling of adult fish occurred during April, which appears to be the primary spawning month for this species in the Clinch River. o Striped bass and yellow bass appear to be more numerous than in 1975.(12,13) The increase in the former is due to stocking by the Tennessee Wildlife Resource Agency which began in 1971 and increased in intensity beginning in 1975.II4) o Very recent information shows that larger (4 years +) striped bass use the Clinch River in general as a coolwater (less than 75*F) refuge during the warmer months (mid-July through October).(I4~II) The outside bend of the river from apprcximately CRM 15 to CRM 17 1 (Figure 3-1) appears to be a favored location;(I4~I7) the proposed CRBRP discharge is on the inside of the bend at approximately CRM 16. Another preferred location appears to be the western side of the river near the Grubb Islands,(15) from approximately CRM 18 to CRM 18.5. The blue sucker, a species of threatened status in Tennessee,(18) o has been collected in Watts Bar Lake twice since 1975. One fish was collected at CRM 0.3 in 1975,( U) and one was collected in the Tennessee River near Loudon in 1977.( 0) Although habitat in the Clinch River appears to be suitable for this species,(21,22) no blue suckers have been reported from the river near the Site, More species of fish larvae (10) have been collected in the Clinch o River downstream of the CRBRP site than were reported in the ER. Location and methodology differences may account for the varying results. o Otherwise, there does not appear to have been any discernable change in the fish community. 21

There is more information on the fish community of the Clinch River near the CRBRP site that has not yet been _obtained for review. This. includes a report 'in preparation by ORNL personnel and an environmental report prepared by Exxon Nuclear, Inc. s

3.4 CONCLUSION

S Based on the one-day field reconnaissance and review of available literature and personal contacts, it is concluded that: In general, information examined in this effort did not indicate o substantial changes in the aquatic ecology of the Clinch River since 1975. Apparent differences are as follows. There is an apparent increase in copper levels in the river. o Aquatic macrophytes have increased in abundance; however, this is o probably due to enusual weather and is not expected to persist. Two species of fish, the striped bass and the yellow bass, may be o more abundant than in 1974-1975. Sauger, an important game fish, may spawn in the region of the o river bordering the Site; the relative importance of this area for sauger spawning is unknown. o Mature (4 years plus) striped bass in Watts Bar Lake use the Clinch River as a coolwater refuge during the approxiamte period of mid-July through October. The outside bend of the river between CRM 15 and CRM 17 appears to be a favored location. o The blue sucker, listed as threatened in Tennessee, has been recently collected in Watts Bar Lake, but not in the Clinch River within approximately 15 miles of the Site. 22

SECTION 4.0 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY Procedures and results of the terrestrial cology reconnaissance survey, includ-ing those utilized during the field reconnaissance survey ~and in obtaining cur-rent information (personal communications and literature), are described in the following sections. 4.1 PROCEDURES A two-day field reconnaissance survey and data gathering trip was conducted by EIA on August 27 and 28, 1980. ORNL and TVA personnel assisted with the survey on August 27. General visual evaluation of site changes since baseline condi-tions (1974), as reported in the CRBRP Environmental Report (ER)(I) and the Vegetational Data Report (VDR)(2), were made along the peripheral and cross-site trails shown in Figure 2-1 and at the proposed reactor site, discharge, intake and quarry.I3) Vegetational plots were emplaced in the shortleaf pine planta-tion (1976) to evaluate species present, importance values and diversity. Rare plant species populations near the CRBRP that were observable at this season were examined for numbers of individuals and chtnges since 1974. Wildlife ob-served during an early morning survey and during general visual evaluations of site changes were recorded. Field sampling was supplemented with information obtained by conversations with personnel from ORNL and TVA curing site evalua-tions August 27 and with literature provided by the participants. 4.1.1 GENERAL VISUAL OBSERVATIONS On August 27, selected portions of the site were visually examined by EIA, ORNL and TVA personnel for changes since 1974. These portions included harvested forest stands, the proposed reactor location, access roads (peripheral and cross-site, as shown in Figure 2-1), proposed quarry site, rare plant popula-tion locations near the proposed intake and discharge, the cedar forest near the proposed intake and the oak-tulip poplar natural area near the eastern site boundary. Disturbed land was photographically documented and the type and extent of disturbance recorded. Signif.icant species observations were also recorded. 23

Vegetation communities noted in the text refer to those shown on Figure 2.7-6 of the CRBRP-ER.(I) This figure is reproduced in Appendix A for the convenience of the reader. 4.1.2 VEGETATION PLOT SAMPLING On August 28, EIA sampled two point-centered vegetation plots in a shortleaf pine plantation that was established in 1976. This 25-acre plantation was Com-munity C, a former shortleaf pine-Virginia pine forest that was clear-cut, scarified and replanted'with shortleaf pine seedlings in 1976. The plantation .is termed "shortleaf pine plantation (1976)" in this report. The vegetation 2 . plots included a 53.8 ft ground cover plot (4.14 ft. radius) for herbaceous 2 plants and woody stems shorter than 4.5 feet tall and a 538 ft woody sapling plot (13.1 ft radius) for woody stems 4.5 feet ard taller but less than 0.5 inch diameter at 4.5 feet above the soil surface. No woody stems larger than 0.5 inch diameter at 4.5 feet above the soil surface were observed in this clear-cut community. Species name, number of plants per species, number of stems per species and percent cover per species data were recorded for each plot size. Total percent of soil surface shaded by vegetation, percent not shaded, percent shaded by dead stems and leaves, slope, direction, aspect, stand age and canopy height were also recorded for each plot. In addition, species observed in the vegetation type but not present on a vegetation plot were recorded to document their presence. Vegetation data analyses are as described in the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, Vegetational Data Report.(2) 4.1.3 WILDLIFE OBSERVATIONS Wildlife sightings, tracks and other signs observed by EIA during site activities were recorded. In addition, EIA personnel conducted an early morning survey. Beginning at sunrise August 28, EIA personnel drove the peripheral site road slowly from the entrance gate to the proposed quarry site (Figure 2-1) and recorded wildlife calls, songs and sightings. 24

1 4.1.4 ACQUISITION PROCEDURES FOR CURRENT INFORMATION The availability of terrestrial ecology data collected in the vicinity of the CR8RP site since 1974 was detenmined through phene contacts with ORNL and TVA personnel. Literature and personal communications are cited as appropriate in the following sections. 4.2 RESULTS OF THE FIELD RECONNAISSANCE-Weather on both August 27 and 28 was foggy in the early morning and partly cloudy (5 to' 10 percent cover) from 9 A.M. u.til evening when a light fog formed. The region was enduring a prolonged drought. Soil moisture had been so depleted that the leaves on many understory trees were wilted by late morning. Leaves on a few overstory trees were wilted from late morning until early evening on Au-gust 27. Soil was dry and hard. Springs that normally flowed freely were dry. As a result of the severe drought conditions, bird and mammal activity was very low even during early morning hours. No cr:ptiles or amphibians were observed during the brief survey period. 4.2.1 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS General observations include those associated with forest management, pre-construction disturbances and special site features. l l 4.2.1.1 FOREST MANAGEMENT DISTURBANCES In accordance with planned 1975 Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR) forest management,( ) all pine trees on the site that were affected by southern pine beetle were cut, ( loblolly and white pine plantations were thinned and shortleaf and Virginia pine stands were either clear-cut and replanted to pine or just thinned. The shortleaf-Virginia pine stand identified as Community C in Appendix A was l clear-cut in 1975, scarified and replanted with shortleaf pine seedlings in l 1976, based on observed tree age. Other pine stands were thinned as planned l l l 25

to promote vigorous growth of crop trees or to promote reproduction of pines or hardwoods depending on site capability. A total area estimated at ap-proximately 500 acres was affected by pine thinning activities and 25 acres by cleir cutting and replanting. Hardwood forest (Community K, Appendix Al on the upper north-facing part of Chestnut Ridge was thinned as planned by removing diseased and poorly formed Approximately 50 acres (Appendix A, Figure 2.7-6)(I) were affected by trees. this thincing operation. One 40-foot tall chestnut scpling in this hardwood forest was observed to be dead from chestnut blight. Other smaller chestnut saplings nearby appeared to be healthy. 4.2.1.2 PRE-CONSTRUCTION DISTURBANCES Core-drilling activities and pre-construction stability tests and excavation activities observed from 1973 to 1975 had disturbed portions of the CRBRP site near the proposed reactor core structures and nearby land. Approximately 33 acres in an area estimated at 360 acres were observed to be disturbed by these activities. Tests for a quarry si'.e, conducted in 1976 and 1977'as indic'ated' by ages of tree saplings and stump sorouting disturbed approximately 3 additional. ~ acres. Land disturbed by pre-construction activities was observed to consist of unim-proved roadways and cleared land for 2 meteorological towers, subsurface stabil-ity tests, water permeability tests and miscellaneous tests. Herbaceous vegetation har, stabilized approximately 25 percent of disturbed land (eight acres). The remainir.g 25 acres were sparsely vegetated and subject to water erosion. 4.2.1.3 SPECIAL SITE FEATURES The hillside southeast of the proposed quarry (Figure 2-1) was observed to have layered rock strata dipping approximately 30 degrees southeastward toward the Clinch River. Portions of these rock strata were exposed on two steep rock faces dipping outward toward the river. Portions of individual rock layers 26 3

had weathered loose and fallen to the roads.de of the peripheral road. Other portions of these layers had weathered sufficiently that they a re only weakly in contact with underlying layers, a condition suggesting a sigi.ificant rockslide potential. However, depth of rock weathering or actual rockslide potential cculd not be determined from visible surface conditions. Two rare plant species populations identified near the proposed water intake and discharge locations were examineo. Lizard's' tail population evaluation near the proposed wastewater discharge on August 27 indicated an approximate population of 200 plants.(4) The population had not been disturbed since '1974 and has been stable since then. Carey's saxifrage was observed August 28 on a limestone rock face approximately 400 feet south of the proposed intake location. The population consisted of three plants in a very restricted area ) near the river. The cedar forest adjacent to the proposed intake was undisturbed since 1974. Species presence, small topsoil piles and cedar trees remained as they had been in 1974.I ) The oak-tulip poplar natural area (Community A, Appendix A) remained essentially as in 1974. The only changes were 6 years of growth on individual trees, re-cent clearing of shrubby vegetation on the adjacent gas pipeline corridor with a bush-hog pulled by a tractor and herbicide spraying on the corridor. Tulip poplar, oak and hickory trees adjacent to the pipeline right-of-way were dying from herbicide injury. 4.2.2 VEGETATION DATA Vegetation in the shortleaf pine plantation that replaced Community C (Appen-dix A, Figure 2.7-6)(I) was sampled during this brief reconnaissance field sur-vey to evaluate vegetation present on this clear-cut and replanted land.. Short-leaf pine had grown to a maximum height of 5.5 feet and therefore was absent from the overstory plots (stems > 6.0 inches diameter) and only poorly represented in the understory plots (stems > 4.5 feet tall). Ground cover and understory 27

vegetation data are summarized in Tables 4-1 and 4-2 using the same format as in the VDR.(2) The four year-old shortleaf pine plantation had a weak but developing canopy at 4 feet that shaded nearly 15 percent of the soil surface. The ground cover vegetation category covered 65 to 70 percent of the soil surface leaving 30 to 35 percent of the soil bare and exposed to soil erosion. Dead stems covered less than 5 percent of the plot area. 4.2.2.1 IMPORTANCE VALUES AND SPECIES PRESENCE Decumbent panic grass (Panicum sp.) dominated the ground cover representing 33 percent importance; average panic grass cover on each plot was'45 percent (Table 4-1). Bush-clover (Lespedeza violacea), dwarf cinquefoil (Potentilla canadensis) and shortleaf pine were second, third and fourth in importance having importance values of 14.3, 5.8 and 4.7, respectively. Seedlings of sweet-gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), biltmore ash (Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) were also sampled in this shortleaf pine plantation (Table 4-2). Tree seedlings of seven other species were also observed in the plantation (Table 4-3). Twenty-three of the 50 taxa observed in the plantation were weedy. Nineteen woody and six herbaceous taxa observed had previously been sampled in Community C, while sixteen of these occurred in both Communities 0 and J. l 4.2.2.2 DIVERSITY INDICES Shannon-Weaver diversity indices were calculated from 1980 and 1974 data ( } using the formula in Reference 5. These indices were summarized by general-forest category (hardwood, successional pine, pine plantation, cedar and hardwood-cedar) and presented in Figures 4-1 and 4-2. Data indicated as SP-80 were ob-tained in 1980 All other indices were computed from 1974 data.(2) Diversity indices of sampled overstory trees included a standard error (SE) of the mean estimate as indicated by a box surrounding the mean in Figures 4-1 and 4-2 (SE equals standard deviation divided by number of observations in the mean). A r 28

1 i 1 TABLE 4-1 GROUND COVER VEGETATION DATA FOR THE CLINCH RIVER SITE - SHORTLEAF PINE PLANTATION (1976) - AUGUST 28, 1980* Relative Rela tive Relative-Percent Percent Percent - la,ortance lhanber of We Percent Frequeac Orni ty Cover Vilue Species 9tadrats oMcM. Cover d"F)y _(; D) 1 C L j fv1 Panicum so. 2 1.296 91.0 5.1 64.4. 30.0 33.2 (Decuseent panic grass) _L_ esp _e_cera violace), 2 476 43.0 5.1 23.7 14.2 14.3 (sush-61cver). Potentilla cana*. asis 2 27 33.0 5.1 1.3 10.9 5.8 7 b rf cinnuefo M ' Pinus echinata -2 2 21.0 5.1 .1 8.9 - 4.7 7srtTiefTine) Con 1 46 18.0 2.6 2.3 5.9 3.6 ~"(yyacanadensisnorseweed P So11daco n*= oralis 1 19 17.0 2.6 1.0 5.6 3.0 (Gray golcenroo} Les era re ns 2 10 9.3 5.1 '.5 3.1 2.9 t ie';iing sh-clover) f thus c y liina, 2 4 7.5 5.1 .2 2.5 2.6 7tnged sumac) ' Androocgon viratnicus 1 43 8.0 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5 -"ITio_omse_dGe) tubus hispidus 2-5 6.! 5.1 .2 2.1 2.5 Trounotirryl tubus betulitolius 2 6 5.2 5.1 .3 1.7 2.4 lirca-leaveWackberry) Lonicerajagen,1ca 1 9 12.0 2.6. 4 3.9 '2.J ca Tapanese honeysuckie) Gnaphalium obtusifolium ' 2 7 3.4 5.1' .3 1.1 2.2 (5weet ev&EitingT~ -~ Liauidaaear styracif twa 2 5 2.7 5.1 .3 .9 2.1 (Seett M f frianthus ale;ecuecides 1 28 1.0 2.6. 1.4 2.3 - 2.1 (Flwne grass) wereascue thapsus 1-3~ 3.7 2.6 .1 1.2 1.3 - (NileinF Eupatorium hyssopffolium 1 2 3.0 2.6 .2 1.0 1.2 (nyssco-leaved tnoroug%ert) Geum canadcase 1 4 1.4 2.6 .2 .5 1.1 - 7hite avens) Stytosanthes biflora 1 1 1.5 2.6 .05 .5 1.0 (Pencil.fl~owerF Solidago caaadensis var. sentra 1 1 .8 2.6 .05 .3 I.0 (Canada golcenrod) Smitas 91auea 1 2 .4 2.6 .1 .1 1.0 ~ T3riucous greenbrier) Carn so. 1 2 .3 2.6 .1 .1 .9 Tedge) Rhaamus carot tniana 1 2 .3 2.6 .1 .1 .9 (caro 1Tna buutnorn) - vitis aestivalis 1 1 4 2.6 .05 .1 .9 (5anmergraTeT Fraxinus awetcana var. bit tmoreena 1 1 .3 2.6 .05 .1 .9 -(IlltEoce asa; thus raiteans 1 1 .3 2.5 .05 .1 .9 7oisWTvB

ifer, 1

1 .2 2.5 .05 .1 .9 2tolacta ame-teana 1 1 .2 2.5 .05 .1 .9 Ph (PokeweedT fuchernia $9~tna 1 1 .) 2.5 .05 .0 .9 (Mila-pursia% TOTALS U" EUTT NT.T T3*U TM.M IM 5 100:0

• Two 5. square meter ctreular plots were utt1f red.

29

o -- ,e TABLE 4-2 UNDERSTORY VEGETATION DATA

SUMMARY

FOR Tile CLINCH RIVER SITE - SHORTLEAF PINE PLANTATION (1976) - AUGUST 28, 1980* Relative Relative Relative Basal Percent Percent Percent Importance Number of Number Area Frequency Density Dominance Value Species Quadrats of Stems (00 in ft ) (% F) j% D) (% 00) (IV) 2 Pinus echinata 1 1 .0003 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 '(Shortleaf pine) Rhus copallina 1 1 .0003 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 7 Winged sumac) TOTALS 2 2 UUU6 TUD3 TUD U T06 5 TOU U 8

• Two 50-square-meter circular plots were utilized.

s s C

TABLE 4-3 .FLORISTIC LIST OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN THE SHORTLEAF PINE PLANTATION (1976) - AUGUST 28, 1980 Sgcies Samoled Common Name Scientific Name OVERSTORY TREES Red maple Acer rubrum Hockernut hickory Carva tomentosa-Biltmore ash FrEinus americana var. biltmoreana Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Tulip poplar Liriodendron tulipifera Shortleaf pine Pinus ecninata Black cherry Prunus serotina White oak Quercus alba Black oak Quercus velutina Sassafras Sassafras albicum SMALL TREES Flowering dogwood Cornus 'lorida Blackjackoak Quercus marilandica SHRUBS AND VINES Japanese honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Carolina buckthorn Rhamnus caroliniana Winged sumac Rhus copallina Poison ivy REUs radicans Birch-leaved blackberry R EGs betulifolius Groundberry Rubus hispidus Glaucous greenbrier Smilax glauca Rusty blackhaw -Viburnum rufidulum Summer grape Vitis aestivalis COMPOSITE FAMILY ASTERACEAE Common ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia White-heath aster Aster ericoides Horseweed Conyza canadensis Hyssop-leaved thoreughwort Eucatorium hyssooifolium Late-flowering th-oughwort Eupatorium serotinum 4teet aerlasting Gnachalium obtusifolium hairy gciden-aster Heterotheca pilosa Smail's ragwort senecio smallii canada pidenrod Solidago canaaensis var..scabra Gray goldenrod Solidago nemoralis Wing-stem Verbesina alternifolia (Continued) 31

TABLE 4-3 (Continued) Species Sampled Common Name Scientific Name MUSTARD FAMILY BRASSICACEAE Cow cress Lepidium campestre SEDGE FAMILY CYPERACEAE Sedge Carex sp. SPURGE FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE Milk purslane Euphorbia supina. LEGUME FAMILY FABACEAE Partridge pea Cassia fasciculata Wild sensitive plant Cassia nictitans Creeping bush-clover Lespedeza repens Bush-clover Lespedeza violacea Pencil-flower 5tylosanthes biflora ST. JOHN'S WORT FAMILY HYPERICACEAE Spotted St. John's wort Hypericum punctatum MINT FAMILY LAMIACEAE Hoary mountain-mint Pycnanthemum incanum EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY ONAGRACEAE Evening primrose Oenothera biennis POKEWEED FAMILY PHYTOLACCACEAE Pokeweed Phytolacca americana GRASS FAMILY P0ACEAE Broomsedge Andropogon virginicus Plume grass Erianthus alopecuroides Decumbent panic grass Panicum sp. i ROSE FAMILY ROSACEAE White avens Geum canadense Dwarf cinquefoil Potentilla canadensis FIGWORT FAMILY SCR0PHULARIACEAE Mullein Verbascum thaosus 32

2 4.0 3.5 I 3.0 f 2.5 -8 e Z H O 2.0 21 Es 1.5 g e s 1.0 H 0.5 = H l I I I 'l I I 0.0 ItF SP PP C ll-C lif SP PP C H-C SP OVERSTORY UNDERSTORY Figure 4-1. Shannon-Weaver Diversity Indices (11') of Overstory and Understory Species Densities for Each Vegetative Consnunity Sampled on the Clinch River Site (The center line l-tindicates J the mean and the box size indicates one standard error about the mean. The absence of a box indicates that only one datum point is included. IlF = liardwood Forest, SP = Suc-cessional Pine, PP = Pine Plantation, C = Cedar. H-C = Hardwood-Cedar and SP-80 = Suc-cessional Pine Sampled in 1980.)

4.0 H H H 3.5 s" 8 3.0 H E 8 H ~ H d 2.5 3 2.0 H E o 1.5 m. s H 1.0 0.5 I I I I 3 I I I I I 0.0 ilf SP PP C ll-C HF SP PP C H-C SP-80 llF SP PP C H-C SPRING SUMMER FALL Figure 4-2. Shannon-Weaver Diversity' Indices (ll') of Ground Cover Species Densities for Each Vegetative Conmunity Sampled on the Clinch River Site (The center line t-t indicates the mean and the box size indicates one standard error about the mean. The absence of a box indicates that only one datum point is included. liF = liardwood forest, SP = Successional Pine, PP = Pine Plantation, C = Cedar. H-C = Hardwood-Cedar and SP-80 = Successional Pine Sampled in 1980.)

o -small box, as for pine plantation overstory trees (Figure 4-1), indicates low variation between the loblolly and white pine forests (SE = 0.011), whereas a large box, as for successional pine ground cover in the spring (Figure 4-2), indicates greater variability (SE = 0.174). Individual forest stands as the cedar forest, hardwood-cedar forest and shortleaf pine plantation (1976) have no SE estimate. Diversity indices of pine plantation (PP) overstory trees, cedar forest (C) overstory trees and shortleaf pine plantation (1976) understory saplings sampled - in 1980 (SP-80) have approximately equal means (0.537, 0.534 and 0.693, respec-tively). Diversity of successional' pine (SP) forest overstory trees and hardwood-cedar (H-C) forest overstory trees are approximately equal (1.166 and 1.112, respectively). Diversity of hardwood (H) forest overstory trees is moderately high-(2.500). Diversity of understory stems in the hardwood forest, successional pine forest, pine plantation, cedar forest and hardwood-cedar forest ara higher than the corresponding values for overstory trees. This indicates that these forests are in transition to more diverse types as abundant, single dominant species are replaced with multiple dominants. These same trends were discussed in the ER in Section 2.7.1.3(I) based on species presence and Importance Value trends for overstory and understory species. Ground cover diversity indices are uniformly higher than indices of overstory and understory strata within the same forest type. For example, hardwood forest overstory, understory and ground cover (spring, summer and fall) diversity indices are 2.500, 2.691, 2.810, 3.301 and 3.228, respectively, indicating a progression from a moderately high index fer overstory trees to a slightly higher index for understory stems and higher indices for ground cover. Within the ground cover vegetative stratum, diversity tends to increase from spring to fall. However, summer ground covar diversity of the shortleaf pine plantation planted in 1976 (SP-80) was only 1.178, approximately equal to diversity of overstory trees in successional pine and hardwood-cedar forests and considerably lower than indices for all other ground cover samples and for all understory stem samples. This low diversity for a young forest stand is expected. 35

4.2.3 WILDLIFE OBSERVATIONS. Wildlife observations are summarized in Table 4-4. Cleared lands were exten-sively utilized as wildlife travel routes and feeding habitat. Deer sightings and tracks were frequently observed in open, disturbed habitat throughout the site. ORNL personnel (Dr. Fred Taylor) reported during the survey that wild turkey were first observed on the Oak Ridge Reservation in 1975 and have been increasing in abundance. Insects, acorns, tree buds, seeds and other foods consumed by turkeys are abundant on the Reservation. Other wildlife observations are summarized in Table 4-4. ORNL personnel (Dr. Tom Kitchings) reported during the survey that osprey and bald eagle individuals did not nest on or near the Reservation as determined by a low-level aerial search. Both species are listed by the state of Tennessee as endangered.(b) Dr. Kitchings also reported that eastern cougar sightings, es-pecially southeast of ORNL (Figure 2-1) continue to be frequent; these sightings tuggest the presence of several animals on the Reservation. The cougar is listed as endangered by the U.S. Department of Interior and State of Tennessee.(5,6) Considering that cougars primarily hunt whitetail deer and that deer are abundant and protected on the Reservation, their presence is not unexpected. Cooper's hawk, a bird species listed as threatened by the state of Tennessee,(6) was observed near the proposed quarry along the Clinch River. b) Habitat util-ized by other threatened or endangered species considered in CRBRP-ER Section 2.7.1.4.5(I) had not changed significantly on the site. 4.3 CURRENT INFORMATION In addition to the results of the terrestrial ecology field reconnaissance sur-vey discussed above, conversations with TVA and ORNL personnel and review of literature provided information in the following sections. s 36

l t 1 l TABLE 4-4 SIGNIFICANT-WILDLIFE SPECIES OBSERVATIONS ON THE CLINCH RIVER SITE - AUGUST 27-28, 1980 location Common Name Scientific Name Notes Perip*:eral road, barge unloading Whitetail deer Odocolleus virainlana Coe and two fawns observed on area 8/27; Doe (probably same animal) observed on 8/28 Peripheral road, 3400 feet Whitetait deer Odocolleus virginiana 6 point buck observed crossing nortn of CRBRP road on 8/28 Pertpreral road, 2950 feet Whitetail deer CJocolleus virginiana Doe observed crossing road on 8/28 southeast of CR8RP Gas pipeline, bulldozed core Whitetail deer Odocolleus virginlay Tracks abundant on 8/27 and 28 drilling trails, logging trails, CRBRP meteorological tower sites CR8RP preconstruc-tion cleared land and clear-cut forests y 150 feet east of CRERP Raccoon Procyon totor Scat observed in seconstruction clearing on 8/27 3600 feet portheast of CRBRP Cooper's hawk Accipiter cooperit Cbserved 8/27 roosting in sycamore tree between Clinch River and perip%eral road. Flew east across Clinch River. Hardwood forest Turkey Meleagris callopavo Not ot' served but reported from Oak Ridge Reservation includteg_ CR8RP site since 1975. Peripheral road, 1800 feet south Great blue heron Ardea herodias Observed 8/23 roost {ag on road-of CRSRP side and in flight southeast and then south crossing Clinch River Cedar and hardwood forest 1500 Bluejay Cyanocitta cristata One individuit heard caillag on feet sou'hwest of CRSRP 8/28 Carolina chickadee Parus carolinensis Three indf viduals heard calling on 8/28 Connon crow Corvus brachyrhychos Two fetividuals sighted and beard calling on 8/23 t Pileated woodpecker Dryocopus pileatus One individual sighted in filght, a second heard calling on 9/28 Downy woodpecker Denarecopos pubescens One individual sig%ted at close ren')e on 8/28 Yellow shafted flicker Colaptes auratus Several insividuals heard calling on 8/18 - b

4.3.1 OAK RIDGE FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN AND PLANT SPECIES The 1975 pulp and timber harvest noted in Section 4.2.1 was a part of Oak Ridge Reservation planned forest management. The 1976-1980 Forest Management Plan-continues to upgrade Reservation forests.( ) However, no forest management ac-tivities are planned for 1976-80 in forest management compartments 13 and 14, the portion of the Reservation containing the CRBRP site. The 1981-1985-forest management plan is in preparation, but unavailable at this time. No major manage-ment activities are anticipated on the CRBR? site based on discussions with ORNL personnel during the reconnaissance field survey. A list of plant species suggested for classification as threatened or endangered by various authors was published in 1979.(8) The list includes three from the CRBRP site: black snakeroot (Cimicifuga rubifolia), ginseng (Panax quinouefolius) and Carey's saxifrage (Saxifraga careyana). Black snakeroot and ginseng are re-ported in ER, Section 2.7.1.3.4(I) and the location of Carey's saxifrage is reported above in Section 4.2.1.3. Dr. Leo Collins, a member of the Tennessee Committee for Rari Plants and a participant during the site reconnaissanu survey, indicated that none of these species is expected to be listed as threatened or endangered for Tennessee. On Decerter 10, 1979, the U.S. Department of In-terior, Fish and kildlife Service, withdrew a 1976 proposal to list some 1700 plant taxa since the two year time limit for action had passed.(9) Black snakeroot and Carey's saxifrage were included on that list. These two species and ginseng are included on an unofficial 1978 list of rare plant species.(10) A revised inventory of vascular plants of the'five counties in the Oak Ridge region and their habitats of occurrence was published in 1975.(') Ninety-three taxa collected or sighted on the CRBRP site in 1974(2) had not previously been reported for Roane County and an additional 55 taxa had not been reported for the 5-county region (Anderson, Knox, Loudon, Morgan and Roane Counties), as shown in Table 4-5. 1 38 1

. TABLE 4-5

SUMMARY

OF NEW PLANT TAXA COLLECTION AND SIGHTING RECORDS FOR ROANE COUNTY AND THE FIVE COUNTY REGION SURROUNDING THE DAK RIDGE RESERVATION Types of Records

• Roane County 5-County Recion**

Genera Collectionst 0 7 Species Collections 83 40 . Variety Collections 6 4 Genera Sightings 0 1 Species Sightings 4 3 Variety Sightings 0 0 TOTALS 93 55

• The number of new collections or sightings of genera, species and varieties for the CRBRP site that had not previously been reported for either Roarie Cpun Ridge Reservation.lll)ty or the 5-County region surrounding the Oak Taxa recorded in one category are not included in others.
  • Anderson, Knox, Loudon, Morgan and Roane Counties.

t Specimens are on deposit in the University of Tennessee Herbarium with duplicate specimens in the Energy Impact Associates herbarium. 39 l

4.3.2 WILDLIFE Two reports of whitetail deer populations of the Oak Ridge Reservation (12,13) indicate that populations increased substantially in the period 1969-1977(I2) and much less rapidly in 1978.(13) Protection from hunting and abundant food and cover seem to be the main contributing factor's. Road-kills by automobile, illegal hunting near the Clinch River and predation by eastern cougars con-tribute to deer mortality. A preliminary study of bobcat (Lynx rufus) activity confirms the presence of this species on the Reservation and use of part of the site (Chestnut Ridge, Figure 2-1) by one male bobcat.(I4) Bobcat home range was observed to be 1416 hectares (3500 acres) for a female and 3076 hectares (7600 acres) for a male.II4) Low food availability and the relatively small and widely separated areas of old field habitat where the preferred food (cottontail rabbits and cotton rats) abounds contribute to the large observed home ranges. The bob-cat population on the Reservation probably numbers 12 to 15 individuals and appears to be increasing.(15) The state of Tennessee has updated its 1975 list of endangered and threatened species.(6) Species observed on or potentially present on the CRBRP site (I) I were not affected by these updates. 4.4 CC.4CLUSIONS Based on a two-day field reconnaissance and review of available literature and personal contacts, it is concluded that: f l Vegetation and wildlife on most of the site remains as during o the 1974 baseline studies. o Oak Ridge Reservation forest management activities that were conducted as previously planned resulted in minor to major disturbances to CRBRP site forests. However, major.nanagement 40

activities on the site are not expected again for at least 5 years, o Weedy plant species and wildlife associated with early successional vegetation have increased in abundance on land disturbed by pre-construction activities. Approximately 25 acres of disturbed land remains sparsely vegetated. o Whitetail deer and wild turkey populations have increased substan-tially since 1974. o Other wildlife populations appear stable over the long-term based on habitat quality. Few species were observed during the survey as a result of drought conditions, o The bobcat and possibly the eastern cougar apparently reside on the site part of the time. They both have large home ranges on ORR. The eastern cougar is listed as endangered by the state of Tennessee and the U.S. Department of Interior. o Rare plant species, observed during 1974 surveys, are not expected to be listed as threatened or endangered. Proposals to list two site species as threatened have been withdrawn by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. o Several wildlife species listed as threatened or endangered by the state of Tennessee occur on the site, as discussed in CRBRP-ER i Section 2.7.1.4.5. Populations of these species are unknown, but t habitat utilized by them has not changed significantly as a result I of site disturbances. 41

s. SECTIGN

5.0 REFERENCES

SECTION

2.0 REFERENCES

1. Project Management Corporation, C; inch River Breeder Reactor Plant Envir-onmental Report, February 1977, 5 vols. 2. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Aquatic Baseline Survey Report, March 1974 - May 1975, Maren 1976. 3. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Vegeta-tional Data Report, September 1975, 192 pp. 4. Burns and Roe,.Ince,-Site Plan WP-19, Drawing BC501, Revision 4, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, May 19, 1975. 5. Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation, Burning Limits, Spoil Stockpile, Construction Clearing Limits and Surfacing Requirements, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, Orawing No. 12720-YSK-002-2, October 26, 1977, 1 inch = 400 feet. SECTION

3.0 REFERENCES

1. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Envir-onmental Report, February 1977, 5 Vols. 2. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant Aouatic Baseline Survey Report, March 1974-May 1975, March 1976. 3. Shelton, R., Director of Reservoir Operations, Tennessee Valley Authority, telecon with Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, September 2, 1980. 4. Mattice, J. S and Bosworth, W., " Modified Venturi Suction Sampler for Collecting Asiatic Clams," The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 41(3):121-123. 5. Mattice, J. S., Oak Ridge National Laboratories, telecon with Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, August 18, 1980. 6. Fassett, N. C., A Manual of Aouatic Plants, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1957, 405 p. 7. Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, Trip Report,' August 19-20, 1980. 8. Woosity, L. H., Jr., Taylor,.M. P., Toole, T. W. and Wells, S R.,' Status of the Nonradiclogical Water Quality and Ncnfisheries Biological Communi-ties in the Clinch River Prior to Construction of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, 1975-1978, Tennessee valley Authority, Division of Environ-mental Planning, Water Quality and Ecology Branch, Chattanooga, Tennessee and Muscle Shoals, Alabama, February 1979. 42

t i 9. Tennessee Valley Authority, unpublished water quality data, Melton Hill Dam ta11 water, 1978, 1979.

10. Fletcher, J.

W., Assessment of Adult and Larval Fish Populations of the Lower Clinch River Below Melton Hill Dam, M.S. Thesis, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, December 1977, 90 pp.

11. Scott, E. M., " Clinch River Sauger Study," unpublished manuscript, Tennessee Valley Authority, 1980, 15 pp.

12. Loar, J., Dr., Oak Ridge National Laboratories, telecon with Wagnar, D. [, Energy Impact Associates, August 14, 1980.

13. Tennessee Valley Authority, unpublished rotenone survey data for Watts Bar Reservoir, 1949-1980.

e 14. Myhr, A., Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, telecon with Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, October 20, 1980. 15. Coutant, C. C., Dr., Oak Ridge National Laboratories, telecon with Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, October 23, 1980.

16. Cheek, T., Tennessee Technological University, telecon with Wagner, D. J.,

1 Energy Impact Associates, October 21, 1980.

17. Van Den Avyle, M., Dr., Tennessee Techological University, telecon with Wagner, D.

J., Energy Impact Associates, October 13, 1980.

18. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Commission Proclamation, " Endangered or Threatened Species," Proc. No. 75-15 (June 12, 1975) as an: ended by i

Proclamations 77-4 (May 13, 1977), 78-14 (September 22, 1978) and 78-20 (December 8, 1978), Nashville.

19. Tennessee Valley Authority, unpublished gill net data, Kingston Steam Plant, 1975.

20. Heitman, F., Lake Eufalla Fishery Management Unit, Lake Eufalla, OK, two telecons with Wagner, D. J., Energy Impact Associates, October 15, 1980.

21. Smith, P. W., The Fishes of Illinois, University of Illinois Press, l Urbana, 1975, 314 pp. 22. Pflieger, W. L., The Fishes of Pissouri, Missouri Department of Conser-vation, 1975, 343 pp. SECTION

4.0 REFERENCES

1. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, Environmental Recort, February 1977, 5 Vols. l 43 l -- -

o 2. Project Management Corporation, Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant, Vegetational Data Report, September 1975, 192 pp. 3. Bradburn, D. M., " Forest Management Plan, ERDA Oak Ridge Reservation: 1976-1980," Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 1056, June 1977 (0RNL/TM-5833), 58 pp. 4. Beinborn, W. A., Dr., Energy Impact Associates, Trip Report, August 27-28, 1980. 5. Pielou, E. C. An Introduction to Mathematical Ecology, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1969, p. 229. 6. Tennessee Wildlife Resources Commission, Endangered or Threatened Species, Proclamation Number 75-15 (June 12, 1975) as amended by Proclamations 77-4 (May 13, 1977), 78-14 (September 22,1978) and 78-20 (December 8,1978), Nashville. 7. U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, " Republication of List of Endangered and Threatened Species and Correction of Technical Errors in Final Rules," Federal Register Volume 45, Number 99, May 20, 1980, pp. 33767-33781. 8. Parr, P. D. and Taylor, F. G., Jr., " Plant Species on the Department of Energy - Oak Ridge Reservation that are Rare, Threatened or of Special-Concern," Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, Volume 54, Num-ber 3, July 1979, pp.100-102. 9. Endangered Species Program, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, " Service withdraws Proposals to List 1,876 Species," Endangered Species' Technical Journal, Department of' Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Volume 5, January 1980, pp. 1, 3 and 4. 10. Ayensu, E. S. and DeFilipps, R. A., Endangered and Threatened Plants of-the United States, Smithsonian Institution and World Wildlife Fund, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1978, pp. 180-182. 11. Mann, L. K. and Bierner, M. W., " Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Flora: Habitats of the Vascular Plants - Revised Inventory," Oak Ridge National Labora-tory, Environmental Sciences Division Publication 775, October 1975, ORNL-TM-5056, 141 pp. 12. Story, J. D. and Kitchings, J. T., " White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation: Data on Road-killed Animals, 1969-1977," Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental-Sciences Division, Publication 1320, July, 1979, 26 pp., ORNL/TM-6803. 13. Kitchings, J. T. and Story, J. D., " White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation Supplement 1:.1978 Status Report," Oak Ridge National Laboratory, EnvironmentaltSciences Division, Publication No. 1398, September 1979, ORNL/TM-6803/S1, 25 pp. 44 t

1 14. Kitchings, J. T. and Story, J. D., " Preliminary Studies of Bobcat Activity Patterns," Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual Conference, Southeast-ern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Volume 32, pp. 53-59, 1979.

15. Kitchings, J.

T., ORNL,~ personal communication to Beimborn, W. A., Energy Impact Associates, 1980. e 4 0 45

APPENDIX A VEGETATION MAP AND LEGEND FRCM THE CRBRP ENVIRONMENTAL TEPORT, FIGURE 2.7-6 l 46 t

a t a l W.S 8fUCLEAR 8 /' ,./ V' e 8. .S K 8 e aaAN00ssto p 33 u 3. a. pf+48V s,. a K 20..# . e ~ y, ... e v.T v ., x ,,.,0. . s s s g. 'N s. .s. s J ' s. g.. y. y~ Q 2.' ' ~ r

.,.,3..

~.,. 1 3 38 f \\ M M MATURAL ARIAS Jr -s I.. C a / E -im - -a

PP,.L

,..1 n ^ ... i,' ; ;.".' !af s. da'. W ,, i

• e

,e e. gag 0 84 8 n . E" "a.'*.* Gh ~.iggu., a ~g s p, >tg s ~ H o.n } ust e pp Figure 2.7-6. SITE STUDY AREAS AND OVERSTORY VEGETATION (Legend on Pages 2.7-507, 2.7-508 and 2.7-509. Alphabetic letters designate study areas.) 2.7-506

LEGEND FOR FIGURE 2.7-6 Cover Type Number Forest Cover Type Acreage 1 Lobiolly pine plantation, 1948 48 2 Shortleaf pine plantation, 1951 35 3 White pine plantation, 1951 39 4 Loblolly pine plantation, 1951 86 5 Loblolly, shortleaf pine plantation, 1951 2 6 Lobiolly, white pine plantation, 1952 7 7 Shortleaf pine plantation, 1952 6 8 White pine plantation, 1952 ~ 37 9 Virginia pine plantation, 1952 13 10 Loblolly pine plantation, 1904 29 11 Shortleaf pine plantation, 1954 87 12 Virginia pine plantation, 1954 28 13 Natural pine (VP, SLP, VP-SLP, SLP-VP, SLP-95 9 MIXED HARDWOODS) 14

• Eastern red cedar pine (CED-SLP, CED-SLP-VP, 107 CED-FIELD, CED-PINE FIELD) 15 Eastern red cedar-scarlet oak 2

16 Eastern red cedar, scarlet oak, ash, northern 14 red oak 17 Eastern red cedar, white oak, northern red oak 31 18 Eastern red cedar, sweetgum, tulip poplar 11 19 Tulip poplar, white _ oak 2 20 Tulip poplar, northern red oak 6 21 Tulip opolar, northern red oak, sugar maple, ash 33 Sweetgum 4 23 Sweetgum, pine (Virginia, Virginia-shortleaf) 42 24 Shortleaf pine, tulip poplar, southern red oak, 11 hickory 25 Sycamore, ash, eastern red cedar 4 26

• Sycamore, American elm, boxelder, black willow 9

27 Sycamore, American elm, boxelder, sugar maple 13 2.7-507

AMENDMENT III August 1975 LEGEND FOR FIGURE 2.7-6 (Continued) Cover Type Numer Forest Cover Type Acreage 28 Sycamore, tulip poplar, American elm, black 2 walnut 29 Boxelder, hackberry, American elm 2 30 haerican elm, boxelder 3 31 Ash, hackberry, black walnut 5 32

• Beech. white oak, northern red oak, eastern red 7

cedar 33

• Beech, northern red oak, tulip poplar, sugar maple 8

34 Sugar maple, American elm 2 35 Sugar maple, white oak, tulip poplar, hickory 10 36 Chestnut oak, black oak 17 37 White oak (Chestnut oak), northern red oak, 91 tulip peplar, sugar maple, hickory 38 White oak, hickory, black (sour) gum, northern 129 red oak, tulip poplar 39 White oak, tulip poplar, hickory (white oak, 55 hickory, tulip poplar, northern red oak) 40 Northern red oak (southern red oak), white oak 2 41 Northern red oak, ash, shortleaf pine 2 42 Northern red oak (Black oak), tulip poplar, 30 white oak, hickory 43 Northern red oak, white oak, tulip poplar, pine, 11 eastern red cedar 44 Northern red oak, white oak, sweetgum, eastern 14 red cedar 45

• Northern red oak, tu 'o poplar, white oak 28 (northern red oak, white oak, tulip poplar) 46 Northern red oak, hickory, pine (northern red oak, 11 hickory, eastern red cedar 47 Northern red oak, white oak, pine, tulip poplar 10 48 Northern red Jak, eastein red cedar 4

49 Black oak, hickory, tulip poplar 2 50 Southern red oak, shortleaf pine, white oak 7 2.7-508

n, e LEGEND FOR FIGURE 2.7-6 (Continued) Cover Type Number Forest Cover Type A,creage 51 Sycamore, tulip poplar, sweetgum 7 52 Bufiding and Construction sites 3 53 Roads 13 54 Powerline right-of-ways 58 55 Cutover and abandoned fields 7 56 White oak, black oak, hickory, sweetgum-4 9 57 Shortleaf pine plantation, 1976 25 Total Acreages 1,364

• Unusual vegetation areas 4

2.7-509

4 QQ F ll c2

• M 7-2A>

/ i REFERENCE 2-24 4 G R AY'S l, Manual of Bcrany l i I 6 I EIGHTH (CENTEXXIAL) EDITION-ILLUSTR ATED t i A HANDBOOK OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS OF l AND NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND ADJ ACENT C 1 i I i I f t Largely rewritten and expanded by j Merritt Lyndon Fernald FUNER PROFYSOR OF NATURAL HHTORY, EMERITL*B, AMD FORMER DIRECTOR OF THE CRAY ILERBARIUni, HARVARD UNIVERSITY I WITH ASSISTANCE OF SPECIALISTS IN SOME GROUPS t t t d< / ,i Yg h Corrected Printing,1970 b CORRacTrows ScerLIED sY R. C. Rotuus i 0 \\ \\ D. Van Nostrand Company New York Cincinnati Toronto London Melbourne l WMOW W_ e

n. i-1 l t' i i \\s.' l 483 ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) 1869-193S), SMAM S T. -

6. L. Smallil Wieg. (for its discoverer, Joss Ktms:. Sarru,

frm, liabitally suggesting nos. I and 2, sery s!cndcr,1-3 dm. high; stem plandular l

deep green, reniform-onte,1.5-3 cm. long, many times shorter them the slend A t bracts and clonguts (up to I h very loose and open,2-10 cm. long, its rucAis gland I-t e s or a d as long as l-1 cm. long) fliform pedicels glabrous; sepals bnceolate; paal lance. linear, a thir

1. L. cordata.

it trith lip, spreading or reflexed; lip broadly obora'e, rciliate,6-9 mm. long, the dda a

2. L. autrut;s.

an open sinus,there bearing a broad oldong to obonte toot i SmaII, not D. Don: Ophrys tooth on each side; colurnn thick,1.5 mm. long. (L renifonn sSmalli j Pa. and W.Va., s. to Ga. and e. Tenn. July, Aug. . 3. L.a=rica."' s Tribe IV. Erinhonur Lindl.

4. L. herecatia.

ConAt.-noot

13. CORALLORHlZA Chatelain hid,"""#*'0 Perianth somewhat ringent, gibbous or obscurely spurred at base. Sepals and p l h ibbosity or short nearly alike,1-3-nerved;!steral sepals ascerding, forming with the ip t e gh base of the com spur which is mostly adnate to the ovary. Lip slightly adherent to t eBrownish, purplish or y

6. L..s,gg*.*

column. Anther terminal; pc11en-masses 4, soft-wary, free.-herbs des l~ ideh plzbroue excep 4 d a raceme of cobred flowers. mnded-orate,1-3 cm. sending up a simple scape uhich hassneathsin place of leaves anFruit Ai

• Ld open, plabrous; m subtending bract; 2/c, IAe uMer orchd rout.) Const.tonnmsx R. Br.

e. Lip 3-lobed or wif h a promincut lateral tooth on each usarein.

lang, deepl didacd i Plant greeniab, greenish-yenow or rarely brownish: flowere yellowish. green ",*hmbute. - i h low to suchtly brewn-tinged;tip notched on each side tow.ard base, w tsultr , s. N.E., i h red or purple: capsules greenish; chsch flowermg in spring. warm.yenownsh: flowers usus!!y spotted.

1. C. tr0tda.

nd Oreg. Late May l to no.1, stifer end Plant madder. purple, brown or

2. C. macWasa.

. en, LS-10 cm. Jon$ with purple or red; lip auritled and with prolonged lusal lobes; espsu es ); flower reddish. o brown or iulvous: f'owering in suninwr. .6.

a. Lip unlobed e, tire or merely denticulate.6.Perianth 3-7 mm. long. not obviously striped 1p; lip 10 mm. long' the sin 7s and u *.*

sepals and petals somewhat spre ding: Iip3. C. W winiana. capsule 5-1:! mm. long... e, p,g, e.Perianth about 7 mm. long: mbout 5 man. long: flowering in spring. mn.and very loca!!y e.Perianth 3-s mm. long; sepals and petals twurly cunnivent sa a hood; lip

4. C. edo,uorhisa,

1. • I*

6.Perianth 03-2 cm. long: sepals sad petals evnspicuuualy purple-veined: tip 2.5-3 mm. long: autumnal. high* leares oblong.

5. C. siriata.

tunded to subacute a 2-10 cm. long, its tongue.shapea; capsule 1.5-2 cm. long. C. - Rhizome

1. C. trifida Chatelain (3-parted; from the 3dnind lip), Esitty or PAtr.d platforms; scope cr

)wers pale green or schitish, Mth somewhat intricate branching, formism ffattenedm. high, d as begas y-or grecrush-w hite, l rowly oblong up to 8 cm. long; pedicels very short, at first scending,later ref! Mt'p, ush slender h l l blhue; broadly rounded . ds, enicareous silts "I'#" "#'d"'I'd; lip nearly equaling petnis, eddung, subtrumenic or ., s. to Casp6 Pen., P 'I*II" tip, seith Imr Emsal fulws, trhitish, vith many rul or Intrplik...s. - Dryish tu Nord, Que., L*ng., thickets, bogs and wnods, Green 1. and Lab. to Alaska, o to n. Nild., Cote and notched at 3-T Wet

n. Ont., and mts. to Wvo. and Oreg. tEurasia)- With us mostly asW

?"lle'.; the lanecolate I N tP emargmate et J lip trhite, un. at tnost brownish. tipped, these and the similar petals line tr.luncerdute, uns;mIIc ; ""F arergent otericles d d lip; dotted or seith stryfeto basal reddish dots,3-4 mm. long, teith um abruply narrowed r ruct and other I ds, thickets "}* U*Y K~; M*c' car,s,acs greenish, beco,=ing drub, G-10 mm. long. (C. trtfida of ed. 7) - hmp woo d Tenn., O., n. Ind., and svamps, Nild. to B.C., s. to NA, N.E., N.J., Pa., mta. to Ga. an Wise., Mo., S.D., Colo. and Ores. May-July. - hpes suhtary to densely clustered m) T. - Helatively

2. C. macunts Raf. (mottied or spotted)..wrrm, C. - Usually courn r than no.1; f,['[n"",dlF "I !8 brownish; senpc (hith raceme) up to 6 dm. high snit I cm. thick r! ntse, yellme t I

g its mea 8A fuscous or purplc.brous, the similarly colored whcatim extending ucl! above th

• • • b '"d "8r*'IF J

few-35. or more.flonered. 0.4-2 dm. fung; perianth u!.itish, u reen, ciliate, cunc. d 30 mal fourth hear

• 1-2 cm. lon,. - Pry woods, Nad. to D.C., s. to N.M., N.E., LL, Va., upland of N.C u

{-{g, amp tu aty or Tenn., O., Ind., Wisc., Minn., S.D., Colo, and Calif. Inte Juno-Aug.- Fresh plants o

c. N.E., mes.

I t E ~ ~.w.. ~

i p' 8 484 OIICIIIDACEAE (ORCIIIS FMIILY) in the following color-forms (until dry): typical plant uith scapes, sheaths and perianth yellow, ,cith short-tiedicelled a+ df the lip epotted; forma Myida tpeck) Farw. (yelionish) simihr but hp unspotted; forma Inter-tAe 3rd drocl'iMI T ? s media Farw. (intermediate) with scape and sheaths dull brown or fuscous, perianth yellow. iarcral seeds, co"81"'1 s brown, lip spotted; forma punices (Thrtlett) Westh. & Adams treddish-purple) the seape, In wet sphagnuni, n. sheaths and perianths reddish-pt.rp,c, lip spotted.

2. M. tfschfpoda *

3. C. Wisten&na Conrad (for its discowrer, CHARLza JoNr.s Wisun,1782-ISG3), Wistra's mrm,0.5 2.~, dm. hid C.- Coarser than uo.1,14.5 dm. high; scope somen hat bulbous at base, from a small coral-oval,1.7-9 cm. long, a loid rhizome, ringed usa red or purple, commonly llexuous toward summit, with paler striate tetow the uml one' '

sheaths below; raceme luz and open, 2-13 cm. long;fewers suun nearly horizontal, finally some-brfore cryrn*La "'6 what reflexed; perianth G-8 mm. long, the reddisk or purplish-bacLed hncar sepals sumesrhut punded perbmth jn*!I+ spreading, thcir pulce innerfaces Jfceled trit 4 purplc line*; petnis ivale, slieht17 shorter and broader, far to axis of orary, fo purple-flecked; lip 5 mm. log, deftered, roundish, scith basal clair, univled, schite, tdth purplish slender moinkd,ts V dots, c=arginnte; cupsule S-12 mm. lont. - Rich, chiefly deciduous woodland, Fla. to e. Tex., phyllos et d, D0% '

n. tbecoming very loest) to N.J., Pa., W.Va., O., s. Ind s. Ill., Mo. and 8.D. I te ifarch-May.

s. lab. Pen. to 3 fan.

4. C. odontorblaa (Willd.) Nttt. (tooth-rooted). Ian or Arrnix C. - Simdar to no. 3:

Ind., %"tse., Min"-'

• smaller throughout.1-3 dm. high; scape often greener, slender; recen e 3-20. flowered,1.5-7

2. M. unifolia Mi hiCI ca. long; perianth 3-4 mm. Zong; sepals and petals approximate as a hood, sube7wd; lip white, MT 2.s-3 mm. long, crintly-or crose-margincd, purple-rimmed and -dotted; capsults slender-3 I

j e7 8 pedicelled, pendulous, 5-8 mm.109. - Dry woodlands, sw. Me. to Minn., s. to Ga., Ala, '%g,. me une Miss. and Mo. Aug.-early Oct.-l'orma Mrida Wherry (yellowish) has scape, shcaths and perianth yellow twithout the usted purple tones) and the lip unspotted. W

5. C. striata Liudt (stripedt, Statrza C.- As coarse as no. 2,1.5-3 dm. high; stoutish M

"60 \\ hu-scape and shcaths madder-purple, or in forma f61ra Fern. (yellowish-brown) yellowish to '8 orange-brown as also the perianths; rucme 0.3-2 dm. long; flowers subspproximate, often very ,Y b numerous: perianth usually purplish. O.S-2 cm. long, the lance-orate translucent conspicuously b* purplc-ecined sepals and pctals loosely approximate andforming a broad areLing hood; lip toque-y Sg.,a.ss, Fl shaped, usually madder-purple (yellow-brown in forma fulca), striped only at base, about as long as other petals, abruptly drooping; capsules strongly ref' exed.1.5-2 cm. long. - Calcareous or

4. M. Bayardi 1 1

rich woods, Gaspd Pen., Que.; sw. Que. to w. Ont., s. to nr. N.Y., s. Ont., Mich., ne. and n. smaller throu:;hou Wise. and ne. Minn.; s. Alta. and s. D.C., s. to Wyo., Ida., and Cahf. Late May-Aug. 1.5-12 cm. long ar long; flowers greer dello'J,2.5 mm, br

16. MAL 1XIS Sw. ALuaxrs. Anorn%:orra and a-1.4 mm.10' Sepals lanceolate. oblong or ovate, spreading. Petals lanceolate, filiform or linear, spreading.

,,, long, sciti th Lip auricled at base, narrowing toward the summit, entire or -left. Column very small, terete, wc!s and clearin with 2 teeth or auric!cs at the summit and the erect anther between them; pollen-masses 4,

5. M. floridim in one to r (2 in each anther-locule), cohering in pairs, waxy, without sta!Ls, fihments, or trarely 1 or 31-le-I gland.-Low herbs of Am. and Eurasis from sclid tubers producing simple stems which high; leams subni j

bear 1 or few leaves and a raceme of tiny mostly greenish flowers. (Mulucos, awk er delicate, ne becer (usuall) from the frail character of no.1.) Including Macnostrus (Nutt.) Est. scale prolon':ed;

a. Leaves 2-5. alternate, basal, subtending axillary new tubers; sepals narrowly 21steral obb.m i ovate. 2 of thern ereet, the 3rd drooping: petals half as long. lasce-ovate, petals filibrm, E blunt: tip orate, conspicuously green. nerved. erect, much shorter than prolongcJ, the tw aI lateral sepals; capsule crowned by the persistent porrect perianth...

1. M. pr.kdoa4.

milien, the marr

a. Leaves solitary or 2(-3). subbasal or hi;;h on stem, without asi:lary tubers; g,piga scr.,

sepals lanceolate to ovate; petals linear to thread-like;I p not conspicuously Inargy,g,,4 reined. with entire tip or 2.eleft.. 6.

6. Leaf 1 (rarely 2); flower greenish to yellowish.

. c.

2. #. 6recAy-

c. Lip drooping. entire, abruptly long-pointed.

l peda. g

c. Lip finally ascendine. 2-lobed at summit. with a nelian tooth, g,p.ds oblong 3

[ ltaceme oblonecylindrie, in anthesis 1.3-2.5 cm. thick: pedicels 4-10 8 tout at loFe,

• mm. long; lip oblong-oval, shallowly cordate at base, the 2 latern!

eS'h anther-Im' h spicallanecolate lobes much pmtonced, the centml tor,th ruinute..

3. Jf.==ifetia.

of trop, an*I te Itaccme slenderly c)lindrie, in antheais 5.-10 :::n. thiek; pedicels 2-4.5 few. flowered r-mm. long: tip broadly cordate-deltoid. the 2 lateral apical lobes deltoid and shorter than the broad hasal ones. the median tooth lustrous leaves. 6.Isaves 2 (rarely 3): tip orange tu vermilion, ercet, entire, cordato.ovatm the.

4. Jf. Rasardi,

1. L. lihf 61k triangular.

Conratturiah I basal auricles broadly rounded. the tip not prolonged.

5. JI./foridaan.

green,luatrous i fiara Wadmon

1. M. paludosa (L.) Sw. (boggy), Doc-M. or A.- Plant very s ender, 0A-2.5 dm. hieh; fruit ascendin slender rhirome surmounted by 2-5 atternate oblanceolate or narrowly olmvate lenres 0.5-3 cm.

lanceolate but long, these crentually subtcraling sinull tubers; scapc filiform; raceme rery alcrukr,1-13 cm. long, I l 4 -~. f p i f-1 l

? qj' , e. L I l I l l 436 ORCIIIDACEAE (ORCHIS FAMILY) W curved; petals pendent, usually madder-purple: lip 6eoudly cuncate.obo wie, trouslucent, usuall, petioled nerved and plaited modder-purple, 7-10 mm. long, with cbping auricles at base; capsuks clavate, erect on long species: ours, and another 1 pedicris. (L. hii@lia (Sw.) Lindl.)-Lnamy or sandy woods and cIcarings, s. N.lL to s. Minn.. s. to s. NI, Ga., Ala., Tenn. and alo. 3 lay-carly July. l nf the genus Tipeda.) 1 i L T. discolor (Pursh) N

2. L. Loeselii (L) Richard (for Jonaxx Lonr.i.,1G07-1G'5) Loasts.'s, Doc-or Ygt. tov T.

i faces) ~ Leaf 5-13 CS-I* -Sma!!cr than no.1, with lanecobte to hnre-ovate scuom green strongly keeled leares; flower.I raceme 1-3 cm. long; spur a ing stem (asal raceme) 0.*r3 dm. high;/o.rcre 2-25, ubvut 5 mm. bmed, pilorrish-green, on short 1 -IbntmWorest, h to ascending peditris; lip enneare, oldung. to uhucate-spatulate, about 5 mm. lang, arching; capsules and s. Ind. July, Aug. Jaager than (Acir pedicels. -Bocs, peaty meadows and damp thickrts, Gasp 6 Pen., Que. to Sask., s. t.s N.8., NI, N.J., Pa., Sid., up42nd to.ua., O., n. Ind., n. El., e. 3!o. and N.D. June, July. (r.u.) Sepals and petals nearly e

18. APLICTRUM (Nutt.) Terr. Perry-noor. ADAM.AND-EM Imus nor spurred at lose. La l

the middle lobe somechat 8 Perianth neither gibbous nor with any tsace of a spur or sac at hase. Lip free,3-lobed, with j plants with stout or somen three longitudinal cresta. Column compressed; pollen-masses 4. -4 espe from near &c summit j "IU I'

• D @.

