ML20028G916
| ML20028G916 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Pennsylvania State University |
| Issue date: | 08/31/1990 |
| From: | PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK, PA |
| To: | NRC OFFICE OF INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IRM) |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 9010030200 | |
| Download: ML20028G916 (79) | |
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.s iPENNSTATE a m>.es.ese College of Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 Pe.
- Ftr.e Breazeale Reactor
. Annual Operat'ing Report, FY 89-90 ~
Tech. Spec. Requirement.6.6.1-License CDW R 2, Docket No.-50-5 l
September 25, 1990-l U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission H Attention: Document Control besk Washington, DC ,20555
Dear Sir:
Enclosed please, find the Annual Operating Report of the Penn State.
-Breazeale Reactor (PSBR). This report covers the period from July 1,1? 7, through' June 30,1990,_ as _ required by technical specifications requirement 6.6.1, contained in icense #R-2 renewed on January 27, 1986,-as Amendment
,- No.-23. Also' included lare any changes applicable to 10 CFR 50.59.
The original renewal application dated March 1, 1985, contains the Safety- ;
7 %nalysis Report applicable to this reporting period. 1 A ' copy- of .the Thirty-fifth - Annual Progress Report of the Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center is-included as supplementary information.
Sincerely yours, 1)
Narcu H. Voth Director,: Radiation ' Science
'and_ Engineering Center >
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V Enclosures-cc: Region I Administrator !
U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Conmission E C. L. Hosler, Jr.
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1 9010030200 900031 ADOCK 05000005;p 3
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PENN STATE BREAZEALE REACTOR p ,
8 ANNUAL l0PERATING REPORT, FY 89 ,
PSBR Technical Specifications 6.6.1 :
Licence COW R-2, Docket No. 50-5
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Reat. tor Utilization The Penn State Breazeale Reactor (PSBR) is a TRIGA Hark III facility. capable of 1 MW steady state operation, and 2000 MW peak power pulsing operation.
Utilization of the reactor and its associated facilities falls into.three majorl
-categories:
l EDUCATION utilization is primarily_in the form of laboratory classes conducted for graduate,. undergraduate, associate degree candidates, and ,
numerous.high school science groups. These classes vary from neutron activation analysis of an unknown sample to the calibration =of a.' reactor control rod. In addition, an average of 2000 visitors tour the PSBR facility each year, RESEARCH accounts for a large portion of reactor time which involves '
Radionuclear Applications, Neutron Radiography, a myriad of research L programs _ by facul.;y and graduate students 'hroughout the University, and i various' applications by the industrial sector.
TRAINING programs for Reactor Operators and Reactor Supervisors' are continuously offered and are tailored to meet the needs of the participants.
Individuals taking part-in these programs fall into such categories as power-plant' operating personnel, graduate students,'and foreign trainees.
The PSBR facility operates on an 8 AM - 5 PM shift, five days a week, with an occasional 8 AM - 8 PM or 8 AM --12 Midnight shift to accommodate reactor 1 operator training programs or research projects.
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Summary of React'or Operating Experience Technical specification. requirement 6.6.1.a
-Between July 1, 1989 and June 30, 1990,.the PSBR was c : criticin for 507 hrs- or 2.1 hrs / shift subcritical for 305 hrs or 1.3 hrs / shift q used while shutdown for 396 hrs or 1.6 hrs / shift Total Usage 1208 hrs or 5.0 hrs / shift The reactor was pulsed a total of 97 times with the following reactivities:
less than $2,00 26 -i j $2.00 to $2.50 71 greater then $2.50 0 The square wave mode of. operation was used 70 times to power levels between 100 and 500 KW, Total energy produced during this report period was 331 MWH with a consumption of 17 gms of U-235. -!
Unscheduled Shutdowns Technical specification requirement 6.6.1.b There were'7: unplanned scrams during this period. Power range svitching errors by students in nuclear engineering courses accounted for 2 of the 7 scrams. ;
The other-5 scrams are described below. -j l
August 3, 1989--Reactor scram and building evacuation due to a reactor bridge radiation monitor alarm. Alarm was caused by the reactor operator's-
- failure to turn on the nit _rogen-16 diffuser pump during a reactor-start-up.
October 11, 1939--Reactor linear overpower scram occurred when" reactor.
g operator pushed the transient rod up button instead of the down button when j shutting.the reactor down frcm 1 MW. ,
i December 15,'1989--Unplanned power failure to reactor building caused a reactor scram while the reactor power was being increased from 10 KW, a
February 21,.1990--Upon receipt of a pneumatic transfer system I radiation alarm-low gas pressure alarm, the reactor operator manually scrammed the reactor
-as per procedure.- Upon receipt ~of a radiation alarm the system pressure is relieved by venting. through a charcoal and absolute i11ter. The RM-14 radietbn f monitor connected to a radiation detector in the pneumatic transfer system's ;
surge tank had what was apparently a spurious alarm; no increased indication was i
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seen on the recorder connected to the RM-14. 'The RM-14 was suspected of breaking down and a spare RM-14 monitor was substituted.
March 26,1990--A sample Lame off the hook supporting it and- fell to the bottom of the reactor core's central irradiation thimble during the sample's removal. No adverse effect was noted on the reactor but the reactor operator manually-scramed the reactor so the sample would not receive any additional radiation.
Major Maintenance with Safety Significance
-Technical specification requirement 6.6.1.c.
No major preventative or corrective maintenance operations with safety significance have been performed during this report period. j
. l (J Major Chances Reportable Under 10 CFR 50.59 l Technical specifications requirement 6.6.1.d.
Facility Changes
- Hay 18, 1990--A change was made to the facility's intrusion alarm system so '
that a tamper alarm goes to University Police Services at all times. Previously, f the tamper alarm only indicated in the reactor control room. i Procedures All procedures are reviewed as a minimum biennially, and on an as needed basis. Changes during the year were numerous and no attempt will be made to list j them. A current copy of all facility procedures will be made available on l^
request. Since none of the procedure changes were a result of Tech Specs changes, none of the procedure changes are considered majar. 4 i
New Tests and Experiments None having safety significance.
Radioactive Effluents Released Technical-specifications requirement 6.6.1.e.
Liquid There were no liquid effluent releases under the reactor license for the report period. Liquid from the regeneration of the reactor demineralizer was ;
evaporated and-the distillate recycled for pool water makeup. The evaporator concentrate was dried and the solid salt residue was disposed of in the same manner as other solid radioactive waste at the University. Liquid radioactive waste from the radioisotope laboratories at the PSBR is under the University I
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b byproduct materials ' license and'is transferred to the Health Physics Office for disposal with~ the waste from other campus laboratories. Liquid waste disposal. '
techniques include storage fo~ decay, release to the sanitary sewer as-per 10 CFR 20,-and solidification for shipment to licensed disposal sites.
Gaseous t The only gaseous effluent is Ar-41, which is released from-dissolved air in the reactor pool water, dry irradiation tubes, and air leakage from the pneumatic
. sample transfer systems.
The amount of Ar-41 released from the reactor pool is very dependent upon the operating power level and the length of time at power. The release per MWH
=is highest for extended high power runs and lowest for' intermittent low power !
runs. The concentration of Ar-41 in the reactor bay and the bay exhaust was '
measured by the Health Physics staff during the summer of 1986. Measurements were made for conditions of low and high power runs simulating typical operating cycles. Based on these measurements, an annual release of between 244 mci and 741 mci of Ar-41 is calculated for July 1,1989 to June 30, 1990, resulting in an-average concentration at the building exhaust between 15% and 46%.of the MPC for 3 unrestricted areas. These values represent the extremes, with the actual' release being between the two values. The maximum fenceline dose using only dilution by-the 1 m/s wind into the lee of the building is on the order of 0.2% to 0.6% of the unrestricted area MPC. !
During the report period, several irradiation tubes were used at_high enough power levels and for long enough runs to produce significant amounts of Ar-41.
The calculated annual production was 99 mci. Since this production occurred in a stagnant volume of air confined by close fitting shield plugs, most of the Ar-41 decayed in place before being released to the reactor bay. The reported releases from dissolved air in the reactor pool are based.on measurements made, in part, when a. dry-irradiation tube was in use at high power levels; the Ar-41 releases ,
from the tubes are part of rather than in addition to the release figures quoted-in:the previous paragraph.
The.use of the pneumatic transfer systems was minimal during this period and any Ar-41 releases would be insignificant.
Environmental Surveys Technical Specifications requirement 6.6.1.f. I The only environmental surveys performed were the routine TLD ' gamma-ray dose measurements at the . facility fence'ine and at control points in residential areas
! several miles away. This repor ting year's measurements tabulated below represent the July 6, 1989 to July 3, 1990 period. The dosimeters used for the Fence South second quarter readings were missing at the end of the quarter and were assumed to be stolen; therefore, a cumulative dose equivalent for the year is not
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5 available. A' comparison of the North, West, East, and South reactor fenceline measurements with the control measurements at Houserville (1 ~ mile. away) and' o Bellefonte (10 miles away) show the differences to be~ similar to those in the.
- past; the.. higher fenceline readings are attributed to a higher concentration'of
- K-40 in the soil at the fenceline.- '
L 1st Otr 2nd Otr 3rd Otr 4th Otr Totals- ;
E Fence North 20.76 20.94 19.61 19.11 80.42'.
Fence West 19.88 19.34 18.89 26 '9- 84.80 Fence East 22.61 .19.94 20.91 21.26 84,72' !
Fence Souch 19,89 -----
19.97 20.36 -----
. Control-Bellefonte 19.'22 23.35 20.65 21.12 84.34 '
Control-Houserville 16.51 16.05 16.02 16.67 65.25 Personnel Exposures Technical specifications requirement 6.6.1.g.
No reactor personnel or visitors receiYed dose equiYalents in excess of. 25%
- of the permissible limits under 10 CFR 20.
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1 RADIATION SCIENCE AND j ENGINEERING CENTER- q COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
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Mr ti' L THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL !
PROGRESS REPORT AUGUST 1990. :q
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CONTRACT DE-ACO7-76IDO1570 SUBCONTRACT C88-101857 U.Ed. ENG 91-13
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- r 4 THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT.
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- .4 PENN STATE RADIATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER w
C July 1, 1989 to June 30, 1990 Submitted to:
United States Department of Energy
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'i Marcus H. Voth (Diroctor)
Terry L. FlinchbautJh-(Editor)
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- k. Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center Department of Nuclear Engineering
[' The-Penns'ylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 e
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I Contract DE-AC07-761001570 Subcontract C88-101857 l U.Ed.ENG 91-13 1 4 i l
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STATEMENT OF NONDISCRIMINATION o The Pennsylvania State University, in compliance with federal and state ,
laws, is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to ,
, programs, admission, and employment without regard to race, religion,- l sex, national origin, handicap, age, or status as a disabled or Vietnam-era 1 veteran. Direct all affirmative action inquiries to the. Affinnative Action Office,201 Willard Building, The Pennsylvania State University, .;
' University Park, PA 16802;(814) 863-0471.
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F TABLE OF. CONTENTS s
Page
! PREFACE - M. H. Voth . . .', . . . . . . . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . y
'I. INTRODUCTION - M. H. Voth ....-............ I 1
II. PERSONNEL - T. L. Flinchbaugh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ;
III.. REACTOR OPERATIONS - T. L. Flinchbaugh ........ . 9' IV. GAMMA IRRADIATION FACILITY J. J. Bonner . . . . ... . . . 13 Y. EDUCATION AND TRAINING - T. L. Flinenbaugh, C. C. Davison . 15 VI. NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY - D. E. Hughes .......... 21 7 t
VII. RADIONUCLEAR APPLICATIONS LASORATORY - D. C. Raupach ... 23 .;
VIII. LOW LEVEL RADIATION MONITORING LABORATORY - B. C.-Ford .. 25 IX. ANGULAR CORRELATIONS LABORATORY --G. L. Catchen . . . . . . 27 ,
X.- NUCLEAR MATERIALS ENGINEERING LABORATORY - M. P. Manahan . 31 :
XI. RADIATIONSCfENCEANDENGINEERINGCENTERRESEARCH UTILIZATION'- T. L. Flinchbaugh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 A. Penn-State University Research Utilizing the Facilities of.the Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center ........................ 34 B 'Other Universities' and Industrial Research Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center .................. .
50 APPENDIX A. Faculty, Staff, Students, and: Industries Utilizing the k
Facilities of the Penn State R3diation Science and Engineering Center - T. L. Flinchbaugh ........ 51 L APPENDIX B. Formal Group Tours - J. L. Wellar . . . . . .-. . . . . 59 ,
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TABLES Table Page 1 Personnel 4 t 2- Reactor Operation Data 11 3 Reactor Utilization Data 12 4 Cobalt-60 Utilization Data 14-i 5 College and High School Groups 18 i;
FIGURES Figure Page ,
1 Organization Chart (before 7-1-90) 6 2 Organization Chart (after 7-1-90) 7 _,
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PREFACE Administi
- 1. responsibility for the Radiation Science and Engineering CenterL(RSEC) resides in the Department of Nuclear Engineering-in the College of Engineering. Overall responsibility for the reactor license resides "h: the Senior Vice President for Research and Dean of the Gr0duate School. Tne reactor and associated laboratories are available to all Penn State colleges for education and research programs. In addition, the facility is made available to Lassist other educational institutions, government agencies,'and industries having common and compatible needs and objectives, providing services that are essential:in meeting research, developrent, education, and training needs.
