ML20030A458
| ML20030A458 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Big Rock Point File:Consumers Energy icon.png |
| Issue date: | 12/31/1959 |
| From: | Hewson E, David Jones CONSUMERS ENERGY CO. (FORMERLY CONSUMERS POWER CO.), MICHIGAN, UNIV. OF, ANN ARBOR, MI |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8101090558 | |
| Download: ML20030A458 (54) | |
Text
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j PRELIMIIULRY EVALUATION OF NATURAL VENTILATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE NEAR CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN c
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Prepared for 1
CONSUMERS POW'R COMPANY JACKSON, MICHIGAN i
by
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E. Wendell Hewson 1
i and i
David L. Jones 1
4 1
4 i.
10 Harvard Place Ann Arbor, Michigan 4
December 1959
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C0NTENTS
.4 This_ report considers the following items taken from data recorded at the U. S. Coast Guard Lifeboat Station, Charlevoix, 4
Michigan for the years 1955-1959:
1.
Analysis of the frequency of wind direction and speed.
'2.
Analysis of the frequency of wind direction under in-version conditions and the average duration of inver-
'sions.
3 Analysis of inversion duration versus wind speed for each wind direction for the period 1958-1959 In addition, the following are presented:
4 4.
A discussion of the influence of the underlying surface
?
-on diffusion.
5 The characteristics and influence of land and lake i
breezes.
4
-6.
Recommended diffusion coefficients for 1-hr sampling I
periods.
1 7
Specification of muimum wind speeds for design pur-poses.
i w
i
t MSTEOROLOGICAL OBS"ATIONS AND ANALYSIS The meteorological observations employed in this analysis are b
those taken at the U. S. Coast Guard Lifeboat Station, Charlevoix, Michigan..This station is located 4.2 miles southwest of the Consumers Power Company plant site at Big Rock Point. The data were recorded by Coast Guard personnel at 4-hourly intervals beginning at midnight local time (EST). Tne period of record d
extends from 1 October 1954 through 30 September 1959 for most of the analyses completed. Some analyses were made from data for the period 1 January 1958 through 15 October 1959 Wind direction readings are obtained by visual observations of a wind vane located at the top of a 65-foot riagpule, the base of which is approximately 10 feet above the level of Lake Michigan.
The flagpole is situated 370 feet east-southeast of the Lake Michigan shore line on the south bank of the channel leading to LakeCharlevoix(1). Location of the plant site and the U. S.
Coast Guard Lifeboat Statics, where the meteorological data are observed is displayed in Figure A.
Details were taken from the U. S. Lake Survey Map No. 706, edition of August, 1957, U. S.
Corps of Engineers, Federal Building, Detroit 26, Michigan.
The exposure of the wind vane is good, but it should be em-phasized that the detector is observed visually; remote direction indicating or recording equipment is not employed at the station.
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e Wind speed values are expressed in the Beaufart scale.
Criteria used in evaluating wind speed are as f allows: attitude of flag on flagpole; motion of components ci' trees nearby; appearance of lake surface; etc. Senior members of the station personnel have previously been trained in estimating speeds by visual.means by comparison with readings from standard instru-ments; they in turn have trained the other base personnel. In this report Beaufort values have been converted into correspond-ing wind speeds in miles per hon.
Air temperatures are scasured by a mercury-in-glass ther-mometer manufactured by Weksler of New York City. It is mounted 15 feet above lake level on a post of the porch of the Coast Guani Station buildird. The porch faces north and direct solar i
radiation never strikes the thermometer. This exposure is con-sidered reasonably satisfactory.
Lake water temperatures month by month were esticated from the graphs given by F. Graham Millar (2), as inter-preted with the aid of the current charts of J. C. Ayers et al.
(3).
Wind Direction and Opeed uud directions are recorded by station personnel ac-cordir.g to si teen points of the compass. However, all tables and figures in this report show only eight directions.
Upon examination of any group of data it is seen that the observers have. an obvious bias in favor of the primary eight
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compass points; acconlingly the intermediate values are adjudged meaningless. These intermediate values have been distributed between the two adjacent canlinal points on a proportional basis in an attempt to minimize the error.
Attention is called to the numerically-numbered figures and tables that appear appended to this report. Figures 1-3 are taken from the data shown in Table 1, which, in turn, was com-piled from " ables 2-6.
It vill be noted from Figures 1-3 and Table 1 that the most frequently occurring vinds are as follows:
spring, surm and fall, southwest; vinter, northwest. This reflects the wall-known annual monsocn effect that operates over the Nor*.h American continent. The highest average wind speeds occur with vest and northwest vinds. This is commensurate with the turbulent and. gusty winds that are found af ter cold front passages at which time the vind direction is from the vest and northwest. Detailed tabulation of these data are shown by season in Tables 2-6.
In the course of the analysis it became evident that there were frequent occasions when the vind exceeded the average speed by a considerable margin. The magnitude and frequency with which this situation took place is shown in Figures 4-8.
The rectangles represent the average speed for each direction; the bars represent the maximum speed reconied for the 5-year period for each direction; the figure at the end of each bar is the frequency of occurrence of winds of maximum speeds. It will be noted that it is not uncommon for speed maxima to be larger than the average speed by a factor of r
4 to 6.
