ML20028E955
| ML20028E955 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Waterford  |
| Issue date: | 01/26/1983 |
| From: | Klare G LOUISIANA POWER & LIGHT CO. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20028E920 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8301280296 | |
| Download: ML20028E955 (14) | |
Text
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4 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Before the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board In the Matter of )
)
LOUISIANA POWER & LIGHT )
COMPANY ) Docket No. 50-382
)
(Waterford Steam Electric )
Station, Unit 3) )
APPLICANT'S TESTIMONY OF GEORGE R. KLARE ON EMERGENCY PUBLIC INFOTNATION BROCHURE My name is Dr. George R. Klare. My address is Departmant of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701. My title is Distinguished Professor of Psychology. I have been asso-ciated with Ohio University since 1954 in various academic and administrative positions.
I obtained a Ph.D. degree in Psychology and Educational Psychology from the University of Minnesota in 1950. Since that time, my teaching, research, and outside professional activities have dealt chiefly with the areas of reading, readability, and psychological measurement. I have written a numbu. of articles and books on readability and its measurement in various settings. A more detailed summary of my educational and professional experience and qualifications is attached.
8301200296 830126 PDR ADOCK 0500038
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9 In mid-September, 1982, I was asked by Louisiana Power &
Light Company ("LP&L") to review a draft of the "Information Brochure" intended for distribution to the public in the Waterford 3 area, in accordance with State and Parish emergency plans. The Company requested that I review the brochure and recommend changes to improve its readability withcut affecting its basic content.
The term " readability" is defined as that quality of the presentation and style of writing which makes it easy or hard for a reader to understand. I analyzed the document as requested, and then made changes in the document to improve its readability. Among these kinds of changes were the following.
- Made the format more "open," by using lists in place of continuous text, where pos-sible.
Made the sentences more comprehensible by limiting the ideas in each and by using parallel grammatical constructions.
Recommended that certain material be shifted within the document to present related concepts closer to each other.
This reduces the need to search for related information, and thus makes it easier for readers to get desired meanings.
Recommended that certain material be removed because it was not essential to the goals of a safety document and was signifi-cantly more difficult than other material.
Repeated certain key information in a standard format so that readers might store it in long-term memory or locate it readily in the document in an emergency.
- Used common words whose meanings are most j likely to be known to readers with limited
! education and vocabulary.
Used concrete (as opposed to abstract) wording to convey ideas and actions readers could picture.
Limited the distance between referents and the terms they refer to, thus removing potential ambiguity.
Modified the style by using active rather than passive voice in many sentences.
Modified the approach by using a personal style directed to the reader, rather than an impersonal style.
Drew, where possible, upon readers' existing knowledge (" prior knowledge") to make material more familiar.
Asked readers to be active during reading by suggesting places to turn to, checks to be made, and essential information to be marked on the booklet.
Asked readers to follow a worked-out example from a chart to help them get the correct information for their own use.
After completing my first edit of the document, I met with LP&L officials. I discussed the revised document with them, to assura that it met applicable regulatory requirements and that the substantive content was unchanged. For a period of over a month, I consulted almost daily with representatives of LP&L, 1
l to maintain the improved readability of the document while incorporating the comments of the following persons.
State and Parish emergency planning officials The Nuclear Regulatory Commission Staff The Federal Emergency Management Agency
( The Joint Intervenors LP&L personnel and expert consultants
9 Applicant Exhibits 13 and 14, comprising the booklet entitied "Waterford 3 Nuclear Unit Safety Information," is the product of that intensive effort.
I do not believe that it would be appropriate to attempt to reduce further the readability level of the document since, at some point, the message content would be affected. There are certain key words, for example, for which there is no adequate substitute. These include " emergency," " particle,"
and " radioactive." These are long words, by syllable count, yet the intended meanings are likely to be known by readers with very limited education.
In my opinion, the Waterford 3 " Safety Information" booklet clearly presents the information in a manner that can be readily understood by the public at large. The readability level is as low as reasonably can be achieved without compro-mising or confusing the message to be conveyed.
PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION (As of December, 1982)
George R. Klare Office Address: Home Address:
Department of Psychology 5 Pleasantview Drive 110-C Porter Hall Athens, Ohio 45701 Ohio University Athens, Ohio 45701 Phone: (614)-594-6032; Phone: (614)-593-3675 (614)-594-5964 or 594-5965 Birthdate: April 17, 1922 Married: three children Birthplace: Minneapolis, Minnesota Education: University of Nebraska (Regents Scholarship),
1940-41; major - Engineering.