'#h of a globubt corm-like tuber. Leaf soli:ary; petiole distinct. The s! ender naked rootstock L E '3"'A

e producing each year a globular solid tuber or corm, often 2.3 cm. In diameter (filled with with stout sheathing purpra exceedingly gluteous matter), wl.ich sen Is up hie in summer a hrge oval many-nerved purple, almut 2 cm. long; e phited leaf hating through the winter; early in the succeeding summer the scape appears, ut

} terminated by a loose raceme of lurid flowers. A single species. (Name from a-pneatur, scitA. C. ' out, and the Greek piectron, spur.) L A. ~tyemale (Muh!.) Torr. (of winter; from the conspicuous evergreen leaf). - Rootstock f like a coarse chain of 2-4 !arge biennial corm-like tubers separated by intermediate slender Crass I.7 8 I strands; leaf firm, blue-green, corru;:ste-striste, the blade 0.7-2 dm. loeg; scape stout. 345 f dm. high, with remote sheatNng bracts, the leaf often shriveled at flowerior time; flowers Subchss I. ARC 8-20, about i em. long, divergent, purplish-green or madder-purple, or in forma pillidum House (pale) pale yellowish throughout; sepals long, greenish or yellowish, singed with madder-t purple; petals shorter, arching over the culumn, olJone, obtuse, yellowish, tinged with madder-FAM. 40. purple above; lip white or r.early so, sparingly marked with magenta; plump capstdes re. i Flouvrs perfect or do. flexed. - Rich woods, now becoming rare, sw. Que. and Vt. to Sask., s. to s. NI, Ga., Tenn.. se<ded a rF'l8 l"'.' . l and Ark. May, June. more, hypogynous

19. CALTPSO Salisb.

spikes of flowers naked t l Sepals and petals simihr, ascending, spreading, oblong 4anceolate, acute, magenta-crimson, g rarely white. Lip larger than the rest of the flower, saccate, nith three longitudinal rows of yellow (or white) ghs*4ike hairs in front and with a translucent spron4ike r ppendage (formed '9tamens mostiv 6 er 7. hy' y by the overbpping of the lip) spotted with madder-purp;e, the sse (bearing two conspicuous ,f 3-4 indehiscen't rarpels ur horns at its base) whitish, with irregubt usually purple-madder markings. Column winged, Perennial paludal herbs, one e l having the opereubte anther hat below the apex; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all oled learcs') without t sessile on a square gland.- A single circumbores! species with sohtary basal leaf and a l' the pedicel crowded in a s! . l flowered scare; sometimes with a cornsline rhizome below the tuber. (Named for the goddess sP{arance giving rise to th Calypso.) i S. cernuus 1. (no&9 0

1. C. bulbasa (L.) Oakes (with a bulb). - P! ant 0.5-2 dm. hizh; tuber superficial; leaf niferous, the rhirome stona I

oval to round-ovate, veiny, bluish-green, with undulate rnargin, 2-G cm. long, developing in l spike 1-3 rim. long, pedon autumn, overwinterine, and shriveling soon after flowering season, the slendtr petiole 3- _ 8wamps and shallow wat angled; scape smooth, nith membranous sheathing bracts, it and the leaf from separate buds;. Iu.* Mo. and se. Ihns. June g l pedicel of flower subtended by a petatoid bract; lip resembling a sugar.scocp, 2-2.5 cm. long, marked u.th purple-madder, or white in forma candida llylander (white); erect capsule FAM. i tipped by the marrescent perianth. (C. borealis salish.; CytAcNa bubsa Ilouse)-Cool mossy woods, chiedy calcareous. often about bases of Thuja, Lab, to Abska, s. (now very, pioccious (or by exci locally) to w. Nfld., N.8., n. N.E., n. N.Y., Mich., Wisc., Minn., Ariz. and Calif. Mid.May-aments, one to coh be early July. (Eurasia) caps,de, witA 2-4 pari. raky doern. -Sti:: mas

20. TIPULARIA Nutt. Camrt.T Oncms men. Cott!cdons thtte:

or ebe leafaike and pet Flowers greenish, tinged with madder. purple, numerous in an elongated loose bractless raceme. Sepals oblong. oral, obtuse, upper stTal narrnwer. Petals oblong, obtuse. Lip with a 3,ntendinc or divereen* f, slender spur, 34alel; htcral lobes obtuse, obscurely tonthed; apical lobes 1,rnad at bane, . simiae or had stiemw: bua cach ihwrr with I to 4 le margin deflexed at the mia",c, aper espanded. Column wing!rss; anther operrulate, terminal; Aments soon arebing or pod pollen-maws 2, waxy, each 2 3nrted, connected by a lincar stalk with the transverse small ghnd.-Tubers connected in a horizontal serics, producitig in autumn a single ovate slender. ermm'tti'*l *' *Mi". "2-t; I,

• I*

I ddsted or prohnged e -w ?

~ d'A5 ERA 2. 7. / f* REFERENCE 2-25 T/3 lS a Tuesday E = May 20,1980 L -a.===~5. ~ q

=

=n = p t=.:: } E " &- --:& _. _ -- ~3 P2 u =.. .. -m r e.. . m - -= i= i _w= ,ws-v-- m, C-?iE+.m. - - --- M F.= u NO E IM E -._=_ = _- =. - r. _ =v. _= = = = n = p-m = r Part il a u Department of the =- Inter.ior = r-E E_ ji Fish and Wildlife Service h ~' e Repub!! cation of Lists of Endangered and l i Threatened Species and Correction of ~ E. _ r, Technical Errors in Find Rules a n-5 E E .= 1. e m ~. _ _ C EE. .=: C l 45*."A l ~ U 5 M 1

f V 33768 Federal Register / VII. 45. Nr. 99 / Tuesday. May 20,1980 / Rules and Regulations f-DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Islands tree boa. San Esteban Island regard to the historic ranges of the listec jd. chuckwalla. Fiji banded and Fill crested taxa.. p g Fish and Wildlife Service iguanas. Bolson tortoise. Plymouth red-Dated: hfay 14,1960 ,Wi - bellied turtle, totoaba. bonytail chub. t.7nn A.creenwalt. 4, 50 CFR Part 17 Goodenough gambusia. and Kern Director. fish and wiMyeService. 9 primrose sphinx moth. Plant species o Republication of the Lists of added to 117.12 are bunched arrowhead. Regulations Promulgation 1 Endangered and Threatened Species Tennessee purple cone lower. Accordingly, il 17.11 and 17.12 are r and Correction of Technical Errors in 1.ipochaeta venosa. Truckee barberry, revised and republished to Title 50 of Final Rules Chapman rhododendron. green pitcher the Code of Federal Regulations as set plant. Harper's beauty, purple. spined forth below: L Aoewcy: Fish and WildLfe Service, hedgehog cactus. Wnght fishhook Interior. cactus. Uinta Basin hookless cactus. Lee PART 17-ENDANGERED AND '[ ACTION:Finalrule: republication of the pincushion cactus. Arizona hedgehog THREATENED WILDLIFE AND PLANTS f U.S. Lists of Endangered and cactus. Brady pincushion cactus. Si!ct Breatened Wildlife and Plants and pincushion cactus. Raven's mazanita,

1. 50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12 are revised to read as follows:

correction of technical errors. MacFarlane's four.o' clock. l.!ayd's 1

SUMMARY

• ne Service hereby issues a hedgehog cactus, black lace cactus.

{ 7.11-Endangered and threatened h f d 'd Peebles Navalo cactus. Kuenzler nd stened V1 ife an Pla 50 hedgehog cactus. Nicoll's Turk's head (a) The list in this section cortains the g CFR 17.11 and 17.12. The last cactus. Knowlton cactus. Stenogyne names of all species of wildlife.5hich republication was January 17,1979 (44 angustifolia var. angustifolia. have been determmed by the Directer to FR 3636-3654). Technical errors are also Haplostechys hoplostachya var. be Endangered or Threetened. It also corrected ~ angustifolia. Cooke's kokio. Mesa Verde contams the names of species of wildhfe DATE:These lists include all species cactus, bunched cory cactus. Lloyd's treated as Endangered or Threatened listed as of May 10.1980. and are Mariposa cactus, dwarf bear-poppy. because they are sufficiently similar in Chilean false larch or alerce appearance to Endangered or ny all ub a rule efrecti e May Anci8t#0CCCtus tobuschil. Davis' green es ed pec s i et se 23.1980) and the Goodenough gambusia pitaya. Nelh.e cory cactus. Sneed d-(final rule effective May 30.1980). The pmcushion cactus, spineless hedgehog N,, ame" " Scientific Name", and txts of 50 CFR 17.11 and 17.12 are also cactus. Cuatemalan fit or pinabete. (ffective May 20.1980 (see 45 FR 13c10. Some populations of the Amencan Endansered or Threatened" define the F;bruary 27 '1980). alligator have been reclassified and all species of wildlife within the meanmg of ApoREssEs: Comments concerning this the non.U.S. populations of the the Act'%us, differently classified republication should be sent to the American crocodile were added to the eographic populations of the same Director (OES). U.S. Fish and Wildhfe previously listed U.S. population. The vertebrate subspecies or species shall S vice. U.S. Department of the InterGr. following captive self sustaining be identified by their differing Washington. D.C. 20240. Populations of species have been geographicboundaries even though the FoR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. removed from the list (see the other two co!umns are identical. T'he Mr. John L Spinks, Jr Chief. Office of September 17,1979. Federal Register [44 term " Entire" means that all populations Endangered Species. Washington. D.C. FR 54007).h jaguar, black lemur, ring-throughout the present range of a j 20240.(703) 235-2771. tailed lemur, leopard, tiger, brown eared vertebrate species are listed. Although 3 SUPPt.EMENTARY INFORM 4 TION:The lists pheasant. Edward's pheasant. bar tailed common names are included, they l incorporate species officially listed as pheasant. Mikado pheasant. Palawan cannot be relied upon for identification Endangered or Threatened under the peacock pheasant. Swmhoe's pheasant. of any specimen. since they may vary k' Endangered Species Act cf 1973. as Since the republication of the lists is a greatly in local usage. The Director shall l amended, and 50 CFR Part 424. The consolidation of previous rules, and the use the most recently accepted scientific previous republication was January 17 technical changes are purely to aid the name. In cases in which confusion might 1979 (44 FR 3G36-3654). The animal reader, this document is not a rule as arise. a synonym wul be provided in species added to i 17.11 sir.cc that contemplated under Executive Order parentheses.The Services sha.ll rely to the extent practicable on the publication are Canbbean monk seal. 12044 and 43 CFR 14.2(e). Therefore the InternationalCode ofZoological Ryukyu rabbit. Simien fox. Malabar provisions of that rule do not apply, and Nomenclature. large spotted civet. Iriomote cat. Fea's a determination of significance is not (c) In the " Status" column the muntjac. Formosan sika. Ryukyu sika, required. In addition. the Service finds following symbols are used. "E" for North China sika. Shansi sika. South for good cause that this document shall Endangered. 'T' for Threatened. and "E China sika. Corsican red deer. Barbary be effective as indicated above and that [or T](S/A)" for similarity of deer. Yarkand decr. Dactrian deer. notice and public comment are appearance species. western giant eland. Jentink's duiker, unnecessary. Technical errors detected (d) For information purposes only the Tora hartebeest. Swayne's hartebeest. In previous lists and the Federal Register " Historic Range" indicates the general Zanzibar suni. sand gazel!c. Saudi of February 27.1000 (45 FR 13010-13020. known distnbution of the species or Arabian gaze!!e. Pelzeln's gazelle, to be codified at 50 CFR li 17.11 and subspecies as reported in the scientific Arabian gazelle. Arabian tahr. West 17.12). have been corrected. Some literature.The present distnbution may !.frican manatec. Crevy's zebra, scientific narnes have been changed to be greatly reduced from this historic Hartmann's zebra. Virginia big-cared tellect current usage. Synonyms or range.This column does not imply any bat. Ozark big-cured bat. red. necked alternative names are indicated by (=). limitation on the applicatics of the parrot, saltwater crocodde two Readers are requested to ndvise the prohibitions in the Act or impicmenting unnamed boas from Mountius Virgin Service of any errors.particularly with rules. Such prohibitions apply to all I

e 4 Federal Resister / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May :'O.1980 / Rufas and Regulations 33769 Individuelt of the species. wherever (not applicable) appearing in either of exaraple, the genus Hylobotes (gibbons) found. When the list is updated annually these two columns indicates that there is listed as Endangered throughout f ts cny Change in the range will be added. are no special rules and/or Critical entire range (China. India. and SE Asia); (e) For informational purposes only. a dabitat for that particular species. Consequently. all species, subspecies, footnote to the Federal Re-ister Ho.-ever, all other appropriate rules in and populahons of that genus are publication (s) originally listing a species Part 17 and Pstts 217-r and 402 stt!! considered fisted as Endangered for the b provided under the column "When apply to that species. In addition. there purposes of the Act. In 1978 (43 FR 6230-Llosed." Footnote numbers to il 17.11 may be other rules in this Title 50 tw s2?3) the species Ha/iceetus cad 17.12 are in the same numerical relate to such wildlife. e.g pcrt-of-entry leucocephalus (hald eag!e) was hsted as sequence. since plants,and animals may requirements. it is not intemded that the Threatened in " USA (W A. OR. h!N. WI. be listed in the same Federal Register references in the "Special Rules" colwan M11" rather than its entire population; i document.ht document inchades a list a!I the regulations of the two thus, allindmduals of the bald eagle statement indicating the basis for he Services which might apply to the found in those five States are consuiered listing. species or to the regulations of other [isted as Threatened for the purposes of (f) The "Special Rules" and " Critical Federal agencies or State or local the ACt. Habitat" columns provide a cross-governments., (h) The "I.ist of Endangered and reference to other sections in Part 17 or (g) The listing of a particular taxon Threatened Wildlife" is provided belew-Parts 222,220 ce 227. The term "N/A" includes all lower taxonomre units. Per vweere= eece-spease Desert aange hsean ehere sisess when leand Cnecal heenas seems sues Capresuun nous sooneft narne er48pge ed W seesu=ed na a A einen pee escressumpene _1 Escue E s fee tot M &amas wios sugge Eye,. E gg pet stA w Angmans, acesy Manes arw.wece An -- E ere E M sea sea a-ersecos. Demana.s struas areas sam - E=ese E 95 864 mA Aremsee. para sace Msiertene meer sere = Anome Eaeo E 1s 44 lee Areseye, amongomen esmye sage starra siaangoecs Erase E 4 sem est 7 Obg annanas==sgsor* CrsrneGang Esame E Ts pea mA Ab amernes pgrens vene.esma and Ghnene in Erw-E fg set mA i Anregag pre AN Arnmana, pre feey chariportyss ewiceam Arg n- - Ese E s 8th st4 Asa, Ar san wed fam.s aswws _ som s=ones Eencana E rara s sea M Ass. Jhen - ad fates threoum Sauemmes.esa mis Generas Am e_ Eroe E s fe4 NA Anupus Avon esa (as specsese bee.aeaa,, Asamans E#ww-E s ses pet t - w-s Ayodge OmAre=== 94ammense Eessees Ese= e s sea mA i. %._s aaoysauna aseyrusse - Indonene Eeese E is NA e6A serummool eareos erammess aaiearmee Ause - Eeera E 4 fem me SanskocA seter? Peraa*es 8r*' taw -. Ause " E"*e E 8EA NA trueesmet useer ret *' & saves asucws Ause" EP'te E 4 Se4 lea ternespot gag w Chescane scamssam As-EaEM E e 8e4 80 4 Swuecoat reeen adsoons negres Austara. Enare E 4 NA NA Gargang Sos opwrg smAnsaas Asa - Esese E s pe4 MA Cereat arms sons haus u sA _. Erdre E f3 pe4 mA s est, yey aAces piseecew Bet powenen feery Lasesi s oriersnm annoes U s A pumana Ename E y see u emL ismens asomm anases East atus n_ U SA E ese E 9

1. F 9kat 86A Ascens awassum ampens U sA den out, Af4 Emere E

SJ 8e# Net Sul,oners eurewoo^ piscana essasena wr;pwress._ y s A. AY VM VA5 et IL, oDL Erese E SS 97 99st ann Set wpree % _ Seer, grown pans ersos aristosus Chrse (Tamat Eaere E M MA me asas, eronna unas acam areas pee

ans, E

99 NA sua seur. arean er yey uma actie awrees caneos. western u 3 A u 5 A --as T

t. 2s. e NA 87accq

~ suse e na see ,s emm.ma-a ywy team arme.m _ nee =se En-e E 5 24 son casar see onwe.

c.

E m.e E Doest " &ameihmee seiscescas Canamas Deanheems W SA __ cerunne E s atA 88 4 Boeuma Fans mas escisneos Cane a "- E use E 95 mA IsA Cemet Secten canons ascsmerse teorgomat Crw a _ _ Ere-o E 15 NA NA Cat Annman rese pcepts Ches esses th Argenene __ E eme E

• s sue pea Cat tweca.aoness reas segnpes sauetern Am.a Emee E

1s MA sea Cat am6J'emoed fame easmcape idanave.e. Esere. E ts 804 NA ( Cet strices esereswim sur'insuries Japan twezemse asand. *yumvis Ermee __ E to M NA f Cat e" Fees auripsesnes asapserwe._ Easime Ama Erme E tS feA NA j Cat _-- see --. mr _ - neem me.e.e= w Ee E a = w eenrGhet CEL IeesunctIS Fede han. CPwie Chesa hauerna sneenees Esere E es ptA iga (Sisaavat Cat nyer Fear sywis Caeta Ace to starviersi scuse Ernee E s pea sea Armanca . - e.ns.___ = E.e.e E l oe,s.a. As we ei oe e A A~e e es - _ E,.e E a. l Chwuoereee Pes eopaceses eens eac cews Asnce Eneve. t f4 NA tr a04 owneennes pya, rea s-= acus

-e Ea.e t

is mA trene osasase cransrae arenceuaers nonsus ie. somwe E nere E rs NA NA Eneve. E Se NA NA omet aseeber inrge seenso_ whoe aims ase cinerarie arume ceIDeadL aness &=*= seienes (m mayses o enee. Peoo6e. Enare E gg NA

pnA, P-Mar er Cava Cameroom Gacars en-Tame mover esa em asas say,meen,e ~ wenes Enare E

s. to NA sea

&=*= 2anneer ens rea sene Tenterme Enere E s pea NA Cmeer ees ern ree swuomr ooi,, E.. -n more A,nerca snare E s w 4A y e - ~, -

1 1 1 Federal Register / Vol. 45, N3. 99 / Teesday. May ?0.1980 / Rules and Regulations 33 710 g seemos Vetstraw som> Demons wge anson wrwe Soms when seed Cance hates Sesoni nsee b j Conween nome Smenses name sneerigered or i j Deer, L. Caws w e;-. w USSR, G. Erare E to NA sea Duur. Someen Ass secrum eww peonse e Ynero E 3 86 4 h4 D sr, ameary Caws e. ems asveaus uweeca tie e, Asgen-E** E 80 NA kA 1 j Deer, Caese insmis pause OsocoNim nen=crum we=ce eCoeos esen'a Enare E 10 NA AA V cean=*== Daar, Coheenn emmended_ Oaxonam gewso mianna, U S A. (M Df4 Eaere E. t paA esA Deer, Caracan roe Caws e ees carssamm Coreca. Sarerse Ener= E $0 86A NA Deer. Ehre : n Caws ses tune so Southeast As.a Ernsa E 3 enA esA Damr hog Ase t eCaMalpegygm Thedend, innocruna Enma E le 86 4 anA aww*tecia Duer. hay Onecawsis earpresrum swiesa U SA (nouewn Fu Enere E t NA asA Omer, se=a stasarow menadtras Argeners Uruguay, Parspey, Em-E 3 sea u 8ennL Dour, na Nedrs Cams et 48 aist*"s Omne (Sweemk thett Eme E 3 NA NA c Deer, musa adosceim macrudmm nioscanseria. Souencores Asa Enare E IS NA NA Os i g Cwonaceus seroa-Srsat Argeres Unsper. Erwe 1S NA NA Pereguev. Osor, Perses estair Deme alsme mesasperime Det van E*re E 3 m sea Deer, Phacore Ace coastenw=* Powcones fCa aman is.anosL Enero E IS DLA psA Deer, e=erre Caws Awaro* htte heoal Entre E 3 hA NA Deer, votan=a Cams enaonus rereen0* ism Chna (Scaeng) Eeere. E 90 NA NA Detwar Anusedwse arcsas Ausersaa Entre E a sea esA Dog Asees wed(=Dnoisp Cart se=ss U fuSR Korea Chna. >=sa, Entre E 3 NA ata Southeast Aa,a (>$ Pape tsartzem-Es.asonal west Amt.a Entre E iS esA NA Chaparg Agary cape East AMca en souikom Jacare, Enere E a pea NA sumaang U S A. (Trusa Temiones6 Deshar, Junena's Cosmeiconia Joner** Sere Leone. Leena army Coast Entre E 50 86 4 ha EnareL Wessern yet Tarueregus arrerasim aisroess.. Se wgm em swory Coast Entre E So NA h4 Elsenere. Aswan Lanzarra e* raw Ader= Eaere T a0 anA tr eoie, EineharuL Anne Oswees maans.e Souin<enre mid Southessa Aas Eaere peset aneca.aaosed 44 mare strynpes Westem U S A., wesiem Canasa. Enme E 1, 3 sea NA E 1S NA asa Ptyeeuw. Tasmanen (kangaroot eracroma egemens teesiewews Ausensa (Tesraarnas . Eaere E S smA siA Feu, Nor1 hest s=el Mdoes voos neces U SA enorwiera eterek Canaca. Canaoa E 3 feA h4 Fan, Sea Joesan fue Mapse mA:ross musco U SA #Camroreme) Eners E 1 ssA NA Fou, Sssion Se=ne entenes Elmeq>a Enare E 90 pea NA Genema Qars (=Deamp_ Arvnoareas crate Sommaa. Eiheena Enare E 3 anA NA Gammes. Cnswer'= Gatosa cu==o'r Morocces 76mma Emre. E 3 NA pen Gemmet Mhorr Gaassa dans autre M 'vecco Enre E 3 anA NA Gemene. Morax:can (= Dorcass Gasese spress massers,ve_ uorocco, Aagena Entre E 3 hA NA Geroes. Re a:a Dro Dame Gar ** aa*s erstr Soarmen Sena'a Enwe E 3 NA hA Gareta Arahan Gatese comes - Arahan Pererassa eactueng israss Entre E 10 pea NA Gareas. Sarwr Garena s.eg6 erose atra_ Jercars Aretrwt PsamsJa Entre E 50 anA saA Gasses Seias Arsemen . Garons a.wcas ammspe faraes. arat Jordan. Syna. Sauch Entre E 50 NA NA Aratna, awess. GassesL Perreen's -- Garesa areas autrees Sornee= Enere E 50 man NA Genese. monderdierned (= Anyng. Gareas eroomes Sudan. Egy% Agr e. Le,a~ Enare Gmeda thaaaana Therapeecus seede Nurthem E9 mon,a , Enere T 16 NA 17 40ict E 3 asa NA Genere Moosnre nos $rchatng Chena euna noudheastern Asa EneT E & 15 hA NA Apnesetm L Qard At=nerneedtes swer East Aas Enere E 19 NA kA Go== Gcrure spres Genes ans wesenne Alacs Enare teare, haons Cacrougus haounss anea seepel Enare E 15 NA h4 E 3 NA NA Mwtmesest $=eyne's Acessonws atsoupnea sme,ee Eencoat Somana Ener= E & SO NA NA teresesent Tara Ategpnia Wwns are_ Emsopa. Sudan. Egyor Entre E S0 tea NA Hot sugver Sus newnaus essa fuscat Brnaast Samen _ Enwe tearset Prrowersso's Comm Arre ors **. Mongoma Enero E 3 864 NA tensonA teorsi Anoenn essezcanoem missense Ecuador. Para Chae. Soonst Entre E IS NA paA E IS fuA NA Argener'a DemenmA SeAh wenn .- a emes Chee. Argenene Enere E 1s esA anA Psywm Sar1>ery Masne nyeese bacere Worocco Enere E 3 fe4 86 4 teo's eroen

1. $ erie ariewiss Sousnern Asura Entre 5

3 MA feA r Eben. Pyrannan . Caore N pp unsca _ Soest Enere 4 3 hA NA sman, wasa. Capra esse Etruocoa Enare. E 3 anA sea b48e6 tuack-r ced. e Asoptwes a.erpqmmpreys Soue==est Asnce herrena. Enera E paA fuA time Angoaa mese nop tea aceoesa usegaar Remene Ensre E 3 h4 NA (= 44moogascal Connore is.and Japer pyWire ance U SA (TE. NM. AA Ceaem one Wenco E S tea NA Seian annonca JagerwwS fees pegouenincts caetruer southwart Fees regoi.aouris essers _ U S A (TYL Mecce Enere E IS NA fnA Jaqparwus Wesca Pecarama. Enare E 15 asa NA Japerw=s Feee r-mness mensmenne

• • caspa Coses sica. Pansve Enore Ju9mneuS E

15 enA asA fees peopurthens apreca U S A LAA Meeco Enore E tS sea NA Hangwon eenamen per laae one Aracavs pgenous see Awa.rama

• Enara f

F pnA 17 aogg l i Feroessr. Iaemerkenb siespecet escepI emne.enest i E*98en red aA=9samme ave Ageensi. E ner, y y seg gy aoge, { [ magnoo. mian gre,

44. i:=m A.rosue Aswama Enere t

r hA ir ao.m II*srer Seeanno8 Vietnean. Laos. Canece4 Enare E 3 snA sin Thadant Lampa, capped eesevespeeAs tima su,ma Entre _ E 19 LatPe. eaMme eenere,ea em Crane great==ma Pa an. Entre E iS .esA Na .A ,,A masan=r, Sa La,ma SA Senredesa. Eance. Daue opone aansas Caneoma Laos. Chnet Veenern. Enere E 3 NA pia tmwe. oonsan esser s Pa= anos 4Assamt snuian Enere-a tave. erg to.es. an.oresco-in.e viene. En., E, iS mA NA %898 Pop iser=8 Anvees cumcoer se hA er ao,c, e Entre E 3 NA feA 4

Federal Redster / Vol 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May *0,1980 / Rules and Regulations 33771 \\s as en enere Suses when tuned Camens ammans Seamas nans u es e poses range I sanner9ered e P 9 Canesen none Scaereas name eveneense $n ter*a t. Caveat Eroe T to taA 12.ases Souvern Ana Enare E t4 NA ma Law. petwinced Aseves emer Lacame. - Acame mene Waeoasy Regneas Em= E &H eqA mA i tessariose encl CT _ __ (. Ww.aeassark Lap =eamaicaet as meneurs of genera isvens. Pener. simpsenne. Lep=emW AAperwaa AAxwdha Atir.A wust $snessest Asia __ Eier= E S, 6 NA h4 onesapsena vaece Sousneest ana Sotavesass E-E & is sea NA 8 Pierwere petw Leased. ~"" heemms amenames Asia. Tweets taans1L eroe Purumore arcus . Corwei And E-E S NA NA Leises *~===d Aruccon Aesscour-Napel. Am mesmak EJe-E 4 NA ItA Cama LaceL Sisma Laws h-- Peeps me ps-a wesism ten to #49e Erea E NA hA Lare,heestnow Awmuhm;fr - enocnsL Ecer= T M h4 17.aQect Lyre. Scareeft Feus 9'ur petwis Sor Erure. E 3 hA NA teacuseo. Forawsmuess ks.:sca cycxers Terman Eme T 16 hA 17 actr.) asosace nascara .ac>an ($reumes nyts*es ar43 Enve. T 14 8eA SF atXc) Ra--y = sapensse Moreru isaarug Ener. E 3 MA e6A 7 16 NA 17 40tc) r na - = tomased _ kacecs amerws wasa -. i sua LAssaml D echtsern Cruna.= Enwo $n Lna (.Csears Ener= T te m SF 40ic) h =. m M koosca arsones E 3 NA tiA h e. Toove kacaca antca hearmene. Amatorman Tacna:rta reatpas SM:9 Armw.a Ar'azon fw Ergra 6amat haarumme. Meet Alncan Tncesc%s esiopeeres west Ccast of Arte etwa Ere= 1 4E M enA Sene9m Steer Cualza 8ber. U SA (Am.thearuret Caecear. Eriara E %3 17JS6a) 44 henrume. West twSan ODnosh Trrnsc%s pensaes. Ci;aa't. Sara Annev.a. hearummu Passo normr Ea.aaonei neun A#Ea Ers= E IS SIA NA asengener.Tre Arver Cauzcocw pegrees Aca.A Ewe E 3 InA lea naangstmy. _---e A. - Cacccoous arousans Senegas u Ghara PLgena to Esare E 4 hA esA Gaann

hamage, Peas

• U $ A..NM. A2). Caera and besuco E

IIA 86 4 Souan Amense. masemment herefer. CM.an Caspe tacywa.-L - Panes: art Ers= E tS anA hA C.acrs acoisa nwgaceros._ Amarrsa Pesuun Eter= E is hA aia teartaer. staf4Jeomme Cape 8tactywajeracrt Pssaa. AVwusar' E>vre E te hA InA r hsartmor. Aaeas - E 4 kA hA Pa'arza,sha Auct Ch EJetro E 3 sta enA tiarmesel cc~~' W cm3 Ass himme Gooma's Caesico puis Bea.;n, Ccnomcna Enador. Pero Erere Lewsasmal, eastem s boa Arvecrenmars sereiper A. street genre g e inA NA ause -- Erare E 4 sea NA er Aness6 - Erar= E e teh 864

.;a :

targe essert Severancoas psa*r'eacrt.a iderump=akeruwee, lor 9ames Saammews.s <>Waeera Enare E 3 44 NA

• Acaa.06 Guela#eit sana

. Enwe I hA II a0dc) haar=en. Forgiosan yeeceafvosted kodos aew crrysocisa _ fenven_.__. besLJsy Dene Coutpmocw meras Ccasa. West ascs trare E to tea NA teorsey, Deca nooier AA%susa agra E 14 ten hA CPreug ;fteang-4 trexhre Entra Mensa io sows Ar==aca - Erara E 96 anA NA lety asy, Francow' "=' Aesopss #3nces haamusy. Lhoesrs Cascarmeam acesa ' Ucces Ea:te/nCergs Baseh Eter-E 14 dea hA letruer. Mcwear Adossie unions Ce isroort haaresy. praeonas A==aa arves.s Someo _ Enho E 16 tea hA Cos.e N:a.Parema Erspo E 3 h4 M heorespr. -" _ Cseccomscus eyIRrogasAur _ Whlsen PQCrq [pgr= E g ggA 36A hoorney. ea **-a neares_ Saam eersesar E 4 enA hA hearmsy. ree-marea nonnesotted Carsacunecus ay=ror.s two a.antaeon. Femando Pa. Ener-hiirtWP. sDuder Adams peoprose etructus CaMae'.c&PeCae4a Erere E 3 NA NA Arears paprW pensmerias. Ccs:a 3bca Farema Enwe E In4 NA T 16 hA 17 40rch hearney, eg>oer Enare hkyasy. ecosy ag>cor 3agipperg aschacuars Orace Enare E 3 asA 4A lacremy. Torem ord" Prs =3=sraec.s avwcun.s bar:rsa.n Anoise of for hern Pens Eatre E 25 Den hA boreer. yedoedamed accey_ tagarrrts Aldog;&Wa Erare E 15 hA hA 84=== Austaken nebee AnorJmys #3ac As.scena Enere E 18 B4A fBa h Auseamen nenwe Awaynps pea.wieda,s __ Av.ws h-Feecrs Psasayers asas Austaa Enya E 4 NA BiA h== Gendfe Pseasorays pan =a, A.s01s= = Eawe E 4 hA 9tA Enere E 4 8LA hA Emme E NA NA Bar=== hem Hosand PsansdDmys nowsedtDeWrtBe*. Aubtraea ?. ---,.,. genese's _._ U S A (Cameor* mal E e hA hA hemme. Sell meren narwest Eter= - Ermr= E 4 h4 NA h=a Share Bay Psemoupys praecty*s - Av wana EJee-E 4 NA enA hanime. Sharindge e ps.mmaynys artyrmve. Austama Erwe E 4 hA BLA h== 3 mony Parsawnys Aamens Austra4 horthe n Tunst Surms Emme E 40 ftA NA h=a oestern Passatyreys occananras Auswa-a.._. Enese E 6 BeA NA Mwunsc. Fee e adwescus u Enere E 44 NA anA hoeveest, eastern Cespinw es=wevinus Ausuaa. Soue=est U SA. Contal and hamece E 6 h4 km Beweket adprmaccen,s escw4ss Au6#ed.. Ocasas pene sertsear Souin Ammica sousrieertL Oseptan Ptryo pygmseus Sornno. Oumasa Erwe E 3 hA DLA Oyu Aratman Oyv asurcrve Adanian Peremias Entre E 3 tea 8eA Caen. Cameroon esemiens pareriya emocoon Cameoon..- - Enere E S NA NA Ptsasuve arasiewma.e Sowan? Eeer= E S NA InA Ones. pant Arg =ena. Soewst uruguay. Ortid Enos E 3 kA NA Sm,rn An= r= a Enare E se ena hA Ottes.La esta ture peress,s.. Pow. %=,4h to Steam of Mage &an Enere E

1. 6 anA hA Oner, ay=g immed ta,re swigacamps Omer, esenne te,rs erwie

. Enere E 16 stA eLA Chde. Argerme _ went coes u GA (mal south to Enwe. T F1 9tA OnA Ones, esasinom neer ta,re provocas One,acm,mern see Enripura a, ins nerve Monico (Deia Ceusorrmal U C A G.A and Af4 esaa to SC Enare E 9 NA tea Pree. Flonos pena coricomor curts. anni F L4 Auswana. Entre E 4 NA NA Auswana Erme. E 4 NA NA Pternessa, eme Maupae aheessans. h MeoWhsd CPlevernys seacepstosus Grard Enere E 3 86A NA Ptarwome.. _& Piersyme ssrwosrts

O ) l 33772 Federal Register / Vol. 45 No. 99 / Tuesday May 20.1980 / Rules and Regulations /: _e p_ 3 peserc range ineen where Steam when Inned CHece homens Specam name Ceeman nome Seemic name emeergeres or vesseered Poemas -- _.. pyny n w serow Ausem Enare E 4 NA esA Posews ecoy-ended smmm a - - Awees:4 Esset - E 4 sea ana Prene Ong " Or4>nre struuceurs beence Ener= E 3 NA NA Frere dog Utan Overnre pov=w's u S A (Uta% Enere E S NA e64 PWngher% penresar An==-=s amewane Meuce (Sam Caesar'tal Ener= E to hA siA Pomenma PPW4Wer% Saniren Ar'aw=e enurteie LAS AL (A21 Weeco Ester = E

1. 3 M

MA aarew=*a Pee Amor Aaer Pweit Coonssh - Souewm Soum Armance _ Enere E 14 NA NA Fees ariceer caserumies_ hcswam, Panama, Costa,1hce. Enare Omska 3semer Arscnyesia Auseama Enere E 8 enA MA E 16 ha esA Reenut W Psarmepus Arnee Japan f%Ayu inane Enare E 90 NA NA Poetzt, votarut. - ArnstmaAs chaa Mosco Eres E 3 NA NA Ret, fosse water Aetyvys a'yoars Anmeraat Ener= E 4 tea anA Mat naceepse Laptrem etrussar Auswana Eree E lea NA Ret, Mone say tangergo Opactenre Asea =www USg'"- Entee E 3 17 atWas NA Res-Aangeros, meaded _ 8eeva Per-'- A.surau Enere E 4 NA se a. M 1~ casnerse 8.=ve pornow Aa.sma Enwe. E S hA hA t,_-., tenuar's 8ertr98 ersveir Ausaraat Erara E 4 NA fiA iv - pan W,^ CettrPnMhm cavposaw Aus:raia Entre E 4 feA BLA 8DeiocaresL greer Disen-Sertirpe rroca Ausk a== Enero E 4 NA AA

1. tririccurcs ereccr'ws he a. Nepal Emre E

4 44 hA fewtocerot _M h ameascia Indonoea twmcrent Surma Emre E 3 sea NA 8twoocerceL norowrm wwe Careehrmas sanwo com>w_ Zare. %: art Uganda, Cerural Enare E 3 anA tiA g Asncan pg. Nwetect $nsmetan Didernicouros asneewtse Sargadsen e Veenare to Ener= E 3 sea h4 s kioonesa (Borneok Sant owenioned onceores seensam Brere Erwe E 3 NA NA Seet, Cett,een more .mvisenus #waa= Carec,een Sea G6A er Meuco Entre E

1. 3#. d5 NA enA imol Perween snore ammeen6e sensiansnets

. Pa=ewan Arence.ago Enero E 10 hA h4 SeeL ^ _ _. mars 44mecfte spenscM Moseanneart Normbent AWican Ener= E 3 M tiA Casse and Beaca Set Senseeng (=Gue* Sos per 8evacesrt Soumeant AmeL Ere= E 3 MA NA awa Seros, Snansten Ce rterms manersenes Sis

• ave Ensre E

16 M anA Sevet Sart>sry Fees sever curaranew Aigens Entre E 3 sea esa Sh== Cas sy== Kasrvna Eree E ts een MA Shoes Cowie e'sWe asomcrw T4.1, Shusan Ernre. E 3 siA sea semana syr onsevue srwisetAm_ umsa inacaems Enere E ts ha sia Saakas /%gnmecem are poi em Meagasy 7Iepuenc Ers= E 4 Inn hA (= Wadagascart See senert Fermosm Cows scexw caouente Te=an Emre E to hA M She ldsst Norm Omn= Carmem aspon emanaavts CNna (Shena g and Crahe tree E to M hA n Pro-ncen De ideot Ryuryu Canes acgsm serense Japan Mytayv 'standl Enere E Sea ideert Shane Cetum aswon graseess Chne tShane Prouncet Eree E 80 pia taA 90 NA tea Sea toewt Soutn Qune Casim noon sopscre Sotthern CNna Enare. E S0 M feA Sort Brazaan Swaned dre@ cia dtrepeam Er zd Eier= E 14 sea enA a Seangosag C. men A4stysm acens Cea Entre E 3 sea Sananoson Heem Sesrtaen sareapars tA DJr'un ;an Rew=c 6 se Erwe 'I 3 anA NA i n Seeee, Deensrwe Pereimas foe Scusim super crieste U SA (De.adevs e rensiAa e Erwe E t tea liA e Southeast ran Sang Detiary Caww sessnm earceim Tw=s.a. Aage a Entre E 3 NA GLA Seat Kathnw CakosesndAmyu atasherw -- Eves E 3-tea paA Swn, Zanatier Aespeeps awsenesus Zanzeer tand negreanno sieteel Ere= E-90 tiA feA anoscnees { Tarv. Araben Am'erepus presses Dnan Enere E SO 8eA 8dA Tamerow Sdeem senmarones_ Phappree Eree E 4 se4 NA Tamervi,. 1 -e tscrearus see tas speaes) Stan Enee E 3 NA psA (=. - -- w Taraanrt .goeden4an Harmosen Tameret pod Saguwsm a=mier Decerem Brazs Enee E 16 NA 8tA Tammet eftwoooted Jameius A=P pea *ern Coicy ee Entre 7 14 NA IF 40ics Tass.Asen Taarim s-~ Surma Laos, Carnooca Verwg Enero E 96 h4 NA Ma'avs.a. Indonesis. Thedana Tapr. De2Ase Tsets ar' sees Coeomene and venereda echam es Erwe E 3 M M Peopmy and Argeaant Tapt. Cower Asse1can Tasew earns Sourern adesco to Canomos sus Eres E 3 NA M Ecuador Tase. auswiean Taprim picases Coone.a. E:uamar and.mstwy Ener= E S InA NA Peru and venerwee Tareer, Pensc,ce Tarsam syncoce Phdeceies.- Enwo T te NA 17 40lc3 Tour Pantiere age Tempoare end Teopcm asa Enere E 3, S hA NA Tger. Tasmerman i= Tapacanel. Thr4scote cy incermete Ause ma. Entre E 3 feA NA Demmetse - ' Cscese are tas -- Peru. 9,azi. Ecuedor. Compet Enero E 3 NA NA Venetuma Unud Obw ewees senen Cyrue. Ecos E il tea NA I inesne Mciew erive Soum Amencan Ana== Erwe. E 3 h4 8eA j Wassey. tenaed here tapweevne sescwee Aissveaa Eaeo E 4 eeA pea Weseoy. tyv= sed essed _ omeacvenae ewww A.mee a . Enos E 4 NA NA t WaeeDy. crescent nektaded omCriovedes 4mera Anaswana Eriere E 4 BIA NA Weseby, Perme Asscpryta pr'is Augeare Efere E 4 DEA feA Wea ny. weseem ha,e gagneeswe aro na Auswene Enere E 4 MA NA a u Weseen. yenow toosed sace PWronew saaeinsam. Ausve a Entre E feA NA Whee, the 8eseicwwe m sn,44 Oc c Enare E 3 NA hA u Whose.tommees demone e sacee,s Ocear=c enann nnes eers enfyt Entre E 3 M h4 r w Whoo. heasm 8s senopasre parasam Oceenc Enere E 3 feA NA '-a-T-- - - - T --+

Federal Reelster / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesdaye May :0.1980 / Rules and Regidations g N Spaces Weiseresa popua temasec re9pm mea enere amas when esed Creas puenet spaces tsare Compuut name Sooneet name ensangered as steessawd te wea per ra =a.m oswas hee Pecac On--c - ev E - E M u seumpSam mean. Acre

• Assosomere ac= wepase Oceans tre.

E 3 NA esA mean nors semene pisosse Oceeric E== E 3 set een vueena. $m samanapssre anyeaes Oceew Enare E 3 ano sea man. soorm Papesaw cue: mar Oceans f eve E 3 son ass ecdt, yey Ceesasme Hommacer U S A 948 E

3. S. tS 95 *5 t7 99mp paa a

$ssass ether twe hM a-wa. Fey Carts Ames Meterrec U SA (um% T 35 17 954al 17 aCnt) s wet, manad C Dysoc=qr erscPMaw Argeseruk seemas traA Eree E e stA pta Pereoms Laugimv mot, sad Cares ens UAA smanseems U SA euer w Eve = E 9 set sea cones 71rt aparrest Bes4rst Lasernets basis 19 Esene E 4 934 ute warrest. Omereerd serydiceed Lamoratrare parerie Ere= E 8 anA age Yes, wed Aas p=.swusas anArs Chre (Teest Dude Ewre E 3 sen sta letra GrewVs fans groww Kenwa. Einces. Suose Eaese T 6e NA sA 2eers w-- faws gecre Seson Assa Empo E PE. 54

• st paa BusCS Atesa Heees Purewcrescort_ taamps coccwiss coccm==

UAA 9'_" Eree E F len set Aaeon. Maw penewcroecert_ troops cercewe scrweces_ U S A P - Ema= E E NA sta Ahenes K.m A w-i_ Nonegr'ernam Jrter== USA 94am" Esism e E 1 Is4 est Pow.creeows saeamerwass==nore USA time" E*e. E 9 m stA Aanneens are+taded Dosweenseeets sem1n pecdc Camer ampers E.resa escaps E 3 anA sua UA.SA.LL&A GAA CA NA 6.SA Cpt MAL temenit yeace+camared 4=mns sencess U SA Farm Axd E-E SF 179994 see Osowma anesmed van) Caeni.a swirmarts rag =ww U S A (Aruanas. Wesco (Sorwas Ent's E

t. 3 M

NA a= ens Ws 3=is accore trusan Ccaert Oresman La.and E-E 5 tea est Snetebst seelern $bsPtrws arscnpse=Vs Anne--* W E 3 Im4 enA arsrases s=== E 15 set sea pressard. seeseen am Ossycene ironceew antrues _ Auer-*- emanA haa eews omosomass_ s$3 mees awocracam onwecsis Er=-= E 3 anA se g6mtecrt See uges (mcr4_ Pyr%es awates ausrw Essamen Anrw Ocon Azoree Erase E 3 sea ese Simmerert how Zeatare Aauas grpoes peew ZaaLirus E;ii.s= E 3 sen sua gnmensa, peas r Cncocas epiceos ensa, Faamiari E-E S NA see Genew (= 8ermuos Pese4 Pwastrw cower harm Aasnec Oceert Bernmea Entre E 3 hA . sta Camar.1 ___ twtr ywena Courna to Qom ano Arantes. E-E 4 aan esa Canear. Casstr== G,rwegyos castrusrem U_SA CA CAs, aan ma easse Eras = E 9 37 teset stA Cannerrmak Cent He.esen rises saew:arv e+e U SA y==e4 Enare E E m NA Common. tienced _ Cosops mscreacs Brass Ennse E is na ses Csemaa : _c: -, Kareew arcumspurea tea 2s Enme E M sen sta Crerun, biectdesches Co.m supunas Chre (TeaQ Esse E 16 8e4 sta Crane, Cues send %n Gw ceneasnes aesesse went truana Came Em E 95 an4 sea Cawu, nooded Gas merisms Jeoess u1SJn Erwar= E o att sLa ~ Denn,Jeoenees Gw amoewer= Owe, Jesas usrem U11A_. E~-- E 3 som een Cent C / __ eeneue Gem caucw'es piada U SA 43 hassamrut E-E (97 DWtt sta Oss Seerien enes Gus* wsm U $ SA E5derne en ewha E^ E a pet 8bt sicaamis mas ed Ows Crertib wrenediased Gw eqpo e-t_=i_- E M Ist ftA Qernm unoceem G%2 amew;srie Carece.u1A ftF*Ay edWe9Ere $8cWom _ E 1,3 973504 IIn een as Caromma heensa Creaser, He=esen tasase aneciaers mew U S A pu -a E=== E 1e een sen Deeper. Geotoha le Reha*e*mel_ Leucos atsctan's 1Larnmed U SA (Heensi Easr= E 2 ptA NA Crease. Comu (= ^^ru Lases makvers macuera U SA 0-Esee E F sum se4 Qow. PtooeaJn ( o maies cavam apews U S A f**ewana Ese-E t NA aA Caceouwerwee Weste Csonars I e Cashwisi nsncts._ Mcian Ccaam "__^ - Ese= E 9 904 let Chcennegrwee steur=== CO(Pam ( = Cascwis t r=were_ soan Otmars ^- - Esse-E 3 4A Sea Cweemme. razorem=* aeas a =Cami anstr emaw Braza 7 ---? E-E 5 ten fan Curgmeew. see tsaed Osa 84.ausriosen* Or-d E-E 4 y ML Cirensee. Tnrused. w eedtended. Ppe smome psme west Wubes Tw Esev E 3 set ma r OdnWe, Ensumo Asurrupants - - - Aiesas and earteurs Canees to EJes = E D. 9 8e4 8e4 Argares Deng eBowardeseiered Decyicone haceances Sousneens Pacdc Oceam mes

T-E 9

pe4 Mb Casescrua De=e Gre-== Lapesta.edo wee er=ses Gror eaa Ese= E+ 3 ftA hA Daws Pome pour =' Cas.conree cans

• ire went PacAc osses U S A Esse E

9 sen sun iPeen tsanosL 1 Onet beseemen (=amoea Anes wwwe J U SA r - Eve = E 9 set itA Ouc% Larsen driss.erseaeries -USAr E.mero E f put M Casa, presiesome ^JDansaww=as cayuwweecee_ mee Ecase E W put %A Duck. e8*ee*u gee - Carnau staurata ancma taaname.g kuumeos Enero E 9 let fe4 Thameau Esp % Greereend e useassed Mammeets aeose poorinunces Greermane see =W aseres E-E f5 set wt r amenon Esqp4 herpy Notes Aegene uomC4 eeudh ID Argentee fodse E W $st StL Espe, P'wmoswie 1.eemey. mensenswupe ps urp Pnneones E us. E 3 puA esk a

• • • T Estamed Meassega asicoceprisam Norm Amarus soum en asychen, USA E

9, 38 set DIA adesca teens =sta Desena esseue WA M 888% nl. pg

l p = 4 33774 Federal Regioter / Vol. 45, No. 99 / Tuesday. May 20.1980 / Rules and Regulations j W See Sepie g 4,h. Dessenc forge been ehere geosue when tuted Creced Robeef hMee Cseman name sceneec name suewigered or go Weenerwe g of s'0 Espe, head Nedessem anwep8 ions fearet An=enca seidh e ngevuon U.S A fW A. T 34 pea 17.4 4s3 a 9 8'="a CR,444 m4 f nag e Espe Sperman eveenaf Aame nedece adeeef Soes uorocco, Aagene Enere E 3 aA esA Eyst Crwees Egrerte sue=== Chne. Karoa Enee E 3 8e4 u f emm% Anamcen persyme Fece peopwins assae= Canoas. U S A. Ide-Eaere E

3. 3 17 Mge6 a4A Fence % Arcac puertne Fatap propwus eswes Azesaa en Groseret, acum to Enea E

13 sea u Argenens Feneen Ewomen Peeyme Fato swepwns seeswam_ Ewooe. Ewaes soutn e AMce Enare E 19 p.4 u and hassest Pheft1,ayean;14-r-e Teesorra(=PPeoerop ESA ^ Entre E I feA StA conrais PhucfL Deres h Tearwr?s(= Pe<*osesp ese w. U S A Peses4 Enare E l pea siA F%ceeper. Ewer's _ Es9petner eweergwmeene Ween tunes-Greneae Eiere E 3 sea IsA F%cescrier. Pseu temas evenas span wese Peoec Oceert U.SA Eter= E 3 fnA asA IPseu Wandsk Fe cather. Semesses panees Tevernerw saww buhan Oceert Sevenees Enare E 3 pea esA r Fepcescher. Terme Pomeesnye See Pacdc Oceert farmt _ Erare E 3 e64 u Phcoucher. Ts=wi maneren Adwincne amasce==== weasein Pecsc Oceert USA. E.nare E 3 te4 m [ Semanas indenost .3 sea ing ( Poey. Sercrween tweeverm Fasse sec tecaws innan Ocean Seveneese Enare E a t F*==am d. Antes n - 7hvem asreww East susan Ocean E.nare E t5 sea 4A Geenues. Pawesen Geeve c*nerepus sawnece ers. u S A : - Enw= E 1 pea esa Gooest Assueen Cm= Sre a cannsmos a====se Westem U S A LAA.CA Cft Etwa E

1. 3 enA a6A wAk Japart Gesen. He= amen ( = honet Dwiar seamworws U S A. Seewest Entre E

t a6A sea Goenewk Creso*ws nearme Aces > air war enes neces.e twaan Oceert Crwoovies amend Enere E 3 esA saA Grecem sensuresed. Cassaar se4.ss=s Meuco Erwe E 3 saa een Greneweg fyreen (sycatcrier)_ A49ecwrts pyrea Awatrosa Ener= I 3 ptA eqA Gream Annan Paa>=ene r;se Guees*= = Enere E 3 s.A aiA Dennensre. Saarenann - T/rps peera U.S.S A.Jagert ecnam e Maaya. Enare E 18 sea siA Sorrien. Gnaet h nied Oecsw*ses derene-Guesernea Meeco free E 3 og esA G.A Auquums 1.ata asetmene _=h= Enare E 3 JeA NA (" A seact 4.sts avecem kuse. Crana Ener= E 15 biA esA m leemt. Arisoisen esLario sperrow Aste>rer esricese musem essen Oceert comore l'hanos_ Entre E 3 De4 hA Peewet Gmepagos Aare ga4uwoones Ea esor (Geiacagos imandt Entee E 3 hA-su teemt. Howenen i = el Asso sorda16,s u 5 A (Pewas Ersr= E 1 064 sea learwet hoot 4>eed (msievingtedL C=<= ( = Aavacens ctWwei. Graze ?-_ . Cressed

1. senees aus U SA ;-_ -

Erwe E t$ 9e4 stA Ener= E t* -NA an4 te enchemonet 8'eurians. henmeed Anniaees opr Themend. Meiereis Ere= E 15 m enA em Japanese crosaed Aarpose afw* CPeneL Jacert U S.S R. Kch Ener= E 3 pea sea Regu

1. 8p*'ucnee:'e presus Soutrisiestern Pacic Oceart feew Enare E

3 een enA Ceoorma.. Kakapo (= oe6.oerroc . Sagars its. aware m pee. Zeaeans Eners E 3 sea isA IEmeral Masiens Fae:p sanc*eam omsee Oceert heeurois-Enire E 3 sen asa Kaaret. Seycheae= Faa arasa musen Oteess Seresnes +senus. Ener= E 3 sen siA Kas. Cime nocaw Chautumeros wiczwies owmane. wow e=See Cnea Entre E r 3 pnA NA sole. Greness naamesed Ciewwmares encmee.e airim went truses G,eneae Entre E 3 aan eiA Kae. Evergade tened sweet 40ss*ains arwsms p4enosus. U $ A (Ferical Ener= E t t?.96ftig not IIcaane fwameerts Ceceees crer== hoe Zeaand Entre E S stA og l hencew, y-Macurnwica e paucim Pwee,ey. trisp.sy, ernas free E IS tea. ein u namese,=sgo Anoarnyncess ear arere Enero E 16 sea sta tescoe eine tsue C enopsiers epse. erant Ere= E 18 84 NA Moqppe.rcesi. Sevesses fewuen). Casycrius seenseawr kuhen Oceert Esveseos amenos. Enere E 3 m NA h'== ara roodaced 4cucaccL ensauccuriesus pyrrnacep'ie44 $n tar =a t Cerert Ener= E 3 h4 NA I temaeriL Meenes Ames ousaws weet PacAc Oceert (Guang Ener= E 33 8A hA ( Meneries m.endt .E 3 sea tea

• • =7ma= La Percuse'*

^ ' asperJhee west Pecee Oceer. U SA Enwe (Pseu isecut. aderienee amendL W Maeo Macreepenetwo cione* einorwee ICeiecess Enare E-3 NA

• =A teases'" pe.nos (=eos eartnert_. Acrocacneem amanneneanagt U$A.EHe=ad Entre E

1 8eA Sea Dha.euw thaneycreeport Mesogneaive &ceam U SA tresee=6 Enw= E

1. 3 feA NA l

Oo. Kauan t =Oo Amt inoneroser). 48ano or-_=a= U.5 A piaeasi. Ener= .E 1 44A anA I omenc% her>=n Sassa.o canneue senecas Aroen. Saue Atene Enare. E 3 864 8tA I OneicmL eneer Amcan Seurno cannoam appar Sonnen Senere Enwo 8 3 fan 8tA Ou : - - ~M Paeoses renacee U E A (HeensL., Ere= E 1 tea h4 Oma. Argouen scoes one men,e ce r-== ewman Oceert Camaro emeid Enere E S asA ha Out ipene acoos one panen Pewhcnnes Menne aue and Enare E t$ pea h4 andenso teaenit One. Palau Ohmpacerm w wene Pacesc Ocesse U SA Ere= E 3 en4 8tA iPeauesende Out Seychetes Ota emedeas bioen Oceart Seycremes som Enire E 3 sea tea Ouest Mr Mo osn e 0.m seasse Kanye Enare E 3 NA ILA Puse pwmovow pararoses asa ie U S A Peeeen Enare E 1 I?JSibe M s P.,em scrise.- C> viis uio.s. weem _ he. zeewnd En,e E

3. to sea

= P e.est y. den 4,,,e - n,ars En.e E A u NA Peekset. pasemereddered paesriota ssysty'wypim Ause-Ene= E 3 8eA M (=paaa 4 PWaheet Maurtewe. Pintleme sener ewhen Oceerr 't -r - Erier. 3 3 sea 86 4 Pweneet. ee've.aiette. Pyrawe enmareer Brass En== E 3 sea h4 e Pareseet mange ao med _ Amusvisaie s,reyeweeswr Awwerese Entre E 4 DnA SLA Persteet. persaae Meenons pnecawreni.s Ai.seene Enire E 4 pen ten Parameet scatese'swe Amusen ee ap===mse Auem Enere E 4 04 4 NA s Partnes( n,rgos :.fia Asm.pnedia pem:rires Auseems Entre E 3 $n4 fe4 Pervet. Aiceanen Gsapona:ise cosusensees Ause m Entre E 3 9eA NA Poset Denomen er Cuoan Aanssorie a-. L weet inoet Cada Bariamat Enare E 3.18 84 4 44 Cavaunt f t I

01.45 No.99 / Tuesday. May O,1980 / Rules and Regulations 3M"75 Federal Register / = as .e veneersie Peow, temwis ewge mesi.nere steius when sued Cnece nan int seea nses Sesame ennengered er k _ Cmuusion name saesear name sesseered Pweat powns Assoseus.amaan Aimeana fame E e kA NA g Prats' ens A*enme snomens meet incnes Domesca Enare E 3 NA hm Perot Pueno te-- Aaisame swufa - U 1A pauerto Reap Ente. g t pgA NA A*is.vis sfhasoccovMe Grare Eawe E 3 NA %A s Prat d i ^

1. loameMa p4mers Oread Entre E

1S h4 NA g Pret seemsched Misame a=.-= went inser Doammca Entre E $0 sea sA PeroL seet- - Protred ~ ~ AmaamsJrew poes Brazd. Argenene Ense E t$ NA M Pemat St LucW'. AMata-a worscour west emers SL Luce Entes E 3 44 NA Penet SL Vrcent A*uama pwepr West inoes $L wncome Enese E 3 hA NA Pratesce " ' %ar%wsera escapray icne we=ca u $ A (AZ hart wemco E 3 NA NA Pret tersa-tressaed Ams.wie seneces & ard Eaese E 15 NA NA Enwo E NA esa ProedL Mas thoneycreepet Psenasonesar sawirswys _ U s.A pee.,a Poecasaroun Avescess _ T U S.A ICanzhnas to Tomas CAk Ensee E

3. 3 8eA hA West meet Canes and Soue Anneca Cosatat Pe= Pas Gmapope Sumer=scus sneaiscialue E-*

tGmanagve assemd) _ Entre E 3 NA hA Pseel reseemen dort _ _ Piwoporna JWLeepype U $ A pe eed Eaere E

3. a. I NA M

s Pmeesens ber taded S,mioacus nw'iae tisma. Chas Enee. E 3 NA NA asadisicneass Prem se m's eagooni reapasua **ew awmat Crana, emma _ Enare E 3 NA NA Pnesnavallpown ewed Outscon4m mansctw CrunsL Eaere E 3 NA hA r P'wesarit Cance's och Tragxas caaoe Chna Enare E 3 NA pia Pheasant Orese monal Lepricsvkma siirrar Omaa Entre E 3 sea h4 Pheesent. Edewis _ _ &ccrtra - r Veenam Enwe E 3 NA tA Pheasant Eeos e Seemascus emos Cruna. E,ere E IS NA NA Pheasard. enpenet &rgrass emeia*s weewn Enere E 3 NA NA P W laeams Seenteriste amasm Tamaa Enwe E 3 M kA Phossene. Poe=an pearock Arypeceos emonsawa Puhopnes Eawe E 3 hA NA Phoenent $ctase e monas Lapncerwi,s aceres Swa'a Cree,inda Eawe E 3 NA NA To.en Enere _ E 3 NA NA Pheatent Seannoe s Leonwe sowwui wmaa Pahis:aa Enwe E 3 NA NA Phoessit eewera sagopan Trapapan- _ - _ Ohna (Teets. ancEs - Eeere E a NA NA Pheaset enne oered Cronacamun e E 3 kA NA Coarea saannehm arrica E4sa Ananac Oceert Azores. Entre Pg ort Quemm to'ard Mewispiega apwasseeMSee New Zetams Entra E 3 NA M Pigoces Aaores mood Ageef44&a8Fe Eon 04amed bi#3 /rtr4:%rew-P"woomes Entre. E iS NA esa ansensriss AssortPuerto f4can p6awi Cotres so*iaa mee'we U1A (Puerto Raco6 Entre. E 3 NA h4 Aswe sc6a3a Argermna Erwe E IS NA NA Pina 8Lacra.