---e
5-Atmospheric Stability One of the prime objectives of this study was to establish the occurrence and frequency of stable air within the first 100 meters above the earth's surface. In the absence of any data recorded in the vertical to reveal temperature lapse or inversion conditions, the following definitions of stable air conditions were made: First, inversion conditions had to be ascertained for each of the eight compass points; the controlling factor is
. the orientation of the Lake Michigan shore line. Reference to j
Figure 9 will show that r.outh winds and any easterly-component wind are off-shore winds; north winds and any westerly-component wind are on-shore winds at the power plant site. One assumption in the latter categorization is that the orientation of Little Traverse Bay with respect to a southwest wind wil] have only very local influence on thermal stratification of air. That is, as soon as air moving from the southwest over the plant site crosses the lO-mile wide Bay it again becones an overland current subject to mechanical and thermal turbulence. For this study, it is asserted that any wind from the north or from westerly components will be subject to such turbulence in the daylight hours and if the wind is greater than 8 mph at night in the absence of fog. For winds from the south and from 4
easterly components, it is asserted that an inversion is produced in the first 100 meters with any wind speed at any time of day provided that the air temperature is 2 F or more warmer than the water surface.
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. ' i The number and percentage frequency of occurrence of inversions for each wind direction are shown in Figures 10-12 and Tables 7-12.
Also shown are the average duration statistics of inversions for each wind direction. With two exceptions, Table 7 data shov that the wind most frequently associated with inversions and for the longest duration is south. The second most frequent and lasting inversion vind is southeast.
- Inversion Air Movement The third objective of this study was to display the dis-stance of air movement under inversion conditions. The air was considered to move acconling to a first approximation to a real trajectory, namely along a constant-direction, or isogonal, path given by the wind directions of the Charlevoix Lifeboat Station observations. Data were examined for the period 1 January 1958 through 15 October 1959 Results are shown in Tables 13-25, where the hours duration, of inversion are tab-ulated versus wind speed for each wind direction for each season. The product of abscissa and onlinate values in these tables gives the number of miles of air passing the Charlevoix Coast Guani Station under inversion conditions and unchanging wind directions.
The cases in Tables 13-25 which show statistics for inver-sions of only 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> are only those cases where the wind direction was constant for at least 8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br />, but during which time the wind speed may have varied. That is, an occurrence of a wind of say 10
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mph for 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> at a given direction means that there was a change J
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_7 of wind speed during the ensuing 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> or longer, say to 2
. 4-mph. No cases were included where the wind changed direction after only a 4-hourly duration.
LOCAL INFLUENCES ON DIITUSION Diffusion at the Charlevoix site is largely determined by the shore line location. Mechanical turbulence is related to the roughness of the surface over which the air flows; thermal turbulence is governed by the difference between air and water or soil temperatures. Land and lake breezes will occur locally and will influence the trajectories followed by the air and the associated turbulence and diffusion. Diffusion coefficients which are appropriate for use may therefore be expected to vary seasonally and with vind direction and speed. These various aspects are discussed briefly in subsequent sections.
Influence of Underlying Surface on Diffusion Both the roughness of the underlying surface and the wind speed occurring vill influence the degree of mechanical turbu-lence generated. Even relatively flat terrain such as that surrounding the Charlevoix site will lead to considerable mechanical turbulence. For any given land trajectory the mechanical turbulence may be expected to increase almost lin-early with the wind speed. The lake ~ surface, on the other hand, tends to be relatively smooth: the surface roughness repre-sented by waves increases with wind speed, so that mechunical I
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f turbulence over the lake may be assumed to increase with wind speed. However, since waves are much smaller surface features than land objects such as trees, buildings, etc., mechanical turbulence over water is expected to be substantially less than that over land for the same wind speed and stability conditions.
The degree of thermal turbulence is related to the difference between air temperature and that of the underlying land or water surface. When the latter is substantially warmer than the air, 4
active thermal turbulence is promoted and diffusion is rapid in the associated churning and mixing of the air. Active thermal turbulence may then be expected over the lake with off-shore winds (SSW, S, 3, E and NE) in the fall and early winter, especially with off-shore winds from the sector ENE through NE which tend to be cold.
By the same reasoning active thermal turbulence will occur over the warm land during the day with on-shore winds (NNE, N, NW, W e.nd SW) in the spring and early summer, especially with on-shore winds from the sector N through W which are cold in these seasons. On the other hand, when the land or water surface is substantially cooler than the overlying air, surface inversion layers develop in which thermal turbulence is suppressed and vertical mixing and diffusion are slight. No thermal turbulence will therefore occur over the lake with off-shore winds in the spring and early summer, the lack being particularly pronouncel with off-shore winds from the sector S through E which tend to be warm before reaching the lake.
Simi-larly, an absence of thermal turbulence is to be expected over the cool land on clear nights with on-chore winds in the fall and early winter, especially with on-shore winds from the sector i
WSW through SW which are warm in these seasons.
-9 l
l tt The conclusions reached above are set forth in summary form in Table A.
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Table A.
Estimates of the Degree of Diffusion Downwind from the Plant Site
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Type of l
Turbulence Wind Direction Seasons Times of Day Diffusion Mechanical SSW, S,-SE, E, NE All All Very slow sd intermediate
-NNE, H, IM,.W, SW Spring, summer Night Slow and intermediate Day Moderate Fall, vinter Night Modcrate Day Rapid Thermal SSW, S, SE, E and Spring, summer All Very slow intermediate Fall, vinter All Rapid ENE, NE and Spring, summer All Slow intermediate Fall, vinter All.
Very rapid NIE, N, IM, W and Spring, summer Night Moderate intermediate Day Very rapid Fall, vinter Night Slow Day Moderate WSW, SW and Spring, su=mer Night Moderate intermediate Day Rapid Fall, vinter Night Very slow Day Slow i
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Characteristics and Influence of Land and Lake Breezes In coastal areas local wind systems known as land and sea breezes are frequently observed in the late spring, summer, and early fall.
These systems are characterized by light to moderate breezes which blow from water to land on clear, sunny days; on clear nights there may be a light reverse flow, from land to sea.
These fea'ures are found only when the prevailing wind system for the larger region is slight. With stronger area winds these local effects appear only as a diurnal variation in the prevailing wind r, peed or direction or both.
Such local wind systems have bsen observed on the shore line of the Great Lakes, where they have been called " land and lake breezes" (4). Some general conclusions about their behavior may be statec. as follows:
1.