The Thirty-fifth Annual Progress Report (July 1989 through June 1990) of the' operation of The Pennsylvania State University Radiation Science and Engineering Center is submitted in accordance with the requirements of Contract DE-AC07-76ID01570 between the United States Department of Energy and EG&G Idaho, Incorporated, and their Subcontract C88-101857 with The Pennsylvania State University. This report also provides the University administration'with a summary of- the utilization of the facility for the past year.
Numerous individuals are to be recognized and thanked for their contributions to this report, especially Terry Flinchbaugh who edited the report.
-The contribution of Jennifer Wellar for its typing is recognized and appreciated.
Special thanks are extended to those responsible for the individual sections as listed in the Table of Contents and to the individual facility users whose research summaries are compiled in Section XI.
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I.'. INTRODUCTION :
The Radiation, Science andl Engineering Center (RSEC) sustained its record of providing educational and research support for a broad _ spectrum of users and'at the same time expanded its activities in numerous ways, including: i t
- The Radiation Science and Engineering Center (RSEC) was' officially designated to more properly characterize the diversity of. work done at
, the Penn State Breazeale Reactor (PSBR) facility. The RSEC is-made up of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor, the Low-level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory, the Neutron Beam Laboratory, the Gamma Irradiation Laboratory, the Nuclear Materials Engineering Laboratory, and additional laboratory and support facilities. .
With the retirement of the Deputy Director at the end of this reporting year, the RSEC will move to a new facility organization. The Deputy t 4
Director position will be eliminated, and the responsibility of that !
position will be divided between administrative, operations and ,
engineering services. For this reporting year, the facility has operated under the organization shown in Figure 1. Effective the next ;
reporting period beginning July 1, 1990, the organization shown in Figure 2 will be in effect.
- A Nuclear Engineering Materials Laboratory was established, bringing ;
extensive new equipment to the hot cells in support of major contracts-for plant' life extension (PLEX) research, t Congress appropriated funds to the Department of Energy for-university ,
research reactor instrumentation and equipment. An RSEC competitive proposal was successful in receiving $72,800 of direct support.-
- Work proceeded on the design and fabrication of the digital reactor control and safety system in preparation for late 1990 delivery.
A Users Advisory Comnittee (UAC) was established to work with the facility director to increase facility utilization in the areas of
! academic research, service to academic research, and service to non-academic users. ;
A graduate level physics laboratory was expanded wherein students o
developed experimental skills using neutron beams.
- The reactor started to supply industrial users with various radioactive tracers on a routine basis.
_ Financial support was received from the University's Office of Physical 7 Plant for a major effort in painting the majority of the RSEC-building.
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- Three. staff members received Senior Reactor Operator licenses from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
This report summarizes RSEC contributions to a variety of disciplines investigated by researchers from campus as well as off-campus. The RSEC staff has worked diligently during the past year and can be proud of these '
achievements.
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II .- PERSONNEL There have been_a few changes in RSEC personnel during the reporting ,
_ period. !
Ira McMaster, Deputy Director, retired June 29, 1990 after 33 years of service.
~
Walter Johnson resigned his reactor supervisor position on August 31, 1989 -
'to accept an engineering position at the Maine Yankee nuclear power plant. "
Candace Davison was hired to replace Walter Johnson in the reactor ;
supervisor position. Candace transferred'from the technology education-specialist position in the Nuclear ~ Engineering Department. i Jean McGrath resigned her position as' environmental analyst in the Low Level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory on January 22, 1990 to accept a position ,
in the University's Continuing Education unit.
On January 1, 1990, three changes occurred in the membership of the Penn State Reactor Safeguards Comittee. A. H. Foderaro (retired Professor of.
Nuclear Engineering) and L.-J. Pilione (Professor of Physics) resigned from the comittee after each serving a three-year term. R. E. Totenbier, retired Reactor Operations Supervisor, left the. committee after serving two consecutive three-year terms. The above three were replaced by M. Feiz (Assistant Professor of General Engineering), G. E. Robinson (Associate Professor of Nuclear Engineering), and P. E. Sokol (Associate Professor of. Physics).
The reactor facility.'s work study position was occupied by Ellen Saylor through August 1989. George Gaydos filled the position from August 1989 to May 1990. Steve Madaras was hired into the' position in May 1990.
3 e '-
& TABLE 1 Personnel Faculty and Staff Title R. Batschelet Environmental Analyst
- - J. J. Bonner Research Assistant
- M. E. Bryan Electronic Designer /feactor Supervisor G..L. Catchen Associate Professor
- Reactor Supervisor / Nuclear Education.
C. C. Davison Specialist
- T. L. Flinchbaugh Operations and Training tianager B. C. Ford Supervisor, Low-level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory L. E. Frye Administrative Assistant
- Reactor Operator Intern E. Hannold
- 0. E. Hughes Research Assistant W. A. Jester Professor
- W. E. Johnson (resigned) Reactor Supervisor / Nuclear Education Specialist J. A. iicGrath (resigned) Environmental Analyst I. B. McMaster (retired) Research Assistant / Deputy Director
- 0. C. Raupach Reactor Supervisor / Reactor Utilization Specialist K. E. Rudy Operational Support Servi:es Supervisor E. J. Sipos Reactor Operator Intern D. S. Vonada Electronic Designer M. H. Voth Associate-P ofessor/ Director
- Licensed Operator
- Licensed Senior Operator 4
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1 Cler'ical Staff Title S..K. Ripka. Facility Secretary h
'J. L. Wellar Secretary and Receptionist '
= Technical Service Staff Title J. E. Armstrong_ Maintenance Worker R. L. Eaken Experimental and Maintenance Mechanic Student Work Study E. Soylor (resigned)
G._Gaydos'(resigned)
,S. Madaras Penn State Reactor Safeguards Committee J. A. Blakeslee - Chairman, Assistant Superintendent of Plant, PP&L Susquehanna Steam Electric Station '
F.'B. Cheung -
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering W. S. Diethorn - : Professor, Nuclear Engineering H. Feiz . Assistant Professor, General Engineering
- A. H. Foderaro ' Professor (retired), Nuclear Engineering R. W. Granlund - Health Physicist, Intercollege Research-Programs and Facilities.
- L.'J..Pilione - Professor, Physics A. Ray -
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering G. E. Robinson -- Associate Professor, Nuclear Engineerin0 -
i M. J. Slobodien Radiological Controls Director, General Public-Utilities 1 !
P. E. Sokol -
Associate Professor, Physics
- R. E. Totenbier- Operations Supervisor (retired), Penn State Breazeale Reactor M. H. Voth - .Ex-officio, Director, Penn State Radiation Science and Engir.eering Center 4
- served through 1 Jar.uary 1990 Penn State users Advisory Committee ,
J. Bartko Radiation'and Nucleonics Research, Westinghouse S. Carpenter - National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) l J. M. Cimbala - Associate Professor, Hechanical Engineering l E.-H. Klevans - Department. Head and Professor, Nuclear Engineering W. A. Jester - Professor, Nuclear. Engineering A.LA.EHeim- - Director, Industrial Researsa Office R. Of Mumma - Professor, Entomology .
L..J. Pilione - Professor, Physics 1 A; W. Rose - Professor, Geochemistry ;
J. R. Thorpe - Simulation Management Director, General Public Utilities- j i
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.J University-Health Physics Penn State Breazeale Reactor M. H. Voth Director Deputy Director I.-B. McMaster Penn State Reactor Safeguards Comittee Clerical Staff S. K. Ripka J. L. Wellar i
e Neutron Reactor Operations Gama Irradiation -
Faculty Researchers l Instructional Activation and Training Facility and Technical Support Analysis Lab T. L. Flinchbaugh J. J. Bonner
- Advisors .l J. J. Bonner D. C. Raupach C. C. Davison -
W. A. Jester l G. L. Catchen -l -
Reactor Operator l Interns Angular- Low Level Radiation E. L. Hannold Correlatiou l
Monitorirg Laboratory E. J. Sipos l Laboratory B. F. Fced_. Electronic and G. L. Catchen R. L. Batschelet Neutron Radiography Mechanical Support-Science Center D. S. Vonada D. E. Hughes M. . E. Bryan
! - K. E. Rudy
- -- R. L.-Eaken Report Route- J. E. Armstrong-
Close : Cooperation ~ .
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Figure ~1. RSEC Organization Chart-(7/1/89 to 6/30/90)
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Nuclear Services LLRML Services Education l~ Specialist (2)
, Reactor l Operator Radiation Environmental j Interns (2): Serv ices.. Analyst Experimental Maintenance Technician and Haintenance Worker:
Mechanic
- Existing Work-Study Position Figure 2.LRSEC-Organization Chart (effective 7/1/90)
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Ille REACTOR OPERATIONS .
Research' reactor operation began at Penn State in 1955. In December of 1965 the original core, which operated at a maximum power level of 200 KW, was
. replaced by a more advanced TRIGA core, capable of operatio at 1000 KW. The present core'may' also be operated in a pulse. fashion in which the power level
-is suddenly increased from less than 1 KW to up to 2000 XW for short (milliseconds) periods of. time. TRIGA stands for Training, Research, Isotope Production, built by General Atomic Company.
Utilization of the PSBR falls into three major categories:
Educational utilization is primarily in the form of laboratory classes conducted for graduate and undergraduate degree candidates, and numerous high school science groups. These classes will vary from the irradiation and analysis of a sample to the calibration of a reactor control rod. 4 Research accounts for a large portl.on of reactor time which involves Radionuclear Applications, Neutron Radiography, a myriad of research programs by faculty and graduate students throughout the University, and various applications by the industrial sector.
Training programs for Reactor Operators and Reactor Supervisors are '
offered and con be tailored to meet the needs of the participants.
Individuals taking part in these programs fall into such categories as PSBR reactor staff and power plant operating personnel.
1 The PSBR core, containing about 7% pounds of Uranium-235, in a non-weapons form, is operated at a depth of approximately 18 feet in a pool of demineralized water. The water provides the needed shielding and cooling lfor ,
'the operation of the reactor. It is relatively simple to expose a sample by ;
merely positioning it in-the vicinity of the reactor at a point where it will receive the desired radiation dose. A variety of fixtures and jigs are available for such positioning. Various containers and irradiation tubes can be used to keep sangles dry, Three pneumatic transfer systems with different j}
neutron levels offer additional possibilities.
In normal. steady state operation at 1000 kilowatts, the thermal neutron- '
flux available va. ries from approximately 1 x 10" n/cm2/sec at the edge-of the core to approxirately 3 x 1088 n/cm'/sec in~the' central region of the core. ,
When using the pulse mode of operation, the peak flux for a maximum pulse - -
is approximately 6 x 10" n/cm*/see with a pulse width of .15 msec at %
- maximum.
Support facilities include a machine shop, electronic shop, laboratory space, and fume hoods.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Tables 2 and 3 list. Reactor Operation Data and Reactor Utilization Data-Shif t Averages,,respectively, for the past three years. In table 2, the .
Critical time is a summation of the hours the reactor was operating at some power level. The Subcritical time is the total hours that the reactor key and console instrumentation were on and under observation, less the Critical time.
L 9
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- Suberitical time reflects experiment set-up time and time spent approaching
. reactor' criticality. Fuel movement: hours reflect the fact that there were no fuel movements made this year.-
The Number of Pulses reflects demands of _ undergraduate labs, researchers, and reactor operator training groups. Square waves are used-primarily for demonstration purposes for public groups touring the facility, researchers, and reactor operator training programs.
The number of Scrams Planned as Part of Experiments _ reflects experimenter needs. Two of the. Unplanned Scrams Resulting from Personnel Action were b'y students in the NucE 444 course, Nuclear Reactor Operations Laboratory, and two were by licensed staff operators. It should be pointed out that a scram' shuts down the reactor before a safety limit is reached. The unplanned scrams resulting from Abnormal System Operation were due to electrical failure and system operational problems.
Table 3, Part A, Reactor Usage, indicates Hours Critical and Hours . ;
Subcritical, and also Hours Sh Jtdown such as for instruction or experimental setup. Occasionally a compone4t failure prohibits reactor operation. The necessary repair time is included in Reactor Usage as Reactor Not Available to reflect total reactor utilization on a shift basis.
Part B gives a breakdown of'the Type of Usage in Hours. The Nuclear Engineering Department and/or the Reactor Facility receives compensation'for Industrial Research and Service, and for Industrial Training Programs.
University Research and Service includes both funded and non-funded research, for Penn State and other universities. The Instruction and Training category. ;
includes all formal university classes involving the reactor, experiments for other university and high school groups, demonstrations for tour groups, and
.in-house reactor' operator training.
Part C statistics, Users / Experimenters, reflect the number of users, samples and experimenters per shift. Part D shows the number of eight hour shifts for each fear.
INSPECTIONS AND AUDITS-During October of 1989, Penn State faculty members Gordon E. Robinson (Nuclear Engineering) and Paul E. Sokol (Physics) conducted an audit of the .