University of Minnesota, 1941-42; majors -
Engineering & Psychology.
University of Missouri (U.S. Army Air Force),
1943.
University of Minnesota, 1946-50; major -
Psychology, minors - English &
Educational Psychology; B,A. cum laude, 1946; M.A., 1947; Ph.D., 1950.
Professional Experience:
(1) September, 1954 - present, Ohio University; Assistant Professor to Professor, 1962-1979, Distinguished Professor, 1979- , Department of Psychclogy; Chairman, 1959-63; Acting Dean, 1965, Dean, 1966-71, College of Arts and Sciences; Instructional Media Coordinator (Center for Instructional Development), 1972-75; Research Associate and Language Program Direc-tor, Computer-Aided Instruction Laboratory, Harvard University, 1968-69; Visiting Professor, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1971-72; Visiting Professor, The University of Iowa, 1979-1980.
Administration: Dean of College, working with 17 department chairmen in areas of humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences, and with approximately 350 faculty members and 3000 students, with assistance of one associate dean and two assistants to the dean.
Teaching: Undergraduate and graduate courses:
general, statistics, industrial, experimental, testing (selection), personnel and vocational counseling, psychology of communication, and programmed and computer-assisted instruction; graduate seminars in prose instruction and learning, readability, document research methods, and cognitive processes in writing.
Research: Research grant, 1981, Experimental Educational Services Fund, Ohio University (with G. Schumacher and F. Cronin); research contract, Human Resources Research Organization, 1979; research contract, U.S. Air Force.(as sub-contractor to Westinghouse Electric Corpora-i tion), 1977-78; research contract, Bell System Center for Technical Education, 1977; Fulbright travel grant, U.S. - U.K. Educational Commis-sion, for joint research with Michael Macdonald-j Ross of the Open University, England, 1977-1981; i research contract, Bell System Center for Technical Education, 1976; research contract, United States Armed Forces Institute, 1972-1973; research contract, United States Armed Forces Institute, 1971; Project Director United States Office of Education (Adult Basic Education) grant, 1968-70; Co-holder, Quill and Scroll Research grant, 1965-66; Baker Award, 1964-65 (European travel and writing); work on National Defense Education Act grant, Summers of 1962 and 1963; National Project in Agricultural Communications grant, 1958-1960.
Outside Activities: Consultant, Long Lines, American Telephone and Telegraph, 1982; Consultant, Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company, 1982; Consultant, National Center for Materials and Curriculum Development, University of Iowa, 1981; Editorial Advisory Board, The Reading Teacher, 1981-1982; Fellow, American Psychological Association, 1980; Consultant, American Telephone and Telegraph, 1979-1981; Editorial Advisory Board, Information Design Journal, 1979--; consultant, Bell System Center for Technical Education, 1978-1980; consultant, Center for Educational Experimentation, Development, and Evaluation, University of Iowa, 1978-79; consultant, Human Resources Research Organization, Alexandria, Virginia, 1978-79; consultant, Time, Inc. (Time-Life Books),
1977-1979; consultant, U.S. Army, Fort Benjamin Harrison, 1979; invited seminar, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, March 3, 1978; invited participant, NATO Conference on Visual Presentation of Information, Het
Vennenbos, Netherlands, Sept. 4-8, 1978; invited speaker, Institute for Perception Research, Eindhoven, Netherlands, Sept. 1, 1978; Best of Show award, journal article competition, 25th International Technical Communication Conference, Dallas, Texas, May 11, 1978; member, Advisory Board, International Reading Association Dictionary of Reading Terms,.
1977-80; member, Ohio Merit Scholarship Advisory Committee, 1977-1979; consultant, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, 1976; Expert Consultant, Ccnference on Reading and Readability Research in the Armed Services, U.S.
Navy Post-Graduate School, Monterey, Calif.,
Oct. 27-30, 1975; Advisory Editor, Instructional Science, 1975--; invited address, "A Second Look at the Validity of Readability Formulas," annual meetings, National Reading Conference, Dec. 4-5, 1975, St. Petersburg, Florida; consultant, U.S.