• Q ac de Prwoorses Enere E

IS 8sA NA Pregip;an. ntacneonied r Pioner. Pee = Zemand snore Wams novacseewasae hee leoand Eners E 3 hA %A Pood asswenerences easesoms U S A &+amaa Ewere E to 8eA tA Prnoarsc us 4.ase etrwaart U $ A. ITesau Ensee. _ E 9 NA kA a Enare E tS fiA AA Pano chchea. Arr ater s yester. e O.ad. Menam s uameruma _ C,evrys mcywerwame aw'tene We=ce (vera Cruz) OsetreL ressmeadent P*arommmm psocywo peng:e Io Panama EaFe. E s$ NA NA Ret Aukaand Iwarus Aae.s seearats awes *. he. Zeeand. Enare E 3 NA ha Ret Cathms ciapper Aa4Ls empross s censwos U $ A #CmAman Enwe - _ E 3 asa ha Ae( eye-soosed cancer - AaAs 4mprasaw Armees u $ A eCassarrmat Wemco (Gaia Eeere E J hA NA Cabeonva). Red. Lord Howe e Af Facnoewus. r-- Auseana &and Moes mand). Eawe E l$ NA NA men. vuma c:acoor Asem emproses ownarmy'sts venca U 5 A (42. CA) _._ Eawe. E i NA pia E 3 NA ha Futes. Carme's Aerce swres perwiers Argenena. So wa. Pers Urup.ey. Erwe % Cheesem taund precica rewww he Zealand Easse E 3 NA M Rohrt scarsee4lreested Perance minsecoor anseuaur_. Ausarama Pay +2e lean

• Eaere E

3 NA M p-- ' rey aected Acarmaws avas Carreron Eaere - _ E 3 NA f.A (Drcaicret. mochfo=*. erwe.aeches de.areers gyawwcasm 4.s _ Asnce Togo es $iena Leone _ Enwe E 3 h4 M mener. eng cased ytmnd weroorres cnrneere wasagasy Popuenc Enare E 3 hA NA I-Mesagaw:s1 eA Scrie ted. nos, Asiencrws cramenws Ausem Ere= E 3 NA n Snemet Cetu maca (pvusto Capsycats emper coovense Pheopnes Eatire __ E 3 NA NA Sheermasse. Ne e(s Wans _ As%s sustrius aewwe U S A Pia.e.t Entre. T to hA M Caire. ~ - E 36 NA AA 9ema. San Cemerge soggerhead.. La%s 4ecoverius a==ses. U S A eChe Sienes red Cattees (.Scwgrsa ci,avets Soue Aras w:a Enare... I 15 NA AA Eewe. E if that NA Seenom. Cape Saue seance _ Anwnewpes mannets awaaes, U $ A Fundaa Spampe. 3,se, se&sase Anregapore menema myesarw.. U $ A (Florms4 Enwa _.-. E 9 1F 9%bt AA katre T 26 tiA M Sew'ow. Saa Osmerna sage Anwtema Des cArweeae U $ A (Com'orrha) E.iere E 6 hA NA SeemPe. Santa Barbare song MecJpJa mea $a grammape _ U 9 A (C4Wrsum. mens Pe nc ocest U S A Entre... E 3 NA MA sewerg Ps Joe mountan Apeorms pe rene (Caronne edaus . Enero._.. E 3 M NA saweg noesc*ers imyaat. teucersar ape scw_., _ evicre,a cuan Sust, he=a=mi Mrnaaeopus triarwepus aritarsere u 5 A (Mamed. Entra __ E 3 sea NA E 3 NA NA SeDrtL tytentes whee. _.._ Qawe scorta scyesans.... Chrie. JaD49. Kees. U $ $ R. Entre.,.. E f$ NA NA l Temi Cangees on.and shgneesa Aaes *Aa4Mca neeues _ pave ZeLand #CamoDee lasargg _ Eaese ___. Town, Cabaanta teete. Stsrew se#arw Mpeare. Wecce. UJS A CM . _._ Ensee E

3. 3 NA h4 Thresher. erme ;

Aangvammet s eacnu,vs west immes St Lucia. Martw=pm Eaere _ ~ E 3 NA hA ThnmFL largr lla.e Pusovhs 00scipus sayemspia U $ A (Mewes4 Enere E 3 h4 hA fleuert Moar sieosomanA Pu.xms opacasts suma U S A pea *as) Entre E 3 NA hA Tietseh Nee lassegs teamen.dt T.smars capswiss pese lestand Entre.. E 3 NA PnA Thasr4 emas seaag pua=#al_ Aueorrts peernorr.. . U S A p'nwas? Eaere _ E I NA kA ThoucmL saMary._.. rewaus assesiva -. _. Srore. Parapav. Argoesa _. Entae.. _ F IS 88 4 InA Tseasser. poiwmaae ara =a Cherona Mcamar ip,rrwees wee usaos uartrease Enere.. - E 3 86 4 mA Aksimamo Auseaha . Enme 8 6 NA NA festshort w or e.o A eampa.a s _ u ,.us ewou,ana w arenerer. s. tan. C.e.AUsAescueo.nera E.e E

e. 3 M

MA I .:, i.,, i w.wo, e.oon s aa.S,, a som,er.ca.,ew.,_. we. Woes e E,e.e._ E 3 h4 NA wanner tecedL stessgrs cegameanessa U S A (ptwicoany AmL Cannse. Enere 'E

t. 3 NA hA WJet trutea Saname Islands i

I ~

e \\ I \\ 33776 Federal Register / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May :0,1980 / Roles and Regulviens Somose vensores posne SW rmge eeon waare JIelbe W8issa Ested Cr44 A habdat I(,cCadi RdeS Canunon amms Scssress amne ensorgwed or rvomered >e warmer tweo=L reed Acesisetse.e accese womem PecAc Ocean Mananas Ensre.-- E 3 esA sea smands wortdur tweo=L noes,es Secrmes ecwicews Mewous tRoeva o wanos) Ensre E 3 asA sad weener looom. Semper a tactswa saaeerr wees mesa $s Lure,. Er tee.- E 2 asA sea waresce teso-o. Seycesses Scour ms secande-edan Oceert Sevcw.s wand-. Ewe E 3 %A h4 wuend wevem -- psamoans ep opane _ Auseau .Eawe E na m whu> sear.edt. Pueno Nan. Caerrgsgws swarrvram __ U S A (Puerto Acop. Ensee E %A 4A w%er-eye, Nonot Island wheneye. Ponape yest . 1 pops acogimeas edan Orsan PeanoA awavss Enere E tg mA mA Ash.a enproses t esemAyct1 West Paarc Oceam U S A Enere. E t NA h4 ICenare suunost wherere, Seycneses lame ops meerse. eman Ocean Seycseses Erere E 3 saa mA

====-ser. eveerw C,eeonas smewas pence Eatre E 3 ma siA w-'r-- mory4med Ca9paswtes Amaccans U S A tsautacunes sad Estre. E

t. 3 NA enA souesanzems. Cuca.

1*aw acter. red-cockaded _ Akumars t =Omecccusos) U S A (soutncenes and Etere E 2 kA esA r aurosas sousrieasaw4 haeter. Instam a O)ecocam;seensus acfantst - Raea . Erme E 3 IsA 44 wrot Gesce* ace house Tempeavvs scouve wes seesr Gunde ance Ename E 3 hA s.A puscesonardass wrog Sa. Lucas nouse Tmpeeves seam menssiactee _ weis wesa St Luc.a Enare E 3 enA anA martase Aagetor. Amersan AApsar -- A Soueenstern USA wherever sovras E

1. t t. s t. to anA esA m eAl encept 9 toes cess waere asasd as Eveatered as est ten beso.

Angesar. Ametan AAgatr s - Sousheastern U S A U S A FL and T

30. 47. St. to NA 17 421a4 CSima reas of GA LA (emcecs e mane perwtes Essed as TfS/

All. SC. TIk Aagaa. Amencan AAvser naamassumense Soumessisen U SA U SA 6si urad TtS/4

11. 47. St. 80 n.A t 7 42 set m LA (Camerark

$1 Mary, ver==syg thena. Terwenne St CFartat LaFowc.e. 34 Semard. St fammary. Jettusor r.ar k and Pleeusatries

• eranosi)

Aagssor. Amercan Aageer.- __a Southeas'em U S A _ m csoevwy T(S,4

11. 47, 5 t M

17 42tal unsrewer thW4 Aagmeor. CPunese Ampser sponses CPuna E%ro E 15 MA NA Anose. Cussers pant. Anods aposewee U $ A (Puerto Ace Cweera Ensee. E 25 17 SNel NA naane Scal Jamacan Esareme asenswes Jameca Etere.. E 3 NA ISA See. adona Escares acrwane meanse U S A (Puere R,rna Eneve T "J3 17 ths sea Boe. Puuno Rco Escraes earnsta U $ A (Puerto Rscol Eaere E 2 hA NA Sea. Round Imand (no common Caseva esseuance ineen Oceart Mawan.s_ - Enere. E as sea asA name L Sea. Mound wand (no common So+ene n=seacaviera mean Ocearr ad,,e Enese E to ha neA nonel See. Mrpn wanes wee Eencrees monsnes preae _ U $ and ennen weyn Waaes Enwe E as mA anA Carneri. Aompons Rever capisa cre*== apascamms. Canonos _ Enere E IS ' hA tee Comen. hanca Adsvenceucebe eger Amazon haesa. E%.e E 15 MA NA Camart, broso~" Carne aerossw erszs Argenera Pseguay. Ent e E e6 86s asa Urup ev Camagvacre-Carne crocoomie rocaw - soa a Argeasca. Peru. sward, Ens,. Owcheena. San Esaenan essend_ saanmene *ws - Me=co Enwe E 3 NA h4 E 8A 8=4 NA W A8ncan dwarf _. - h Areescrs defasse. Wess Ataca Erene i 15 hiA NA Cfecoibe. Amican edenser 9ttoiaed Cocipc44 3 cataprirectus Wessem and cemiral Akt.4-. Enseu E NA 88A Decessas Amercan Coco @em acue,s U S A FLL Mema. Sindh Enene E 14 SF 1FSki pea Amerca Cenarm Amerca. Caneeeen t Cmmehm, (@ygn Aggggr, hgggggg pgggggg jandgdg,,,,,,,,, $n(g,gg,,,,,,,_,,,,,,,,, (Aqyg { gg NA NA 'l Oecedna Cargo e.en c-- . a weegrwa esowr= Congo mswer ennage tiene E 15 ha sea Ce=ra*=. C*eea Csocee4,s ramo 4* Cute.-. Ennee E 1 tea tea Cc-ena, adoro'er a Daccovem moreene ase.co. sense Gusesmes._ Enare. E 3 sua mA C#eseene. mugger Cacontas pen,sais pa4,see _ inea Paketart eerg Benpeaven. Entre....- E st MA see Oecome. see. ooenes,s mens s Aence Enw. E 3 NA hA Cseassue. Onnara coassess _u Soum Amerca onnoce meer Enre E 3 NA NA esses 09:este. Phspinna CocodWs nowaspurtee Phnowne Issen* Entre E ti NA anA naniarsasa Oecesse, ese=ener (.eeeuerunt, occoene acros.m Sovesem As,e. Auseena Peous. Erwee. e.cese E sF mA NA lese Guswa Paces imenos recueme. Guwwe Cot,.eae Semesa Oncoedue menense Seueeest Ase. namay Perunews. Enswo.--. 6 4 'a4 asa e.-m e. .F

.(. i Federal Register / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May ?O.1980 / Rules and Regulations 3377' venerese popua Seemos ,e ,,,e ,seo .r wn - Cr.c. - w ee N. - n.e. -n e reconned N i e c q.censo Gensanpavesam ena==rs e wm seveo rt Eawe E a is hA NA he euma l NA esA ,3 poen Oceam um - Enare E G.acea d.er P,.nedew=w aewoo .oe,,oce. ~ _._ En.e E l / e me es, es ,,e - apnent Anegaan grmed Qcan pavue ween sees eneen vegn toeros two E 3 864 eta ine=oace m.=n apara Sennron tre C.1,weenus pesiers - Ecuedar (Ga.apegos leiandt Enspo E NA pea spasit Fe teined SectoreuW%e esosas Fe, Teige Enme E OS asA NA apan. Fe crewed &scareswse so Fa' Enere E se kA esA tymys neone powd Octas smewgat U $ A (Puerto Ree teone is.dl Eawe T 33 17 9%c) h4 U S A Ca*8ctruel Entre 8 1 NA anA Laent taseawed eerserd DorasW%em ames Lawn Isend enge a sde=w amorosie USAC a _ Enere T 29 anA esA U SA (vven aberus. Green Cav. Enare E 24 1I 96ed fsA Lam 1L St Cnse paad Amews sompe, Proleeure Cavt. tayueur. Sened Fryse L,_ -- - tws sea inea Sn Lama Enare E t$ hA hA Wae,*&A8Pansstag swwm Venimet Thesend tiensor, esser

• Wurred pweLa Deurm Almca to heaeast.Caspan Enare E

18 anA enA ses evmse U&S R to Paketan. Bes1P=mest not tourses, s.amoes imand Fassa am'ioamies tiennema tuomaan. mesa. Enwe E 15 hA hA Poem, a ts western f acres Is ana aA teemor. yeeo. Fyrse es,eecwo mese Panetan erm.gn wea in Enare E s$ nA n serJiaoesa

• veos musen hmon eueris mansus Sn Larva and mea Enwe E

16 saA hA memeenene. hoe t'escan noge> Oorans ema:s oceane U EA peML Wence Ee== T 42 87 thct u Snene. A$aroc saR mersn Amerpaa Grectets faeneca U S A fonde) Entre T 30 enA sea ansea T 32 NA hA Dys' tace' corps cctes' _ U $ A (As. FL. GA. WS $Q _ Enese T4manapres arie.s wee:aeus U SA Cassor*=e> Entre E 1 hA NA Snesa esssem sunge Snema San F+erence gerier.._ _ Tereset aner 4.Tw4cmg) Seraps assaa Meevs.a. Sargadeen. SwmA Enare E 3 NA snA Wasa tusenesdL Teseserne acrtappo4 Weevna maenese Entre E IS MA %A T _. __ Geocnopw, J = Ma egasy n mesc Enwe E 'S NA NA o Teressa r ^-"" 9 u e s. carl Tortzee toison Ga#wrus sevewneprwe.m uence Entre E 44 enA InA Teru>ea Geacagos. Geocnewne sepner' ergs __ Eo.aeor IGmacape Isaiest _ Entre E 3 NA M Toisee. mean eac>snes tasserts matcrata punerais _ rea Pan saa. Saayaosen _ Ener* E 15 hA hA Teicies. rasaret Geocneere e. Tesasson reansza koagas, Regenc Enere E 3 ha . eta p u.. p .g Tessarm Sonowime swirtens. 8ee Zeeand Enare E 3 NA hA Twen amenac bom_. ._ _ res aparv euen re taeaco Enme E 4 anA NA u Twee tsact sonnnee Tmmve. m Br9adsen Entre E 95 enA NA Twee. Sur'nese peacoch. _._ asyewmaacerata Swma Entre E IS NA NA Twen. Cusso Genegas sonsnes Tisrye a ar neeuce Enese E tt 4A hA Twee, geomemc GeocNew perweca Urmoa as Sowas Asaca Enre E 15 kA kA Twee. geoen see. ._._ Cnewes myass - Cacungoem m vooca ans vecrever toural T a2 siA 17423Hend Pris 220 and _immperate seas anc ocaars esesot s' tere 227-Based as arusangeres tenom - C' suntpaba e tocca and Breeeng canon, E a2 NA NA Twee, poen see CP-asarts mpdas e asempease seas and oceerm poowatsons a FL ano om PecWat eoes of Wesco T.. L

• testes see t-crevs.. Feenwne'es cismesse ' _. Troocs sees

- Enare E S hA NA Tw mein aa=tacs _ swenwa aricta arcts _._ _ anoa Enere E tS psA eA Psm4wo. enee Enere. E IS sea NA Twee tr=nea sonsnee _, r,e.,, geaprecus -_. _,. Tropcm and temperate naas _ Enare E 4 h4 AA Twee. stone s t. Aaarwc; poe, sepauenests aanw=. set Twee. teesieftect one. _._ Osr8rucfkr8pf d>'tEsa _.% TeepCal. tofnpe$ta FMI &$oot* E"ere -. E 3 II ISICI 18A eset Twee,loggameedesa...-_. _ C. Forte sFor"A Coeurmgtoc.al e t' cots artti (nere.. Y a2 hA iF a2tte and

1. rg 220 are esorgerees seat rid oceans 227 Twee. Oboe gPacshc) fissey see. tepGoC9ets de= aces LocWmgreal e WooCW 598 ePerever eDurtd I

a2 44 17 421t>I and eurwerme sees saa oceana e.oe.aere Pwn :2e ead ,~ he?ed as 27* endangered tenow T.yee. Oboe Facshc3 Ruse, see tapasoc%s oaveeve. '.. Creumpocas e eviets one arcoorwa c:peay E 44 %4 sea ' enversee sees ens oceses ' poouumore 7 94 Fe.4c ~- coesa of Wesoco T.ree. esecoce monense _ _ _ rnony, awww _ _-.,. wusa. Sadoes.di,... _... Enare... E IS taA 8eA Twee. Pivmesi sedeseos _ omvaomes e Pseuos=res e u $ A spessacnuees=s _ gree... E so if#ws ma men =erwe caips Eaere. - - E 3 h4 86A Twee erertascs d or eemern Psesseraria,a woe,ma._. a seene v e esef's T=fr'8e Sou8n AmerCan sewer {st0 PtRsDc'ter*1 #9&*SC.- SowSt Ante'*L.a Oirtoce and Ef*swa E 3 44 8sa emmmonneme! Amernn Fleer bases DA4=uraws ape se _. Srpsin Antrwe Q1 poco end. Enero -- E I hsA hA Twee Soush AmerCan neer (no 7: n Aantion Aswer catw*e cussuman namel Teree. sponed peruf.._ _ Goth 1r88W'ers f. Opstartel . toygn eng4Peneten _... EMre -. I 9S %A NA fteneue#te Iwee swee ae**p6 Abert Oscim'uten.3 i hdi Mrewedes Coreal Iree to Sarylenaven ar4s" latt* E 15 NA 44 g.yma f

W775 Federvi Reg 8 ter / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Thesday, May 'O.1990 / Rules and Regulations vei=e= - Demayes sage essen u wo Sesam - weims asase Celtaf suansas h susse s,im.s. s eia-es e ommee.. e ess eme a-e D'*"8988 / 1 casa seassa _ EhinweemeSee new USA IPurge P-* Ere= T 39 17DW4 esA Pseg nareal persed y =., _ _ r torens Ese= E 9 aan uiA Paes Perernarian posen - =.een. Perwen Erwe E to saa sia k Pseg Samenen ___. teopserie assumes sesw Zeemrus Esee E 3 M anA Seimierums. Oww.e pare Ansies es==anen m.=an=e wesier Chre Em= E to enA siA Smanensur. esewt sender _ Aseecrinsses sans U SA Camasus Ersre E SEA ftA Smasumeur, Japerwee para Ausies muumens punarnas _ '--- E-E 99 se4 she Seemswuner, sted Saas ^__ _, an Ammeurie U SA t*_ -^ Er-= T se sen psA Salasummaer, Swee Can ammgeped Amarcaru muuronnerpass USA Caskurant Ere= E 9 geA fee \\ eoesian Osm. Temas hand Tapapessisgo eseumaw RSA(T--- Ese= E 9 sea see Toast Amecan Assamumesmoso ese Termarum G sma Ere= E s0 see sem g Test C_ _ _ _ Add asermare Eemsoner Ante Eree E 16 pea paA Teen Der==aan Ases stammensram USA U--*= Emer= E 3 97 gese hA Tend Mures weee Am peipenas Costa Asa Emme tS NA NA q Tsustes prie tweeru

1. 9e.----

USA PL. A&, MC. SC. pth Planes _ E 30 17 96t4 InA I Poes Aas saa the $seno juomemonsas Tinsey E 3 anA saA Avismonoso poecre . -- _ r 4 = 8amel aats mean ^ E 3 sea asA tarescat, Messan Aioases permeauners team:n E-E 3 smA asA SangtaE Perwaaaa=* Gee acowes spaars U 1A ; - Entre E 2 sea 864 em tyrmound ThenartA beansen. tammyne Eree E 16 tea alA tenv maga Amma e Car!hari(no sempion narneI _ #eryas.m sannsegne Thaw w Ero-E 3 esA NA CseurL pare F_ a -- T1_ - Emme E 8 sea asA Coweters Asasems , u poiamare U SA ( unasamp Erisse T N 17 Meet ha Gas espew U SA @Z. CA CO, NV. UT, WY) Entre E DE hA psA ChwdL tonytas^ Gas stone U S A @Z, CQ UT. WV) Ents= E 9 NA paa ChwaL M OeA

• Gas aume eum USA P-Eree E

F esA era OLA seender se*=a== caev USA Ute. VAL Ere= T 38 1TSHe) 77 44ao OmA ecossi

1. 8kaar=== summets U SA @L. GA per= T*t, VAW Enere T

N 87 36(e) 97 dade) Oost Meweest A:wiremana ameerscrw fissey. Ese-E 3 MA anA Cast tmose Casuports L - U SA arJ Cansas (Lanes Ers= E 9, 4 M utA terr %ert nseek Ensk QAaf C_ _ cham U SA rc ^ Ere= E 9 M anA Dmos meness Wem Sorrya Arime:rtrts escias maratass USA (w omwich Ersre E 3 tea paA r Dues, ""--- atassas certacos USA ; - Eswe S S sen stA Detsu, ternes Estaassor=w naerino-U S A indensesee Esse T se sea 17 as ti Dmrter, tournam Etima== w - USA peias' Esur-E F anA a.4 petre pane'evw u SA @A. Os0 Eser= T 3t t7 9%et 17 444d) Darer, neopera Desar,ueyana Emeosame asewe U SA tuarviamat Etee E 9 eah sea Darter Pha Emmoserne a*=*===== U SA Fionsma Ere= E 6 NA NA Dwar, sacaweaar Emessemie ansowp U.S A pt TNb Erwe T 3e enA 17 44(c) Datet enes Petwisamas U SA penreement Emre E st IEA set Daner, mensn:rees Er==a=*=r'w resrtsee U SA @tanym Eree E P hA tes Gemenme, Big Bene Gammase page U SA U--" Erere E 9 stA M Gameuma.Qaes 9 Gaeanse ausmocnr U SA (Teams' Eree 5 t fem enA ^ Gm==rm a.m _- u U SA U-Etere E 33 sea NA Genenam6 '" Geneusa Pecmo Gm'eime noems uS A p.at TX) Entre. E 2 ftA NA saaert perinany Engewicrteips asaas USA 7_ - - Entre E t NA paA landtons - Acesis L-- - - RSA fOrmco Eree E to ha sea tenannt, Adoesem ^__ _ MSA (GA. Tse, VAL Erwe T 3r ilA f 7 eetcl Deshauss creacegrus a:-- Japan Ere= E 3 siA enA Paa ena Sar======v weenas paucass U SA eis Caress S.ahen Er e, Enare E t psA NA Diesrict Pw ert Carmancme Sonngs_ Qawrioeta swwww UAA 0-" Enare. E t asA M e Pw si, Dwta tease Qparuzam do es U SA peews:ae Eine E 9 NA stA e Pw apt omens Rever Qonmocast r=*=== U.SA Ca*rvant Ensre E t hA PLA e Po mst,T - C-aswasque ema*a R$ A Cawara=" Etere E F

• sA 8sA e

Pne e8L uperm $sregs Qomiciam raevekssratpacaraas U SA p.evacat Ese= E t atA esa s Sessweerk Coenredo 34.=er

1. 5enocrkseum *==

U SA @Z. CA CO, NM. PN. UT, Enere E t psA MA WYL

• a eh*-* ww mired sweesore c__

_ _ r sowasses USA scassomet Erwe E 3 NA enA edamnasu Shagnon, shesMame Acepower _ ESA and Canads @9eres 8==== E 1 NA ptA r, n Ever= E S fine pet Tanga, havehe (Tar e twearergp., Teises ane.== v Testendr. kan reveef Accetna pasev ThadaruL Carmoeda Verusa. Ecere E IS paA NA umsvea, Laces Tasawstos. Gas W. U SA @Z. Hut Wenco Eces E t esA NA heence tr d as ca sorene) Erme E 45 esA saA Tammene samaetna er esenAnte_ Qemsoon - U SA iAaronet Erase T

1. S RA f7 dataf Se w aseena Tsewt Muona a

Teena r_'m -Sarve p.se y SA p.es - Eritra E t asA ma Tseut yewench aswwost._ Saeno meer savese RSA Camaraea6 Entre T

t. 3e enA 17 sett)

TemA Lanonsen ewtowa=a Some cwsr narwwue U SA (CA M4 Enare T 2, 8 NA 17 44(a) TenA tsee Kea cosoeu. _ Jeeme ap.necrees =*wrat U S A tCaeanr== Enere T 37 17 esse, 17 44 den Panas eaWwest Ss**w one sowww U SA (Cawcyrig, Erth T t, 8 alA 17 eeral inmA, man son napauvois eyenmasvam USA @Z, NV.UT) Eter= E F pe4 M ma Snat OWhenwgo oveer enter t=eurus a-- w.-_ U SA (pese Yet) MA T 41 tea In4 asut amuseos eve >=me.d _ t-*-== perryte.aoes U SA meu vwa, mas s.4 T et ses sea Enat hoe Pneesocene Dnaw sisacawocar USA Cowel NA E 41 paA NA sas4 worma innene ese renmue meceerew A.wweav isands esenus imanenn NA E s see M 8mst moomer aseesam casrer asemas U S A paarm Caromes hA T 4 sea , aan samt eneses ename comed treet. Arn,mseors pre U SA p. M T et h4 RA Snat noch inserna Otrimaam rees. U SA Flandes NA T et feA anA Sast, ykgran twigue ancianas%. PtsHannom -,_- - UAA (Wyrma) IaA-E et fan MA e

y \\ Federal ReglSter / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May 20,1980 / Rules and Regulations 33779 v.,se,s.e - 5, se pe, eye p is .ews $ssass when seed Creces temmear ta a=' ndse 88""E"'*8 8' Ceuuuman name SmM #Efme scommered Pummy emmest Aiamens New_ gequess womes== - U SA (AL TM MA E ta esA eA Onass Pusq ammaatAeganachea Omews apese u1A (T4 val NA E IS tea feA pegay emmask tr***O Careasse seedece u1A (T% VA8 As4 E IS p6A NA e uwmov nos sea E 19 enA anA Pearty sewunas. Cureenarus best-test se t = deourve) #messe U 1A (Kanazavt = pea E to NA sea Pawty aquensk OsseetmW Qecense emeransos u1A 6AL. T4 VA) mulpteffeta pea E IS p6A feA Pussy w Caets* ra-.am=wef.cer a net ESA.- a POWey enmee( eorumulary Damm etrgte U 1A (T4 VA) pqA E tS ~NA NA trerwie streur Puerey samaat, r. - - - __ ra=*.ame t.pprennel u1A (TK VAJ NA E SS IqA NA E 18 feA NA 43ridose dN6snecAsn USA (L., nA. he% neO, NE. WL NA sesace NA E ts sea NA Powe emmest seggn's eye tapapone Acre r l Pewty onessL tuaws^ '-- Plostaceas caiapsipts U SA A 941A, KY.04 PA NA E 94 enA sea emp9enimme reeeewone _ _. Pesty enaeast, er;. ;; _ T3A Powe snument pee Inout &==wa==w t.Censundrut u1A LAL nsO,TK WV) NA E 95 14 4 ptA r u1A A IL 94, KY 680. OK NA E 15 , esA esA st*mtema Pesfe'= meet,pw* ausset Lawete socierte PA rm. m Pusereemi.s( Seequeen's rairwaamet.Opo w nel USA A 94 sea E 15 pea esA Mens MA E tS enA feA assunscra Cptimede wegaccamos % im*Wel. T& -= Puerey summa si, th - - re=ame t =O)wirpeel USA A KY,TN, WV' 94A E iS 864 NA ascumneasres US A A AR,h4 Tha feA I IS NA NA twistane grumes. s ' ' PuWly h b,0' c o 6.a.menesmoimO)wtruel ,. Penny ammes( w eno cars eye rearms t.Orwicmas) USA (pt h4 Ora NA E 15 NA NA ArPena V, r e s Post, names ( seeis werevhare.- Pierceses swee-U.5A 4AL. TM NA E t$ 96A 94A ascasa specaia ESA (AL. 774 8eA E tS NA fnA . Peeer umahan peso **=a~e Espee same 4 -O>wurne-A sczwise ameens USA LAL 74 VA) esA E 19 SaA 96A Fewiew Ayowta . Ogget deugi Asuosewis pense ESA (KY. T4 VA) 06A E 15 NA pea pusee, buseyed > PigLa. shr'r

• =**dhe 8cDerwte U SA (Ab TM V4 NA E

iS BtA NA MA E 15 pea NA Atwarent t =Mus-est saper USA 6AA IK MO, OMI Puchaeoom, fa* - EEA tKY. T4 VA) NA E 27 pea NA pure snee cases een Faupeemtnaase hassfacs.ase [ NA E as esa Na hates, saamm. cauene 9.w=vviam_ U.SA Paes-M (\\ n 17 47.ta) A eersioser_ U SA (Ftl SJ_ NA T 13 NA si ,.e Se,, e i.,e_ n. eiez - U sA c_ m E w = Sim.mrey. Sehens.suenawtpePk.g e q .a-..* Apoemarine eierme denpe USA E - NA E 14 anA NA . L =i* %dR**F. L8'9FN

• steam ** -

M appogriirime 4:ee g & pe9p. Lans usue t.AA scassarrum) NA E 14 sea NA kauas seususse _u . &dierty. mamme " U.SA Sassarrmae NA E $4 Na feA Changsvye atosef Deparame +. 14 Na sea RSA C --- NA E Odler8.SemGrwe ens 9 Pgnep assosengas pcycenge s. DesGy 3.?cas sethe.ad_ RAA rtrusel NA T 13 96 4 17 47 tat 5 fem ( m $rign.= r===s) arungwee prer9, USA lC --. NA E M 04A NA " hamrty. SnuGt's thas f.srosapram m,appe - teses Karm erwroes estww.- RSA (C-NA T ei sea sea 1 1-32 8m 4009; heet:n t1,1987. St 42 FR 2984-Jersaary14.1977. 42-43 FR 32900 AAy 29.1978 33-42 FR 290se. Jure t.1977. 43= 43 FR 34479 Amper 4. t978 44-43 FR 44412. Seo*ereur 28.19'8 3-38 FM teo47; Octaner13. 1970 23.=.42 FR 29127; Jwe 2,1977. g' S-36 FR 6495. Asne 2,1970. 36-42 FM 2554k Asne 3, t 977. 46-44 FR 21299 Acre to, '979. 4-35 FR tt32t7. Cecenter 2,1970 3-42 FM 37373; Ady 21.1877 46-44 FR 23064. Acre 97,1979 S-3' FR 44*L tese 30.1972. 36 42 FR 40845, Auguer It.1977. 44J FM 294a0; asey 21.1979 '\\' ' 7 - 39 781eatet; Deceanbar 3L.1974 27-.42 FR 42352. Augeus23,1977 SS-44 FR 37129. Jure ti 1979 4-30 FM 14879. Jwe 4.1973 3-42 FR 45523, Sepeoneer 9,1977. $1-44 FR 37t32 June 218979 3D-.42 FM S475$, teowgereer 91.1977. $2 44 FR 4299t; Any 20. t979 s_

• 0- 80 FR 2W4d. Jury 14 1971 S-40 FR 3t738. Ju y 29. ISTS 36-42 FR 60745. Ncurerrear to 1977.

54 44 FR as22CP. Auqpas21, 1979. s tM FR 44159. Seceoveer21 1975 It-do FR 444 9; Seceepeer 26 IS7E 29-.d3 FR 37tS. Jaresswy27,1976 55 44 FR $4007. Seceenese17.1979 32 43 FR 4C29. Jwesary St.1978 40-44 FR 99064 Octucer 92. 1975 12.- 43 FR 47509. Octueer 9,1975 25.- 43 FR 462t; Fecruary 3.1978 85-44 FR 632C6. Novemoer30.1971 13==*s FM 1774 Asst 26,1976 34-43 FR 6233; Fecruary14. 1978 96-44 FR 70677; Doceneer 7. 9979 14-ea FR 22044. Asne 1.1978 87--44 FR 75076. Decemoor it.1979 $5-41 FR 2*.44. Ace 94.1979 36-43 FR 9elt haarch 6.1979 36= 43 FR 92691. 48ere 27,1978 06-45 FR 90010' aserca JO #980 5 th4t FW 459P3, Octuere it. 89't 17= 48 FM StoM No==neen 19. 1974 37-42 FM 9542t, Aces 93.1979 04-45 FR 21833. Aard 2. t980 3 %\\ 14-41 FM Sistz caais.e mer23. 1976 3s-43 FR 16345. Aod 19.1979 St 4S FR 2a090, Acre 4.19e0 $2 45 FR 277t1 Agre 22. 3900 46 43 FR 2050s, heay 12.1976 ID= 41 FR S303 Oecons.w 3.1976 33 45 FR 29722. Acre 30.1980. 41-43 FR 29932, Ady 3, t970 3.=.42 FR 20 74. Jarmsery 10 19 P7

1. -4tecates FR eeere acaces ese danesed rummeme of 9ie spaces e ruscated tpr menemm*e cupeersse.

E-9'*"aae tamy ase sneacaean tese f R pacnensee ear a.secere detesa; eunessaens smarieertse escale FR Anse noe. 4 =aaar=*'e +, g s ' ) = 9 ~ + k

1. 4 3

.g 7 I \\ ' y O --...n-,

e 5 ? 33780 Federal Register / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May 20,1980 / Rules and Regulations ( l 17.12 Endangered and ttweatened plants. [j (a) The list in this section contains all species of plants which are determined by tl4 Director to be Endangered or Threatened. It also contains species of plants treated as Endangered or Threatened because tney are similar in appearance to en Endangered or Threatened species (see i 17.50 et sql j (b) The columns entitled " Scientific Name" and " Common Name" define a species of plant within the meaning of the Act. Although common names are usually included. they cannot be relied upon 'or identification of any specimen. since they may vary greatly with local usage. The Director will use the most recently accepted scientific name. In cases in which confusien might arise, a synonym will be provided in parentheses. The Services shall re!y to the extent practical on the Internctionc1 i Code of BotanicalNon~enclature. (c) In the " Status" column the following symbols are used: "E" for Endangered. 'T' for Threatened, and "E (or T) (S/A)" for similarity of appearance species. (d) For information purposes only, the " Historic Range' indicates the general known distributii,n of the species or subspecies as reported in the scientific literature. The present distribution may be greatly reduced from this historic range. This column does i not imply any limitation on the application of the prohibitions in the Act or implementing rules. Such prohibitions apply to all individuals of the species, wherever found. When the list is updated annually any change in the range will be added. (e) For informational purposes only, a footnote to the Federal Register publication which original?y listed the species is provided under the column "When Listed." Footnote numbers to i17.12 and 117.11 are in same numencal sequence since pfants and animals may be listed in the Federal Register document.That document includes a statement indica *ing the basis for listing. (f)'lle "Special Rules" and "Cntical Habitat" columns provide a cross-reference to other sections in this Part 17 or Parts 222 or 227. The term "N/A" (not applicable) appearing in either of these two columns indicates that there are no special rules and/or Critical Habitat for that particular species. However, all other apprepnate rules in this Part 17 still apply to that species. In addition, there may be other rules in this Title that relate to such plants, e.g port-of-entry requirements. It is not intended that the j references in the "Special Rules" column list all the regulations of the two Services which might apply to the plants in question or to the regulations of other Federal agencies or State or local governments. (g) The listing of a particular taxonomic group includes all its Icwer taxonomic units [see il7.11(g) for examples). (b) The " List of Endangered and Threatened plants" is provided below: spaces Mupanc vange staan when ames Canca natutas soems mass soonsec narae cerenan reme phra -neer parwan faradr ._soprurw sescicinate surced ano= head U.sA (NC sQ E ss hA NA Assaraceae-Asser tarwy towtava arewiessacase - Tervwenee snape cordm er U.s A (TN) _ ( 43 NA kA e teocneete seassa hare U.s A Pef - E Fs asA NA Setenoaceae-8aceny fomer suroew sev== Tsucmee tharterry U SA tcA)._ _ E F5 hA NA Bendaceae-Secn tarrwr aseme aesr Vrprua naswear torn U.sA Or A) __ _ E sg egA NA n -e erwy Arame mcotzisamane tacDanskrs eacteess __ U sA fcA3_. E e4 asA ha fywnre sameown ver emposeur Cata canea =asMouper U sA (CA) E st 17 9Ena) NA r__-__ m-empu,. we*= teuscae(.Echococam L Ada,wnutrie t)_ faenacn tervoom cactus U sA (T10_ E 80 hA taA (aismagris ewww(=c nessee Escocais a. heee cory cacts U sA (TX)- E ee asA ha Adanstsaw a L cowmeme ammunose Seict ed cory coces y s A (74, i 77 ha hA termco ICoarnatan (mienmee srwee ver me t.Esecome 1. adreemanns r k Lee ser.aroun cacam _ U SA shadi _. Y ei sia hA Cessemes answo ver siesei.5eee a. snood armarman cacam u sA (TX h44 E 82 ha ha teepwnsana s k fewocacam newtywnserous ver secace pecnore T rt s head cacts. _ U s A 4A4_-_ E Ft ash am EcrWecs=via evernewe var piamaw PWTuescwed hedgm cacas. U 1 A SJT1 E Se psA em Ecnriorems aseview(.E nomyse of adrert Act Fct>r).. Leruier hoogenog caca.s U s A th44 _ E 70 mA not Ecymnocipois aards (. E soones var. () Dopo e necoonog cacts U SA (T4 _ E 67 hA NA fewecereus apurneacac ts var aNw f,E Ma.- ;_;; Diect asce cacts ~ U SA.(T4 E es hA sak e Ecrknocuras avaocasses,s war ewcmecte f

• E mvtricus_ Aertrie hessocnog cacts W SA 4A4 42 NA han EcMotureem empocensmead war sweauw(.E meer sus sproegs heogunog cacts U sA ten E

ts MA ha var a. E snoemrcus.ar at uT) fans ocevia swimpse var de.as t E annen oevre' green p*ava tasA (T4 E 8I hA pha Anspearine sanwosense t.EcMocacts an. EsnrisonesAm uovas taanpose cacts U s A (f 4 -_ r 77 ha anA mal hsocscam arem( raenere ai arody pacuerwon cacts UsApa_._ E ss een hA A*eets anc=*ays, etnoween tacts U s A iNSA) E F2 hA pia Ptspocacas prwoernerbs war Awoeweege Pestuen hewayo cacts usa (M) _ E GO RW NA (= fcar=>cacam a. auwswe a Timane.e p. asese ai

1. Woocacam see t Ecnemcaram s. vt,a e s 3 sdow powermon cacts U sA (Ar. UT)

E se NA NA $cteccaram pawus t. EcNwcarito p. E siegencia f. WWwa Bases hoonwas cacts U sA ICo.UT) se hA

1. 64 ansumerver p. Amauraan p.1 eens*wt acdegracts stesse vertlee (.Cetradse Mt. (cFleiocacte edeen Wer@e Cacts U SA Co.

I Fs NA h4 at. A=*-ebs em 1 edNS schwora1km e*v hse t #WiAxsets eI Wr9 gps tennoch cacte y s A (UT) _ f SS NA NA e O.-= wee-sionecrae taawy aamres pesa.se. sees tarews annand eve orever. U s A lCA) E s0 NA hA (.swenscwee-c,pese twww-Feere aswessam s CMean eene meren(.pecet _ cme Argeres f 73 NA NA facavew-tinest fanury A41ossoontos Awnee ses ##wwee Psuers mervermeA U s A $CA) _ E NA NA A%aawarmeon cAannew ~ Chapmen mormoempan U s A (F4 _ E et hA 8eA

Federal ReglSter / Vol. 45. No. 99 / Tuesday. May 20.1980 / Rules and Regulations 33781 O W k 'o # .esme,.a e S w - =ed C.eca ammim Sceew.uie. Ca e e .c.e. enc.em. e FA- % leufr e Ry@ erg mhM U $ A (yf)_ f 30 NA gg4 AstepsAspres%s _.. papees dramwes._ Many reine=-es USAdCAL_- E 3e esA stA team acmews saa tasa.se Se CW w 6 room U $4 tCA)- E 26 M anA Ms.we was trono com. U SA M - E 39 M hA Mce martres.

1. 9enrayascese-. water'eaf fewy eeone uS A quT)_

E 44 hA h4 . Miscoes aps cwe a 1._ M 'amnr hane U S A qHt) _ g 73 NA NA Marcuac9 s aawsac*pe== av44 e 7 San Dego mesa punt U S A (CAI-E e4 esA hA J%909Pae acr*' ism hone U3 A m_ s 73 hA ha sisregran avuseus ver avsetae Hyosr's boshAy y S A (FQ - E $7 9sA hA Lascwee-4se tariner passeneses as.s VSuA (GA SC) E N 8eA NA Persstore emmam Tsuaise pasasers Cocee s home USAM_ E 74 NA hA h_ "* tamdy. Se deaanse aswwl thenn manow U S A (CA) E 24 NA stA Acad cocee u=% eww, h a; _ ' owe cioch tams MacFetane s 8tma4 moca u $ A (10, Of4 E se pea NA deepes macarwin (>synesse-Everung erveeose fe=r Eurema emenmrene U S A ICAL - E 39 NA stA Aceocn Chaws eveem9ervvvoes. U S A (CA)_ E 39 17 96(al NA Criores seita sno sureadv'ss Cyn.t.'es sum. srs saa nomoe w Dwed beeSoopy U S A (UT) - E 78 MA M Papavesceae pewp law Amen wcoa airees Gndterelan $r (a peruDefen besccL T 84 MA NA Phacese-No tammy-Aaes pasemsways Guatemma. Haruheaa. El Serveaor Sanano (-Cressoa a <> cur') U SA lCA) _. E 44 pea kA Poecree-Grssa 4rrer Oaerns mucrare.s Fasa tweta Oure Fans U S A (CAL E 3e NA hA Temas ses nce U S A (TX)- E 39 hA M Seespeeee.e w _ _ Jlresa armee. teorimern odd mormsnood U S A SA NY. T 30 NA stA mewcusaceae-8vrentuo famer Acpunne no.vooracerise OH. Wil. Oserwinne anwomee Saa Osmeree tuand tartsow U SA lCA)~ E 26 sea hA Sar ace % r-w; fr dr U SA (A4., GA) E 94, et NA NA Sarace ia avar wa. Green pacher pae Scauswauctee-Sadocragoa feve8y Saa cemenee emare inchwi UAA l CAL E 26 sea NA Casammys pues ser9Drunrt SaA meersn thrtis " U S A (CAL E 44 StA NA Cytikereras maneous eso. steisrque Hema (Baio Cantorrmat Anscurais 4,tesmae Furden sin,eenot US A @4E). E 39 NA hA Ceeds (New Brunomick) ~~ 75-44 FR 62474. Octatae30.1979 83 44 FR Gr'Go Octoeer26 1979 26 -42 FR he43. Aup,se 11.1977 64 44 FR 61798. Octener26.1979 76 44 FR 64247. hove-car 61979 39-43 FR t 7996 Acre 25 19'8 44 -.43 FR 444f1 Se**meer 29 et t 45 44 FR 4ttr t. Octooer 26.19r9 77 44 FR 642=O. Novemcor 8 1979 47-se FR 24050 Are 24 1979 64 44 FR Sitt3 Octose26 1979 76 44 FR 64252. Novemoor 6 '973 49-44 FR 32405, hne 6.1979 87 44 FR 61996 Octocer 26.19*9 79-44 FR 64 732, homember 7.1979 $3-44 FR 43?01 Ju v 25 19'9 64 44 FR e'9M Ociar er29. 1979 a0 44 FR 64734 howemDer ?.1979 e $6 4e Fa $4923 Seremtper 21.19*9 89-44 FR 6:324 October 26.1979 01 44 FR 64740. Novoamer 7.1979 i 7% 44 FR f r927 Ocioner 21.19*9 32 44 FR 64743.howemeer 7.1979 57-44 FR 56663. Ottomer 2.1979 71 44 FR 61929. Oc*ober 26.19'l 63 44 FR 6a7s4. poevemoor 7.1979 $6-44 FR 56868 October it 1979 72 44 FR 62246. Octoer 26 1979 64 44 FR 6500S *eowemeer 6 1979 96-44 FR $4670 Oc cos= t t.1979 T3-44 FR 62469 October 30.19'1 89-45 FR 18929 waren 24. '900 61-44 FR 6'556 October 25.1979 74 44 FR 6247f.Octooes 30.19'9 62-44 FR 6t15e Octooer 25.19t3 {f1t the arn tSPe Filed bt9-et a 45 eel SEL9e4 CODE 4310-55-u i l l I INT 3837-80 sie e unes sm hvii

_,a vs e,-----. REFERENCE 2-26 w.% ;?. 7:1, 4 to r Page 1 of 3 Pages TENNESSEE WILDLIFE RESOURCES CQ9 FISSION PROCLAMATION ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES s ~ Pursuant to the authority granted by Tennessee Code Annotated, Sections 51-905 and 51-907, the Tennessge Wildlife Resources Commission does hereby declare the following species to be endangered or threatened species subject to the regulations as herein provided. Said regulations shall become effective sixty days from this date.- SECTION 1. ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPECIES NOLLUSCS j ENDANGERED Birdwing pearly mussel Conradilla caelata Dromedary pearly mussel Dromus dromas Yellow-blossom pearly cussel Epioblasma (-Dysnomia) florentina florentinc Green, blossom pearly mussel Epioblasma (-Dysnomial toruZosa gubernaculwn ~ Tuberculed-blossom pearly mussel Epioblasma (-Ugsnomia) torulosa torulosa a Turgid-blossom pearly mussel Epioblasntz (-Dysnonia) turgidula Tan riffle shell pearly mussel Epioblasma (-Dysnomia) Walkeri 9 Fine-rayed pigtoe pearly mussel Fusconcia cuncolus Shiny pigtoe pearly mussel Fusconaia edgariana Pink mucket pearly mussel Lampsilis orbiculata orbicuZata c White warty-back pearly mussel Plet*mbasis cicatricosus Orange-footed pi=pleback Plethobasis cooperianus Rough pigtoe pearly mussel Pleurobema plenum j 'Cumberland monkeyface pearly Quadrula intermedia l' mussel Appalachian monkeyface pearly Qu2drula sparsa mussel Pale lilliput pearly mussel TomoZasma (-Carunculinal cylindreIZa Painted snake coiled forest snail Anguispim picta ~ l FISH ENDANGERED t Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens Ohio River Muskellung' Eso: masquinongy ohioensis l (in Morgan, Cumberland, ~ L Fentress & Scott. Counties) Barren's Topminnow Tundulus sp. (cf. T. albolineatus) Spotfin Chub

1. ybopsis monacha Ye11outin Madtom Noturus flaviginnis

( Snail Datter-Percina tanasi ?

• Section I amended by Proc. No. 77-4 Proc. No. 75-15*

l- datcd M1y 13, 1977, ' Proc. No. 78-14 dated Sept. 22, 1978; and, Proc. No. 78-20 dated Dec.-8, 1978.

.g, l F0g2 2 of 3 Pagea SECTION-I. (Continutd) PISH (Continutd) ' THREATENED ~. Silverjaw Minnow Ericymba bucatta Slender Chub Nybopsis cahni Blue Sucker Cycleptus elongatus Pigmy madtom Noturus sp. (cf. N. hilderbrandi) Precklebelly Madrom E. munitus Slackwater Darter Etheostoma boschungi Coldwater Darter E. ditrcm. ~ TTispot Darter -E.,triseIZa ~ Duskytail Datter E. (Catonotus) sp. Coppercheek Darter E. sp. (cf. E. macula,tum) longhead Darter Percina marocephala. Amber Darter P. (Imostoric) sp. Reticulate Longperch P. sp. (cf. P. caprodes) AFPHIBIANS TEREATENED Tennessee Cave Salarander Cyrinophilim paIIeucua REPTILES TEREATENED Northern PLoe Snake Pituophie n. melanoleucus Vestern Pig =y Rattlesnake Sistrurus miliarius streckeri BIRDS ENDANGERED ~ Mississippt Kite Ictinea mississippiensis Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Bald Eagle NaZ,iceetus Zeucocephalus i Osprey Pandion halicctu's - Peregrine falcon Palco peregrinus Red-cockaded Voo.dpecker Picoides borealis Raven Corvus corc= Bachman's Sparrow AimophiZa cestivalis bach:'nnii THREATENED Sharp-shinned Hauk Accipiter striatua Cooper's Hawk A. cooperi Marsh Eauk Circus cyancus hudsonius Bewick's Mren Thyror:nnca bc::ickii Crasshopper Sparrow Ar:modrar:us savannarwi Black-Crowned Night Heron Nycticoru nycticora: Proc. No. 75-15*

• Section I amendcd by Proc. No. 77-4 dated Mm 13 1977 Proc.

78- - dated Sj t.,22, 1.478;an.f,o. Proc.14 p No. 78-20 '. dated Dcc. 8. 1978. e ,i ..-..wp .ee- .s*. -.a g o*De m o m - ~C'-

u e e g 3 3 P47;e 3 ob 3 Pasps ~ i ~ 1 SECTION I. (Continued) MAMMALS ENDANGERED Feli= concolor cougar . Eastern Cougar . Indiana Myotis Nyotis sodalis Cray Myotis

1. yotis,grisescen,'

s THREATENED,, River Otter Lutra car.adensis SECTION II. REGULATIONS Except as provided for in Tennessee Code Annotated Section 51-906 (d) and (c), it chall be unlawful fdr any person,to take, harass, or destroy wildlife listed as threatened or endangered or otherwise to violate ~ ter=s of Section 51-905 (c) or to destroy knowingly the habitat of 'such qpecies without due consideration of alternatives for the welfare of the spec'ies listed in (1) of this proclar.ation, or (2) the United States. list of Endangered, f auna. Date: June 12, 1975 i e b Proc. No. 75-15* 'Section I amended by Proc. No. 77-4 datcd May 13, 1977, Proc. No. 78-14 dated September 2'2, 1978; and, Proc. No. 78-20 dated Dec. 8,1978. e t -

2-2,7 REFERENCE 2-27 [ M'vw 2. ~/, / i U. .a u-1 0 OCCASIONAL PAPERS j of the MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY The University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas NUSIBER M, PAGES 13S MAY 12,197G POPULATION ECOLOGY OF THE GRAY BAT (MYOTIS GRISESCENS): PHILOPATRY, TI.\\ LING AND PATTERNS OF MOVEMENT, WEIGHT LOSS DURING MIGRATION, AND SEASONAL ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES By MERLIN D. Turiu' ABSTRACT An intensive handing and recovery study of 31. griscscent resulted in 19,691 recoveries at 120 locations. Included were many multiple recaptures and roundtrip rtencries between matemity and hibernatme caves. Gray bats demonstrated strung loyalty to a sumnd:r home range, often includmg sit or more caves, as well as to their winterir.g site. Adult females emerged imm hiberation first, in early April, followed by yearlings of both setes and lastly by adult males. Once at the summer home rance, adult females congregated in one preferrttl maternity site to rear young, while adult naales and yearlings clustered in smaller gmups, usually in caves other than the maternity cave. After the fktiging of young, set and age segregation weakened. and indi. viduals were more evenly dispersed shnmch the home range. Fall migration took place in appmsimately the same order as spring emergence, with adult females leasing in early September and imeniles remaining behind with the last males to lease, usually by mid.Ottober. Distances regularly travektl in migration ranged innn 17 to 437 km (nne way, direct distancei. with nearly the entire southeastern population mngregating in three major hilxrnacula. hfigratory movements appeared to In: dirttt and rapid for adult fenules in partictdar, and weight Ima during migration was direi.tly pmportional to distance t aveled. No Wgnificant w inter movements were observed after hilxrnation began. Is rnonceriov Much is known about the length ami apprmimate timing of migratory movements of bats. Slyers (19GI) aml llall aml Wilson a Vertebrate Disisian. Stilwaukee PuWe 3fusenm. Ifdwaiskee Whennda S?t'233. s re-. 4 e . o

L,~ .m <,., -. 2 s. a a e 2 a- -r v a.# r- = = =- -; = u. 5 e =a ., p' i v

s. a,-3.. =

i .3 s. on 6 o 49-g. ) s a s,=: g 3. i .s s =s a 2=4, .5 s .x m c s t

8..,

M. \\. e: : i: n 2.2 =. y N 8: 3 re.-- - =.-

s..:.

a..

= .2= si ..,.g. <s. s. . a

• .. t s..

e m r =.,_c =.. t,s. x i 3 f.. = a.s .....o s ~. s i -=,- ,, =./. = =s ; >s...s:av-ogo 8 o g a o.o a: s = i El 1 s# ej.e- -,3,7 f es a k I t ,I $ +8

• e.

9 *. *. o. I. *, *. o. a b" r, a,,C,*g-G

• oo.

N

• 4

= -4 is 5 z = r x =.s a f-* r-c'? = =. = I e. =. a.. o c,:-'e.*a, y* *?

"r'*

.= .s Os. = iib.$3,, i.

7 ' !.N e* % r --T=.

4 y3U$i 8 8 e 6 g r =-Ex i .,, \\ w, et. =- V.2 v k -r ,x ""N .s .s...: - ,,5... -= 3 ?. F. i,l* h. j em 5:?=s: i ** ..e. = s a ---m \\ .,.... p :N.,

• I. c%.3

=5k l -- - e Tc s s. - e. 3 r y -,.c= [ i = ,N.,. s... 'E :. - .i ./ ,. = i

• • i.

\\ \\ s.: - i - 'l jE!!M e. i

g a

ds; st3

- :n. { i-1 .g s. ;, E,. -. e. a -=x ( .) ? 3 ?. x - uyjF h 8 e' , ',( 4 - i e .m ): a E. / l *s i is v. a

l. u - m e

,t a e e = k y* As -=a n l) A 2,,, / 2m' s 4 f o .c = : a .S ,~-- g c >= w15.s.a a ,,n e- ~~w =. .x-s= m '+ c = 42 != isi l a E = U >3 5 g a - :- y e I t 1 l .I,~

k. C. *_." *= 5 E k k. k._= k k v p. 2 3 ; 2 1..c.

• p

? i.:.8 2*i k ?.= *E.h.'. e..;.2 L. '5.t.5 - -. = = = m - s,E 7. c.: n := <,.:. :: = =- -=, . 6

.-

_w=.==..- = - =,.., = =~ m raw-+ n =. u % u a

==3 w,=g-s.5 ,.,a. c-2 .>.-w= .=;-,I= .= ,a.=w,- -=x . = =-

== 9 =. a.-. r _, - a w a = = :. e.;c

-2

. = = - = - i ,3= 3 N 35 e}" =. a -.l E =ii 5. N= d-r - r-e-N5w!p$. c . Ei 53 .E.: E Ii E i~.$'s 3 E' is i = m e n. = - rp = w =.- s -

=~;4 =;= E a -I:c.s2 EEp d-'" E g ; g =,r et:-E3 x,=*7 I m E, 'I C 3 g g - k. =.: = - ~ C'C 24 - s,kJ2 a .z-9 -:.r . c _s.= ~m -

= c.= c =,. -

.=n 2 '= f =s ;. - - 13s x r,3 = v..- u...e

3. - T z :,; z = ;

n e 3 -. -.= . m og = u.t.,3 3, a =.> -...r <.r < -: = 7,= 5 x u =, : -' ug: 5 7 < g a 's - s = =, w=,~g5

==4

2. s.

f. o = = ,2" - =. =. r e 8 =

• s

.= g (. c c .Y = y 3 e' x :_- t. i.= ~ n : ;;- e 79J= h g=[.e n. E amxx-

I t1 5x 2 E s y-

i :T 2 2=e x G. n

• = =w.-==>3

^x t s -~ =.=. _3.= - sc E G y.y c. =...=. =2 e :: a O'3 w= *, b a = = g.= :5 = W T.g *;,, Cl: g'. =. p. u. =. -=n

• = x = c ":i -=1 g

p =g x -e . : - SC x = -5 4 $ k.. tr = : E W ' "$ g =2== # J v'a "3 =

• a --

.5 " e o =.,7 Qa G ~ h.5 Eu "u: c !.5 i N.-- E: != 3 I,-

D

== 5 c?=c-g&9x 5 L = l 2 c T.e.c. : 2 ea5 t* E, =- .==m':?s=~x e 2 5 ; w.~i. = t' W z y - x5-e.=..o== <.E.= : :; 2 7 = = -9 .= a,. : - x

f =s ! =d =. =E s,

r a = ? x .., e.:c., -.,. E r,.,

== r 33 a.= : 3

• s

- = nc

-.1.e a '5v

y , r ~ =.;: P.

e

= ... =.,m, p :- r .-,,...g x.: i -2 = t a xz. x.- 56~3 b . c g g -{c " =9 -Cl g -= c di'~fr -age,, t E-=y ~ ,I I.e g,= j ?.g* 3 g w,,, E % = } E e r* f m s.= -,m a g, y 9 3 -= I 8 '"'. " .I' C E,5, 5 's :, 7 6.2 2 $ 3 u J,e:a 5 :. 3 'E G h J.= E .. k 2.3 a c = =g.- E 3.=

=e a C. N =g "c E = g 5.,.ll; 3

a '= 3 ' - 8= ag e - g "= x C" p g=, =

• • r.

. p -f

• . -G=

x 6 k e, f "*w =-T q E, m j.= 3 ",'.u =5 =. 5 y..g,r$ny,Sg;=- y -5 g-d 5 t. -I ;.3 ".= L g ? i =t.".,p g S.E 3 P =

t

3 :

~ ~-

E ey-

- =0 =. ec.

• Fb a

so to.. : = y w =,,, =,. - = t ,s.e s. s '. z.= =

E.

,t .j, =.= b "E = u = P,d h h* =,. x - = c.=

. - n E

t,

Y {, E b ~ # '"

1.s = 2 s

d. 5 *g h5=o,to,s=e,.

=U u'w

• '2 to

- x -$ h "b I .: :2 c, _f

T Q*

e.,'E M 4. h, w E m - >. n x =ps -5 5, & _4 =.x.,.. ===.. a o.= r 4 .= s E e I 5.s Go 3 9 m b,,, g t. x e. I (T.= 2 := n s. x x , 2 g =..gs2g ta " r. a= (Y. . 3

• *"= c

.e,, g .,=,, g G* -.= g r - l* agy g g .u,s 9,3 g 3 =c c= .s. s =J 1 c-t

8. :=' :e. 8 Tc f ~i e a,c te t x ;::-

.= 2 t= h F a, g g >j - 2 te m g 3 g,3 =: 8 s. g c =.3.3.= ; a,:, 9 p) =.5 3 9 :. J euo 5.G J c c a== : e c,= ,.. =- =a t - s ;= j,,,, g g,g g g g j _g _g g g j,;g =g,z, x - =g j ]

• g, =g g *4a.-)

k..:- m u - gx 4 i g,=. jg x a , g f. = g==r.=, gg - = 9. 4 l y-- P. a

e ,, N. u-2; -~-,.- - -- -- . f._.'*E , O *=. - 1.-.. 1.= _g e. s C.. -.. - =. = =t.. - C. C ,.ot-====* T-C.c =.. e-3= MC **

_g 2 e C

C n = C 7== *r 7

-M

r =-.. .C =. m..x e - T._.c = c- = 3g -.. c. w a .= E s =.=j E.=, *a =a - 1 . n K. . s x . c 7 U.,. g.- = b w g = a, ag6 .= .=.s..~ x>= c. e. = C.g. :.. x , - := a .= ~,=G==. =,. C.,-.4..:. N.4 ". =..U " v. * = _ = =. E. E k =.2 4 " m 1 - = m. C-r x7 - , i =. r.

