ML20039D952
| ML20039D952 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Clinch River |
| Issue date: | 06/30/1977 |
| From: | Bradbaum D OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20039D944 | List: |
| References | |
| ORNL-TM-5833, NUDOCS 8201060370 | |
| Download: ML20039D952 (77) | |
Text
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i 4W2 Forest Management Plan, ERDA Oak Ridge Reservation: 1976-1980 D. M. Bradburn o
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DIVISION Publication No.1056 i
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Pnnted in the United States of America. Available from National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce -
5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield. Virginia 22161 Pnce: Pnnted Copy 54.50; Microfiche 53.00 l .
inis report aas preparec as an account of wors s;onscrea ey Ine Uniteo States -
Government Neitrer me Unitec States nor tne Energy Researen anc oeveiooment t.
Administr.nco Umteo States Nuc. ear Aegulator'/ Commiss.on. no. any of neer j employees DU 4?y of their Contractor $. SuCC ntractors or indir emoto y ces. mJt es
- f any warfar.ty erngress or :mpleeC, or d$$umes any 'egalIsaciisty Cr re500niiC*infy for the i
' 8CCuracy. Curr.oietenets or use'uire$$ of any informat.on, accaratus. Dreduct or {
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ORNL/TM-5833
- Contract No. W-7405-eng-26 FOREST MANAGEMENT PLN1, ERDA 0AK RIDGE RESERVATION: 1976-1980 D. M. Bradburn ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES DIVISION Publication No.1056 Date Published: June 1977 1
OAK RIDGE NATI0tlAL LABORATORY
- Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 operated b3 UNION CARBIDE CORPORATICil for the ENERGY RESEARCH APID DEVELOPMENT ADMIllISTRATI0tt hM ium ummuu m u u . ._.__r- 1' um-" imi h
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ABSTRACT BRADBURN, D. M. 1977. Forest Management Plan, ERDA Oak Ridge Reservation: 1976-1980. ORNL/TM-5833. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 64 pp.
The ERDA Oak Ridge Reservation Forest Management Plan is utfitzed ,
as a guide in the managing and administering of the natural resources of the forest. A revised management plan summarizes the goals and accom-plishment of the previous plan while recommending necessary improvements and alternatives for the ensuing management cycle. The management plan contains programmatic assessments of silvicultural activities and their
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envircnmental impacts.
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TAFLE OF CONTENTS Page AB ST RA CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii LIST OF FIGURES ........................ ix INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 FOREST MANAGEMENT AT OAK RIDGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 History of Management at Oak Ridge . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1 Management Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Timber Harvest ...................... 3 Land-Use Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 TIMBER RESOURCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Timber Inventory ..................... 9 Grewing Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Res ource Eval uati cn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Fo re s t Re g ul a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 MANAGEMENT POLICIES AND SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES . . . . . . . . 24
' Ridges Upper Slopes, South Slopes, and Other Low-Productivity Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Coves, Lower Slopes, North Slopes, and Valley Sites . . . . 27 Plantations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 l
. Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 New Programs ....................... 38 FOREST PROTE ....................... 39 o
Insects and Diseases ................... 39 Fi re ........................... 41 t
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TDE ER S ALES PO LI CI ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 l, 2
CONTROL RECORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
. MANAGEMENT PLAN REVISION , . . . . .............. 45 ,
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! ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 -
l LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . .............. 53 L l
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Timber harvest since 1964 on the ERDA Reservation . . . . . 4 2 Timber products and market values frem 1971 to 1975 . . . . 7 3 Administrative units in 1975 ............... 10 4 Comparison of 1975 reinventory with previous inventories . 12 5 Forest acreage by compartments .............. 14 6 Selection cuts by compartments fror.: 1970-1975 . . . . . . . 18 7 Sawtimber growing stock by species on the ERDA Oak Ridge Reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 8 Area and volume distribution by major timber types .... 21 9 Operational sequence of timber cuttings by compartments for the period 1976-1980 ................. 25 10 Regeneration by species from 1971-1975 .......... 35 i.
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LIST OF FIGURES .
P,aage, Figure
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1 Sample compartment Map . . . . .
i 2 A 26-inch yellow poplar being marked for an intermediate 22 cut in a near-mature cove stand ..............
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- 3 A mixed hardwood stand primarily composed of yellow 23 poplar and white oak 9 years after an intermediate cut . . .
4 An overcrowded 19-year leblolly pine stand before 31 ,
thinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Three years after thinning in a 19-year old loblolly 32 p i ne s tand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 A lobiolly pine plantation four years after planting 33 with an average height of eight feet . . ..........
f 7 Two weeks a'ter a prescribe burn in a 26-year old 37 loblolly pine stand . ................... .
44 8 American Forest Products Corporation, Marlow sawmill . . . .
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! INTRODUCTION I
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The forest management program en the ERDA Reservation (formerly the AEC Reservation) has completed two five-year management cycles with this being the second revision of the original manacement plan written in 1965. Initial efforts to establish a~ forest management -
program on the ERDA Reservation were begun in 1964. Sumarization ,
of these efforts was presented in the 1965 Forest Management Plan
' (Curlin,1965) and continued in the 1970 revision (Streck,1970).
The management plan is a flexible guide describing the resources of a forest and used as a program in the treatment and management of ,
these resources.
Periodic revisions of the managemen't plan are needed to update practices and instigate new techniques,to meet overall.cbject'ives.
Revisions are normally made at five-year intervals (called a manage-ment cycle) and since another managament cycle has elapsed during which time numerous changes have occurred, another revision is in order. ;
FOREST MANAGEMENT AT.0AK RIDGE ~ -
History of Manacement at Oak Ridae ,
The Oak Ridge Reservation was formed frcm numerous small private j farms in the early 1940s leaving no written history of the forest
. prior to 1942. After acquisitien of the. original 58,800-acre reserva-
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i tion in 1942, the Department of the Army requested that TVA provide g
them a confidential estimate of the amount of structural lumber that i ,
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' . y 'could ,, s be logged frc'm the areat Since this estimate was confidential f Athdr'eL are e- records as to the amount of timber harvested for the g'a ; , s.
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' "c ' . construction of the Oak Ridge facilities. Other than this timber cut '
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, f or fthe penstruction'of Oak Ridga, the forest was undisturbed until g
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1965)o d'
? In' lo47 A reforestation.p^rogram was instigated by Management
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Services Incorpcrated (MSI), an Atomic Energy Comission (AEC) contrac- I' tor then responsible f'or operation of the City.of Oak Ridge. A total i
n' of 9 million pire raedlingihad I been planted in old fields and open !-
., areas comprising a total of approximately 4300 acres by the termination ;;
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1 of MSI's prop am in 1950. Species planted in these plantations in order
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- of acreages wer[$hairbea[ pine (Pinus _ echinata) 40%, loblolly pine $-
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(Pi,nus taeda) 10% easteh$ white pine (pinus strobus) 20%, and Virginia.
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pine (pinujL virginia) 10%? '
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'. s A timber irivento'ry of'the Reservation forest using the Continuous S '
[, D' Forest Inventory (hTI) system was made by TVA in 1961, and a prospectus s, , ~
g w0s compiled for the AEC summarizing the timber resources and outlining
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, the potential sbeneff +I of akorest management program. . A forest manage- -
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L ment program was ins' t ituted at the Oak' Ridge National Laboratory in
- t. 1964 a(a yesult of)thisgprospectus. The first management plan for
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, ' S thi Reservattod forest was prepared in 1965 to formulate long-range ;
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g objectives ard 'short-range plans for the period 1965-1970. A revision j
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E ;; 1 ~ ,"of this, plan was made int 1970 for the 1970-1975 period. The forestry '
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of.the Environmental
- Sciences Division of the Oak Ridge National '
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Manacement Objectives ,
'I .I The objectives of the forest management program on the Oak Ridge Reservation incorporate the multiple-use concept of good forest manage-
..i ment. The two-fold objectives include an ecological park for research studies and the production of high-quality timber products through intensive forest management and sound conservation practices. Due to the primary objectives of ERDA's production programs and environmental
/. research, ours is a multiple-use approach designed to yield valuable
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, )' products - plant production sites with buffers, long-range environ-niental research, and high-quality, high-value timber products.
Timber Harvest After initial logging for construction purposes in the early 1940s, no further timber was harvested until 1952. Frem 1952 to 1956, 2.7 million board feet of sawtimber and 134 cords of pulpwood
. were sold for $55,835 (Table 1). No timber was cut between 1956 and 1964 at which time the first forest management activities were initiated.
6 Due to the occurrence of a widespread epidemic of southern pine beetles (Dendroctenus frontalis) and a sluggish timber market, the allowable cutting goal of 1.5 million board feet of sawtimber per year was no' 'chieved. Sawtimber sales over the first five-year management cycle totalled only 4.3 million board feet or 0.86 million board feet per year. Thinnings in the 4300 acres of pine plantations progressed as planned with approxicately 2000 acres yielding 10,544 [
cords of pine pulpwood. The sale of timber harvested fecm the ERDA i
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Table 1. Timber harvest since 1964 on the ERDA Reservation !
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Standard Million board Total 3 Period corda feetb v'alue ($) ![
i 1942-1947 Unknown Unknown Unknown 1947-1952 None None None 1952-1956 134 2.7 55,835 1956-1964 None None None 1964-1970 26,499 c 4.3 175,928 ,
1970-1975 14,145 c 6.8 234,216
' Total 40,778 13.8 465,979 a
128 cubic feet.
b International 1/4-inch rule.
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c Includes beetle-infested timber.
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( l Reservation during the first five-year management period totalled L j $175,928 (Table 1).
i . In order to entice an integrated wood utilization industry into I the Oak Ridge area, the AEC, along with the Tennessee Valley Authority, City of Norris, and Emory River Land Company, entered into a ten-year ,
i L1mber contract with Longleaf Industries, Inc., in 1969. A volume of timber equal to the allowable cut of 1.5 million board feet a year was offered by the AEC under this contract consisting of 12.4 million board feet of hardwood and 2.6 million board feet of pine sawtimber. Due to erratic mill operation and an unpredictable lumber market only 7.7 million board feet of pine and hardwood sawtimber was harvested from 1970 through 1975, 1.3 million board feet below the anticipated volume. Total value of this 7.7 million board feet of timber was $183,496.
- Analysis of the original ~ inventory data available when the program began in 1964 indicated the reservation could sustain an annual harvest of 1.5 million board feet from the 32,696 forested acres of the ERDA Reservation. Such a harvest would stimulate timber growth, while improving the quality of the growing stock during the rotatf ori period.
With the exception of approximately 500 acres of small diameter shortleaf and loblolly pine, all of the merchantable plantations on the Reservation had been thinned at least once by the end of 1973.
Thinning of pine plantations ceased during the latter part of 1973 due to another serious outbreak of the southern pine beetle. Control i efforts beginning in 1973 caused a sharp increase in the harvesting i I
j of pine pulpwood and has continued through 1975. In 1975 alone, l
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l 4800 cords of damaged pine timber were salvaged. The annual revenue i values in Table 2 are based on a calendar year. Average annual _ income
. for the five-year period 1971-1975 was $61,000 1 with a total for this :
five-year period of $234.216 (Table 2). [
Land-Use ' Allocstion ;
The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 abolished the Atomic Energy 3, Comission (AEC) and in its place established the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA). ERDA's responsibilities involve energy research and development to pursue solutions to the nation's problems involving all energy sources. An indepth analysis of avail-able land resources required to accomplish ERDA's programatic objec-tives e.t Oak Ridge, Tennessee was completed in 1975. This study, Oak :
Ridge Reservation Land-Use Plan (0RO-748,1975), establishes a long-
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range land-use. plan for present and projected program requirements incorporating the ecological concept that recognizes the multiple-use approach to forest land utilization. Good forest management embraces the multiple-use aspect of land management. Application of this prin-ciple was one of the primary objectives when the forest management- :
program was initiated in 1964 on the Oak Ridge Reservation, and con-tinues as a central guide to program development. -
There are presently five separate plants located within the ERDA Reservation. Four of these plants operated by Union Carbide Corporation include OML (X-10), ~ the Y-12 Plant, ORGDP (K-25), and the Experimental 7
'See Insect and Disease Section for additional income. .