Identifiable land and lake breezes are most likely to be observed if the general prpssure gradient is very weak.
2.
Such breezes occur with strong heating of the land by solar radiation; therefore in middle latitudes they are most pronounced in the summer.
3 The lake breeze usually commences about two or three hours before noon, reaches its maximum about mid-i afternoon, and subsides by sunset, l
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4.
In the absence of streng pressure. gradients, onset is gradual. Nothing striking occurs at the shore line al-though the air temperature usually becomes steady. Nith a stronger pressure gradient there may be a delayed onset of the lake breeze which occurs as a sort of cold frontal passage, with squally winds'and a temperature drop.
5 The influence of the deflecting force of the earth's rotation, the Coriolis force, is not Breat and is not usually evident until five or six hours after the onset of the lake. breeze.
In the northern heulsphere, the Coriolis force leads to a veering of the wind, as frcm west at noon to northwest later in the afternoon, i
6.
The land breeze is lighter and less frequent than the lake breeze.
It is most likely to occur with light and variable winds and clear skies, conditions characteristic of the central portion of. an anticyclone.
In terms of the Charlevoix plant site, lake breezes are J
likely to be significant because of their-association with inversions.
In summer a light easterly wind may carry warm air from the land out over the cold waters of Lake Michigan, so that the air near the water cools to form an inversion layer.
As the lake breeze develops, the inversion layer is carried landward and arrives at the plant site.
If the sea breeze is
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. pated over the varm land and diffusion improves rapidly as the air moves Inland. However, if the conditions are favorable for the Coriolis force to cause a veering of the vind until it moves nearly parallel to the shore line, this dissipation of the inversion does not occur and slow diffusion persists.
A land breeze may ocer with a nocturnal radiation inversion over land. Since in spring and early summer the surface waters of Lake Michigan are relatively cool, the nocturnal inversion which originated over land will persist as it moves over the lake, leading to continuing slow diffusion conditions.
If the air comprising the inversion layer reaches land again during the night, it will persist until dissipated next morning by solar heating.
The irregular nature of the shore line near the plant site, at the entrance to Little Traverse Bay, makes it impossible at this time to estimate with any satisfactory degree of accuracy the direction, speed, duration, frequency of occurrence, thermal structure, and other characteristics of the local land and 1be breezes. Such infonnation 4
may be obtained only from a program of suitable meteorological meas-urements at the plant site.
Recommended Diffusion Coefficients i
Various values of the coefficients used in Sutton's diffusion equations have been given on the basis of earlier investigations (5).
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In the absence of coefficients detennined from measurements of dif-fusion over a lake surface, the estir.ated values given in Table B are presented.. The values are considered appropriate for a height of 100 ft.
It will be noted that the recommended average wind speeds are somewhat higher than those shown in the Appendix. The latter are estimates based on the swaying of trees, etc. in the wind, and may be low, as data from other installations suggest (4).
Table B.
Estimated Diffusion Coefficients Appropriate for a 1-hr Sampling Period Coefficients Wind Speed Stability n
C C
tr Conditions y
z (m"! )
(m"! )
(m sec~ )
Large lapse 0.20 0.45 0.45 6
Small lapse 0.25 0.40 0.40 6
Moderate inversion 0.33 0.35 0.07 5
Large inver-sion (land) 0.50 0.40 0.03 4
f.
Large inver-sion (water)
'O.60 0.30 0.02 5-I w
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-lb-MAXIMUM WIND SPEEDS
. A1ximum wind speeds appropriate for use in designing structures at the plant site are as follows:
r 100-year maximum vind = 90 mph 50-year maximum wind = 80 mph Thus detailed analysis of past wind records indicates that winds will not exceed do mph during a 50-year period or 90 mph duing a 100-year period. These maximum values refer to winds occurz ing at 30 feet above a relatively extensive smooth surface, such as that of Lake Michigan. Approximate values for heights up to several hundred feet may be obtained by using the above figures and the following equation:
f u/u = (z/z ) !I where u is 80 or 90 mph at height z of 30 feet.
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We are indebted for the values of 80 or 90 mph for this loca-tion to Mr. H. C. S. Thom, Office of Climatology, U. S. Weather Bureau, who has recently completed a detailed evaluation of maximum wind speeds for design purposes for the continental United States.
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.- REFERENCES
{
l.
Great Lakes Pilot 1958.
U. S. Iake Survey, Corps of Engineers,.
-U. S. Army, Detroit, Michigan, pg. 230,
- 2. -Millar, F. Graham, " Surface Temperatures of the Great Lakes."
J. Fisheries Research Board of' Canada, Vol. 9,.No. 7, 1952, pg. 359.
3 Ayers, J. C. et al., " Currents and Water Maases of Lake Michigan."
Great Lakes Research Institute Publication No. 3, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1958.
4.
Hewson, E. W., G. C. Gill, and H. W. Baynton, " Meteorological Analysis." University of Michigan Research Institute Report No. 2515-3-P, Ann Arbor, 1959, pp. 74-81.
3
" Theoretical Possibilities and Consequences of Major Accidents in Large Power Plants." Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, WASH-740, March 1957, pg. 47 6
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December 14, 1959 s
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Figure No. 1.
Percentage frequency distribution of vind direction (bars) and average vind spedd p
(rectangles). SPRING and SU!NER, 1955-1959 USCO Lifeboat Station, Charlevoix, y=====
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FALL WHITER Figure No. 2.
Percentage frequency distribution of vind direction (bars) and average vind speed M
(rectan5 es). FALL and WIRTER, 1954-1958. Usco Lifeboat station, Charlevoix, 1
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Average wind speed (by directions) (rectangles), each with numbers of occurrence of P
c:aximum vind speeds (bars). FALL, 1954-1958, USCG Lifeboat Station, charlevoix, Michigan
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m x1=um vind speeds (bars). WIIER, 1955-1959, UscG Lireboat station, charlevoix, F
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Cadillac O pmistee g Cindvin
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i Figure No. 9 Categoriz tion of 8-point vind directions used to detemine inversion conditiono in air moving over Charlevoix, Michigan.