PSBR to fulfill a requirement of the Penn State _ Reactor' Safeguards Committee charter. The reactor staff has implemented changes suggested by that report, all of which exceed NRC requirements. 4 i
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TABLE 2 Reactor Operation Data July 1. 1987 - June 30, 1990 87-88 88-89 89-90 1 A. Hours of Reactor Operation
- 1. Critical 489 566 507
- 2. Suberitical 378 416 305
- 3. fuel Movement 2 28 0 B. Number,of Pulses 167 222- 97 C. Number of Square Waves 63 108 70 O., Energy Release (MWH) 216 233 331 E. - Grams U-235 Consumed 11 12 17 F. Scrams
- 1. Planned as Part of Experiments 51 42 23
- 2. Unplanned - Resulting From a) Personnel Action 6 6 4 b) Abnormal System Operation 3 3 3 l
11 1
TABLE 3 Reactor Utilization Data Shift Averages July 1, 1987 - June 30, 1990 87-88 88-89 89-90 A. Reactor Usage
- 1. Sours Critical 2.0 2.2 2.1
- 2. Hours Suberitical 1.5 1.7 1.3
- 3. Hours Shutdown 2.0 2.4 1.6
- 4. Reactor Not Available 0.2 0.1 0 TOTAL HOURS PER SHIFT U U U B. Type of Usage - Hours
- 1. Industrial Research and Service 0.9 0.9 1.1
- 2. University Research ar.d Service 1.8 2.2 1.8
- 3. Instruction and Training 1.2 1.7 0.9
- 4. Industrial Training Programs 0.1 0.1 0.1
- 5. Calibration and Maintenance 1.7 1.5 1.2 C. Users / Experiments
- 1. Number of Users 2.9 3.3 2.4
- 2. Pneumatic Transfer Samples 3.0 1.2 1.3
- 3. Total Number of Samples 5.3 4.3 3.6
- 4. Sample Hours 1.8 2 2.6 D. Number of 8 Hour Shifts 248 251 240 12
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IV. GAMMA IRRADIATION FACILITY The University, in March of 1965, purchased 23,600 curies of Cobalt-60 in l the form of stainless steel clad source rods to provide a purt source of gamma :
rays. In November of 1971, the University obtained from the natick ]
Laboratories, 63,537 curies of Cobalt-60 in the form of alumi'tum clad source ;
rods. These source rods have decayed through several half-l'.ves, leaving a l July 1, 1990 total of 6339 curies. ;
In this facility, the sources are stored and used in a pool 16 feet x 10 feet, filled with 16 feet of demineralized water. The water provides a shield ,
which is readily worked through and allows great flexibility in using the '
sources. Due to the number of rods and size of the pool, it is possible to .
set up several irradiators at a time to vary the size of the sample that can l be irradiated, or vary the dose rate. Experiments in a dry environment are possible by use of either a vertical tube or by a diving bell type apparatus.
The Cobalt-60 facility is designed with a large amount of working space around the pool and has two laboratory rooms equipped with work benches, fume hoods, and the usual utilities.
Maximum exposure rates of 234 KR/Hr in a 3" 10 Tube and 136 KR/Hr in a 6" ID Tube are available as of Ju?y 1,1990.
Natick source #1/72 was removed from Hot Cell #1 and returned to the Cobalt-60 pool on February 20, 1990.
Efforts are underway to obtain 17,000 curies of Cobalt-60 in the form of 15 source rods from Battelle National Labs. The sources will be donated to :
Penn State. The College of Engineering has provided $5000 and the U.S.
Department of Energy $9000 to cover costs of licensing, shipping, and storage '
cask design and fabrication.
Table 4 compares the past three years' utilization of the Cobalt-60 facility in terms of time, numbers, and daily averages.
13
( TABLE 4 Cobalt-60-Utilization Data July 1, 1987 - June 30, 1990 87-88 88-89 89-90 A. Time Involved (Hours)
- 1. Set-Up Time . 327 336 358
- 2. Total Sample Hours 6,507 6,795 11,692 B. -Numbers Involved
- 1. Samples Run .
1,307 '1,343 1,433
- 2. Different Experimenters 40 42 23 .
- 3. Configurations Used 3 3 3 C. Per Day Averages
.1. Experimenters 0.80 1.31 1.95
- 2. Samples 5.25 5.39 5.76 1
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V. EDUCATION AND TRAINING During the past year, the Penn State RSEC was used for a variety of educational services; in-house training, utility training programs, formal laboratory courses, and many continuing education programs and tours.
Candace Davison and Mac Bryan of the full-time staff and operator intern Eric Hannold prepared for senior operator examinations during the year. All three passed their NRC exams in April and received their senior operator's licenses in May.
In-house reactor operator requalification consisted of an oral examination on abnormal and emergency procedures given by K. E. Rudy, an operating test given by J. J. Bonner, and a written exam given by 1. B. McMaster.
A three-day Reactor Start-Up Experience Program was offered for Boston Edison Company for twelve people in January 1990. The Senier Reactor Operators on the RSEC staff, J. J. Bonner D. E. Hughes, T. L. Flinchbaugh, I. B.
McMaster, and D. C. Raupach, provided the console instruction in the program and the coordination of the program was done by T. L. Flinchbaugh. M. H. Voth provided two lectures for the program.
The fourth session of the Pennsylvania Governor's School for Agricultural Science was held at Penn State's University Park campus during the sumer of '
1989. Sixty-five high school scholars participated in the five week program which began on July 2, 1989. The Governor's School for Agricultural Science -
includes introduction and experience in many different agricultural disciplines.
The section on " Radioisotope Applications in Agricultural Research" was conducted at Penn State's RSEC by Candace Davison and Carol Hodes of the Energy Technology Projects staff, and Ken Sahadewan of the RSEC staff. The students performed a series of experiments focusing on the fundamentals of radiation interaction and principles of radioisotope applications. The students were also given a tour of the reactor facility.
The Nuclear Concepts and Technological Issues Institute (NCTil) celebrated its twentieth year in 1989. The program was conducted from July 10 - August 4, 1989 at the University Park campus. The Nuclear Concepts program was designed to prepare secondary science educators to teach the basics of nuclear science, radiation, and applications and is offered as a special topics course in nuclear engineering (NUCE 497B). Twenty-two secondary science teachers participated in the program. One teacher came from Korea and the others came from the states of Maryland, Ohio, New York, Texas, and Pennsylvania. The program was supported by Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, Cleveland Illuminating Company, Duquesne Light Company, Edison Electric Institute, Limerick Comunity Education Program, New York Power Authority, Penelec, Philadelphia Electric Company, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, and the Korean Atomic Industrial Forum. !
The institute was coordinated by Candace Davison and was conducted through Penn State's Continuing Education Office. Joseph Bonner, Research Assistant, provided the main instruction. Other instruction was provided by Nuclear Engineering department personnel and Rodger Granlund, University Health Physicist. Guest speakers from government, research, and industry provided expertise for the technical and issue sessions.
15
Laboratory experiments are an important aspect of the institute as the teachers are able to have hands-on experience with radioactive materials. The laboratories were conducted at the RSEC under the direction of the RSEC, Nuclear Engineering continuing education (Davison) and Health Physics personnel with assirtance from Guy Anderson of the Bald Eagle Area School District. The laboratory experiments and demonstrations included: Characteristics of Ionizing
- Radiation, Radionuclide Handling, Neutron Activation of Indium and Silver, Complex Decay of Silver-110 and Silver-108, Plant Uptake of P-32 and Autoradiography, Neutron Activation Analysis, Neutron Radiography, and the
" Approach to Critical" experiment. Discussion and problem solving ses: ions along with a field trip to a radiation processing facility and Three Mile Island were included in the schedule.
As.in previous institutes, the participants in NCTII were encouraged to return with their students for a one-day field trip to the RSEC. A twenty-year reunion picnic was conducted on July 30 for past and current NCTII participants.
The University Reactor Sharing Program is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy. The purpose of this program is to increase the availability of the university nuclear reactor facilities to non-reactor owning colleges and universities. The main objectives of the University Reactor Sharing Program are to strengthen nuclear scier.ce and engineering instruction and to provide research opportunities for other educational institutions including universities, colleges, junior colleges, technical schools, and high schools.
Experiments were conducted at the RSEC for Grove City College and Juniata College. The University of Pittsburgh and Cornell University used the RSEC for research projects.
A total of 415 students and teachers from 21 high schools and 2 colleges came to the RSEC for experiments and instruction (see Table 5). Candace Davison and Joe Bonner were the main instructort for the program. Other instruction and technical assistance for experiments were provided by Dale Raupach, Dan Hughes, Ken Sahadewan and George Gaydos.
The RSEC staff and facilities provided educational opportunities for l teacher workshops conducted through Penn State Continuing Education programs. :
l Twenty secondary sr.ience teachers from the Harrisburg area participated in a full day program with laboratory experiments and activities on June 20, 1990 as
- part of the course " Exploring the Nuclear Option." Thirty-eight teachers l participating in the ENTER 2000 conference toured the RSEC to learn more about nuclear energy and its role in meeting the nation's energy needs, f In addition to the full or half-day programs with experiments, educational
- tours were conducted for secondary students and teachers, and the general public.
All groups, including reactor sharing groups, who toured the reactor facility are listed in Appendix B. The RSEC operating staff and Nuclear Engineering l Department continuing education staff conducted 89 tours for 1874 persons.
l The RSEC was used by several Nuclear Engineering and other courses during the year.
16
Semester Course Instructor Students Hours '
Sumer 1989 NucE 497B-Nuclear Concepts C.C. Davison 22 2 Sumer 1989 NucE 420-Radiological Safety E.S. Kenney 10 2 Sumer 1989 NucE 444-Nucleer Reactor J.J. Bonner 4 23 Operations Fall 1989 NucE 444-Nuclear Reactor J.J. Bonner 6 28 Operations '
Fall 1989 NucE 451-Reactor Physics E.S. Kenney, 19 40 W.A. Jester '
Fall 1989 Physics 599-Special Topics P.E. Sokol 2 12 Spring 1990 NucE 450-Radiation Detection G.L. Catchen, 17 10 and Measurement W.A. Jester Spring 1990 NucE 505-Reactor Instrumentation E.S. Kenney 7 1 and Control Spring 1990 Entomology 456-Insect Pest A. Hower 4 2 Management Spring 1990 EMch 440-Nondestructive C.E. Bakis 25 1 Evaluation of Flows Spring 1990 EMeh 535-Crystal Defects and B. Tittman 10 1 Mechanical Response Sumer 1990 SciEd 497-Exploring the Nuclear C.C. Davison 24 4 Option I
The RSEC operating staff also served the Nuclear Engineering Department and other University departments and colleges in the following ways.
Six health physics graduate students of D. J. Strom from the University of ;
Pittsburgh used RSEC laboratories and toured the RSEC in a four-hour program conducted by the Penn State Health Physics staff during the Sumer 1989 Semester.
In December of 1989, 36. University Police Services personnel were given training e.nd retraining sessions by J. J. Bonner at the RSEC to ensure familiarity with the facilities and to meet Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirements. -
Assisting the reactor operating staff and continuing education staff in carrying our the above mentioned educational programs were several other staff members. S. K. Ripka and J. L. Wellar provided secretarial services, D. S.
Vonada and M. E. Bryan provided electronic design and maintenance services, and K. E. Rudy, R. L. Eaken, and J. E. Armstrong provided mechanical maintenance services.
During the past year, the RSEC operating staff has maintained reactor operator competence and safe facility operation through training and requalification, and shared the many man-years of operating experience with l operator trainees from utilities. The RSEC and continuing education staffs have i disseminated knowledge directly to the general public through tours and indirectly through programs such as Nuclear Concepts for high school teachers.
Many educational opportunities have been provided to students in university courses both nuclear and non-nuclear.
17 l
)
TABLE 5-University Reactor Sharing Program ;
College and High School Groups ;
1989-1990 Academic Year :
f Those who came to the RSEC for experiments received instruction on the basics of radiation and nuclear energy and received a tour of the facility. !
-All but one group conducted the Approach to Critical Experiment with the reactor. Most groups also did one of the other experiments listed below, r i
Gantna Ray Spectroscopy Neutron Activation and Complex Decay of Silver ,
Barium-137m Decay or Silver Decay Neutron Activation Analysis .
Relative Stopping Powers for a, S, and y in Air, Aluminum, and Lead ~[
1 r SCHOOL AND NUMBER OF f!
DATE TEACHER STUDENTS & TEACHERS F 11/8/89 Wyomissing High School 17 l Charles Bell 6 l 11/29/89 Southside High School 36 -
R. Shaner ;
i 12/13/89 Carlisle High School 59 i Ken Egulf, Robert Barrick ,
1/10/90 Jersey Shore High School 14 Jim Allan 2/19/90 State College Figh School 17 Sara Bressler lL 2/22/90 State College High School 20-
. Sara Bressler -t L :;
3/6/90 Westmont Hilltop High School 22 !
Tom fioore >
3/7/90 Daniel Boone High School 14 Larry Tobias 3/13/90 Red Land High School 17 George Farley i I 3/21/90 Bellefonte High School 15 Scott Williams l 3/22/90 Twin '/ alley High School 24 Doug Mountz f
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.l 3, t4/6/90 Chartiers-Houston High School 20;
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Helen Wicker I
! i 4/20/90 Warren Area High School 4
-Den Giffin !
4/26/90 Juniata College 3 l Norm Siems ;
4/26/90 Grove City College 5 u
Richard Leo .
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'4/27/90 St. . Mary's High_ School 25 .!
William Scilingo i
, 4/27/90 Ridgway High School 16 l c Ernest Koos '
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.4/30/90 Northern Bedford High School 10 ,
Michele Claar '!
4/30/90 Marion Center High School 7 John Petrosky l
-5/8/90 Muncy High School 29 Harold Shrimp 5/11/90' Carmichael-High School 16
. Pat Gibson 5/22/90 Northeastern High School 15 i Greg Cauller i
.6/1/90 Suffern.High School 10 j '
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VI. NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY The Neutron Beam Laboratory (NBL) is one of the experimental facilities that is a part of the RSEC. A well collimated beam of neutrons, thermalized by ,
a 0:0 thermal column, is passed into the NBL for use in non-destructive testing !
and evaluation. Work now being done utilizes a Real Time Neutron Image Intensifier, t,y Precise Optics, Inc., for real time radiography. The beam is also being used for static neutron radiography and neutron attenuation studies, and flash r6diography. utilizing pulsing. There is also equipment available to digitize the real time radiography images for image processing.