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Table 2. Tider products and market values from 1971 to 1975 ,
3 Standard Dollar Cedar Dollar Longleaf Dollar Total dollar
. Period cordsa value sawtimber value sawtimoer value value j -
(bd. ft)b (MBF)C 1971 1.505 7.561 37.296 1.426 1.2 23.036 32.023 1972 1.776 8.588 42.197 1,477 2.5 54.347 64.412 1973 2,920 11.784 56.925 1.744 1.0 23.538 37.066 1974 3.163 14.109 193.738 3.532 - -
17.641 d
1975 4.781 20.089 - 982 2.1 62.003 83.074 Total 14.145 62.131 330.157 9.161 6.8 162.924 234.216' a
128 cubic feet.
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. International 1/4-inch rule.
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, Million board feet.
d Comprised of fence post and firewood sales revenue.
'Does not include $81.147 in Southern Pine Beetle control furds from the USFS'.
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Gas-Cooled Reactor Site. The latter site structure has been converted y l ,.
to offices for-staff conducting studies on the Liquid Metal Fast
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Breeder Reactor. The Comparative Animal = Research Laboratory is a fifth
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t .- plant site operated by the University of Tennessee Agriculture Research [
Department (UT-ERDA).
Buffer zones are located around these plant sites allowing for {
special uses 'and future plant expansion. i~orested lands in these ,
U areas are categorized as alternate compartments due to limited forest activities in these areas..since plant needs take priority. flew plant 4
construction planned for the future includes the Clinch River Breeder.
Reactor to be built on the TVA Industrial Site and the EXXON fluclear ,
. Fuel Recovery and Recycling' Center to be located in compartments !8 L and #9. Buffer zones needed around.any future plants will be desig -
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nated as alternateccompartments when necessary.
Establishment of the Energy Research and Development Administration-has necessitated reassessment of the Oak Ridge Reservation programs under 4 the multiple-use concept. Compatibility of environmental research and technological operations wil.1 subsist on a mutually inclusive basis. [
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- All acreage on the ERDA Reservation is under primary land management j
! regardless of its designated specific use. Therefore, it is proper to f l
account for'all acreages in a management plan when considering multi- :j -
disciplinary responsibilities. Previously the management plan has r treated the Reservation in segments allocated to different uses. In n . 4.f
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reality, nearly every acre is subject to a myriad of simultaneous uses.
l I, Therefore, under this plan the Oak Ridge Reservation will be - [
- f. treated as a single entity incorporating multiple uses regulated 'by )
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! priorities. Forest management is a descriptive term applied by land managers to all forested lands to denote controlled use whether it is i . research, timber production, plant buffer areas, game preserves, recreation, etc.
Tqtal acreage in the ERDA Reservation is 36,993 of which approxi- ,
mately 26,727 is forested. Primary plant areas with the exception of j ORNL and ORGDP are devoid of forest. Programmatic lands (1066 acres) l assigned to CARL are primarily pasture with some enclosed woodlots utilized by CARL for animal shelters, thereby serving dual purposes.
The 26,727 forested acres will be managed either intensively or exten-sively while ensuring compatibility with the research program and the requirements of the primary user (Table 3). ,
TIMBER RESOURCES Timber Inventory Timber volume growth estimates were calculated in 1965 by using the 1961 TVA Continuous Forest Inventory (CFI) data. These inventory data were the basis for the original management plan, since no formal l
, inventory was conducted on the Reservation in 1965. A reinventory using temporarily installed CFI plots was made during the summer of j 1970 to update timber resource inventory data needed for the first management plan revision. For a more comprehensive comparison of data and growth estimates the original TVA CFI plots were reinventoried in 1975.
i Forest management personnel ren.tsured during the summer of 1975 207 of the original 226 TVA CFI plots located throughout the Oak
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. Table 3. Administrative units in 1975 ';
Total area Forested area -
(acres) (acres) t Research and Management 32,379 26,517 ORNL, Inner' Plant Complex" 920 10 Y-12, Inner Plant Complex 850 --
a ORGDP, Inner Plant Complex 1,740 -- -
EGCR, Inner Plant Conplex 38 -- 5 CARL, UT-AEC. 1,066 200~
Total 36,993- 26,727 a
Primary plant complexes within fenced areas, h
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. 11 Ridge Reservation with the exception of ccmpartments #1 and #4. All
-l but three of the original plots were located and remeasured. The other 16 plots were lost due to new construction, Melton Hill Lake impoundment l, or new powerline rights-of-way installed since the initial inventory.
I Volume determinations were calculated frem formulae correlated with '
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Girard Fonn Class volume tables (Girard and Mesarage,1956) using a l
revised computer program with tree diameter (dbh) and merchantable f height as the basic cceputation parameters.
Growing Stock Initial sawtimber volume en the 26,727 forested acres of the ERDA Reservation was 62.9 million board feet as computed by the 1961 TVA inventory. Using estimated growth rates, the sawtimber volume for 1965 was projected to be 81 million board feet. Due to the difficulty encountered in .1971 in locating the original TVA CFI plots and volume
- computation program, a temporary inventory system (Strock,1970) similar to the CFI method was employed to arrive at the 93.6 million board feet volume (Table 4).
The 1975 reinventory of the original CFI plots estimated the saw-timber volume to be 126.9 million board feet. Approximately one-third
- (30%) of this volume is southern yellow pine, one-seventh is white oak (Quercus alba), with yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulioifera), chestnut i cak (Quercus prinus), and red oaks (Quercus sp.) comprising one-tenth each while the remainder of the volume consists of miscellaneous hard-Woods such as gums (Nyssa and Liouidamber sp.), sycamore (Platanus_ l occidentalis), maple (Acer sp.), hickory (Carya sp.), and beech l
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T Table 4. Comparison of 1975 reinventory with previous inventories (International 1/4-inch )-
-log rule) 4 a
II Sawtimber volume MBF Administrative Total area Forested area 1961 1965 1970 1975 unit (acres) (acres) inventory proj ection inventory inventory Research &
management . 32.372 26.517 62.405 80.362 92.864 126.990.
ORNI.(X-10) 920 10 24 31 36 47 Y-12 850 - - - .
1 ORGOP(K-25) 1.740 - - -
EscR 45 - -
. CARL. UT-ERO.A 1.C66 200 471 607 700 958
. Total 36.993 26.727. 62.900 81.000 93.600 127.995 l
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t 13 (Facus grandifolia). Over ene-half of the total sawtimber volume is in hardwood tree grades 1 and 2 or southern yellow pine tree grade A.
The average annual growth rate including ingrowth into the sawtimber f.
I classification (9 inches dbh for pine and 11 inches dbh for hardwoods) for the 26,727 forested acres has been approximately 6.5% from 1961 to 5 1975. Growth has accrued at the rate of 4.1 million board feet annually
- cr 184 board feet per acre per year from 1961 to 1975. Estimates based i
on the 1970 and 1975 inventories indicate an accelerated growth rate during this period of 6.5 million board feet annually or 257 board feet per acre per fear of which 41% or 105 board feet per acre per year is ingrowth. An average acre in 1975 contained 4,789 beard feet as com-pared with an average of 3,200 board feet per acre in 1970.
Resource Evaluation Forest management practices during the previous five-year manage-
. ment cycle have necessitated a more intensive resource evaluation system.
A new inventory and mapping system was devised. in 1974 to describe the l
forest by timber stands within each compartment. The forest compart-l ment system was revised to adjust for previously unaccounted-for l
acreage, reduce oversize compartments, and take advantage of physical features for compartmental boundary lines. This revision contains 28 l
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management compartments , 7 alternate compartments (alternate compart-ments are so designated due to specific management restrictions) and i three primary plant areas totalling 36,993 acres (Table 5). Ccepart-
, ment sizes ranSe frcm 411 acres to 2,355 acres with primary plant k i
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areas ranging from 348 acres to 954 acres.
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l 14 Table 5. Forest acreage by compartments Acres Revised number of I
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Compartment number 1970 acres 1975 l
- l 1 1012 1447 ,
2 761 787 3 993 1026 1535 j
- 4 1335 5 814 922 [
6 719 808 3 7 767 71 3 8 592 627 t 9 595 -629 898 ;
10 2117 1
11 1106 1109 i
12 1066 1103 I
13 1134 1215 14 61 5 564 .,
15 1298 1304 i 717 1 16 696 17 957 1006 i 18 818 789 19 861 1032 ,
20 831 861 21 737 815 22 428 564 1187 23 1181 24 903 961 '
25 1713 1727 '
26 659 682 27 785 810 27,071- !
28 1233 i Alt. no.1 (TSF) 2278 i!
Alt. no. 2 164i
- Alt. no. 3 862 Alt. no. 4 757 Alt. no. 5 1201 Alt. no. 6 449 Alt. no. 7 601 K-25 954 Y-12 831 X-10 348 s
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( compartments) 36,993 acres [
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15 Under the newly implemented inventory system each compartment is
.! timber-type mapped by individual timber stand. Each stand is then
!- designated within each compartment by a stratum number, dominant and codeminant species, and acreage. Stratum areas are sumarized in a key by species and total acreage (Fig.1). Each compartment will be-
- reinventoried and the type map revised during each management period.
Therefore, the annual mapping and cruising requirement will be seven compartments based on the five-year cycle.
All sawtimber sales offered on the ERDA Oak Ridge Reservation are computed from volumes based on Girard form class volume tables.
International 1/4 Rule (Girard and Mesauage,1956). It is therefore-appropriate to devise an inventory system frcm which equivalent volumes ,
may be derived coincident with the individually typed timber stands.
The new sampling procedure employed involves type mapping and cruising the compartment simultaneously using the Point Sampling, Probability Proportional to size (PPS), cruising technique. Field tallies are separated on merchantability basis into three categories: unmerchant-( able planted stands, merchantable planted stands , and natural stands.
The merchantable stands are tallied for both pulpwood and sawtimber volumes.
Volume determinations are made (through computer prograrmling) using diameter at breast height (0 4.5 ft) and merchantable height (H) in the form of (0 H). Regression constants fitted to Girard volume i
tables adjur,t the final stand vol ...es by form classes for individual tree species. Resulting volume tables sumarize volumes and number of ,
trees by diameter classes and merchantable heights. Thus stand i
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,s s KEY STRA 8 ,fEEETATICN TYPE ACRES f, l ,$,d3 ,
I ,, ....,< ....,
!LP (sHomTL E A F P,N E)
, i, ,, ,0, a ii, mu mo ,co r m=> ,, ;
I P.$ $.'It ?
2 10 _ 20 l$
, ,,......... . . < > ,, 2, ,,.s ..s,....s2......,.22.,0, ,
4 3G (S wf f 7 GUM) 2 22 10.s c.' 3 52 ;
$ Its teLact wiLLawl 3 23 to-M;C (>+ s e x o nv i 3 i 8 CEO.CEO.$t? ter ca 81 I 14 MIC 40. POP.3: 3
__._) TP.v1 (w H e T t o A K) 5 23 40 10 53 i .
I 3G.TP.30-!LP.!G.flP.VP 15 25 POP.3170P-56 4u 4
,3
_.9 IG.VP.CEO 9 27 AS4 44 POP-SG 5 .i 10 !G.StP. POP.!; vP. POP-lfi 20 25 itP.f73'StP 2 'f II $0.Ett-tri 1 29 .!;.t3 i 't 12 !G.P0f.ts (= t o u A PL E 1 1 30 AG.s01P 1 I 13 sg.stP.as!t i 31 PctEA LINE A/1 5 14 $3.tsN.sy i 32 40105 3 11 Itr.ti.~53 S T ll YP.1". POP (vt llo w port.m) 1 IQTit AC2Et;E 275 Fig. 1. Sample ccmpartment Map
17 treatments and prescriptions may be determined based en the structure t .
i and composition of each individual timber stand.
o Forest Reculation
> The Oak Ridge forest, when originally acquired by ERDA (AEC), was
[
composed of numerous small farms and woodlots. This presented an i
, initial management problem due to differential treatment of each indi-I vidual woodlot by its previous owner. Some areas had been extensively t
s ~
cut while a few areas had received limited cutting. Areas that had been heavily cut were cually highgraded leaving cnly trees of peor quality and culls.