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SW gy O:xp I
l S
S Per Cent Variable 3 1; Avg Duration 6.7 Hours Per Cent Variable 5.8; Avg Duration 5.h Hours Per Cent Calm O.3; Avg Duration 4.0 Hours Per Cent Cal 2n 0.0; Avg Duration 0.0 Hours SPRING SUINER wE Figure No. 10.
Percentage frequency f_istribution of vind direction under inversion conditions (bars), and average duration of inversion (rectangles).
P Spring and Stmer, 1954-1958. U3co Lireboat Station, Charlevoix, Michigan.
N N
I 25%,
-25%
NE MW NE
/
\\
M.
/
N m
-~ 15 15 i
-' 10
-- lo 10 hrs 10 hrs s
8 8
~
5
\\
6
-'S 6
i i
s
\\
\\
\\
2 E
\\1 E
W j
2 W
j i
1 k
1-
\\
1 A
/
T
/
\\
/
g SW O
}
S S
Q Per Cent Variable 11.3; Avg Dure +, ion 5 7 Per Cent Variable 2 9; Avg Duration 5 3 Per Cent Calm 0 7; Avg Duration 4.0 Per Cent Calm 0.0; Avg Duration 0.0 WIffER Z
FALL 3:=
Percentage frequency distribution of vind under inversion conditions (bar i), and c mrage Figure No. 11.
duration of inversion (rectangles). Fall and Winter, 1954-1958. USco Li.-boat Station, Charlevoix, Michigan.
A N
1 W
~
E
- 15%
/
10%
1' 5%
N 8 Hours
\\
6
\\
o N
4 0
\\
y W
E
/
~
SE lllX:3 O
I
- cs S
Mg sg 8:"i 3a1""
- 8:!! M 15"ti " 3:311:5" M
ENTIRE PERIOD r-Figure No. 12 Percentage frequency distribution of vind direction under inversion conditions (bars), and average duration of in-version (rectangles). ENTIRE PERIOD, 1955-1959 USCG Lifeboat Station, Charlevoip:, Michigan.
JNw L
TABLE 1.
PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF WHID DIRECTION AND CORRESPONDING AVERAGE WETD SPEED BY SEASON.
USCG LIFEBOAT STATION, CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN t
Wind Spring Su=er Fall.
Winter Entire Period i
< Direction 1955-1959 1955-1959 195h-1958 1955-1959 1955-1959 Freq Avg Freq Avg Freq Avg Freq Avg Freq Avg Dir Sp1 Dir Spl Dir Sp1 Dir Sp1 Dir-Spi
(%)
MPH '
(%)
MPH
(%)
MPH
(%)
MFH
(%)
MFH E
11.6 73 83 77 7 7-13 5 95 32.6 93 10.0 N
NE 83 6.5 52 59 5.6 8.2 7.6 59 6.7 6.6 E
12.8 h.9 8.6 38 8.4 5.4 10.2 4.5 10.0 h.9 SE 10 7 39 12.6 32 15 3 4.7 14.4 4.2
'13 2 4.1 I
S 10.5 4.4 13 9 h.4 14.2 59 12.1 57 12 7 51 SW 18 5 77 25 9 6.5 18.7 12 3 15 5 10.1 19 7 8.9 W
13 1 91 99 8.5 90 14.9 11 9 13 5 11.0 11.h NW 12.8
-10.6 10 3 10 7 15 9 15 7 17 2 13 9 14.0 13 0
[
4 var 15 32 h.6 2.1 4.8 31
'1.2 4.4 31 2.8 Calm 0.2 0
07 0
0.h o
0.4 0
03 0
100 69 100 6.0 100 98 100 90 100 8.0 h
g l
I gdH 3
5 9
9 h.
7 1
6 2
o.
9 vpF ASM 7 6 k
3 4 7
9 0
3 o
6 1
n q
6 3
8 7
5 5
1 8
5 2
oo er) ri%
1 8
2 0
0 8
3 2
1 o
l FD(
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 l
0 8 3
4
'0 0
1 4
2 h
6 a
2 2
5 9
9 1
6 5
4 5
t 3
2 3
2 2
5 3
3 7
o 2
T D
EEP S
9 2
2 1
e 5
r D
0 NIW S
5 1
1 1
o 3
6 6
l 1
U S
2 o
R 4
EN VAG NI OH IC 5
2 h
2 1
5 3 6 3 8 TI 3
2 CM o
E R,
IX DIO 8
h 1
4 1
6 6
6 7
3 DV 2
1 3
T E
)
1 IIL 9
WR G5 A
N9 FH I1 OC R -
5 h
3 4
1 1
0 6
5 4
8 F5 N,
S5 2
1 2
2 3
0 ON 9
2 1
3 IO 1
TI
(
T 2
7 9
9 o
7 1
9 1
5 9
ST 5
3 1
l 4
5 6
4 IA 1
2 8
DO S
Y u C r.