== =.. c p. _4

s... "..,. a y =. -. _

1. 7

=-, _ = '.. =

e b x

_ n

. ; x 5 ~ C '.4

== L .s mi e". nL =_ s~ ;.., s - = -K e c~.-

• • $ Y.

,1_ . &g =e!, k ,C = J r r g=

• ,i n.

a e , "E u = ' h ".z= =7 5.

• 2 ' s - E ( Ez ~3.. = g.5
• p 5 n f

= 5 e e ef 3 ; = 3,G p,

• ei <* _=; = p

. 7 c,-,s-n -ua = : - a ,x -!.=szZ"r -x x = w _ =4.=~"- a

==c i .= = 3 = Pe = = ; -7 =.;. - d =. y r.e a =- =..m. ri. t O,,._ c.,. ..=,=; g w =, = . =, ; e, .T.e 3, a. v:. 5 d = r.._ =.=., r _-3 ". 7..= rx,6

• =. s

.,, r . =. g -.=7 ,6

• '2" Mg =,= E '*.T ;=E -C-u

-= ~. = , z r .3 e e = e = = = = ..= Y ".3. I f, __ ". I 4 2 ,O,,,,O 5 m.-.f_ ' " e 7E g ~ _.,__%...,m - ( =3 = --. =_.=E ,.,_c,,= v. .- x =. _ -. . a e..x e

a. -

a r ?. -- m. s x_ _ n ~ r =.y n = _:== A r - r m $ $ '.,,- :$ *? 1.,E.= *f. ,= *5. =. =5 ,Z. ~..,. 3 I I, i._ E :::.i_ E *, L 7 a:$. I.#s "l =. 3 e* = ;; x.n. tr. . = - -e =. -. _ % w r e,, E z= G s / E xg ,= a =.- .-.= c _a ,, 6 a - a -n. _, :: = ..=.=. r i..,. r,. p .x t - s f.= x. E =.:..: : - - = =- _ ss. s .-u 4== *-x.= r. -, e -e z.=. s,. Q .z,. ;- 5,..-= ,";~====.=. =, m ..,4 !,Y = _. a = c - 't - - = =,, G :.= = = = ~4 x. g = .5 w = - E =* ;.-C E ra

• --, e

= =w .E , ~ ' * -= L .7 -(.h =C - /- s 2 a. = _- . F* =,,.=_@==. f - " =.C. 7

== _z , = = - O k. ,=-z- = .. P 3 =- r u = n. e== w.- x -. =,x ^ a = d =m a=**xi. M = - s _ ;a-* c. 6 2. = r .g 4. =,,, P-e,-,= g 7 = - ,m _a, 7 =* x e =y

• =; c 5 = =.=. - 5

.i.==

1 r =..=. =., < =-. e -. es,e.s - w z.,.,,g._- ,,=,,, t P e - x7 Y. = = =. = =.e S r -. zx .-. =,e e w - i /, ; _. - 27 7- ,5.*a.

C.

"=.". x,* = _-- g

-. 1 _ - e y

r w z._. - 5 * ** - - u_ q g gi, m _ a na s.,* = = w - y s ./ :=. =. r, P - P ?- f =e p; 7. r-.U-7 =_ - rr X Cg-c. 8 '. - * = - - -.=,?.- 3 A z ;, c.; w : C,. -.= =

c. # T_=a==,= r, u' i

z =, 4 .a 3 C..=, t .'7. I,. e. _= T_ -.x =

• E 2 U==

= _x,'==:. L r j r n c = r _C.= = ;;,, ;: P 4 ::

.

Y.-.. _= y.:,-.=w

=

=y - n

• b-7

,.? - -=..-, e. ".. r =g

i...- _.

_z r...x . S C tr 2 e.- E _ e. ,,7._ g.* e. =.,. z t - 6- .x,.._= t= _. = _. ;-. - - 1 ; z - S - -. _E g. ap =. _. = j w. e .r F _z, . =

• e ;,.:.

= _ _ =._. _=.._.-. =. Lu.. a.= :.=._ w.:. = 6 e3 m.,..,. r._. x ,a = _ y e4 3 .s ,r xw e._. =_m_ r _ :.,= = w _. _. =_. -. n c =. _ e,a . - e.r _..._= c = ei = xu y t u .... =. ..,... =. ... =. up ; ; , z.= . - r_.. .z -._ e 3 s.e _, n._,. =. .,. _. _..e.u x.=- : .=,=.e_.- .. - u-u ,.e.e..=,. ,a -_* ( "= "3 ( <y*r e, -. - = *. a

=

a 1

. =. = = = b I =_ ** O 3 f *E.s / :( 7_ 3_=.*.-*_=L f. = $ C. 4 h_ u J. = - ,3_ 1 _' L or Z = ~., u : u. e = u_ = a. e = , = ;

.- u. - s

, a =. =. 3 _- =. _ =.

c

_.,a _. = = 2 6 ;., .-. = <. .- _... _, e s -. .... x u.. x. ..,u , M E 5 a .5 i E =, E T - E... c u-,,, L7-5 :fS E E 41.= ;,- w; 5 7 9 =.=. r! i.= iii . - l s ': s =.,

.I i i " i:

! -5 ; f_ : =

.:.s S

• ei--

=t.55 2 LoE 5 I s. < -Ac:

=5.

a

,. i -

,E.=,5 u-u

- - = e = = r # d t. d ". U Wi- ) . I,. 3 ,2 - - A P, _C d ~w M3dO# CP U ,Q W. S P .C = 6 - -n, o r -i.- = -r

9. ";=. " *=.y..,Q =- Q b g, =

.x..=. I =32,,..=. 63 *. = a u= d=$

1. ,,3 ;: 2M

- -: _. =IJ .===.=**=~ez i . - M. " 4* '=. Tv g )'". ./*"- e. -**=

3. el --

? y t. e.. Y $. u,yD u 2., g,f y* O"C2*]a$- ' * *.$ " C'

• • • .d*"

S s = r, -: -Q =**S* $ = * .e $ b r.= f = Y $" g.,$ ** e @

C y - =E = "E *=* "=

. = = su - = 0 t. s-e z J-CueoeE. FT=~E - o 2. r n k =~ --.= v i a =

x. z - "

.-.-u,==._=. 6 , - c ;= a = _ < = ; _= .= e4 u* g z I_ k .-F,..,.** w"".- 3. h.= = t 4 in w w d _ =-._*q g ,P., -,.. = = -g* x " - u.._" a-fz $ a; y _, j i _. _. e,. 5 5.=.E.:.q "c z. - r. n,

• =-

p- - =..._u

.a".

.X 2,= =E, 'C g r= =.. = E,. g-na: 1 J C. ; = v's,=,ine wf.= -*;

• f rc=.

r 3 . o g =. e w = ea 3,,, v g ,, u := L M .a ,3 f I E I. e. = 7 = E r._U EIU #a.s =_.- 2 2 E,_,$.3, r _ '.. = r"' O

• i_ w, a:

L= I C ^' ca. - w .=a_,4 x l C r # ;= .= =. - 9 u - i= u u=m=L - e z E a " = G z k ;;3 ** d - - 7. L.or.i e.. - M.2.*5'; =e M =t = lll .5 3 -. ? t g,,,, %s " g =

"";-

I

• $i^

N E N ** ,g"'**

• = e

$5 = = p"* ". b a= = y I *

• =**1

=

^ F* C C*="C b'=

n. = 4 C**==""4* e. h H =* O a* = * > '" = - e.2 2 O

• C

. @*.==. u Ti,,, y "; X. _z .g y b *: L 4 W g( O P.- e .C K.=.*'* c.=. 1 "

• • y-e.

l ,[

• . =

,g g

• 1 x

hu h s a p 3_,gF w; d ,,,g.-3 5 $ 3 3.3 3_.3 $ h 5 2. x t a - =.w =z_M-u "= *; - ] "5 _ a - - - - N..== f* - E.2_ u (,, U a= M G K D- .E g e u = -C-3 = -k

• E

> t= G _ b 5 'e M ~ '" b = u E 4 emjd 'O d $."I - *"= U C =_ = k g%.y te . h". ao =N gi . ".h h d_ - '#.6 C3 > e. O *y E, w jg en 2,.=.C4 b '". F "* p 3 _== = 4

1. Q c_ _z z..* x_

w - .c_ w-.w W a % > eq., -.=,.y e, r3 J.. - =,

• w,_=o;=y

-=.a -W e. g e 1 _4., g -e a u.a = g-sa .*r"- =.:=.:_,; g d_4 ,,, e e-ig, -C -g ~ ~u,a,. 5, = ~=.3== N O.," 9 =. u* ~. = r G y d, = I" 5 "h ** r. A* .3 L e t 4 ".., Y I.

• • .c
• h *-

E ~ o., 3 v5E=.- - -== .a =t b I S. W'=.'= = O e."e. O, O *

• ii C

,,,-l", O 3.=- =, ** 9"P L *C*. E := ~4 - "** A >, > = = a g l L,.=~,="O"* 3 > -[ u9 i .=. ,..ss

• b

=

m te E#4 6 M * '

k. 7 # u %* f = Q l .g e l* . C 2 **0 ,,1 ?., W_ La =..;,=.=- a,. tt k e e. = T """ -.me. y i z* C-c. - y .=. ,,,), b 8 x,,,=- ai. M N. = h. g a"' Z,. ._5 " a'3 O. S=$, = D* o o t - e =>.,,b b '=h 3 0" c 8 *C

• = = 8,.I "L y

'I - :.._z.' c'.,,x,, 5 - N w7

• 3'""

+a. n b' .= .a tf,. %. 1 -+ 5_x+- -. ~ c.,

• ~ -- #

2 ( - = a.7,",".eg.=(d"* = F c 2, g E.g ~u "_ e.. u. e "E w z u.=.x.y".- E'xc ,,? E'i aoE x p 9 5.

3x

- = =; ~ - E = o = ** -= ; s =. Z g "3" .=.='".. g

• b f..e =n.,,;.,,. y - *

- a.: g,e-.O t0 z 4-M g e w s d, =.. e m 3 w -3C ** ga Z.

• L **.

qb d2* 0 3 g._ - 3 _ = _ 9" is' - L. - g A._= ,( .=,. w h, C.= f w M.y. ".,*3 rr 1 w w g, .= y > =y._,. b C .6 :* 4 "% ".'..e D ""E"

• '* 4
• 3 3,'g'*

e. M =: "8'#"*=- , b ~.g.= C=C o n 'C =g b - m. g = "* w y = = 5 F" ~ 9.= F 3 *W* 5 en E a kea 3 -a - $gE E 2 i x h "E I = =.= aC s =g.: = 3 *C.5 L .5 C l h yi % d' G "O =C :.=.- .". = = y es : === a i =

=== ca i 1 k. k f P 4 ~'~ ' .y m,.--- w,-- v. v v - - ~ '- --- r- ~~~~"" ' ' ' ~ ' ' ' " ' ~ ~ " ' ' '

1 L_ m, = ___ _ _. _. ~ _. _m l / w e s 4.= *t a e e w. g 5 e*e u p c ; i *6 = j, -6 x -w o,,6 .e.,c ter wps ; =

=>.6 w

Ne e. = ez - - u, =. - c., ia,- t.= =- - _..e z-

r..

= = a . = -..=- x.x c. r= a .. -r u i . = - s, =e =."., ;g s =. 2. :,,. = ~. '.u, =,4 u c

x=...= :.

m =* ez = ~ - ", =. = .e. a= ,ra=..,,<.._m. s. o =,- * . =.c

• r..

x,, c ,-e . si. y w.--.- .~ u z gw s re,- =. 1,_e: u n.. ;.= =-

r t.,:= u r.r 'n.

f- .=. z =

-.

u =. ,w .s a . = = . -.. i, r -u-te c.._ y - - = =. - =- =.,,... ,6 = - 3. .r -

b. I gk

$h z E,. .h,."E _,^ *= .h.g 7. h. :h e hb .I .Z 4 u"9 e-e =*-,x. a; =, e c a. s = 5 - = = - = > = =. - = =- - .x - e T = 1.,; ', $ =. ' E N 5_ = I, L E E.i , - S_ n ~N h I, $ h 3. 5 I l

• 5. x " 3 = d 4 k I!

A E - x "i i l I "5 ?*.5 > x ~.- -5 5, '$ :w,= e) E.Y <E E * *:, =,.. = g "_ 2 ;- = s.== u, E = g ~. 3 F - '. - N.E E E *E

== es - h. = = s tr.. w u= e-5 qCz - 5 5 *E : =~.:6 = =. eye 6, y =6 3 w c e = r :: . 5 r =.==..=.r -9u.*&-ce. .: =.. =- = 5 r-

e J, o P.F .= L, 2 x x e== - 4. * * > =., - = n C ** q

• 4"

.r ",.= ; - r.d = 2 = =.=w. g, .- = w e .-P = x s.,,m. - e.= n.= . =, = 'l.,:. =.y =. y.e. - ,=.x,; e. c

i. z-

= 6 -.6 .g x .M"=*1.== ,=5 , - = = z es =. 6 3 - = =. - 3 e

r. u n ~=..y.G. w,c =,=.

T "a=525" ,k t,.

.5, = > ~=

r. -S ~- .x

• 6

u.

3 - ; -= r.=. ~z ~ n.=- =- f. c e, a e. ? = =- a s -= a =- = v. = ,,=.,.-=..r.z.,.-=.z..=.. r ..e...=.- =_ c y. = =- g. ~ .x., y Cr,- - e,6 x~

x. 4

. -, m. u- - e4 5; - ._w. ,=. c. s s- ,.. - z = - _a,e f, -e u ew ..; ~ 2 .e.- v: a -==.7 - -4 C = p - m a.G :_ezE 6 y. x ", _.= u. ? ,, r,.,'== =. g.b

• =

4 m,,. _ =,,r",,,, c4 -w

• .=

= a .,.= - =. m r c . = = ee = = "e =., = := 2 = -g. * .^=-- r*u

r=#

~ of .= .= z z >.4* r,.,=- g - E , ===.= c-g.-.r . z.=.= .z -a e; c_

,.

s = as 7 ,. = = = -- x = 4 .z. 5.= Y c e,.a t, n-.. .s. v u =. = - -,=*g, u z...,..n r. e , =. n.r s =.,.,. /*.E. = .._ _u , _ b =. E -= n. .=f*.=-- .,.,.=,. T _h _.... -...= = ~g =. 2 I.*. ret r.-=x =- E, -. I i. "' A P = z n=. "~=.."c,,,,=<=z - r. r

== - 2 ; -. s..:.==. =j

e...

o,, .== C" E x .a._= . ia .C.'.s. 2 - - =. - ; - - s -. .z = L ea x = $.= 3 ~ ~ -5 $.Y E f. ~ O 'T_ -- C. = =,

e...s

, Y *E "r = = "3. - - ,,k.= e = el = C8 T 8. 5 ei==- .*.h ~ af b U E ei =.==,.=. c, ".== = m, s = = - z S 3 : s z-e

• --=

- h 2 x. r 5.u= -e. ' - " = g =P.e 6 a g = f a. =. 3 g = E 5 f. 3 $ % -- O $.P ~ --

f. u = - e9 6 =

• x

.= - - - - -_.5.= 2 a.2. 'c -I. N.= 3 e4.= Er -E..i.

3. ",; 8 -3 $. k r = _! I 'r ~! /. E E E U F

_ - I *.. s ..=i...

== E-- s . "E. ,5 = - E :. ~ u= @e.k

== f - E -5 f. 5. "= ""=. h x "". ~ ~. 3 P E Y 5 "" m

• h.

N = !, ,b - $Ei E ~ a n... s$,. r. ..s.= c.,., .t..- .r.v. . x.

~

e = e t i' I.. d T 9 x -, U. r.*= r. - .z'. _k L - .1 . a

• ==m-c..x !

c _s L 7 %_ r k e uN v..-c, =. =.. x w

5. r.

t E. w,.r. = ? u# e c n... e _e .- - ~ .-,....> u _,. .s w i. a. g c..u, .a a m..-

f..s ;

g =. =.

x., r,..- i -=

.... = :-.,- =. C,,. ; * =.= - = =:. =_ - c.. < .n y-.

e. t u

4, -- ;t...- , - e.-- e y.,.-v=- , c.*. L - = =. -.= w .e -.T y u =.. -.= -- u_ =. s 7 x = =_-- -

u. :

r -. m. r --n . = = z.=, x-e=

• x;e x

- - 1 =. 2 r. r = ;,= '" r.-..= -=.= 7.= 0 ; e. x ; ; w==. = e n t=- r.-~.zt-e ,6 sm = ; = =, ~ ~ + = =. ,=. = ~r a u ~ =~--a m. u.a. a e =

. =.=

,,5 a.= $

• f =s ( r, -f E

, E -E I a i Q g ~p -a ! $ E

• C tr

= 3, = i.E 'd D $ ~ =9 =..= - C '. 9= . ~ = = g. r., b 7 - 5,=5 L 4-o. -,. = -t ~u -,P E , E E. [ - C. - = t= ? O 5 =C*7t. =.;. ~- 4 =.58 =. s _5 E p u f 3 7...:. C C F C 7 t. . G ..=-G".,.=.=r- = - =- e.x

-

.x. u. e - x = i.: m1 4 ,"<1.- =..= <= x y C . _.. - u.. g r - g - C.= e. - z - r - s - u c, t ~ = ~- r=2 =- =

• e.x = =-

= 5.,. r

• t= - = 5 s

e ~- 3 ~. =;,,,. : u_e, = 4. tr. p '=. - 7 1. : +1c =. d -z. _x u. =. = z. -. = ;z,- e P. e r . s e e s.,., ,s a - or - w -. e z .,.~,e .x, .- - =.., =. m. ~. x y z .s e, ,T r .~ g - - =- .. =,.. s.....,,. e. a z a t =.:.c t.... .,s y y

• . = -

a .z x .~ cE. p 7u .=.2".,..-i =-- ; x *= ..= m z,. - - =- -= ..... -~ c.

e. -

-z - - - -- y = ,x e r.~ , r~== .4-*~==z=.,, -.., = 1 x. $ x.. yu.E,o -. n m, s u y,=- = = E- = -

.

uE ?, ',.= = y C * = - e. 6.

g

,.4.= . 9 = y s%

==_v.* t:es9 o w s - C

• n k.y.= ~C = =,

= - - : - s. * " 2 : =.= = = u. = . ***..=?-32g~E'g 6 E u.E E e==.

• . ' b==

- -=== =.5 z - 4 = =* 8 = = * --=. c rE4.3==.. = E y s c. 2._5 .= T. s.h,= I E'r. u E' k_ _; 'E = 2,. =. -< 'd 4 )

E.E d

a .Y =W-m e* - - ,y f g e G.. Z a.. e. - p r,, l ^ - e. g =g op w' Y S b e3 s = ~u r's, z.- 6.=~--.c : - c k u = =~ a. =. 5-u 2 9

y:=, f,, 2 M

=e x .,.r.c *.=. x >,.c. *, : .= e : = w. r-m - ..=r. s.

• x.

m. =,.. ..= - q = g. g. m . - */ # g ... = = T "= 5 -.-- -. .4# .= $.o [ - = *.. = - E. 3 u, h M-.. tt.p x C,.. kx s- '"' => " 'Q ~.

• r.

b. r e.=

• M v

b G -.= 5=~=~=..,.,""C5,*.".=u E t y.2.=.=.. 3d h,s *,= =..C.,g i J L.,, =.===w r *E .= =- -.,.,.. = # ..=L t .t + r g. =.. E .=. - G - F =, - = g z g r,E y.s 2 E.2 5 p :.- y = ~ ; = - = a.5 n 2_.: - EI =. z ,r.r - -- g,,-.,= y- *O .~:-u e m.ae- >,e -- J , = m u- =.M -4. .t I - M a g E 2 3,=-=.,-k"=*w= - P. "=.b.,. 9, t., :,. > T - g C "4"- r F. G 3 = = # w g-m w & - 8, AI

.

==,=.="4 ^ z = .2 e au* g y -r.

• E.

u=, = h. g 2.E. =.]a -E ; b M y.E " T eS U" =

* = M

7* =.: q =.,5 =.E."C.E.g 8w.E. u :}- - .e O F 'Q" ,-c.="...-M. e. "=*e A-s.'. a= -E.E,.= 8.k.b g g 6 E" x s =.: a .b.**--P. =, n z * - - .-.E.T.-. - f* .G. x.f,,. 5'. -E. 4. >,k.* E"- .-#.#3 S .M ep. r . p e, e. 9 w

• • b -

= g, = ,*e =. a. m e;.. en Cr # C.-=- q e.e ..a = e4 =TCe "s=--- = W e-.s 2 = -= = u *s..@: t *b " - g I a .. = L.* -.% y -p w g 4 k.= O =. ~ E =3 e

• - E.4

.. ~ - -z *= 1 r =

• b".=

E' ~.*G:=. t

• i

$ C. =.= b =* z = ** 4 - 4d w.d, =. =.4.. s aS= G m.=.= . se G m..=. e.=. C 9 C . = a

e. 3 e.s..

= G - w w b e e k L P l r -u-g-- v_

J \\ i 1 e ? L a__ / 1 I I, [ t2 -o awaE a9 2:

• =-

=o -se 3

• 2 f.

t "2 ug * . d,, ). ) =c ,5 x.ge t - o 2' o = 4 - / ag y. u,g gy.= ge m,, g i E- =w 1 I I l., g > / uke a = T ,a , *o =- -e o 6 [* b ~ 3 i* 4 $. 2 9 '.s _=.ih; E-m a \\ .o, i .,a - =., .5 ;; =- i.J.:e i

a. s-n 1

.a --3 i J l r

s2 g}e

e.

4. j ? ' % )=o<.o A 3* N e!

.I P .st I \\ 9 / o 3,, s I u .1 ,e c.. = x z. a

e. a.

8 =- l / c ..Ct e l 3 ,; e4 3- = f-e w = t. \\ N.i.i o.. a. lz . = - =x s n + .= x a t.

k 4

.1 we e e .6 => = cp ,y ,=aE .,s, m - a i o e ,x,.

== \\ -Q u- ., o p =

• 2 C,.*

.x=

• a.,

1 u N 6 p. n; -g + s E :r 6 i \\ f Nf (".' O } (' I l R I.~E E l i N 5 s i ? I \\ \\, 'E l " E ip f.I ~ 3 ['i l /z/ i t =t.- ec s - 2 : =,, 4 l \\ w7 l g' ie : o 9

e.,

.J -E t r-w

z a-x i L

k x, e - 6.= = r$. i" -5 3 % ~5 E E P ,..Q iI

f. :

"'. = I, 8 %i / f 'q 2 .( -. x. E.h $5

u. t..,

o c .4-.,: w r==.e.

n..= ~k v

=- = h'. d -. - s' = 03 C.=: * ] s

. e.a.

r .4

r

= .x.. . =

• v 3

>g =y.r x

=

p jf

a. ;..,M >.=.r=. u r E =. ;. r u,e w a x..

r g r-x

.=

3 -.E. x r - - r . = = = L-.=. =: e .- = r, =

-=9=. _. : v.x. y -=.

a

-,3 u=*-=e-

=- c >,x

. =

w u.= e >a = e a - r = =:.;,2 = sc . 6 = c*=-,.. .c. - M _== a. - -V - c, - :: s :, t =- -= - ,s

g =-.=

.. = .= 3 - =.. a.=,,.-.,=x.-

=

J.. _= s, ~r x - = _. -r. r. =r-- x r e a e e r

e. =x

. = = - si;,. -. =. - F. 7 5 : 2 c =- w.- --f.- 0 ca-r = m :. r i; =u -. :.,. =.,x.x.; r n

-(

.,;.:. x. x ;; s,,- :;. x

- =- - g.= : =

e

.r - - =x 2 : , e~ es 5,= - e -= -g r x e u

.-.=. e se a

,x . =...= e4, ;. E-4=eu = :., :. ,.r r. ., = s c .s n r =. - ..a _y _.r. = 7. _g i,;.=... -5"r. s r -z -- <<.2== 2 5.. n - & x. a e - : c, -.= "e e,, = ;,= e,.= - s :: x s x - = a = --.- - =, - = t- " u ^ ~,,; c ~. E $ N N. ~,.= ;. - - ;:,,-.. a e = e, e3 - =. = a-

.. x = y.

_ = w.g = - - e4 2c . =. u,,,, s = h-e-=5==r: r ~ .. =~ =: :. c 9 9.== 3 a 3 .c a - c - e g u, C - ! 2 E.5. im ' 3Yd -- e k = b.l:

• =

E f ~ " l* . : 'E .t O a e : '- x :. w ~k C 3 ei..a.=.,,;,, c.= c :. -e.. <=

f==

= z== =.=- ;==~

. -. - C 2.'t,c.e =- = r - ,i = s x== ,L.== -.. J t w x e z .c. .d x u a..=. a* a =T. T u x x. . -=..=*g.. = =.== n-,= u .., r.x e i ..==.c=,.===g=.2 = =-se s 3, r - - za c ar =. - - e. =. r ..= =. - - - =x - e 4.r==y = ,.. x.

p. =-

.=- = 0 = f, : -(.= ;. re. 3," ; ..r - :: =. n. , - E a .C

t. = -5 b r,== r r

x x z - t,;. . =. 2-:. ,a u: ~- c = <.= = :. =x z .. ;f C e-r = x ,..s _ : ~= = c 2.=

u

= $ ;: %. 7 -.T5 w ~3 = 3 =.=ilC m - *. E r =.f "=.*: 5 = =.h ; E,=;.'==.t "~'

• 7 E *=*. 2 g; u W'4

.- = = 3e e r =.2 n =; =k E

• • = "

.= s: .= ve x =.:.: = , - =, e 7 % ' -= r i =e =x . r s - - .***:.=.. x, ** J =r. - = y =.s. s ~ ~- =' h= x a ,-M*= -*I w .b,~ ,,A,,, Q,,,.= M =r-,," = b y E b - w k

• 5

- e - e z..== =. e..

c..

3 7 k.,=a==._.f f, I M i, x, c. = " 2 d E 5 ~. 3 "= E = '", = "". A # 2.. -, = h ~I h $,. % *' I f W* 0 k.a a = - E =. - r

-., i"* e

< 1 = =; y ? ::.: ,,e _ : 2 ,r -. = 5 =h 5 a=.m = o ._ri r" =- = C-a;, -.t. =.=:, : s = is, e C : '- .=.,e-s, = *,.= x.= a= u.u.,r = _=.: a. x.. := = = e.,,, _.e = -~~=e e ... s.d 7e.d E' ll:,, x Z*= ,. - - = -..f x =F w. =.X - r =N Q -f =a ry = .s,.ll: y, a%

• * ;; L.= 4 -

= 3 ~ p " =x -=. '" :* ~- 5,., *3 g S g f =. = 3.J . w X ,5 rT *.., *: E = uM g.==. 2E s# =j4 = ".(- u a2-

= -f s v.g.2 5

=2 . = c e c. - asrg2seu.a v c g = =- = a - er - *

• o=N

,= ~=. c r u= e.s ~=3 E z aw* =-, ~ 6 z z r.: =.1 a = c - 3 = . E,el 4

• E. =.== llll*. =.=: -:: w.e e,, o

r..- Q=, =- h *G

- -m I= - = =.=. -;r = G =- =I ". - G =x*: r =

., * =

r.x,,.= e,,. Ne ;, x e3, r en .,a e=c: r x.=. e $,r := n => y g. e . 2E - <y. r - x'. E l.'2 e 0 -=.C. ' ' E a a2% - e4 (xe.r e.- b"x 'E _j I I 'l lE E =5 = E -$ ~ e. a. . h - c =-3 x pt rb i.' * %.k.E 5 =: =ii wh I .m 513 I," E E2 E ". "E =, 3 'n ; =.3 E';. "=.I I,*c*.]f's : e 2 2 's 3 : ""=~c5 5 5's P "; 5 f "I". **= 3.= = r m ^

- - r J'

=-, = =.

• r=i o :

M= f = =:- ' s 'i C : $ 5 5 ** 2 i 3 k 5 2 3 5' ".7 Q= -55 N "A M 8 E 2.~ k "j' 9 ' =. = . = = - - -M-$ b C =# r .I r a j,g = d. a .&

• a E i

5.=7.a s u = = o E t #3 c4.c a: m=.v . = a _=.=. =2. :.= c.3 :Ea a

=s=: =

.= -

=e==. = r

a. : s,l;n s, w

• a s.

' s e x = s = cas l B h F I b .e-- m .gy- .r -~mm w-mv e-- e e .EN* '7 --'v l l l l l ..j

-m, s e i j 10 OCCASION AL,l'Al' Ells Mll5F.tal OF NATUtt AL titSTolLY t.tnTIJt TON tut.OGY OF 'IllE cit W HTT II l site, enn I iougle suany momlwrs of its tulony travrInl to ollier l ,,3 wintering sites. Of.'1110 gray hats baininl dming hilu1natimi in , fff ' cave 5, exueir wite foisint wnstering elsewlwee nut a 11.yrar pilieul. ny. s < - - ~ 'a-f - I Dming that time 152I usuveries of thew hats were made in case 5. ' s -. _f. _ -- - g - - 3 8 D In the ninter of 197.171, 22 hals b.uuhsl at ravr 5 in the winters i of 10m01 mri 19GI-02 weic foumi stdl ming t!uit rave. Of ilwse, O' i N h '} p two had Iwe1: rapturext there in five dillest1st wintres, four in four 7 's, / \\ wintres, sesen in throc winters, atul nine lhn! Irrn lomul wintering TENN. " 4* y f s0s e ""* f for the first tiene hilK'O tbc )t ar of lhetuling,13 alut 1-l yours CarINT.

• • ' O f

i w N C. l se j Such loyalty was not uni <pic to cave 5, of a total of 6150 ar-I,'] j mveries nhule at the three major uintering ouves, emly snar hat was as p ~ ~, i, trcovered at more than eme. 'Ihis hat, a juwni!c male (lhuuhil 7 g, g -- - *~ 7 I 'a A, t g,' j July 1970 at tage 13), was hitninating in cave 21 eni IS Alateli 1971 but was trusvered as an adult two years later hilwTnating he Cave

ALA,

'-[s ~ g) S C. t 41 (11 January 1973), 'Ihese d.ta, I frei, tuovide signdicant imli. cation of loyalty due to the large (N :: 261p nunder of imhsiduals %p[ )N from colony Zi resuured lub.,nating in two or nuire winters. All g ollwr cohmics denumstrated 10t4 loyalty to their wintuing sites [, .g { 4 / eben tlu> ugh many luits urre remu1cd in at least thrre winters. M IAyalty to Insth hilwrnal aml maternity cases is further slumn \\ l hy the numlwr of rotuul trips (from snateinity case to winter rave ss and back) recordnlin this study. Iletween caws Si um! 5, Ifi$ sm h ) swivements were acconfed, with 61 hats maling two round trips ] an.! une foural making three. Sisty round trips were recorded tw-tween cases 25 and 21, amt 15 hats urre shown to I ave made at least two. Thirty-nine romul tiips urre recorded twtween caves o....,,,,,, 6 2,3 aml 41, with seven hats making at least two nramt trips. Similar s ..c , j results were obtained innn other colonics escept 69, Irom which I I

"*"**f,'

i only 10 rmuni trips were recorded (twturen Florida locahties aml j \\ i wintering rave 4 8). o as so c -- - - - - - --.,_g 1 I s A PATrFMU AND15stlNG m stovDit.NT ) ,g,_ llegardless of sex, age or gec-traph.c hwation, all gray hats Q 4 s'D g/ /FLA.\\ N$t \\ / ( 4 nunni Iwturen <uhl hilwrnating ( "es ami warm ununwr caws each spring aml fall. Confirnust ron.al trip novements s arint hum es only 17 km one way (case 45 to case 41, see Tahir I) to migratium N b H" *"'" "I ad"I' k"*I" I" 'I"n> 23 d.ni..e 6 migesimy of as mix'h as 4Ti km (ruhmy 09 to cave 4l). Almt giay hats ann-inimh (2n it."ilell Sta el 21 Augma'"o"Nmnaticr) el 1970 u t Numlers { gregated m. only three wm. tesing <-ases, apinodmately 123.0(C i..d u n.,m. m u,...i % y.W,A n,c. in n e 1. ~ d hibernated in cave 5, 230.000 in case 21 amt 1.500.000 in case 4 8. In winter tirse caves, all of the unumally nuel t> pe destrilasi in daail clMerr. Sc-al n mu rie s of adult females from alune, may cuntain nere than O(N of the gray hats that lise in the FloriA lum-6dlow tvpical patterns and are sla>wn in Figs. 5-7. j southeastern United States (south of Kentucky roul cast of the As nwnh.onal alune, at Icau a sniah frach.on froni cad mluny Slississippi Iliver). Although Ilwre are unne ses and age differ. was fmuul hif ornating in c.wh of the three wintering ones; low. cuces in movement, adult females from colony 25 were illustrative of parterns of movement for the northern ookmics (9,12,25 and 50, crer, only colony 25 was ucIl represented in all three. Nearly all bats from culonies 9 asul 12 uintered in cme 5, wlmrc 11 to rnuv-Figs. 2 4). A clifferent pattern of winter behavior was observed in Juveniles and in adult males from Florida ami will be presented cries were made from mlony 9 amt 1828 were made from 12. Only i 1 1 "R ~ ' ' ~ .,rr. -- - -. \\ ,y,,_ -1 5~ M

3 I r r ll ( I[ I i" e ,i wgwi , or r e 3 n yt a e 3 s o n wh edt in or r to u a n H 4l a n a oe d u c pmf A ^ g, \\' Y,,, - ( s. W,w c l. is c peo e m. 5 .v ah ( g o 'o & t. i n t y t ts h q n a e o s n T , ' v j [p, t i s u pe A e." ',K Pyh rm A s htg i. " 2 h bt e l j ./ g e y' y't l ,o ,L h n b d" 7 ,s s Y s l r atrh w guni A enI t f ue#3 s oc n 'g i 'O " 7 7 C ,o a" h 9 h y _. [ Wtg I" 1 eewr E a tuu ,t e l ., u,\\ d t o 4 = lI' n oo) a s 0 O i mm a ig ba"wi r r r 9 F a. ytc

g. l n u v 3 p

~_, o,O O r ei S Y t ( , s. g t g oriF A p. I loF tad ( d/g i - l q K s r d n gt r () 8 .

• i 4is "I

ee O ')' iI 1

• 1 b" t)n"me noni s

n M r mu C r r e c s F h AM#e. a a h e a N n gf t rl t hd h n. l ,f. O t'p a ogai

• c t g

c d i.e; ,f. n w ld s.u ni t u i e o r qiowa Ul y e_ t _ e n s owes g t I. m. Y e. nw tal s n l O'l g.

• r i

cofd e a ' s.fg b N '" *i. l' A. ~ h a v . TQ ( "ny giwel gia m n o s. i L r c c. b8 " ne hb ~ A / ,\\ 2 ' u gt le m S s n ab k r l I N1n"l -i yr )t/ a I .n tsl n = et k i a "l.e a a a i - v t et ma <n pt I g v e e m 4 )r k, m v. lt 1 . nemle tes r ge ,f M58. ine8 s edrl - s. I,il 5 37 lb niet mu r u. s 2:1 sl e a 9-vv u1 igi s i a t wnh no 4 nmn t i a e dl Felmoh trl nit u I da a o o r i nl a I r c s r A gar r ul o ce ccfr ei9 t ee 8 u ra( t if mp nsi c C inTn u oiwu n u n. v n y a n,i rN n

n. m l s

t t s n8 h u ee r e aat au 6 6 a :. l t t I e t1 tn(5 n ph m oi Ii Y w l 7i1 t r u gaun sheie r 1dh ui4 l s u 9l9 t e re im i a r "e c C e 0 ir t s ml 7, c dl a t r v 1 a i ineiwem t u e .de O e 8 n n l n n . e n ,2 o ahenen a T s int t i 1 t n .t r 0 e a 5 o t w t n wd o rJ w 1 l n ), m oh w e ) r o n niu .a 7' nFi6f l n i ir21 mm2tlr 1 e ly r e nr e l s s ,t a w lTW7 er 2 u.e ett 2' f a t ) e m n r i t.f a e L e 722. ld t t sl lc g5 i W 0 1256 . n r e et os ml e s l oomma miy tai n sbi l 7 7 nhit Fl e h ml m,t e A os 5 lgo. y ,h 9 31 r r ene n rt uFfi gut ns t a g i u t eT r _ e c e r e in n in( <5. aam2 ut t 1 a _. mna tu e pi %l71 mhi ol u de1 n inlle C( t tuna mmtiiot! mht m gi g i e 2b g w7 on. J n b H s n e s 4 yd

s. ri)

T le ). h l i g il l n t s 1 r r s n wf ina niTv h s 1 1't i w1 n uogah2id rmnwoa sieFn i r a r o 6 tnmtll ir A r ninI a .dg ol, t r p geil o 1 tana i,c ige nl ta s. r en gi t s ,i

n. 4 s -

en2l nn nf 5 oi mS N me n ei.n l gs e 7 nr n r n bt ya s y mi .F m a m r n c eil r nll as h r eepe en n 7 wl ml F u( i r r r n 0 r r s a i r O Ts uh mmu or inn 3 m nei s i tnr isN 1,h nh e t is i g g 80u0I. eI rl mc me v ca rhl .r 1 c i ml aTad loeem6F tmedt ri) i paa i a2 o lunr e al i( r m et .l f 6 9l i r pf mp o u 2 2 it t s s s r unt nr w5 e. 0l U nC E N n n1,to tnuml ,( i nighiol ct o, eastfuc8 7 n n, m l wb ml nic aF o o ecanl ut myg3. s a f t s f a) n. o g. e l ul i Fn ni iuogi lw e n. h r t n e M um 1 f7M lo4 r r r )0 S E e l o cr r w st u U e u 2 i9i eenT amTmc y ri ya c l e ) n r nrt rl is 0 o o inv d ot - WInwonl i m ewt m rcn5 a r l. 12 c a n. mf. yer u n er cs a mei o ena yt es i ui f i aht n :1 ed(ir E sit t s eir e2 r l leS u e ns s I e rt s l u nn 6 rg oa u cnw mast rl toue 3ll wc etin( I e n e o n n t e 783 _ af r u r r r a l' e. s 9 432 _ e iniht tn8 c o el r f

n. t w i

e n eea im. h o r s - yr t 1 r e 23 s e2gn 2 u mi t n e I.m8 nl oligl uywni er v n eh n f par t n i e nIh 7 t s ln9 eiowo A ss h u yinoe ,a as a t anr4 e nn nnc n if n ,ti t s ce r P. r a e ei e A tf e a e tam t dn2 pnt nwgsri b r i 2 r yt ceo er ee f a - 1 nS2t l e s r mk N aa l f eh w ph l ne. ni el nys r ineeh a f .n r p p nwntlyi oli yywritceymci ys awh ni t a rt t ir l i tn e a r N onitlmt n csd t od e uf As 1 n e ui ta t.Ll r f nl h nrl mt onmscale e F o ol oir t ) I e ... _ h u O t = s i nt e rh t r i pgd mwh a s ,i o7 t ch a. lal a8 im w a l. t i 1) o n ,7 en cl omi8, mb,t t r S e n nut ,i gt e ol a a gl r n lnr2 i o mhl S n ycdt = m m,lwl e oet!t gmu r r e lr r n a h C l ~ * ", o1lAiC ,f n. s a sll r tmc(lm. l g i emmcgmtdiucdwal m,i k t a t e5 o orbi e amlor r a a u t s 0 m a u )I mr mdaat ml 0 C n ui s ni me nl d t e edl a t i u o eCl n s llc ne ull re O 8 e h u an e r s e n caet a e nt 1 c md oh I r2 t cul r n gi ,f ou ue eA a l f r ia ut iFy ma f r s oi gi i s ns l f t Dah r r b e r s el eettn mt. es r yT ar =E 4 u ), Teat tupnpn , o e en)hllol e m ad m t e 58I a l s an n 24 r ace n h epn u-ia pia ai31 T =' Oc1( t mluer 2 A h i 42cmuwc fi7t aFo t r( as n rt t at u(tr 1 7 l 1i5 l ,i i l ] 3 ,1' j jl

1 i1!

1 F

,,i ih l' r I I q 5 m

y. 7628

= - m2, .f 4 nt,l e2l r1 rs o ee5.h4 enh es s. no2is uli h isg ges egs. w. et.. e5 1 rnlahn meoeia r nr nl 4 mOiusTvi 1 o a r, r l lal 2 g( h 1 a u . a 9721 pe i sl 2 tnI p t ,l p gnme od i Jr 0wiwrume u .h r mA i t s = mdet r i2 rm1 e2. m _xrg mnes a a eu te .hg3 aya gua eo eS nsl sdif ahil a s r r gf 6nt s. c5D, c r 0 a a s s r5 sl ci t s c o2 0 ct e2a ewl 5 s r2 oef nce o,n yl e, n s.y ic0llCg i un 6 a r n plia c i i u h p f at e y, a i r n s u e s et y0 n s ocas a ucn r e r l o 2 caI a uw i w y wd. t oada t s a m3 v y ei s a r .c.,00703 a I 21 s An s l m urd c i sh d ab T n .rg w o 7 a ,e t rN gl g7l 75 n m mi s n I' 0 gc sh 4 i59f . i yl n lmnnIln61 2it u ersf tnan lu, p<t or e nd t po n c A r nr eouc ana ue e B s t e d n1 u l ml aLi t cmnt a a a e 1 r 1 mw rb o e Y o -. vmni r ,mh o e a r l i n t f a 5 a9 nht a n. 2_ w ouml o t t 2lw0Oga o r goEg a wt s A x r irf7l nht ca gml eu a f J814is ' r r it R r r a gwge) n i n p lu e al f c,h os2,ue 271h S g g ne _sg C o . n .ir ieia coat s a gsl s n s nl Ae ni r r et m. ul mul is n c rni) el7 imgl n le2 ye or 3 gt n omaI i lm7 pt 9 leic ;eia s a!( E r r i 7 r a1 i s r 1 ht s h r ptn ut .u cIh 2 s ai u t u.c ey lans e m5 gon cf 3 taf o r rt a ee r t h e t e s h n 2ne2c wf i ) il a es eg T a= hie rl nu nabt ah f o I ac r r wr mingr e 2 usi e n ef li) n g r r e e 1 ei F i ct c u, a r, 0212I t t I r ns lm m7 a ua nl c a NmZme l 3i i ycwm.nlws aa r r O , n tri fin. m m ynd a s wn cwa)i =ui in c n el

1.. ry 1

lua u a ud ns n(i : (h dt i s w u: t al i e Y s u h .h is ar) i m l. awgmu ,in 2 e: tnic g2 r Xl n n ar e0 n5 d s2 sNt e s mion0 r naia5 n G so s r 0 u0 l in slis O. eowllj tar t wnc(l onIrcit e r( ai io e u23h rrue a a a eg l ns 02O" a.g 2t n n. 7 .a pt 2 fonc a ns t e lak a s y o o., 1nAl ea cipa pe t gs -a enn i s pu h c a i ah c 1 f i r 74 s s y e rh e mtoem gi s 972 drhyounla C ,ai2Mcn g et mlyil n7 em tml is t r n a n nne3l F. .-n t a r Tl r mt e0 mo s c emr n tlp a h gs I u amTloceint r s0O N ,.. r r a e s a a h0 e c h c( nnanil w a gt 5f r n n g b m n. U s r pt u e O a f s I n go l el gemn a n ni e es < e e i n s Mig od Ot our et wh luimf t o r r l a u me ts r r m uf wh a ,a a u r t s r ol I 208 4l lyns inh ter n7 J ud u o us e l f A'. o 1739' f i nl J a ut td I u. , 2527D' i ii a. t a 7 hul st nld g e s sk r sdl o Adf paa a et m. fos ler ow anlhf P g ph a t u wt e i n ei , oe 5 r s er r al U ,sWt t h nmu nm s ir a ws e talt 3 wh mwf h a aa ul Gti ti s t talyet k .e o O n l gl ah n muh u a n yt n g a)f k r e e sds m l A luI 5 t gh f P l i is ct n c u nf m7 t a iph

n.e h munI 7 0 rl r9t 1 n n

e l l n t aJ u o5 f s. u0000 lirh yml al in p7 a wg r ,h ol a

i dil s

u is rAI inM ta yt git m7777 t ut e I s s t s a II 1 s 9999 dl n u mml n iN luk i d r w g n ygdt,oo I1111 a r1 ac i e 2 o gmi 7 r.. gd a itdnNh nA, g ,i i s i or h a9 ehi mt a ip e ic l I a mia o el 0I lo ),h 2 . r r r. y e t ml l.t r y u1 M tad r e wt a 6 lAf wgm oms at u e ppppa mpr e u t dt a

u

's un2 is e r p y ,, AAAAh l a ait i yt 2 aNri vl

r t

u pt u mc l o ur a p M o m s d w yb yT m ob n , 2N80M lat oapaA% co7 6 u si s I ' h manjWr s e m mt r d pI a n e u a s (f f ot a t r or h enl l I t Jr62t s hl w g; 1 12 u 1e, a n-siI f lf ,t, s c. o uot s a ecu. r s sndeig t rueih s l f u w it e dF s o nine n O . p C. C3 - k C. j- . es. i n s' ot u Y a ion a r it tnt r ci t N 5 g ~ J s - is f a u l g sbma r a S i .t s igwn l A g c s l , V, e. i s n . w e a c o erd l t eena s mr e e 7 t o pb g I. /- - / \\){ e. a a s ma = A

r. etaeti g

f ei g l / n orh " "v " ', __ b le i nu l in i og l b ehi t gs ml ~ )\\ e t o a A rkl tl c_ a.n i 5 h e." a' a s k e / nh U 8 & I' tai ; u it f% F e r l m2f in r u T 8 v*

• a" N n e 4

yd r j'. l .td w emea N A. a .t e1 L\\ mbe c e hh ge F N G h79r.l f o rY t O p t O ul. m i ,m. e n1 Aan t nc mo ha I l ineh t h s \\ f S -di' 1 ( a t4 U sal r , i c tmy y eas r t s E r gea u r a I e ku e a e o e g,r ul m ala% t' 1 I I

• I c

p;mf e n y nm i psee o a y efl S II m f oue f avf hi m, ee e J / R

6. tm1 *=s eclu c t

satk 4l - s e E . i n rd P r a s np. et c _.,' e / h eA u A /- oak s n t r f u ee6 e Ng,_ P. m L t e2 tams t P e s v fem.a s r no e. n L f nl A f e - r lm n ds tee E i ur d2 e N T L Y-y r s S l t nat a O a a u f e t h I ( nS wN ls goat C a3 e y. o a epn c n A U e\\ - 2t ee la .l icl i

i. r r s

a ( r mh ymo C ~ A r g a ra s a O I 7 s 5 g ah en F h I l 5 . s i. oe c c ni iws e n r cenr s in h n ee gn nrt am loish i r Fuyt t s 4 uaa.n oh t eg e nh eb 1 s ens ct it 1 4 dj ]. js ' j:i ) 1 ) I } j j I i'

J (Il E'[ l I r' j i (' ,I I i s err tis yrf r.

r. t ses -

en w

i. I.

.I s5gg... nef 7 ) o0.l c r1 muha o ih ni ul eowea ceh mb ri c ilat u ,,o 0 7 y et e c u 1 9 4d1. nteanlrh e pl tk in. mtaammsl wl 2 t 7 sla y t w g76 r t or nt mng n u T'"r iuF ul f l 9 a h o rdl oaf s al e h r oei r cOaa I uo e 3 ie la ecgley r3f n pq)lemml t s cit h eiu6 a r uo mnucr pt1.Of o1.do s e' = r t ww i rl as rU,I9 9 y ( t l ee r;i t3 3gl e9 r t r e e 237 7 nh rl s ae i n m p> S u l e2 W n Xl i s oi l 0 n el rl a f enno ml tn ely1 t sat r ea r r I u ml o 201ia s nt

i. n a rb e o e oi 5

e pni nms t nge cumsofft s l r. bti s0 u e e o a c er te ,h pl c3o6 nt ne op e7 r T t l u t s ea=dt rS it) A l y-pn71 tpatr au s s h c s t a l e n9 e ielil niN ooiw nl nrNl n e ur mwntni=r nle mins c e1 r5 - wgel t l umNi s m aolf y l E r a wl m er hiet t Nga edt er m( e

s. t s nNe tne ro e.

rl Tf tn. mot o W r d wotrs h s ef wn pr at u r e mr rm cN f s os8 me r l t neOnl aaprWs ul a 22y rOl l 5l ee a - ehOi.5 e ,31 4 t I g ep ol i r cl et d w7hn t e i po, w2j eo Cp = [r a u G in e al 1 e.31f l n S pI mdi edyabaelpe ens, me eP ( s .a f r E l i. ei lmlls2y oi) a h a t e ti a e t e 2' ly gfeml i as m gt el rdmrr mS m. t ol t r l 3 i r a a l s nmt t a a nmw i r s ca ts r ins e etal i eucned ra i a c ,n ogwr in ah tea we 8i n5 ne lt l s e. cM* i r 3 l lu!t r eul I rd ol nh eolt f tet eni c h us 1 s l ,377y h c u n ir m c a a cerl nw t s a( r g r i. igl g nu i t el ann) umil ainc my nR r h* r e 1 O e m lm m nb A ell i s n e gi t yt a e ns m i3 o f i s e e mrohr i im B s. sl a imig t tla) eJthl ns e0t f s r T n o .ht sl a ni tot a ph t wr1 a c(f p oy;t r u ui n G

ta l.

int t t de h l al lwl rim.nTuc c s m n ai u m i e y r h :5 g eds r oF e M . n a s ro ra w nOluhl a asl r ) ppw) e twla l Ticin nl to ra w u. r'.N n 31my._ bwa m ngca i u sf2 nitl r nt 1 7 e oie nGs 8 n. e M t i u s

f. n

e. nh(

e ,g5 e ew nt i nt 3 al - ar ,2hl 1 i ps y c _. r"; H' a o f ua eor o pa t v. =

n. i a w

I r aM e f nr s twmtbe c et c 3l r u g )- . s r r t b vs eis0 a tr ie=i o r y a s a oonl let s a r int r i ur leM h 4 rl t tu7 o mge( et e Rs u n e, N n s .re ain oTnl 9t, t r f s Ha u rl u f n o pI a eml ml1 ep ruacw nu r n g o n N g, lee n r m _ e E 1 f t et it ne (l l r e.rwu ceol 1 iw7 o o t h r l o s e t 0y r Ai _. N,7 0 d y._ d 4 e a ,716 eent s l e nt mfomnar mrioe sF2 rl us ms e c 2 5 , 33 =n c s nl A, h a u c n m r. inonI nr n a tet 7ln tny n

n. i g

r trdf o wl ns _ g u jc wr i u n r r S q si i mgo. mrmemml i rc e r taga w wneAe n a a9 r _ e g u3Zs t 0fu8 l e o f jl rs e t1 r _h a so 5l t 0 imnn3W2f e e rpunltmti em.s ogh il lt enI - i t euh e nSit sfh r xC g a co1 miepi g 2 u ct a lI i r sl 7 la r r1 t h u tS n 3 r a rSyrd m s. h tl t : r mt memwlu) a 3 g o pr u g S 1 yf e aejegmi,amgefn o m Fi s1 aea u e s r of nh n w a w i. w. w r v t 7 rt c l t n w2. i sN. t u inrgletl 2I s l i eof ai o nr n l, e r a7 n 0 Tn ng pom3, meetshf oc i omla od w al s 1 i lt n ,.ie.t ui n n n . w )y A h i g w r) a2i)9 i i s ppsnDaia 7 y _ n N 1 o a iHiwN ml e2tell l msru i os e. m v9 1 ec uad r \\ t ahu t n M )n te1 e2. pnmng ownwh v yl ir 4(miea i T st t, a p a l lor r o a7 a s e e eiuil s w lnf af th1 w I1 g2 a S2Sffhl t l e!tt l2 9 r rt r le0. 5 s sde5f i7 4 ke a v2 o af 1 a sh a5 a c p s1 e mc5 wu i s n lt t int o hf ~ e o a e 2 e c f o Y - s'%g i 8o 4 s~ 0 . /~w 8 c~ I C. r r ystog d )r ynt 3 t n-S u oalu a 4 g a s . i d elb r s f.i l t e3 myomt h er g. la - r e as 1 v l f S u amN t s I. ,M \\y uyafb m m a b gi 1( i r - / e.. bh \\ s ats 0 mlcd) m ), a i.., '.

• t,,y/

n s ,~ g[ - A oi i e ad e. iu)d =. lt a H .B e lkt a N A.

a..

a* o, _' p t. U 5 lFs a ly 1mu0 5u r s 8 T aie 4_U pr oc1 2 c l A e yr c u t x As a mf ot 1 u=e s n O i m L! s G F s m.'1 g l y m g m3 i I'2m im mvn e gN s O t vu e o aA(l ms c i g s n fg le r t a; p aml e n U s ' g' c e t l 1 a t a e p E myu a sda2 n v ' I t /

s. 0, '

S a e u e s u a nngj l Ul I t f e gh i O r ( 5 S e I r h 8 lp e s e u t lu2 m w. yat 4 As s cin me o. la S dia lr s r RE a al s ts0 e ae 5 vgm s P f r y lue ch x a a en e .e r / - h n lt toslrdn oe r A P. ~ s" i' s if v eyr eeo a a! u cnbl g a ir2 c t I H r _- / \\ t r A e( r gna ua e f r edl i N mi mi t n er y o a. e p e s e O / ulel l a e m a r a us0 t uc S I r e r le3 omy A el anJ r A C L , \\ - pm r C A 6 of tei s e nlumad s 6 a er n ys v iMl i aee a .f y ~ l ,} .r r O t r o e yi3 met a ct t a aL rSl n Fwgm 2. owl I c u s d l u u d er n2 e3d S aN Sa a2h2a y I g w l l 1, ' , a l: ' 1( ) i ]< I [I jl(lIfl l!f l(l1l' l I lllI(l1l

t 1 L' t + s*.

t. g e -. ge

! ~d. * <-

• T* E 'k ja "C" a

- I

• =

3.,.: *. x t *uo 6,*=*,== e k,.- --c kg_u =, -S.3 r e e-

2. y g

h h. ;.*. c.= s ._=

• k 2 6 g

$ u,, E =,s.:.E.

e. :: -5 = k

= $ =N O= * $e.2, 2 = = c .4 m. <eu-r. D

• e

'= 2 =.3 " 3 - g, *by*g5 I

.= b *'E h. = 3*#. '==. = " !! T ES

.d = e. f:# <$g f

• 2

.C E = $..$ "x' E !"E. p =. [.$ a., nC ! 3 "=5 ks 63 L, < 1 =

• • "."'x=

= = n

• "Y5#.. s E 'C N N.5.a. k.- 1 -[

, I I 3 5' E =

= s.

=tI N.=. { ; e,. 9, 6.. ..a= .c.c = - =,,~c ,m e .a a.,. 5 a e- - g - e4 M ,y i,= - - y

a. -

e .a c. n.. ue an-x e E 9 h" u *e s $ =.3 d k 3 -3 l g I. = 3 i "," 't ~ 2 ".,o . Y = "E " -5 }. =_ <., ; T., f.: =)"o" i E" c,,.si, =E 5 .E c 8 k-B es u.=

o. D =,, c=.

= w, . u u = =.=,,g .u,ca p E = 3.a - rgC. u, =-22 -.,, en ",,,

r. -

r r =a a c... - e.a ,kgex =, =- 7,,. g g b. , =k e,

a. 9 :; ;;

= e x ~ en. =.- _z a- . : e j. - = t r-t - - m .? c " = 3, "e a s.- g. n a e e

:: 4_9_ :r _r r

u: = r,=; 4.! e o e e n g 2. = c.y-= =.6 p -. s.s e

==,e=.-ak = ei, -= = _ -. r = _ p s g-s.- -? .2. ; E i i 2.ei s%.. - : I.re - y r u, - f, g s, u* k = > c-ei li 'E E J E. = ".= - 7 = e e a, = = u =- r. 5 'T Eg s-s,- . =.== c = a., 5 a s , a :.,= 5.=, 6.1 - s.:

a

c:- ,e-

m. = =. =.:

y, =. e= t,,== - v a =... =.. u. r j. -5 , =,,., _

,=

e, 2 =... nu = = ~.- e.6 an- =< 3 =

• :=3 :.

9 3.= R..d $ 5 5 E. e~ T 'E 'm h d.N

• I 2 ~ h '.i

/ E$ h _ s '7.4 " $ ~"Y E 5 ~!*:553e I 5 a u v w. a c v eu-<ts, , :- = = .4 e e r.= c a =, - - - eg a,- ,= ,n- = Ii:,iuis.te~.,-: -is;r=*2=,c : 5-E s==,ti =7=, .a r = ei .c -. = - =a

. = -

• .V,3s5"

-5 ; 2.5 -5 E :: i.c"t6 A -i, A E ' i~ r x _k e s.= u. re-

=

n =:- = = s = -a g. . 3 _5 e. a, =.. = =. -.,. =.=; i =,=,i..: = c ;,. s c. c - E >= _a c.d.7, = -2u =_ =, c =, _ 1 s ;. _5 u = =- c

. e. :. _ -

- m.- . c.-;= T

= a.=,.,, g -= c =,=,,.., e -:.=-=k -.

.1

=.= 4 - Jc=

=:a i ..._E = =. u. . a .r ,. = ,g . g 3 EC It e .. = =. - r _- a- -rr.- -

==- c-u- r -. =,. - m .h - ? d =,,.,,"3 Y4===_ 1 = a -,.: 2.. r a,., -c=u.-ar - -aa g!!gt~u.=2=,ie s = E

• i'E g l = i 'l 5 E : I vk.= = e

= - =e .cr ~ r r; E. 5 - s, ; 5 = a n 0 :

• I ? E O a - a" l.5. i r = = c _=._= = 5 3 i 5.i ii. w = 5 I " e* ! ::E!

g.E e . =

=

p. x a c e =

w- ..== 3..

: -2,

< 3_..e. 315 s E E-3 .55-3Ein55385in 5 b E'E E

• 5 5 3 S E lin b.., 9 5 2 3 bE E U B. 5 r

-E5: i M 5 = *, "E 2. r 4 d ) ". f h, d E I Y h

x

= x E W =U AdN 5 .s _e a =;.c,.x = a, .N /, j =ee c \\'4 L. dI. -d g fj

• E '"

E '# 9 2i e,.' I 7 g.8.3.: =

• s o e

o., e-= = i ,=*=.k' s } \\ E .x = 1 I ) f 3 C' E d'** "I = *

• T chc.)