The NBL was established partially with fynds from the U.S. Department of Energy with matching funds from the University. The Neutron Beam Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University RSEC was established to:
- 1) educate students and the public on an important use of neutrons from a research reactor, s
- 2) establish a demonstration center, " Neutrons in Action," to show that their use is beneficial to mankind, and
- 3) expand the use of neutron radiography in research, both as a tool for .
improving'the development of U.S. industrial products and to develop new information in other fields of science and engineering.
Unfortunately, there has not been any funded research conducted in the last year utilizing the beam lab. However, Dhushy Sathianathan has been doing some pilot studies in support of proposals to take advantage of the laboratory's capabilities.
7 During the Fall 1990 semester, Dr. Sokol of the Physics Department conducted a graduate laboratory project utilizing the neutron beam. The experiment used a chopper to measure the neutron energy spectrum of the beam.
Dr. Sokol plans to further develop this experiment and others for future laboratory instruction.
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VII. RADIONUCLEAR APPLICATIONS LABORATORY Personnel of the Radionuclear Applications Laboratory provide consulting and technical assistance to those University research personnel who wish to utilize some type of radionuclear technique in their research. The majority of these research projects involve some sort of neutron activation procedure, but the staff is qualified to provide. services in radioactive tracer techniques, radiation gauging, radiation processing, and in the production of i radioisotopes for laboratory, radionuclear medicine and industrial use. l Analyses of samples were performed for Penn S+ ate students and faculty I members who had samples which needed to be'analyzeo and did not have time to ,
learn to do their own analyses. In addition to these, laboratory personnel J have worked closely with Dr. Ralph Huma of the Penn State University and Dr.
Donald Lisk of Cornell University in conducting research on the trace elements in fly ash.
Approximately 230 irradiations of semiconductors were made during the I last year for several electronic companies. Laboratory personnel prepared each group of samples for irradiation, provided fast neutron dosimetry, determined the radioisotopes produced in the devices, packaged and shipped the devices back to the companies. In addition to semiconductors, many analyses were performed for other industrial customers.
Laboratory personnel continue to supply support for the operation of the RSEC doing analysis of water, air monitor filters and various types of other ;
samples. During the last year, both thermal and fast neutron dosimetry measurements were made for all the regularly used irradiation facilities. The -
neutron energy spectrum inside the irradiation tubes used for radiation hardening of semiconductors was re-evaluated. Data from flux foils irradiated >
inside the tubes was forwarded to Mr. John G. Kelly, Sandia National Laboratories, for processing. Mr. Kelly used the SAND 11 computer program and the ENDV/B-V cross sections in performing the analysis. The results of his analysis showed good agreement with the evaluation made last year by RSEC -
personnel. The small difference in the results is most likely the result of Mr. Kelly's having a newer version of the neutron cross section listing than was available for RSEC use. -
A new xenon gas filled gamma detector system is now available for determining the gama dose received by semiconductros while being irradiated.
The GeLi detector multichannel analyzer system which was installed last year near the reactor poolside has been utilized in assisting with release of samples from the pool. ,
On January 5, 1990, a neutron activation analysis workshop was conducted at the RSEC. The workshop was attended by 11 potential users of the reactor.
The workshop consisted of three lectures, a laboratory session and a tour of the RSEC. Dr. Gary Catchen's lecture was on the physics of neutron activation and radioactive decay. Dr. William Jester lectured on the operation of.
radiation detectors and multichannel analyzers, and Dale Raupach lectured on sample preparation, irradiation of samples, the use of multichannel analyzer-detector systems and interpretation of the data acquired from the ,
analyzer system. fir. Raupach also conducted a laboratory session which ,
demonstrated the capabilities of NAA to do trace element analyses. The conclusion of the workshop was a tour of the RSEC which highlighted the various research facilitics available for experimenter use.
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I Vi!!. LOW LEVEL RADIATION MONITORING LABORATORY
- e staff of the Low Level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory (LLRML) provides analytical and environmental monitoring services to community water suppliers, private laboratories, utilities and researchers at the University.
The LLRML was established in 1979 to assist the water supply companies of Pennsylvania in meeting their Safe Drinking Water Act requirements. It is currently certified by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (PA DER) to perform gross alpha, gross beta, radium-226, and radium-228 analyses on drinking water. The LLRML is also a PA DER certified radon laboratory capable of analyzing charcoal canisters.
One requirement for maintaining PA DER certification is participation in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory Intercomparison Studies Program and the U.S. EPA National Radon Measurement Proficiency Program. These programs involve the analysis of numerous blind samples which have been spiked with the radionuclides for which the laboratory is certified. Results from these analyses are then submitted for comparison with all other participating laboratories.
Most of the work performed at the LLRML involves the analysis of water samples for natural radiation (gross alpha, radium-226, radium-228 and radon) and the analysis of charcoal canisters for airborne radon. Other analytical capabilities of the laboratory include strontium-89, strontium-90, radon and tritium analysis of water samples and gamma-ray spectroscopy analysis of various sample media. The laboratory can also provide environmental monitoring services and spiked sample preparation services to utilities, and conduct research both independent and in cooperation with other University researchers.
A spiked sample program was established in 1985 for Pennsylvania Power and Light Company (PP&L). This program is used to ensure analytical quality control of both the sending and receiving laboratories. Using various types of sample media, the LLRML prepares samples of known isotopic concentration, analyzes them, and then splits them in half, shipping them to PP&L's REMP OC Laboratory in Allentown and Controls for Environmental Pollution Inc. in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Thermoluminescent dosimeters are also processed quarterly for PP&L.
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IX. THE ANGULAR CORRELATIONS LABORATORY The Angular Correlations Laboratory has been in operation for
-approximately 4 years. The laboratory, which is located in Room 116 of the RSEC, is under the direction of Professor Gary L. Catchen. The laboratory contains a four-detector-apparatus for making Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) Spectroscopy measurements. The apparatus measures eight coincidences simultaneously using cesium fluoride detectors. The det1tetors and electronics provide a nominal time resolution of 1 nsec FWHM, which places the measurements at the state-of-the-art in the field of Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy.
Currently, Penn State has a unique research program that uses PAC Spectroscopy to characterize technologically important electrical and optical materials. This program represents the synthesis of ideas from two traditionally very different branches of chemistry, materials chemistry and nuclear chemistry. Although the scientific questions are germane to the field of materials chemistry, the PAC technique and its associated theoretical basis have been part of the fields of nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry for several decades.
The PAC technique is based on substituting a radioactive probe atom such as either 58 In or "8Hf into a specific site in a chemical system. Because these atoms have special nuclear properties, the nuclear (electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole) moments of these atoms can interact with the electric field gradients (efgs) and hyperfine magnetic fields produced by the extranuclear environment.
Static nuclear electric quadrupole interactions can provide a measure of the strength and synnetry of the crystal field in the vicinity of the probe nucleus. In the case of static interactions, the vibrational motion of the atoms in the lattice is very rapid relative to the PAC timescale, i.e.,
0.1-500 nsec. As a result, the measured efg appears to arise from the time-averaged positions of the atoms, and the sharpness of the spectral linese reflects this " motional narrowing" effect. In contrast to static interactions, time-varyina interactions arise when the efg fluctuates during i the intermediate-state lifetime. These interactions can provide information about defect and ionic transport. The effect of the efg fluctuating in either strength or direction, which can be caused, for example, by ions " hopping" in and out of lattice sites, is to destroy the orientation of the intermediate state. Experimentally, this loss of orientation appears as the attenuation or
" smearing-out" of the angular correlation. And, often a correspondence can be made between the rate of attenuation and frequency ot the motion that produced the attenuation.
Magnetic hyperfine interactions, which can be measured in ferromagnetic and paramagnetic bulk and thin-film materials, are used to study the effects of defects and lattice distortions in metal and semiconducting structures that have nominal cubic symmetry. The general approach is to measure the magnetic hyperfine interaction in a material with few defects. The cubic symmetry requires that the electric quadrupole interaction vanishes. When either defects or distortions are produced, a quadrupole interaction arises that attenuates the usually-well-defined magnetic interactions. Thus, the analysis of this attenuation can provide information, for example, about the type of defect that produced the quadrupole interaf'.an.
27
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Current Activities
.c During the last year, the PAC technique has been used to investigate ;
phase transitions and local ordering in ferroelectric perovskites such as lead titanate and barium titanate. These compounds and other related materials are
'widely used as dielectric materials for capacitors, piezoelectri; transducer
/ ,! materials, and thin-film elements for random access memories. Static nuclear ,
'/ quadrupole interactions measured in these materials have provided new i information about displacive (paraelectric-to-ferroelectric) phase transitions .
such as the critical behavior of the (titanium-site) electric field gradient i at temperatures near the transition temperature. Time-varying interar ions, which produce nuclear spin relaxation, have provided information about order-disorder effects associated with the phase transition such as the rate :
of titanium-ion jumping between off-center sites in the lattice. This investigation has produced some unique evidence that supports an order-disorder model of the paraelectric-to-ferroelectric phase transitions in ;
these structures. This evidence along with other supporting measurements indicates that the established displacive (soft-mode) model is at best incomplete and perhaps wrong.
Planned Activities The current plans are to continue the research on the ferroelectric materials. This work will have s!veral parallel thrusts. In particular, since few of the AB0 perovskites have been investigated, similar measurements need to be performed on KNb0s, KT40s, and similar materials. The objectives are to extend the scope of the da.a base and to evaluate the effects of different B-ion valences. A particular interesting and technologically important family of ferroelectrics is the relaxor type, of which Pb(Sc.,iTa.,i)0 is an example. They have unusual electrical properties, and these properties are thought to be caused by local disorder in the B-ion composition. In addition, these relaxor ferroelectrics can be prepared so that they have conventional ferroelectric electrical properties. This feature means that parallel measurements can be made on relaxor-prepared and conventionally-prepared samples that have the s1me stoichiometry. The experimental objective is to compare linebroadening effects that can be related to relaxor disorder. This comparison could delineate whether the disorder is either a static or a dynamic effect. In another project, experiments will be Jerformed on materials such as BaTi0 that can be prepared in a reduced, oxygen deficient form. These materials have quite different electrical properties than their stoichiometric counterparts as they are conductive. Under the proper conditions of temperature and oxygen partial pressure, oxygen vacancy transport rates would be measured. This information could lead to developing a good model for defect transport in these materials.
Moreover, since defect kinetics are not well understood but are thought to be responsible for many technical problems, such a model could have a positive impact on the electronics industry.
Another important area of research in electronic materials is the characterization of chemical interactions on molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE) produced surfaces. In principle, the PAC technique can measure the strength and symetry of the chemical bonding of the 5 5 5In probe atom on MBE-produced surfaces of gallium arsenide and other III-V materials. Currently, electron scattering is the predominant technique that is used to evaluate the 28
morphology of MBE-produced Ill-V surfaces. But, these measurements do not provide any detailed, microscopic information about for example, the effects of step edges and kinks on the chemical bonding of impinging atoms on these surfaces. The PAC technique, which would use the **81n probe, could be used to measure these effects. Moreover, during the last decade, a German group has shown thet PAC measurements on Cu and Culn surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum are feasibir sand that the measurea?nts do provide information about :hemical bonding or. MBE-produced surfaces. A project of this type requires a collaboration between an expert in '4B'-produced surfaces and an expert in PAC spectroscopy. Penn State has such er. expert; namely Professor David L. Miller of the Department of Electrical Engineering. The Center fo. Electronics x Materials and Proc 2ssing (of the College of Engineering) has a large O state-of-the-art Varian MBE machine. But, to dope the MBE-produced surfaces, a small, dedicated ultrahigh vacuum chamber needs to be added to the existing MBE system to prevent contamination of the main system. A,s a result, this particular project will be pursued as resources become available.
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- Hardness and Microhardness Testers (Vickers, Rockwell, Knoop tiicrodur Ultrasonic Hardness Tester)
Materials Characterization 1
- 1 ISI SS-40 Scanning Electron Microscope I Backscatter Electron Imaging
. Absorbed Electron Imaging Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC)
Selected Area Electron Channeling (SAEC)
PGT Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis (model)
Peak Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer Tensile stage
- 1 J0EL 120 kv Trensmission Electron Microscope 1 Leitz Metal lographic Microscope 3 X-Ray Diffraction Systems GE XRD-5 Powder Diffractometer EPR test facility model 273 potentiostat/galvanostat IR compensation interface Lockin amplifier l electrochemical impedance interface Rigaku 2.0 kw Generator with
>X-Ray Residual Stress Measurements System (Tenelec gas flow position I sensitive dete tor and Nuclear Data multichannel analyzer)
Blake Double Crystal Diffractometer (Braun gas flow position sensitive detector and Panasonic MCA/ computer interface)
Norelco Microfocus X-Ray Generator Lang Topographic Camera Brimrose X-Ray Image Intensifier coupled to Sony CCD Camera and Datacube Digital Image Processing System Probeye Thermographic System Ultrasonic Flow Detector r LaserTec Scanning Laser Microscope 32
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7 X.. NUCLEAR MATERIALS bNGIhEERING LABORATORY The Nuclear Materials Engineering Laboratory was established during the
- past-year for the purpose of state-of-the-art. analysis of materials used for nuclear applications, with a focus on nuclear plant life extension (PLEX) i technology. The RSEC hot cells provide the core faci'ities. Equipment is provided for impact testing', tensile testing, hardness testing, fracture
> toughness testing, fatigue testing, creep testing, corrosion testing, metallographic examination, positron annihilation studies, light microscopy and electron microscopy. Facilities are also available for controlled-atmosphere heat treatment,_ ion. milling, EDM, electropolishing, etching, sputter coating, etc. The following equipment is available for mechanical' testing and mechanical characterization:
Mechanical Testing 2 Instron Universal Testing Machines high temperature clamshell furnace attachment environmental chamber tensile,'benaing, puncture grip assemblies; extersometer accessories 2 Instron Servohydraulic Fatigue Testing Hachines computer automated (Models 1250 and 8000) 1 Lepel induction heating system .
j 1 Instron High Strain Rate Testing Machine.(Model 1330) 2000 ft/sec displacement rate j Spin Physics High Speed Video Camera (Model SP2000) with Copper Vapor Laser :
Illumination (12,000 frames /sec) and Datacube Digital Image Processing -l System MTS Servohydraulic Multiaxial Fatigue Machine !
tension-torsion l Lepel induction heating system '
- 3 Creep Testing Frames .