During the past five-year cutting cycle, particular attention was given to the previous management plan reconnendation of marking and cutting in those stands containing an abundance of mature, overmature, and cull timber in need of substantial timber stand improvement (TSI).
Portions of 16 management compartments and alternates have undergone improvement cuts totalling 7.7 million board feet of sawtimber (Table 6). The same cutting policy of harvesting timber in mature I and overmature stands will be adhered to during the next management 4 cycle whenever feasible.
- Based on the 1975 reinventory of the CFI plots, there was no significant change in species types from 1970 to 1975 with the ex-l ception of black cherry (Table 7). No explanation for the percentage
! decrease of black cherry has been determined at present since this i '
l species is rarely marked in sawtimber sales (less than 1000 board feet from 1970 to 1975). An accurate comparison between species volumes and volume percentages from 1970 to 1975 cannot be made since the 1970 9
k e
F 18 Table 6. Selection cuts by compartments from 1970-1975 I
i Recommended cut Actual cut !
Year Compartment (s) (MMBF)a (pgggyo i
1970-71 2, 9, 16, 23 3.0 2.1 !
a 1972 4, 6,17, Alt. no.1 1.5 '2.5
- 1973 25, 27 1.5 1.0 i
1974 None 1.5 None !
. 1975 10, 13,'
14, 15, 25, Alt. no. 2 1.5 2.1 :
ii Total 9.0 7.7 :
i
" Allowable cut from 1970-1975 in million board feet. !
I e
i
.D
. I f
3 i
1 N
1-19 1
.[
l Table 7. Sawtimber growing stock by species on the ERDA Cak Ridge Reservation in 1975 Trees Volume per Total volume Total volume Volume Volume $
l j Species per acre acre (BF)a (MBF)b 1970 (MBF)b 197F% j:) 1970 (1)1975 s ,
9 Southern yellow pir.e 19.4 1460 19.246 39.021 28.4 30.5 I White pine 2.2 144 2.223 3.849 3.3 3.0 i Red oak 4.6 4 54 9.245 12.134 13.6 9.5 White oak 6.3 676 8.791 18.067 13.0 14.1 Chestnut oak 4.3 497 4.970 13.283 7.3 10.4 Yellow poplar 3.3 448 11.986 11.974 17.7 9.4 Hickory 3.1 362 4.960 9.675 7.3 7.6 L
Black cherry 0.3 3 222 80 0.3 <0.01 Black walnut 0.1 8 161 21 4 0.2 0.2 Misc. hardwoods 6.4 553 4.108 14.780 6.1 11.5 Misc. oaks 2.0 184 1.888 4.918 2.8 _ 3. 8 Total 52.0 4789 67.800 127.995 100.0 100.0 a
Board feet. t Thousand board feet.
6 L
~ i 4
h
- wg.,_
. =
20 I
T inventory figures were _ based on a temporary plot grid system computed t i
solely on management acreage and the 1975 figures are based on a {.
i reinventory of the original ,CFI plot system and computed on total :
I reservation acreage. flevertheless, all species except black cherry
}
and yellow poplar show a significant increase in total sawtirber volume. $
There was no significant decrease in the yellow poplar volume from 1970 .
to 1975 even though the volume percentage (based on total sawtieber :
volume) dropped from 17.7". in 1970 to 9.4% in 1975. Volume increase from 1970 to 1975 is accounted for by growth on merchantable stems plus ingrowth into the sawtimber size class from the pulpwood classes, less tree mortality and timber harvested. .
A breakdown of timber types on the entire forest indicates that .
approximately 80% of the area is adequately well-stocked timberland composed of 44% hardwood, 23% pine-hardwood, 8% planted pine, and 16% natural pine. The remaining 9% is comprised of hardwood-cedar, hardwood-cedar-pine, and cedar-pine (Table 8). A well-stocked tirber stand is one which has the desirable number of trees for optimum growth l
l and management regardless of size classes. .
The cutting schedule for the ensuing five-year management period will concentrate on bringing the total growing stock closer to the optimum l level by balancing the timber size classes and areal distributions to l
ensure a future uniform annual yield (Fig. 2 and 3). A theoretical rota-tion age or adjustment period of 96 years is needed to fully regulate a hardwood forest of this type. A regulated cutting system will tend to -
. maintain the forest in a healthy vigorous condition by removing mature and overmature timber, diseased and insect-infested trees, and cull i
' ~
d
{
21
-1 l
4 4
Table 8. Area and volume distribution by major timber types
! Area - Timber volume Volume per*
{ Timber type Acres Percent ' (MBF)* Percent acre (MBF)
Hardwood 3,889 37 56,796 44.4 5,743 l '
. Hardwood-pine 5.345 20 28,863 22.6 5,400 !
Planted-pine 4 ,544 17 10,906 8.5 2.400 Natural pine 4,276 16 20.097 15.7 4.700 Hardwood-cedar 1.336 5 6,680 5.2 5,000 Hardwood-cedar-pine 802 3 3,850 3.0 4,800 Cedar-pine 535 2 803 0.6 1,500 Total 26.727 100 127,995 100.0 4.789 (Avg)
P a
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, 4
- Fig. 3. A mixed hardwood stand primarily cceposed of yellcw poplar i
. and white oak 9 years after an intermediate cut ;
t .
I E t
F
.. i
k 24 h
trees. Harvest cuts should be made in at least three compartments annually in order to cover all 35 compartments within the 12-year f
cutting cycle. Eight management cycles will constitute a rotation of 96 years or the maximum age a hardwood tree will attain when the forest is perfectly regulated. Due to present and future possibilities of reservation acreage losses, the allowable cut has been reduced :
accordingly as noted in Table 9. Because of insect attacks, disease, research considerations and new construction, this sequence of cutting operations will remain flexible in order to satisfy specific situations.
MANAGEMENT POLICIES NID SILVICULTUPAL PRACTICES Development of the optimum species type (s) for each site is the overall silvicultural aim of the management program. To acccmplish this objective, a combination of silvicultural methods is necessary depending on individual site characteristics and species capabilities.
The more productive sites produce greater volumes of mature timber faster than the poorer sites. More silvicultural investments can be afforded on good sites since greater timber values can be derived.
l Ridges, Uoper Sloces, South Slopes, and Other Low-Productivity Sites 2
( These areas range in oak site index from 40 to 60 and loblolly pine site index from 50 to 70. Such sites are generally characterized-I by dry rocky or cherty ridges, upper and mid-slopes facing ecuth 2 Site index is a measure of the capability of land to produce timber.
It is the height in feet that trees will attain in 50 years on a specific site.
i 25 a !
i; i.
i 1- .
Table 9. Operational sequence of timbe" cut +Sgs by compartments for the period 1976-1980 E-t
{ Present volume Volume to be cut g Scheduled year Compartment (MBF)a (MBF)a
, o i ! 1976 25, 26 7,988 1,600 1977 1, 19, 20 10,241 1,600
{ !
t 1978 11, 12 -9,022 1,600 i
?
1979 4, 18, 22 10,320 1,000 '
}
- 1980 21, 24, Alt. no.1 14,231 1,000
- l I
i i
Total 51,772 6,800 i
- "Thousand board feet.
- b i
a
- 1. I i
i 4
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)
. I i
i :
I
! L t
( >
i ;
1 [
l ;
- i L
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- I f o P s ,
26 u d a\
(topographic classes 1, 2, and 3) and small areas of sever,aby erodeo I
soil. Timber. stands presently occupying these sites are comprised of ;
poor quality oak species '(Ouercus sp.), Virginia pine .(Pinus virciniana
. Mill), and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill). Yellow poplar ;
(Liriodendron tulioifera L.) outgrows most of the oak species on the ,
"better" poor sites but will not maintain pure stands. The proportion .i i
of yellow poplar can be increased on some of these sites with proper j 1
management. Loblolly pine is best suited for the poor sites and should be planted whenever possible. Site conversion with Virginia pine is j marginal whereas loblolly pine should return cost-plus due to faster
. growth :.nd a higher quality tree bole. ,
i ilarrow bands of bland soil, a highly erodable. soil formed over i calcareous siltstone, run east-west across the Reservation and com-i prise the poorest sites on the forest. i ng the-past five-year Dur_ .
management cycle some of these sites have been artificially recenerated with loblolly pine. Seedling survival was satisfactory and growth to i
date has been approximately 757. of that observed .on adjacent sites .j 1
with better soils. 1 T
Sites with low productivity will be managed by either the group selection method (uneven-age forest), or clear cutting method (even-age j i
forest). The system actually used will depend upon what species occupies .
I the site, soil type, and topographic class. Virginia and shortleaf j pine occupied many of these sites until the recent southern pine beetle :
(Dendroctonus frontalis) epidemic which left many of these areas either ).
f
~
cut-over or standing dead. Where advanced reproduction is sufficient .r and of a desirable species, no action is required. Sites with
. -~" .
27 i
insufficient advanced reproduction will be regenerated artificially with a more desirable hardwood or pine species. Where pine predominates and is suited to the site, a 40- to 50-year rotation will be established
- i. under an even-aged management system. Hardwoods intended for sawlogs will require a 90-to 120-year rotation age.
No species considered undesirable will be maintained or replanted (
on a low-productivity site, except in ecological study areas. Practices to the contrary would defeat the primary silvicultural objective of the management program by creating more low-quality cull timber. ;
i i
Coves, Lower Sloces, North Sloces, and Valley Sites ls
[
These areas generally range in oak site index frem 60 to 80 and
! yellow poplar site index to 120. Such sites encor," pass coves, minor I bottoms, north slopes, and many 1cwer south slopes (topographic classes l 4 through 8). Some ridge tops with relatively deep, well-drained e wkG
. soils derived from lipstone parent material are included in this i !
site class.
! ! Many sites of this type can support pure or mixed stands of yellow '
t ,
l l poolar, black walnut (Juolans niara L.), northern and southern red oak [
l
- (Quercus rubra L. and Q,. falcata Michx.), sweetgum (Liouidamber styraciflua) and maples (Acer sp.). White oak (0,. alba), red oaks l ,
(Quercus sp.), and yellow poplar will be favored on north upper and ;
t
,t j mid-slopes when present. Even-aged silviculture will be used to manage g
the productive sites. This will tend to favor the more valuable shade L
intolerant species such as yellow poplar, black walnut, black cherry ,
r l (Prunus serotina), cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and ash species :
l t !
}
l
' r i
6 I
L i
28 h
ph (Fratinussp.). Two cutting phases comprise one rotation: reproduc-tion (harvest) cut and intermediate cuts (Fig. 2).
The reproduction cut is made the final year of the rotation period, usually in a mature stand although either understocked stands including stands composed of undecirable species may also be cut before biological maturity to facilitate area reger,eration with more suitable (valuable) growing stock. A reproduction cut removes all mature timber allowing the gemination of seed lying dormant in the forest litter or from surrounding trees. All cull sawtimber trees and non-merchantable trees should be cut and removed for pulpwood. Any residual trees must be deadened shortly after the reproduction cut to assure successful natural .
regeneration.
Thinnings or improvement cuts should be made every 12 years after the reproduction cut by removal of poorly formed stems and undesirable species. Th'is will maintain a healthy vigorous stand of high-quality stems. Intermediate cuts will also maintain proper spacing and stocking during the interim between regeneration and the rotation cut. Initial thinnings and improvement cuts will at best yield only pulpwood. As the stand matures, sawtimber may also be removed, leaving the best stems each time for crop trees. Stand reproduction is of no concern i
,i during the intermediate cutting stages of the rotation period. Thin- ;
I nings and improvement cuts are usually terminated after the first 60 ;
to 70 years at which time theoretical optimum stocking has been attained. k 7
The best cove and minor bottem sites may yield 24- to 28-inch w il sawtimber with a 60- to 75-year rotation with certain intolerant to [
li
~
j' 29 ,
[ moderately tolerant hardwood species. Slope sites of' intermediate ,
l j productivity should produce 20- to 24-inch sawtimb~er with a rotation period of' 75 to 90 years given proper thinning and care. These estimates are exclusive of any initial cultivation or fe'rtilization during the rotation.
i 1
plantations
- I t The original reforestation program on the ERDA Rese'rvation was con-tracted to Management Services Institute (MSI) to plant old, field- sites l
[
located primarily in the valleys and on lower slopes. Species planted .