N [o, iU ' h,: D [ 42 4 X if g 3,,N .=, v.: h r~w =<y-end 7 2r t,- 't a s e i as c, e = i s 3 z so"o= o-a h ee r. e l g- .e

• u

'c= = i i

r. -{g.a" lg.

l o i =. / 9 I .,,,=.s=,g. y 5 t 1 3 5 - c.,. -- =- m 9.- !6 - E 6 g I-: E I - l .4 - 4,,,s.s E, = a N .h.- = 5n a 1 -( h '. qp:

• M C

a D .,..-a'" -.h 30 s , L p - s = t " =c Y e .e 4 d 3 = c i s ez -"= .c- + s l l 3,* $ - w c o.

y. #

= u4 g e e 8-l [ s g

• T o

4 N,. -= = " = - p =- c - o I ~/zW ',( j .s " =

• g c-

.e c n u n e. 2o l9 h l > u j iMi e = 2 A li C ina Z y ] get 9 x i -a > g y "i 5 E -5 9 i 1 ,s e Q E i: 5.c c 4

• g U $ <k o w{g

a. g C I

J (.p g g A p

• sg k

g mC

a. I.,,t.

y .@ $,c.. i "s. 8 = g r.e -l .3 i; e =- - et H 2 5 - l-R- I P m F -r ,y___ g ~- w

n r l'Ol'Uldido I Cof3N;Y OF 'llit: Cat W Il%T 21 \\ 20 OCCASIONAL PAPEllS htOSEUht OF NATtdtAL I!!S'IOltY 8e es (==

k..%,>.--.

--._,M en sit $.,' ' 1 ,a " l 4,p..i3' yr y.'" 3., :,,5[* Im ', ',- - y. ,jfi ^ ' ' \\ a ( n, ,m ,.e.. ~4 Q . ;f o d",',,3-. ' /. > /j....,p...'M0.? =f. o. -,j '* *? l l

1. p* v d

"1 AF, l 3 a 34 3 . A. v

~tig.

-34 rrm = c - ;W 5, 0 s %A "i h.b '.,.aw(y '*. d: - Y'.I,- .R i 4 l ; M..e i r =. M P J ,// ie i 'f',4 b /.. <d ~ '*"\\ -Y,. 4**.*.,,, i m..-..e ;,,, - ._ J } p ,) g = = = *

• t

- p as a f. (87 ,e -r

] ks r -Yy;gda 1~MpI., ' Ja' g

,,],,,,, g s-f /* .t j l m... 4 32 Fec. d.-Itenwertes of all senes ami mars for all pert.=h of the year f""" 32 - l a. Om.e c. e e case 45. Nusnters imhcote tronery sampic slic; henhters other Iliaes %wgni ..u ......c ,y w sacs are n in tg 1. pins I retstg from visewhere almut mi<lnight. Three laats (one mlult male aml 1 two atlult females prnion@ hamhsl in Flori<la) tlut were captmnl l 4[ gy. ) Alm,152 of the mlult frin.iks trappetl Ilut night were lumthil; t' l k., after miilnight were recapturnl later in t!w same year in I' lori <ta. i

• 1,~ g yi.

l three were Liter rennerett in FLwitta. Cave 51, locatnl 108 km /i i north of care 58, was the awarcs: Lwation utrre bats migrating to j j (~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ ,e*, Floritla ucrc Ermwn to stop. If t!w females that twg.m arriving at Si... ..J '_ 4 80 '00 cave 58 armnul miilnight hail left caic 51 at IMO (carliest line of I is so - 30 o cmcrgenre at cave 58), alwy wouhlluse hail the Iwmts amt turnty

,[,,.l" gs >

minutes of flying tinw. Smh a trip woul.1 have roguirni a nwan 30 flight sprn! of 203 km gwr luiur. 68 86 \\ ru:. 9 'Ibe desent.ai. of L m. inves (si..Lc. IM2) emi ne edes WFIGuf (mtr'AluMN1 l ci ta.ml.-.13tv..rie gnwwn. i.. Atal.am. 11.c hir nhcran.no stat.ama p..f-Migratorej uti;;1st ime.Tlw nwan weight of the I.no sample l bc amaa$ ** *I t i""'b la d* f*"al da'ing #I= eensory pen.=ts. ) o!.lainnt at the smmncr r ave was nnnpaint to fim n.ran of tlw first F sample of hamletl bats taken af ter arrival at lutwenation rate 5, in ferrmv5 lirtwren unlmiirs 12 aml 23 (f. = 3159, P < 0 01) Imt onter to oliserve wright clungi. iluring migration, for <nfonics 9, not Iwtu ren 9 aml 12. l 12 aml 23 (Fig.10). Ailutt females urre ria.wn for this onnparium No nirn lation irturru mean urights af ter archal aml riist.nxe i became of their tem!cncy to go imnwiliately into.'Whrrluti m. Timse trair!nl in migrati<m was obsenni for adult fematcs in ihne sam. nwan weight changes (aml nwan weights, in fore ami af ter migra. ti<m;in gins 1 SE) were as fo!! ws: nelony 9. + 0 I gm (II.2 ples. !! owner, when all ws ami age groups urre combincil to 9 0.10 ami 11.3 2 0 20); colony 12, O gm (11.210.10 am! 11.2 inceraw s.nnple sier, pmt-migratory nean weights (in gms, j 020); colony 25. - 1.2 gni (125 0.20 neul 11.3 0.11). A $ 10) une as folkms: neh m3 9. 10.5 cirl (N = $7); n I,my 12. 10 0 007 (N = S3); coLmy 25,11.120.10 (N = 59). These I t-test of equality of nwan uright dunge imlicatni signifirant elif. ) i 5 v l' 7 N.... \\.

i ( r[' ![ [l gr [ 6I;i l f h [ ,' L I I ~ s( ns e . - P nc5, nrf iam ol wfo9 u m1 y - e - s 1 s e oo t a h g1 n erh g a. la 2 e m c a 0 c s,2 t gr gc s n, n r ey ~ ci t u s ni e ig i y w tt - luo r r i4 dI um o u m. J7 i 4 s mn ac n 't r e 2 t ne a f i 41 u glo e s .u n S ), no 0 0ut t. L n n ts rlon1 ini, s n a o i a c c no b me ov"i. n 0 7d ria h pt i 0 a l t 4 9a o=pt,s s a ei n. . e r e a T su2 a14iA n iigm e1 s2 ngw m5 wl 1 t r n rno tl h h0 c e r eFwi r n s t y y u r v g0 o D d n );lmiI . r a a(l r (cfb , i w T ur 8, f e , g4 n o t lum 3 ta W no2 a ) s c a u a n ye ys om al e h e lanltn o29i it2 r rrl g r 1 ( a g u 1 nle0ig l 4 c1 o,dc 1na0 mi n9 s u s e na ea0 int og 0 s lu( r m wf ioc cc1 d u . s o n ai e: s o s e, E gs z n=t n u tf a(m, i i n nl e loh t, i s ma m 'n o t s. .g% l a i 0 ga Pmitungi irl a int 2 ueg r h g0 s 1 l r t' hllo1l9. a t9 e i mi I nfndei s ea igm 1 n woawsd wy w sh l F c O tf r .n et g c l oo m w uwn a h s( wni r didth 1 o misi rn0 r t .r eeh c lh c a ni e 8 l 2, el i w Y, iga r m

• p e 0, nen erl po u u

nei 5 n 28 6 . 0, im=t mf emgai i. l f M reg s h , eu r I l t i w nf ai h fi s r epoi j, c 'i f , wt s f. u r8 A ).l 8 e5lui m md m a7; D e gn a tm. eap y1 n( m gh 4dyt e0 lmiiI c,,.s..t" , lete e o N t n u1 r io ,0 ,. r u ri a s 0,, a ee t N lm, m.1l nnomTv ti ui wlal i n p t , no. l m i il ai f l i suu irt s in.clpmTr m aa-nn c imtN s - a e nl e g lnl O a i lrl 4 a t t mi.ea7 rh o,, le ua rt m l e;ml s a t g s )0 gt o, ia le p) m 0 iel e s s m a ' i ur ud:: a s 3, erK me el aa0 a e1 i m ,o ; l . mra 9. 5 i ml rns c. 1 s g rh pod .e a9, e n a mi w uif e t s rs r' )me)i( r

1 1 t

t ri 0' h e. a al t r ms nghi oe tar s 3 2 Tmm - au o e t 9. l y rt r athl t m m. e n in g/ e a 'i i

n. mnt P

i falI ag ss i e rt sh nl md nwl g .(i k's H ig IM " u na t..es s wi I i5 s n 0 Idu m u ud03 n n. u tne24) eu0 dn k imn lu 1 . n 1 e l3s imt 0 mi y 2 3 tsdnwl7 s zh5 8 ) ai a niii 9 - na al.Mb nm1 0t : md m 8Eg ggg :E8 d]a* E d5 -(2I tmn ei F u 0 n ).n03 r1 ( n u: o cl naa nf l m,i s i r 1 ai y i 8 gmlloim nw2 1 nu nn1 a<bS1 nm sf s aI sa s n (I ( ~ ~ ~ ~ ahf n oem . l tt y cn. os nff ront e i nt t e ud . nann ie m t.l g

c. t n.

l. o ir e ooi u ebi mnuws Jf,)3 F!3 = ah5

• t si l

ait u, e m r n m y i b ,v n.l va ll r u aq ni a Pa ma s o p e 0 s 0 - kan i r lbht o s vf nb s o. 0 w e rp pr s i Q rl e e i r n 5 s ev o 0, g s geinet n llt nn o uv a al a ny . ~ i e ai es n te Y r wi-

r. i mrehtb int,eh h! w ob d u nl 2

run H an aco D t n w d nd p u ", ~ ~ 3 t ea r r gs oih 2m3 e u n l 1h nis liw d p(igel tnd nr r 3 h m (4le. owu tsl I 1 er. r e u C C f =2 e. o t S t oeh'Ot l ee mi e s e wk n o i i it Nm o S. o 7e. qi i f l = a tl m cul ta Z s t9 t t. w nol wyu wink cinop t t mm1l u s n a a y i d i. r n s t igi msado w m gi td rh enh Iht n e a e r t lnyni t - i. a f r u b ,ol Fn e goa c si l (i min 8 wnl e a shi s o qu l e o)s A r nm4,it spamhloh t eieem idw rs st ci i ad et n r ec U s e a a 5 t t,arwr yh d t se t ee r t r T l gl amt tl uwiNs a n o e a iva s. e s l aa h s 0gw e N ici im4 et i oo c7 f d ).ld a4ldsley pclyli g1 u a t h mld . nt i mn c n9 i i a n al v7 in1 t oih i u F k mh e d ucai3t. nt a ld m s s d5 e a e ce ht na es rr2 agr, r 0 o t r i r i ef ng a l.til neh h c. n i c t v st 1 oy sMce,a ar r s omdI nng ea s . n. s ng 2 s G a n eFvs ie e m / n el 3 lt s e b rt o t c 5l ta si e i g v ai i aw I W inn .oignwbw0 e L r 5 s itf s en e ne wi h 1 i m pt m p n t s. e i ui e r a ps sdo u uu nd mbt to a a rh mis a e md e n i e 5 \\ ig . s we el c0 D 1 cu e em7l tns; n5 ty D t an t o, . mE Ic. dd ,le l u t ws m,sl ent g 0 e2il a pt t i I4g l h s w,2 h s yl I3 cp u si S lyh t f icLh eaS r ain1irh e o pn(u1 am lmc Kg*2 L l ig a p ,. K. l sl . 2$ t .h E tnr onCmlaei ot a r ot t t e t s u a 9 a v e n L i eio wita e e s, ph a s s r lsh5s n o mm pa v e l' a ol e t ai a r si eC e ,,t, . r i A r u nl u r

m. tt2-rs r ik e gl n

l P. inal no.nfeiepnegs u. d e. A a s C wt s c l nu nAsimiat is ee s c) ta l lnw m.n ts p agnI t ei a=hq N igs irf e 1 rl y mi m h L o e ( e A i a o1 wu si e cs O s ps. sd r e. a a i eyicalat n0, 969 s s a r t t pv s w2 hi r n5N } e 1 m w l o f's . wD I t a mleg a f u 2 o pht r i e wt me go5 nc* '2 hd. a et eI al ) S n u aF c a ah tcmo1 o8gN L8 Tan 9f v m r i a m e s m( ni5 g A rh c a a yi M h tos st,a cm ,ss c ot U' let l i r e4 n2i i e u ee i I cle yf nl a mnl 05il e t ( i w.twf s mat < yel os edeb ! o la5 2 e l. ma! h 4 a 1 emol ot etlt ln e n 3 0 3 s w n 9 . v 0 0 o o o 4 m a c i e) r r a as a e nmg4, 0 mf oa at ups t 2 + 0 2 , cmu e ca e leiupa ml el a s ~ I F, ult nl ~ s) nrl s c oe ms a1 taAma p2 y mp n1 uCisi u r r kgg p* 1 '!5 3 - 3v enuin w t cd m1dhe v i alcmwa t r a

s e

ac t ana nd a a 2 m0d ool o ,eaa ea ut e mpac tuI ans T e0 i r 2 f t pc0r cfhcti r N M T T a q-j l d

' i 1, Y ] ;

11 l' ^ )

9

<) l4

- p F P( t: L i; I L' l - i [ ,j I ,l' t s' st , -. r nt e ytl r] e os rl cey is nr tawfl es ,s aet aig Mewo 5 f e c a u eod o n ue n gl ua wmr et aca h a e o ou ma I m n. h t pl 2 oi i n r a mmyuumm t un ou u l r a r c t iu tlh cl uI emmmr iarh u r e! r ai n n s el b C al t u n ah n s dt r r .'s utIi e o toll men n. u w p m t i n t ou e rd mtuai et ruf e ngnsi ins nil uur . o nr t l pmsl w af p a r Ll ph a lt s e a o w .gs 3 a 1 rd a f ywl e swwc a n an s mslu >l ptl! e np miI chs isMu( oml a od i Mnao r t e4 g i r ni au nsi e at e n3 s a n n .l rs ri t enu s aI i M u m. i n t it ul 5 n yt etahior e a )6icM l L t w i. c i r a r ps ol tyyo 2i a t t

• Q enunnuo r

N ( t e nl cmei i m1 u ny emi s nifl g eygst it st a nlid lalo t es h u n r t rh oo t nl lat tna i. S r T td aol St f sh p e m i u i elr mirh an r e%d e t et tA b s u el i 3 nc I !d ynba nyot w eid n e k a t f os e 1 pr r l cl oo1 shi et ltuM e r a ul as n .eht 1l nlnnids ems nr oo omu wt hl i g apnod oh u.ka oti f atdr a pc yr r or n :r h pf r i a n ad f t meff ns ao v a at ta s t a > os n w om(t ehwseO W lnlvmhaa p-f eun u y d( rd I g o sh a ne w1 oaish e cf 6le t ) etemWr m ns k r9t e eoti uh ep p o t r ti ge a l s s r i e f s h gt l a n nh o rt el oa al t wy eh a aI r C

i. t r n uh mlueni iwuddnf i r i

enil imet o. ya n rnq u wclp a%1 igi gs tr s n innnsi a f n 1 t a l nc a u ut o nar c a)9 n s s o s f e o r E v s ni nc mlw m e y. d ,a e hi t e t s s t tnml d t u o i

n. n n n

o a e m'n t wa pt a r nr s e) r t oh ntn er u ol n3 e6e r t wua arht yw n T i gs tafi teu u en t 2 mu n U lwl erf muteh 13 mgl m isl ns m wt I e! n a or r owlanne e a3 n s r r uftl e - gor nneiWrwy nt 6 u i t o l h e e s F laI nni iv nsah u. o o n wn ml gut si e no i h7 u t n nr u t1 e e a o pml 4 f u d 9t s gt nt mic tn o 5i ut e r t o h e h r itw1 ,sl n oil e AieluMl nr ai a l es n ,l t u( A tni n m nw o i lk t t e A ol i aas u s hf n s ob mhl a s tpP l nnt t ou nm u yoIt uu s li mnwf C mc,enin nno i5w e r i a nt l 7ti u w d nd h el n nuol mh mt e 2 e 3 S o gb t Ar e y a cl w O iwd w s m 1, i ts u ol. mnt mat ui di .t n. o p m a u c k s s s n a n u r t mAan np l i .f iuwr r i

n. s tof a a s. it c wf 1 er e nk

< tal inbs r o m s r . a e . t cwwnnnwao .v. e l a C i mi e ot s e ml ha t3 . y tayo ol 4 s ye wh %a indnrpn nd u ait nt s el E tnhinmn ns U r aim e gle nrn s. luu>u uuht a nh n a mb r t nc s .sl f i t u 'b nl L i oi g a u ot t ebohhf tu stur nmt a. s 3 s r a Mrt N l ta n u O s nml r e a it eotoarS F a t l ct u a pe ua1 h t t r w g w m u. n. a ri asi r ymya I amlii lyi nl mu m,/ w i y gige mus i a lwr nlI t n i rl ur oonc t pinh i i m c n. n W i w r d 3 e n is T bI uyt ya ub a o nl i t e nmr rh al u ueIled i wch v o u egt n i e A. - gh b h *s mb ouwe r r g o s nf egtnut ph I ls e ml al psiT aa t mimrd n ot tn :3 p e tmoyt c is r n n gil oh a eon plnM7d alt m Y air I r i I nl hTnt o oa n es u m y ,inr e t s un. U nll mn3 nf e tour e s a . ) a s e

n. i cooysh l toat 5ilnsilaeoa dbt wf e a ol h r enlu5 l

u uiht Mtnh nli at O' m e. e rn r i s h a ph f l o ul ot t m a, n a tm. t oh t rl s u r n n i yi el ai e ep s n mwf w r rfh at hi r n 9 a u t I' sl lo) e1 nul nr ye nn inel t e t t gns eh v;w u l y i r n b, i i a n m l ra s on a( t e eea s niegaghtad lamk p ewh r s e 2 s i n5 i n s 3,n ua r aut gien(t e eh c f s lagr eenMn idsmmn t o n 0 nt n th mI of yci e ais wt ~ gi a i Mht anml)t mi I i r f 't at t I 2 aw u ( n i. n oI s ( a ci s gi t ci y nmd eiye Nhg3 f u o u e g, r h nk n2 n nI n gm e t ) l f gn I n eit e t nr0ji s( t n s n ckOydn e s i n eTu inogt l t n r el iwll e gh. amIhe7 i el e iu$ t u ukmnnaL ri w k teii s r at e a-aa s cu ta uaf r o e0 ua aap1. n. m u n7 i l aena u. ta e "w w nyo nt 9 utk rl n t mmr aa r ulol aun n 1 c r si u r( a a lI ns c o o yl d2 ws rtl s4 r" tsl t u nh ammht a8 t t r ii s y i u i f nil tyrl ela ). mtr d. d y s e e i.o lllir g,w r i gn lah ol p-r. e e.yc .s lyy yi e. as. nal s mutni0 a i r nllh v f u trl e s rl g ee n n7 h v u ms a a'.!awinud dmn u inht s e9 n nahlI drai v i ea at r a yrit Nla nd r a a uymmimr r n e u, u a li t cmn d s i yr nn e u s wmi i e innh dI I u ner r1 s weet c n i m m u ml y n N e h ie r4o2 my y lgt n tail oI,iemf s r c s gi r og f t t n adi s f m n g a'l npm iv wa r n nh wt r& a r s st e l, l oi t ms ieminrl av1 t I s ] n y n f o a a i w ]n i amr Os a

a. i s t

emntine onm'.wcn hthd w h m e 1 n T dI ni - mm emo i do i h va n emot oi i s e st t s v nn tyu ef t pllmr ri u irt e s gt c. n. s rf et ai a inLda r u nwis l icl s it - o n a ni ih eneh ta as o inpwiteimlemnw1 e e mei mo

npnnt t

mcih we nt nr meL vf i ml b u luihwl tah aa e s v r n v o a rr eo)h al al nmaat toip, ot a a s muor nt t, e ahi. dj r r f mp oml r s g m O r.l ns t ~ a ei e s f a ao a ut e 7t l f c h e i mr it e o-wt oi in )O eMnr$lps aoht nMw is iwil n m. f A cs gn 9i y t s t u f n awln1 wn in I i ic mtlui s a ewr wmMa rS t' tel s o e r s al o hym t h n ays m wf emgot ewgt I ib n! al s ai eaI c nlt net ipd n e r n n al gt imqy nt ml rl a mMo r n inr t mf v n nus X s uhb, wus s fh e a icma obt, op ot r a urv a r nnu n rf pT o t hoef inc,gmcr t mf e s, h e rt oe r g r,i ysswoii nagns a pin a imi nn aia mrul e N g f in gt e s na ot tw l F llat !iln n yt rt O iny. oI i imal jmT ob ee r uf er ometeg enoe( 5 s n m m nYn wh af u s I v n on I r t ol g e 'n f . c a r a e as or rr li a n e u nya u r a r i - e s i uf n. s! or ns r yilla7hi n da ci crene a ull ts n(C n. h mr n ; s s er io. it mer a t e c )u n m4 a r a ueIyni i r c wf anuf nl - nhN wn c. U i l r r h c f i p s nst yi 1 e1 m n2 pi rci s ? l l n n l ts s a gl )tst sl o wf n nu nmiih eoh n e a t mf9 nm 1 ur elam l wyumt auggo o s cftk n n nl si vhh yr.og. gmwoe at pns t naf gf r yi U lb s - aa. niluml S n r is nn o a ir e omog to1 ontai ir n miyn r on lFrt t w a ui a liuumgmnomFl t s ur cou o nf i slr tl .cpril ef gu I l n yl it - d r i r a aa a r y is A nh f l or ns cs o l na 3 t c er i y

e. gwl is c,A l t

c y n oe s r r - ieloear re it a l oe t al nl aal yt nih oeme em n ts tl tl gn af r r S e e n . ct t i r gle n ). awh t mcl emiailowh a ti n i h T t mt cg cl e wieAit r ynyspnn l mia ninimlo yl ccwh I r ea n lf tlor a nt a h n olef n r e a pl 0 a g p - m ogteim7 er p tendic

5 aludt Pec ri ea uolonp 3 t s

o y a g w i ght a m .1 ut ajuI gml s ri a9t os - s ir la b u r l wtncl c r A e ir 2 an tpwnin rL f f r eYohe lhi i nea s s r wfom l ol r tor c r yr tnot n af y u a. S r r el a e r o eoe2 mnl n c u s L yf s un at gur mt n alt s tsl in yi e a

n. nt our ol A

s i ri n set r a v aeml

m. 8.eriftwhiwenwwelL r

r a o p u e i ! r ot i t ,l t el t hth o o meb mul. ai lf v yrl ea paf N woel I lp. r s ut n g tf cf wunemk r lu s inr e tl dt te er a cm ooct25h ai ywt f yl o ci s e s o nih onl ya S e t d f gt tyah0 o s O ae n n s cf rr0 nmrC a o e anthw3 v t ef hi ai r as r s - mvofl mlas dh e ,ou r lye .I en r sh t e1 I S s ) er ga e iou (dot yeol mf, n el s a t n n t vtngt t a p f A r ympeut igc vS o t s t h a eiyat - cl ck s nleh e C a lat uo n rl e i lul s eet i b eb ms t m gl mlurt nnr eia igo e l gne cg m apmh t S e in4 r nmluo ma C rh nhl edI nnePne ewc mok r s i a s n 1 r al cl aL r v r uienuwa at O tau o n a at u r s uf to r nf yrh a a s n ,t os e t t lut pan mel r( r r s e mmf el h u t wh e a.cr o h r r s t yri r r ud e e ee th ebs pnfllu s9. lad y nI et ut ei t h u8 f .e . m u s s a r ) irhsd u t ais e ns e s s yt u ih wetanel h. d er rr el c e etl Tm6c ,m h nt S mt r cl aee tets5 mnh o v. c nagmmer a r rmmr oomml n m yte a r u uuer mamed t cdam isfioieTmcyos r ut mf es a e a i na o une u t r s ct rl i rlloal y( s vit pawa ,sf3i rt 11 2 s sI y y i j, ; j.j3

4j14j,

l l]

ji! 1 1

l l to unWOMt.PAltus utst.14 OF NVIUlt st.attyttmy tutti,uinN 1:Capt.Em til? 'IstE Cit AY IHT 27 1 latiT willunit lwing dotet ont 'llw s 1usul (6.'O937) u.n a 3e-agling wren etastiLi-IV for aii) olle T t ra w ni. IM3 alt) ililfres1K r% araunig ulu n lumh d at case 21 amt was later fomul 1.ntating at eme.II. sptin, alwn,' mar nwich erlhte dillering totreamrs to disturbame This lut wry pnsibly was only sisiting at taw 21 ulwn miginally al.mg with sh!!rs'ing mallabic alternatiws. 11 snim reannuble to lxnnleil. 't he thini (0 48107) repenents slu imly nampic ut an msnme flut il ottwr neually urll smini caso urre uithin a stuart adult fenute w hich proliably represents atmd matrinity raw iliv dntame, dhturbed luts aunhl be npt tui to nuar to Ilu1n, npe-r .I loyalty, sime slw apparently reaint ymnig ut two dist.mt I.wahties rially if the miginal r nr ni rc init dnene numgh to pnnile alter. (13 arul 10). Unhirtunatriy, ahlunigh pinloguiry can im Irnon-aute mulnimluil nunting pl. aces. straini, iiisloyalty alumst mner ran lic prunn, due to alw liigh AI rrs anal I both limital nulor dhturlearwrs to emly two or 3 mobility of tirse I,ets. T!w large numtwr of rmuni tei, rnmnics thn e sisit Iwr winter; ewn ilu n an uLrnni gray hats wemhl quic kly l in fla,s stmly remaim tlw sinmgest evi lreae i,1 1.,3 alty to sunuiuv Iluwever, lurause t! c liihernaoita urri so far apart in any nun c. houw arras. samtv aml ratti was epite large, nuarments urre rntdcted to I Winter pleifopatry.-4luttiple romr.1 trips, in adthtion, are highte (lean'ges betwarn alternate nemts in lle sanu* taw. This was a Sigmficant innheators of loyalty to the wintering ute. As witnl uutt >sful asolil.nur strategy, as piintal up by my uintinual dis-prnismsly, a Imver proportion of roum! taips was ritunhil from tuserv of new riunts within kmmu raws mer llw rntire 11 year j l'Iosicia than hum other submics. linucwr, this nmst LLcly rethrts praiod os study. Untd rrwntly 3f. grisnrrns has twen protested t the nunh greater thfliculty of rennerv luith in raw -Il amt he inun must lunnan ilhtmlunw aluc to its nintr ing sites; hilenuting Florida, ratlwr flun imhcating rnhu ril phiL patrv, my ol.wrva. tavn of this sprirs, as pointnl out by 51 rrs (1%I), are mually 3 tions at three wintor mes in the Soutlwast imlicate inteme uinter ntrenwly delIuult to enter aml of ten are profitled lay wrtical philopatry. rntrantv thops of nu,rr than 30 m. T!w wey ingh degrw of winter i Alyers (1968) of taimtl similar hibernating tave loyalty results h>yalty olnened for gra3 lues. flwn, may imlent prme to lac repre-for gray hats in ilm Oza:Ls; he ri puted tm loyalty for h males and sentatiw of Ilw suturalIwfusior of nunt 3friutiv ulwn muhsturbnl. ( 9W for nuh s. lleputs of winter loyalty for other afpoth me i r-l'atterns ruuf timing of mencment.-%Imt raws within alw lati-spently mnflicting, lumner. Al> cts (1961) fouml comiderable tu linal range of this atmly are not untable for laats..\\lany ca es i intercave nunement over sluirt distanws for 31. wduli, in the asc tme tohl in ummwr ami nunt are too warm in ninter; few are Diarks, altlumgh anmng the umre whlrty wparatal caves of Kon-dhnse numgh to pmide s!wlter on a 3rar-nunut lusis, ami cwn tu(Ly, llall (1962) obsennt apprmimately D'JM loyahy for ihn t!.rw ma3 met he rul if they are tem far renanni from aih spute species in sunessisc winters. Twente (IE) aml Kune (Itni) haul supplus \\lsra (1%I) fomul that only.llM of the 1% I L olnencil some apparent thanges in h>>alty for Af. relyer Itturen c nn Iw sisient une mnl by any spreits of bat either in winter cases slunt dhtanen apart in Kansas aml OLlaimnu. but a mabnity or sumnwr. In a stml> of lutwenatmg bats in KrutmL3 (aves. Itall of t!m bats apparently were hayal 1)umgan aml Fitch (1967) (1962) foueul 3f. grhn rras to Iw m.nLntly nuire restrittril in its reportal 97M loyalty in the sanw area, amt Tinth ami l'.itterson almiw of wintraing rain alun was any oilwr sprics. Altlu, ugh i (1961) repntnl 9W loyalty for this speries in Tnas. In Eumpe, nune tiun 2mo caws an known within llu range of my stmly, ) Eisentraut (1916) foum! thM loyalty among tium 31. myotis in only thice of ihne arc Lnou n to Imuse major uinter populations l uinter caves ami lirls (1932) obsened lle following p rwnfages of gray bats. Ewn tiumgh nere raws nwe t gray lut summer re-of hibernaentum philopatry anmng sewral ollwr spnin: 31.,fa. quinuwnts. stdl only a irlatiwly small propution of caws is med. sycneme (911%),31 clanf,cntonii (97.77),3f. rumrcinnius (n27), .h I#igt i.nul 9 slune (Ira:Iy, wnmwr (asn usal by gray hats

31. engotis (91.27),31. mystacinus (fi3 ?n ), am131. natte rrri (991rf ).

were in all raws hwatnl as near as pnuble to m ajor horlies of hly nperience with 31. griwsrens suggests that a nmntwr of water. Sm h a luniini supply of smtahk caws muitates wasormt factors ottwr than actual disl >yalty may nplain the nile range of nunenwnt for nunt gray hat tuhmics. Ihmner, as amtnl hv hisers repentnl ninter behasior, with the prinury fatfor twing human (1968). ulwnewr adopute dhenity nists at a single site, httle or disturbance. Griffin (1983), for nample, reputal a winter nunc. no nun enwnt nuy lw sus nsary. I ment of 201 km letween rates for 31. Incifugut in New Eng'. nut; Sime greatly increasnl nortality occurs during migratory rnm r-Ilumphrey aml Gpe (1970) lwlieved this species amunonly clungni nwnts (Tuttle amt Sinenstm,1976), whrtion simuld f.nor any wintering cases. Alyers (1968),lowever, rrinnted comp! rte loyalty rnluttion of the distaine trasolal twtucen sumnwr and winter for this species in a wis.ter cave that was schlom disturbed ami casn. It is tipicfore mit surprising to find that,in all but one case, a 2 suggested that the amount of disloyahy might he turrelated with the large mainnity of bats from ratir cohmy studint uwd the nearest intense disturbarwr. Certainly a 201 km winter novement wvmkl wineer one. hhnt luts from culonics 9 amt 12 usnl caw 5, which w~ ~ ' - - ~ " yw - - y s kj \\ s

ol I i .L

[

iL I [' I .i l' i - - t o d "' wtl ew"!nmuin g. tope nk, e, ys yeh nl a d a-yl tl arht mur a a u t ut nr u u n" l 9 t . e8 n)inrt pi pa ct r adag Jurea" h u i oll oPd s eur 2 n n ma9 r s1 ml hl at e r r n ord u r iowl s nk nF i mwc1 Met s awAa 5i o a f pi eop tel e s, ,- a n (D t nf ui n e rN a ,i f l r i wCe a sf s m I v a t a I t rlf a' is e c inie mEGdl mr a cnl u !tnr ewd g r t r7 a t r r a( n i k .ci7 c yi mlinsi or ntt s w u!h el ud l aynt n u i met i ds r s r n r r a e a '" omt r md n on%l eas o eh t t i ul nlor t a i s a t h n lc1 et a nn teoloati 1d r I ioL i r m s ~ epgw i ol a s r r a G mnuI a ri I s cr e cl ui pr ' i i s p o bohah at r s e 1 m nt lot 9 ml gul yr omlw* Il W l mmac t OII)l s N mn nf al - n a eh e o i n ctr oi s o ooe l e S r pt r i n o t at md s hf nr t 8f a h (H a W 4 k oi epvt o oaympr r eya ao fl i et .h , s m i s h'i f p2l d l m e r ufA s rhl i L n) g g yf t r a "t ss m n n gnim a(h e wr m i. r i e E 9h t e e 3 s ipi d l nim q4 s a s ai:i n n nl aomin lajmtwme i s s Y u 0 anl s ol c l. im mt ms nlm. m f '

• e% mis o

mst el r v n i s noleer a u w a i A d e tk tulnr ms s i e t ah l r i t c nt a at r 3 l t ul a e r C !u.yrowia9 ali . lhr c at a3 afl DIlh t t k br mf ys ol as o m 'I ul a e w .t nrt tsA.

s. a 8

r a p1 rm) muf6l 8 rlnm7:0 s a4 lll e n us C i ef luf s t n e hl ine at l 6s u4 urtf s o .r 7 t

1. \\

rly e '" " A mi fem 4 l ol t i rk al 1 a c ll tnita e nngmstirt r9 r 7 4l ea r e ot a5 9I mc l f e e .nc o e nr n 9 v a n i. F h l l g ut e ud a o1 t n a a "I #'*m wN . m m. d r <n er i l hs. uisemot owmw r1 1.l ut s urf nnat t i efie oigot c o cmimpiL t mtic g f i u a nvt r f t e 70 r si t !g( r cd n aor a cd u. k et .ns w uh mt l g cf h 0 inf nf nnmiicndtha w ws m ud or s r a s e oMalrFrfi l r

m. d f

wt e oaf tn ns n )s l ns nht iai tnt f f r " et i s t r r e Y t. I g. p a "P "" e owo u m s! i I t n n u pl J itat neli c t tsIn( n newah al nGI e f n iani ww(Mre3 I i l n n - nr ie w a nios w m e n N s e ( s o' mi w w st .l e r s e n n r )9 i tum2; Fi t s n ta n v el l i e o.s n at , l<e tul a. u empm ugi i r a f ni e wl utg" A r n er ts e el t h tht a r r c o n a e t g n agor a n i i e omhiwt oin"# e5 a i o n n c G L. t eul t gl s s n a a v r r i oi. m nc e o nl v tnyrr a t m mui E tri n - ne v9i%is rthi md o t hiar h ph rwlw a r o1 c al ) . ot rot a ai luh n . m1inar o n el etwtps o yT sm# e m a 'g II m eon . ml t c l nnr t l i ~ I tl i si g wgui leh r a c f tA et ewr r ai l s a o f ms oa afnti n m y "" imn ~ r eih af ml oe rl r yn" eb N a. ef tl e ld mtat r .f Ami at i nt a st ar ty rI n t s ie O rl nl I h niAnlyM t s e i we t oou. wnj ntlu u Lll qoMmWnt nims tailmt t et o (2 I e rh ant .i21 at rmt eml s e; rer A* r i h ut nmfol r u r .t u a ch nbutd u w t mt et r r r uiL li ntdo w i c. - E" mpg I n oinmt ad hnneo A tgn r et u s a u en l c n nees t et g5h a tr7lb el r s 3 eeW A l a ta eil pe st r s n' dri n m a s t s f. nwmniai ef a1i91 nnt e%ilcacda pl nr t na e r i la " '# r ri t ldrt ril ina i dI 1 rt d e s, l opwgamht s" toi s e ot a t y i wt ir lu e rd l g l s e u)ht tat e l lyI a d T o ear sh%t ob4 et.i a a sL mupu oegnw5 u i a "I s s nt s r a ir mmbf h tco c lemt r r tn voa mlllia gs n ut m oev ut af nilol 4 A sh a i .v cWl e l wr muhai mrmoT ol r a em 1 i r uop a m e e e ms a m i .l I7 e lpd a yeog e a ee rh t n r e pa t aI i t l n r r I r Tt n1 amnai wit 90cn s a a a d I" s t v e i wens cll n . hw d o t, em.geeel e u ". C l l f* it r, s rl n c.I pr ni2 r inl h nit rbl r s st ru ta liew)0it e a c lwh s ir rl emioT u cs t n rr u ntem I k w c lad n mg yI n e rmr tr ocagopwy m i <a D7n7tw u u. m. A c m a u s t mv nmd rs I. r aii'"'ani e i i at a pa t ps eit rl p , ef 9 9 tf rI Wt lFI er na a l ( aff e d a il aAb m9r o(1 U1 a us )l, e int t gerhg y e e o g e, lea tt ne,. h A ef t . gt. r n. r nd h n ona s. gmesi t s li i e ng et n nvht inI r vh mamoamn t omn r e e n r ne - r nml a pi i h oi tl ainoe e o t i a a ama s t cnt sh l e i ul h e u yt s pt u pt.l t o n a och tndi t r s sh i e c r vp ha lnnemt s8 macl gi uc n e s s s at s s e ed e e r s eya ciatr r e m s y is m0 i e mr tomo, t h v,, s2 e s e -c o ot s 1 a agrt a c5 a h i. u t 4 ael ys nu r m T c n m gi ta ont v eai mrt Sl t n 2, o i r a lins nat s g e mf n nwiu r ( ( ny w(f f mdnilb s o s sipe9 s w s e r r t r et i ol nio t lyi 1 im i s st a t l a eh l c a slnn eat ef py n r r s s i pe5ot s n I 4tlu ganl er5 w ne8,l ewgnat l l h ua a o pl a a tnimtl m1 ahi e idt mh ml u te l r o S 8 l et e ah d h o r gI p ojYa s aal s u yF o lls lr r i r I al tat om yc n v w c r p f uis u a u t n sad u nis mdi cI v el l!. lal it toonat n r 4( rd te a iwl wt e n yn t q, e a e amr ef d ot u et n mps oeef e A mgy c oawml t n 't r t t n a lu o ght ntel wea s P i 'e t 1in w lc. 2 nlgh o! lu r e s o ert mgr u u e. y v ( e a tsi a a t nb n1l i a s nl a vlee m s t s nit gr we u e, t a ( U 2 m a f t r a n tu ol isl a nt u I nt oni e h h r a t l n t u ect i et 1 nf ct ecrah r lu1i a s s f iup lmsl vl my ab y et lha e riei n a t e cl A , ns i sc e ur m ns s n a g nt e ylryu.l tnuih el.lyi r,it ah os 1 w i a ch t mhicem ns nhs w rol a nb cg tI N h vl i t r ean M 2 a a uni ml gfoin r hmm i o s u rit F n i mt i v u r yh u8 topnbyertoi l wt r s l o n s n t em n t r e,9 iwt nh oot eh t ut tni e g yot me) s i 5I t u l i elgr r a i 4 wf md o o nIi icmf n l .ui r i vl o n a r I v s f e e h i o f la r a a nt ir a f eyuoi tgu ogt t e pr uf uni i n ul va odeinS f ce i s e s l ns s b s el r s a h n n on r .r dd y o w U ul a es e r aib im w )4is a tC lt yt v u sl s aoa cin} eg nl - l n lo t a s r Hmhnpnn a5n. ms t e e ld s u s i e e. c ih c "s loe nens g ta nr nFeb nptne" 2dl c gh pndpri c ei e li h sn r ebf t e ua y f r t h ef ,t e o1 te h. piit r e e u t mga mrtmnr u tl i r r ) n ts a oge e e u op lm yG d a i o t e e id ilt 1 t tamhl v w( w h ao rl F er pr s ht u f s nmur u a n c at mt r 4 e w s e9 oo us g(lyat 5 a a uTlor a s p t s

n. 2 p u i

,) r v S f eh1 r! n r o o v egs n i gu b aeyt t ( . ym ea g l o e e s t e2 s t r nrt r s ne e nt nFe r v eu r s e e! emt daid miuo. art t ih r a an f t l at pi i vt P e! e es eegrgyr nh l E r s lat pt 5hJ t a cei ye, a o rMcnit s r a rt s mino m e m gl t I a t n n c en pipw no c s rw gsll wc n u udi et l or a f A h dhi e l e rt t y si s a e l r ps r r lyo e n r a P. i ce i sf ocineimg. r vetnr t at inum o ao e s t n ul aet l y. ef n a l r ul d vl ngil ml r au m wmt te o,w tnb s t n t v aml ei al a l s e t a s u r I nmr tsh t t oineos nrl fuhl ian mt,i r f e p af ons t ,c al r t 4 r t o u e uiri o t i n e a wd wt i ogs h a N eaioe nue hI e ,l mlera m pd p s tni gr e onih nt, at s i ulon ut i f e e f a nloneh as l s r aool ei a t e t I8 tuh e f e ub nrt mcl meo p it S e o i c r o a tod o r i r mr inl s t r 5 rh m 54 s oou! r pf r r nr o ie eVl eoltuLa t e in r t a u n p ah p f d )h ht r A et w"2 l e)t n f ot gr l tn oa mt r t 8 s a T of s nst cd h el t mn6 al un yml c m i o m I' t ten vi c t er s u t . ah mieir nu ahiiut a t r s s r 9 A o ol s X lc f la la '" m r ufhl ami mi a r ol oI oI tu (1 ei ml pr me s f ii t f s tr I e a g yF a u l l ( nd n t i t te i mtnah t.t se ushi t oal r a aiy l 3 g et t o t e as eno rl eent oeob. ml b "s.i d lo u t a r c nb r ated t r rh elpgiv I'hl l s s taf f c s e pl s t uwI tos e est ter gi ct et a ne"Cel t st roma a ai a r s y u a a t s gbi nb e r lei or ewstunht aI crl ih a e Tmt tr ra ns st yt r ewye e mlt s a l euas a u nh i a e l l al wl mll i 5 r gnnagsdcmvhM Cprteah os cATA v u 8 r s gt n i ah y i v r 2 win" Athi or a ao o haeah 2, pr l i vndf r r 7 r j js

j h jg;<i

, j ;

l' 1

i iI j

1l4i ];l'

II .~ L__ _m e / i. / .: - L. =, =. i.e. : = e g * :. g <= e,. 2

• e ; u~E k.

et. / *3.t e., .:.g -e.2_ /.e xe g n ,.e..==._3x.k.,:o. .!. e $,=, 2.= a .a e g. ,1..=. 5 ^ $ = s_.,_ = - - s, x n ,z.

v.. =.

ra e a =2 g 3_ =. 3 2.- = .4 _s _v .m> -

e. e 5

= o. =. = , k u. e : .o. ..s . m e>. = -.,,,. = = w, u.r. .~- a. u,.: = y =..- a y.E. .e x u = u = - -=,-. ,. se s.u.. e. . u =.- y = =.= 1_.=- n.,.= a. u s., 2 a.u -= _- =. e. _ u ..a.=-.=. s I r== d r.'N '.s:.= l ~ E $ 3 'E. ~5 0 5 3 =.. 3.E -5= x C.s =* $ W , c >., _ - = - - =w u = 5 M.E $ 5.3 $ kV ., - = ,. 5 0 ~ 2 E. $ 3', 3 'E.".c y.,.5 3 n E ). :; 8 'i X d 'E -c 1 sc v ek s., E s : _= t g s ji T: 5.-=, * -, '. E.E. e = L $ E kx - e = t =_ =- ,n e x-e.,s u = r =- s. = E .s =-:w2r = C 4.3.,;.=., _= ".e :. u - =

• 5 -E_ t.._ x,,, E. u

= r = o._ : E E , = 4 E. 'e,E -E M. = w7. ,,4_k_ " = .E_. ;, i w.u =5,E, -C3 E E - a: Eru= 1" =- 6 x. =,. = -- ,E. - - = u.= - s.;.x =e9-. z e .xs-r - : c., -

., s

=~.c.==- = : = c u d_.,o.s* .w

.. E.= c

g_-

,..= =

.e:: m -- =. = ; 5 =.s., u:=,._==s.c,-=, _k

=. _+ 3,

. =..W,,- . e : ~ a .1 of - w- = =. = - e e -.., x., 2 ~o

,, u.. i:

x_ n- - s, - x 2 x,.: u= = .:r - e,h = 7 =a . e _ =_ =.,.. ac.:=

= -

a -.c - u s e.--u=s a._ u.=- a.,.. -. r. o, u.=.3 = a,:. g =; = 2 E,= .= _. =a -,u ox. =__;.,.. x 2 m,.: E..==.E. B 2. g - _ := E 2 = 5 =.:=E y c, x: _ u. c a. 5 = =.E.=. = = =..=g: -: = _n s.= =. ,p,.p ,...2., n.=. ..E. E =, = q s.E - = 2 e=,,.- .a _r., s, - 9 x . u._.- x u, .-e 3..-... a e c. i., = r r.,a=.-_.,- w e..=,,r.9.,=._r

x, .,:.= y,r, :..= x s ~=,- g =- - a.. u* e . =, u.c,,2 r .= o =.= = r :,, g e =r. =- =..a -m = - c = m. g._= =_ a . _ - = =_=.-- = 3, e. 2_.3. w u-u =.,

2 = u., _ , = -=.= 8 r = o =_ i_x y s, _.- x 5 ? f, n ; c. - -= -- r, ,.,.,. =- -==== =- u e z: u. ea-x =2-.s - =. :_; -: - u = :5..=. _. x.,. = ; ,u, = g =.u .=9_.=_..- a =_ s,or= = = - =, - .=. y _ - e =,.=.: . _ =, r.=.: -== x

x e

= c.=.== w = =_E, ~ s. -.= =xk.=.,= c

• *r=s=

c. .=. = ; _- x _ c.. r n x a = = =. E., =_.;. =.=,e :a_.s = .,.;._. u. = _x.w_ c : -s.= yu_ _=s , e -=a s. = .- =. - u=s v,,__2..=_._.~,.s,5 =,,w_ g =.,.._.es.,,e.=,-=..,r,_s._=,.=,_.,a _ = _y =, -.a =

r...=. a ~

_2 - = =. e 3 = s.,.n_,n.,_==. x - =. <.=,._,.,... u ., u s,a ( =._=:.= = e o =m.=. ,o = _._ = s., 3 u. = =.=._. - x.r.. -.x = - u_..==~.,.a

a. = - =,..=,=.,,

x-x = r y e .- :_.=,r, =,. . - r er ,=. e_ 3,._.

s._=-. =. _ _

.g. r E.= =:.; a p ' A (

• E s
• _=.,.,..-

=

..,, _ = =.. s...

-- --_..=,,: 2 _ s_ - - ,..2- =, =,. i g a'== =, = :.E 'q =,. e =ke- =,. zE: c ef"E.=: x = i 2 3 5 ' *.x k = .=;. _ ; -t . =. =,= u =e.=, =..=.u_ <, = -: e ; -.a.:,,- = :.x. 9.=,.,. s c, <.a

s v

p,.n=u,p= =u.v .: a - -=.=:.--u.,.=- c 9 =x = = .: = 5sEu_y=a e u = = j x -= =.... -..r =, x : _= =-. e ,.z _x,-.. _ = >. _ _. .a c- =- = a

-=

s .=, w: ._= u =..=_ w., =_._.. x => =. _= =.- a_ ,,=2 . _. = ..._-4. _y a 4 i t t ( l x-s- - cs ~.=,c

r..r, e

.6 a:u_er*n .u...,.:..: w ~.=._= u y : : w =.. u_ e. _x.-- - = = -e n ,, u, u -, =.=

• E

-f :. =-

=_.=. =.a-n r c=~

.' E

.r = = y F e=:.=;

Ee

. = - PE r ee

.u 55?c , '...= s -3 :: 'E s :.ceg. > _- =.. ' s -= c e E i r

., c' <.,=.*=.=c !. u._ 3g n n E, t.s c-

.

,e e

: :i x.-

. x _ r,. >.v_ u -c- ,. = 9 ; E $ g = y A =

• o p.

>-= = - r=.- *e. .. = z.- .= s.C7 = g,5 c-5=;k a s = E-2 t - =,2 = z E =,- = 6 : u. 9

• =:

1; E 0 x2 - ce=r 9.:=.. -yyE e.E : - = "7 u u e w E $ 3 i p ~. - !"5 3.2.= j, e a y y*E y E- = E.=.::. Eyc hE"

• - w-E E:

k &. = E J ~ =y =5h =, =,-. 3 * [: _ C.= i s, s.h s =:. EE==xE.;^= s.'s.=.. d 4 :c. 2 - t.:.x = -3 E , -E = h""i y, O g j j.j.[ a

k. = L. r -= =s0,,,

C.,,-, a>r+= =.> :x

.=,.

==ua-x=-

==- r = & - - s- -:=P = g., 3 P c 2 w-e z a x-i,==. L m. E. G. g _. .E_.E ~.= =, C g >., i =- r y = 5 E 'E <, =k_:. 5..J s ;* t x E. i ~ r *E 'r.2

• E p _,,. =, _- = p _=.,. 6.,..E_ =_ E '.E

, "= 5..n= .$~- 8 - ,=_=..s .EN:-, :6 Ec _., e c,. :.. f..=_ r = r n c ,_u -x ,. c

== A_ .,. u. 4 n r .a _s. r C z

• d 5.=, ~

x.. [3Cy $ =.. I = .7 [ 3 .: hy .. )- g *= f C 5 Od * [. O *",: _ *" E;== 3

. 3 5 ~3.,,

f.A 3

== 2,,2 I, . 3 *

• h

= c . -./.=..; =n- - = _5 =, - ns *. ,. s. .0 :.= a = e.r.: - ,. = . - =

• a3 C -

'

=ga y 'e'" x 7 *.* e,, : $ x =- t_f Q L.

• 5 8

& I y. . 3 s== Y== =,.= 4 *.= J "": " ,e .= h =,= - '.=_,: _ =fr ~%- tre _ J.X. v.J e J. a

_ " - =,

.E

r...e.-

a s - w C= - 3 - *: *., Z :- G 2 = ' ' "f 2 '* ". x=E 2 ' * * * * = $e 2 = .a,..'. c.r x".c =-- - w

. =-.=== *G ; E - = = u.c =e,. 5.:~E=5=,*

.= 1

• C k=:.

E=r===- = 4 .=.,E=_ yCx E."= = g" l: e = r.= c s m = =_ - 2 W z e -i,3 N _ r A -l:.

=

g;,- a j '"' 2-_ 7 - * :g m x E.=. <3 a = ;.y", w "E g : z,,'..= r - 5 3 sc M

• g a=

1

• _ z,"

,, [ = 6=== 5 =- - =F 8 r x a =; :. < =;a., - ^ 2, o,..=.= ;l: =.x vb_- = x.=.E C =. e m=_==-

c. t c :

.c C rm g3= m = ..~.'-*3*=.,.==C.'Mx -, "',&.,*.

=,,'2

. ~ =. :

- -u:,A:

o.,j._. =.

u . = a q_ r -- 6 y = = n.-.== 3' w .. ":_=P,.=,. u E =,,** b -t =- C-= F. = y W3,;s . V e. n. x. ,., f.n =*.x. p' -2 =. - -**n,. g O. C J,

• y

,,G

• t

- 4 g.. ._ y e .n =.,.E. g r + E e. Z- , b E i. '.g,. - ; =. Y_ g' s. u k_ -[*.g= Y =. 2 ,=. -

_

c n - g " s E, t". $, =o a J. = = %

• J.. k ; i.:. u %

e GG-c -s , s _E >, c 5E: = p % '*E.* "",~ * "; :, _Z.k.=_..**.fEk'==fb =uu a a E 7 - ) '$ h E w = =, k.,. u 'F { = 9, 3_ ~6 =g .f.3 'C _- u- %. C. E ua=. E et b . =. 7. x:

a. c, 3

u

• E $ ~ = = # "I =

yy E ~ '4 "y r ," i gE~= [ = i" " = q E p* c {= *.= E" .2" C " r*b:" E E E c V c i ".h t'._E E frC h E, =" 1 = 3- ="F.=.h 'Ec k3- , :i. E 0- =.* E, a x H G e :

• C d

E.c E E o, ' S $=';v6 k=3. rc k s w = 6, .= u=. 2 -x-x - = *. x n o ~ o.,'. =x. _s ~ r.1.E. E -E r * = g > r - w=x: z :.= a =- e - c-,e x u -{ - E *,.i - r c k.3 E E 2' -

=

z..E. u =..k 9 E =,g

=!.e 6, 3..r ", 9 . ~ ,.E =e = E= ..-, W.! . - - r ~C .. =

=.

.,., u, #, . e ,C.x Ve =, ,L. ; L g.2

=.

f '-.. r P. - ai ,r 2 '..'z 7 ,.e< =,c.g . - 7 n= W =.& [ r <e,==,,.E =..Gn"- C,,,lll *,p*...n,. R. C 7. '" c= 4, y-M. ** f E 8' . n =.d,...=. 5. C. =3s *t A v = Z% # e x-uG f5 Ez. et *==- =.E s .:.r ;,=..: t AM 3 n c [ C e w f J -5 .e.-=d f" b r. b e I a

v -

r ,---w ~ w w ,-,,r w - "' I b

I qP fl I! 5 ,[- (i L!E ' I t n ni e 5.ncnrI r5 r o a s es yl ah h-t nr y5. ,nl i vl 3 l , eyt nssyeer - s. a c t nMl ms eif h a r r e e2es n rul rtf u o af lyi n t a e iob i s t e nrh ol s 3 e erl f l n e g cr at a eht i bhh ghs r s ai erut ny ll rlai l nmuf t nw i eoa Trei n o n mi aa s t r l el l ywa mi ay ,i.c aai pm e. ltl n nl cuuiv s gl s s a u t m w .l i nh mi tnalel u s e s ot mb sen ma a n t s y u t agnaot

22. rk s inloui gr rtl rf c5 l

u t I o a a cCoh mth i npr nnf y sh met mst tri unf lnuu i s mk mppl o oga r o e i aich. c cI I i a et mmt l m o c. laricl cl a f eml tal as i ut u n ei e mlarhtaup, nwe ri 1 t s ch t gr a a a m ee n t n.i t s r r n t s y' v i s I ma at ih put en rgn ca s s, n l slar a a n wrrae. itagTco yI ms pt nnl th t i t tus r ir i t c toaT a t m. p ul T t ns ga i r a npei ccL or a h n. i s g l o e erg. a i m n. rim l i uiml i i2 c arl A t al n anml gn r c r n a s ta eas iim w y; m t oi i t pf erh. b i ct s s lch ci c y w. m s n omum1 mtu c ten t mmi s ot s l dl f r sceitigg2 rr a atlul e A ngc ly nct c n Tms irr r g nmi Y a e ab nf a y's. m ir 1 vI sf ta. tnntt a lo s. it r c t e i wn h imIlur mla /

t. ig n g.

o e u moooy l ui nuim trk r s m tol nnm i gr l rt t i u i rum n u7 nal r y( i i t t aetst t r c tnmfogu l m tu h'gllrui 0l . n, f mbl ta i e C ii m n m ni n 4 wofit ul 5 c. e i ci i t r n nh a a ch bl ni9 u r k n ams ge nmignybl ork ih s gsI nv inh rh E i t n s nci i I s gt g e t r.io riuoin r 5 p) l a1 i n oren l o it 1 gi s nrml l 0 rr n. m ti g t estI t o a. ar c i r c IL m a t i r e u n! lof ais i T 3luf n lymI irmr.h co esl e wi0h u us o e emr2hi nc l r ac a e t nl a h i o00nf e luitF<nhns li gi hi e iominu nF wa i yat t nI m 'l il e rh gui e u. y nL t mt inmr s ion tut miul 3 ti e e tu n. h mui mn O s t r nlhh nf a ta alatay nma. nt w (a t g u n. y nr t c a ggi amut mgst eia wt n irl ieih u m r 5 nrl Y l c s I nl a nu 2i e u ulirma ml tal r tl r e at r s rl ehl o G mgb ia0tmbi igi l t.t u t pm n rp m s. u4 r u isth tnl Wt t n. t l mtn s t i o nhil mwl s a r s r nf r m ri

i. i i r u i g oi y pes o

) nhs ia m l h m o1 ah rn gnc ut r t n h cr f h a Sl aus n n i co ml s s s e t l a n crf of t ic irnuseh i g n m .b a mih yeaih1 r ogi i y n nrtl pi gyo rhhc si t teti - L

5. t tos e

e r ei ai mmig0I i nbma s l cnomt' r u II ittnl 3biluFl tnog0 .l r r i n eml ath ur n u u nleul et i r nmr s i e a o i gryinwaht tei i r s c toyt e s nh a i n et m ~. i i pi f i arfr i me s r s s s cuh a el a a s u pi t N t o i go i r i a yi u l l ee in m n i. a sh n s

i. nn lb n a wgg ml ii r c l

ime lon n wnrlt r a ah h y n. I' 0 h a mtel u o r a u iiumc ger nh i t .is r i se irno omee l l m ir mma enallal h i i nl tn i atlh t nrnmt s n l yh iirth

n. e t mt r

r e tai s ct f n n .vinpuy coeuI f r egnu t su m yi o rn ic iri A.s t gul y ut il m g n p o ml a a aa i p n .k wl c ar i a s a s s n u h i .l t n mi sl len

m. n m a pr rgi mlall m sol s

w i is a ene r aL i a s h tnl mliln r i n g i. h iinl i ehi t ih e b i e t eht iht r n erot ra u m a eurl e t t ph e i,m, a nh gf i u ih l' s minmt nne uhf i i r tat s a h ei t n c

r n

ml l i v s ng tf ei ahei n r s s cl r no eyea a s intlitgh t erai omi h e r t wttu tr) r. s nmna t, el e st l' nt e-s t s er a s tnhh nmmyi r c r n oit gilinct lvv ml inI ik i o i mlee a n al t r i ta h ,lal ya nnonht ac nt s n h r ia a is ph nh ta . : pn t s i r et inf t arti t. g, n in ht i5 al a o il ng n orac msT<c t eisiblhy r s t nes n a l. rl t nirnne sht inee.toim mf infa m,i. e n. sm g )a. s i mlee s rl r! at hhht nt nt m mirenoe.r;uhl tah ai emL a oaCt l i og t wnt r l pk 1 t jt n r et t nbi yr gb w m aeai t i jaWlh rent gh t ig - nne ra nk nt t u h nis r gi o s nlom n i n. m t u a lu nb ml b ulee e m c.i. o p n et hli ple a582le mli imn ninigh e uie a s g r u e ht p uai i a r st i ws oiis awe mwptonm 8 J a i r s wal mf i f t sf e ye .f . m2, r. enl gosf l nt i! s c t ,l - r1 nslr0k 4 a ,. g n s-i cnnii h t nrI n e - a c a oov osh s r n lommgh pi w i a gnI sh i ) s s a nt tu v o e 0l riurui gigt u3 ra ht i a pl wrlmnltneo too r s l s tb a t In. m n A te u w p% 0 i mcl,n wk h rwi yehf mu r a inws mt e t nl ne,r ri e i rl t n .i l n nlm n. iceeklll n ; s 1 6 n i n.ga A n r p o na gk i r e eu w ub e ea k a lo ri n e t e l. r 1 i mro amgsit r i Y e npniroe go gup)somr,onp 8 mp v r t I gn 7i s l u t o f r a si

t. f gm ni p o C f innr. y.

t liuee t g ul no nu nmn0 anm tsI innhi o r t a t l' h s nt inn in enms l s y s s i e2 r iu mr s t i rI rhu s nt e a = n i re nI a m u r( os ut nl l sut touli el iakl a l wrb,ag nh sanu St eoy al ui e s r ,i o iat i n mmwiaAne s e ahal ih ig f r n s tsh uN otsh l i e n if enpe. up ,a t e r hi vf ash ni.imml mter c nyniwr ef e nuic m 't a e t. in s rl n( g rt ) r A t e u ome et em f t s iSla a . ri t f n s ui ph i ai aI p a e s a sk l c t

r. nm i r st v) e h

yi m a1h mt mtr2 eic e r t uWf mn s el rh a sk a e a u cl n s u ei e gonr mgh ral !h3 mh ut a s i wra r l c ae a tyc7 5 m ,Allat U /af r uwec e nl n-ilai 9 t k m ne h nl n ne uu e i nttra et 0 f T h it t f n eh p ig ( o f in i w pin'.ehv N

Ict, K

mpwf ila( p usi1 y nnmt a o nl i ;ao A i s a i l a r inh 2 c m) nf t l tore m pk ail nlsh ni t m ph r m (n n tt t uihi le7 nm f grla o u emn ht s v i a o l ne ot,l eat u t 'o n i r int st t l. t ui eoimn nluii ot s e u s r lun l' . lls anv n J' ot l un c t e 8 i h ,t nl 0 tnflu p yt q oA t wklyu f K a E0 ut o uua i i a e r i 3 t r u , r m e y mh u O o l gn n ran1 umA ht L si t i mlyK 5 r e1 sf r r u e y nr . s t is g1 es oiiol t a irm .r e s i ah0 u9iqc ow nl iv laui g e t 1 ei 2 munr u rt a 2 mi7 arhf n f f y f iim niuio uol et us ml e uLlnsh naio s i m r pt ol s v s a t 4u U f i c s il a f s h h n m mh poaukti Aht s tn a sl e oi v e ag mleant yt w e nl t esi t n s a o7 mn asI a epm e er mt a h al o s S o i u flynpr ah r r n inl . s r y(i i ni m a t' i s a t t rs t t plet tn m ),l i pt t t r ne tnrl e s n r. a a)i et e r n c i pi ahhr a ai r ot a M a r a 5 a an a oi n p oi mir mol of l ea m9 gl gt Iht wierkarbmet ) - r ) gi 4 n m mtann i hIinin t n nk n t e ma t maf 0h u g n n nt a 2 r wisf i.s t ai e a,i l' n2 ol e al y. eni j In pmf r7 t 7 lnh i ,s l ct s a u,m r v a rk r e u9 a 9 g1 lyaoh-< tniniminlt5th5 qa a E ioi nnottnrlnt i t e1 e3 u m t r a e air 7let m1 p 1 n(f e gr et n t uI( s si ue hf (i s a 9l o e tsf ir ph A a nr gt enm N gh t 1 r s t i e o nt l>at l. rggfhi l ) e um r e nr l s n tuu r a i r nkf 1 a iniur rp o e hb r n gns a 5' e, r s l men l o -. r elmme n ia t 1 vl u 7 u inne c mmc al r ol e nA y a s l r u o u. f l u b8 sbu nl c l l t nsil oulnis < el<e ap. A 9 nmr imu I c ec eaml l tal a a a t a s gl er o5 t t l n(l Cs i s s e pL N ol riale e v c n ri m et th irhi 1 t e nihi mh umk lh h ruhlh tnpt a ea urS l O (h(l l t ii ph ly vryne nma t a emes m u s. a mt a yil n,mb mt o amwt ut SI

• z m u rhl r 0 ar ig r

s elel v mtS us mf a r pen s i l a rt inet w e h a yf r lya mo m n r e r u eal c I n a cmas eah i r' nf eo af . s ( aI A ns u s ? wb c nl o e. pt s e e C. ufliu or sf 3 o r at n i we a gav up gorh m ng r ai s h r e ar nwk Ko h ts cob e tep n s et nr sbma omg el o t i e ,h ol rl sl X ly f I n oaen mt eii gc ei c u g m th g . ninni gml s n m .l h no tnaoe v 6b w m a t r tor tn u 1 ahvsfo nr ii m a il i k a t rhri) a tn1 ee t e r u et iat nvn nl uml ppi n ) e s r ei k r mkjwtan6i t r u umni I Ke tenc t t e e r n t ycgI v a o yl - mW mt nirc s f 0 ni4 t ea1 i mmIh ae anm0imu s eo r t rl s r i r0ea ol nn o i a rr s9 meh r flur ec a u n a o m o unw u2 a uf 3 t nnmipc( ucwtomr wl wl3t oI pL I uPt 2 it l it it c1flt a1 gr ot r r l L )> ~ 4; f ) y' ,1 1 j- }. ' 1 3 1 l 1 i' i'! ,i! iI J l* ll .llllIl~ l

g i

• • e c..>szy8e-E 6

-- - u. =. - a k.= -E a c = 9 =.E, -. - e u c 'E C 2 E c = E - .n C t ? e C h. 3 - : z,..E C, m -lE a a u.- a =.==,a E. 6 e. c. -. u,.., =.._ c,.E.. - = E.a

• m -

., = -.~ =- ...- n =-. .,-...,.c. =,.-..e.,,.t, r v - - - - s. =- u x r. w ~- - kW:,a. -a. . ~- ..x, u.__,. n. .= x. o e ,4 - u 5 5x .wC = E,= = t c'.=.E c.=. c.. V *.=. c -i.. y p o a,, e c. : t.s c,.=.~ u..x. ; = ee -a = p a.r E =x- - c. =. = s = 6 t - _: e - =, .u y . - 9 *. e. c,., s., - - = - e. w. -. - x c ..n a a,. -.

w. er _t r

,., a. .u -.u. . s== n - - e -..e .,_,z.. _= ,/ 3-9n-c- w-v w r =. = .1 n n = c. n ,7 I f 'n 2 S s g* t: = c.Y.. = c. ". n = s- ..= :: =.= h :e _rE - c 5 c = -,C :e.= :?.s==. * = _= e.E r= = - = n 6 _ he "- g : a e -= = y. c,- E.= ~ 3.3 t s:. E "i ~E

• 9 k E* *. *3.5 S E

5. 2, j 5 k E E 6. C, 3 5

• • E 3 ' " = "g.I 5 M E

~ E U.= - m e - e - ,.:. 5 .E"c,,,-,.. e. u. c,. i., R -. --.,m=-. =.==~-.=.u ,u. c e. = a,,, s r = Q 1 C 2 V "2, ;2 - E C -

c. 3 s. cc=.-E 7 - 2 * ; =

• c. w 3, 2 *.C.h tc c.