Navy Personnel Research and Development Center, San Diego, 1975; consultant, " Write to Read" Research Project, School of Allied Health Professions, State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1975; consultant, Bell System Center for Technical Education, Lisle, Illinois, 1975-1978; Invited Lecturer, Institute of Educational Technology, The open University, England, March, 1975; consultant, Electronic Systems Support Division, Westinghouse Corporation, 1975; Invited paper on standards for textbooks, Fifth International Reading Association World Congress on Reading, Vienna, Austria, August 13, 1974; member, Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Instructional-Development (Board of Regents, State of Ohio), 1973-1978; member, Symposium on Educational Technology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, sponsored by U.S. Office of Education and National Center for Educational Technology, September 23-26, 1973; licensed Psychologist, State of Ohio Board of Examiners, 1973--;
Editorial Board, Journal of Reading Behavior, 1973-78; consultant, Western Electric Service Division Training Organization, 1973; Associate Editor, Journal of Communication, 1971-74; consultant, D.C. Heath and Company, 1971; instructional staff, U.S.O.E.-sponsored research training session on the Psychology of Written Instruction, Columbia University, 1971; liaison between the International Communication Association and President Nixon's National Reading Council, 1970-72; consultant, IDA, 1970-72; consultant, Harvard Computer-Aided Instruction Laboratory, 1969-70; colloquium lecturer, Bell Telephone Labs, July 23, 1969; consultant, Boston Public Schools, 1968; Editorial Consultant, Reading Research Quarterly, 1968-69; speaker, National Symposium on Communicating Policy and Procedure, Main International Conference Room, State Department, Washington, D.C., Nov. 27-29, 1967; featured speaker, annual conference, Canadian Farm Writers Federation, Toronto, Canada, Nov. 12-13, 1967; Lecturer, NDEA Institute for Advanced Study in Educational Media (Featuring Programmed Instruction), University of Pennsylvania, July, 1966, sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education in cooperation with the University of Pennsylvania; member and speaker, Symposium on Verbal Learning Research and the Technology of Written Instruction, Columbia University, March, 1966, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research; Research Fellow, Summer, 1964, and consultant, 1962 to 1965, Resources Development Corporation; staff member and workshop leader, Madison-Florham Park driters Conference, Summer, 1964; consultant and lecturer in communication, First International Christian Writers Seminar, Green Lake, Wisconsin, August, 1962; Senior Research Engineer, Advanced Systemb Research and Development Division of Autonetics, a division of North American Aviation, Summer, 1961; Associate Editor (Communication Theory), The Journal of Communication, 1961-66; Executive Assistant (communication consultant), Computers and Data Systems Division af Autonetics, a division of North American Aviation, Summer, 1959; consultant and lecturer, communication training sessions, National Project in Agricultural Communication 1957-59; consultant and lecturer in communication, Committee on World Literacy and Christian Literature, sessions of 1958 and 1960; staff member and workshop leader, New York City Writers Conference, sessions of 1956 and 1957.
Honors: Listing in Who's Who in the World, Who's Who in America, and American Men and Women of Science; Best of Show Award, Journal Article Competition, 25th International Technical Communication Conference, 1978; Distinguished Proressorship, Ohio University, 1979; Fellow, Division of Educational Psychology, American Psychologicai T.ssociation, 1980; Oscar S. Causey Award, National Reading Conference, for Outstanding Contributions to Reading Research, 1981.
(2) January, 1952 - August, 1954: Research Associate, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois (Air Force Training Research Project).
Research: Direction of three to five persons in studies of the communication and learning of technical training material.
Outside Activities: Consulting with 3300 Training Publication Squadron, USAF, 1953-54.
(3) July, 1950 - December, 1951; Staff Psychologist, Test Division, The Psychological Corporation, New York, New York.
Duties: Test construction and research; text manual writing, editing and publication.
Outside Activities: Lecturer, Institute for Industrial Editors, University of Wisconsin, 1951.
(4) September, 1946 - June, 1950: Graduate Assistant (teaching, administration, counseling) to Instructor, University of Minnesota.
Duties: Laboratory assistant, and assistant to psychology faculty members; administrative assistant to Dean of College of Science, Literature and the Arts; educational and vocational counselor.
Teaching, Research and Writing Interests: Primary interest in teaching, research and writing in the psychology of language and communication and in computer-assisted instruction and programmed instruction; other major interests in personnel
! and vocational selection and counseling, l psychological measurement, and industrial psychology (including human engineering appli-cations); continuing interest in teaching and writing in general and educational psychology.
l Military Experience: Private to first lieutenant, U.S.