3 NJ 3 4 3 8 0
8 4
3 2
59 EL o
5 h
3 1
3 1
5 h
U l
1 3
4 QG 1
- r. C uS tU 1
6 7
2 2
1 6
8 0
3 1
0 6 9 8 8
6 8
8 1
7 5
1 1
7 8 2
5 2
EL B
o 1
6 3
9 0
0 1
3 3
4 A
l 9
9 8 5
5 2
9 1
1 T
2 l
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 1
4 3
2 7
1 7
2 3
3 6 h
8 7
1 1
h 1
d t
e n
eH e
pF n
l C
SI o
m a
i r
l t
r d
t E
E W
W a
a o
e n
c N
N E
S S
S W
N v
C T
F i
e r
iD t'
4 i
.~
TABLE 3 FREQUENCY DISTRIBlTfION OF WIND DIRECTION VERSUS WIND SPEED USCG LIFEBOAT STATION, CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN SUMMER (1955-1959)
Wind Speed Freq Avg MPH 1
2 5.5 lo 15.5 22.5 28 35 42.5 Total Dir Spa
(%)
MFn Direction N
2 72 75 36 28 6
6 3
228 8.3 77 NE 2
56 43 29 12 1
143 52 5.9 E
4 149 58 17 4
2 234 8.6 3.8 SE lo 256 53 21, 4
2 346 12.6 3.2 S
9 235 82 36 11 7
2 382 13 9 4.4 SW 14 268 214 135 47 17 12 2
1 710 25.8 6.5 W
2 loo 64 44 24 18 15 3
270 9.9 8.5 NW 1
To 54 72 38 23 18 6
1 283 10 3 10 7 var 35 80 9
2 126 4.6 2.1 t
Calm
- i 20 20 0.7 0.0 Total 99 1286 652 392 168 76 53 14 2
2742 6.o Per Cent 3.6 46.9 23.8 1h.3 6.1 2.8 1.9 0.5 0.1 100
~
TABLE 4 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND DIRECTION VERSUS WIND SPEED USCG LIFEBOAT STATION, CHARLEVoIX, MICHIGAN FALL (1954-1958) ind Speed Freq Avg MPH 1
2 5.5 lo 15 5 22 5 28 35 42 5 50 5 59 Total Dir Spa
(%)
MPH Direction N
21 44 44 52 31 22 3
1 218 77 13.7 NE 2
50 43 28 21 7
7 158 5.6 8.2 E
2 124 52 39 lo 6
2 235 8.4 5.4 SE 6
241 111 52 9
5 4
1 429 15.3 4.7 S
8 172 114 66 29 6
4 1
400 14.2 59 SW 3
121 101 112 71 50 40 9
5 lo 3
525 18.7 12.3 w
2 41 21 60 51 39 18 10 9
1 252 90 14.9 NW l
30 51 106 114 75 46 21 3
447 15.9 15 7 var 28 80 17 8
2 1
13C k.8 3.1 Calm 10 lo o.4 o.O Total 62 880 554 515 359 22o 143 45 18 11 3
2810 9.8 Per Cent 2.2 31.3 '19.7 18.3 12.8 7.8 5.1 1.6 0.7 o.4 o.1 loo
n TABLE 5 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND DIRECTION VERSUS WIND SPEED USCG LIFEBOAT STATION, CHARLEVoIX, MICHIGAN WIITIER (1955-1959)
'ind Speed Freq Avg-MPH 1
2 55 lo 15 5 22.5 28 35 Total Dir Spa
(%)
MPH Direction N
2 26 44 54 71 27 13 3
2ho 9.5 12.6 rE 2
73 67 3h lo 5
191' 7.6 5.9 E
2 143 77 25 9
2 258 10.2 4.5 35 9
1 363 1h.4 4.2 SE 2
206 110 S
3 121 109 50 14 5
2 304 12.1 5.7 SW 1
66 103 103 72 32 lo 2
389 15.5 10.1 W
o 26 48 86 73 34 26 7
300.
11.9 13.5 Nw 2
31 56 119 123 Th 17 la h3h 17.2 13.9 var 7
10 7
s 1
30 1.2 4.4 Calm 1
1 o.k o.o Total 22 702 621 511 382 178 70 24 2510 90 Per Cent o.9 28.0 24.7 20.4 15.2 7.1 2.8 o.9 100
n I
TABLE 6.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF w?ND DIRECTION VERSUS WIND SPEED USCG LIFEBOAT STATION, CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGA?i ENTIRE FERIoD (1955-1959)
Wind Speed Freq Avg:
!GH 1
2 55 lo 15.5 22.5 28 35 42 5 50.5 59 Total Dir Spa
(%}
2GH Direction N
7 229 2t%
187 183 78 45 11 2
1006 93 10.0 NE 8
270 219 135 60 16 8
4 720 6.7 6.6 E
15 612 284 114 32 14 6
2 1
loSo lo. o 4.9 SE 19 886 356 126 31 9
4 1
1432 13.2 4.1 S
27 687 387 182 64 19 8
2 1376 12.7 5.1 SV 20 605 579 468 237 119 68 18 7
lo 3
2134 19.7 8.9 W
7 287 219 244 199 117 65 23 1183' 11.0 11.4 W
7 222 249 34o 344 209 97 45 1518 14.0 13.o var 86 183 43 17 4
1 334 31 2.8 l
Calm 35 35 0.3 0.0 Total 231 3981 2600 1813 1154 58o 301 106 36 11 5
10,618 8.o
.Per Cent 2.1 36.8 24.o 16.7 10.6 5.4 2.8 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 100 i
.g-.
.m
-.y,e e___
d gr o.
9 3
9 7 4 9
7 7
0 0
o vur i9 ADH 5
5 6
5 6
5 4 4
5 4 6
r5 e9 P1 e5 r5 i9 1
5 8
3 4 7
0 4
6 2
t1 q
n er) 4 9 6 1
3 0
4 4
5 0
o E
ri%
1 2
2 1
o FD(
l gr 3
9 6 0
3 7
7 6 3
4 vur 0
ADH 6
5 6 6
7 5 4 5
5 6
9 r5 e9 t1n-D i5 4
2 1
0 0
4 0
9 9
EN W5 q
0 CI 9
er) 3 0
2 6
4 3
3 4 2
o NW 1
ri%
1 2
2 2
o E
FD(
l RH RC UA N
CE A
C G
OR I
O H
FF C
gr 8
9 3
0 2
7 1
3 7
0 0
O I
vur E
M ADH 4
4 5
6 7 4 5 4 5
4 6
YR 8
CO),
5 aM9X l9 t
5I l1 uR9o a-aO1V F4 3
1 1
2 1
7 5
0 3
7 z
E 5
q t S L
9 er) 2 5
4 1
8 2
3 nR R
1 ri%
H 2
3 n0 00 U5A PD(
1 Eo5H GH9C A
1 TR(N NU EOSO CFNI R
OT gr 7
1 4
5 3 4 8
5 4
5 ERSA vur o
POAT ADH k
5 5
5 6
5 4 4
5 5
FES D
S 9
US T
r5 ANYA e9 OBo m 1 RI B
m c.