.x u .h 5 g [ ~ 3x = .~ s- ......I=u -.f E "E E = " v

3., ir --

.=.1,."* C = 6.. x.,* id E - r =- r..,. e. r-y.a.u ,,- 3.5.C :x v.s C.c = r - p== r. =. - o -t-5- r ,.,.:..; = h c w a = :- gc.,a e -e = .e - = ; J q = C;-

4

2c t=.c g-I" - J P e .4. .:=.=.-==.r.,yc,- F. = :=,. E e t wie s.u !.4 = " "7 -: M ~" 's x" b =- E 4y v.

• p e F

k =u e-

4 C

=. =- s =, 2 2 I c dsx. d.=*=t,t.=-8=.i 'T -== ag=a= =u - - a.[~ z,". =>.."s.* = 5~

==

. k ;.:x =,

.5 c..J =.

= - -

. ' p =3.. t c=-

• <. = a v

w e e .- - c.= = =. - a r - -.; -,, ll g =- a =, = g E -d E : :>*.,=. = h t.*. =, C 4.=. a,x <eq E 5. *= g 4 2. *=: d =, e

= 7 c=.

= ' ~ = -= e: !== @ $ r "~~ a g 7 c. 3,4 g,.* 5.3 ={= Y = '= 2 2 3 y .~ =i a, c-g o . - 3 g 3, y .==. u.= .;; I_c 5 - u u r- = x ~- s u..-. = - 5 g, 2 5./ 7 = = " '" L ; C(. =*=9*Ch8,2"E6==.5=k CP a. mL*E=#; q E (.,, CHE t g i - E F ', ;.: = 5 a =

==i u2

= s.E5

• *:.= f -= *

= e *c ; 5 C.s u =.a.*: J .= =. f-Es2ageC - = = = r = =. .s 5 ,, C - z.a= c e =. - :.= .e # x =.= 3 :,= -. = - y==: = c e - z c. y. m '= n..=- -a- - r y - =r = C =.=. w. =.. - = - = -

.--

. = - t u *: = ..=- y ~

2g b zc x

r e= pr Y =-

=

=..,,, -, g - x ~_r., ~ = = - = a a u.7. = e4, .g - a c .=x = = *. P" e - -.., . =. r a -. ; .. - 6 _ g.

• g

-.= =.. e '7. 5 '"5.[,- h.% .== 6M=7 F =. C. ^w. -=

• =i= =-

.,. "l:- t = 7 b e. r - T r = = = M== C, r..=duy. s.e. =. = -

., 2.,, ;= y .m,, n., i .c. F p ,-x-u a. r. u ": c - F =- 2 x -x 9;*

e =. ;:.: ;

7 -=. X.:-= =.. 3 ,w = x t y e F 6. .3 r = - z -- s -.f..=- 3 7 C g I.I e s =s = E

1. ak$

h=r,Pi e =e = ;,=.k.~ ' cat-s =

- d g

== k., e I.. E. .=== .s.3 a = -e s a = -3 E =Z = y s- ][ ;=.= d =g = 2 g *I==. = ae= 3m e

• • *= ; 3 F 2 E I

" = I' 2.. O - jll -.4 *** 3 C x *

• == w,*=

b '":

• d,"*

"4ek. 6-C P

• f..E.=

=

1. - 7 ~3 (,3 /,= T k $ b da ! M

!.3 "" CP 3er'

• 1 **
• 2J
• 2 p.h
• * = =* pZ= = E' *= t, 0

=

e. I'*

.4

• =

. ~~= C r* m = " = +

• m

$. C :*

• C I = ={,

5 g =_=.k.J.= 3 N =.=M-.,. 1ll",, = e - = = E.2 c ==== 3 C ".". *lll" "= "= 4 ** =.a. y.=s

• r- -4 o -- -

1 O = l-," G c.=- m - =.- -- =. e - cc3 - 2..".:a. =,, :. = - :e - r =.x= = ..a==.4 = - -= = = 9 3u r 2 -= = n ...=,

-=. _ =.. =

m.. I I 4 tu a , -= m s== = s z =*==.= u = 4.. v u.lll E y >. = >. = >~..=,,-1C h =..c C.== - u .=.h.,=- _= --- =. SJ 2.- S M==

g-

E *

k s,= $.6 5-k = ..it 1 c C.,,=. -

== ,w =9= 7 >.s ~ p - =v ? 5.=, = = = = = , =a ,2 _3 =k = =r =:: E=2 =. = g.= = = g: xW> = - ;..a.-== c- . - F 4 E g y...= g 4 g=.= g e-==#*=- g s. -. - =. = = -. = * * = = - ..d. m. 3 % z - 7 b".".w=. 3 = 1.,. M- - p== g T=u %' # s = E. p = -= = - - g =_ E - 4 ,6,,, = =- g. .P .g y = e. g u.-

l

.--,s*~9=..,-..=- e = w

• 3

= - e,,. - = i. 4 w e.. g

== x.= g - - = = e n .=- = . u *9 -hEs3= G 'a-n w r C = 1 C ,,v= 3 =5E 2C " E = 3. '!.k 2. Clx-r agaC = b.= r5 E= c = 5 "E i T T 2. n 3. :.l"* **wE*a E. S. '* ct, L*E 3 : 6-C s.*,!., E. *E," " e - w - v w }. - 2 =m r w w = u- ='q=*.*:,,.=-

• ="t
• =

s 9 *

== CS* L =

gen.I'" = *

- g- .= 3 .J a = L

• r g - -

."s C E :- 0 E - 2 ":- * =-

• • u e

a a "P

• EC*
• 6

-'.u=.==.t

e

.g =* C* "g;: u' =- ,b ~ ~to e M .y, -- - *=***E C= g -2'"" O C 4 e =

= ** * *

= E Q g x'.= --: - 7. D := =9 =* ( =a = = = = 9"*C e.=. = h.,, k *3 *r - n n. n C

• P T '=

.=.C 2. =.. i"e"

• • e,

i

• =-

s = r. e e = q y - C% a T =, -,"=-,,-*==

• - = r ? g ===

z-4- = . =- = x "T*. .= = .-L = $ a.6 y eM g g *'* = =**====a p= Ug =M-

n. '*ll 7"

Z _.d:*.= "E =*===..w*.-Q==.=,*=p4 ~=w" = M *" - = = =

• P gy j *"**==.2*-*

= E %r e M i rC = d,,

• ==

i= = s. C L w - -u

k..

r,, ..W fC - f 1 C

• e e.x--

k = w-r =9u.".,.=.=...=,,,=,=r*l: .$.,..=.

= ;,==

g

• 6 t=

E w - = r.= =- N =x= =. u m --= y g s.2,;.= g k==n y..,=v D c=g. I,,.= u .o. p s

==5=- s.= e= - 2 = e.= qC-

== g ll = <. =; =g.,.. =- = 6,,, e e' g i g" ** z s . N.T 5 '3 $., h, M

• 3 Ir E,=A k 8 E

h =$ '* C r ..d.- =E.",., .h,*=, e. E . "g.: f u r". e4 = E g n -.Y.a* eE E.* - w C,= a. = . = f.e -5 :/ # T F = =.c.2 C' M M # k - = =. - u > g,, ,,3 = 5.s g a %. = E.D " >.*=.d y 8. =. > (.3 ~~ C. e r- ',, =

• x L*

wy

• • G

~ .3 a-%.., y== f s v x - q.x = y *m. s. y 3 *l-lll

• C c ""= =ll =.
• M, g

h. g-3

=

y *' -. w., = = C *d .+b h= w E=w s w C a -- - e* a =. EO.. ". = = C.

• • = g u-

=g s - C : = a $ =*k.y k" - e-o = = w a l' #, C3 = " "*

• J '=. - u = *::-

1 E.= = Eu'U==.i. 5 W k >ga E. (;' "'2 E.== 5 C 2 'E E = s-a c.== 0, EC -, g y - 5 5 k = i - =s = E 5 / [=. "& ** = - C v-

• k-dr C
• i,

--"x" ~k *=*g = *= 's' E.= C.I C** O %. = E E*.h u"!,= S = -aFC= - -...r ** *: - x c. .2:: e -. x I' $ *y,,g *= = G *=, u =a C $.== s $' *= y 2..,, =, C.d y' .4*= =y = - r.. - - U $ *, eEl aN 59 ll: S i v =2 =2 H =n8-

• r k

6 = h,

• 1. "r=* C ' k n - E ' ~F.=

a' M= - c_ "= -E [h c

==*m ~=~=!hIb - hE = P' = = 62 = o ~u~ u E* .I E h) U 0hh .$ *. g E 2~ .E '. $. o tE ! ~%r.,. C tE. u=E E 5 " E e *E *g > s e 3 Q 5 5 9 "M:W= Eii =' = E E Ee'.s d-id h*c. C 9 , '=.=,-g =- { - E - - e."o [u=b" = s==. 1==- h5 f = = " = l=.- w O = = = E J k C 3 -: i== 5.E C i, E D. M -l:.3r C3.= k.a*3.E C.E." 3 E-}""".=.E2 5m,. .2

• - h =

j I m = 5 w =k g .: s c..h =2 l5.2 2 T ** k T.E C a =k x-g = iT. *3 - E;;:l - ;:* a 8- -=ug

s d.' -=

E J. .C =,ea .= c.c=- = u -[* u xt r-u- e * = = r. 2 u ,,,5 k 2. =9 -( ~C - T g =.E =.9 a 8". E ~: * " i.C -,TE = c i., s.= s - C o. .i = =;2 m.= s u. :=

== we:. r: n axew L ry,.yw -g.-- y -y w -w-- ~ - - ", " a'*Pg'M pwwv. -- = r_ l-t

g.. _ I r e e Ea.s - = r e - s e, ma ,.x,= =_u =-= u.: yc.rs.= su:a.= 7 4_ _ =- .= u, = a. - .=. =. =, 2 g

-

a -ia,1N i 'c,! l @#at-i O=. c.2 ,= =M Ti l t v D. _ =. i P 2 5 'E

== E EJ E Ec *.! :a .A e 2 =9.=.,4 *=- "a 3 3. ~ J..'.' bb,c -O w.'.T3.G B.: .e. .".=. a.- 3 a /. s ' -/ 2 y, _a.- J, 1 c. =,.s 3 = s. ; 2. s-x = e, 2 5 =.-..s_ c _s a 2 P.. .- c e. ... : -. u..= .c.;; -5 1 =. - .3 . gt =v = ,1

D.C'5 e

u 4a a. w

a. c-

'E 5 - \\ 5 E - =- m =

• e :: u. x* s "q = f-u := '.; 5 = - =.

= g .1 - c /... i-3 D'M =.s as &.t ". 4 m m l .,2 y = _4 ?. '.; E =. y 3. x

=,. 2_- =,,s'3.E s :t i,

=.,. ; =.,. =. r..=. 2, c.,c M .s e o6 -s.g - e. 3_ g ~ 3.Sa*: 1 a - a .=.,e.- =. g '=,. E ge ; g gyg -w aE - g = 3.-= a - p 5 ei g. , y 3E 1~ r,. <= c, g u e {E. =g.C[TI/=. t,d ,=.JQ cE't

- -.i

"" 2 EE '"4 C = 5 :.2.2. = ! E 'E b '.5 =v.=-

=== = =C z =. " w.

,,)

= .x i-e E.=. arew = - - s a: .t.;. G 3 6.: G g . 4 ~=

==.s = ~2 g ^ e~ xIf S.;, i'E j 'E e+

• F n s

2 ~ ~ 5 .h~7.-5I5%

• 12 0 i=- g '3 5...n

. ? _- 6 k 9 ', ", 0. J d ': j?. r= E t, 'g - 3.w o 9 L r z. 5

- = 2 20 G

==d:e 4 y 3 sx e .j#) e a. a z M.2Jf=-.=,._=,.**;*= c.P l * - m se ]5 9

w$ I.b . -g "'. - - 2 .2,. J -: 7 "E. 2 -.- :4 e ; E 7, 7 = lJ Q..; d g* b. 3 ~".I.' # 3.; p-. -e.E .es 2 4 s .x .-s. s - 1 a u

• s 2

2- _-_-J.=,. .2 16 .e,. ~,.?=e . s = - -. .- 5 s.n.a. sess. y,e r 2 _ m = . = ~, x .sn,-

E... c - E,:.,c. if._~rt5.

.==c=.c.:_ _., 5 e..- ~ = n a i t,, I.5.

s. 6., s::---= D.,

,,.3,,, r= r. ::: a. _s..,e 0

5..e. s.g. --

i .2 ..,,..e . _x -x -.,- r._. z_ u_ - e 3.=..r s-w ,. n.s E s: r. / - u= 2 r = = =

s. g :

_=,. = =u x 2,,e.==-...s.r - =e = ;: - e e .r 3,. .==-=r =.- 2.- .e =x r ,.e.., y: = . =. e,. g ( .a i -.a-- s = = s :

d.. ;,.= 5 L -

i. ?. s * #., T. ~'. ; E I. 5 ~ j -

- r- = -. . ;tE g g i. _t. .3 l==g d ue. -.. x o %. ; '.:. = -2

• E E E. _. - e g5 3,E..

.a, s, 3 c. %..=s=.., ,=. i 1 ? l : ! = E E: ::.3._ -..0 =.. j a C - 2 = L.:L a ;.g .. f. 2._- ,c -r.g-z._ -..-e.- j 2._ r-s sw.. = ....,.s.:. _ -s = - - vi u c.,; , = =": 2 s c ' 2. =a,i-i. =9 w z.= E I, E E =,=a =: = _ m $_ ~., =... = E r 'J c g A. - d-- .-r-e. .. /. x, =, a =, 3 A - 3 :. cs,.=.. :,. 3. f,; a,,.,,: =.- := : - = _ e.__ s e,, c. s = .c e.. a /. =., r,c ::: r". ,.1 si - .5 .s j; ,..3w / /s gm 6 .i. ,3 - z.. :, j a ; /. ~. 3 .e_=.5, c: s = x - s 2 y.S c.J 2.. - = = , = -: .i - : > s c-1 2 r .x n ~~ n =u .. u u =.n w ~s = t G g o .1 4.. y'.,%.r ;. =,= .,. =.: x-u ou-.== :e = t.1 . =. - - g s n .2. x,.<:, 1.z #e.,c ;: 5,: n x: n s a=: -= /., w.

== =... J. . -. - e-b t i 1 u we *w =,,w x C. w = a - :-::x g ; E =.m r 3.a 4 a==. e x w.m a_ 9 u = ca :

. x 4.2.z

.k i =L_- . =..= = a . = =.. ,e=6 -a,._= n s_. =. =

.y :

= a .==='r .,.E.== E =_i. E _. : s _5_ x i = s :x-=,..g=a : E E-E . =- .= y.Ie*= c =. - 6 m. .. =x x s, .== .r >=....; e a.-. u .r. =.- - y x.r r. - =__ = ~ =. _ -. a,- i ! E f E. 5. =r 5 '5, 5 =E x h ~ = .x = = , *- r3. - s s =. =- g, 5- = = <--z.w< ,.e==z-x. x. d> c '7 . = =E E 'E= = i c i E u

• .,.g = [,'.c

. x cz - a :- e = ea - = =r-1.E 9 5 @r lExE r, =, _. x ! c = = ;5 e ,

• r 3 =.- t,

..- =u, .s ..=a:.- era *x = -.m _z.== z.- . = - = =. c - ;.:2 = .. = . =- 3. -: = =-- -=9 _e = = - -.iJ r -s- . 6 = = n, -...a - - - -.- c. .= z r.,=- . = r, =-. E, m. e. = n.r -. a..-.a.=..,s = - ..z E.= L; q = ~= w =x s a.- x ,,.m u a = n x.- 5- - = = :,. 5 e =.a kC:.=.==_ = x a "sy 5e-m = = - - =, k_,L =- _k.c.*. k n [ ,L C & i. , t= u ,'c3e,.a=- 5 x s_ -5 6,.

==,i =.", p ',, * =. q.^ E :e. g, ? e 4 -,,e= c,=, 5.. x --=..s=. - =.,, (.c r_. =. - = =s a a >< x .= w x -=,. s $ u: x 9 . - _, 8. u n =-...u = .x .= - x x-z _4-

• re

= = - nu. n x.s .,== 5., :. -- x <- x P = 2.="

- c

=a _=-.-.=e =9,J: c===re. >.c-.=7r 2. .E 2 = s = ~;=' =c - s.= =. =; =. c r-r *- N 1 s,., x 2 x x / x

== z r , =:.. *. =. x-7 =. a z.r - =- =a z.= - k_ =: . a = *a =.. = n 1 a m, e c. ...n . 2 e -= 'r E,-.=.- =. - ya e -g,0,E - 7 = 1 g.$ x.x s.= s.-,1,.- x u.,5 tr.E g

• E y 7 O g *..f E E k ;, e ~E = ; j.=,.

? E,

l' 2 * :E E C-

- : E :l 1 w <= =. 3 E' 93 3.4 v. s ' 5 yg53 3,," I-i., - ~ = { r. .= _ . E... y ,, c,, = -x "< -5 "E ; "5 5, s.,,, p

d. k

__=,,.,,-c - . = =. = 5e= -,.-C. -C 2 -,,. - =.. = =., = =, ,g. =. = A, s.=r. e = =. .p, x ;v u =, tv ."a. H m e z2 xy. - =, = = = e w 7 p 2 T..x.=- - = c - = <u.=.. no*x x - =x - .,,.=.~p=s=.=ta= m ,,,,A u u. x= {

r

.=.. x . g. ,==2. = - x* .1. m , C = p 8"* .3 4 = ~..,.9

== g .R .*..* = =g,,,.,W -e...- =- - 4-.* $ C. =

• • - M

- to M C *= g , - Jll / e. p = C 7 s $.,7r.d g.5 x =',l, =.- as 7. 8. Plr.= .E. ..e g x z E = : t := C ! u. 9 f E e E >si C~E.a b. .$.p "ur. - ' ' u -cr s E =_. =E :.5 *E.. = e :,:.. .E. i = Y s C., 5, - 9 x E - =L, :. h : a - 4 a -==cw - <. =. tf..e. e - .= s r.- ,.=.',:=.n-,.tr >;.= c. Y. a = = w ez-> y-o r.r.* *e ; = = r. =..ex:xg =..==.c. e n- - u ~ . x -.x =. .y .a

.===,,,. c.t. 5 e

= p r .. yy =# .=.. =... A c2 5..= G y .p-6 .a.x. .2 g

.

s== w -- .e" -. - 2.=.= w <g y -, 7 7

• k'=*

5m 3, R b ~ # *E E'^

• ".h.E ~ 9 M E 's I 3 ~ D ='J S $ *O 7 3 3! 'E.'~ 5x E' ! *E, E S 5. = $

a w 5 # = 5 s.! d E $C g U ) (. " *E = " "

-

E 3- . E eg -r--- .ec-I g i.~ 5,.*= 5.'E 8 'E - - ! ~x.i 5 2 "$ lrt aN "Y $p - B

• E ~- -- -

h 31[,5~=rdEEf C 5' E4 l 5 = e # x.= 'I J : 7. ;::,= u, : :;; c, = n I IE.5 **,., v - $.m - E 5 Y ** E'M t - E*E s =. r E b. .3 5 s

x E..,,

"- r.= 2. 2.s. = a e5 g, < 5 V2 = c - x :.= =; u :: e E=E=: - r x = = J.: sg

.==o

- d 2 e E.= p L E- =,x x ^ 3 * .s, v'*.a. 6 =. '=.=/ ~C < :* -7 tr. = Cxs : = 6 t e u.=- r -.

== e. tC =yC e..

• g u
• ~-e

= ag.*3 . = C *" m u C..e. w. 2 4. =.% eC r - =.-.=. .a. s G. C. =. =.:: a - e g ^ e. n *k.; CQ k.== e.A a =, * =. 2 h v.x.- c===.=.x.e e: s r e 5-e c'1

== I L 1 a,- --y PN, fu, ,- 7 --

1. T.i.4

~ -F ,N""--M-v N '.N-W '-PW

4 j

4

'1 1 38 OCCASIONAL. pal'EltS hlUSEUhl OF NNIUllAI, IllSTOitY i p Curumat, bl. J. 1913. Notes swa ll.e sces. mal nuncuwnts aint Lt. ins of umm est e laats. J. Emiu, I 4 l-19. l Ilau, J. S. IfMil. A ble hastewy awl tava..mic samly ni t6 Imba. 6t, Alvoth smistis. Sti. Pul.l. Itca.hng Pul, lie blus. Art Calb ey,12:1.n8. 3 llas s, J. S., We m, A 1 %4. Scawmial pipiiluthms amt nmvenwnts al cl.e i gray but m alw. Kentin Ly asca. Auwr. milan.1 Nat.,75.31712 8 J livsersentv, %. R., C.wa., J. II. 1978 P..imlash.n n..h.cy.4 the histe lu nen Lt. Afyotis imefagus, in Imliana anal sunth antral Kent.orly. Anics. I f' Soc. klarum., S we. Publ., No. 4:1-81. i Kaun ov, 31. I., lie st. T. I. 1972. thcht siwn! ni the stray Int, Afy> tie I grhcarrus Ann r. Slidland Nat., AM 258 2n [ 'j Kuha, T. II. 1971. Etobegy of the cave I.at. Af yoth eclifer, in simih-central Kansas ami sunthwestein Ollatunna 1lo.1). alnwrt.iti.m. Ilw Undsor-I saty of Kansas, i 14 pp. Kusz,T.II. 1974. Frolms en.b.gy of a ecmtwrato inethmims 64 ( Alvotn 'a ute/er). EnL4y,51Wl 78 8. >Ivat.t an, II. C. 19td llemsng and dhtance swiculation le 1.ats. Z. Tier-pm kl,21.401421. bluruan, II. C, Ens a.x, J. T., jn. 1937. Iloming in hats. Sdenn.,120: i 1 307.3tas. hinns. it. F. 1968. F.tulogy el three spnics of myntine I.ats in the O< ark ) Plateau. Ph.11 dissertatu.n. I'nis. ni hiisumel, 210 pp. Q Parrame. A l' !! anon, l. W. I%9 Fbaht speeds of Ine spnics of sasswrt 6mid bes. J. mmm,30.lM-In Race, D. W. 19354. Status of Alyvas criwurns in Ehwida. J. mnmi., 30 2N9 2tM). i Itacr, D. W. 1955h. A1,41, ice mi he t Whla. J. muun., 30.567. Iber, D W.1917. til.- Idstewy ami ev.bigy ni Alp.tes swifeewiesehes in l bahia. J. mn.no,3*l.li-32. i $rous, J.1972. Alabama cave dendiy naap. Iluntuille Cintto Newslothr, I i 81f467. q Tnu s,13. W., P.t ri e ne, I. C. 1905. A samly e.1 Idl= rnating p.isminisons el Afvo#4 scle/cr in mathantern Tnas. J. mmm, 40.n12 n13. d Tunu n,14. W. 1974. mmmals of tb Ill.uk thlis al b=th Dakota aml j Wpmmng. Nlnc. Publ., Univ. Kaus, No. 60, pp.1-174. Turrt r, St. D.1974 An innps nni trap for I.ats. J klamm., 55.475-477. l i l Turns. Al D.1975 P..pulatum embigy of the gray 68 ( Ateness grhricrai): Fectors h.!6 vuing caely growth aimi dachipment. Otc. Pap. ma. Nat. j llist., Univ. Kans., No. 30, pp. l.21. 1 Tursu, St. D.1976 Populataon emb gy of the gray hat ( Afvoris griscscens): Fators infhieming giowels ami survhat of swwly volant ymans. Ecol-3 ogy,57;in press. l Ttrrtu, hl. D., Srsve.sm, D. E.1978. An analysis of inigrathwi as a nuw-tahty factor un the gray hat hawd awi pubbe scarvertes of haruled hats. Anwr. milaml Nat.,in press. TwrxTs, J. W., Ja. 1955. Some aspects of habitat wkrtion erut other != haview os cavern-dwelling bats. Ecokigy,36.70tk732. 1 4 I t / m

s t, 0 L.. - = n

t 1

,i + UNDusmr OF KANSAS PUBUCADONS MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY %e University of Kansas Publications hfuseum of Natural History, beginning with volume 1 in 1940, was discontinued with volume 20 in 19~1. Shorter research papers formerly pub-J lished in the above series are now pubbshed as Occasional 'l Papers, Aluseum of Naturai IIistory. The hiiscellaneous Publica. 4 6 tions, Sluseum of Natu61 IIistory, began with number 1 in 1948. 1.onger research papers are published in that series. Stonographs -p of the Atuseum of Natural IIistory were initiated in 1970. All r manuscripts are stbject to critical review by intra-and extra-mural specialists; inal acceptance is at the discretion of the publications committee. - t. Institutional libraries interested in etchanging publications N may obtain the Occasional Papers and 1!iscellaneous Publica f tions by adri essing the Exchange Librarian. University of Kan. f r sas Library, Lawrence, Kansas 6G045. Individuals may pur-o

• chase separate numbers of sll w;ies. Prices may be obtained t

upon request addressed to Pu'.dthtinas Secretary, Sluseum' cf f Natural IIistory, Universir;.of 7.amas, Lawrence, Kansas 66043. I q r ,p /, \\, ,.i G ' s v^ a I Editor: Ilic11ARD P. }OHNETON i ~ / / s r s l o nr , ^ l l j }r ?... ( ' ~,l',). f _ j n A .l ~ ' y o /.:. ' k / / y i a rnNTeD sir / 9

• I f

UNIVEPh1TY OF EAN3As t*tuNTINg*'AEltVicE

• / <

t.AwnENcr! KANSAS' .f, .a ,Y Y f Y a ,s j l / r . J '.,- s c Jr r ) s -d' a

• ,,i

.) T q g Y I' ( ( I t j f ) 9 hs 4 n .Y' l Y g i /* 1 _/ r s 2- /, m< 3 ',, n ., L*? ?" * - w,&,*, E ,./, ^ c e e ,.i t N ( / [ p'. ,se 1

p. a 7',

a l f ',, 'l e i /* og ' m l e" / p' ps zm .p ?u ~ g. ^ ^ 'm_ _-..,.L-w

TELin aHC CO:4FhRENCE CEMORAMOUM [d ^ DATE 4 / 85 / 7 0 ] INCC.VING OUTGOING c.c. c.o.- c = ma. Dr. Stephen Humphrey or we Florida Sta,te Museum so m un. er wc , c., c s ni J. F. Eveland D. W. Meyers H. K. Roffman suaircT: Indiana bat ecology vue 5:25 p.m. Co1T N-144 r a.e 3ET Alt CF CONFERENCE Stese Humphrey, the expert on the Indiana bat, returned my call. Steve reported that the Indiana bat winters in' caves frem September to early April. The females leave caves first and migrate to su:=er habitat where young are born and raised. ~ & les may remain near the winter caves for a few weeks before they too begin migra ting. Summer habitat includes nesting, dead trees and cavities in live trees near a creek and forest.ed, feeding habitat within one-quarter mile. Summer nesting habitat consists of p& or mixed stands of sycamore, cotten < cod and willow in a moderately to dense stand on creek margins. Indiana bat diet is entirely insects. The young first feed on aquatic flics and then switch to beetles, the main adult bat food source. They forage in forest 5 canopies and along narrow stream courses. The best time to cbserve them is in early to late June. A mist net can be placed beneath an overhanging sycamore across a small stream. The 1977 volume of the'Jcurnal of Mammalogy (Volu:r.a 58, pp. 334-346) contains one of Steve Humphrey's publications on foraging habitat. We discussed habitat available in northeastern Kentucky. Steve believes the Indiana bat is likely to remain near the winter caves in significant numbers (several hundred to'several thousand). Steve.will send reprints of winter and sunr.er Indiana bat habits. A biologist in Indtans doing consulting work with bats may be interested in bat mist-netting on a consulting basis. He is James B. Cape at Joseph Moore Museum. Earlhan College, Richmond, ;Miana 47374. He presently is located at Conner Prairie Musuem (phene - 317-773-3633). e ._ ~ =.__. _. _ _. _ _ g ) $ / W _.8_: %_ _ _..._ ... _m I t E T. W. s --_--_-____---_---_____-____-----_-------------------------------A

~ - - t u 4 Neleconference l-v/Dr. S. Humphrcy L April 5,1979 ~ ~ v

• A

'de discussed winter cave conditions ard expected success of a cave search for Best cave cohditions are a basin-like large cavern where cold ~ Indiana bat. fall and winter air sdttles and remains over wint,er. Spring bat emergence depends-on gredual wanning of this cool air mass to a specific set-temperature. Once the The bats emerge when air in tN:f r cavern reaches this temperature. i bats ?. eave a cave, positive identification of their presence is not possible from a simple cave search. y i W. A. Beimborn Terrestrial Ecologict RESOURCE ANALYSIS l pam I f e 6 s l A . /

V.1 f i. .3 i / ,7 _3a_ _S O. ~ .I 1Tlerica 1

f.,y ef)

,s .w s b f,d. Roger W. Barbour & )

• g.

(.El Wayne H. Davis a p Vb

i. -

d. N .U y it, ;< {'E' r :.d sa.

. r.

f' :. Ib /.%. \\?: .6 ld - Tlic University Press of Kentucly l. .J.,..., ifh ' ih

o m

kk I m 7., ' -;l P: 8 %?- E Yk b

l I o, a ~s.,s. m e., %. >., O .1. .a As .o -.s C ~l ' t :..'. s? -. =- u s

3

~ n - =mv 5

's 5, :; = = w

~ : f .J

• g

., y Q. 5 !E5*J$"> a. 7: =, . j ; :* s D *.} : W g j e, =F aa E g ~ :.: a.: u.4 s-g7b .s. ,m ~ t

• 7.a - e,g

- /.

,e. =. A_ ;s t C= u, :r: J .a., T *.4 2 E 'f. /-," s: - ...d.v u a y cd- = .5 : C ed ~ v , y =d - ~ u;43: = a ?- 5 .t;*.* e .w. uw m J c. r. ,J -~ ?, ~ .J u - y'g sm.- a .m. ~ s.y y 9 :f w g ~ .a u eJ 2 aj '$ 7.5 .4

• J J C

.,g~./ =- u 4. s - e ?,=2 =, 2 .:f., C.je E ...*s-

=, = = y.c,

,. 1 1 i 1 J 1 I 1 'l M .n 4 1 a4 e. ~ h(9eN ~ - _ _,,. ,g ' l f.f4 M* ,1

• j 4rf y.'

g,; q ~ ,...g.3

a --- -... - -- -mz A i wwe%.. __.;g., p:.

a.g, J Z---.--.. J

_ i - -- .. ~ a a n a2 -. -. -. _ _ _ _. _ _ _. _ _ _ ._n '] F fS 'h _d.- e.- .*h = te = u.- a y ff. - = 0 \\O e f' $ . e- . 5 s $n .j u. g =

• d W. s n'e

<e a y;. . af 8* = *: 2 = t e' = 1. g, g n. s.*F..f C .g .*/3 w 6.

• O n 'E

.a

g. g c-

• 3. e se 9 Y'

n% gp.u a ~ .8. =. 4.% s. n s 8:

• g r'"

u e p. r e u m .s e u.

e. a

. El.'. -

.I- = s i 1

== u e = $. .s s zu s - = u . 5 .,f. t ! *"" J"%. p/ ' 'n s = '.= = = Pg g g M C ". Z.::: 4 Og ' ~ - P ...,. te : = .=. w

• • y.

u

2 I

p .c. -- a s, p g = S' k ". g e ~ .w a-33. =r .%.d .1

1. 2

"'" v

*/ -

" f. = d = ~ = s\\ a=. y

,, ***. 3..

.= F# E f g s s "p". N.g.eq. V .OO

• t O' ~".

%O n a s,*

== E.1. 8'".

• g S

g. w .=

== ,g*g ,,L

u :

L.' .= _, 1.. gY c.g,.. oC1 c ..%.\\. e .: =

~.

-r = v = P

• t'

.g ( : - - h .=. -; v. 5. - *? 3 n =u .c Ij "*.-E g t

;f s

.r - tr - . s- . t s ,o i ,.u...- . 3. .s =- s .w =.l *:. .,:l; g .=. .:.' o ' sg . ",.:= l ,*= s g tr - w s ,,.=. r a

• f.

==.*. w 4 .I - s - .f.,e.. = =. - ,r p,p. y er l

• * * =

1 n p oe e 2 .a u a par.- s w r-O .e .y., -..! I = u s _.I 5Y- ~, 3E .V.* ~ .5 ~. :: -"J . b : =*.:'. 2 s: r s "".! - r e - 'O tl..,=

• . 3.a - =.=.

.d.s f ,. f g ' 8 8== % 7 u.a E-w u ' 8 .g;, w b : = ...= =4 w .= ,s. -,. a %.e e n Y 9 ?s* e.' 7-N

n'. (

.2 N v* ti U ** k N n..h.,,.Y b b ~ - 2 - e n n c. =,. n "~* .u,, e n n C"., - *3 X w = s i gf, O s -s = l ~ n m. -,n g -7" : T :=- -'r* '== = .g- - M

• =

6. = gf so =

• "l1

.e n $ *=s.. ~ y s s y n -n ..f s. I n. =.=s,. - Er - ?.*o * = n * .J u s. 0

l* -

s - - - ~ s e. n ;O i s o s. O, ~, -u e s ~ u = I a - . a -- n

• =

u -s a = *: .:. =. r u. ,, u .g =. Og s. .w s .s. -W .~s ., s = - s .a .s a n . =.

• 2*

v Z - lll". d -

u u, v * =

a u - .c a 5 O f*

..

a' =ll: C .= a l

• ~ U "O

.,,=, .t - y y

== a

- _- p.' -

n en y y,a u e ' J ? u.,.,, J. Y. - a _W te ,a,. a,o . ~ y o g,g .C...: 'O = .= 0 n e. v s./ s-g D .s . e ; ~l

• .: (s n C u.

~ we e . n n ~- 3 - .e

n. u

. ~ ~ - r n n w g,t. J. o.=. O ro - .t .d .a.* - e : - a. a-L,,(==. 5. t *3 w y r,).,,,, O - r.e O [.=. - - e n~ f - u s u e* 1 - -d

• J C

3 y.: g g~

• 3

?= .,= ~.~. *

s. =.=. = d tp =;ls,-,.: *.* sn

? ~~ - et., s ../s....-,- s. c ~- s. ,e =

• - - %yg

-g-e w u ,2,, - ~- -

• ". ". 5 '= -..."

-s lE..',- E 9 llf 0 g u., u :,. f -.~,e. s t a s. -== - .a .a w - s -=. ,s s s ,v,.,. .n g .s, = h

• *.=: =,

-.= t C- .l. u = .=. m l s , s w w w y - - -. g.r** .f ,,r .s -. - .s., .s. -s. ^ e , e e I ~- ,s ,. -.o s - :, -,,._.e,,= - ~ -,- .sr n .d a s ** g,, s n. a ,s r s. .,.. ~= ~ a-n ,s,, - w .- * - 2 e = = *..., .p =:, - ..d .=. - : =: = --.= -s

,o n

• r s

r;,, u -ny .g -. - = :*s.. L

• d s n, 4,

.g s .d. f n

• * ' = *

u.,,,

.- = - lll: s = = er 5 - a:: "4 n n. -- .- -.=.r, m z a..= ...=.. .U e = n C .=*. C *' u:

• . se

.s, e

tb '

a.' - (~*0 f ' tt w ~ .u

• 1

,= g.

.-s */ ..u e's C U. s o m, - ~- K i L2 d w - W. *: Cp. = s. q

- - D e a

g, N..U. .o e er-n pe.= s u m .e e.. op Y - ,p. r4 s,f ,d. .e seg C% as X ,I'3 e = ,te t'. m# .. u e c

v. *=.

= .w .)

w:r u O U i

• • '3

-..i. u u

.

• = QT U

-W= =. o =,. C C J,*..u..=. C "I g' *=u.- . f a" **,; -

• f. a =.

J g - = -," . =. --= C

.,7.5. -=.11 2 *

s .= M tr. u.= ,,9,,, d. g. . =,t = g*, W n.== u, c W

tr ;

y u , m =ro p n = .5 .s = .u

s. - -

,e - u u .s.... = =. u W n C = * = *, n gg .n s s s ..= u e =. = .= 4. v .- - = - = = v = 5 =* 4 u c = .= =.#- "T "'* = C :, - -u =g. *= "1 g u =" -=* = LI . g g.=.:.:.= u e .o LP =

• C.$.== = =w.=.== = a c.=n v v

-= = u L8 ", =

• f

=. p a= e =

.=

.; = :. = 3

• s 1.=.~,..

.= = - a 'J u =. =.=: --v .v ::: = - pf ** = u'" = =, =. =. ~... ~es $ = 1 ,. 4,,. s ",,,, =..-- .s fd : *= G. = - = =d.u s u,, 5 C ".*;,. =....,.=. 5.= u.= u.=_ '.n...=- -ya -, , = y J- *=. e =. =_ = . 1. %= - f .= - = =. - ,,a. = - .=.: ,;_=_.. - N ._ ~;.= u e, o .,,,. =. -.= = s u r.e" w U. *** = ,w - s =. " - =. M = =

e..'.,,,d

=

1. "a.

V .=.;, =. u, = _2 ..=

• • ~

o = t f ;,=.: =

• • *=.e r

.-= = . _ ~ s - = : , w L = u..,,,, s. 7 2 "., .g u f.. = dQ== =s u. =.. - d - = 41 .=,.= v -==- i# .s. u gr.. .s. -, =- - r. =, "=. = .d Wo Y.=s.- =.. .o J .a.

==. _u

• 4 y

,.,,,. 0 = ~ I. l5 E., 3 I.. b3 .s.lI :' E T T: - e,6 5.,,*.,.= 5 U = ** = --= - O =.= - c

• s - -

==.= -.c. - O = 7 ', J u = : u '.e.= $, = = a. e,. 'd .J. j =..a2. p .4

,,.~~,,,,=e.

'~ = ..h .=. ".*7 = ,w = - = u yp J = < U - :. a v ll: ; llll = = - g .f = y a O ' =.,*~,=, -s. = f = = .C. g d = = =s 2.d '. , ~g y. =.; u

y :., =. =, ~ = g = v - g.- 4 ~ - = -,; n .'r,,,.- .,o t ~, a y

• '" x s s y

- u=- - e e. .u,,,.,:. .p .e ~ + - c <, - = o =. - - =. =.=, - .e.x _= -.= - g 5 a ,..=, c.= - =. = _ -. -- s . u _ =., . =, .; = __.. = ...= x.d _ = m ,=.e<_ u ..J .= =,- .-.. -=. .n _ - u.- = .==.r.~. = .= y . c. u = .,. - s. - = . - - <, a u. = a

.

y = =.7. - - _=..,u_=.- J =.. _= u_ m , =, -.,,...s y - c, _,-

--..= = -

, =., -. , u = = ..-,- /. - e .r -.,. = u u -.. = <. - - c = _:.=. =.= _=... =, - = = -= <s . = - = wu.e _=. u.- c. _.,. =.v.= - u. u - u u -- = ,= - - s = .u .u

- =.

u. p : . e -. =.

o.,.

n.=.=.=--. u -- x n -w =a., u u. n e ~... Q %.- i 2.sAW..,jf% ) f< g., -..a,, gWW. Q ~ i 2 kh?' ? .cy-w...,q~N.,\\.'1.&.,..,.Y, 0 .-4 .= .a.,..-

d....

&va..n = e.. .y .-. y. .c -sw,0; e&.,4...v{f&;.#'.1.0 ',W~*Y~*$ N.g $',l{. l C

a. 93

.x.. 4,. > .m r ..,, q .w. A ;, e e v.. w w[.. l'h ]. w. o i +=gN ~ - ' = pmi .q;a w.r.pA e s 3 ..Q Is'4 ..e-.. m

=c - ~ ---.-- =. _.____. l s e i g g. q e.g - m E f., 4 <r.'..hlh;;&,,y. 'bh

• y.es.&..i.. 4,s.M9:.. W..t ' g t %-
• )93 i, s

-.= 3 g .s g 4 f.t 1 e: - i , V ~ p,- . 4.f f..., *. s -ei %..'.t y..%..'ii'.g..a... ..W~... n,. V,iQ rg .m s u o o i - - u . n h.. $ - $I=~- f,. 2 C = E5 JJ.t..-

n.,Jo t.C. J.ga.

n c a.skr-n n .=

=. = - 3==. a e ec . y = t %,. *.J '.s,5 la *.A )r . i' I y n c. 4 . ~p*' e.) u .= uc-x= ~= x 5.e 2 .=. ,? .u c_a .= .u - 9 e m.v.r.r w-. p. y'c., = n. ..s a

s. <,,y f.~p.y

.-o s2= .n p -=

,\\. -

• z>

%Q -Q.s...}. 2., G s s s

u u

a ,,, = (s. t. d e,q r,y #

k. j e s -

-s r- .n J. n G. t :'

n. 3 :-

.. n -? \\f <. n u n t = =, e." y* 0==. ~ c!- .. ~ ;. - -r s .O r O.. i:t.:n.&' = .= .= n , o .s v c 1.1.~ ~ ~; ; g - t - ,+ y'y z ' q <t1 =- _e.d..e. 4 =. i,: f.,

4.

r. pig. v 4.,,'* l i s n =. - . A s v =. e g. - = a n a Y .. eM..M

a. a... o rthi s.=.: x,

= ; I - = . y = f:{,. m % -t ', 'n.f D,p -; = r - u .5.c;p a - -- g 9 n. .m

"i l

3.; 5i = 2:a. a =- .; 9 -3 7"Qe9 g Q.,.. "l - = ~s ~ e.. 9 Iw.v " e, -er e. - u. e v /, j

~ u, 6

g=,- e. u,. 'r,.o. y,_3. p ~~,m

. w 3

.= y, , e -.. s.. = - e . n. yO,.,. %.). -.. = =. < = .s. u a . ns - s - .= < r, ...a =,. .= =. = - c.- , = = ~ i -t = b 'i, .=.* -- s~ s n y' u n a

=

- u.=. . m<....y. n.... O.i, hIS. y.; E,f. r).& =.,=. =. . - a = a. .= - ~ ,- a3 = v = =.= ;- t C : = ea 1t 525? ]15 ".= 0 =& C 5 1.@ $ 5 N. 1 14ll. bh i y. =. :.y -.. k c.,g *'t %a.i .\\ s .= = O r h,,4*)f 'If j h 'lg. ..f.*t, =Z

==, - - o d O t >4 t C n =,. = = *. =,- ~ tz - = =. n - e" = = < = ~= y LD. s - =

= : -,

n== u - ~ = d - 0, u -r. =p ..t. 2 U, e <*. .C. = s .= -a a d. = n ; = .E

. -

• = =. =.

.e - -s -e s. s. Et. . - w er,g .:; = =*E j u

. m

.. :,. =

=

• e u

G ,g,,;M = :.= nt.o

= r = u g

u E.*" - U E = .= = - uEs .= s = M .= .u = u

c

== n .,; y = ~~ 2 ~'" = ~ s = u U u s = n n. ~

• =%.,,

.y g rs = u.g st C' n = = - e = 4' - 6$ u n.G C s *l: , g - u u /. - gr = s .- - u u = p = = c - n - _ b =.". = '.' n~.= 2 q */ s J - -}y e u : = ~ u Q g: u, -"y o ~" u d s C.= = * ' - = ' =,. s = = 1 ~~ 0 u u, =.=*= ? #* C - U = - n u. bb u 5 Y 2 s - n u w LD

• U n - a <

- a . x.3 s : m :..a - u : =.= u-, =n = s s - .= 7 :-== n = = u u - u -n ..[- - e n.= n =. = . c: - ::: ss .=. O - s n. =d i., ,.4 n s = c' y e.

• U 2

/; L! = = M ** 5-C f5 *

• - G d. 3. _2 c

en- -.=., :n,.;

• = a $.== y ~R 1.=.. = '

= .n '= = *= E =}d s C.- = = . y.'.g, - y.,. *u- = C- = Q 4' ? C d = =.QU y

-=

-~ u =

• . s

.c'.=y= *y = - - s _u= ;:, G - y = fj.4 i. '* U= MZC."

• =

.A a ~~ b :..

• = '"

.f

• =.*

2 = p. 2 := 0

• =%-

_= = -- i:.=, =s ~ - u n,,,,= et - .J. .w. N: u r =. = *. - - = - -.- ,o - =. x s v .e y = u,.= =u.5.~ ~n .e. .e =- .,y D.f .I s .2 u -.' gf '= t ts = u O -== y s s g? =~ = s cn .= n - d : : = .= C.. u. .. u - = =., .=== e .= =.. o n' o .c -e = . es = <.: c,. ;a; _~=u s e - n .u =- - e.=- y.=.,.,t.y C : = =- - e - p =. e> n= s u.= = =. - e u e- .=- = n n =u u -- a .a = a = u. u -n u u < x =. - u s a.a .== ;"- :.e n .a u, er a, .s - - o - s u u-a = %- u - C 5.= 5 y* 5 e o =- e- -= .= - m-EW = o 5 er. y = : -= Eb .=-==.",g=- 9-t"- i i a <=s_

u s

=====e u.. = =n = n - c =.=a. ,. =. = =. rep

.= 5- =

=.

i C.=,. y u e:. - 5 s.. - = - s 'E x :.=. =: i.s n-- I s E,. u 4 s: = -5 5 a !! '-. .E ::..E.- a.:. t ;. .0..= 1. -O: u.I.* = 8 .O =.."e' _" a, ~-, =s s -.=. ? C.g m - ) = E,7 = = .. =. g J I ,/") -u n y,, o a it. . g a - rg. .,o -n y :

• • f e y

= 0.g,,o

• e v'"

" =

- s . N O o' . sJ -'S 'f.=. =. w C'. 2 =. -,., =,. a -- $ '- = f =*C u = .p =.1 -3 qn L. ' U =,,.=.= *=-

- =

g.. =

L v* '= .. N. g /- t1 = y - i

• =

u C - C =w = _ = u, g n es = ? n u t.s - l .y e .t... .c +=.- - -.o = 2 - ; = u .. =. - p .u = - =

e-

- - u - s - o. u - w = - e. n-u e. n s s, +. s a gg, ?n g C m.=, g ~- - 2 5m = -

• . =

n n u? g - n .2 . s G== i :t = u =.c.*.,y

se 5 =...t=.= = = = 5.h 6g.n -5 "* n ** u,. " u== t u u u = - = - n u : Cu= o *g i,/') M.- p 9 '"" s = = .3.= ".. = f/) t,a v". O E .A C==. "" S C. N.E

n"-"""=

n.=U,n== = d v O n a

4 4 1. 1 {~\\g4 d,. v, 2

1. * # 7 8~

ND,,. -p 1 pA s e* .. \\s. J s e (p. ",, \\ s, 5 *: .* p, >.\\ .. v' s _.- = 'h* ,.).. 1.i\\ = s )J'. ','.; \\ '. -0= - = i., 'fg 1*.~.- g. t =~ - ~ ~

• = _ '

C* l ' ~. _s e.* -s c. s ~ r ~'- . I (pc % t, 7 s .('. - r c. .=, -s i J. a s ~ x a. .=. ~_ f. ...s. .e-u, s. ~ = -.' L., s' r n"o 2 = ' ~. =. g7 fl k & 4 \\ / 'i y p.h l. . /- ~ u ; '.: / s Y. h - - n - x a u= n ;*:: u.= s - =. ;.:. u - - m-t u. .,. ~- u. ..=.==s= a. ,,.. _ = u u .o. un =. . -.= - u, n - - -,., x- .s n - - = = .s v - = u. u 5. A ~ ~ s

c..-

.a ~ -. u - - = u. t= =. = =. .s. .x . ; -A. e,,, s ., u -: = s - r ?. s = - - c s - _= = .. = _ 2 tr n =a_ a. u.- ..../. = ~* n e.,a. u- = ~ . = - er. .es- .r ._v .= -n .a =, - :. - =. = - s s = x . u .a.. -. f. u < - -u .s

u. -., -

., ~, - v.C = .s a s s 1 u ~- s -_. - uu .y a - = _-

r L-

:: = s -

-s a

u

y.u _= - a = ., = = u =. .a ..c .r u.- . :s '- .= = .s - ~,,

uE_=-~

qs g s ,,, s

t = u

. d, = = ;: ~ u u / s - .u

s

.t % eg u x - . =.:..= s _d <.- - u.= .=. _ cs .9- = s = -u- - =.. -W-- M==W= _.=, -e r,:-- - = -- = = m _= .s* -g

e. -

s.

.o m.nc

T u

s u e s s - r re .J .= u s - s ? c= u -. -. = u a. - = .e e. = < = n

• g.

gs a - -. u .d.- -s s .u.. .=. =.. - w- -...a. E a . ~ - -s c- = ,; =- - = - s s -s w =. =..,, -

.

-a . u .,s . W - -.= _-,; -.u = -... = =. = - r r,,.,. =.. r s .u.= s.

-. = : - = -

../ - s - - r s ;, s s ~o .= s s .s 3 - -=.4 u -= - .r n u_ .s s g. = s s u.,,, - i =.d _s u g _u .s. .v., a

u. - = -

= s - e x = - e - = a s s - : =. s s .s 7 - 5 - -.. g < u =.g u - a. = .,,,J..>t - o - g g. ,u, u ,u .e y n % -..r,- w - =., y# _.c 7 -- J s nU.. = ' _ - - s - a.. = J - .= e :.

1. -..d

= - =.c - u = .= y = u = -.=. a ._.= W >r =. =.., - = - =. s - = ,s,.- -.. s - _ - r . -. t = -- ,, = =.. -=: - a - - ~. - < .a s. u a = =, - = s s y u r...

s. ~.d t. c -.--

r s.

==

= u s - s? s .g- ,.,r. .e.- u, s

r. - -

.s. .s ,a ,.. -D -i 2 - = -;.; y u -- .a ~- u "f. -5 :=,- '-.=. :: - n .g = y = E = = -: ~ n

=

=- .= U== = C, -;. - =, - a = -5 y

..

u 2 -: = -. - =. ;. u -.: ~: u u.n u, . Ix -. ~- =- . - r .* -. =. a,. =. .s. - = d.f . = = d u.-:= *=.= y2 r s s = -LC 2~ , 3.=.. 1-- U _ V-g s -_s n.r - u.$ J. .s .,. =-. s } .. V p s a .yd e. .. u -s = - s =' a:. $

• G

.G e. -l": '. ,..=** - s.=-.-,,, : = .y = g - .-e s a .g u - g

• • m...,, e,

.J .J

. sr

.,,g .h. p V Q g ,s,, ~# n.'. r""" Q m. ,u . ;j ,, = .s M u e.3 -" u ~* .g p s _ g *"-." *" s .d .J. p s .- - * = = D i = 8.8 0 "7 ..=.,4 -.,=,,. Y X *V 'd m. ~ = Lt f C Y s. s s

• y=

f s .d =. t s

• E y

uw = r. ~ u .r a ".. =. u '*: a 7 g e. f.. ., a e s -. - - -.. s - -. - s. s -.. -. f w .e "TF e W'

f .t [ = $ ** I . =k - X r ' "7-Y.: "a n. :: ; y.= [J E T.'. U e 6.u = = -7 "f" .l'.

as.g = ee u - = "* :-. u. -. = ~. - - -to -: ~ t. -t "", I 9 C / M:: -u : : 2 -- u-4 - C Le :.- t* O '* M e. -a c C. n a U U n. = .1

- C=9-7=

.: =.: 5 ~ c.,. .= --O U n C9~ =.'osri 2.5 $ .E. ~. hr.5 5 ~ _5 3 'y # E 8 $, 3.5 'c .i -' =- p# . "u

• -*?

9 .C LF,M ,a =e. ei. 2 2 gp / am $. O se u 2 u -. 'Fe o. = =* = - 2 = ll; C.. L ell 3 - L, ""* O**.A, U,. f'1 Q * ** t$ =J s

==. *=-

Y "s. $ d,

== w Q 'd I

• t.

eT

• " 2

+= w -:. 4 =,. 4c3 ~2 's =, 5 d O, -W 'J O, = s ~* .= - e. - a. tP e r. ll* = Y g ~T >U

• "2 C

.Q g ~=J d* .r,.,,.,.# ~ ~ - : "s. -.0 =. .=4 ~~ !. "U = r m. a l". ter I, ~~ To A a.

s. ?, 4 n

c v=,,,, --= ~8 d ? 5 .,2 ~ : A E o - 2 2 .=f - d c.- C tr.= = r. .u. ,= -- - g. = =- = .x = e m. ~ * .f s ~ a:- - - "3.:# 4 e m y ~~.=. _ .:::=: .2 .t? u .e =.,

f. ~ u.=

~ s -f- . :t * =.=- r. ,J ~..:a -a _.J.=- es > = = =, /,:,, 5 "Q ,,c.: : .c..:.:

=

'O ,e Z J d **.: -. d s - - -=. "*v*'.* .~ s -. w .I,,,:' ". '." Q J .u. -s ,J 2 "3 .t.r (/: - e

• • g

-.s :, -.=...

==.,g we

U

• =

e = .3 .':= = ; - p*.. - < -. + -5 .J = g, a u w - O== a ~ : $. *.,. u.. ~~ L' '*) -s b - G *"*. -., .. = ,- ~- .u. w a "; n f a Q =3 -. -ll :: ". =. 2., = -ier,. - -. - -s

e

. V:: O

,, ; ? "l:.." +.