Army Air Corps, February, 1943, to December, 1945. Served as navigator on heavy bombers with l 100th Bomb Grou* in England; shot down over Germany in Dec( caber, 1944, and was I l l - _ - _ - - - _____ - ___
prisoner-of-war until May, 1945; received Purple Heart, Air Medal, Presidential Unit Citation, and area ribbons; honorably discharged.
Publications: See following pages.
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s PUBLICATIONS 1950 "Understandability and Indefinite Answers to Public Opinion Questions," :n'cernational Journal of Opinion and Attitude Research, 1950, 44, 91 1952 "A Table for Rapid Determination of Dale-Chall Readability Scores," Educational Research Bulletin, 1952, 31, 43-47.
"A Note on ' Simplification of Flesch Reading Ease Formula',"
Journal of Applied Psychology, 1952, 36, 53.
" Measures of the Readability of Written Communication: An
, Evaluation," The Journal of Educational Psychology, 1952, 43, l 385-399.
1953 "The Reading Interests of Airmen During Basic Training," (with L.M. Gustafson and J.E. Mabry), San Antonio, Texas: Human Resources Research Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Ncvember, 1953, (Research Bulletin 53-54).
1954 Know Your Reader, (with Byron Buck), New York: Hermitage House, 1954. Chapter 11 reprinted in Efficient Reading, edited by James I. Brown.
Review of Charles M. Redfield's Communication in Management, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1954, 38, 138-139.
"The Relationship of Verbal Communication Variables to Immediate and Delayed Retention and the Acceptability of Technical Training Materials," (with J.E. Mabry and L.M.
Gustafson), San Antonio, Texas: Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center, Lackland Air Force Base, December, 1954 (Research Bulletin 54-103).
1955 "The Relationship of Style Difficulty to Immediate Retention and to Acceptability of Technical Material," (with J.E. Mabry and L.M. Gustafson), The Journal of Educational Psychology, 1955, 46, 287-295.
I
"The Relationship of Patterning (Underlining) to Immediate Retenticn and to Acceptability of Technical Material," (with J.E. Mabry and L.M. Gustafson), Journa) of Applied Psychology, l')S 5, 39, 40-42.
"The Relationship of Human Interect to Immediate Retention and to Acceptability of Technical Material," (with J.E. Mabry and L.M. Gustafson), Journal of Applied Psychology, 1955, 39, 92-95.
"The Relationship of Immediate Retention of Technical .Trainir:g Material to Career Preferences and Aptitudes," (with L.M.
Gustafson and J.E. Mabry), The Journal of Educational Psychology, 1955, 46, 321-329.
Review of Eleanor M. Peterson's Aspects of Readability in the Social Studies, Journal of Applied Psychology, 1955, 39 141-142.
1957 "The Relationship of Typographic Arrangement to the Learning of Technical Training Material," (with W.H. Nichols and E.H.
Shuford), Journal of Applied Psychology, 1957, 41, 41-45.
" Student Reactions to Topics in General Psychology," (with A.H.
Fuchs and M.S. Pullen), The American Psychologist, 1957, 12, 219-221.
"The Relationship of Style Difficulty, Practice, and Ability to Efficiency of Reading and to Retention," (with E.H. Shuford and W.H. Nichols), Journal of Applied Psychology, 1957, 41, 222-226.
1958 j "The Relationship of Format Organization to Learning," (with E.H. Shuford and W.H. Nichols), Educational Research Bulletin, '
1958, 37, 39-45.
1959 Review of Jeanne S. Chall's Readability: An Appraisal of Research and Application, Educational Research Bulletin, 1959, 38, 49-50.
" Comment on ' Cinematography as a Method in Research'," Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1959, 6, 243-244.
1961
" General Models of Communication Research--A Survey of the Developments of a Decade," (with F. Craig Johnson), Journal of Communication, 1961, 11, 13-26.
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1962
" Feedback: Principles and Analogies," (with F. Craig Johnson),
Journal of Communication, 1962, 12, 150-159.
1963 "A Selective Split Level Bibliography on Programmed Learning,"
East Lansing, Michigan: Program Press, 1963.
The Measurement of Readability, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1963. Ncv available in facsimile (paperback) edition.
1964 "What Readability Can Do For You," (with Robert S. Laubach),
Syracuse, New York: New Readers Press, 1964.
Review of " Gyro Fundamentals," (a learning program by Stanley L. Levin), Training, 1964, 1, 10.