1 Charpy Impact Tester !
1 High Pressure Compression Loading Machine i 2 Wear testers-pin on disk ;
bearing ;
Fracture toughness testing load fixtures electric potential
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t XI. RADIATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER- RESEARCH UTILIZATION Research continues to be the major focus of the. RSEC. A wide variety of research projects are currently in progress as indicated on the following .
pages. The University oriented research projects are arranged alphabetically by department in Section A. Theses, publications, papers, and reports follow !
the research description to which they pertain. In addition, Section B ,
provides examples of other university and industrial research utilizing the '.
facility.
The reporting of research informatica to the editor of this report is at the option of the r0starcher, and-therefore the research projects in sections-A and B are only r$p 33cniative of the research at the facility. The projects- '
described.involvvi # parcrt,10. publications, 7 masters' theses, 7 doctoral Ltheses, and ces so?ict honor's thesis, The examples cited are not!to be'
- construed al publications or announcunats of research. The publication of i research utilizing the RSEC is'the prerog4tive of the researcher, a
Appendix A lists all university,' industrial, and other users of RSEC- :i facilities, including those listed in sections A and B. Nancs of personnel l are arranged alphabetically under their department and college or under their.
company or other affiliation. During the past year, 56 faculty and staff members, 48 graduate students,.and 7 undergraduate students have used the. 1 facility for research. This represents a usage by 22 departments or sections-in 5 colleges of the University. ' In addition, 58 individuals from 30 .i industries,-research organizations, or other universities used the RSEC facilities.
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A.. PENN STATE.RESEARCH UTILIZING THE FACILITIES OF THE RADIATION-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER Anthropology Department NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF SAN MARTIN ORANGE CERAMICS FROM TE0TIHUACAN, MEXICO Participa*ts: James J. Sheehy, Dale Raupach Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Radiation Counters -
This project is investigating the production of San Martin Orange ceramics in the ancient _ Mexican city of Teotihuacan, during the Xolalpan Period (AD 450-650)..
It has been ' suggested by several researchers that pottery workshops in both the north and :quth sections of the city produced San Martin Orange ware. Neutron Activation Analysis-is being used to test the hypothesis that these workshops (
utilized different clay resources. One-hundred and eighty-two samples of clay '
powder obtained from quarries, fragments of modern pots, pieces of San Martin Orange ceramics, and a clay standard have been irradiated. Two irradiation schemes were used. including 1 Minute at 10 KW, using the rabbit system, and I hour at 950 KW in the central thimble oscillator. Counting on the samples was performed after both short and long decay periods to characterize some 18 elements. Calculations of the-amounts of the various elements present in ceramic samples are underway.
Doctoral Thesis:
"The Organization of Ceramic Production in Tla,iinga 33 Teotihuacan, Mexico," I Sheehy, . James J. , Department of Anthropology, Dr. William T. Sanders, _ advisor.
(In progress)
Sponsor: Hill Fellowship, $900 Ceramic Science Department SLOW CRACK GROWTH IN VACUUM
Participants:
Carlo Pantano, Armando Gonzalez Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation The project involves studying slow crack growth of brittle materials in vacuum
( <10-' TORR) . . Various glasses and single crystals have been examined. While not all of the crystals exhibit this phenomenon, all of the glasses tested thus far have.
Quartz is an example of a crystal which does.not show signc of slow crack growth in v .t cuum. At present it appears that this type of slow crack growth is tied closely to intrinsic defects in the material _ By neutron irradiating quartz samples at different levels we would like to see if it becomes-susceptible to slow crack growth.
At the highest dose the quartz should be nearly amorphized. The neutron irradiation of the quartz is complete, but the results are still to be-determined.
34
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Chemistry Department 4
POLYMER BLENDS OF POLY (ORGAN 0PHOSPHAZENES) WITH POLY (ORGANOPH0SPHAZENES) AND ALSO
' WITH ORGANIC POLYMERS t
Pcrticipants: H. R. Allcock, K. B. Visscher-Service Provided: Gamma Irradiation The purpose of this research is to prepare polymer blends composed of _ .
poly (organophosphazenes)/ poly (organophosphazenes) and poly (organophosphazenes)/
- organic polymers. These alloys will be tested as biomateria'is.
Polymer blends may occur in a single phase (miscible blends) or multi-phase (imiscible blends) system.. Both types of materials have great industrial -
application and their degree of miscibility may be determined by FT-IR, which determines intermolecular interactions; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), which allows one to look at the individual domains within the system; and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), which shows the thermal transitions of the material.
The ideal polymer blend biomaterial would be composed of both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic component-the hydrophilic portion allows partial solubility _in aqueous media, and the hydrophobic portion-prevents-complete dissolution in aqueous media.
We have investigated the blending properties of.the follow 1.g
. poly (organophosphazenes):
[NP(HNCH3)]0HCH:0CH3):]n
[NP(0CH:CH:0 Hydrophilic
[NP(0CH 0CF ):]n Hydrophobic -
[NP(0C Hi):]n
. The following organic polymers were blended with poly (organophosphazenes):
Poly (vinyl alcohol)
Poly (ethylene oxide) Hydrophilic Poly (acrylic acid)
Poly (vinyl chloride)
Poly (styrene) Hydrophobic ,
Poly (methyl methacrylate)
Poly (4-vinyl pyridine)
These polymers represent a cross-section of hydrophobic and hydrophilic poly (organophosphazenes) and organic polymers. The intermolecular interactions between. components (hydrogen bonding etc.) helps to induce miscibility in the material.
Blends of every combination of the aforementioned- polymers were prepared in many different concentrations. Thus far, DSC data shows [NP(HNCH3) ]n to blend mi sc ible with [NP(0CH: CH : 0CH CH: 0Ch 2 : ) ]n, poly (vinyl chloride), poly (styrene),
poly (methyl methacrylate), poly (4-vinyl pyridine) and poly (ethylene oxide)-all due
. to favorable hydrogen bonded interactions between the components.
- Along the same lines, [NP(0CH CH 0CH:CH:0CH3) ]n forms miscible blends with poly (vinyl alcohol) and poly (acrylic acid).
These materials may be crosslinked with Co gama irradiation to increase their strength and durability. Ultimately, these polymer alloys will be tested for biocompatibility and gas permeability.
35
Chemistry Department -
LAMINATION OF ORGANIC _ POLYMER SURFACES WITH POLY (ORGANOPHOSPHAZENES) .
Participants:
' H. R. Allcock,' R. J. Fitzpatrick, K. B. Visscher Service Provided: Gamma Irradiation The field of biomaterials is one of the fastest growing branches of science -
today.. In order to be an acceptable biomaterial,_a complex must be: compatible-with tissue surfaces, non toxic and non carcenogenic, chemically inert and stable, and must possess an adequate mechanical strength. Some comon biomaterials include polymers-such as-Teflon and Nylon, metals-such as Titanium alloys, and ceramics-such as Aludium oxides and silicates. Each type of biomaterial has its advantages and disadvantages-such as degradation and low biocompatibility.
Poly (organophosphazenes), however, break down to non-toxic compounds such as phosphates and ammonia upon decomposition and have, in the past, found many applications as biomaterials. ,
It is the goal of this project to develop a method of laminating common, established, biomaterials (organic polymers) with biocompatible poly (organophosphazenes) and to covalently link the materials at their surface interfaces by * *Co gama radiation _. induced crosslinking. In this way, the well estab'11shed biomedical properties of organic polymers are combined with the non-toxic, hydrophilic properties of poly (organophosphazenes).
Poly (organophosphazenes) may be prepared by the thermal ring opening expansion of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene. Following polymerization, the chlorine atoms may be replaced via nucleophilic substitution with alkoxy, aryloxy or amino substituents.
These laminated materials will be characterized using solid state NMR and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and contact angle measurements to show'the phosphazene polymer coating the organic polymer after irradiation.
These materials will be tested for biocompatibility, blood compatibility and gas permeability.
Chemistry Department INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS OF POLY (ORGAN 0PH0SPHAZENES) AND ORGANIC POLYMERS 1
Participants:
H. R. Allcock ;
I. Manners '
K. B. Visscher Service Provided: Gamma Irradiation -
The purpose of this research is to prepare Interpenetrating Polymer Networks l (IPN) of poly (organophosphazenes) and organic polymers. These materials may be used as biomaterials which combine a hydrophobic organic polymer dispersed in a l crosslinked hydrophilic phosphazene polymer matrix.
By definition, an IPN is, "a combination of two polymers in network form, at least one of which is synthesized and/or crosslinked in the immediate presence of the other. An IPN can be distinguished from simple polymer blends, blocks and grafts in two ways: (1) An IPN swells, but does not dissolve in solvents, and (2) 36
1 4 I creep and flow are suppressed." Therefore,-it is necessary to use poly (organophosphazenes) that can be easily cross} inked and swelled in aqueous environments for the first polymer matrix. One se:h material is
- [NP(0CH:CH:0CH:CH 0CH3):]n. This hydrophilic poly (organophosphazene) has been shown
- to crosslink readily under Co gama radiation and this radical crosslinking allows for swelling in organic solvents as well as aqueous media.
Poly (organophosphazenes) are prepared from the thermal ring opening-polymerization of hexachlorocylotriphosphazene. Once polymerized, the reactive chlorines may be replaced with alkoxides, aryloxides, primary or secondary amines to obtain stable polymers with properties dependent on the side group.
IPN's are prepared by first crosslinking [NP(0CH CH:0CH:CH:0CH3):]n by exposing it to 3 liegaRads 'Co gamma radiation. The crosslinked' polymer is then swollen in a organic monomer such as methyl methacrylate, styrene or acrylonitrile. The swollen, crosslinked polymer / monomer matrix is then sealed, under vacuum, and irradiated for 2 MegaRads 'Co gama radiation.
IPN's may be characterized in the same manner as polymer blends. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) determinos the thermal transitions of the individual components. IR and solution NMR spectroscopy trace characteristic functional = groups ,
in these polymers and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) enables one to see individual polymer domains within the material.
Thus far, samples of crosslinked [NP(0CH:CH:0CH:CH:0CH3):]n have been swelled in methyl methacrylate, styrene, acrylonitrile and divinyl benzene. These samples have been irradiated for 2 MegaRads and will be characterized using the aforementioned methods. j The materials prepared in these investigations should exhibit a combination of the properties of the starting materials-a hydrophobic portion dispersed in a j hydrophilic matrix. The ideal biomaterial would be composed of each of these types ;
of components-the hydrophilic portion would allow partial solubility in aqueous media while the hydrophobic portions would prevent complete dissolution in aqueous media. -Once prepared, these complexes could be used as materials for heart valves, sutures, artificial veins, membranes, drug delivery systems and many other uses. li Doctoral Theses:
"tiodification Studies of Poly (Organophosphazene) Surfaces and Poly (Organophosphazenes) as Biomaterials," Fitzpatrick, R. J., 1990, Chemistry, !
H. R. Allcock, advisor.
" Combinations of Poly (Organophosphazenes) and Organic Polymers: Preparation of Novel Biomaterials," Visscher, K. B., Chemistry, H. R. Allcock, advisor. (In
, progress)-
Publication:
" Radiation Cross-Linking of Poly [ Bis (2_(2-Methoxyehoxy)Ethoxy)Phosphazene]:
Effect on Solid State Conductivity," Bennett, J. L., A. A. Dembek, H. R. 1 Allcock, B. J. Heyen and D. F. Shriver, Chemistry of Materials,1, pp.14, L 1989.
i i
37 i
Dairy and Animal Science Department DIFFUSION OF NA+ THROUGH SURGICAL CANNULAS-Participant:.LA(Grippo; Service Provided:' Isotope Production
'To study bovine oviduct fluid, we surgically insert cannulas into cow oviducts and exteriorize them to the cows' flanks. We can then collect daily samples of oviduct fluid which we analyze 'for various constituents. We questioned the permeability of our cannulas to ions found in the physiological fluids contacting the cannulas in vivo. We chose 24Na, a small, strongly emitting isotope, prepared ,
by the reactor, to test. permeability of silastic, polyethylene,- tygon or teflon '
tubing. We found only negligible diffusion of 24 Na, from 9% 24 Nacl solution, through these cannulas bathed in peritoneal fluid or in distilled water. This information was included in two papers, one describing surgical techniques and one describing ion composition of oviduct fluid.