- in order of preference were shortleaf pine, loblolly pine (hinus taeda), _ ,
1 I
white pine (pinus strobus), Virginia pine, and eastern red cedar 6
(Junicerus virciniana). The primary goal at that .tice was reforesta- i
~
tion of non-forested acreage as quickly as possib'le with no regard to -
species-site suitability. Shortleaf pine being a native species was -
~~
heavily favored over the other species, but has since proved least ~
desirable due to its poor growth and high susceptibility to insect and 4
- disease attacks. Total trees planted through 1961 by MSI was 6,305,000. '
, ; c
! Initial tree spacing ranged from 2 x 6 feet to 6 x 6 feet with survival t ,
- generally good. The oldest plantings (1947) are now 29 years old.
f-A cocrercial thinning program was begun in 1967 in the oldest and s most heavily stocked pine stands. All but approximately 500 acres of s
b ~
the original 4300 plantation acres have been thinned at least/once.
N,/ 3 / ,
An income of $52,970 has been realized frcm the sale of 14.145 cords -
of pine pulpwood cut from thinnings and southern pine beetle control -
l (Table 2). ,
l-
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.e -
-s'
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! w 30 A few pine stands were left unthinned in the past- to be used as s
s controls -in thinning comparisons (Figs. 4 and 5). These stands will f} . ,
also be thiridd^to reduce their high susceptibility to southern pine s
s a
beetle infestatic'ns created by over-crowded stand conditions. Thinnings are presently behind schedule since all cutting efforts have been directed-towartcontrdi of the southern pine beetle outbreak beginning in 1973; Once thisfepidemic-is under control, cutting emphasis will be placed on a second; thinning' of all lobicily plantations which are
- becoming severe 1[ overcrowded. Second thinnings will involve the removal of both sawtimber aad pulpwood, since most stands have grown Stands into the sawtimoer classification since their previous thinning.
are thinned to;a tasal, area- of 80 square feet yielding from 8 to 10 cords of pulpwood'rerlacre. (Thinning in white pine plantations began
~
in late 1975 y~ielding 1ately 8 cords per acre in the first thin-s 1_ ning. ,
i\
' Planted area, managed for pine will be maintained on an even-aged I '
~
ref.ation of 40 years for loblolly and white pine and 60 years for short-m
. i n leaf
- pine. ;ItJs foubt.ful .%
that seed tree cuts will satisfactorily -
, regenerate these species'ons most of the sites due to hardwood competi-s x- Therefore ,
y .l
- ' tion and the absence of a mineral soil seedbed at harvest.
j
~ to eliminate the possibility of regenerating an understocked stand, it 1 i
- will be necess'ary to mechanically prepare the site and replant with ximproved planting $ stock (Fig. 6) . A shortening of the rotation period j
, , ',y i s h
" ~w ill also bel realized by artificial regeneration. Areas with satisfac- .c i, -
n.'
tory pine reproduction .cr desirable "on-site" hardwood reproduction l xJ
/ q. . ,
ll be maniged accordingly by silvicultural methods previously out-Ki N
, lhed. '
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l The most recent southern pine beetle epidemic (1973-1976) has taken a devastating toll on the original shortleaf pine stands, both natural and planted. Pulpwood and sawtimber on approximately 1500 acres have been salvaged since the initial outbreak in 1973. An expanded regeneration program using updated equipment was needed to satisfactorily reforest these areas with high quality pine and hard- .
wood seedlings. Ilumerous types of mechanical site preparation treat-ments have been tested with land clearing (KG blade), piling and burning (root rake) and harrowing followed by mechanical planting being the most satisfacto ry. An annual reforestation goal of 300 acres per year has been established. Table 10 sunnarizes regeneration activities over the ,
past five-year cycle by species, acreages, and survival rates. Generally- .
a stand survival less than 75% indicates tihe need for replanting depend-
- ing on site conditions. Yellow poplar planted in 1975 was not replanted even though stand survival was only 68%. A large amount of die-back and resprouting which occurred during and after the survival data were I
collected coupled with volunteer seedlings should adequately stock this area. .
l liumerous pine and hardwood species have been test planted during the past three years. Loblolly pine is the most desirable pine species for planting due to its site adaptability, fast growth, and resistance to insect and disease attack. Of the various hardwood species planted, the most desirable are black walnut and eastern cottonwood on the best bottemland sites, yellow poplar, sycamore, and green ash en the lower .
. north slopes and coves, and river birch and sweet gum on the wet sites.
Specific criteria used to match species to site are soil type, soil j
< - - a
w 35
- Table 10. Regeneration by species from 1971-1975 No. of No. of Stand Seedling Year Species seedlings acres survival (%) survival (%)
1971 Lobiolly 20,000 20 68.0 68.0 1972 Loblolly 21,500 22 84.4 90.9 Yellow poplar 800 1 82.1 88.a 1973 Letlolly 153,500 240 96.0 96.5 Yellow poplar 280 0.5 82.5 82.5 Caks 170 0.5 <10.0 <10.0 1974 Loblolly 200,000 289 63.3 64.0 E. cottonwood 11,000 17 81.0 81 .0 1975 Loblolly 153,000 184 95.0 95.0 Yellow poplar 42,000 56 68.0 69.0 E. cottonwood 11,000 17 78.0 89.0
(
- Sweetgum 5,400 8 85.0 87.0 B. walnut 4,000 9 98.0 99.0 Sycamore 4,000 8 86.0 86.0 Green ash 3,000 6 93.0 98.0 ,
River birch 2,000 3 81.0 84.0 Total 631,650 881 I
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l 36 drainage, slope, aspect, accessibility, planting and site preparation :
techniques, and seedling supply.
. Release [
Timber stand improvement is needed in some form on all timber l stands at some point in time to enhance the stand's quality. Cull r trees have little monetary value but compete with the better growing stock for light, moisture, and nutrients. Cull tree removal in both young and old stands can also be r '.complished during thinnings and intermediate cuts. Pre-comercial thinnings are necessary in non-merchantable overstocked stands with poor growth. Monthly cultivation i
F. '
during the growing season will be needed in the newly planted eastern
~
cottonwood and black walnut plantations to release them from the herb-
'l aceous vegetation and stimulate growth. This treatment will be needed for at least the first three years after establishment. ,
Prescribed fire is one of the most valuable tools used in the management of southern yellow pines. A controlled burn during the winter months reduces the fire hazard by removing litter buildup, P
removes much of the competing vegetation, and releases nutrients tied up in forest floor litter (Fig. 7). Controlled burning in pine planta-tions can commence when a stand is six to ten years old, or when the average stand height is approximately 25 feet. Burns at three to five year intervals will maintain a low vegetative understory and improve
' the stand's accessibility to other activities.
I' Kudzu has become a problem worthy of much attention on the reser-vation'during the past few years due to its fast growth rate (as much
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38 as two feet per week during the growing season) and ability to over-grow trees, roads, buildings, powerlines, and bridges. Cattle grazing,
. one of the most connon control methods for kudzu is not available for use on the ERDA Reservation. The most effective control method employed is burning during the winter followed by chemical spraying in the early and late sumer with a mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic 1;
acid, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and diesel fual in water. Approximately 50 acres located throughout the reservation will be ! I t!reated to eradicate kudzu during the next management cycle in order l to protect the adjoining timber stands. Some isolated trees have been left standing during site prepara- ; 1 tion and replanting. These trees should be basally infected or j 1 : girdled since leaving them will only create more culls and reduce seedling growth by shading. New Programs A diminishing land base coupled with the ceed for more intensive q forest management requires updating old practices and the installation of new management practices. Evaluations of both present practices and i: new programs are needed to assess the benefits and environmental im-pacts of these programs. Regeneration studies will allow an evaluation of the effectiveness-of site preparation techniques and seedling survival rates. Growth and yield study plots will be installed in hardwood plantations to deter-mine the effectiveness of cultivation and fertilization techniques, ; changes in growth increments, and nutrient losses due to run-off. Long-- , term monitoring of site prepared areas will determine the amount of ,
P . 1 39 r soil loss through sheet erosion per acre during that time in which the n soil is cene!ed. Control plots will be installed in unburned loblolly pine stands to evaluate the effectiveness of prescribed burning in pine plantations. FOREST PROTECTION Insects and Diseases The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus fecntalis Zimm.) reached epidemic proportions on the reservation during the summer of 1973. A cooperative survey conducted by the U.S. Forest Service under provisions of the Federal Forest Pest Control Act indicated that 1,757 trees were infested in August 1973 with a brood density of 610 beetles per square
~
foot of bark surface (Ward, et al. 1973). 8 Project proposals requesting federal assistance were prepared for FY 1973,1974, and 1975 for insect and disease contr'ol funds totalling
$64,795. These funds were utilized for direct control procedures of the southern pine beetle. Chemical control was abandoned during this outbreak primarily due to the high treatment cost per unit (tree) treated. Present control procedures entail locating and mapping the individual spots, salvaging all merchantable timber including a 75-ft buffer strip around the infected area, then piling and burning all residual trees, ifmbs, and tops. Due to the extent of the present t outbreak, it has become more feasible to pile and burn by compartments instead of individual spots. Therefore, an entire compartment (s) can be treated and replanted without wasting valuable time transporting [
. t equipment. The infestation incidence has taken a downward turn during ,
i l f
- +
t 40 the latter part of 1975 indicating a possible cessation of the present epidemic. Other insect pests causing timber damage and mortality during this same time period include the eastern juniper bark beetle (Phloeosinus dentatus Say) on eastern red cedar (Junicerus viroiniana), , hickory bark beetle (Scolytus cuadrisoinosas Say) on hickory species (Carya sp.), sassafras (Sassafras albidum) damaged by (Hyoothenemus chaouisi Eichh.) and noticeable elm (Ulmus sp.) killed by the s= aller European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus) acting as the vector for Dutch elm disease fungus (Ceratocystis ulmi). With the exception of eles and cedar, the kills have been scattered and spotty. Cedar kills have been scattered throughout the reservation with entire stands (30 trees) being killed. Elm kills have been observed in many management compartments and range from an individual tree to clusters of three and four. Control of Dutch elm disease.can be
~
accomplished to some degree by burning beetle infested elms while the beetles are still present. The most efficient and economical j control method utilized on the ERDA Reservation for the bark beetle , insect pests is to cut, pile, and burn. [ Disease outbreaks on the Reservation during the past have caused l relatively light damage as compared with the southern pine bark beetle. An exception to this was the observation of pitch canker (Fusarium lateritium Nees em. S.&H. F. pini) in the late summer of 1973 in l . compartment #13. An entire shortleaf pine stand of approximately [ 77 acres was cut due to extensive damage caused by this fungi. Only l f, ! I. I I r i 4 A .n.. - - - e
. o 41 isolated infeited trees have been observed in other parts of the reservation since the initial infestation.
A root rot on pines caused by (Femes annosus Fr.) is comon in pine stands throughout the southeast. Its occurrence and damage is monitored with pennanent plots installed and inventoried periodically by the State of Tennessee. Department of Conservation. This disease is most prevalent in stands planted on poor soils and may be spread during the first thinning. Control includes selecting healthy planting stock, planting on compatible sites and treatment of stumps with borax during the first thinning. Root ret mortality caused by F. annosus has shown a marked decrease from 1968 to 1970 (Kauffman,1975). This could be acccunted for by the fact that most of the first thinnings in pine plantations had been completed by this time (Strock,1970). Root rot incidence from 1970 to 1975 has been masked by the recent southern pine beetle epidemic. Fomes annosus root rot should be of minor con-sequence in the coming years due to many off-site stands having been cut during the present southern pine beetle epidemic, nearly all first l thinnings have been completed, and borax stump treatment conducted in . I those stands remaining to be thinned. Of the total tree mortality in pine plantations in D70, only 3.3% can be attributed to Fomes annosus root rot (Kauffman,1975) . Fire ; The reservation has an excellent fire history since acquisition in r 1942. Wildfires on the reservation have resulted from construction and [ waste disposal, incendiary, and lightning. Only three wildfires were W -- -- . _. __ . ..