1966
" Comments on Bormuth's ' Readability: A New Approach'," Reading Research Quarterly, 1966, 1, 119-125.
1967 Elementary Statistics: Data Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, (with Paul A. Games), New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1967.
Measuring the Readability of High School Newspapers, Parts 1 and 2, (with L.R. Campbell), Iowa City, Iowa: Quill and Scroll Foundation, 1967.
Instructors' Manual to Accompany Elementary Statistics: Data Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, (with Paul A. Games), New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1967.
"The Interpolation of Instructional Objectives During ' Breaks' in Recorded Speech Lectures," (with Paul A. Games and F. Craig Johnson), Speech Monographs, 1967, 34, 437-442.
1968 "The Role of Word Frequency in Readability," Elementary English, 1968, 45, 12-22. Reprinted in J.R. Bormuth (Ed.),
Readability in 1968 (A Research Bulletin Prepared by a Committee of the National Conference on Research in English, 1968).
1969
" Automation of the Flesch ' Reading Ease' Readability Formula, with Various Options," (with P.P. Rowe, M.G. St. John, and L.M.
Stolurow), Reading Research Ouarterly, 1969, 4, 550-559.
1970
" Writing with a Helping Hand." In H.B. Pepinsky (Ed.), People and Information. New York: Pergamon Press, 1970.
1971 "Some Empirical Predictors of Readability." In E.Z. Rothkopf and P.E. Johnson (Eds.), Verbal Learning Research and the Technology of Wri tten Instruction. New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia W.iversity, 1971.
"Research Critiques," Elementary English, 1971, 48, 675-681.
1972 "The Cloze Procedure in Adult Basic Education," (note with Mark A. Sherman), Journal of Reading, 1972, 15, 624.
"Further Experiments in Language Translation: Readability of Computer Translations," (with H.W. Sinaiko), ITL (Review of Applied Linguistics), 1972, 15, 1-29.
"The Cloze Procedure: A Convenient Readability Test for Training Materials and Translations," (with H.W. Sinaiko and L.M. Stolurow), International Review of Applied Psychology, 1972, 21,77-106.
1973 "Further Experiments in' Language Translation: A Second Evaluation of the Readability of Computer Translations," (with H.W. Sinaiko), ITL (Review of Applied Linguistics), 1973, 19, 29-52.
" Analysis of the Readability Level of Selected United Stated Armed Forces Institute Printed Instructional Materials," (with Kim Smart), The Journal of Educational Research, 1973, 67, 176.
" Factors Relating to Correspondence and Other Non-Traditional Instruction: The Role of Readability." In Educational Resources Information Center Clearinghouse in Reading and Communication Skills, with abstract in Research in Education, November, 1973.
1974
" Assessing Readability," Reading Research Quarterly, 1974-75, 10,62-102. To be abridged in John Chapman and Pam Czerniewska (Editors), Reading: From Process to Practice (Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, England).
" Readability and the Behaviors of Readers." In S.A. Harrison and L.M. Stolurow (Eds.), Educational Technologies:
Productivity in Higher Education. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, January, 1974.
"A Reaction to Chicago's TV College: A Televised Open Learning Model." In S.A. Harrison and L.M. Stolurow (Eds.), Educational Technologies: Productivity in Higher Education, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, January, 1974.
A Manual for Readable Writing. 119A Roesler Road, Glen Burnie, Maryland: REM Company, 1975. .
Portions (16 pages) of The Measurement of Readability trans-lated into French and reprinted in Comment Mesurer la Lisibilite (Brussels, Belgium: Editions Labor, and Paris, France: Fernand Nathan, 1975).
1_976
" Judging Readability," Instructional Science, January, 1976, 5, 55-61.
" Selecting Textbooks: Some Preliminary Thoughts," (with Michael Macdonald-Ross). In J. E. Merritt (Ed.), New Horizons in Reading. Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress in Reading, Vienna, Austria, August 12-14, 1974. Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association, 1976, 316-330.
" Readability of Behavior Modification Texts: Cross-Comparison and Comments," (with Frank Andrasik and William Murphy),
Behavior Therapy, 1976, 7, 539, 543.
"A Second Look at the Validity of Readability Formulas,"
Journal of Reading Behavior, 1976, 8, 129-152.
" Comments," on papers by Curran, Muller, and elsewhere, in T.G.
Sticht and D.W. Zapf (Eds.). Reading and Readability Research in the Armed Services. Alexandria, Virginia: Human Resources Research Organization, 1976, 202, 265, 282-289.