== t. e. 3 . s,, ct .d s - 4

• J

.u. -f 2' .'.g p - J. = a e :"

• • = a

==.2 U v.=. -. = ': 3 s

• l" er -

.f ,, = =l r: u s ~* .,.===.a.r. c, =.: _ = u.. : ~2 n ,e .: = a = 2 - : = : _.- =., 7_ =. _ = .- = 0 - -- - - - :.= 3 "':ll . O I.2 -3 ,e "s 4.-.i. -= e

• 1

.S. - s U ** 2 -';' Q *= .,- - -d u .':.= U a ,,e 9e. .t a a. 4,y .5 O ' c. . n. d -- v

= =

-== - - 7 '.:.,. = Q

n:5 4.- :

':=.= 5 m =./ .D l = I {J(7 (, 4a.- l t y%. %.s y i C. ),%'L%q..pW;.s f..) g ' ;= .. vt Q \\ ',,~ m.~ %..e.A.c\\q\\f..-~ 1< 1 , el 1.s t )l 1 1 f*w.- a y . Mi&)M. : y {1' r &eh*k'L'. NW 5 bA WE^**: - :,-s

?.V., *'.ju

-e y <:y.~D 6 1 ~-' -R 1 > M,. t r.. 'g[.~ 1 St A'. - t a i s y.]J,d h.i. bi h 'r fk.E.f,., M4. / M s h. '7 k N..'h ,F., $_N v. i v .y a r= j ' %,..

• ?},Jf ?

$y.7 ' l 4$ ~ 0s.4['.fn/ )i\\ J iff/ Nm ge... 7~.,o-< - # %.4. ( di e%hs rm,,.

• j. -

y[.f 2b % d 'e Y .= .a ..w

e g

.g w.- -r a. k 5 Q.,,.,. / 'I. 1. m,. 6 .n 9 92 - s l 1 f e e 4 g}l- >. J.. \\. o if e IoC. 0 l' -N e.--.=--mee w C"'""__.._-*_ _.._-. 7.

g- _3.=,. m- ._ _ _ ~_~j._y., ve k a r, _.dmm u nm ~ ~ n = + m y gt - O - u s . w m. y y - C= ~ s =. ~ e ~ ~ .J. A_.~y* ~ ~- s o - -n e n=C U e- .u.- s n-y u p. n n s J a n - tb n. f f - ~- s. J P ~- J - n -W. - pg -.=. - -

• ~ ~ -

w'- y u. - ~ .J s ~~ P 2.4.fs.-=.,J = ^ a J ,x J a - a s J v n w s. m w w- .+ w - s -w 6-. af s o s .. s r - J Y O y

y -

-s w w ~~a* g a w .y J e v - w J - - nx - c s .~ .. f. _. ~-p. - J : - D s e - . s. J. s ~ s e J - s s wm a. dd T- . tf = = n= c ". 4 ) w y 2, -~ s - = s - U T. - s~ w s 5 a = u= - =.: . = ~ s =5.5 = s. c. 2 # E u =. =.: c . r. W-n - - -u -g-u_ u = = -: ( - ~*..= c n -s y s ~. ~ f. . 4 y - y a m. e n y = a.. w y.s - f s. _n ~ - ~ ~ o J s s~ m Y ~~ .J J =J s -a J f - ~ J .s s ../' J m m Z. w - -g -s w _"g1 .~ - n J n ; -.J J s s .h f . U2 n. y ~ f. = r n s a. J n - = _Y- - J J. ,s "V y J e; - 7 ;..a g = .J m. u

• g e

s. / w i g_-.J - = w w/ s s 4 - e ~ g,, ,... f. - d- _n -s =- . ~ J_ ~ -,- y - y -J s _-p - = a J m . = -~., p - -g - - -, _a -s : -g g - - f - - -.-- p w ,J. s n - - e-x - - ~- w w - y r T. -c p. [#7 . n s O w =.. ..= n. n r - J a =. =. u = -e . =~ ~u = = - J.

~.J Lt. ~-.- u s n r - ga

n. -

• s

- 7" m s J - a w J

s. tu u

f ~ ~J V w 1 y s ~- ~. s = - _ n ~ - g -a w n ys a J

m. V'

s..,.. -.- _-. ~

y ~ e ~.- _. _-. s.- f - - - -J .e o . w w ~- ,s - s ,s 4 e - a n 7.. - - .r -e - tr -. J w v m n J.* .. - : -. =. -... m_ . = = e J s. y s e w o _ - s J s. J n e p. u - > _ - /. ~- - - U* J -. -*

y s.

- -- ~ m e a . p s.. - * - n ~ ;p ~ - ' s a * " " ? r s ~ - .~=

• .. - 2 7

~-. - - ~a ~s. . w _ 3 y.* -= -- - f ~- - -, w J -^* :.J ; K~ -. a. ..s J .e a a m

• a e.

J . ~ %

~ ~-

• d d W4 U

T ".

5. Y ~.$ 2

_? ~~ n a s. . J s. ~ a. C .s f _.J .~ ~, rs w s a -w w s, y ~- .J m. w ~ ..g ~ a y y J. a u = -w - ~- - . _., 9 a w .._a. .a up _- ~.W_. _ s J_ =s U ~- ~- r .s - ~- ~ - - :.U ~ _. x v -.o - -., b . ~- s n _ s e ~ p s ~ -n f. a L = - ~ - ~-, _ w=.s J. a w .m.. - - g.. e -s r.s u - - ta.. s J f, u u ~n J - nd =- a. , ~ n. w s v w s . - -. - - - s e w w s -. ~. g J. . y .. u - s - - - -

• J _ ~- ~

J. a s. - _ n .n. ~ .~ g -A a. -r3.- s s J .r J - s. J ~- T r.fi - L ~ ~r / .s _ s - - J -. J ~. ~. .s. s s. = M Et, -. ~. y w .J a .J a - ~. ' J ~ J J w e _, m .J n== ,..n

~

.s - p J: C. ,,n,. s a-7. ~ -w g w ~ ~ E ~4 -,.C e ~- g .-- -. - e.. -- s. e - f s r. w w s .. c.. f s. s

• ~ #

U

J%

Q u. J.. ?a %. <- f 2 ~.: /. U U ~ s f e - n ~"u~C n _y my n U umu ~U *:.* e - %f C d u ~~ J J W n~2 V sJ = b,. n .-r a s f % -J = ~ ~- -a'_e - c - e r ~. f n~ ~ s e m w ~ w M e 44 0 f - 7 - - a J = .s. J, e = - : P :. .r c.p - 1

s. :

J

s n a m

. * - - e ~- - "-

v...

n y ,J. ~-

• = -

sw w if .g s n K n -y V8 w - *. .h y - m J y J W. : o

• "
• fw J 2 s

~ m

• 22

' s-m n _d n Y ; m_.e. = -

• J 2

s ~d p 2 i a ww - - n ...s "N f. -n - -~ ~- ~ 7 ,J tf - w ~~ . ~ a e m e ~ s. s s T.- : - n y s 7 s a g . - g =.. . ! _y r - s w e a g ~ d a f *:- ~ = g &= = M y g h g - i* ~- g '= - u.- L* J n ~ r i O

• • ~~y.n J

. g. * -w ~

• E*

w y - : C ~ ~ * " * ".*s s s ? : s a.. .~* ~ 3 .J = -- p. m.. I y e,,, y .d = 2 d u .C M =

• *E t. = " ' O.

u,,,j n a = l ,,, a w J a ~ .x w s. e e -J s - - s a. a m ~ ~ - ~w w 2 9 - ~~ s ~. - a _ y ,= _ - J r ~ s w. g-J w a. y.- y s.. s - ~ n : - - - ~- m w - v < u n m -n n =. - w. m .y - - - t a # -y2 U ~- 5m C 4E g$w. j. -g 5A' . 2 X*- 5U

• ~.

U = ~ G A. x -" s J e w J t yw w w - s-s. - e - p = = ; - -.- y. u a J s J r - y - w = s, n f a - n Q, s. y w s s .f-

n. - p n f u r.

e = s. . n - *. m s. w n ~- .J n - : g ~n y y-n g- ~ m n a - y w - w -n -y a ns - _ m, ~J. n m a J w J. w s s * -,* =. y - - ~- 2 W ? s J h ue g w y w

s w

~O - y - - n - - s s J m -Lp s e

• e U4.

f J J - Z W M y .g ~.=*~y ~: - p n _U y. y. ~- J.= 2.. ~ J ? W* - s J a s s ..s ; a.1. Lt

• J.. -

n n.,,. ' =., n. J-w w .x =- -J~ ~ n -. s - J e m = -.-,~ 1 % s th w s w u =- g , - y s.

r.. ~- - -.=. ;

- r% = .n.v. 4 4 - s ..v

-, =

J. .r t rs PZ - ~ ~- w ~.= w 4 w s ,J o y W_u e a -. s J -- - ~- .y J .r n ~- u a w / - n s ~ ~ - - s, y~ ~-... s-s ~ a w s W s. Je : s J-

2. T.r %,,,

=- /.. u y s. e ~ a J - s .t. _ - s s *

• s s sh w

,s. ~ . n - d

t. 'f s

O.: q - n 4_ g -s3 2 2 =U =. ee, 4..,-~ M w ~ r . y fd ~ ~ m ~ 4 - w. f. . -= C 2 y/ s .~ w b 94 dd U$= O 2 -3p - J ~

1. ... - v.e a,

+ g a J -a Y e s -s : g. w n w* s s-m - - ~ ~ =~ ~ - ~. ~ -

s. -~.. 2 n

w .M s J =. - - s e w a ^. =. i - Cw = n. w C-n m u-c .J y w, ~. .~. J s e y. w r.t,.. p -~ ~ -. U. s w .#. - _Lt ~. - - s =.. =. ~.A w~ s. m e. =~ w c - w a. u s. e f. w w .".w n e e w

e.

• cp

.e =.~. -.... - a .m.. W = w ~ wa - m y s s m - w s o f.~e h y n.- 4 N *. =* ** "O. =** "e*c=

u. - ~

~ u w. ,==- L# p-w O, ~ . y; - U - b-s Y J e - y ~ w J. - - c 3*'.=** ' v a' 4 s u s w J r. e s g 5 ~n ~- ._: E E OE b3U

• "* A O

n E d- -4 a - n u *- f. w m d unaasc 9

2 Migrants nest apptar in umnbsrs durm;.\\ugu st when . l notturnal suarunu; nunn at the rates. Ilat,..ppear at some caso h the hundrcils a not tended all m;ht at the spouth of 3 ' ' '" ' '" ' I'I'I " ' b ' ' I " '"'" "I \\' ' I "' ' ""' ' I 'C T ICAN l nl a toinpide tununu ocli das, \\, c},-- E" P " """ "' ' '" ' ,.M is an iminn.'"tnal etcaptured at the s.nne use. i q t,.4c MIC H. and onl> rartl3 It is not Luoun uhtte the bats ;u afta lusin; the usn. tot ra c j l llounct. one which was nettui at l}ison C.ne. Kcutu(L. 3 l the night of Septunber 2 was uptured in a b.nu inu WI milo l OHIO ana) in.\\lithigan on Septunbcr 10..\\lan> of the bats appearin; "4" I""" ' " " ' "U'"""""'"'" I L L. I N D. s#85 t the area. f The wintenn; impul.ition l>c;im to buihl up in mid-l [ /- September, and h3 late Smcenist the great mass of bats has '\\,w !)}s ti., /* settitd for the wintu..\\ fcu str.i;;te in thron;h Ibanha. s 1 88 .) I j ?- l rQ / h-9%V(/I ur coe.' W. VA. floming 'I hat.\\l. sodativ has rema:Lahle n.ni;ational Niitio ( has httu otablished by sacral umLcts. Ilamil and llanc3 '\\.

1. f KY'

/,h'.. ) ,.3 (1963) took groups of 500 innn llat Cacc. Kentucky, and a released than simnitancom1 at distamo of :m inan muin. g o, v'-s 3 ,,,,af.. ./ y,p. south and west of the c.ne. Tuo thints of the bats from the ""'II'"" I"cahty um ruaptured at tiec use, near13 assnan) f./ (_~~)! TENN. as amon; umtroh handed and rcleased thcre. Ilowocr. that "'Icase loubt3 was uitlun tlie nonnai sununu range..unt the s e.1 c a c acc e. o u. uorn cwe acco. hats inight lie esputal to he fannha with the ;nca. Mucli

an

. o r-.*

• aa-- a d r-a.

1. an..*. w um.
2. aa *adua*

more remarlable was the stancr3 of neath a thinl of thosc releasa south of tk (;ne in Nmdi CuoInia arnm & Sumh

44. Summer distohutmn of.4eeris sodshs whnh winter m two

. lotmtann, outside the nonnal rJn;C of this poptdJtion. 'lDC \\ of k*cutinks's (ase repous, tused uimn reuncots of tunded indn ediuls. Nmntwrs indnate multiple ru mcoes from the recapture of thne hats at the case stron;h.su;;csts that thes same knahty. uctc ahIc to oncut and nasi; ate enct mJny milo of In;;ul, im-familiar territor3. From the untem relcaw point on!3 16 per-cuit of the hats ucre rceaptured at the case. Pimibl the hats 3 can orient better on a north south asis when in unfamiliar territory. 90 i e 1 9

A 7 _ _ _ _ _ -- an2 -=#. g- &5 - J. - ^.%,m( ew 1g ph3"a.

g.. g,a

-_-- r.:.au N_.. _ c - a __, . - = a. t f 4, t 8 I 6 f i 6. - + U e u U = *

• td,*
• *. - u y u.

.u, . f'I. u 1 = n u u - C. a. C. s n ~* "8 .. = k -,=s .=

• n C-

= g u w = = 6 g = / t n f.,,..=.ie a u.- a =- = * = .s~ g e = ~ g- .8

• • y.#

=. - y .s. g d

• . ="

Y,. n,,, = y n. . ?s y, 4,,,, I -" yP u=..,., a a s .s n n*- - -=. = se e =- e "a= g e, x = g

u.. =~

g=

t...

• 3 t

g < s = =. - .e u..=,, = u-e. y. e s s. r .-,,, s es - = ~ d. t. to.a. e y = v 8J,. - _ y.1-

== V - - s =? I s =, .g / z

e. *r E o a

=*3 = -.=. ~ 5. J = , = u o e J s s s - J t "a . 5 G.

f.,.

'~' [ - - _ j = gp y u %. = .=. = ,s u - .4

• • • 9..,=,,

C .= e.'g o. v e , n t tn , = - = = = l 'I * ** l a e 1.. ,8"" .= "s" J O .s .=.-,.= p N y s = u y .e = =. '. * * -u.. x 4. o E 5n - sn .s,,. y- -==... - s,,, y e e e. ~- t ..a n $ s. u .~.T = .e .e x

• =.'

. s 9.a,a. s. n e f u = i - p . u .s p o e .e*e - -.=, e "=. i _ - t* g s-e .= = [' 'm ,/ .=.;.,.*,3 a . q **. - ~ = vu ;, 4-~-** -,~.=.: **. -.a

4 -.u n. =,. l==.=

- s (s. El

5.. -"

a-f te n. s g u n - d. e i = =..= =. (f..n ; y n - = ~ ~ - g = - u .= .= =, .= a =.n l U : =.;.

• v o

== o th w ,l

== $ e .w.- g4 9 = *. -:. =., =.=u o u e u = =..==.'.=W. . r = = n - = s.= -= .= 4 . =- = n y* =. (-y =. - u -n.I .=.- 5 -=,,g- =. e e ~f" } o, % u / 8 .s. =.- - *=.= 7 =. e,: $ =

• 2 -,,; -=. y

- ;.... d =.. F -= g - Of. - y j y - s = =. ' g.0.

• .# i.

u,,," u, O7 - s p* $ "!i =-" ~~- = ,;l* >C ? =.=y'" cr. '"= . n G .= ... = - ...**s.*. og n.=, * ; = =

• ' s

= = = -. a== .~ us , : en n.. .J . % r. e +-,J.= - - =. p-so ra o g s .e e, J - n .s;,. p.,. E <u ;; -a..=.,. =u. y 5-=. = c. === P. .. -- = 2 = -.= --w-s ~ a- = s y* e e e pd ' Lt c. y ;; ,,4 - u 5 u a,

s. = J; Sa'a#

-

-s - u

u. - -

s .,,g= ?# = 9., s s e. p s b. e n a. e. 6 U - O

• =

U u O. .~,# n'. u O O.,*

• =e.U U

g: =.=s=. ,.n .C,, s u a. D U."

-. O =

k. ~ - s e -.,_... "=

-O u, u, = e =- 1 .e a C n, e-f.. to 5.=

• = y

.s ~ 6 .s. n _G =-. u. - J u s e,. s ss.,,, - .n., .='.==n = d. --.' = u - s s u n.=

==. - - f. v .u= + u =

==- - -. g x =3 .er .,2 n s r. g- = P

.= u n e=

= 5 - - et

*

W u. "=.n*. n u. us - *" .= - p ,,..r. =s e = - u. n 7 a.,.

• • u =-

s. .-u = u. .s n u -. .= n f. s = u = u u " , y n c= =. ,c ..= =a u 5== n.,,. .-=. _s . - = g n c - = s .. -..e - ,..= .u.x = = w-u - en < u u. =- .u - =. s .u. u - n en

., -

o .a <u ,u ._.. = a ,. ~ _ a - .= .e = n u- =-- u = u, -= = u. -n =. s .- :: =-. = y .- n = .= 5 n t u 5 5, :o :g =.

=

.:.= n 2 - = .= s.. . = =.. ~: a. 1 n . c., - n r s n -u

=u ~.

= .n. = n u - u u - a - ~- a u.= a =.=u a. un

== 1 -.., = = _r: u s - n u.= u s -- u.n.- u,, - u n u s = = Y .= n= y = . s = p = y g-u y= e.=u = = e : .:C c u ' "i.= =. = a = - 5 u= - a s n. u s u f.. .s - :..= t. .= 1 Y = 5,.. r-r.: = c a.5.= ~a \\ = .J .,. = g e.=. u a = u-e na c. -. = yn= u =. -c -=,

== -7

e u x..=.

==

.=.

c. - -= .= 2 u .c., 1 y V -a -e = - x .n. e s, n._ .s n -.== .n s

g..c.-

a = =. u r u :=- _y _=., =..= s-a ,= x.= =. =. - -< u:- = a. a = - n -- a .=

= y s sn, u = ,. - = -=

: -

er n - -. - ", es...

== .=- u c-n - = u n n =. u.== --u < en - - x yEE = " if 3 ~., ; " = "E " E F ;. 3 9 Is. S *i s? = - id E5 5s s.- . a .i G $ y 8 $1.~, - C, .a b.: ~'., ' 4.,,.,s.

• ;i */ 5

,7 ? =, = =.5 2.:.; 1,..= n, -g- . /.,, n u u. u. .s.,".'", s u ,=.= -<,Cs - = =.a.c,. er ...,., = = 2 - e = =

u. =.=.~)

= o. c~ .a..a - u. - u., .= n N,.=,,, .n. =,.,, .n.= 2-x - u u u .*? ce

=== g c g.y : "5 d C u = = =i.5 ~.= 5 =.9

• = %

2."~~s. = = ~- = ? = te =; n = = : u ~~ s-

u. n f,

• 5 'C *~ 4 ~U.y C =,...

= E ;,.' ./. = s a< u- = u.: n C .e k. 1u -= - = 5 5 D c ~~.=*.c ;u = = -

• = =

6-u ~7 =n 5--f = n 2 [ a n .=..=..=,4 =.=.=.A v e -. =,. - n - ;= .x- - n <e

• . n u u -

u-s. u u e e

u -..

.,

; = = e.3 3 =.=

= a.=, :1

=s er =

,: n u v- .u -.5 c 6. 5 = x' - - = - =

-.c==

n ,- 3 s; .=i,, =. = 3.5 e e.o e .c. C n = _: :n._, 2 y

• -C - -5 u

= 3 =. G= n * -E- = .: g C.O .n =. u s - =. - = a = =. *s:., - .= E3" .5 -E.E 5 '0 "f..E.E =.~1 -i '. w= J u = - u 7 E '.E E E.8 e 'E a = d W gY v.= g 5 =-? =., u 2,

i..i,

- = = - = -= .. 9 - * = u ~J = u. a.a... - = .= A = .= a- =.. =. =. =.* e. .s u. s a r-g - = y.v .= t xy= ..e. .s = u =.. s w ; - es, =u y = -, a e = .= =i. .-.: = .a ~ u ,7 -u.= c

-

-e- ,s. : e : v.= = -: c3 = -s r. e. u s u s - Q=u = .= - :- - o : cc ~ 5 '.u.=.= u - c - = -.a - = :- x - = =. =. . c a '-- .= c A re j -= =,

7..:

= u- ~- = 7 .- ?.e.= E a = 5 d .= u si C =y.' = e r ; ?. =/ ~ c :?.= = 9- = 2 . = ., -= =.x - e "r re - = e s y - < = s /q = = .=': E..E.". - =

== u ".: yn0 'o

"x.=

= u = =

e,

--e:== - = = h, =: -:

e=

= 5= c.c = .= n= 0 4 =.,_= 5 5 -g= U; =- = : = - 5-

u n

-3G-3 ~- : - = 1 .: = u = n -u

.M

.E. .u u E

.C. =, n e,=:qa = -: - $ =. .;= 2 a - -. u.u - s = ,s - = = ~ g -u sa . 7. -.u a ? =: _ s C.= ~; e

5. 5

= cr u.= : 9 ~u>-<.,..a ,3 .yu..= . -:,; ::. =: c.=. =. y. - .; u - = ; =.1 -i a

== .= . 1

u-

== .= y u

• *- -c

_ =,,

• s -

u= =

• -s a =

=a ,=_.=1-n s.4 - -a

, sa

=

c. a -.,

1 2-. ~ g?,ee r u- = s s v, = a u s - -. = .a -.3 =.-== = ~ = _ .e -=-u.= = =

3.= .=, c =, .s

b =

=.=. =.- = e = u .= u=.:..= _: a 're = = .= :s., .. w

.! a: -

, =- u. = = re.2.2 v.= s a : < : u -; = 9 1.=.. -. - =. n u .3 ; =: = 8~ = .=. u a =

=.

a...,'=_..,-..==,,.u. ,._= < -w _~ ~ =.. ns = = y -:, = = =. ~ : =.= u x = = 2- .= '-!,:.,=, u = .?.= C2 = n

=

g 2: : -

=

= ::: = - a =

== 2... -

. u2

- 3 s ", .. 3 n - s '- :.= .-ui=

=

.s. , -. a,u s a u = x .. a .s i, ~ =. u = a. ._: u,. o ,.=_, - e e.,r e, =.:-... = -. -:.a s v, -= _e,- =_ s s. =.. :.. _.= u. i .= :. s e. o n. l M AM y; ~ MMe - m,.. f 'hes g$^p' dV' iy . ~ Q,v" H -Y jpp, 24 h;;@:::$'[g;f~;..,4&%t AM 1: ft .=Q w 'PJ.,, bf ,?&iQ;d Yf'OdFN# '?f N**F. M it : ?1 % R

1. ' p$j;WA 7:7;'&~

c.us .. = 4.v m A.P, I AV %w.D;; j.. hh* M.,y.. '9p .+ Es %.?s p%.~.,:W;>,4 .-G 5:r WN

d. w,

.a =- %@dw 9.ih., p*r;.ps}S g$j$ec .5 ! ft - u- &w %../ n,n 4 y 61 T iE $f. ~. a.'.Y. y[k, ( %.h.8TI M.-M>@) . -j., 4 a, [ ' ?,f. Q Y0 ~ Y n![n.\\w s as Q:~-D -}g. .hWW Q O' O

d.;

# w t

au. = .L p% e-i._va*e.mhe h e .m --, &. w.a 3' n

.

my f ',: 0 i / %; !. m

a..-

5 .m 7, ch; e. 7 O' b re 1M. .. 'w. F f.E.= [n* .w m --= u-tr a a m __a- -r =. I ~ 1 i 1 1 l t B t 1 I l I J-- = - - - - -... -. . m__ 'lf Nf f,,f,.

h. '

-(Y G -)".,{m.'?if_,7g,WkgQQg, g,y, y ; 33..y n m. ....,4 _._.,__m m.m h D Y

- ~ = - l _ _ _ _ _.,___..-~--.- z ~l. _. n ~;_~,' " * - - - ~1 ~ ~-~ ' {Q$ i ti 10; E. '.2 I$ k l g4 4 l'a Nwemmegpa Sa%'$.h: 4ts%g r d)l. 4 : b g s p S f y $ p aesegm wn hed5 l glF ^ AgM l e A b,:

k. k~<.4

>equ. tut. +% e;,A +lw. & 1p% g. tt hk..q..'NN.. Mbk,IIIb$bhh .e m r n m.- M?

t.,%'K4 y

. i f %+t 't n' S$' ' :'2 'dw-

g ;. - - ,u,, . e - -Ah h k. h '~ t&' Wf_.p f ?i ?4: ?f' h.,' A. :' & '- h l 1=

, ? '.'.

kk$ ~ % f* a C*'.y .?. l9 3 -k,- 5 f ;- s. .,;-- v t d s k = 4,k %. A. 4 [N '._ c. : N *k*". E 3 a. 1 E3 v .s 'G?W

• [

si; ^ Nb.; \\ b '. j A- [ s' .p c-L s

v '. 3'.',;.

• y 1\\*

-..r- ;

• 1 S

h..g ?n,L mN'/'. " (d' _ 1 .s l .t

• R '.-.

Y D ( k: t A. >- t 1-1 ? -i q,s. 5 s 1 4 0 .., 6. %.,. i .4. g 4 %.4..ll, 3 '., * .(C -5 e l = ...n. v. ~ i 4 -c > ;.j% 'y.' 3 t ne s 8e i-1., ~ '.. t,n - . $.'_ h 5 i. g t. [ d ' ^.' . G 9 .i r-w+- m ,,my -,f. -,--,-ev ,w-r y - + - e y e'e v'- e-- +we w- - - ~ -v

t -_.-------ar._.-.a-.=.:.:-s.e.s..*...A._ f-- 3_, m -u- .__-u w r. .e -..r---..-- ~ 1

1. u3a-u v.

-; u ta.= c r 7 O = ,f..a m n u n ea =..:. e u u s u u.~~ ~

f. =. ;- %-

m -u u. = 4-nm =-- 2 n n n n 2 - -' s = ,n .=.- O o n n. O- + m . 3 ~ =5 u Cn u- = - G, =

C s ~ a. - u. E. = =n E -= 3 $ -.". d F "C2.- J T. = u g a. - s. <. - .m a. .u .s.= - p._ n n n s. .s s s s. s s,.e.-= - - - u - -

• - n m - -

== - ? - **.= C== == n n

= . s a .s . 'b.,. . Y - - h.s "5 i [p Ill e - s a ~~ a n ,s = . n =- >.- - e n =- = - s.- s = y J u 3 .. u - =- y = . = s* 7, d n. um_- n. x

== :. v- - ua. s. .J = = ',: a

s. - - - -.

= $=- -s..,n -x s.,. - - - c,, + , - s. . _x - s aw . n a - t a - & =, w.-- _.,.. g y., a - y - e .e V =. s A ~ .p s u n d r. - 1 "5 = "" = O y u

• =

= -. d . =,,k 4.= .T 3 $ h b* $ g u C = J.= p. =, = = e = = u a= <r ,,u n - g,. - .,aA- =- y. , - n w-u

d. u=a-t_t a <

s n - - - = = . '/. _=.s ~ m u 3 = s s u = .u. - =- ~- c.== s x

==

• = ;

.= = Y s u 7 - _ - - - x _s .s a s. s. .. e s _- s u .= _ ..u =- e .s _ - _ - = a -= zn u - -- = : -- - a_ - : .,_. 2 = -- u.. s.- ,u _s . -.s r. .:,,a- - =- ,s s s W _v = - u : - = = . = - y =

. w n s:

= a - u ,a -. u =- - =. a -.-. =.. - u . - = - <. =.. = a. : -.. a - = =.. _- - u - - =s

_a.

x=.s- -- = = = = = - = - =.: - u ..J n -u -J- - - - e

c. -

s -.s s - u _. - s =u -= u = s -= 3 5 ;sx.5 C ? c,. -- te W '

y ~

5 = ? E=5 =:45E E ^ =-. u;- = = - x- - =, - s a av:- = -, n a.w .s u = =a.- =, -. u. =. u - ,u - y =- s u, - - -= .s a-ua-s = u uv u -s

s..--

/.- -- - :. - u n-n -e . =, s n - - s - .e -.- .s.e.- =.:, -. _ - o. . u ,s.s u. u =. .u s - e u - a w-e -. .u u, ,- 5 s s s - n u w= -=- u n s - -, <. e.

_=

c- - =-

<

en = u u x u = u n = s --n =... n.,. =.. e

n a

=-. = 1-u _c,<- - _ - _u.- - u = u = ,n - u u= = .=e -=a- = < :. =. : . 2 - /. - =,. : = 1 . = u y-s n v s c e= = n -c s = = ,s s xx r

==s l u= = -.u .e =u,e..-- = u u u - = e n - u e, a- -= = r = = = u e== =. n = - < = 2 : = e.. u - s. s- = =_ - -s - s a. u s-n -s <u - u -=u.- - s - = - .--.., =u =, w ,., = - u y.; - n u

e. = . = 1 a s , - a u .= u. u c u =- a u - ae u= - = =c = = 1

-

=- - = n = n - u-n- = = s n c e. - = -a

e. U

s. - u s

= - s a u. - -= c - s . =,- =u w- - n s a u -t 5 =. = - = un = u =, = ~ ' =c d ~' & & T 5 s ~. U U 2 % u =R 9 =T.==-.,,. = u, - = n ,s s - =e. o. =.... - u-ee 8 .= -=.J "* J 9-

• 7 e'./.=- _=

- n. V --.C d' = ,a,= r^ W. t u ~3 . =.= n N M n = ,=, = s t a.=. a. s K. .J =3 - =- .= = = =y

= -

.,.=- ,u.,. - s a g = n ,J,, 2. - _.= T. u . g

;

_x =. a .. p g u 3 g

n.. - -

.,C g n.- s = d = -y l g -= -.i -d s

..2.* -

.= o = =, s = ~= = m s :- x.y =en = 3 - = u - y. - n=i. =g-== - v n 1 = = e ~ -- n s- .a - =_ s - ,s 3 5 ,u .A = z 2 f = e a .n fm cm n : : = = Q.= = d 7 ? " a.d - ?n \\ UEU-C =" y = 2 p. = u . = p u -= D ad E 5 555 I ; E j =.5 r i n y.. - s - s. - = 7 '= u ~, a s - u4 7 n - g

• n

_ - u - n s T = U = = u s - J l. J-1,= u* u n u < - s

p. -. /..

. = ~ - w . u, c ~=~2 m-u _G.a - a. u =~ u u- - - - - - cu_ - _ - - - = a u - n 7 a i ca

' d n,

-if D e 5 C :1 Eo: 5'_- n C-E E f 5 u.

1. s a

s. s_ .u =- g -Ou ~ = x n n g _ =E 5 8 a= E,,,,s ~.s = n.a s $ = a s.. - ~ u = u u-s '* a e* = g 3.. -E 5$.E E - e 'E H 7-U -9

.E E 4 8 E L'-

.=

a so 4 9I ogg f p, p REFERENCE 2-30 y X.872 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Extemal Transe.1 Oper***0 br A,6 % w<.,g g [sp osta f} UNION CARBIDE NUCLEAR COMPANY -) ,g o Division.I Un:en Corbide Corpcration j h,' 8, y,.fKTpg.,g, rl h...__.*l.%,..'ibYj ros,obao.x CEllTRAL FILES !!!!uCER c r. .k Ook Ridge, Tennesse. , % _) S ~T Y t-59-10-126 ./ 'e LO 4 CDPY NO. - DATE: October 26, 1959 SUBJE CT: IG!G-TEFF. ECCLOGICAL STUDY OF TE OAK RIIDO AREA: II..0...IRVATIONS ON THE MAX 4ALS WITH SECIAL.t-L"II2 TO M5LT0!i VALLEY To: Dist:dbutien F ROM: J. C. Ec.: ell P. B. Dur.away M < de n. el r o 1 1 sr e NOTICE This doeure.ent contain s inferre.ction of a preliminary neture t end was presored primarily for internel use et the Cok Ridge Not.or.s! L aboratory. It is 36biece to re-isien or correction Ti, in for.n = r ion and therefore does nst represent a f.na. re;ert. is not to be obstracted. rear.ated er oth.-wi se tw en pi.blic dissemination withows the opproval of the 's'RNL parent bronch, Legal and Informet.on Contre,I Departmeat.

O I k OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY opgmATED SV UNION CAmsIDE NUCLEAR COMPANY JCC l eost orrict son a o4* alD6t. ftuut$$tt Dece:nber 2,1959 l l B8 Port,No.: CF co_10 12 A C -~. Classification: n,,,.3 e c4.a or(s): J. C. %well. P. B. Demnvav

Subject:

LON3 Tr:V ECOLOGTCAE STTTY cp Tur OAY DTTT ADT A. TT _ 09CEDV ATTFMC ON TIE FJLV.ALS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MELTON VALLEY. Request co=pliance with indicated action: The attached drawings, ORNL-LR-Dwg. 35961 and OENL-LR-Dwg. 2h091, were erroneously omitted from the subject memorandum and should be attached to your copy. l N. i. Bray, Superriser s Laboratory Records Department Technical Info:.::ation Division f IEB:WCB:dbt i I ORNL:BC f l 1

e e 8 e$ N! I w,n

iv%g%im% L

+ m %g pu + m, c,ea.. ? mrw in=a %r.m 'nEto sifi x x M 1' y,. m. t E 6po qiy,,,g; 4 -. ', - - -,p h< ,I \\ A.,y!?;;<gg:}%[p*giqfy ' m_ h)f W g.. , % pe,,a ?Q<; i, D . _ w. _ _ uO.,...

/

c . mrE onx taxE eEo stoor aaE. L - yr. L y. y my w.m f 7 M ,.y yp% #i %? e .,.. _,Y. 6 gl g'. w ' a / 'f

1. l

-,s }$l:i.x$ ;j 4 +f N.'1., '.a.l: iK;c {t h: j 9'.., A T{*f 'Mg? cn;' ;k_ q W.3(R' g y$ s. 1 tb 4/ . 'D,;-[ kf' _ ; / __ g 'p' d.. s.; IN0tCATES COURSE OF WHITE OAK w. y; CREEK THROUGH LAKE DED fig.t. Small-Mommol Study Arcos and Trop Lines. Arrows on Trop Lines indicate it.e Directions in Which the Troos were Set and Run; the Numbers Indicate Dnte.

4 4 o O 'g-s. 4 p fd %-

1. p%,

8 77 a t ,n w$, . M. dya j. y m.qm a wn ,]i E L i,s 3 .. J c./...f e 3 a o <u p~ h k.h k[f, g ' N$, io i - KQ f 1 g-g,4 Jgi ' ~

• T1?& c g

) l h e I.#;NM#iWS q_ i gdigy- {t# $ ] pp eua.wmm:. nn 1 34.- :n .em m:y :x =q u. w -g2g fR i'\\fh& y f .? l , ' ' i ~~ ,?, Q Q}hlMi,n% c maciM i g$@2Q 4, s . -4 4 Es 4 b )p c s 8 yk wgw %a m4g ~,,( v17ht vrM$a.:s "f - esq V3lW Rh%p/ h. 2 n4 j n: ss gy, v[ %s Tv4: 3<y n m ~ fWelml-h. l f iN'EI i a v w, ,y g't 7[spg@w 1 tm .y ki gM MAgQ 7;/5G 8{ 4 R w st ws t@Il~g[bM[2 reg 1n m %%T1g[hho $.4 ',

• Y5 MOWfie XM l

M fMk 4. --211 JT 1 & icTaybEWNME 1 @lW@i%%m%. '"e , @ $u6 . -w 0,s. W. m w ~

• a L.$KW11 4 2'h,:

m ;; n ' ~,, ' g2 9 w. 34 ' $ fih-N4DMND L,-s pm' dh. ( 7,h [2 . y e);.e e nwym n qkyXqEMnF'hGh ~ "'hAkg ii it".[f5, %.b? 4 dad@@h v d R g w/ )1 x 4.4 & gyr Wy"e, C h lf . w %,; Q w% ' A g hpgw yn.t y%y =,. s f,;</*w p %.- - x =:

r p

i3 o n -.-n., a..

f/gf)m g$?-

g s $~ 7.

• , y..;- %. & -

Y Q.gg%N :.. & +.*q, n% M E5 .v; - (t g &Eh: f s. 6;p 'n l, o Mf. ' w j'~ &s-v{ j. u&., . \\-[),,wlg y)g/ s ' - j s g Q ;gW I;'% rj^ ' f.; .Q m: 1 1 e: 'u >g ~ r c )5 %f'/ %) = i 1

e

• p
• e

= = 9 e s. 0 1 e o e i e e i e LEGAL NJTICE ~ This eepere es peepened es en essev e of Co eeeeee.t speasered =wk. Nelehw the United Steees, n eer A. Commissiaa, a e eny peesea esting en behelf of the Commissient A. Mehes say weeary w espeesenestiea, espressed en implied, wee, respost to the esswecy, sempleteness, et usefehaess of the inferenstien senegined in ebas repare, se See the ese of eny enfermoeien, esperetes, meehed, se prosess disslesed la eh.s espece may ses labsage J I prieeeely owned eighesi er ) S. Assemos eay liebilities wieh respeet to the ese of, w fw domeses reseleing from the see of e 8

e. y infeempion, especeems, meshe., w prosess dissiesed in this rotere.

As used in the ebeoe, "peessa esting en behelf of the Ce==.ss ea" includes say empferee e, of ehe Ceavaission, er employee of sash eeneeeseer, se ehe onwae shst sesh employee eeneessee er senereste of the Commies ea, se employee of seek seavesseer p opeces, dissemeneees, or o presides ess.sg es, say safermeessa pesvene to his employ =ene er se ovest with the Commission, or his employee ** with seek senerester. r I I i .1 l e I l t t e ss k g I l i t I f l L -..

9 -la-IONG-TEM ECOIDGICAL STUDY OF THE OAK RIDGE AREA: 03SERVATIONS ON TEE MAWAIS WITH SPECIAL E2.ytMCE W XEI50N VALLE!* II. J. C. Howell** P. B. Dunaway*** I Abstract 'Ihis study of the wa-als occurring in Melton Valley has had tvo i. por-tant functions: first, to secure ecological infor=ation about this important segnent of the ani=al life and, second, to select areas suitable for long-term studies of the ecological effects of raiiation. Records of occurrence of 27 species of wa - ala in the area vere secured The level of -a-a1 populaticas in the valley was lov by qualified observers. The fertility of the soil is also lov except in the except near streams. valleys along streams, and the litter and hu:=1s are thin. During the period frc= June 5 to August 1,1958, h8 specimens represent-ing $ species vere collected with snap-tack treps, live traps, and pitfall traps in habits.ts'of k plant successional stages. l s

• Research perfo=ed in the Eealth Physics D3ision, Oak Ridge National Latera-tory, operated by Union Carbide Corporation for the Atonic Energy Connission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
  • Departnent of Zoology, University of Tennessee, and Research Participant, l

l Health Physier Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,.9:nner 1958.

• • • Ecology Section, Health Physics Division, Och Ridge National Laboratory.

- + - -

1b-Intm duction A study of==-=1= on the AEC Controlled Area in Oak Ridge during the Rese vere: (1)theselection. su=er of 19% secomplished two objectives. of the more desirable areas on which to conduct long-tem studies of==m1=, l, and, (2) the dete:=ination of the species which vucur in the area and their Se purpose of these objectives is to provide additional . relative abundance. B is characte'rization is essential for characterization of the local fauna. 2cng-tem programs on the distribution, fate, and effects of fission products f released to the natural enviro==ent. Description of Area Gene al Features For a description of the area the reader is referred to a report on the binis (Ecr.rell,19%). Se soil of the area is of more direct i=portance to most ein than A report by Swann el al.,1942, provides a description of the it is to birds. soils of the Roane Ccusty portions of the Cc= trolled Area and of Melton Valley. A 2arge part of Eav Ridge (the northwest ridge shown in Fig.1) is A;isc: ve:7 fine sandy loss, erreded phase; a fifth cicss, 2cv fertility upland soil vith 21s soil is waa-laid by a bedrock of shale ecesiderable shale present in it. Copper Ridge is chiefly Fullerton cherty silt loa =, steep and sandstone. l Here the underlying bedrock is li=estone. Apparently i phase, with =uch cht.rt. extensive ;ortions cf both of these ridges have been used for raising crops l A narrov ba:d of secend cir_ss soil, or grazi=g'vithin the last 50 years. chiefly Pope very f'.ne sandy loa =, vhich is bottem1m a of =ediu52 productivity, underlies =ost of the White Oak Iake bed. D e Old-Field Area is second clast, 21s area was l chiefly Wolftever sf.lt loa =, terrace soil of high fertility. .j under intensive agr'. culture in 1942. i he Live-Trapping Study Areas Be plots on vhich live. trapping studies were made are located in the White Oak Lake ted, an old field, and a forest. Each plot was marked off into a De interval between stations was 10 meters (except grid of trapping stations. that the o:-isinal plot on White Oak Iake bed ('a'0I,-1) had a 12-=eter interval). e -r

1. w,.,

w,-,,ww v. ,.wrrwy r

• w w w vv

-c,& v -,w ,-e,----,-y,y y-- -.-w,o_

A The one-hectare forested area live-trapped between July 17 and August 1, 1958, is loca'ed between F-5 and F 6 (sce Fig. 2 for ell locality designations). Se area is on the southeastern slope of Hav Ridge about 150 yd east of Tennessee Highvay 95 and ircludes a mali valley having a no= ally dry stres: bed eich has an altitude of' about 800 ft. One ridge of the valley is steep and its crest s 7 is about 860 ft in elevation tile the other slopes gently up to an altitude of about 825 tb at the bo.:ndary of the area. n e oldest trees on the area are The most ec=on large tree is the White Oak. Additional about 75 years of age. trees of i=portance are other species of oaks, Red Maple, and Scrub and White In the lcre tying ne lenr litter averaces about an inch in thickness. Pines. On the hi6 er, better h areas there are opan thickets of bushas and vires. n e canopy drained parts of the area there is sonedat less bushy growth. foz=ed by the trees is about 90% complete over :::uch of the area. The original White Oah Ieke bed live-trapping aren (WOL-1) covered about It was largely on grcund sich lay beneath White 02 lake fro 0 75 hec ^are. Se leie bei is stin subject to frecent floodirs. 1943 until october 1955 D.tring the first Se vegetational changes on this area have been dranatic. grcreing sessen after the draNrg of the Isle, that of 1956, s=ardseed and sedges covered =ach of the bare g*ound (Mo:gan,1957). Du*_ing the second set.sen a variety of new plant associations appeared and pro +ent enorg these was tt.e Black Willcre (Auertsch,195S). Little bare ground was present on the -e By the su=ner of 1958 the Villcris greatly increased and the trapping area. amount of bare gre.Ind was fu--ther reduced (it is esti=ated that less than $ of the area was bare grcr.:nd). In 1953 a different plot (WOL-2) vith an area of about one hectare was established teside WOL-1. ne ar*a is on f he Old Field Area lies near F-3 and covers for hectres. a nearly level abandenei field en a terrace emi is about 600 ft f:es the eigd of Watts Bar Reservoir (Clinch River). The field is poorly drained and frequent-ne rn-rMm vater level of We.tts Bar Reservoir is 7k2 ft and that of 17 soggy, the plot varies rom 750 to 755 ft. ne vegetation is lux rient and r.ade ur of l aster, goldenrod, grasses, seiges, t-.:= pet-flever vines, and patches of trie. s. A fev pir.es, the largest of stich are about 10 ft in height, are present nov. D.trir.g the vinter of 1957-1958 rmy sman pines dich had been planted in the m. -h E men b pspw-4 .hwye-y 3 gm rg

3-area vere removed. S=an cedar, cherry, dogwood, sumac, and other trees are scattered over the area. 'Ehe eastern and vestern borders of the plot lie within about 40 ft of hedge rows of osage orcnge trees. Materials and Methods Most er=11 =a-1s cannot be observed directly since they are usually silent, nocturnal,' live in burrows, or inhabit dense cover. As a conse pence I traps are used to determine which species occur and their relative abundaset. 1 In this study three distinctly different types of traps were e=plo,vi: snap-back traps, live traps, and pitfall traps. Ee fr-fliar mouse and ra' trapr are snap-tack traps. In these the bnck or skun of as *' is troken by ~ . means of a spring-povered metal bar. Live traps vere extensively us d in the White Oak Iake bed and Old Field Areas and for a limited time in Forest Area 1. l' Sese vere of masenite with inside ai m nions (vidth, height, and front-to-tack) l of3x31/8xlo1/2in. Sey had a gravity-operated fa" i g deor. m e pit-i fan type censisted of fzait flice cens sur2 into tha gryand deep enousi so that ?. the lip of the open end.of the can was $1st below the level of the grcrid. Be ' i ~ cans used had a diameter of 4 is, and a depth of 7 in. Se valls of the esus-vere pierced with an ice pick about 2 in. above the bottes and fi31ed with vr.ter to the level of the holes to prevent nall mamcals from fanping out.. Se snap-beck traps were baited with pearit butter to which on' a fu oba-sions some rolled oats were added. De live traps were bsited with a mistu:e of peanut butter and rolled oats vith fast enc >gh rolled oa's used to keep the (. peanut butter frcs sticki=g to the trap flocrs. No bait was used in the can traps although the water placed in the botto:,f the cans say have att:-acted thirsty m-m*h. In the early history of the :en traps they captured large numbers of arthrcpods which subsequently decayed and irparted a strong cdcr to the water which also may have attracted smal.1 me-ala. Snsp-back t2aps were placed alors a t-ap " e which consisted of a str'es of trspping stations. Trap lines were placed in areas fich might be suitable for 2org-term live-trappirs studies or which m1 ht be frc:;uented by srall m-*h 6 .not knt/rn to occur on the area. Esch trcp line va.s used only once. Trappirs ^ w e,,ww- .e-e+w-m,m,a r-= we--ee = ~ - -,e--<,w-~--

k-stations were phees irregularly distributed along a trap line (Fig.1). Two Usually cne of these vse a nouse traps vere pinced at each trapping station. 1 ~ trap of the hcucchold type and the other vas a slightly larger zniscu2 special.

h. at random or in a fixed At each station the tuo traps were not plac '

In pattern but vere set in the places $dged r.ost likely to yield a capture. ~ " general these sites vere across a burzov, beside a log, beside a st-np, at the It frequently was necessary base of a tree, beside a rock, or across a runway. ~ t . to dig into a burrov in order to provide the best set for a pe.rticulse rap. Traps were baited, set, and placed along the trap line betwen 1:00 and The traps vere recovered the folloving cornir.s betveen 8:15 and 10:00 %:00 Di. 'Ite captred ric ~k were brought back to the laboratory and veished, K{. 2 for a parasitological ermi-l measured, eJardned, and then given to a patholesist i nation. I I Results Fa=al trapping success is usually evaluated in ter=s of e in captured When a trap is left set overnight this is called a trap night. per trap night. In general trapping success is directly proportional to the population. I Table 1 presen':s by species the m=.ber of sna11 "m1= captured in the The catch for course of 1000 snap.back trap nights and 1C85 can ' trap nights. a=ap-tack traps is separated into museu= special end her.:sehold mouse trap ccptures. 2er of individuals trapped, and Table 2 conte.12s the species taken, the nu: the total rmber of captures duri=g k74 live trap nights in the forest s~a11-wami study area. Table. 3 lists n1 of the smn -1n handled by the senior author and in-cludes the date of :apture (initial capture in the "-ah live trapped); loca-I sex; age; veight; and l lity (in terri of the nearest station); type of trap: ~ ~ ~ measure =ents of the total length, tail, and hind foot. 1 oth of these traps are zzsnufactured by the M51 Trap Co:pany of Lititz, P.. B b.E.Cornove,BiologyDivisics,ORNL. ',,1 i

s l-Table 1. M*-ala Taken During 1000 S:sp-tack Trep NiChts(!tiseumSpecici(MS), 494, an1 r.:>use (MO), 506) and 1085 Can Trap Nichts. e Snap-tack Name MS M0 Can Total Souther.ctern Shr a, Sorex 3ctrirostris. O O 2 2 Short-tailed Shra, 1 19 B2mrfes brnicanda 9 9 White-footei Pr.tse, Pere =yscus leucopus 10 6 0 16 Golden Ponse, 0 1 Pero =7scus ruttalli 0 1 Bice Bat, 0 1 Oryzo-w ps.Instris 0 1 Total 19 17 3 39 ,.e 6 -...m-,..,-,- +,,, ..--2----. ,ry-

s . me , / c. f ,+ 4-9 ~ ..r, ,r

m..

c ReSer of Different Individuals and IAu:ber of Captures During 474 Table 2. Lite Trap Nights en the Fo m st s-M 1-M..= sal Study Area. i ~ Different Tir.es l Individuals Captu od z l-p,. 7, I A gio:t-tr.iled 5':: st, ~ + 13arius kr nics*2?. --------:-- 5 0 m _/ - 15 V.11ts-fec.ted ltr.se, peng p icecp23-u 19 20 tow - - - - - ~ [ - - - -, - 9 4*ge( l' 7

• s y, -

q, 29 ^---W e -_p__ + -er % t .R Y f c d . 3 l f, i o s ry "-g w "P g Nh' s

• u

,e ^ R

=

,4 e ..~,n y L y, Df.. s Q ,e s-'s. '} W ' s O* s a 9 ^ ~ p +

• O i.

e 4 f u a r"- p i Y s .s M ,p a (F, fW fs b s. I I l U L

4, Table 34, chronologically Arra:Ged List of Small Fe~h Trapped. /.h Iocalitics are given by nearest station on grid (see Fig.1) except one vhich vns / . pai a cave on-the UT-AEC Fam. ~'

• Abbreviations used:

ad.- adult, D - day, f - female, EF - hind foot, juv - juve-n13e, it - live trap, M - r.onth, m - r.nle,15 - museum special, MO - mouse, nt - not taken, l."7m tht, and

• 'sa. sgsdult,-sta - stsiion, T.L. - total icngth, T1

. tail, u - unknown, k't - ve4 J y ;. ' Y - year. .f, Near Trap Wt T.L. T1 IE i _ 3 - Dete JNine Stn Type Sex Age (g) (n=) (=) (c) l J No.-/ ~hdD/Y)* f^'1 - '6/10,56 Blarina brevicauda G-7 MO f ad 13 100 15 9 2 'e 58 ' Pero =yscus leucopus E-7 MO m ad 21 165 77 22 58 Pero =yscus leucopus_ n-7 MS m ad 22 167 74' 21 i 3' "?- Y-6'12 58 Blarinr. brevicauda I-7 MO f ad n 98-18 n ~ 5 58 Pc'rouv3ms nutte"4 C-18 MO m ad 22 172 84 18 ' "I t 6 6 58 E rocyscus leucopus. C-16 MO m ad 23 158 70 20

/

7' 6 58 Perc=yscus leucepus E-22 FC m ad 22 168 74 20 8, 1 58 Blarina brevicauda F-18 M0 f ad 13 H3 23 13 "x 9 $8_ / Blama brevicauda E-17 MO f ad 13 no 27 14 10 58' '31arina, brencauda F-5 MS m ad 12 nt nt nt 11' 6 58^ Blarina brevic Ma - F-5 MS a ad 13 nt nt at l$ ~ 12, ( 58 P1arina brevicauda F-5 .MO a ad 13 nt nt nt i ' 13 ".I 20 58 D1rir.a brevicania G-7 can u ad 12 nt nt nt l 'N '14/ 58 Perowseus leucopus G6 MO f ad at nt nt nt ~d ' Peregscus leucopus G-6 - MS ~ m jt:v 13 nt nt nt 16. 56..s Perocy.:cus leucopus F-5 NS m ad 22 nt nt nt 15 = 17 6 58 ~Perervscus leucorus F-5. MO ' a ad at nt at nt I 18 6 58 Perenscus 2eucorus D-9 }S m ad 23 161 75 21 ~ l/ 39. 6 58 Perovs:ns leucotus D-9 MS f ad nt nt nt 20 p

i. J' L20

-6 58 'Pe scyscus lenectus D-8 MO s ad 20 158 67 19. ,,- 21' 58 Bla-ina brevicauda F-5 MS a ad. 12 110 22 13 ../ 22 58 Blama brevicada F-5 MO m ad nt nt 22 14 - ? 23.. 6 58 Bla-ine_ brevicauda F-5 MS f ad 13 nt 21 12 24? 25 58 B1erina brevicauda F-5 MS u sa 9 101 22 12 -s -25 58 Peromyscus leucopus F-5 MO m ad 20 nt 72 21 '~6 58 Blarina brevicauda F-17 MS; a sa. 9 nt 20 12 m27. j 58 Pero =yscus leucopus_ B-17 PS m ad 23 165 75. 19 e3 58 Blarina breviesuia B-17 Mo f ad n 99 20 14 29 w 58 Pero =yscus lencepus G-6 MS u ad nt nt 75 nt' 30 E 7 58 Bla.rica breviesuda G-6 13 f ad n H3 22 13 '4 31 // 58 Blarina brevicauda G-7 MO f ad 12 118 23 13 .'32 1 ~ 58 Pla-ira brevicauda G-7 MS f sa 10 94 21 12 L O'. 33 ' 58, ' Blarina breviccuda F-7 MO f ad 12 107 22 13 Oryco:xs palustris F-4 MO f ad 70 246 120 28 l' . 34E J7 58 62cus leucotus C6 E5 f ad nt nt nt nt- ~ 35 ' ' 58 Pero: - " 36 58 ~Blarina breviccu'da C-6 MS a ad 13 US 24 13, d "37 58 - Sorex longirostris F-5 can u u nt 76 29 H 4 , T 38 58 ' sore.; 2orgirostris G6 can u .u nt 78 31 10 -39,,1 58 Perony; cue leucopus F-5 lt' m ad nt nt nt ntl d ' 40 %. 7 58 Percryscus lence:us ITf-AEC Fam MS m ad 23 160 69 21 h 41 7 58, Perogscus Leucc% F-5 it m ad nt nt nt =t .4 s ~- C, }[ 3 *. s > * / ys' i W g' .f

n.'

cile 3 cc.x.nolegically arranged List or n-n11 p-n.1s Traprect.