42 recorded on the reservation during the past management cycle. A control burn jumped a fire line in 1974 and burned grass on approximately one-tenth acre with no timber damage. A construction company's warming fire burned approximately three acres in compartment #8 in 1975 with little damage to the standing timber. Both fires were brought under control by the Forest Management Department. A roadside grass fire of a possible incendiary nature was contained by the K-25 fire department also in 1975. Suppression of most woods fires can be effectively handled by the Forest Management Department. The department operates two 4-wheel drive pickups, one equipped with a 75-gallon pump tank and the other . with a 150-gallon pump tank. Both trucks carry numerous hand tools , which can be used to manually construct fire lines in areas where mechanical line construction is impossible and for control of fires in their initial stages. Labor crews are also available from the Plant and Equipment Division for fire control assistance. These l crews are trained annually in fire line construction. A 350 series l John Deere crawler tractor mounted with a fireline plow is maintained , l .. on stand-by basis during fire seasons. Primary backup of the Forest i ! Management Department for forest fir control is the Oak Ridge Fire Department with secondary assistance from the three plant fire depart- ; ments. In a large-scale effort, assistance would also be available j from the Tennessee State Division of Forestry, which has suppression I; l crews located at Kingston, Knoxville and Rockwood. , y-i 1 l Ik s.
y 43 TIMBER SALES POLICIES Under the previous management plan, all sawtimber sold frem the reservation was under long-term contract (No. At-(40-1)-S-1182) between
~
AEC (ERDA) and Longleaf Industries, Inc. Longleaf Industries, Inc. was in the process of selling all their interests to American Forest Products, Inc., a subsidiary of Bendix Corporation in the latter part of 1975 (Fig. 8). Negotiations are under way to revise the present timber sales contract to reduce the total timber commitment to AFP while retaining previous contract conditions favoring good forest management practices. Under the renegotiated contract (E(40-1)-S-ll82), an option to extend the original contract another 10-year period (1978 to 1988) is primarily dependent upon AFP's completion of a planning mill at the Marlow Site. Timber volumes to be cut during the remaining contract period (December 31,1978) are 4.2 million board feet of hardwood sawtimber and 0.9 million board feet of pine sawtimber. Timber volumes to be cut under the optional 10-year period totalled 11.0 million board feet, of which 8.1 million board feet is hardwood and 2.9 million is pine sawtimber. Under this contract, the ERDA-ORNL forester is i responsible for: (1) marking and computing timber volumes to be sold; (2) making joint cruises with American Forest Products when there is disagreement on computed timber types and volumes; (3) assisting American Forest Products and their loggers in locating the timber boundary (ies) to be cut, skid trails, log loading areas, and access routes; (4) maintaining periodic checks on the cutting l
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45 operations; (5) overseeing all cleanup operations at the sales end; and (6) maintaining records to establish yearly contract obligations. All pulpwood sales are under short-term contract (6 months to one year) primarily to Anderson County Pulpwood Ccepany located in Clinton, Tennessee. The pulpwood sales conditions are similar to the timber sales contract specifying an amount of pulpwood to be cut and its location. Pulpwood sales and any other miscellaneous timber products sales are sealed bid sales open to the general public.
' All timber sales are handled through the Furchasing Division, Nuclear Division, Union Carbide Corporation.
CONTROL RECORDS Detailed records and maps of all timber product sales are kept in the Forest Management Department's office file. Other records on file include maps of the reservation showing timber types, roads, past, present and future cutting areas, site preparation, tree planting, control burning, and other cultural operations. Aerial photographs taken every five years for activity planning and updating maps a.m filed by numbers corresponding to photc indices. MANAGEMENT PLAN REVISION The management plan will be revised again in 1980 with a re-inventory of the permanent sample plots and' individual management l compartment cruises and timber type maps. Timber cutting will be revised, if necessary, based on growth estimates and stand develop-ment infomation from analysis of these inventories. A complete
46 o
~
r assessment will be made of all forest management activities during 1 the interim management cycle to update practices and procedures for a more effective and efficient program. ENVIRONMENTAL STATEPENT The primary purpose of the forest management program on the ERDA . Oak Ridge Reservat2a is to maintain a continuous yield of high quality timber thereby providing an economic stimulus to the Oak Ridge area through jcbs and the manufacture of forest products. Management of such a large diversified forested area involves the ';se of numerous silvicultural or management tools in order to accomplish specific goals within the varied forest stand types. Therefore, each silvi- . cultural practice employed under the present management plan will be assessed individually due to impact variability between practices. Pollution control in forestry dces not consist of rectification
~
and treatant of polluted effluents prior to discharge, since pollu-tion from forest lands is nonpoint in origin. Therefore, treatment and control methodology is built into the management system. The . management system incorporates practices and methods utilized in the harvest of trees, log transport, site preparation and reforestatior;. forest protection (fire, disease, insects, and weed tree control), and growth stimulations as necessary to achieve environmental scals in conjunction with management goals which include the production of timber and other forest products achieved through the harvest of trees ! . (EPA 430/9-73-010,1973) . 1 1 7 e h! ll
'1
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( 'r 47
~
Timber Harvesting. The two primary timber h'arvesting systems utilized on the ERDA Reservation are the selection method and the clearcutting method. Both systems are designed and implemented to perpetuate the forest either by even-aged stand management (pine and some hardwood species) or uneven-aged stand management (hardwood species). The two principal pollutants associated with timber har-vesting are a diminishing of aesthetic values primarily due to logging slash and debris and sedimentation caused by erosion of logging roads, log skidding trails, and loading ramps irrespective of the harvesting system (USEPA 430/9-73-010,1973). Logging slash is retained in selectively harvested areas and that adjacent to primary roads is minimal, while logging slash in clear-cut areas for southern pine beetle centrol is heavy. Therefore, beetle kill areas adjacent to primary roads are given a high priority for cleanup, slash disposal, and reforestation. Direct techniques utilized to minimize erosion in timber harvest areas include water barriers located at intervals along skid trails with logging slash being deposited in problem spots, clearing of debris from loading ramps and either grassing and strawing the entire ramp area or planting with appropriate tree seedlings. Erosion of logging roads is minimized by proper road maintenance before, during, and after the harvesting operation. Ditches and culverts are periodically cleaned out, road beds graded, crowned, and graveled, and all ditches properly sloped. Indirect control methods involve proper planning in the location and construction of all roads, trails, and ramps prior to harvesting
48 in order to reduce the soil erosion potential (Hewlett and Douglas, 1968). The principal long-term effects attributed to the selection system of timber harvesting in individual stands is a change in species ccm-position tcward high quality, tolerant or moderately tolerant, timber species such as white oak (Quercus alba), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), red oaks (Quercus sps.), white pine (Pinus strobus), and j l black walnut (Juglans nigra). The overall forest species composition diversity is maintained by planting intolerant and moderately shade-tolerant species when artificial regeneration of an individual timber stand is necessary. An additional long-tem effect is an increase in both basal area and number of trees per acre in harvested areas (Schlesinger,1975) . The forest is maintained in a healthier, more vigorous condition by removal of the ovemature and cull trees, which improves both timber production and wildlife habitat (Schlesinger,1976; f Smith, 1962; Della-Bianca, 1975). j Site Preoaration and Tree Plantina. Proper treatment of the site , prior to planting accomplishes numerous management goals, both short-term and long-tenn. Site preparation on the ERDA Oak Ridge Reservation ; has been utilized either in old fields stocked with species unsuitable for timber, or on those areas cleared of pine for southern pine beetle control. The principal site preparation technique utilized is total shearing of any residual unmerchantable trees .with a KG blade, windrcw-ing this material along with the logging slash, burning the windrews,
.and then flat disking with a six-ten woods harrow. Impacts beneficial .
to reforested stands obtained through this treatment are removal of
~
l . 4r i i 49 r logging slash which improves the aesthetics and reduces the fire hazard, elimination of competing cult trees and undesirable advanced
- reproduction, improvement of early soil moisture conditions, reduction of soil compaction induced during logging operation, improved planting conditions, increased seedling survival and grcwth, shortening of the ,
harvest cycle, thinning schedule, or rotation, improved wildlife food and cover, plus increased accessibility for fire control and harvesting equipment (Balmer,1976; Smith,1962). Advantages of establishing the forest stand by planting are: (1) assarance of a well-stocked stand; (2) immediate stand establish-ment; (3) choice of species matched to its specific sites; (4) improved genetic stock from seed orchards; (5) shortening of stand establish-ment time and rotation; and (6) increased seedling and stand survival (McQuilkin and McNamara,1967; Smith,1962; Belanger and Saucier,1975). Additionally, habitats for numerous wildlife species such as bobwhite quail, doves, meadowlark, and white tail deer, are improved through site preparation and planting by the creation of open areas and the development of herbaceous and woody vegetation which invades these sites the first spring after treatment (Cooper,1971). A future evaluation may ascertain the impact of these open areas on " deep woods" wildlife species. Susceptibility of the site to soil erosion is the primary impact of site preparation and planting. This erosion is minimized by the short period of time (from one co three years) during which the soil is denuded. Practices utilized to minimize soil erosion are clearing, wind owing, disking, and planting on the contour as in strip farming M l l
50 4 (EPA 430/9-73-010,1973; Smith,1962). Site preparation activities - are scheduled in the summer and fall months with planting being con-
. ducted in the following winter and spring mor,tos. On slopes or soils extremely sensitive to erosion, windrews are left unburned or strips between rews are planted with wildlife food, grasses, and legumes. To prevent sediment from enterirg streams timbered buffer strips are. left, ;
(width depends on soil type,. adjacent slope per cent, residual timber type, and the extent of clearing), to act as dams or filters during heavy runoff (EPA 430/9-73-010). Prescribed Burning. Prescribed fire is a useful tool utilized to manage various timber species through the reduction of the hazards of , wildfire and elimination of competing vegetation. Fire is an important . and economical means of control of the southern pine beetle, elimina-
. tion of logging slash and deoris during site preparation and in the control of some diseases such as Femes annosus (Cooper,1971; Smith, 1962). Periodic control burns can increase available soil nutrients; in the upper 2 inches of the soil nitrogen may increase as much as 13.7%
(Wells,1971). Herbaceous game-food plants are more abundant on - burned areas than on unburned areas (Hilmen and Hughes,1965). Periodic prescribed fires improve the habitat for deer,' turkey, bobwhite quail, rabbits, and doves and many songbirds (Perkins,1971; Davis,1959). Adverse environmental impacts of prescribed fire are the discharge of smoke and particulate matter into the air. Proper scheduling of burns can minimize the amount of emission since rainfall, wind, and . temperature play important roles in pol!ution control (USEPA 430/9-73-010).
- Emissions can be minimized by burning in small blocks with proper i
h i
T . 51 weather conditions. Smoke impact is reduced by burning during after-noon and evening hours against the wind prior to the movement of a frontal low-pressure system into the area (Davis,1959; Sackett,1975; Pharo and Hauck, 1975). Gaseous and particulate pollutants can be minimized with procerly planned burns, while most of those emitted are washed out by rainfall or fallout as a result of wind or gravity (Cooper, 1971; Dieterich,1971). Control burning is scheduled by the Forest Management Department with regulation through the ERDA, Oak Ridge office of Industrial Safety and Fire Protection Branch. flotifications of all burns are made on the day of the burn to ERDA Industrial Safety and Fire Protection Branch, the Oak Ridge Fire Department, the State Forestry Service, the ORfil Fire and Guard Department, and the K-25, X-10, and Y-12 shift supervi-sors . Chemicals. Chemicals presently utilized in the forest management program are Tordon 101, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid for control of certain undesirable woody and herbaceous plant species. Undesirable hardwood trees are mechanically
~
injected with Tordon 101 directly into the stem in one milliliter doses. l Chemicals applied in this manner tend to have a minimal environmental l l impact due to the low dosage rate and application method. Kudzu control is achieved by foliar spraying with a mixture of 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, diesel fuel , and water. All spraying is conducted during appropriate weather conditions to avoid drift, with no spraying over. open water, since these chemicals can be toxic to some forms of aquatic life. Tordon 101, 2,4-0 and 2,4,5-T a re biodegradeable, water
. e
j . . 52 1 ,
- soluble, auxin herbicides making them short-lived in the environment (Smith,1962,DWRPub.No.84). When these chemicals are utilized according to EPA regulations environmental damages and harm to personnel
)
- i can be avoided (USEPA,1976a, USEPA,1976b).