1977
" Readable Technical Writing: Some Observations," Technical Communication, 1977, 24, 1-5. Received outstanding article award (Best of Show), 25th International Technical Communication Conference, Dallas, Texas, May, 1978.
" Readability," signed article in B.B. Wolman (Ed.), Interna-tional Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis, and Neurology. Boston, Massachusetts: Aesculapius Publishers, 1977.
Introduction to " Testing and Grading" articles. In S. Scholl and S. Inglis (Eds.), Teaching in Higher Education. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Board of Regents, 1977.
1978 "Re-opening the Cloze Blank Issue," (with Robert Rush), Journal of Reading Behavior, 10, 208-210.
" Factor Analyses of Three Correlation Matrices of Reacability Variables," (with Eileen Entin), Journal of Reading Behavior, 1978, 1C, 279-290.
" Assessing Readability," Chapter 1 (Section 4) in L.J. Chapman and P. Czerniewska (Eds.), Reading from Process to Practice.
London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, in association with Open University Press, 1978, pp. 248-274.
" Textbooks," (with James Hartley). In D.J. Unwin and R.
MacAleese (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Educational Media, Communication and Technology. London: The Macmillan Press, Ltd., 1978, pp. 770-776.
"Some Interrelationships of Readability, Cloze, and Multiple Choice Scores on a Reading Comprehension Test," (with Eileen B.
Entin), Journal of Reading Behavior, 1978, 10, 417-436.
1979 Review of The Visual Impact of Scholarly Articles, by May Katzen. The Library Quarterly, 1979, 49, 229-231.
" Readability Standards for Army-Wide Publications." Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana: Directorate of Evaluation, U.S.
Army Administration Center, 1979 (Evaluation Report 79-1).
" Readability of Materials and Student Comprehension." In Reading and Beyond, Report of the Helen M. Robinson Third Annual Reading Conference. Athens, Ohio: College of Education, Ohio University, 1979.
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" Differential Relationships of Two Veraions of Cloze Tests to l Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension," (with Eileen B. Entin).
In M.L. Kamil and A.J. Moe (Eds.), Reading Research: Studies and Applications. Twenty-eighth Yearbook of the National Reading Conference. Clemson, South Carolina: The National Reading Conference, Inc., 1979, pp. 68-71.
" Writing to Inform: Making It Readable." Information Design Journal, 1979, 1,98-105.
1980
" Components of Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions on a Published Reading Comprehension Test: An Application of the Hanna-Oaster Approach," (with Eileen B. Entin). Rrading Research Quarterly, 1980, 15, 228-236.
" Operational Consequences of Literacy Gap," (with J.D.'Kniffin, C.R. Stevenson, E.B. Entin, S.L. Slaughter, and L. Hooke).
Brooks AFB, Texas: Air Force Systems Command, May, 1980 (AFHRL-TR-79-22).
A Manual for Readable Writing. Fourth Revised Edition. 514 Crain Highway, Glen Burnie, Maryland, 21061: REM Company, 1980.
"A Possible Framework for the Study of Readability." Keynote address in T.E. Curran (Ed.), Tri-Service Literacy and Readability: Workshop Proceedings. NPRDC Special Report 80-12. San Diego, California: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center, March, 1980, pp. 3-16.
" Recapitulation." In T.F. Curran (Ed.), Tri-Service Literacy and Readability: Workshop Proceedin9s. NPRDC Special Report 80-12. San Diego, California: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center, March, 1980, pp. 86-89.
1981 Practical Aspects of Readability. Milton Keynes, England:
Institute of Educational Technology, The Open University, 1981.
" Student Behavior While Reading From Text," (with G.M. Schumacher). In Resources In Education, October, 1981.
" Readability Indices: Do They Inform or Misinform?"
Information Design Journal, 1981, 2, 251-255.
1982
" Readability and Comprehension." In R.S. Easterby and H. Zwaga (Eds.), Visual Presentation of Information. London: Wiley, 1982.
" Readability," signed entry in H.E. Mitzel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Educational Research. New York: The Free Press, 1982.
- " Readability and Behavior Modification Training Texts
- Updated Findings," (with F. Andrasik, S.R. Edlund, and R.A. Butz).
Behavioral Counseling Quarterly, in press.
"The Readability of Patient Consent Forms: Comparison and Cross-Check of Different Types from Different Sources," (with Ann Saville and Carl J. Denbow). THE DO, in press.
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