6 0.,
2 7 8 0
9 8 ESNE 5
BaOF 95 q
t o
M tII 9
er) 4 8
5 1
2 4
4 3
5 0
U yTL 1
ri%
1 2
2 1
0 NhC FD(
1 IEG E
RC HFIS TODU gr 2
8 6
3 7
9 9
9 7
- o. _ 5 7
vur ADH 5
6 7 6 6
5 4
4 6
4_
6 E
9 L
g5 B
n9 A
i1 T
r-3 0
5 1
5 5
1 6
1 3
p5 q
S5 er) 5 3
8 9
0 9
5 5
3 0
0 9
ri%
1 1
1 2
0 1
FD(
1 no i
m dt r
l nc E
E w
w a
a ie N
N E
S S
s W
N v
C Wri
< D
gr 2
8 6
3 7
9 9
9 7
o.
5 yur gDn 5 6 7 6 6
5 4
4 6
k 6
0 3
o.
5 1
5 5
1 6
1 3
0 q
~
er) 5 3 8 9
0 9
5 5
3 0
1 ri%
1 1
1 2
pD(
la 1
0 2
7 7
3 9
3 4 2
8 t
4 0
4 4
5 7
3 4
2 6
b 1
1 1
1 7
l 2
1 5
1 1
0 NOI 6
1 T
3 1
1 A
0 RUD SRS 2
1 UD 3
1 1
OE 0
CI 8
1 1
NW 2
0 EDF IO C
)
NS 9
IS G5 E
N9 4
EL I1 4
1 2
3 GD R -
2 0
AR P5 rA S5 aG 9
rE 1
uR
(
RE,
0 5 4 5
4 8
PN 2
1 O
1 DI iS MR E
RN EBE 6
4 6
2 1
3 7
M 1
1 UF 1
NO 8
1 4
8 3
3 4
3 2
2 0
2 E
2 1
1 1
1 7
L 1
9 BAT o
7 1
3 7 6 3 6 9
2 7
l 1
3 3 4 2
8 8
1 32 0
3 9
5 0
3 3
5 2
2 2
8 3
6 7
9 9 4 3
3 1
8 4
4 2
6 t
n n
o e
i l
c s
m a
r n
r l
t r
e o
E E
W W
a a
b e
v i
N N
E S
S S
W N
v c
I P
n t
I cer iD iill l;l i
e.
TABLE 9 NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE INCIDENCE OF HOURS DURATION OF IINERSION, REGARDLESS OF WIIS SPEEDS USCG LIFEBOAT STATION, CHARLEVJIX, MICHIGAN SUMMER (1955-1959)
Freq Avg Inversion Dar Hr 4
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 Ibtal Dir Dur
}
Direction 2
N 30 4
1 35 4.0 4.7 NE 58 16 1
75 8.6 51 E
99 22 6
1 2
130 15 0.
54 SE 138 29 12 4
1 184 21.2 55 S
135 32 17 7
4 1
1 197 22.7 6.3 sw 93 zr 6
2 128 14.8 5.4 W
29 5
1 35 4.0.
4.8 IN 30 3
1 34 39 4.5.
var 36 11 3
50 5.8 5.4 o
Calm Ibtal 648 149 47 14 5
3 1
1 868 55 Per Cent 74.7 17 2 5.4 1.6 0.6 03 0.1 0.1 100
gr 8
9 3
0 2
7 1
3 7
o.
0 vur ADH 4
4 5 6 7 4 5
h 5
h 6
q 3
1 1
2 1
7 5
0 3
7 00 er) ri%
2 5
1 4
1 8
2 3
1 0
1 FD(
1 2
3 1
la 0
2 8
5 5
8 1
3 9
3 4
t 1
2 4
0 3
3 1
1 4
3 o
1 1
h T
2 4
1 1
4 N
0 O
I t
TARU N
D A
2 1
1 2
5 G
3 S
I 0
RSH UDC OEI HEM F
FS O
X 8
3 3
7 DI 2
ENO 0
CIV NWE E
L DFR I0A C
H
)
I 9 8
4 H
C 5
2 1
1 2
f 9
ETN L1 0
GDO L -
ARI A4 TAT F5 NGA 9
EET 1
(
0 1
2 7 6 CRS R
2 E
,T 1
PNA OO NSs DI A2 a
t 1
R vL 6
3 3
2 8
8 Eh 1
BIG 1
M C
UFS NOU 0
2 2
5 8
2 1
8 2
1 1
1 4
ELBAT 8
2 5
8 9
0 3
3 1
8 9
2 1
3 7
81 4
8 7
7 5
5 3 8 2
7 3
5 6
1 3
7 8 3
1 3
13 27 no is r
t e
n v
e n
l C
I m
a n
r l
t r
o E
E W
W a
a b
e P
i N
N E
S S
S w
N v
c I
t cer iD l -
2 i
.___... -. -. - =
. _~.
.~
TABLE 11.