- f
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( 53 LITERA10RE CITED Balmer, W. E. , H. L. Williston, G. E. Dissmeyer, and C. Pierce. 1976. Site preparation: Why and how. Forest Management Bulletin. 8 pp. I Belanger, R. P. , and J. R. Saucier. 1975. Intensive culture of hardwoods in the South. Iowa State Journal of Research 49(2):339-344. Cooper, R. W. 1971. Current use and place of prescribed burning. pp. 21-27. IN S. G. Boyce (ed.), Prescribed Burning Symposium. Belle W. Baruch Research Institute, Clemson, South Carolina. Curlin, J. W. 1970. Forest management plan, AEC Oak Ridge Reservation. ORNL/TM-1317. 46 pp. Davis, K. P. 1959. Forest fire: Control and use. McGraw-Hill, New York. 584 pp. Della-Bianca, L. 1975. An intensive cleaning of mixed hardwood saplings: 10-year results from the southern Appalachians. Journal of Forestry 73(1): Dieterich, John H. 1971. Air-Quality Aspects of Prescribed Burning. pp. 139-151. IN S. G. Boyce (ed.), . rescribed
' Burning Symposium.
Belle W. Baruch Research Institute, Clemson, South Carolina. Girard, J. W. , and C. Mesavage. 1956. Tablas for estimating board foot volume of timber. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 94 pp. Hewlett, J. D. , and J. E. Douglas. 1968. Blending forest uses. 1 USDA Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. USDA SE-37, 15 pp. Hilmon, J. B., and R. H. Hughes. 1965. Fire and forage in the wire-grass type. Journal of Range Management 18:251-254.
- ^%.
f
54 i i Kauffman, B. W. 1975. Evaluation of Fomes annosus incidence on the Oak Ridge Forest from 1968 to 1970. Unpublished Report No. 4635. I Tennessee Department of Conservation, Division of Forestry. McQuilkin, W. E., and E. F. McNamara. 1967. Tree planting in scrub
; 3, oak areas after site preparation with heavy equipment. North-eastern Forest Experiment Station NE-50. 26 pp.
Perkins, C. J. 1971. {! The effects of prescribed burnin] on r,utdoor i-recreation. pp. 59-63. 6 IN S. G. Boyce (ed.), Prescribed Burning Symposium. Belle W. Baruch Research Institute, Clemson, South Ca rolina. Pharo, J. A., and C. A. Hauck. 1975. Smoke dispersion model for prescribed burning. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, g USDA SE-220, 8 pp. Sackett, S. S. 1975. i Scheduling prescribed burns for hazard reduction in the Southeast. Journal of Forestry 73:3-7. Schlesinger, R. C. 1975. Sixteen years of selection silviculture in upland hardwood stands. North Central Forest Experiment Station, s NC-125. 6 pp. Smi th, D. M. : 1962. The practice of silviculture. John Wiley & Sons, 7th Edition, New York. 578 pp. Strock, W. G. 1970. Forest management plan, AEC Oak Ridge Reservation: 1970-1975. ORNL/TM-3175. 28 pp. U.S. Department of Wildlife Resources. . Handbook of toxicity of. pesticides to wildlife, Dept. of Wildlife Resources publication e -
. no. 84, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 0.C. 44 pp.
( l4 I
~
- - - - ,e
$ w 55 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1973. Processes , procedures ,
and methods to control pollution resulting from silvicultural
; activities. EPA 430/9-73-010. U.S. Government Printing Office,
; Washington, D.C. 91 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1976a. Apply pesticides correctly; a guide for comercial applicators. U.S. Government Printing Office 1976:623-656, Washington, D.C. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1976b. Forest pest control; apply pesticides correctly, a guide for comercial applicators. U.S. Goviernment printing office, Washington, D.C. 10 pp. Ward, J. D. , W. E. McDowell, D. M. Bradburn. 1973. Evaluation of scuthern pine beetle infestations on the Atomic Energy Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.
, Unpublished Report No. 74-1-8. 8 pp.
Wells, C. G. 1971. Effects of prescribed burning on soil chemical properties and nutrient availability. pp. 86-99. IN S. G. Boyce ed.), Prescribed Burning Symposium. Belle W. Baruch Research Institute, C1'emson, South Carolina. l i
- i i t
, l 1 l _ _ . l L.
T 57 ORNL/TM-5833
~
INTEFJIAL DISTRIBUTION l-10. S. I. Auerbach 56. Herman Postra D. M. Bradburn 57. M. E. Ramsey I 11-34 v 35-36. R. W. Brocksen 58. D. E. Reichie
- 37. D. Brogan 59. C. R. Richmond
- 38. R. L. Burgess 60. W. J. Selvidge
- 39. Bill Coggins 61. M. H. Shanks
- 40. N. T. Edwards 62. C. M. Carter
- 41. George Evans 63. E. G. Struxness
- 42. J. H. Gibson, Sr. 64. D. E. Todd
- 43. F. G. Goff 65. F. G. Taylor
- 44. T. Gri:zard 66. N. E. Tarr
- 45. - W. F. Harris 67. R. I. Van Hook, Jr.
- 46. H. H. Haymond 68-69. D. C. West
- 47. P. W. Hembree, Jr. 70. Shift Supervisor, OR'll
- 48. G. S. Henderson 71. Shift Supervisor, ORGCP
- 49. R. P. Keener 72. Shift Supervisor, Y-12
! 73. Biology Library
- 50. J. T. Kitchings 51 . R. L. Kroodsma 74-75. Central Research Library
- 52. L. K. Mann 76. ORNL Y-12 Technical Library
- 53. S. B. McLaughlin 77-78. Laboratory Records Deot.
J. S. Olson. 79. Lacoratory Records, ORNL-RC 54.
- 55. R. V. O'Neill 80. ORNL Patent Office A -
EXTERNAL DISTRIBUTICN 1 I
- 81. Cepartment of Forestry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916
- 82. J. Merrill Bird, Comparative Animal Research Laboratory, UT-ERCA
- 83. F.-P. Callaghan, ERDA-ORO
- 84. C. E. Cheston, Chairman, Cept. of Forestry, University of the South, Sewanne, TN 37375
- 85. Department of Forestry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830 61801
- 86. Department of Forestry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
- 87. Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
- 88. Department of Forestry and Ccnservation, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN 47907
- 89. Division of Forestry and Wildlife Resources, VPI State University, l
Blacksburg, VA 24061 ~
- 90. C. H. Durman, ERCA-CR0
- 91. W. M. Edwards, ERCA-0R0
- 92. Richard Evans, UT Research Station and Arboretum, Xerr Ho11cw Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
- 93. T. H. Hardin, ERDA-ORO
, 94. C. W. Hill, ERDA-OR0
- 95. Lynn Jackson, ORP-TVA, Mccristewn, TN 37814 JA L'
1-t . 58 FJ 96. Bruce Kauffman, Forest Insect and Disease Soecialist, ' TennesseeTN Nashville, Division 37203 of Forestry, 2611 West End Ave., 97. J. L. Krattler, ERDA-ORO o.
- 98. J. R. Langley, ERDA-CR0 -
.. 99. J. A. Lenhard, ERDA-ORO ?
c 100. R. B. Martin, ERDA-ORO
101. , '
i Wm. H. Davis McGregor, Dean, School of Forest and Recreatioh_ 102. Resources, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631 i W. S. Osburn, Environmental Sciences Branch, Division of ' -
- Biology and Medicine, ERDA, Washington, DC 20545 103. i T. Ripley, Of rector Division of Forestry. -Fisheries, and 104. Wildlife Management, TVA, Norris, TN 37828 x ,
School of NC Raleigh, Forest Resources, North Carolina State University, 37607 105. s School of Forest Resources University .cf Georgia, Athens, GA 30601 1 106. - I J. University B. Sharp,ofUT Extension Forester, 244 Plant Sciences Eidg., i 107. Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916 108. C. S. Shoup, 80 Outer Drive, Oak Ridge TN 37830 ' Jeff Swinebroad, Ecological ' Sciences Branch, Divisien of. - Biomedical DC 20545 and Environmental Research,' ERDA, Washingtca, 109. H. E. Walburg, UT-ERDA ~ 110. R. Watters, Ecological Sciences Branch, Division of Bictedical _ 111. and Environmental Research, ERDA, Wasnington, DC 20545 ' Claude Yarbro, ERDA-ORD
, 112. s -
3, M. J. Young, State Forester, Tennessee Divisioe of Forestry,
,, 113-139.
2611 West End Ave., Nashville, TN 37203
- t. Technical Information Center, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 . s s
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. & , fin. 2,"A / REFERENCE 2-20 a b
'/2 JOURNAt. OF THE TENNESSEE ACADEMY oF SCIENCE VOLUME 54, NUMBER 3. July,1979 -
f PLANT SPECIES ON THE DEPARTM5NT OF ENERGY. OAK RIDGE RESERVATION THAT ARE RARE, TIIREATENED OR OF SPECIAL CONCERN ' PATRic!A DnEYER PAnR AND FRED G. TAvt.oR JR. Oak Ridge NarionalLaboratory Oak Ridge, Tennesree 37830 AssinACT knowledge necessary for selection and maintenance of De need to protect endangered organisms has gained the habitats of the plants. tocrer. sed awareness during the past decade. These The Smithsonian's " Report on Endangerec and efforu have only recently been expanded to include Threatened Plant Species of the United States" was plants. Lists of candidate species have been compiled Published in December 1974 (U.S. Congress 1975p. It for review and status designation by appropriate included the first national tabulation of candidate species governmental actions. Ti.e Smithsonian Repert (U.S. for designation as endangered, threatened, recently Congress 1975) has recommended that the pres;rvation extmet, or commercially exploited plant species of of critical habitats be adopted as a majer management the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii). practice to ensure the survival of endangered and Recommendations to Congress were presented, along threatened plant species, with discussion of the va!ue of retaining diverse plant In compliance with federal guidelines, plants occur- species, causes of rarity, and pre,crvation. The major ring on the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Oak rec mmendation made concerned the preservation of Ridge Reservation that are considered rare. thrcatened the habitats of endangered and threatened species of or of special concern have been located, identified and Pl ants. provided protection (Oak Ridge Operations 1975). In May 19~5, the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Although only nine candidate species are known to Soil Conservation Service. published " Rare, Threatened, occur on the area. etTorts are being made to locate or Endangered Plant Species of Tennessee." The additional species that have been casually observed report emphasized the importance of plant habitat and reported but not verified by voucher specimens. consideration in land-use planning (Soil Conservation De purpose of this activity is to summarize present Service 1975). knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of threat. The U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and ened and endangered plant species for long-range man. Wildlife Service, printed the Smithsonian Report in the agement decisions of the DOE-Oak Ridge Reserva- Federal Register June 1976 (Federal Recister 1975). tion. The Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. has
, proposed that the approximaSly 1700 native, U.S.