Publications:
"Cannulations.of Discrete Regions of the Bovine Oviduct," Kavanaugh, .J. -F., A.
A. Grippo and G. J. Killian, J. Investigative Surgery, in preparation.
" Cation Concentration in Fluid from the Oviduct Ampulla and Isthonus of Cows During the Estrous Cycle," Grippo, A. A., M. A. Henault and G. J. Killian, J.
Repred. Fertil. , in review.
Entomology Department, Pesticide Research Laboratory SURVEY OF ELEMENTS IN FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
Participants:
. Ralph Munrna, Donald Lisk, Dale Raupach Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation l l
Fly ash from municipal incinerators is being applied to agricultural land 5.
Heavy metal contamination of fly ash could potentially pollute agricultural-lands and' subsequent crops. Fly ash from numerous municipal incinerators were neutron activated with the Breazeale Nuclear Reactor to determine the percentage composicion of greater than fifty elements with focus on those elements of agricultural con,:ern.
Geosciences Department L l GENERATION AND MOBILITY 0F RADON IN S0IL L
l
Participants:
A. W.. Rose, W. A. Jester, E. J. Ciokosz, J. W. Washington, D. J.
e Greeman, B. C. Ford j
Services Provided: Radiation Counters, Low Level Monitoring, Laboratory Space I 38 l-
0 4
.. The controls on abundance of radon (Rn) and.. radium. (Ra) at 13 sites in _ eastern
- U.S. are being investigated in detail, using in situ measurements and studies of :
soil samples. Radium is enriched relative to uranium in v?getation and in the
- organic matter of soils. The 8"Ra in organic matter is strongly correlated with the 8'Rn emanated from the soils. Studies of the form of 8"Rn-(thoron) are also underway, and_we plan to investigate other U ;eries and Th-series decay products, such as 8 8'Pb and '"Th. Radon in soil gas shows large seasonal variations, due mainly to effects of varying soil moisture and varying air / water partition with temperature.
Doctoral Theses: >
"Raaon in Soil Gas," Washington, J. W., 1990, Geosciences, A. W. Rose, advisor. ,
(In progress)
" Uranium and Thorium in Soils of Eastern U.S.," Greeman, D. J., 1990, Geosciences, A. W. Rose, advisor. (In progress)
Publications:
" Form and Behavior of Radium, Uranium and Thorium in Central Pennsylvania Soils Derived From Dolomite," Greeman, D. J., A. W. Rose and W. A. Jester, Geophysical Research Letters, 17, 833-836, 1990.
" Regional and Temporal Relations of Radon in Soil Gas to Soil Temperature and Moisture," Washington, J. W. and A. W. Rose,- Geophys.' Res. Letters,17, 829-832, 1990.
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Energy, $300,000 (3 years)
Mechanical Engineering Departme t
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERNAL FLOW IN A TORQUE CONVERTER
Participants:
J. M. Cimbala, S. H. Levine, H ' R. Jacobs, F. W. Schmidt, D.
Sathianathan, D. E. Hughes, S. Cosgrove Services'Provided: Neutron Radiography, Laboratory Space The three year Chrysler Challenge Fund Project to investigate the internal fluid flow of an automobile torque converter ended in December 1989. During the-course of the project several fluid flow visualization techniques have been developed. The techniques involve imaging of neutron opaque tracer materials, such as solid or fluid particles or streaklines,'as they convect in neutron transparent ambient fluid. Surface flow visualization has also been demonstrated using neutron
-opaque tufts. In most cases the images were recorded =in video. format at 30 frames per.second or by high resolution ' snap-shot' photography using light-emitting intensifying screens. Limited success has also been achieved with a high speed video system which has been run at up to 1000 frames per second. Currently the-researchers are pursuing new applications for neutron radiography, Potential applications involve flow visualization in liquid metal reactors, ceramic molds, and two-phase fluid flow.
39
m o
-Master's Thesisi-
" Visualization of Fluid Flow:in an Automobile Torque Converter," Cosgrove, S.,
1989, Mechanical Engineering, J.' M. Cimbala,: advisor.
Doctoral Thesis:
" Neutron Radiography as a Fluid Flow Visualization Tool," Sathianathan, D.,
~ Mechanical-Engineering, J. M. Cimbala, advisor. (In progress)
~ Publication:
" Flow Visualization Through Metal Enclosures with Neutron Radiography," '
Cimbala, J. M. and D. Sathianathan, Symposium on Flow Visualization, ASME Winter Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 10-15, 1989.
Sponsor: Chrysler Challenge Fund, $272,000 Northeast Watershed Research Center (NWRC)
NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY OF GRASSES ON WELL AND POORLY ORAINED SOILS
Participants:
S. Barta, R. Schnabel 'j Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Activation Analysis-Timing and magnitude of nitrogen transport to groundwater differs at well and poorly-drained sites. Bromide is being used in conjunction with nitrate as a means of quantifying nitrogen recharge to groundwater and denitrification. Bromide
-concentration of drainage waters is determined by neutron activation. The first year of a 3-year project has just been completed.
Nuclear Engineering Department PERTURBED ANGULAR CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY: FERR0 ELASTIC RARE-EARTH NI0 BATES
Participants:
G. L. Catchen, I. D. Williams, D. M. Spaar, J. M. Adums, S. J.
Wukitch Services Provided: Neutron Irradiction, Laboratory Space, Angular Correlations Laboratory Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) measurements were-performed on two members 1 of the isostructural family of-ferroelastic rare-earth niobates, GdNb04 and NdNb0..
These compounds were prepared as ceramics doped with 0.1 ac. % of Hf that carried O the 5'8Hf/ Ta PAC probes. Nuclear electric quadrupole interactions were measured from 77 K through the ferroelastic-to-paraelastic transition temperatures Tc (1085 and 1007 K). Both materials exhibited electric field gradient (efg) parameters V zz-and n that changed anomalously with temperature. At lower temperatures the asymetry parameters n increased with temperature and passed through distinct, unusually-high maxima (n > 0.9)'. At higher temperatures, the asymmetries decreased
'until ~ they showed near-axial symetry slightly above Tc , The values of Vzz changed 40
R1 1 j
.., 4 Over the J
!slowYandpassedthroughminimaattemperatureswellbelowTc,iontoTe,the
, temperature range from several hundred degrees below the transit -
temperature dependences- of n for the two compounds were similar. These temperature
, dependences indicate that the PAC: technique is extremely sensitive to slight changes
.insthe coordination geometry'of the Nb-site.
Master's Thesia:
" Perturbed Angular Correlation Study of Several Ferroic Ceramic 'iaterials,"
Spaar, D. M., 1990, Nuclear Engineering, G. L. Catchen, advisor. ,(In progress) t
. Publication:
" Highly Asymmetric Electric Field Gradients at the Nb-Sites in Ferroelastic GdNb0. and NdNb0.," Catchen, G. L., I. D. Williams, D. M. Spaar, S. J. Wukitch, and J. M. Adams, submitted as a Rapid Comunication to the Phys. Rev. B., May i
-1990.
Nuclear Engineering Department PERTURBED ANGULAR SPECTROSCOPY: AB03 PEROVSKITES it'articipants: G. L. Catchen, M. Blaskiewicz, D. Spatr, S. J. Wukitch
. Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Laboratory Space, Angular Correlations Laboratory Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) Spectroscopy was used to measure electric field gradients (efgs) at the Ti-sites in the tetragonally-distorted perovskite .
PbriO3, which is ferroelectric, and in the orthorhombically-distorted perovskite
'CdTiO2 and the ilmenite CdTiO3, which are not ferroelectric. The PAC probe-J '8 5Hf/5 8 8To was substituted into the Ti-sites in these phases 'at concentrations of '
approximately one percent of the Ti concentrations. Nuclear quadrupole interactions
.were measured from 77 K to 730 K for the PbTiO2 phase and from 77 K to : 1260 K for the CdTiO3 phases. The perturbation functions for PbTiO3 'are characterized by high frequencies that show near-axial symetry and.that decrease rapidly at temperatures near the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition temperature T c. Also, they are ;
characterized by extensive linebroadening that increases at temperatures near Tc- l The perturbation functions for the perovskite.CdTiO3 are characterized by low-frequencies that show much asymetry n : 0.4 and by_ little linebroadenin0, and the associated efg decreases linearly with temperature. For the ilmenite CdTiO3,_ '
the perturbation functions are characterized by moderate frequencies that show .
< -near-axial symetry and by very little linebroadening. and the associated efg
> decreases wtih the three-halves power of the temperature. For both of the CdTiO3 phases, the asymmetries derived from the measured frequencies are consistent with !
the crystal structure symetries, and the lineshapes could be attributed. to static inhomogeneities. For the ferroelectric PbTiO2 phase,.the measured frequencies are ,
consistent with the tetragonal crystal structure. But, the lineshapes of the perturbation functions measured at temperatures near Tc could not be explained by purely static inhomogeneities. Instead, in contrast to the CdTiO3 phases, the 1.inebroadening at these temperatures was attributed primarily to a dynamic spin-relaxation mechanism. This particular interpretation supports an order-disorder model of the ferroelectric phenomenon.
41
a:
it
- Phblication:-
l
" Temperature Dependence of the Nuclear Quadrupole Interactions at the Ti-Sites in Ferroelectric PbTiO3 and in Ilmenite and Perovskite CdTiO3: . Evidence for Order-Disorder Phenomena," Catchen, G L. .- S. J. Wukitch, D. Spaar, and M.
Blaskiewicz, Phys. Rev. B., August 1, 1990, 11 pp. ,
I Nuclear Engineering Department CONSTRUCTION OF A NEUTRON DETECTION SYSTEM FOR LOW-EMISSION-RATE PROCESSES
Participants:
G. L. Catchen, E. S. Kenney, W. S. Hackenberger i
Service Provided: Laboratory Space l To observe neutrons emitted in a variety of low-emission-rate processes, .
several faculty members of the Nuclear Engineering Department at the Pennsylvania State University decided to construct a high-efficiency and high-reliability neutron I detection system. The design consisted of a half annulus of polyethylene in which I neutron-sensitive, gas-filled proportional counters were embedded. A 1 cadmium-polyethylene background shield surrounded its outer surface. The final !
L design consisted of six 8He-filled tubes placed about 2 cm from the inside edge of-i the moderator, which had an inside radius of 9 cm. Earlier versions of the system l used BFa-filled tubes, but the associated efficiencies were too low (-0.7% - 0.9%). ,
The 3He system, which had an efficiency of -4%, had adequate sensitivity for the '
intended applications of the detector system. l An electronic signal processing system was developed to provide a high level of- l confidence that the events recorded were caused by neutrons rather:than either some other non-neutron background radiation or electronic noise. This system consisted i of three levels of confidence. The first two levels were achieved.by a.two-fold- j L logic system that used a coincidence requirement and a gate. The circuit analyzed the energy corresponding to the signals and the associated pulse-rise time to test
! whether they were characteristic of neutron interactions in the detector. The third level of confidence was the characteristic pulse-height distribution of the neutron-sensitive, gas-filled proportional counters used in the cetection system. 1 The work that this sytem was developed for is still being done.
Senior Honor's Thesis:
" Construction of a Neutron Detection System for Low-Emission-Rate Processes,"
Hackenberger, W., 1989, Nuclear Engineering, G. L. Catchen, advisor.
. Sponsor: Office of Naval Research, $29,960 l
42
Nuclear Engineering Department
-TRITIUM CONTAMINATION OF METALS'
Participants:
1 W. Diethorn, A. Dulloo, A. Whitcomb, T. Flinchbaugh ,
Services Provided:' Neutron Irradiation, Laboratory Space,-Isotope Production, Machine-Shop, Electronics Shop Gaseous tritium (T:).is. processed in large quantities at a few U.S. sites which supply either defense needs or those of fusion power development. Tritium contamination of equipment creates problems in waste control, radiological safety and tritium accountability. The purpose of this study is to investigate with radioassay methods- tritium distribution and tritium desorption kinetics at elevated temperatures in materials of interest to the processing industry.
Master's Thesis:
" Development of Techniques for a Study of Tritium Contamination in ' Metals," 3 Whitcomb, A., 1990, Chemical Engineering,-W. Diethorn, advisor. (In progress)
Paper: ,
" Radioassay Techniques in the Study of Tritium Contamination of Metals," ;
D01100, A., Student ANS Conference (PSU), Spring 1990.
Sponsor: Mound Laboratory, L $34,000 per year, second year.
Nuclear Engineering Department A REACTOR PIPE WALL THINNING
Participants:
. E. S. Kenney, D. R. Wood, H. Lee, V. Wolfe, I. Missien 1 Services Provided: Machine Shop, Calibration Source, Electronics Shop, Laboratory Space i
EPRI and our Fermi group provided financial support to investigate the thinning of reactor secondary pipes using scattered gamma rays. Early in 1989, we concluded a set of collimator-tests using a 70 curie Cs-137 source and determined .that wall thickness could be measured to better than 2% on 3/8" pipe walls. The process was ;
too time consuming so we devised a wide aperture system for reading thickness data from spectral-changes. A series of Monte Carlo computations has been done to set up the next experiments which will explore image unfolding concepts to determine pipe wall inner contours. Support is continuing from the Fermi Group to expose wall cross-section reconstruction using techniques similar to CAT scan image production.
Master's' Thesis:
"Non-Destructive Examination of Pipe Wall Erosion, Using Compton Scatter Spectral Analysis," Wood, D.,1990, Nuclear Engineering, E. S. Kenney, advisor..