NUMBER AND FERCEiTAGE INCIDETCE OF HOURS DURATION OF DNERSIGN, REGARDIESS OF WIND SPEEDS USCG LIFEBOAT STATION, CHARLEVoIX, MICHICAN WHITER (1955-1959)
Freq Avg Inversion Dur A
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 ibtal Dir-Dar
(%)
Er.
Hr Direction 1
1 i
N 4
2 1
7 3.4.
6.3 NE 13 6
2 21 10 3 59 E
28 11-3 2
1 45 22.1 6.6 SE 33 15 3
2 53 26.0 6.0
~
S 27 13 5
2 1
1 49 24.0 73 SW 5
1 1
7 3.4 57 j
W 5
1 6
30 4.7 j
NW 8
2 10 4.9 5.6 var 4
2 6
29 53 o
calm Total 127 51 17 6
0 1
2 0
204.
6.4 Fer cent 62.3 25 0 83 29 o.5 1.o loo i
TABLE 12.
NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE INCIDENCE OF HOURS DURATION OF IINERSION, REGARDLESS OF WIND SPEEDS USCG LIFEBOAT STATION, CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN ENTIRE PERIOD (1955-1959)
Inversion Freq Avg.
Dur 4
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 M
52 Total Dir Dur Hr
(%)
Hr Direction N
72 18 3
93 4.1 50 NE 151 M
16 4
1 1
1 218 95 59 E
263 72 29 9
6 3
1 1
1 385 16.8 63 SE 341 96 33 9
6 2
1 1
489 21 3 59 S
337 122 43 14 13 2
4 2
1 5A 23.4 6.7 SW 174 57 13 2
246 10 7 5.4 W
75 12 4
91 4.0 4.9 NW 85 12 3
100 4.4 4.7 var 89 30 6
3 1
129 5.6 57 Cabn 5
5 0.2 4.0 Total 1592 463 150 41 26 8
7 4
1 1
1 2294 6.0 Per Cent 69 4 20.2 6.5 1.8 1.1 0.4 03 0.2 0.04 0.04 0.04 100
.. - = - -.. -
_. -. - _~
m
~,
Q-d TABLE 13 FREQUENCY OF INVERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED' CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN Season: SPRI?iG (1958-1959)
Persistent Wind Direction: SOUTH Inversion Wind Speed (IEH)
Per 4
Duration i
JHeurs) 1 2
55 10 15 5 22 5 28 35 he.5 Total Cent 4
3 4
2 1
10 29_
l 8
13 3
2 18 53 12 3
1 1
5 15 16 1
1 3
Total 19 9
5 1
3h Per Cent 56 26-15 3
100 Persistent Wind Direction: SOUTHWEST 4
lo 13 23 h9 8
7 6
13 28 12 h
3 7
15 16 2
2 h
20 1
1 2
24 1
1 2
Total 23 24 47 Per Cent 49 51 100 d
TABLE 14. FREQUENCY OF INVERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN Season: SPRING (1958-1959)
Persistent Wind Direction: WEST Inversion Wind Sper.d (MPH)
Duration Per' (Hours) 1 2
55 10 15 5 22 5 28 35 42 5 Total Cent s
h 5
5 10 37 8
8 6
1h 51 12 1
1 4'
16 1
1 h
20 1
1 k
24 Total 15 12 27 j
Per Jent 56 hk 100 Persistent Wind Direction: SOUTHEAST I
h 7
7 h
2 1
21 58 8
5 2
7 m
12 h
1 5
1h 16 20 3
3-8 Total 19 10 h
2 1
36 Per Cent SJ 28 11 5
3 100 l
_m i
i 1
TABLE 15 FREQUENCY OF IEVERSION DURATION VERSUS kTID-SPEED CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGMT Season: SPRING (1958-1959) 9 Persistent Wind Direction: NCRTh"#EST -
l 4
Inversion Wind Speed (MFH)
Per
-Duration (Hours) 1 2
55 10 15.5 22.5 28 35 h2.5 Total cent t
4 6
7 13 50 11 42 8-1 7
3 12 1
1 2
8 r
26 Total 1
lh 11 Per Cent h
54 h2 100 i
i Persistent Wind Direction: EAST 4
2 6
7 3
1 2
1 22 h6 i
8 12 5
1 18 37 l
t 12 5
1 6.
13 16 2
2 4
Total 21 12 8~
3 1
2 1
48 Per cent 44 25 17 6
2 4
2 100 t
l 4
m-r-
L t
l '
TABLE 16. FREQUENCY OF IICIERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHARLEVOIX,' MICHIGAN Season: SPRINE(1958-1959) 1 Persistent Wind Direction: NORTH 4.
Inversion Wind Speed (!HE)
Per Duration (Hours) 1 2
55 10 15 5 22 5 28 35 Total Cent 4
10 7
17 65 i
8 2
4 6
23 12 1
2 3
12 i
I t
i Total 13 13 26 l
Per Cent 50 50 100 Persistent Wind Direction: NORTHEAST i
j k
1 10 11 h
2 28 68 8
5 2
2 1
10 24 i
12 1
1 1
3 8
Total 1-16 1h 6
3
'l kl
.t.
Per Cent 2
39 34 15 8
2 100 i
N, l
r
~.
,+
e[. 'Ni
,h l
TABLE 17 FREQUENCY OF INVERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN Season: SUfGER (1958-1959)
~
Persistent Wind Direction: SOUTH t
Inversion Wind Speed (MPH)
Per Duration i
(Hours) 1 2
55 10 -
15.5 22 5 28 Total-Cent 4
8 12 6
4
-1 1
32 55 8
12 5
1 1
19 33
.i 12 h
1 2
7 12 Total 24 18 9
5 1
1 58 d
Per Cent 41 31 15 9
2 2
101 t
Persistent Wind Direction: WEST a
4 2
4 7
13 50 8
1 5
1 7
27 4
12 2
2 8
16 3
3 11 l
20 1
1 4
Total 3
15 8
26 Per Cent 11 58 31 100 4
1 4
=. _.. _..