INTROoUCTION , y cubr plant taxa on the 3 to be
, In 1973 the Endancered Species Act was expanded to considered as endangeredies.spec,mithsonian list melude plants m addition to fish and wildlife already A " Workshop on Rare Tennessee Plants
- was protected. As stated "the purposes of this act are to held November 18, 1976, to discuss and incorporate provide a means whereby ecosystems upon which comments on a preliminary list of " Tennessee Rare endangered species and threatened specics depend may Phnts' prepared by members of the Tennessee Com-
- be conserved, to provide a program for the conservation mittec for Rarc Plants (Tennessee Committee for
~
of such endangered species and threatened species, and Rare Plants 1976). In addition to discussing the list. ! to take such steps as may be appropriate to acm, eve the concern was expressed regarding the need for accurate I purposes of the treaties and conventions set forth . . ." information recardine the status of Tennew:c's rarc ! (U.S. Congress 19731. plants in order to 'schieve environmentally sound I land-use planning and development in the future. ' A. J. Sharp of the University of Tennessee published a list of " Rare Plants of Tennessec in Julv 1974. He stated that "the only satisfactory way of n' voiding the HAmTAT ann Scrrn s Pas.srnvritos extinction of rare plants is the selection and maintenance The establishment of sevwral natural areas on the Oak of areas in which are found the peculiar habitats Ridge Reservation refleets the DOE conecrn for the necessary to their survival" (Sharp 1974). Life history preservation of unique or reprewntative biotic features.
- studies and propagation may he alternative methods of In response to a request by the DOE Division of not only avoiding pl. tnt extinction but also for obtaining Biomedical ar>d Environmental Research ptrsonnel, the i Research sponsored by the Department of Energy under contract with Union Carbide Corporation.
- Publication No.1144. Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL 100
c A, Rare or Threatened Plants on the Oak Ridge Reservation 10i Environmental Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National be necessary to maintain the species. But before any Laboratory reviewed the Fish and Wildlife Service habitat can be managed to protect a species, it is neces- : Endangered Species list with regard to the DOE Oak sary to determine whether the species is reproducing and Ridge Reservation. Most of the rarc plants on the DOE its reproductive potential. Once propagules arc dispersed i Oe.k Ridge Reservation that have been located arc in it is essential to know the precesses active in establishing i Environmental Research Park natural areas (Kitchings the species..hus, the species autecology must be studied i and Mann 1976). In order to ensure protection of to plan for scientific and beneficial management of the ! additional species, elforts are being made to locate habitats where the species survive. l species that have been seen at one time but not i verified by voucher specimens or species whose habitat METHODS AND REsut.Ts 1 requirements suggest there is a high probability they A combined rare pl?nt list was compiled incorporating ,
- occur on the DOE Oak Ridge Re eevation. all candidate species included on each of the following Locating and identifying endangered species are lists: USDA SCS, USDI. Federal Register. Tennessee important first steps to be taken in species preservation. Committee for Rare Plants, and A. J. Sharp. He 1 Long-term protection of sensitive species is potentially computer output was an alphabetical listing of the i hampered by the lack of knowledge concerning species species. the lists on which they occurred and their g biology. Protection of endangered species in their current status. !=
native habitat is considered by some as the best The " Combined Rare Plant List" was then compared p method of ensuring their survival (Forest Service 1977). to the species listed in " Oak Ridge. Tennessee, F: ora: - Indiscriminant modification or destruction of habitat Habitats of the Vascular Plants-Revised Inventory" could not only cause a reduction of the population but (Mann and Bierner 1975). Species included in the also result in a restriction of the population's espansion Mann-Bierner report are recorded from Anderson. - and recovery. Many species, however, are rare because Knos, Loudon. Morgan and Roane Countica. Species ,. they occupy unusual, often temporary habitats and may listed as occurring in Anderson and Roane Counties be dependent on some type of interference. Natural were checked in the Oak Ridge National Laboratory history studies and propagation of sensitive species are (ORNL) and University of Tennessee (UT) herbaria to important in determining the plant's environmental verify their identity and occurrence on the Oak Ridge . requirements. Careful management of the habitat might Reservation. p TABLE I: Plants of the Oak Ridge Reservation that are Rare, Threatened or of Special Concern , Genus Species Authority Emily Common Name List Status Flower Seed Habitat Cimici/ura rubi. Ranunce* Bugbane USDI-Fed Reg
- Threatened August August Rich, sheltered folia Kearney laceae USDA SCS
- Threatened steep limestone bluft DcIphinium Ranuncu- Tall TCRP* Special July- October Dry, calcareous.
eselsarum Ait. taceae Larkspur concern August open woodtand Fothergdfa Ha namelid. Large TCRP* Threatened April- July. Dry woods . maar (Sims) aceae Fothergilla Sharp 8 Rare May October lodd USDA-SCS
- Rare 4
Jtydrani C Ranuncu. Goldensest Sharp 8 Rare April. July Rich moods F canadensis L. luese May
- Lilium Liliaceae Canada TCRPs Threatened June. July- Edge of wood, canadense L. Lily July August Panax quinque- Aralixeae Ginseng Sharp
- Rare June- August. Rich. cool, moht se folius L. USDA.SCS
- Rate July October woods !
a Phde.IcIphus Saxifra. Sharp's Sharp
- Rare May June- Wooded. limestone sharpianus llu saceae Mock-Orange September bluf!
^ Savi/ rara Saxifra- Carey's USDI. Fed Reg 8 Threatened April June Wooded, litneuune careyana Gray gxcae Sasifrage USDA-SCS
- Threatened blutt Spiranshes Or6hidaceae Lener TCRP* Special August. November Moist. ,haJy. rich ovalis Lindley I sJies' Concern October woods Tresses USDA.SCS
- Rare ,
8 Federal Register-Threatened or Endangered Fatna or Flora, Vol. t No. 127, 1973.
- Sharp. A. J. Tennessee Conervatwrust. July 1974 E
- Tenneuce Committee for Rare Plants. J. L. Collins (TVA), II. R. DcSelm (UT), A. M. Evans (LJT), R. Kral tVanderbilt) and B. E.
Wofford (UT) September 1976. ] '
- Rare Threatened or Endangered Plant Species of Tennessee, tJ.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service, Nashville. May $
1973. h
. A g
J . 102 JoORNAL OF THE TENNr.ssEE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE A summary of the status of rare plants on the stimulate interest in species biology. Knowledge W DOE. Oak Ridge Reservation is presented in Table 1. species biology, combined with occurrence and distri. The three categories (rare, threatened, and special bution data, is essential to delineate maintenance concern) are defincd as follows: strategies for land management decisions. Rare-species which presently occur infrequentiv are relatively few and widely separated, possibiy. & sugmim a ei i re pt4.o b U.e due to habitat requirements, habitat destruction or Mann and Tom Kitchings is greatly aprreciated. Lpw Thag of commercial exploitation. the computer Scienen Diviwon is gratefully acknor'e:4 J for Threatened-as described by Tennessee Committee ass 6tance in programming the
- Combined Rare Plant List.
' Appreciati n is aho exprosed to Dr. II. R. DeScim of the for Rare Plants (1973). species likely to become "' * "# #*""***'
endangered in the immediately foreseeable future . as a result of present rapid habitat destruction or -LrTERATtJRE CITED j commercial cxploitation. Federal Jterister-Thrrarened or Endansered Fauna or Flora. 1975. U.S. Department of the Interior. Vol 40. No. tr. Special Concern-phnts listed bI Tennessee Com- Fernald. M. L 1950. Gray,s Alannel of Sorany. Eighth Ed;,uon. mtttee for Rare Plants (1978) as requiring par
- American Book Company, New York.1632 pp.
ticular attention because they are at the limit or Forest Service. Conference on Endangered Plants in the near-limit of the geographic range in Tennessee. Southeast, Proceedings.1977. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Forea Service General Technical Report SE.11. or because their status is undetermined due to Gleason, H. A.1952. The New Bristo.s and Brown illustrated insullics.cnt information. Flora of the Norshrastern United States and AJoacent t.anada. Information concerning common name, phenology 3 volumes. New York Botanical Garden. New York. and habitat was obtained from both reference materials Gleason. H. A. and A. Cronqubt.1967. Stanual of Vascidar
###"" */ N"'"'" U"#"d #': and Canada. D. Van and herbarium specimens. Further information on each Nostrand Company. Inc. Princeton. New Jersey, 809 pp.
species and county occurrence maps are available (Parr Kitchings. J. T. and L. K. Mann.1976. A description of the and Taylor 1978). terrestrial ecology of the Oak Ridge Environmental Re ear:n Three plant species, although not listed on any rare Park. Environmental Sciences Divison ORNL Publ. No !!9. plant species lists fer Tennessee, are of special interest M2"" ' K 8"d M W 8'unu.1975. Oak Ridge Tennmu
!!c,ta: habitats of the vascular plantwrevised inventory.
tn th.is area. Trailing arbutus (Epigea repens L.) has Environmental Sciences Division ORNL Publ. No. 775, become scarce or disappeared over a large part of its Oak Ridge Operations.1975. Oak Ridge Reservatior. Land-Ge extensive range. In remote areas and in places where it Plan. ORO-748. Technical Information Center. O:fice of pus
& ARairs. Energy Rocarch and Desetopment Adm.niaration.
is protected it continues to thrive (Stupka 1965). This prostrate shrub occurs frequently on the DOE Oak p,'r,I D. and F. G. Taylor.1978. Plant species on the Ridge Reservation growing on gravelly, wooded, acidic Department of Energy. Oak Ridge Resuvation that are rare. slopes. Prickly pear [Oprintia compressa (Salisb.) threatened. or of special concern. Environmental Sciences - D Macbr.] is abundant in the cedar glades and limestone g,,fy Qj,UE Ihl and C. R. Bell 1968. Manual of soils of Middle and East Tennessee. Occurrence on the ,3, y,,,,f,, Flora of the Caroteu.s. University of North DOE-Oak Ridge Reservation is limited to cedar glades Carolina Press Chapel Hill, North C:rolina. '1183 pp. and barrens on limestone outcrops. Scarcity of prickly Ramsey, G. W. 1965. A biosystematic study of the genus pear in this area is most likely due to absence of Cimici/ura J'Rananculaceae). ' Dissertation presented to Grad. appropriate habitat substrata. Compass plant (Silphium Sha N A l97 . R p a ts of ose'e. The Tennessee terebrinthinaccum Jacq.) is indicative of barren Conservationist. Vol XL. 7:20-21. (prairie) areas. Its presence on the DOE-Oak Ridge Shosteck, R.1974. Flowers and Plants. New York Times Book y Reservation may actually be increasing due to opening Company 329 PP-Soil Conservation Service. Rare. Threatened or Endangered up and c! caring of Previously forested areas. Plant Species of Tennewee. U.S. Department of Agriculture - With . increased demands on natural resources, land Nashvdie. Tennessee. management decisions and practices have an added Stucks. Arthur.1965. Wddl#amers in Color. Harper and Rome, New York, New York. 4 potential to influence the status of threatened and Tennmu Commiun for Rare Plants.1978. The Rare Vascular endangered plant species. The review of the status of Plants of Tennesee. Juurnal of Tennesser Academy of Sesence plant species in any area is a logical first step in Vol. 53, No. 4. pp.128 133. summarizing the present knowledge of the occurrence U.S. Congress.1973. Endangered Species Act of 1973. Repcrt and distribution of rare or endangered species. A No. 94-A. 93rd Congrew. U.S. Congrew. 1975. Report on Endangered and Threatened primary purpose of this activity has been to verify the Plant Species of the Uruted States. Serial So. 94. A. 94th identity and existence of endangered species on the Oak Congros, llouse Document No. 94-51. U.S. Government Ridge Reservation. A secondary objective ha been to Printing Otrae, hhington, D.C. 200 pp. 9
*J - A I
. , gfw 2, 7. / REFERENCE 2-21 W /T EXDANGERED AND THREAfENED PLA~STS l OF THE USITED STATES .
i e t EDWARD S. AYENSU i ! and i ROBERT A.DeFILIPPS I i
%h the Assistzwe of SAM E. FOWLER. MARY G. MANGONE, CAROL MATTI.NATELLA mi WILLIAM E. RICE l
MMedy by dw SMIT 11SONIAN INSTITUTION and dw WORLD WILDLIFE FUND. INC. W:dungton, D.C. 1978 I
=
p i 180 k
- STt.TE LISTS OF ENDiNGERED. EXTINCT LND THREATEEED $7ECIE5 FA*;ILY STATUS
................. S.P
.. E.C .I E.$........ ... . . . .... . ..... ... . ........=c y
STATE................