(conta.) m - Near Trap Wt .T.L. T1 EF Lat:r ro. _ (M/D/Y) Es a Sta Tyce Sex Age (g) (rn) (r::) (a) h2 58 Peron:yscus leucopus F-5 it .f ad, nt nt nt nt EJ

• /

53 Ehrina brevicauda F-5 it u ad nt nt nt nt M $8 Elsrina breviem:da - F-5 it u sa nt nt nt nt by 53 B1erina brevies.'da F-5 lt u ad nt nt nt nt h6 58-Blarina brevice':is F-5 lt u ad nt nt nt nt 47 ~ Perc, crsm:s.lencopus F-5 it m ad nt nt nt nt 1,8 B1crina brevicaud. F-5 it u ad nt nt nt nt O O O T' 8 O 9 9 ~^ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,, _ _,, __

An annotated list of the =a m ala known to occur on the AEC Oak Ridge Con-t alled Area is given at the'close of this report as an appendix. Discussion he trapping success obtained with snap-back traps in and close to the As shown in Table 1 only 36 s-an===1a vere taken Melton Valley is low. during 1000 trap nights. This fi5ure (3.64 trapping success) ec= pares rather closely with a figure obtained on the CumberInnd Plateau and adjoining areas. Rese areas lie from 20 to 65 miles to the vest of the AEC Centro 11ed Area. Here, between July 21 and August 26, 1950, 54 small e re 1* vere taken in 2129 hts for a 2.$ trapping success (Hovell and Conaray,1952). ~ trap ni& That these percentages of trapping succhss are lov is shown by comparing them with figures which were obt*hed in the mountains of northeastern Tenneccee. mamla vere taken for a trappirs success of almost In 1711 trap ni6 hts 205 small 1$ (Conaway and Hovell,1953). Por purposes of comparison, data may be considered from the North A=erican Censts of Small D-alm secured from many parts of the United States and. so=e During the years 1948 through 1956 in the first day of a three-parts of Canada. day trapping period 7753 *-*11 - - *'a vere taken in 96,900 trap nights for a trappingsuccessofBj'(CalhounandArata,1957). While numerous objections to the above corparisons are justified, neverthe-f 1ess the vriters believe that these co=parisons support the gene:slization t' r.. l populations of m il w e al" in Melton Valley ere lov. l Actual population figures of the nu=ber of wa -ala per acre are few for_this Hilbert (1954) found that there vere h.25 vhite-footed mice (Paroni f region. -leucopus) per acre on a plot lying in a mature deciduous vcods s4'"av to the .Hilbert's study plot was about 30 miles air line upstress on forest study plot. the Clinch River and about the same distance back fmm the river edge as is the His live-trappirs success m 17.L$ based on 2139 trap rishts. Pbrest Study Aren. hts of live his last figure nay be compared with the 4.$ obtained in 474 n16 trapping in the Forest hall yammal Area. e-=1m on an overgrown field near Knoxville, In a live-trapping study of se11 1 e G

.10 Tennessee (Hovell, 1954),465 captures of small r*-ale vere made in 2362 trap nights for a per cent success of 19 7

~ Since two types of snap-back traps, tlie rc5ular mouse trap and the museum special vere used ia this study, their perfor=ances may be co: spared. Sey verc . about equally successful in teh3 small e'=1=. Se regule.r type mouse trap 6 took 17 ell e'1s in 506 trcp nishts for a trapping success of 3 3 5. ne: uniseun special type tock 19 mil v'-*1= in 494 trap nights for a trapping success of 3 8%. one pronounced difference was that the regular mouse traps were sprung only about half as often as vere the ruseu= specials. In 506 trap nights the regular type were sprans in 105 instcnces (20.8%). For the museus special in k94 trap nishts the traps vere sprung 216 times (43 7%). In regard to ra-Alm one of the more important characteristics of this area is that populations are Icv. 21s is pa2ticularly t:ue of the upland areas. In a few restricted arens beside the Clinch River and some of its more i jortsst local tributaries there are larger populntions. An i=portant factor in accounting for the lov level of m-e populations is the structure and fertility of the soil. 9-41 "-'1 *, such as shrevs and ::ics, make extensive use of burrows. These burrovs are usually in the soil, but if the Mtter is thich the burras often co=e up from the soill and extend into the overlying litter. .In the Melton Valley both the litter and the soil tend to be relatively thin (the Aoo, Ao, and A layers of A11ea, e' g., 19h9). In general the depths of these are inversely proportional to the intensity of the use which the land hat Se minir.:= of hu=an disturbance on the area see=s to have been the received. selective cutting of ti::ber. Even this practice opens the land surface to sone Be ridge tops are the places least disturbed by ::an and on these erosion. there are scattered stumps a=eng even the most rature voods. -It see=s probable that at sc=e ti=e ir the past virtually all the area up to and including the ridge tops has been cut over for ti=ber, pastured, or used as crop land. In Roane County the most intensive agricultural use of land was in 1880 vhen 88.ki of the land was in far=s (Svann, d M.,19k2). Many forested arens within the vaney in which there are nu=erous =ature trees have.very thin covers of litter with stony or cherty soil fregently ex-

-F s Neau'se of the fine trees on the:n these areas seem superficially suited posed. to small nam *1 use, but support only very li6ht populations of shrews and mice. he cover of the area was discussed in' the report of the su=ner birds of theMeltonValley(Hovell,1958). Habitats are'there classified in relation' to Stage I habitats have at least occe bare ground; stages in plant succession. stage II habitats are @,4mted by herbaceous grovth; stage III habitats begin ~ when woody plarts (bushes cnd lov saplings) appear; and stage IV includes tall saplings and trees. Se only stage I habitat studied was that cecurring on the White Oak Lake bed in 1956 and on into the spring of 1957 In live trapping carried out be-tween October 13, 1956 and May 19, 1957, only Ecuse Mice (ms_ rusculus) see=. to have been characteristic of this stage in ple.nt succession; 40 indivi61s of this species were trapped. During this period other s=an ** -ale using tne plot vere S=111 Short-tailed Shre7 (Cryetotis perva) 1 capture, Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda) 1 capture, and P. leucorus (=any captures of 15 indivi-61=); Both B. brevicauda ani P. leucotus are characteristic of the woods naar the lake bed alth::r.:gh P,. leucopus_ used the ' Lake bei regularly. i By the suc=er of 1957 the herbaceous growth on the lake bed plot had in-creased in extent ani =stured to beco=e r**meteristic of stej;e II. In a trapping period lasting fro. July 11, to Septe:ber 2,1957, it was found that a new species, 'sie ares the' Cotton P.at (Sic. odon hispidus) h'ad appeared and become do=inant. was still being utilized by M. msculus and P_. leucotus. A single Norway Rct (Rattusnorvegicus)vastrapped. The nu=ber of individuals of each species captured during this period was: Sis =oden hispidus, E; Ws rusculus, 6; 7%vscus leucopus, 5; and Rattus norvegicus,1. During the spring and su=ner of 1958 the hcbitat on the Imke bed plot was In a still in stage II although the Black 17111ov was increasing in i=portance. trapping period between April 6 and August 5,1958, a new species, the Rice Pat l (Ory:o=ys palustr4 s,), appeared a=ong the e-n-a.1's taken. A total of 20 individuals l

s The dominant small ma--al was still S. hispidus, of which 45 isiivi-vas trapped.

duals were trapped. In this interval jf. cusculus had all but disappeared, only one individual being caught. Stage III habitats are *.ridely distributed over the area and cover about 3$ 9 " < ~ +, -

12-The Old Field Area 1, in which trapping began of the entire Melton Valley. The dominant 18, 1958, is Qe r.ost studied example of this habitat. on March smil re-*1 on this plot was the Pine Mouse (Pityqs pineterm2); 3'l indivi-PemJscus leucopus was represented duals beins trapped through August 1,1958. Probably these mice pri=arily - among the trapped -1= by 12 individuals. ~ utilized dense be?.ge revs of osa6e orange trees near the trapping plot and were S e Harvest Mouse (Reithrodonto=ys in reality only secondary users of the plot. Bis species is characteristic htn14s)occurredontheplotand10veretahen. of habitats of this stase and of late stage II. Tvo if. :-asculus vere trapped; While S. hispidus r.sy be expected in habitats of they were perhaps vanderers. this sta6e none was recorded. Early stage Stege IV habitats cover more than half of the Melten Valley. IV habitats may be.ve very little litter and are poor in ter.s of s~all ~~*1 As a leaf litter builds up habitats of this_ stese cupport r. ore populations. det s-a1 ra-*1 of the nore nature habitats of ^21s s-a11 oh i The de CePM* in the su=ner of 1958 this species sta6e is' probably B. brevicaida. In the opti-vas the :eost nu=erous in nature woods having considerable litter.T'2e latter species stin liabitat~ for B_. brevicauda there are also r.any P. leucopus_. ha# broad'er, ecolo6 cal tolerances.and =akes frecunt brief visits into all of the 1 6arlier stage; in succession providi s these stag es lie near sc=e area of stsse Because of the greater ecological tolerance it is possible that if, TV habitat. 111 habitats are tchen into account P. leucom:s 11 the most nunarous species in Melton Valley. p Re foregoing eccount of the habitats of the four successional sta6es is concerned vith smil ve-alm which chcracteristic2117 spend most of their lives AMmJs as large as or larger than the Gray Stairrel within an acre or two. move about over =uch larger areas and as a conseqtence utilize ' bitats of all Usually, however, these "'-als do have a character-four stages to some degree. istic habitat; for some species these are given la the Annotated List (see appen dix). Se infor.ation on which this account is based has certain limitation 1956,1957, and 1958. D e su==er season is Most of the data are for the years Trnpping has been t' e one in which field studies have been most extensive. m ~wm-, +w p- -=g.,- ~ s-

Only the largely limited to those species which may be taken in smli traps. White Oak Lake bed and Old Field Areas have been studied intensively aJugh A number to yield satisfactory infor=ation as to which species are present. of habitats of plant succession in stages III and IV have been poorJy sampled and a few have not been studied at all. Although no records are available, the following species may be expected - g Indiana Bat (Myotis sodalis), Eastern Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus to occur: subflavus), Big Broun Bat (Eptesicus fuscus), long-tailed Weasel (Mustela frenata), and Flying Squirrel (Glauco :ys volans). Some probability exists that the folloving --la occur on the AEC Con-S=oky Shrew (Sorex fu: eus) (2 taken at I: orris by Hilbert in trolled Arec: 1953), Southeastern Eat (Myotis austroriparius), Gray Bat (Myotis gricescens), Keen's Bat (ysotis keenii), Silver-haired Bat (Insionycteris noctivagens), Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus) (2 records for nearby Knox County), Evening Eat (Nycticeius hu=eralis), Eastern In=p-nosed Bat (Corynorhinus macrotis), Spotted Skunk (Spilernie putorius), Eastern Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger), and Eastern Wood Rct (fisoto=a floridcna). Feral donestic ani la are not included in this account. Both vild dogs Cecesional stray individuals of other kinds, such as swine, and cats occur. Probably occur. Three caves were visited. Cave 1 is'beside the Clinch River, about four miles (by road) due east et the White Wing BriQ,e (alrest at mile 26 on tha Clinch River, Bethel Valley quadrangle,1953 =ap, Fig.1). Cave 2 lies beside the A Road on the east face of Fainy Knob about one mile southeast of the UT-AEC Cow Barn and about 100 yards southwest (across the road from the. Clinch Cave 3 lies near the River) of a s=a13 square buming used for salt storage. Bear Valley Road one mile northeast of the Gallaher Gate and a quarter of a mile southeast of the road on the steep east (.iar) bank of Grassy Creek,150 ft back from the creek. Cave 1 shovci no signs of being currently occupied by bats when visited-on June 27, 1958, althoush it.seened quite suitable. Cave 2 had a nunber of recent bat dung drops but no bats were present during visits made on July 3, and August 1, 1958. Cave 3 vas visited August 1,1958, and found to contain .i

All / no bats. No signs of Eastern Wood Rats were found in any of these caves. of the caves contained sone cave crickets. Cave 3 contained a few cave sala-manoers (Eu:/cea lucifusa) cnd two species of Plethodon g:1utinosus, and probably J. W. En11 reported that a fev bats vere taken from cave 2 in Febru 7.y nettingi. . 1958. A conpanion report on the11rds. of this area has been published (Howell,1958). Some of the infornation contained in the report of the birds is also in;portant to I' this report, ,In planning the field vork for the su=sr of 19% the senior author omitted -( trapping in the vicinity of White Ock Lake and in the fields near the Old Field Area No.1 (Fig.1), since these sites were under intensive study by the junior Unless esother observer is given all datn from White Ock Lake and the auther. s. More detailed accounts . Old Field Area No.1 vere obtained by the junior cuthor. of the er.:=als of these two areas vill appear later. ' The field studies of the senior author during the sur:ner of 1958 extended from June 5 to Augusb 1. A It is a pleasure to acknowledge help received fro a nunber of people. valuable source of infor=atio'n vas an unpublished report of a rabies control pro-r,ran in 1953 ('Ihonas,1958). J. W. Ball of the Uc-AEC Fcrm Staff vent with the senior enthor to the three caves visited and gave infor=ation concernir6 t:Say of Captain W. B. Snyder of the AEC Patrol provided records the e-*1s of the area. of a nu:6er of ET.eeies and alerted the Patrol to record sightings of certain S. I. A1erbach and D. A. Crossley of th: Ecolo;g Research Grcn:p, OP'!I "- h. Health Physics Divicion, have helped in nany ways. l i ,i; e i ' e ~ ~ ~ -

APPENDIX Annotated List of the Mamals of She Oe.k-Ridge Ato=ic Energy Co=ission Controlled Ares With Special Ecference to Melton Valley d is given in tems of five categories which The abundance of each are (from most numerous to least numerous): abundant, co= mon, fairly co=on, A state =ent su::::arizing the writers' knowledge of the unenenn, and rare. For sone species observations of general ecology of each species is given. The concluding info =ation for each species is usually interest are given. given under the heading' of " Records". Each record gives (if the data are available) the date of the observation, the nu=ber of indivirh* observed, Msny of the abbreviations used in Table age, sex, locality, and observer. 3 are used here. Additional abbreviations used include: GEC - G. E. Cosgrove, Biology Division, ORUL; HH - Henry Hovden, JCH - J. C. Howell, HP - Madison Pryor, PD - Paul 1).navay, Ecology Group, H. P. Division, ORUL; and WOL - White Oak Lake. Occurs in vooded Opossum (Didelphis _ r.arsupialis) - Fairly en-- n,. 1. Usually occurs in moist areas end venders out frc= voods into nearby areas. Frequent 1r observed dead on roads. Aug. 28, 1956, 1, y, m, WOL, PD; areas. Sept. 9, 1956, 1, a, f, WOL, PD. Occurs in moist plaecs 2. Eastern Mole (Scalordu ayaticus) - U.co=ca. (Listed by where the forest has been cleared and the soil pomits burrowing. Characteristic cole burrows vere observed in July 1958 on Knt=holz, 1954). WOL bed, PD. Known from four southeastem shrev (sorex longirostris) - Rare. l 3 Two vere taken on.the White Oak Iake specimens taken in jar or can traps. ~ bed.in 1957 in eseas dominated by grass, sedce, or jewel veed and vere 35 and Two vere taken in 19)8 60 meters out frcm the edge of a voods of young trees. The presence of these tiny shrevs in the herba-in voods about 75 years old. ceous vegetation of the White Oak Iake bed end also in the woods indicates that Records: Ju27 26,1957,1, TL - 70, they have a vide eco3cgical tclercnce. 19, 1957,1, TL - 72, T1 - 25, HF - 10, WOL, T1 ,25, EF - 10, WOL, EH; Aug. Of q

• sHW9

'9 9- -em

MP; July 18, 1958, 2, F-5 and G 6, JCH. (additional data in Table 3). 4. Rail Short-tailed Shrew (Cryutotis parva) - Fare. Inhabits veedy, ~ grassy, or bushy fields. Known from two specimens taken on the White Oak lake bed. Recoras: Nov. 25, 1956, 1, y, WOL, PP, Aug. 23,1957,1, WOL, MP. Short-tailed Shrev (Blarina brevicauda) '- Koundant. It is found in 5 woods, being most co=on in the more mature woods. During the 1958 snap-back It trapping program 18 of the 36 sman - -n's taken vere of this species. probably was the most numerous Irael in the wooded areas in 1958. Trapping data from surrounding areas indicate that this -a-al-may be more numerous than usual this year. It is inportant to note that this n ~,1 spendo most of its time in burrovs and only when traps are placed across or necr these burrous can. the population be sampled. This rm=1 is probcb'y active throughout the day-light hours since two vere taken between 2:00 and 4:00 PM cn July 2, 1958. Records: see Table 3 6. Little Brom Bat (Myotis lueifugus) - Li.,ted, name only, by Kzu=holz, 1954. 7 Red Bat (Lesiuras borealis) - One shot Angust 15, 1958, at F-2 vas in It was en adult male the co:rpany of at least tro other si-ilar appearing bats. with the followins mensurensnts: TL - 106, T1 - 48, EF - 8, forea::: - 39, car (from crown) - 7 It veighed 11 g. (JHandPD). G. E. Cosgrove took a rr.le on his farm just outside of'the Controlled Area al Brashear Creek on Dece=ter 6, 1957 Found in wooded areas near 8. Raccoon (Procyon lotor) - Fairly co=on., streams or other arsas of water. An adult was killed by poison on the Old Field Area on May 8, 1958. The next day tvo adults e.ud a sub-adult were found dead in the sa=e area; they were also killed by psisoning. Road kills of this species are not unce:::non. 9 Mink (Mastela vison) - Uncom=on. Occurs along the water ways. J. W. Ball reports it to be videly distributed over the, Controlled Area and esti=ates the area population at 25 to 30 ani m 1s. One addit was taken in the st ter of 1954-1955 on the White Oak Iake bed (RL11er,1955). 10. Striped Skunk (Mephitis nephitis) - Fcirly cor-m. Occupies almost all of the habitats cccurring in the area. 'Ihis enin:1 is frequently killed on 8

~ o -1*]- the roads of the area. Record: July 2,1957, 2, WOL, JG. ' 11. Red Fox (Vulpes fulva) - Fairly cour.an. It occurs in an of the habi-tats of the area.. Thonas,1958, reports that the AEC Patrol killed nearly 300 He also estir.ates that during the rabies control; b, foxes in 1953 by' shooting. campaiEn of 1958, 234 foxes were kined by poisoned bait. Both Red Foxes and In conversation Captain Gray Foxes were included un' der the heading " foxes". l ?. Wrwan and Mr. Ball egreed that the Red Fox was about twice as crerm as the I Records: July 4, In traps they took 8 Red Foxes and 4 Gray Foxes. Gray Fox. 15, 1958, 1, necr 1958,1, Bear Creek Road, vest end of Y-12, AEC Patrol; July White Wing Bridge, a road kin, GEC; July 18, 1958, 1, White Oak Icke area, FD; July 21,1958,1,1/2 mile east of White Wirs Gate on A Road, AEC Patrol; July l. 26, 1958, 1, White Wing Road and Tower Shielding Road, AEC Patrol. ~ It usually occurc Gray Fox (Urocyon einerece.rgenteus) - Fairly comon. ~ 12. Sons of the infor=ation presented above concerning in vooded or brushy areas. { the Red Fox pertains also to the Gray Fox. # plying the esti:::sted ratio of Red ' toGrayFoxes(2:1) to the nurber of foxes kined by the AEC Patrol'in 1953 + his (3dol foxes) indicates that about 100 Gray Foxes were killed that year. method indicates that about 75 Gray Foxes were poisoned during the 1958 control [ campaisn. Records: June 21,1957,1, E-17, JG; July 18, 1957, 1, F Road,.3 7 miles vest of the Turnpike Gate, JG; Jan. 23, 1958, 1 dead on road, oak Ridge Turnpike at Country Club, GEC; June 18,.1958, 1,. Brashear. Creek, GEC. Bobcat ' Lynx rufus) - Rare. Knom fron only a few sight records rene 13 of which is vhor.y satisfactory. Captain Suyder and Mr. Ball both recan tle Other killing of a fenale Bobcat by steel riggers at the K-25_ plant about 1953 ~ Dere is little reason to ~ less definite s*sht records have been recounted. doubt the occur 2ence of this secretive species in this area. i Occurs in or near area:. of

14. Woodchuck (Marrota rm,w) - Fairly comon.

Its burzws are often in voods e.1though usuany lush herbaceous vegetation. near a road shouMer or other opening. Co:x:enly observed on road shoulders th2w6 out the area. Road kills are nuncrous. Sighted almost daily during h field work in the sumners of 1957 and 1958. Records: June 26, 1957, 1, whistled Persistently, G-3, JG; Feb.10,1958, 2, T-12 to I-10 to K-25 roads, PD; Mr. 29, 1958, 2, very s=all young (about 6 inches loeg), G-2, FD. j l l 4 i l.. - _. _., _. _.,-. __ _..~... -. _.___..._ -, _

15 Eastern Chipmunk (Ta.ias striatus) - Rare. It occurs in the woods, often near an openirs of some kind. An adult female was taken on Nov. 4, 1956, on the White Oak Iate bank, PD. One squealed frequently on July 10,1957, be-side the A Road 0.6 mile enst of the White Wing 2 ridge (JCH).

16. Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) - Co= mon. The Gray Squirrel is pri=arily an ani mi of nature deciduous voods, but frequently uses coniferous vcods and sometimes visits hedSerovs and lone nut-bearing trees in ~

fields. Its churring notes are often heard when the ani=al cannot be seen. It is found in most of the woods of the area and its presence can be known by its characteristic leaf nests and by the rem 4ns of nuts cud acorns that it has eaten. Seen a2=ost daily during field vor2. ~ 17 Harvest Mouse (Reithrodontorys hu::n:lis) - Fairly con =on. ihese mice inhabit old fields $n which the herbaceous plants aminrte the woody ones. ' Known only from the Old Field Area No. 1 where the junior author trapped 10 individuals during 1958. Records: May 3D,1; June 17, 2; June 24,1; June 26, 1; July 1, 3; July 16,1; and July 29,1 (PD). Four vere judged to be adult (3 fe= ales and 1 male) and the others were subadult or juvenile.

28. White-footei Mouse (Peromyscus leucopus)'- Abundent. Found in all of the woods of the area and also, although less co-only, in hedgerovs and over-grown brashy fields. This species and the Short-tailed Shrev are the most numerous ones in the Melton Valley. This mouse is found in areas in which the t

shrev occurs and also in other areas in which the shrew is either less co==on or absent. Records: see Table 3 19 Golden Vane (Peromyscus nuttalli) - Fairly co==on. Usually occurs in or close to thickets and tangles of vines either in woods or overgrown fields, often in stream beds. These mice spend the day in their globular nests which I are usually between four and ten feet above the ground. Most records are of animals driven from their nests. Records: Mar. 3, 1958, 1 sa f, WOL, PD; June 17, 1957, 1, C-27, JCH, ran frem nest in honeysuckle growing on a raple, 4 ft up; June 17,174,1, ad m, C-19, JCH; June 20, 1957, 1, E-23, JCH, ran from a nest 10 ft up in a thin Post or Blackjack Oak, which was 20 ft in height; July l 8, 1957, 1, between E-13 and F-13, JCH, ran from poorly built nest located 51/2 l ft up in a 15-foot ein. I a

~

20.. Rice Rat (Oryzomys palustris) - Fairly co= mon. Usually occurs in vet These or moist areas having a dense herbaceous g~owth of crasses and sedges.

habitats occur in scattered localities alons the edge of the Clinch River and As a conse-along the beds o.* some of the strec=s which are tributary to it. quence of the dispersed state of its hcbil: t locally the populations of this Records: species tend to be reintively small and occur as icolated colonies. Apr. 6 - Aug. 5, 1958, 20 ads and sas,15 ms and 5 fs, WOL, PD; July 8,1958, 1, ad m, F-k, J W. Inhabits lush

21. Hispid Cotton Rat (Sicr.odon histidus) - Fairly co==on.

herbeceous growths on vet or moist areas. Surprisingly, it is not kno.m to occur in the drier overgrown fields of this area, although to the south si=ilar ~ fields are inhabited by this species. This area lies on the northern edge of .the range'of this species. Records: July n to Sept. 2, 1957, H ads, sas, and y, 4 ms, 6 fs,1 u, UOL, PD. Note: in trapping done between Oct.- 13,1956, and May 19, 1957, this species vai not tahen on the lahe bed ; Apr. 6 - Aug. 5, 1958, 45, ads, sas, and y, 26 =s and 19 fs, WOL, PD.

22. Pine Mouse (Pitynys_ pinetortm) - Fairly co=non. In this area this spe-cies is known to cecur only in toist fields having a heavy growth of herbaceous and a light growth of lov voody plants. Additional trapping may be expected to show thr.t it occupies other habitats. Records: Mar. 18 to July 29, 1958, 3'.',

ads and sas, 14 ms and 23 fs, Old Field Area, PD. 23 niskrat (ondatra zibethica) - Fairly co-n. This species occurs a.ong the Clinch River, the streams, and in other areas where there is a dependable water supply. Iocally, this species does not usuany build houses but utilices burrows. Records: July 12, 1957, 1, in drainage ditch beside the road north of X-10, JCH; July 17,1957,1, sv4 ing in the Clinch Riv-r near H-1, JCE; Apr 5, 1958, 1, WOL, FD.

24. Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) - Uncer:en. This species probably nw occurs in Melton Vaney only as occasional vanderers. Prior to 19h2 when pcits of' the vaney vero being farned it is virtuan certain that this animal war.

a In the Controlled Area outside of Melton Vaney, it nov comon in the tcras. occurs in and about at least some of the barns of the UT-AEC Fam. Probably it Records: occurs in and about many of the budir'4nss on the Controlled Area.

.s s'20= Sept. 2, 1957, 1,, y, m, WOL, PD; July 25, 1958, 1, road kill near G-6, PD; Aug. 1, 1958, 1, sa, UT-AEC Cow' Barn, JCK.

25. House Mouse (Mus musculus) - Fairly com on. Se House House requires Doubtless this open areas such as cacur about houses and cultivated fields.

Dur-species is found in and abcut many of the bn41^4ngs on the Controlled Area. ing the early stages of platt succession which follo' red the draining of White Oak Idce during the fall and viriter of 1955-1956 this species was common. Many were live trapped during a t upping period extending from Oct. 13, 1956, to sept. 2, 1957 (see records below). As the sparse vegetation of the first stage of plant succession gave way to the dent.er growth of later sta6es this species rapidly decreased in number. In the live trapping period of Apr. 6 to Aug. 5, 1958, ' only one House Mouse was taken. Records: Oct. 13, 1956 to sept. 2, 1957, 43, ads, sas, and y, 24 ms end 16 fs, and 3 u, WOL, PD; Mar.18 to Aug.1,1958, 2, i 1 m and 1 f, control area, PD; Apr. 6 to A 5 5,1958,1, m, WOL, PD.

26. Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilaris floridanus) - Co=on. Rabbits are found in all parts of Melton Valley and the Controlled Arca. Scy are most numerous in and near old fields, only a few occur in the wooded areas and these are usually near an openins. Despite the fact thct the Cottontail is chiefly a r.octurnal

=m-=1 they are regularly seen feedi=g along the edges of Itads at both ends of the daylight period. Sight records are too numerous to list and the same is true of road kills.

27. Whitetail Deer (Odocoilcus virginianus) - Uncomon. Captain Snyder stetes that this specles is currently most nu=srous in that part of the Controlled i

Area lying in Roane County. It is his belief that this species probably entered 1-the area in the vicinity of the Blair Gate. It seems probable that if this specf.es is permitted to increase without interference it vill become abundant within a decade. Records: Nov. 6, 1957, 1, shot near the UT-AEC Cow Barn; Nov.. 24, 19574 1, tracks obse:ved, '40L, FD; July 7, 1958, 1, tracks observed near F-4, JCH. O 1 ~

a' REFERENCES Allee, W. C., A. E. Eterson, O. Park, T. Park, and K. P. Schnidt, 1949, ~ Principles of Aninal Ecology, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. o Anerbach, S. 'I.,1958, He:Ath Physics Division A nual Progress Repo-t for Period Eniirs Jnly 31, 1955. ORUL-2590. Burt, W. H.,1957, P-1s of the crset Lskes Region, University of Michigan Pre:,s, Ann Arbor. .Calhoun, J. B. and A. A. Arata, 1957,1955 end 1956 Annual Reports - North Ararices Census of S-'11 Fmis, and Cer:nin B"--'*ies; Popalction Dynenics of Vertebrates. Cercilntion of Resecrch Datt, Release No. 9, U. S. Dept. Health, Eiucation, and Welfarc. Conava, C. H. and J. C. Hovell,1953, " observations on the Mansais of Johnsen / and Carter Counties, Tennessee, and Avery Ccunty, North Carolina". Journal of the Tennessee Acade.v of Science, 28 (1): 53 61. Hilbert, D. L.,1954, A Study of the Smil M. : sis end Their Hone Range: on c Nine-Acre Plot of Uttu-e D?ciducus Weeds Near Horris Das. Unpublished M.S. thesis study, University of Ter.nessee. Howell, J. C.,1954, "Pcy.11ctions and Hone Recses of R-n11 Ma::xzals on an Over-grown Field". Jo.irnal.ef P-=1ngy, y (2 ): 177-166. l Howell, J. C.,1958, Obse--rations on the S==e2 Birds in Melton Valley, OPl!L ' CF-58-6-14. Howell, J. C. and C. Consvay,1952, "0'eservaticus on the Amin of the Curie.r-lznd Mount

• c of Tennessee". Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Scie s

_7(2): 153-158. 2 Krunhol, L. S.,1954, A S _.2ry of Findirgs of the Ecological Survey of White Oak Creek, Roane County. Tannessee, 1950-3 953, U.S. A.E.C. ORO-132. Technical lafornation Service, Cat Ridge, Tenn. Miller, W. T.,1955, Radioactivity in Miscellareous Anirels Caught in the X-10 Waste Disposs.1 Systen. (Unp:folished Init311thed meno:.anius.of Septenbc.* 14, 1955, to J. C. Hart) Morgac, K. Z.,1o57, Health Physics Division A nual P ogress Report for Period Endirg July 31, 1957 OPSL-23A l l

22-Palmer, R. S.,.1954, The Ma~al Guide, Doubleday and Co., Garden City, N. Y. P Swann, M. E., W. Roberts, E. H. Eubbard, end H. C. Porte',1942, Soil Survey r of Roane County, Tennessee, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Series 1935, No.15, 1-229 +, Shomas, R. E.,1958, Su:=ary of Rabies _ Control Program. (Unpublished, mimeo-graphed report to files,,UT-AEC Agricultural Research Farm) 1 ? e l i 'O i e e a i i I I 6 e I e i i q g qe---w y ee- --e-%-y w.e m--seP-w*-y-- r >n --w. -w. g m -w

INTERIIAL DISTRIBUTION 1. C. E. Center k9 R. R. Ettchie 2. Biobgy Library

50.

• R. P. Birkhoff 3

Health Physics Librery $1. -D. E Davis k-5 Central Resesrch Library $2. T. A. Lincoln 6-29 Iaboratory Records Department 53 m J. Cook 30. A. E Weinberg 54. C. E. Haynes 31. J. A. Sts' tout 55 T. L J. Burnett

32. E H,. Jordan 56.

G. S. Eurst 33 K. Z. Forgan 57 E. D. Gupton

34. E S. Snyder

58. L L Abee 35 E. E. Anderson 59 E F. Pair 36.

C. P. Kein 60. F. L. Parker 37 A. Hollaender 61. B. R. Fish

62. E L Langhen (consultant) 38.

K. E. Conser 39 E. G. Struxness 63 ORNL-Y-12 Technical Libra:ry, Doew:ent Ecference Section 40. J. C. Hart 64. M. J. CHnner kl. G. E. Cosgrove 42.' D. Brogan 65 D. A. Crossley h3 E A. Kastenbar= 66. J. S. Olson kk. J. R. h11r 67 D. J. Nelson 45 E J. Ibrton 68-M7 S. I. Auerbach 46. A. C. Upton 268-217 P. L Dmavay 47 C. C. Congdon k8. T. T. Odell ( EXTIFRAI, DISTRIBUTION 216. John L Wolfe, Division of Biology cnd Med'. cine, AEC, Washington 219 Vincent Schulte, Division of Biology and Medicine, AEC, Washington 220. C. S. Shoup, AEC - ORO UI AEC Experiment:1 Fcm l 221. Nathan S. Hall UT AEC Experimental Fam l 222., John E P 11 UT AEC Experimental Farn 223 R. E. Thonas t 224. Orlando Park, Cresap Biological Laboratories, Northwestern University ' Evanston, Illinois Eugene Odum, Department of Zoology, Univer::ity of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 225 226. Joseph Ca=in, Chicago Acade=y of Sciences, 2001 L Clark St., Chicago, Ilmois l L F. Ecvden, Insect Identification Section, Science Service, Department of 227 Agriculture, Ottava, Canada 228. Division of Research and Development, AEC, ORO 229 Francis Evane, Department of zoology, Uni ersity of Michigan, Ann Arbor e f l l es.t.as u.e.r.sm . _..mm w.,m-

s s .~ Q'% ~ m up A ' 's ry ')*f. /_ -(: e ) EX'IEFJML DISTRBUTICII (cotti) e 230. J. J. Davis, Hanford Atomic Project, Biology Division .~ 231. Royal Shanks, Departnent of Botany, University of Tennessee 232. Robert Phtt, Deper'cnent of. Biology, E::ory thiversity, Athnta, Georgia 233 Wi n ian W/er, Depertnent of Zoobgy, University of cineinnati, cineinnati, Ohio 234. capt. W. 3. Snyder - AEC Patrol 235 Zoh M. Fine =an - Health E:ysics, N.R.T.S., Idaho Falls, Idaho 236. Frank Golley - Dep & a t of Zoology, University of Georgia, Athens, Geo'rgia 237-286.- J. c. Howell, Dep:Ltent of Zooloi;y, University of Tennessee 287-301. TISE, AEC 4 s 9 9 e4 l l 6 ~ -

• /

9 4 l l i I L

k' k 1 (, A-MAMMALS OBSERVED OR TRAPPED ON THE OAK RIDGE RESERVATION / yAgILI GENUS SPEC ES CO MON NAME ,l Didelphiidae Virginia opossum

j. Didelphis marsurialis Talpidae Scalopus acuaticus Eastern mole I'# f ' #j Soricidae

- s Southeastern shrew ySorer lensrirostris p Cryptotis parta Least shrew ,Blarina brevicauda Shorttail shrew Vispertilionidae O, g/ p# Little brown hat - )tyetis lucifugus V Imen's bat p htyotis keenii ohy i y Hyotis sodalis Indiana bat / Lasionycteris noctivas ans Silver-haired bat A^. y Pipistrellus subflav:c ff M-Eastern pipistrelle ~ f Big brown bat y Eptesicus fuscus % p/'4,c/ Bed bat Lasiurus borealis y /Lasiurus cinereus Hoary bat sNycticeius hu=eralis Evening bat Procycnidae Procyon lotor Raccoon Mustelidae / Mustela frenata Longtail vessel Mustela vison W Mink Mephitis =ethitis [ h 4/ Striped alnmk Can1dse s ~~ - Yulpes fulva Red fta Urocycn cinerecargentius Gray fen: Felidae Lynx rufus . Bobcat h +,,,.u.. ~. t> / Marmota menax . Woodchuck ~ -Tamias striatus Eastern chipmunk ~ Sciurus carolin esis Eastern gray squirrel i l / Glaucocys volans Southern flying squirrel ~ ', Cricetidae , Reithrodentoers hues Eastern hartest mouse / Peror/scus leucopus Whitefooted deer mouse f,, j 0chrote=ys nuttall 1 Golden mouse ,0ry orfs palustris Rice rat /Sigmodon hispidus Hispid cotton rat ~~~~ / Microtus pinetorum Pine vole

Ondatra zibethica Maskrat Muridae

~ f Rattus norvegicus Norway rat /Mus musculus House nousa' L*Poridae ' 7- -Sylvilagus floridanus Cervidae ~ Eastern cottontail _Odocoileus virstinianus Whitetailed deer T.'b Gud &3 x ~

$&'er% ). ]. ( {t REFERENCE 2-32 g g, ~ e.mc mOGE NAT y.L LABORATORY j Ul?.!%.'AP.luft. nO Ai GMTIO!; ,f twcm.i: cr.: - [ c POST OFFICE DO:: X OAK RIDGE. TEHtIE55EE 37830 P December 19, 1973 ?. Jerry Webb Tennessee Uildlife Resources Agency 7 216 East Penfield Street Crossville, Tennessee 38555

Dear Jerry:

In response to your telephone request yesterday, I am enclosing a map showing the locations of.all cougar and large cat sitings that have been reported to me for the Oak Ridge Reservation. I have also listed { these reports which are rather " sketchy" in content and for which I do ( ,) not have the name of the observer, even though they may be of little use. 1944 or 1945: An employee here at X-10 who lived in this area before the government purchased the land in the early 1940's told me a " mountain lion" was killed on the farm near the U.T. Comparative Animal Research Laboratory. The owners of the farm are no longer living. Early 1950's: In the mid-1960's an AEC guard (r.o name) told me he and his wife got a good'1ook at a lion as it crossed Highway 95 about midnight. The animal was tan in color and had a long tail. This was during the time when a pontoon bridge was carrying traffic across the Clinch while the bridge below Melton Hill Dam was being [ constructed. l 1957 or 1958: Cougar seen by Corbett Brashear, X-10 employce, in 7500 area of X-10 facility about dusk one evening. ~). 196G or 1967: !!r. Blevins, X-10 employce, sau a tan cougar southwest of X-10 facility. ( } i b { t

• f

'f. . Jccry \\!.c'Jo 2 Dacc'tw ]i,*, M'.'.\\ ~ i 4. O - Tan cougar seen by Ih. Blevir.s, X-10 c:nployee, -1968: on Bear Crcck Road about 150 yards forth of old Gallaher Bridge site. 1969 or 1970: !!o information 'other than location. ~ 1971: No information other than location. ~ Spring 1975: Large, lon~g-tailed cat crossed Bethel Valley Road in front of two X-10 guards, Justice and J - C.1'owers. g . Summer 1975: Big, long-tailed cat, tan in color, crossed j Bethel Valley Road in front of Julian Hackncy, X-10 employee, about lunch time. Mr. Hackney was reluctant to i-talk about siting because he was sure nobody would believe j him. Fall 1975: No information other than location. DeceEber 23, 1975: X-10 laborer, White, saw large, long-tailed, reddish-brown cat near 7500 area of X-10 site O about-9:00 AM. ~ February 27, 1976: No information other than location. . March 12,1976: Large (8 300 pounds), long-tailed cat reddish-brown in color. Tail appeared darker color than rest of body with tip very ' dark. Animal's overall color was very similar to that of a deer in su=er coat. Animal was seen about 9:45 PM near f; orth Portal of X-10 facility on Bethel Valley Road by Jay Story.- l August 18,.1976:' Reported to me by TURA officer, Bill Holladay, who recei'ved report from lady who had hit a deer with her car near this site on Blait-Road. She just told him of seeing a mountain lion. July 1976: Seen by X-10 guard, Roop, near DOSAR facility. - Described as large cat with long tail of large diameter and colored like a deer. Summer 1976: Seen by Pete Van Voris and'Sherwood Foster, X-10 employees. Described as cougar weighing 75-80 pounds, gray-brown color, with long tail. 7:45 m.

s. November 7.b,19R.: Joani: Ua11s,.X-10 mp1,3yee, rau a i large, black, ler.3-tc.iled cat near v: cst cad or L10 facility 1:.te al r:ight. ~ h Dccc.:'.ser 3, I'.US:

• ':.v: Shriner, X-iC l'h.il., reported hearing.creats of large cat about L n times over five minut.c period around 11:00 iH. Dave's property adjoins l

Reservation land on south side of East Fork Ridge. January 17, 1977: TVA employee, Steve Millsap, (phone 632-3G55) reported finding cougar tracks in snow on Blackoak Ridge just north of ORGDP. { ~ April 4, 1977: X-10 Fire Captain, Pat Uhaley, and guard, Sproics, watched a large, long-tailed cat trying to find a place to cross rain-swollen White Oak Creek just south of X-10. Whaley.said animal was 2-3 feet long with tail. almost that long and half of tail (end) appeared black. ~ April,1977: Employee at X-10 steam plant saw an animal ~ he at first thought was a small deer but when he got closer he saw that it was a big cat with a long tail. This was near White Oak Dam on Highway 95 about midnight. Hay 31, 1977: X-10 guard, Eslinger, reported seeing a large, long-tailed cat sitting in the road eating a rabbit. Cat was reddish brown and would weigh maybe 80 pounds. This was Q. on Melton Valley Drive south of X-10. October,1977: K-25 guard, C. E. Norden, and"another guard saw a large, long-tailed cat near old Gallaher Bridge late at night. October, 1977: X-10 guards, Pratt and Hughes, saw two small cougar-type animals near DOSAR facility. These animals were reported too big for tom-cats or bobcats and had long tails. On the same night these men did observe a bobcat in a dif-ferent area. December,1977: 1.arge, brown, long-tailed cat observed by X-10 employee, J. T. Davis, Jr., about 3:30 PH on gravel road southeast of X-10. December 13, 1977: Big cat sighted near Eaton's Crossroads and reported to TURA officer, Fonda Paync. s'./ kJ Z. '.'$. s ',a' i.'.yy~.'..'. :.~ '

• r.~.:.'.b.;.

.Q'<'. '.*:':"W't ~~'

N.? '.??5'55**W ~ ';;' *~ns'**:~.*;"*7':'l **ll'**!' ~'2%Q:':

T:

t*r.;":,* ':,..L "?' . - i ?$.'.A.N.*R.',.f..q.M*) y$,.j' *..1'* ;.5.. ";. i'!' ~:o. ' ' M..';*;...: ::

• Z:'.'A.. '...'.'; c*.**.?.

A...,. - ~....' i'N].. 'h'$:j...$?:.. s... -~ .$. ::1.h5 ?. '?N s ,. y:q,y sg, ~5;;,, :.?.,V5,&f...jlb .:'*l*,*.,* '.'.* 3 L',5. l..s

r..

~ 7: i'. ... s:..,;. .,x,s..; y w + +g'- i n rw yvy-pg.r-.mW-trPg-ay--gr.=p -M-a--w e-y-pwe- -

• T

i t . Janticr;' i, '770: ::o 6ctriu.. Q ;f;r situ.-:..r.0 n tf.; by

• two. X-10 cut.rd ne.:r 75]O are..

j 1. l August 11, 1978: ' t.arge, bl ech. lu:ve-taile:' c;'t (bm'y t, feet. tail 3 feet ione) about 5:.W L n:. F.c inel Vallef Road near i west c:strcr.cn t'. 7.- 10 by Ten N'<e. ;-l') c.,ployte, and his ? O-wife. To:r. calltd mi from Nashvil':< that night to a::k 'if We were supposed to have such animals on the Reservation. i Hovember 30, 1978: Mr. Ruth, X-10 employee (It.C Division), told me his brother was on a bow hunt in Scott County west of Pocket Wilderness this fall and aw an adult. cougar, jump over a fallen tree. This animal was then followed by two young cats which climbed through the' branches of the tree. Mr. Ruth's brother and his wife later tracked these animals for sor.e distance in a rather muddy road til the cats left the road, going into the woods. The man's wife was reportedly h so unnerved by the presence of the animals that she spent the night in their car. l 1978: I have been unable to track down the can who saw this l animal, but a cougar was reported seen sitting on a dumpster 'in the 7500 area south of X-10. I. hasten to mention that as of now I have' no solid evidence of the co.ugar's presence here on the Oak Ridge Reservation. Of course, several of us here at ORNL are hoping to find some kind of evidence eventually and maybe with patience and perseverance we will finally come up with a Q good cast of a cougar track, or a scat sample, or a photo of the critter, or a freshly killed deer carcass. t l You might be interested to know that I sent in a TURA found dead form on a roadkilled beaver and will have another for this year. The l '77 beaver was killed on 95 at White Oak Dam, and the '78 beaver, a ' young one, was killed on the paved road going into Melton Hill Dam on the Reservation side of the river. I have also received two reports of possible coyote sitings on the ' Reservation during the year. The first was near the,iunction of 58 and 95, and the observer was not sure about what he saw, but the second was l north of Oak Ridge Turnpike (95) about one mile west of the old guard building. The second siting was made by one of our (Env.- Sci. Div.) Ph.D.'s who is quite familiar with coyotes from living in the midwest, and he was confident the animal he saw was a coyote. L l p . / I- ~ h." r ( h . v..-~.- ..e~. ~y,~;rn v.m.c. w..m< _a ~ mm.vr7:.,'y~ '.r.-~wm:..'..... g ! ;;x.;;j;e.1.;.3.. f.;,'.F.*z:;:;? r-e. ..w. , ~ .r ~m. %a.s;..-s:::.vi. r.s.-?it'?.w..R ?. 3l:.j-K 'Ml.;...i7.,."R:t.:.;- 4 pz..,...w.

.y..g.y x ~:: a,. v.

.

... M;.,.:.;.,{ : 5:.q:.

9 g.{..E;:. :,'i. '.;.9..~

.;.e ? y.g....... :...j-- *. ' '. :.

H'.:..v. ;=.T. ;: ~p.

.- v

,.;.,q..z. ~ :.z. ; :. l

r;,..

e . :;,. ~... ~~ . p..e .'.1..~j'? : p. n. v. :::-':;.-' '" a. :7 . :,.. 2.:...'. a ~ l b i,Ni;f['.D! ',!:A I:h, 8Yk.N S*'#* ~j,f.U"f.b.hd.f.).I;E[*'hflh-hf#i.''[!.N2 * -r- --v,-+u--.- 1-- 1.-.-a w-.,--4 gm---+,et-- -e =w r gpq* w= -g'ww* v*

3 Decc@ce U1.1*WC . Q't.fy,1,'ew t. O I have rc:cived T. o reports from p niple who have seen black Lear near here during 1978. One vias seen by two fisherrr.cn back in early fall I as it was swimming across the mouth of C2 aver Crack. The men got close cnough to posit.ively identify the animal and watched it continue to the north bank of Beaver Crcck where it climbed out of the water and went into the woods. The second report came from X-10 guard, Justice, whose parents saw a black bear cross the road in front 'of them as they were traveling throuch the Sugar Grove area northwest of our K-25 (ORGDP) facility. The bear was reportedly as big as any the Justices had seen - I in the Smoky Mountains. I. appreciate your interest in the cougar reports and will 'be' glad l to supply these and other animal observations to you on a routine basis i l if you find them useful. Sincerely, i t Jay D. Story Science Technologist i Environmental Sciences Division i Building 1505 i O l JDS:sg1 Enclosure s g.:.... \\ O /* 1 i O p l l L

i d-33 b 'kh$-k%swapw$r kf 'h h k h-ww-w. atecaence 2-33 4 z a o m cATq

1. .BMF9&p%W*ML$.a?;f.M.ggj,W*^$,Qp f..c* sy....y e

,cg'e %n. 3g .w s r e. s,' <..w Rs,pp, M 9 4 F Q L J if ? F.J S i 1., w-J.sw %a.c.B %..n n ~?n $. # w t w k. d u w p- ' y" ~ W 'w'* . n.Ag e-a..= .w n -.., e % s.. %.;n@7<.wm. TM R r4 ,_ gq.a.. ? %t

• • hh*.N h

! h Yl '$f' 4 SS ~ % f L,.. ~ - ~.1 gN&E.: ?$ --L.56%?:\\ m a

m w$ WTinR.M.k an e?gt Me"[

bi# LY a > m plr [ M $ m& $g r{f:t "[E$pp *$5 W

• Mh &f h 3~1 u$Y-h

.e ~ %m.,-r ni s: a ~ ~ c..

a. a w

+. f 5 Y Y.'$5l l I '? y ~ E i Nd@w3kW:n. s.~$.am,wg~h wM iew.. ,et... ~ y.,,..g.n..s,. M W hi WS E. f1 A %... m m e ; sk,7 zu aw.. ., q n. mye s

t ye i'h b

h$5 f Y ki$e$Mh$hhhaN$$kh.).Nk i i w n n a 4A w & w.2q@w s s w e g h :4.ge iskewsmome4w. ... We. ,i e$e.#gd >r am w r ep g cy n-

39..,m k4ShNhM+...NgykIWedSp N$

hh!Nhhh.p 3 igk~~ L

• m@M,w,,w.z Mh Wd W a,&.isw%e.w W p:A.:o?p-..u~.. m w e., ps

.g.a w

1. j., M p._. 2 y,,7 " c..

. g.p., % c. .,3 . v_. n, n.e. 4 wm Q, Y, g,,.,.,. s, 4 f E' % '- d ',,P fi # i. @ g.ti '4 y3 .c,. e 1 M3'v PJA'i l NWi 6b hW " f" % D F gd%Grg*' G'4WQT DEfWM,Vr"f 'Mq%v@n wc?$ h f4. Di>un.Q9);W;uk:Y$Wb@., 0bl $m.KG&Nh&ad, d r+% i b lr u -x xs w w .m gt $..ii;8'.d8';8]'g' M@' WM ' : J I

• 1 W

_? ~ s ,h... . n e(( . v,~ N y r i/

• 5

~. i f' f. $n$hNNEhhhh. h!)$h kfk k b ibNfhN h . N msw.m{ g3 'in k r.G R. n n a m e;, g g gj;;jS9s m n .y%jg.jpgggggg.gg; n + $ h W! W SfE d7M'M 65h n M N$ i &m n n+w %n@SN8;d@MFr@ M}$$$$5!M M MfGAMM 1

i

.e w m h w c;;:Es;;2.m;.x1%)n@g. mQggyyg;gqqg;,. .g g;y c.A '. i

Y ~ THREATENED WILDLIFE [ OF THE UNITED STATES t l WESTINGHOUSE EI.ECTilIC CORPORATION P PROPERTY OF SNY11105M. E.NTAL SYSTEMS l v. N0...tG.i't.v...TdJF> L a Compiled by g i Office of Endangered Species and International Activities lr Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife U.S. Department of the Interior [ I P i l RESOURCE PUBLICATION 114, March 1973 (Revised Resource Publication 30 k [ f. k, I f i r Li Published by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife ( Printed at the U.S. Government Prin:ing Office Washingten, D.C., March 1973 {, 4 (gf - Q n;. yg s 6 i s 3 r 2 j. b b W V 9 ~ - 'M>.. - -w ~

s o 5 yl p SOUTHERN BALD EAGLE Hallacetus],. leucocenhalus (Linnaeus) Order: FALCONIFORMES Family: ACCIPITRIDAE }8 Distinguishing characteristics: Large, hawk-like, soaring bird, plumage mainly dark } brown with pure white head and tail when adult. Brown blotched with white all over when immature. Distinuished from the other race of the species, the northern bald eagle, only 'p W by smaller size. Present distribution: Nests primarily in estuarine areas of Atlantic and Gulf coasts. [d locally from New Jersey to Texas, and lower Mississippi Valley southward from eastern Arkansas and western Tennessee, and through southern States west to California and y Baja California. Some birds wander northward in summer after nesting season to northern j United States and southeastern Canada. Adult population of southern Florida essentially resident. ) Former distribution,: More extensive, but locally, in the southern United States the same as at present. t Status - Generally decreasing. Reproduction apparently less successful than formerly j except in Evergir des National Park, where about 52 pairs nested in 1965 with a success of a ? 50 percent and a production of 1.46 young per successful nest. s k Estimated numbers: About 235 active nests in 1965, 99 of which were successful. Breeding rate in the wild: Normally, about 1.5 young per successful nest. Reasons for dee!!ne: Increase in human population in primary nesting areas. Distur-bance of nesting Sirds, illegal shooting, loss of nest trees, and possible reduced repro-duction as a resu.: cf pesticides ingested with food by adults. Protective measures already taken: Federal laws in the United States protect both the j bald and golden eagles. The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and the State game i departments enforce these laws. The Bureau is also studying the effects of pesticides on bald eagles. Eight National Wildlife Refuges in the southeastern United States have ] bald eagles nesting on them. The4 National Audubon Society is conducting intensive investigations of bald eagle distribution, status, breeding biology, and limiting factors. 1 Florida Audubon Society has obtained agreements with landowners for 2,300,000 aeras where nests are located to be treated as bald eagle sanctuaries. The Society makes annual inspections of these nesting sites. Access to eagle nesting areas on National Wildlife Refuges is restricted. Timber cutting, road traffic, and pesticide use have been reduced or eliminated. Cooperation of the public is being sought in reducing human activity in i areas adjacent to refuges in vicinity of eagle nests. Potential nest sites (trees) are being The Patuxent Wildlife Research Center preserved in existing and promising nesting areas. i has developed facilities where propagation of the northern and southerri races is underway. The Center is stu:!ying pesticidal contaminants in the environment of the bald eagle and is developing captive propagation methods to produce birds to bolster wild populations or restore breeding pairs to depleted habitat. I{ 124 i -__mm y.

d s .c v Measures proposed: Continued surveillance of nest sit 6 to deter.nine succecs of pro- ~ '-^ duction and to learn reasons for failures. Continued research on effects of pasticides and other presumed limiting factors. Educational programs and per. tonal contacts with !l local residents and landowr:ers in bald eagle nesting areas to obtain maximum interest .I and cooperation in protecting these birds and their nests. Secure cooperation of c ther '~ agencies in reducing and eliminating' spraying of DDT. ~,' I ' l. Number in captivity: At least $0. Breeding potential in captivstv:. Limited. {i .c 7,

References:

y !, l Broley, C. L.1958. The plight of the American Bald EaglvAudubon Magazine. 60:162-163, 171. ~ ~ '1 Cunningham, R. L.1960. The status of the bald eagle in Floridt.. Auciuben Ma ga zine, 62:24-26, 41, 43. ~ Imler, R. H. and E. R. Kalmbach.1955. The bald eagle ancIits economic status. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular. 30:1-51. Robbins, C. S. 1960. Status'of the bald eagle summer of 1459. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Leaflet 418:1-8. Robertson, W B. Park Naturalist, Everglades National Park, Homestead, Florida. (in lit.1964). a t e e s e e I e i ) 1 t I S. 125 j s t h 2 1

1 u l I i. j p l ? AMERICAN PEREGRINE FALCON Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonaparte) Or&rt FALCONIFORMES Family: FAl'CONIDAE )1 ' ystinguishing characteristics: Medium sized hawk with long, pointed wings and long tai!. Rapid, shallow wing beats. Adult is slate gray above, wing and call feathers and .} flanks barred with black. Moustache marks on side face black. Throat white. Below white and reddish buffy, extensively spotted and barred with black. Legs and feet yellow. Immature brown above, streaked below. Larger, darker, and black markings ] on face more extensive than Arctic peregrine E. p,. tundrius): paler and more reddish, " I lers grayish below than Peale's peregrine. p l Present distribution: Breeds from non-Arctic portions of Alaska and Canada sout$ to .' i E Baja California (except coast of southern Alaska and British Columbia), central A@ zona and Mexico (locally): eastern limits presently follow eastern front of the Rocky Mountains if in the United States; distribution local in the southern boreal forests of Canada and a few ~r. pairs still breed in Labrador. Winters chiefly in breeding range, but more northern [ -- birds move to south. Other races occur on Pacific coast of British Columbia and southern 4 s Alaska in Arctic North America and other parts of the world. {] i Former distribution: Same, but breeding distribution also included Eastern United States south to Georgia: also Ontario, southern Quebec and the Maritime Provinces of f* Canada. Extirpated as a breeding bird east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States, Status: in Ontario, southern Quebec, and the Maritimes. Local declines reported from the western J United States also taiga in Yukon Territory, Mackenzie District, and interior Alaska i (Cade and Fyfe). Eggshell thickness reduced 15 to 20 percent since 1947 (Hickey and Anderson, Cade and Fyfe, Cade et al.), and taiga eggs average more than 600 ppm DDE /. t (lipid basis): there is a highly significant negative correlation between shell thickness y l M and DDE concentration in eggs (Cade ela.). 's A*, Estimated numbers: Number of known aeries with adults present in 1969-70, but not all L'] producing young: British Columbia,19 (J. Simonyi): Alberta, 3 (R. Fyfe); southern .I i 2 Labrador, 2 (R. Fyfe): California, 2 (H. L. Leach): Oregon, 2 (D. B. Marshall): western i Mexico,11 (M. Kirven): Arizona, 2 (J. Enderson): New Mexico, 2 (J. Enderson): Utah, 0 (C. M. White): Cclorado, 6-8; Wyoming,1: Montana, I (J. Enderson): Texas, 3-5 6 (C. M. White). Recent information lacking for Washington, Idaho, and Nevada but 1; Nelson (in Hickey,1969) estimated only 10 to 20 percent of pairs remaining in 1965. A j{ few hundred pairs still breed in interior Alaska and taiga of Northwestern Canada princi-pally along major rivers. Status in eastern Canadian boreal forest unclear but evidently not numet'ous. $-[ Breeding rate in the wild: 3 or 4 eggs per set. Number of pairs laying eggs and hatching success low in southern part of range (Herman et al.); reproductive rate and number of l h A breeding pairs also decreasing in taiga populations (Cade and Fyfe). l b i w .), y,9-6 i ;;* !. {j s s- '$C 127 a i e m____m k e3-

Reasons for decline: All field and laboratory evidence points to cumulative effects of chlerinated pesticides and their breakdown products obtained from its prey, especially DDT and DDE, which have increased adult mortality and reduced producticn of young by affecting reproductive mechanisms and causing eggs to become thin-shelled or otherwise nonviable. Habitat destruction and collection of young and adults for falconry have also been factors. e Protective measures already taken: Peregrine falcons are protected by Federallaw and l by States in the United States. Propagation techniques are being studied by Government l and private investigators and at Cornell University. I \\ l Measures proposed: Eliminate use of food chain pesticides where possible. Responsible l agencies should set appropriate regulations for the protection of this species. Include in international conservation agreements. Develop methods for captive propagation to bolster wild population. Initiate management-oriented research and investigate the establishment of refuges around known eyries. I l Number in captivity: Not precisely known, but number of peregrines from south of the taiga in possession of falconers, zoos, and captive breeding projects believed to be less i than 20 (Cade). Breeding potential in captivity: Probably poor.

References:

Berger, D. D., D. W. Anderson, and R. W. Risebrough.1970. Shell thinning in eggs of Ungava peregrines. Canadian Field-Nat. 84:265-267. Bond, R. M. 1946. The peregrine population of western North America. Cade, T. J. 1960. Ecology of the peregrine and gyrfalcon populations in Alaska, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. 63:151-290. , C. M. White, and J. R. Haugh.1968. Peregrine and pesticides j in Alaska. Condor 70:170-178. 1 , and R. Fyfe. 1970. The North American peregrine survey,1970. Canadian Field-Nat. 84:231-245. , J. L. Lincer, C. M. White, D. G. Roseneau, and L. G. Swarta. 1971. DDE residues and eggshell changes in Alaskan falcons and hawks. Science 1 (in press). Henderson, J. H. and D. D. Berger. 1968. Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in peregrines and their prey species from northern Canada. Condor 70:149-153. Herman, S. G., M. N. Kirven, and R. W. Risebrough.1970. The peregrine falcon decline in California I. A preliminary review. Audubon Field Notes 24(4):609-613. I Herman.S.G. 1971. The peregrine falcon decline in California; breeding status in 1970. Calif. Fish & Game Spec. Wildlife Investigations Report. Mickey, J. J. (editor). 1969. Peregrine falcon populations, their biology and de cline. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 596 pp. and D. W. Anderson. 1968. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and eggshell changes in raptorial and fish-eating birds. Science 162:271-273. Leach H. R. and L. D. Fisk. 1972. At the crossroads--a report on California's endangered and rare fish and wildlife. California Dept. of Fish & Game. Marshall, D. B. 1969. Rare and endangered plants and animals of Oregon, Part 3. Birds. Extension Division, Oregon State University. I White, C. M. 1968. Diagnosis and relathmhips of the North American tundra inhabiting peregrine falcons. Auk 35:179191. ! \\ 128 i N d 2

.. ~ Dendrocopos borealis (Vicillot) RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER Ordsr: PICIFORMES Family: PICIDAE l Distinguishing characteristics: Small woodpecker with black and white horizontal stripes on back, white cheeks and under parts, flanks black streaked. Cap and stripe on side of throat and neck black. Male has a small red spot on each side of black cap. Present distribution: Resident in open, old age pine woodlands from Southeastern Oklahoma Arkansas, Western Kentucky, Southeastern Virginia south to Gulf Coast and southern Florida. Former distribution: Southern Missouri, Western Kentucky, and southeastern Virginia, south to Gulf Coast and Southern Florida. 4 Vulnerable, because oflimited number of specialized nesting sites in old, living Status: pines infected with red-heart disease, and current trend in forestry practice to eliminate 1 such trees. i Estimated numbers: Estimate 3,000 to 10,000 but uncommon and very local. l Protective measures already taken: Federal and some State forestry agencies have policies of saving some large pine trees infected with red-heart disease in limited areas where red-cockaded woodpeckers are known to occur. Measures crocosed: Managing blocks ofland to provide all necessary habitat requirements. Number in captivitv: None known. 5 Breeding potential in captivity: Probably poor.

References:

Bent. A. C.1939. Life histories of North American woodpeckers. U.S. Nat. Mus. B ull.174 : 72-79. 3 Czuhai. E.1971. Syneptic review of forest resource and use within the range of 4 the red-cockaded woodpecker. In the Ecology and Management of the Red-cockaded I Woodpecker, Proc. Symposium at Okefenokee Nat. Wildlife Refuge, Folksten, Ga. L May 26-27,1971. sponsored by Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and Tall Timbers Research Station. Dennis. J. V.1972. Red-cockaded woodpecker. Naticnal Parks and Conservation Magazine. 46(4):24-27. '*'] 1971. The evolution, taxonomy, distribution, past populations and Jackson, J. A. 4 current status of the Red-cockaded woodpecker. In The Ecology and Management i of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker, Proc. Symposium at Okefenokee Nat. Wildlife Refuge, Folkston, Ga. May 26-27,1971, sponsored by Bureau of Sport Fisheries a . ) and Wildlife and Tall Timbers Research Station. 8 Lay. D. W., and D N. Russell.1970. Notes on the Red-cockaded woodpecker in i exas. Auk B7:781-786. I \\ .\\ 'i 162 1

+ .g. yi Morse, D.1972. Habitat utilization of the red-cockaded woodpecker during the winter. [J Auk 89:429-434. R. Thompson, R. L. and W. W. Baker.1971. A survey of red-cockaded woodpecker l: 4 habitat requirements. In The Ecology and management of the red-cockaded 1: woodpecker, Proc. Symposium at Okefenokee Nat. Wildlife Refuge, Folkston, Ga. May 26-27,1971, sponsored by Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and Tall Timbers Research Station. k. 'i l c r t V i E ? i t i i .,b P. t. b i Y r b t I i I 163 P 1

STATUS-UNDETERMINED BIRDS A status-undetermined species or subspecies is one that has b ren suggested as pessibly threatened with extinction, but about which there is not enough information to determine its status. More information is needed. Wood Ibis, Mycteria americana Resident from Florida and Gulf Coast south on both coasts of Mexico and central America to southern South America. White-Faced Ibis, Plegadis chihi Breeds from eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, northern Ut th, Colorado, and Nebraska south locally to southern South America. Red-Bellied Red-Shouldered Hawk, Butei lineatus elegans Resident in Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and southern coastal lowlands of California south to northern Baja California. Puerto Rican Broad-Winged Hawk, Buteo platypterus brunnescens Resident locally in small numbers in Puerto Rico chiefly in El Yunque but also at Utuado and Maricao. Ferruginous Hawk, Buteo recalls Breeds from eastern Washington and southwestern Manitoba south to Nevada and western Oklahoma. Winters chiefly from southwestern United States south to northern Mex2co. American Osprey, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis Sreeds frem ncrthern Alaska south to Baja California and Sonora, east to southern Labrador. Newfoundland, and southern Florida. Winters from southern United States south to South America. i i Audubon's Caracara, Caracara cheriway audubonii Resident from s:uthern Arizona, southern Texas, and central Florida south to r western Panama and Cuba. p Northern Aplomado Falcon, Falco fermoalis septentrionalis j Bred formerly from southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and southern p Texas south to southern Mexico. k Prairie Pige:n Hawk, Falco columbarius richardsonii Breeds from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, and southwestern Manitoba i south tc northern Montana and northern North Dakots. Winters from Wyoming and t California south to northern Mexico. Eastern Pigeon Hawk, Falco e,. columbarius Breeds from northern Manitoba east to Labrador and Newfoundland south to north-eastern North Dakota, northern Minnesota, northern Michigan, northern New York, [ Maine, and Nova Scotia. Winters from southern Texas east to South Carolina and south to the West Indies and northern South America. I,' l' .N 203 v. L_.}}