TABLE 18. FREQUENCY OF INVERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHAFLEVOIX, MICHIGAN Season: SUIM R (1958-1959)
Persistent Wind Direction: NORTINEST l
Inversion Wind Speed (MPH)
Per Duration (Hours) 1 2
55 10 15 5 22 5 28 35 h2 5 Total Cent h
3 4
7 58 8
2 1
3
'25 12 2
2 17 Total 7
5 22 Per Cent 58 h2 100 Persistent Wind Direct' ion: SOUTHWEST h
h 15 30
~E9 57 8
21 9
30 35 12 6
1 7
8 Total h
h2 h0 86 Per Cent 5
h9 h6 100 I
t
.t s.
e s---
,c,
--e
TABLE 19 FREQUENCY OF DWERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN Season: SUMMER (1958-1959)
Persistent Wind Direction: SOUTH W Persistent Wind Direction: EAST 1
r Inversion Wind Speed (MPH)
Wind Speed (MPH)
Duration Per Per (Hours) 1 2
55 10 15.5 22.5 Total Cent 1
2 5.5 10 Total Cent h
6 3
2 1
1 13 38 h
1 5
31 8
1h 3
2 19 56 5
4 1
10 63 12 2
2 6
1 1
6 Total 22 6
4 1
1 34 10 5
1 16 I
Per Cent 65 17 12 3
3 100 63 31 6
100 1
Persistent Wind Direction: NORTH Persistent Wind Direction: NORTHEAST 4
1 2
3 30 8
2 4
6 60 1
1 50 12 1
1 10 1
1 50
)
Total 4
6 10 2
2 Per Cent 40 60 100 100 100' i
I
= - _ = _
~
t TABLE 20.
FREQUENCY OF INVERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN Season: FALL (1958-1959)
Persistent Wind Direction: SOUfH Inversion Wind Speed (MPH)
Per Duration
~ Total Cent-(Hours) 1 2
55 10 15 5 22 5 28 35 h2 5 r
4 1
8 7
3 1
1 1
22 59 8
1 5
1 2
9 24 12 2
1 2
5 14 16 1
1 3
Total 2
15 9
7 2
1 1
37 Per Cent 5
41
'24 19 5
3 3
100 Persistent. Wind Direction: SOUTIrJEST 4
1 6
6
~ 13 65 8
4 1
5 25 12 1
1 5
16 20 1
1 5
Total 1
11 8
20 Fer Cent 5
55 40 100
~
TABLE 21, rmauuTCY OF INVERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN Season: FALL (1958-1959)
Persistent Wind Direction: WEST f'
Inversion Wind Speed (MPH)
Duration Per (Hours) 1 2
55 10 15 5 lbtal Cent h
8 1
1 100 Total 1
1 100 Per Cent 100 Persistent Wind Direction: NORTHWEST 4
1 1
33 8
1 1
2 67
'Ibtal 1
1 1
3 Per Cent 33 34 33 100 i
4 TABLE 22.
FREQUENCY OF INVERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN Season: FALL (1958-1959)
Persistent Wind Direction: NORTH Inversion Wind Speed (MPH)
Per Duration (Hours) 1 2
55 10 15 5 22.5 mtal Cent k
1 1
33 8
2 2
67 htal 1
2 3
Per Cent 33 67 loo Persistent Wind Direction: NORTHEAST h
8 1
100 i
l Total 1
Per Cent 100
r TABLE 23 FREQUENCY OF INVERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN:
Season: FALL (1958-1959)
Persistent Wind Direction: EAST
(
Inversion Wind Speed (MPH)
Duration Per (Ecurs) 1 2
55 10 15 5 22.5 28 35 Total Cent h
1 2
4 3
10 50 8
h 1
3 8
40 12 2
2 10 Total 1
8 5
6 20 Per Cent 5
40 25 30 100 Persistent Wind Di.ection:
SOUTHEAST 4
1 h
4 2
1 1
13 65 4
~
8 2
2 10 12 2
1 3
15 16 2
2 10 RM1 1
8 5
4 1
1 M
Per Cent 5
40 25 20 5
5 100
+
_=
=_ -. _. - -
+
TABLE 24.
FREQUENCY OF INVERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN Season: WINTER (1958-1959)
Persistent Wind Direction: SOUTH Persistent Wind Direction: SOUTHWEST Inversion Wind Speed (MPH)
Wind Speed (MPH)
Duration Per Per (Hours) 1 2
5.5 10 15 5 Total Cent 1
2 5.5 10 15 5 Total Cent 4
1 1
13 3
3 6
100 8
2 1
1 4
50 12 1
1 2
25 16 1
1 12 Total 4
2 2
8 3
3 6
Per Cent 50 25 25 100 50 50 100 Persistent Wind Direction: SOUTHEAST Persistent Wind Direction: NORTHEAST 4
1 1
2 33 8
2 1
3 50 1
1 100 12 l
16 20 24 1
1 17 Total 3
1 2
6 1
1 Per Cent 50 17 33 100 100 100 I
m
- e.,
n.
1 TABLE 25 FREQUENCY OF INVERSION DURATION VERSUS WIND SPEED CHARLEVOIX, MICHIGAN Season: WINTER (1958-1959)
Persistent Wind Direction: EAST Persistent Wind Direction: NORTH c'
Inversion Wind Speed (MPH)
Wind Speed (MPH)
Duration Per Per (Hours) 1 2
55 10 15.5 Total Cent 1
2 5.5 10 15 5 Total Cent 4
1 1
2 h
57 8
1 1
2 12 16 None 20'
~
2h 28 32 1
1 14 Total 3
1 2
1 7
Per Cent 43
.14 29 lh loo Persistent Wind Direction: WEST Persistent Wind Direction: NORTHWEST None None
.