Sponsors: Fermi - $27,541 L EPRI - $30,000 43
J 1
l I
Nuclear Engineerino Departnent- ,
RADIATION VISION PROJECT
Participants:
E. S. Kenney, R.~ Gould Services Provided: Laboratory Space, Isotope Production
. Remote radiation survey equipment was sorely needed at Chernobyl but. adequate 1 systems did not exist. The current ~ state of the art still consists of a survey meter mounted on a robotic carriage, which scans an area at many points on a grid.
- This process;is both time consuming and somewhat inaccurate. The system we havel
- l. devoloped will overcone these limitations, and would provide significant savings in man-hours and man-rem over manual survey techniques.
The system consists of a collimated ionization chamber mounted in a scanning' <
head. The measurement = process is similar to that used in medical Computed Tomography (CT) imaging and consists of a series of collimator rotations _ and translations. The key-to this work is the use of a collimator to provide position
- information with a position insensitive detector. In addition, an inverse filter image reconstruction technique has been used to reduce the distortion effects due to the scanner and scanning process _in the resulting maps. This technique models the
- distortion as a linear, space invariant degrading function which is removed in a deconvolution process. We have constructed first and second generation prototype -
scannert, and developed software to produce three-dimensional radiation-field
' iso-dose' maps. The iso-dose maps will be superimposed on three-dimensional
- computer,-aided design and drafting (CADD) drawings of the radiation area, aiding in! '
the characterization of the source of radiation.
Master's Thesis:
" Image Reconstruction for a Radiation Field Mapping Device," Gould, R.,1990, Nuclear Engineering, E. S. Kenney, advisor. ,
Paper:
"An - Automated System for Gamma Radiation Field Mapping," Gould, R. , J. E.
Tarpinian and E. S. Kenney, 7th Symposium on Radiation Measurements and Applications, Ann Arbor, Michigan, May 1990. '
Sponsor: Bechtel Construction, Inc. $18,986 L Nuclear Engineering Department NEUTRON ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS OF BORATED STAINLESS STEEL '
Participants:
D. dughes, B. Brown Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Flux Monitoring L
L l
44
i This project had three parts. The first part was to develop a technique and '
write a procedure to measure the neutron attenuation of borated steinless steel coupons. Thetsecond-part was to measure the attenuation of standard coupons ,
provided by Carpenter Technology, Inc.- _ The standard coupons had known boron content (as measured by mass spectroscopy by Carpenter Technology, Inc.)- The last part was to measure the attenuation of production coupons. These attenuations were then ,
used by Carpenter Technology to compare with the standard for verification of the boron content of the production material, ,
Sponsor: Carpenter Technology, $5700 h iear Engineering Department ,
PROPERTIES OF THE NEUTRON ABSORBER MATERIAL BORAFLEX
Participants:
D. Kline, D. Vonada, D. Raupach Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Neutron Radiography, Laboratory Space Boraflex is reported to be a polymer similar.to polydimethylsiloxane with a B4C filler. It is used in maximum-density stwage of fuel elements to control the reactivity.- In some cases, the Boraflex performance has deteriorated af ter- some.-
years of use,:but somewhat before the hoped-for service life of the high-density-fuel racks.
Data from the literature concerning polydimethylsiloxane had been evaluated a few years ago, and Botaflex coupon monitoring is going on at storage pool sites. It is of academic interest to study some of the properties of the polymer using the nuclear reactor (PSBR). Boraflex is irradiated ~under particular flux conditions to study radiation effects on an accelerated basis. Although the Co-60 facility is currently somewhat under optimum source strength, it is expected that it will also be used when'significant radiation source (s) can be obtained.
It is hoped that results'can be obtained to explain certain aspects of the
-changes in= properties, and that they can be used by utilities throughout-Pennsylvania and the United States in estimating and/or extending the service life of the B.C-filled polydimethylsiloxane system.
An additional phase involves ascertaining property changes of in-service Boraflex. About once'per year a surveillance coupon from a storage pool will be sent to PSU and evaluated for radiation-induced changes. Also a piece of deteriorated Boraflex with a substantial irradiation history will be monitored for possible post-irradiation breakdown in a water bath held at controlled conditions.
Nuclear Engineering Department CHANGES EFFECTED IN WOOD AND WOOD PULP BY NUCLEAR RADIATION
Participants:
D. Kline, D. Vonada, D. Raupach Services Provided: Neutron ' Irradiation, Laboratory Space Pennsylvania has an exceptionally large timber industry (particularly hardwoods).- Wood usage far exceeds the use of synthetic polymers and it is the 45
- subject of a significant research effort. At PSU much of the research is carried out.at the Forest Research Lab.
_ Irradiation of wood and pulp is being carried out as an' adjunct for research to try to understand the physical property changes and to explore methods by which the
_ properties can be modified.
Nuclear Engineering Department -
FLUX AND FLUENCE DETERMINATION USING SCRAPINGS FROM IN-SERVICE COMPONENTS
Participants:
M. P. Manahan, H. S. Basha Services Provided: Isotope Production, Radiation Counters, Chemical Analysis, Laboratory Space The present stage of research consist of developing reliable methods for predicting the chemical composition and activities of chip samples cut from irradiated Charpy specimens. This work also includes the analysis of pre-irradiated-stainless and ferritic steel samples. The purpose of this work is to develop and benchmark a method for obtaining dosimetry data from scrapings taken from in-service components. 'The goal is to be able to take the scrapings from the vessel wall, and/or other critical support structures, obtain specific activities for the reactions of interest, and use these data for spectral adjustment to yield accurate flux and fluence data. This technology when fully developed will provide nuclear utilities with an attractive alternative, or supplement, to the current approach to-flux and mechanical property degradation prediction.
Doctoral Thesis:
" Flux and Fluence Determination in Light Water Reactors Using the Material Scrapings Approach," Basha, H. S., Nuclear Engineering, M. P. Manahan, advisor.
(In progress)
Publications:
" Flux and Fluence Determination Using the Material Scrapings Approach,"
Manahan, M. P and H. S. Basha, Journal of Nuclear Technology, accepted for publication May 1990, in press.
Nuclear Engineering Department NON-DESTRUCTIVE REACTOR MATERIALS EMBRITTLEMENT MONITORING FOR PLANT LIFE EXTENSION (PLEX) APPLICATIONS
Participants:
H. P. Manahan, P. D. Freyer o Radiation damage of materials in nuclear power plant environments is manifested in a variety of ways, none of which is conducive to long-term structural integrity.
The study of radiation damage and the subsequent material degradation has become increasingly important because of the nuclear industry's Plant Life Extension (PLEX)
Program. Much work has been done in order to better understand the mechanisms of radiation damage and, in particular, the microstructural changes associated with 46
?
neutron embrittlement. This research program will investigate the effects of neutron . irradiation on= ferritic pressure vessel steels using the recently acquired .
positron annihilation system.. Positron annihilation techniques have proven useful as.a non-destructive probe for studying defects such as microvoids or precipitates !
in solids. For life extension purposes, detection and quantification of microvoid densities is' essential to the characterization of steel embrittlement. The positron annihilation system will be used to measure the microvoid density in neutron-irradiated pressure vessel steel using a free-volume microprobe. This data, along with other microstructural measurements (light microscopy, TEM) will be used to develop physically based models which can predict material behavior such as -
strength, ductility or fracture toughness; currently available models lack temperature and damage rate dependence. For any future end-of-life extension plans, the. industry needs to be able to accurately monitor and model the material degradation process.
Master's Thesis: ;
"Non-Destructive Reactor Materials Embrittlement Monitoring for Plant Life Extension (PLEX) Applications," Freyer, Paula D., Metals Science and Engineering, M. P. Manahan, advisor. (In progress)
Sponsor: FEmil 4 Nuclear Engineering Department .
NINE MILE POINT UNIT 1 STRESS CORROSION CRACKING SENSOR POSTIRRADIATION <
EXAMINATION .
I
Participants:
M. P. Manahan, T. K. Yeh The precracked, double-cantilever beam sensors made of 304 stainless steel are going to be tested for different measurements in an RSEC hot cell. These' sensors were irradiated for 18 months and have been stored at Niagara Mohawk nuclear power plant for one and one-half years. . The activity of these radioactive. specimens has been estimated at about 3.25 Ci each. This high activity is mainly due to the Co-impurity in stainless steel. .
This coming project contains mainly 11 tasks; however, only 6 of them are "
included in this student's research. The tasks are sensor resistivity measurements, surface crack length measurements, stress field assessments, ceramic wedge dimensional measurements, fatigua cracking and crack length measurements, and-corrosion testing. The RSEC hot cells are now under modification to accommodate the project. All the required equipment is being ordered. The experiment should begin by the end of July. The technical work will be performed over a nine month period. ,
Nuclear Engineering Department IRRADIATION E/FECTS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BORATED STAINLESS STEEL
Participants:
M. P. Manahan, J. He Borated type 304 stainless steel specimens, provided by Carpenter Technology, will be tested to collect technic 61 information on the mechanical properties of the a
47
s materials, especially their JIc fracture toughness which is believed to be the most
'important indicator _ of the capability to resists fracture. Previous studies conducted by Dr. Baratta and his students of PSU Nuclear Engineering indicate that
'the-irradiation did not introduce significant mechanical property changes and the s irradiated specimens did not show the expected volume. changes due to the helium increase during.the irradiation. Current and future studies will concentrate on the i
- mechanism of the irradiation effects on these materials. The goal-is to achieve in- j depth understanding and critical technical data so that appropriate direction and guidelines can be established regarding the use of the materials for nuclear ;
engineering purposes. The compact tension specimens and tensile test specimens ~will be irradiated in the PSBR at fluence levels of 10" and 10 and then let to decay for 80 days. The specimens will then be tested in an RSEC hot cell. The activity is' estimated to be less than 0.7 C1. A large portion of unirradiated specimens will also be tested to provide necessary comparison-data. Currently, a computer automation of fracture data analysis is being designed. With the help of digital technology, the research process can be expedited. Our research schedule is to finish the testing and data analysis by the end of the 1990 year.
i
' Nuclear Engineering Department '
AUTOMATED THERMAL POWER CALIBRATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TRIGA REACTOR
Participants:
M. H. Voth, K. Sahadewan, D. E. Hughes, M. E. Bryan Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Laboratory Space Thermal power calibrations are routinely performed at the PSBR to establish a reproducible relationship between actual and indicated reactor power after changes in core _ loading, instrument repositioning and burnup. .
The new calibration technique will improve upon the accuracy, sensitivity, and
.the reproducibility of the present method. Three different techniques were evaluated.
In the chosen technique, the core is isolated in one end of the reactor pool by inserting a gate in the pool divider wall and the pool temperature is kept constant by controlling the flow through the heat exchanger. By keeping the pool temperature constant,-heat losses due to convection and conduction are minimized and-kept nearly constant. Two recirculation pumps mix the water, and transducers placed around the core face in a grid pattern will be used to verify proper mixing.
The AD590JH Two-Terminal IC Temperature Transducers are connected to an A/D :
card with multiplexer through which up to 256 readings can be monitored. The mass !
flow rate through the primary side will be measured by a NIST calibrated orifice !
plate. The heat rejected by the heat exchanger ((T in-Tout) x Cp x. flow rate) and
~
the calculated heat loss terms will be equal to the heat generated by the core.
. . Presently all equipment calibrations, theoretical projections and sensitivity studies are being completed. Statistical analysis of the data and modification of l the existing thermal power calibration procedure will complete the thesis project.-
Theoretically there is a 10% increase in accuracy and 25% reduction in uncertainty with this method and it is conveniently reproducible.
Master's Thesis:
" Automated Thermal Power Calibration Technique for the TRIGA Reactor,"
Sahadewan, K., Nuclear Engineering, M. H. Voth, advisor. (In progress) 48
i Publication:
" Automated Thermal Power Calibration Technique for the TRIGA Reactor,"
Sahadewan, K., H. Voth, D. Hughes and M. Bryan, American Nuclear Society- ,
Eastern Regional Student Conference Transactions Penn State University, March 1990.
i Plant Pathology Department BIOLOGY, MYCOT0XICOLOGY, AND TAXONOMY OF FUSARIUM SPECIES
Participants:
P. E. Nelson, T. A. Toussoun, J. Juba, L. V. Klotz, N..B. Onyike- f Service Provided: Gamma Irradiation ,
Fusarium species which cause deterioration of many cereal grains after harvest and produce mycotoxins on a variety of stored preducts, have been found associated with sorghum and millet grain used for human and animal food in Nigeria, Lesotho and Zimbabwe. -Fusarium species were isolated from millet and sorghum grain and from the ;
soil in which these crops were grown. The Fusarium cultures growing from the seed, plant debris or soil particles were transferred individually to carnation leaf agar, potato dextrose agar, potassium chloride agar, and soil agar. These cultures were grown at 23'C under a mixture of cool white and black fluorescent lights on a 12-hour photo period for 10 days and identified. A randomly selected sample of F.
moniliforme and F. nyganmi cultures was tested for toxigenicity, with the duckling bioassay and some of these isolates evaluated by isozyme analysis.
The most prevalent Fusarium species recovered from millet seed were F. equiseti (34.3%), F. nygamai- (25.5%), F moniliforme (23.6%) and F. semitectum (10.4%). On sorghum the most prevalent species were F. moniliforne (64.5%), F. nyganmi-(7.5%),
and F. equiseti (6.8%), while F.. oxysporum (37%), F. equiseti (30%) and F. solani (13.5%) were the most prevalent species recovered from soil. Other Fusarium species found associated with inillet.aad sorghum grain included F. chlamydosporum, F.