- LITSEA AESTIVAL15 THREATENED LAURACEAE
! SOUTH CARCLINA TRILLIUM PU51LLUM VAR. PUSILLUM THREATENED LILIACEAE SOUTH CAROLINA ORCHIDACEAE PLATANTHERA FLAVA I SOUTH CAROLINA THREATENED THREATENED ORCHICACEAE PLATANTHERA INTEGRA SOUTH CAROLINA PLATANTHERA PERAM0ENA THREATENEO ORCHICACEAE SOUTH CAROLINA POACEAE CALAMOVILFA BREVIPILIS VAR. SREVIPIL15 THREATENED SOUTH CAROLINA POACEAE
, PANICUM LITHO PHILUM THREATENED i 50VTH CAROLINA POACEAE ~ SPOR 080LUS TERETIFOLluS THREATENED SOUTH CAROLINA PRIMULACEAE LYSIMACHIA ASP ERULAEFOLIA THREATENED SOUTH CAROLINA RHAMNACEAE SAGERETIA MINUT! FLORA THREATEMED south CAROLINA RO5ACEAE AGRIMONI A INCISA THREATENED SOUTH CAROLINA RCSACEAE kA*.DSTEINI A LOSATA THREATENED south CAROLINA RUBIACEAE PINCENEVA PU8EN5 THR E AT ENED I SOUTH CAROLINA SANTALACEAE NESTRONIA UMBEL 6ULA THREATENED south CAROLINA SCHI5ANDRACEAE SCHI5ANDRA GLA8RA THREATENEC SOUTH CAROLINA SCROPHULARIACEAE SCHWAL8EA AMERICANA THREATENED SOUTH CAROLINA CRCHICACEAE CYPRIPEDIUM CANDIDUM THREATENED SOUTH DAKOTA PLATANTHERA LEUCOPHAEA
, THREATENED CRCHIDACEAE SOUTH DAKOTA AstERACEAE ECHINACEA TENNE 55EEN515 TENNESSEE ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE HETEROTHECA RUTH 11 ENDANGERED TENNESSEE A5TERACEAE SIL PHIUM BRACHIATUM ENDANGERED TENNESSEE G RIFOLIUM VAR. GATTINGERI ASTERACEAE $1LPMluM INTE ENDANGFRED TENNESSEE GRA55ICACEAE ARABIS PERSTELLAT A VAR. AMPLA l ENDANGERED TENNESSEE BRAS 5ICACEAE DENTARIA INCISA ENDANGERED TENNESSEE l 8RA55tCACEAE LEAVENwCRTHIA EXIGUA VAR. LUTEA ENDANGERED TENNESSEE
( LE50VERELLA DENSIPILA E ENDANGERED BRAb51CACEAE TENNESSEE BRAS $1CACEAE LE50VERELLA PERFORATA
! ENDANGERED I TENNESSEE i B4a5SICACEAE LESQUERELLA STONEN515 TENNESSEE ENDANGERED CRASSULACEAE SEDUM NEVII k
TENNESSEE ENDANGERED j CROTQN ALABAMEN515 ENDANGERED EUPHORBIACEAE TENNESSEE FASACEAE APICS PRICEANA ENDANGERED
$ TENNESSEE FA8ACEAE PETALCSTEMUM F0L1054M -
I ENDANGERED TENNESSEE LAMIACEAE CONRADINA VERTIClLLATA ENDANGERED TENNESSEE PYCNANTHEMUM CURVIPE5 ENDANGERED LAMIACEAE TENNESSEE PDACEAE CALAMOVILFA ARCUATA ENDANGERED y TEUNESSEE POACEAE GLYCERIA NUS1 GENA TENNESSEE ENDANGERED POLYGONACEAE ERIOGONUM LONGIFOLIUM VAR. MARPERI TENNE %5EE ENDANGEREC .
$ PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM VAR. AMERICANUM ENDANGEREO POLYPQDIACEAE TENNESSEE 3 RANUNCULACEAE CLEMATIS GATTINGERI TENNESSEE ENDANGEREO ROSACEAE GEUM GENICULATUM e ENLANGERED TENNESSEE GEUM RADIATUM ENDANGERED ROSACEAE TENNESSEE-
;F ELCDEA LINEARIS HYDROCHARITACEAE O EXTINCT /
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- 181-STATE LISTS OF ENDANGERED
- EXTINCT AND THREATENEDE SP C!ES IN THE CONTIMEITAL UNITED STATES STATE FAMILY geococeeeeeeeeeeeeen STAT.US....
... . . esseeeeeeeeeeemse SPECIES seeseen ...sese......esseeeeeeeessemesseessessene ,
TENNESSEE THREATENED ARISTO,0CHIACEAE HExASTYLIS CONTRACTA - THREATENED ASTERACEAE CACALI A RUGELI A
. TENNESSEE TENNESSEE THREATENED - ASTERACEAE PRENANTHE5 ROANENSIS TENNESSEE THREATENED A5TERACEAE SOLIDAGO SPITHAMAEA TENNESSEE THR E AT ENED BORAGINACEAE ONOSMODIUM kOLLE TENNESSEE THREATENED BRASSICACEAE LEAVENWORTHIA Ex!GUA VAR. Ex!GUA TENNESSEE THREATENED BRASSICACEAE LEAVENWORTHIA STYLOSA TENNES5EE THR E AT EN ED BRA 5SICACEAE LEAVENWORTH!A TORULO5A i
TENNESSEE THREATENED BRASSICACEAE LE50UERELLA GLOSOSA TENNESSEE THREATENED BRASSICACEAE LE5QUERELLA LESCURII TENNESSEE T HR E ATENED CAMPANULACEAE LCEELIA GATTINGERI TENNESSEE THREATENED CARYOPHYLLACEAE ARENARIA FONTINALIS TENNESSEE THREATENED CYPERACEAE CAREX AUSTRCCAROLINIANA TENNESSEE THREATENED CYPERACEAE CAREx MISERA . TENNESSEE THREATENED CYPERACEAE CAREx PURPUR!FERA TENNESSEE THREATENED CYPERACEAE CAREX ROANEN515 , TENNESSEE THREATENED CYPERACEAE CYMOPHYLLUS FRASERI TENNESSEE THREATENED ERICACEAE RH0000ENDRON BACE1I TENNESSEE THREATENED FASACEAE ASTRAGALUS TENNES$EEN5!5 TENNESSEE TH8EATENED FASACEAE CLADRASTIS LUTEA TENNESSEE THREATENED FABACEAE PETALCSTEMUM GATTINGER T TENNESSEE THREATENED FABACEAE PSORALEA SUSACAULIS l HYPCRICUM SPHAEROCARPUM VAR. TURG100M TENNESSEE THREATENED MfPERICACEAE TEN %ESSEE THREATENED JUNCACEAE JUNCUS GYMNOCARPUS TENNESSEE THREATENED LAMIACEAE SCUTELLARIA MONTANA TEMNESSEE THREATENED LAMIACEAE SYNANDRA Ht5PIDULA , I TENNESSEE THREATENED LILIACEAE LILIUM GRAYII
-TENNESSEE THREATENED LILIACEAE TRtLLIUM PuSILLUM VAR. PUSILLUM TENNESSEE THREATENED ORCHtDACEAE PLATANTHERA FLAVA TENNESSEE THREATENED CRCHIDACEAE PLATANTHERA INTEGRA TENNESSEE THREATENED ORCHIDACEAE PLATANTHERA PERAMOENA TENNESSEE - THREATENED POACEAE CALANAGROST!5 CAIN!!
TENNESSEE THREATENED POACEAE MUHLENBERG!A TORREYANA TENNESSEE TKREATENED PORTULACACEAF TALINUM CALCARICUM TENNESSEE THREATENED PORTULACACEAE TAL!NUM MENGE5t! , TENNESSEE THREATENED RANUNCULACEAE CIMICIFUGA RUSIFOLIA TENNESSEE THREATENED RANUNCULACEAF NYORASTIS CANADENSIS TENNES5EE THREATENED RuetACEAE HEDY0 TIS PURPUREA VAR. MONTANA TENNESSEE THREATENED SANTALACEAE SUCKLEYA DISTICH 0PHYLLA TENNESSEE THREATFNED SAxtFRAGACEAE sax!FRAGA CAREYANA* ' TEtMESSEE THREATENED SAX!FRAGACEAF SAXIFRAGA CAROLIN!ANA , TENNESSEE THREATENED SCHISANCRACEAE SCHISANDRA GLABRA TENNESSEE THREATFNED SCROPHUL AR I ACE AE AUREOLARIA PATULA
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TEXAA ENDANGERED ASCLEP!ADACEAE MATELEA EDWARD $ENSIS TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASCLEPIADACEAE MATELEA TEXENSIS TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE AM8R0514 CHEIRANTHIFOLIA TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE BRICKELLIA VIEJENSIS TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE 'COREOPSIS INTERMEDIA I TEXA5 ENDANGERED A5TERACELE DYS50DIA TEPNROLEUCA TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE ERIGERON GE!5ERI VAR. CALCICOLA 1 TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE GRINDELI A DOLEPIS f TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE HELIANTHUS PARADOXUS TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE PACHAERANTHERA AUREA
; TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE PERITYLE 815ETOSA VAR. 815ETo$a TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE~ PER!TYLE 815ET05A VAR. SCALARIS
. TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE PERITYLE CINEREA TEXA5 ENDANGFRED ASTERACEAE PERITYLE LINDHE!MERI VAR. HALIN!FraIA TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE PERITYLE VITREDMONTANA TEXA5 ENDANGERED ASTERACEAE VIGUIERA LUDENS TEXA5 ENDANGERED BRASSICACEAE LEAVENWORTH!A AUREA TEXA5 ENDANGERED BRA $$3CACEAE LE50VERELLk VALIDA TEXA5 ENDANGERED SRASSICACEAE SELENIA JONE5!!
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- ENDANGERED 84A551CACEAE STREPTANTHUS SPAR $lFLORUS TEXA5 ENDANGERED BRAS $1CACEAE THELYPCDIUM TEXANUM TEXA5 ENDANGERED CACTACEAE ANCISTROCACTUS 708USCPl!
TEXA5 ENDANGERED CACTACEAE Col'YPHANTHA MINIMA TEXA5 ENDANGERED CACTACEAE CORYPHANTHA RAMILLOSA l TEXA5 ENDANGERED CACTACEAE CORYPHANTHA $NEECII VAR. $NEEDI! l TEXA5 ENDANGERED CACTACEAE CORYPHANTHA STPD8!LIFORMIS VAR. DURISPINA TEXA5 ENDANGERED CACTACEAE ECHINOCEREUS CHLORANTHUS VAR. NEOCAPILLUS I I TEXA5 ENDAP4GERED CACTACEAE ECHINOCEREUS LLOYDII TEXA5 ENDANGERED CACTACEAE ECHINOCEREUS RE!CHENSACHl! VAR. AL ,ERT!! TEXA5 ENDANGERED CACTACEAE ECHINOCEREUS RUSSANTHUS
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TEXA5 ENDANGERED CACTACEAE ECHINOCL EUS V!RIDIFLORUS VAR. DAVISI! TEXA5 ENDANGFRED CACTACEAE NEOLLOYDIA GAUT!! I TEXA5 ENDANGERED CACTACEAE NECLLOYDIA MARIP05EN515 l TEXA5 ENDANGFRED CAPPARICACEAF CLEONE W.TICAULIS TEXA5 ENDANGERED CARYOPHYLLACEAE CERASTIUM CLAWSON!! TEXA5 ENDANGERED CARYOPHYLLACEAE PARONYCHIA CONGESTA I TEXA5 ENDANGFRED CARYOPHYLLACEAE PARONYCHIA MACCART!! TEX 45 ENDANGERED CARYOPHYLLACEAE SILENE PLAMXII TEMAS ENDANGERED CPENOP ODIACEAE ATRIPLEX XLESERGCRUM TEXA5 FNDANGERED CHENnP00!ACEAE SUAEDA DURIPES l TEXA5 ENDANGFRED Cl$TACEAE LECHEA MENSAL 15
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