- graminearum, F. sporotrichicides and F. compactum. One group of F. nygamai cultures '
produced long chains of microconidia, and the second group produced short chains of j microconidia.-
-Toxigenicity-tests on randomly selected cultures of Fus6cium moniliforme and F.
nyganei showed 70.5% of the F. moniliforme cultures and 91% of the F.~nygamai cultures were toxigenic, and toxigenicity was not related to host or to location of the crop. Isozyme patterns showed a close relationship between F. .aoniliforme and F. nygamai which corresponded to the morphological resemblance observed between the-
-two species. -Differences between the two groups of F. nyganai, distinguished by the length of the microconidial chains, were not correlated with isozyme patterns or with toxigenicity Publication:
" Distribution of Fusarium Species on Sorghum Seeds from Nigeria, Lesotho, and '
Zimbabwe," Onyike, N. B. and P. E. Nelson, Phytopathology 78:1510, 1989.
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B. OTHER UNIVERSITIES' AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH UTILIZING THE FACILITIES OF THE RADIATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER University or Industry Type of Use Accuratus Corporation _ _
Neutron Activation Analyses Angeline Elizabeth Kirby Memorial Health Ctr. Environmental Analyses
. Applied Research Lab (Univ, of Pittsburgh) Neutron Activation Analyses Ball Seed Comoany Cobalt Irradiation Bechtel Construction, Inc. Gama Field Happing Bucknell University Cobalt Irradiation Bettis Labs Neutron Radiography
, Carpenter Technology Neutron Radiography Cornell University .
Neutron Activation Analyses Data-Metrics Semiconductor Irradiation Draper Laboratories Semiconductor Irradiation E-Systems Semiconductor Irradiation Fairway Laboratories Environmental Analyses Geochemical Testing Environmental Analyses Harris Semiconductor Semiconductor Irradiation Honeywell Semiconductor Irradiation Merck, Sharpe and Dohme Neutron Irradiation National Sanitation Foundation Environmental Analyses Nuclear Research Corporation Radiation Detectors Calibration Pennsylvania Power and Light Company Environmental Analyses P. R. Hoffman Materials Processing Corp. Cobalt Irradiation
- 0. C. Inc. Environmental Analayses Raytheon Semiconductor Irradiation Seewald Laboratories Environmental Analyses Tre.creo Isotopes for Tracer Studies-Tru Tech Isotopes for Tracer Studies University of Pittsburgh, Dept. of Geology Neutron Activation Analyses Westinghouse Semiconductor Irradiation 50
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!g, f[;;bF , APPENDIX A Personnel utilizing the facilities of. the Penn State' R3EC.
- n. ,
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE r.
Aaronomy
, Baker, Dale Bollag, Jean-Marc Professor Professor-4.
! Dairy and Animal Science
- Grippo,. Anne Killian, Gary Post-Doctoral Scholar Associate Professor
,Kavanaugh, John F.
Professor-Entomology Hower, A. Huma, Ralph Professor' Professor q
, i Food Science l
..Beelman, Robert B. Said, R. S.
Professor Graduate Student 1
,I Horticulture Craig, Richard Andre Professor Graduate Student
,' l Northeast Watershed-Research~ Center Barta, Susan .. Schnabel , Ron -
Hydrologist . Soil Scientist Plant Pathology P i
-Juba,idean . .
Onyike, N. B.
- Undergraduate Student ' Graduate Assistant
- Klotz, Lois V. Royse, Daniel J.
Senior Research Aide Associate Professor Nelson, Paul E. Toussoun, T. A.
Professor Professor 51
e .-. .
COLLEGE' 0F EARTH AND MINERAL SCIENCES Ceramic-Science and Engineering Gonzalez, Armando- Pantano, Carlo Graduate Student- Professor Geosciences Ciolkosz, Edward J. Rose, Arthur W.
Professor Professor Greeman,' Daniel J. Washington, John W.
Graduate Student Graduate Student Mineral Processing Phelps, L. Barry Associate Professor Polymer Science Brumbaugh, Jeff . Gordon, Bernard III
' Graduate Student Associate Professor COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING' Chemical Engineering Whitcomb, Alan Graduate. Student Electrical Engineering Poeth, Dean Graduate Student' Engineering Science and Mechanics Geiwont, Mark _
Semon,. Dan Undergraduate Student Graduate Student Jupina,-Mark A. Warren, William L.
Graduate Student Graduate Student Lenahan, Patrick M.
Associate Professor 52
B' '
p '
Industrial Engineerino Poeth, Dean .
3 Graduate Student t
Mechanical Engineering Cimbala, John M. Sathianathan, Dhushy Assistant Professor Graduate Student Cosgrove, Stephen Schmidt, Frank W. !
Graduate Student Professor a
Jacobs, Harold R.
Professor i Nuclear Engineering Adams, James M. Johnson, Walter Graduate Student Reactor Supervisor f
Alam, Khalid Kenney, Edward S.
. Graduate Student Professor ,
Baratta, Anthony M. Kline, Donald
. Professor Professor Emeritus Basha, Hassan Lee, B. S. _.
Graduate Student Graduate Student Batschelet, Rebecca Lee, Houlong Environmental Analyst-LLRML Graduate Student Blaskiewicz,' Michael Levine, Samuel H.
Graduate Student Professor Bonner, Joseph J. Lu, Shanlai Research Assistant Graduate Student Bryan, Mac E. Manahan, Michael P.
Electronic Designer Associate Professor Catchen, Gary L. McMaster, Ira B. '
Associate Professor Research Assistant Cheung~, Ha Missien, Ian Undergraduate Student Undergraduate Student
-Chung, Manho Nanayakkara, Basil
.GraduateLStudent Graduate Student 53
I . .
-Davison, Candace Raupach, Dale C.
. Project Assistant Reactor _ Supervisor Diethorn, Ward Rudy, Kenneth Professor Operational Support Services Supervisor Dulloo,;Abdul. Sahadewan, Ken Graduate Student Graduate Student Flinchbaugh, Terry L. . Sipos, Rick Operations and Training Manager Reac'.or Operator Intern Ford, Bonnie C. Spaar, David Supervisor, LLRML Graduate Student Freyer, Paula D. Vonada, Douglas S.
Graduate Student Electronic Designer Gaydos, George Voth, Marcus H.
Undergraduate Student Associate Professor, Director RSEC Goto, Dana Williams, James Graduate Student Graduate Student Gould, Robert Wolfe, Vernon Graduate Student Research Assistant Heckenberger, Wesley Wood, Dana-Undergraduate Student Graduate Student vannold, Eric- Wukitch, Stephen J.
Reactor Operator Intern Undergraduate Student He, Jianhui Yeh, Tsung-Kuang Graduate Student Graduate Student Hughes, Daniel Zarger, Michael Research Assistant Graduate Student Jester, William A.
Professor COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS Anthropology Sheehy, James J.
Graduate Student 54
,~ . , ;
a o COLLEGE OF SCIENCE Chemistry
~
Allcock, Harry R. Manners, I.. .
Professor Post Doctoral Assistant -
Bennett, Jordan Nelson, Connie
. Graduate.St dent Graduate Student Dembek, Alexa Pucher, Shawn Graduate Student Graduate Student I Fitzpatrick, Richard Visscher, Karen r
G'aduate Student Graduate Student ,
i Physics Fortner, Jeff Newton, Richard Graduate Student Graduate-Student Jung,. David R. Pilione, Lawrence'J.
Graduate Student Professor
'Lannin,-Jeffrey Sokol, Paul -r
-Graduate Student Assistant Professor Meegan, Doug Yehoda, Joe Graduate Student Graduate Student i
INTERCOLLEGIATE RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND FACILITIES '
Health Physics-Boeldt, Eric Hollenbach, Donald H.
Associate Health Physicist- Health Physics Ass'stant Granlund, R. W.
iUniversity Health Physicist q j i
-INTERDISCIPLINARY Solid State Science Newnham, Robert E.- Sullivan, Robert l . Professor, Chairman SSS Graduate Student 7
1 "
I l:
y l 55
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IllDUSTRIES - ]
Accuratus Corporation Cunningham, Bruce C.
Angeline Elizabeth Kirby Memorial Health Center Turner, Dr. John 0.-
Applied Research Lab (U.of Pitt.)
Fabec, Joe Ball Seed Company Meyer, Fred l
Bechtel Construction, Inc.
Tarpinian,JiE. '
Bettis Labs 1 Glickstein, Stan Vance, Will -
1 Boston Edison Company tireen, William Carpenter Technology Balliett, Thomas Brown, Bob ,
Data-Metrics _.
Wolfe, Peter.
Draper Labs '
Callendar, Will.iem Ostler, G. '!
Larsen, Duane Prizant, M. L E Systems, ECI Division Hebert, John Uber, Craig !
tiiller, Darryl r Fairway Laboratories a Markel, William L. Jr. 1 l
e 56 .,
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u Geochemical-Testino n
Bergstresser, Tim .
Harris Semiconductor >
Jamiolkowski,= Linda' l Merges, John F..
Honeywell j 1
Parish,.J.. O'Donnell, J.
Merck, Sharpe and Dohme b Morris, Vicki Wurtz, Edwin l
National Sanitation Foundation Miller, Michael P.
Nuclear Research Corporation
, Pandey, S.
i Pennsylvania Power and Light Hill, William A.-
P. R. Hoffman Materials Processing Corporation !
Kingsborough, Lee Kline, T. -
0.C. Inc.
Stacer, Nancy ,
Raytheon a Black, B. W. Roberts,.K. S.
Casteel, G. Shaw, R.
Christo, S. Stransky,.0.'F.
Enriquez, G..J. Surro, J.
Johnson, R..B. Triggs, B. 3 Marcucella, R. J. Wyshak , B, Norberg, M. 1 Seewald Laboratories 3 Chianelli, Robert E. 4 Tracerco Bucior, Dave ,
t 57
, j
Tru-Tech Blom, Rick Landry, Jeff Boothe, Mike Westinghouse Bartko, John tuinetti, Bill Gibbons, Jack Trautman, Harry UNIVERSITIES Bikerman, Michael Stroni, Daniel J.
Professor, Geology Professor of Health Physics University of Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Lisk, Donald Tonzetich, John Director, Toxic Chemical Lab. Associate Professor, Biology Cornell University Bucknell University MISCELLANE004 Various Cobalt 60 irradiations for-high school classes' research projects.
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APPENDIX B FORHAL TOUR GROUPS 1989-1990 Participants July 12 Nuclear Concepts 19 13 Nuclear Concepts 2 28 Enter-2000 Group A 23 28 Enter-2000 Group B 14 30 Nuclear Concepts 4 31 Nuclear Concepts 4 August 21 Incoming Freshren 8 31 hocE 301 6 31 Dr. Bielman's Food Science Class 17 31 Dr. Bielman's Food Science Class 19 Septenber 25 NucE 405 5 27 Physics Class R October 03 PA Association of Conservation Districts 29 03 PA Association of Conservation Districts 22 04 uscE 401 12 07 Parent's Weekend 11 07 Parent's Weekend 14 07 Parent's Weekend 18 07 Parent's Weekend 15 07 Parent's Weekend 13 07 Parent's Weekend 20 11 IG 50 5 13 Northwest High School 19 13 Northwest High School 18 16 Horticulture 407 24 20 Mate-ials Science 101 5 20 Materials Science 101 19 20 Materials Science 101 15 20 Materials Science 101 15 20 Materials Science 101 11 Nov nber 03 Williamson High School (Group 1) 16 03 Williamson High School (Group 2) 19 03 ACURI 5 06 Pa. Jr. Science & Humanities (Group 1) 6 06 Pa. Jr. Science & Humanities (Group 2) 5 06 STS Interest House 11 08 Wyomissing Area Jr. Sr. High 17 29 Southside High School 35 December 13 Carlisle High School - Group A 20 13 Carlisle High School - Group B 19 13 Carlisle High School - Group C 17 18 Police Services 20 20 Police Services 16 January 05 Neutron Activation Analysis Workshop 11 09 Den 5, Pack 82 Cub Scouts 7 11 Nuclear Engineering 450 17 17 Forestry 7 25 State College High School 22 30 State College Chemistry Class 11 59
February 08 Pine Grove Mills Cub Scouts 10 09 State College High School 13 10 Reading Teacher's Group 11 15 Entomology 450 6 17 Engineering Open House 350 19 State College High School 15 22 State College High School 20 March 05 EG 50 9 06 Westmont Hilltop High School 22 07 Daniel Boone High School 14 10 ANS 41 12 Agricultural Engineering 6 1.3 Redland High School 17 15 Bellefonte Professional Women 14 19 ME 440 Radiography Demo 26 19 State College High School Counselors 23 21 Bellefonte High School 15 22 Twin Valley High School 24 April 06 Chartiers-Houston High School 20 11 Boy Scouts and Parents 11 17 EMech 535 6 20 Warren High School 4 26 Belleville Mennonite School 9 26 Grove City College and Juniata College 8 27 St. Mary's & Ridgway High School 42 30 Northern Bedford High School 9 .
30- Marion Center 7 May 04 ANSTA 18 07 Cambria Heights High School 90 08 Muncy High School 28 10 Grier School 12 11 Carmichael High School 16 12 Graduation Day 1990 64 18-19 Math-Science Conference 135 22 Northeastern High School 15 June 01 Suffern High School 10 02 Engineering Alumni 2 08 Ralph Huma & Students 10 20 GPU Nuclear 24 29 GPU - High School Students 2 TOTAL 89 Groups T674 60 q i