ML20003D924

1980 Monitoring of Cooling Tower Operational Effects on Vegetation in Vicinity of TMI Nuclear Station

ML20003D924
Person / Time
Site:	Crane
Issue date:	01/31/1981
From:	Friday G, Marcy B NUS CORP.
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ML20003D914	List: ML20003D913 ML20003D916 ML20003D919 ML20003D921 ML20003D924 ML20003D926
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{{#Wiki_filter:y a4 a a +e --.a 4 4 p-- A _,, 1 O 4 1980 MONITORING OF COOLING TOWER OPERATIONAL EFFECTS ON VEGETATION IN THE VICINITY OF THE THREE MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR STATION PREPARED FOR METROPOLITAN EDISON COMPANY ) I i gjo40to'l3/

O O 1980 MONITORING OF COOLING TOWER OPERATIONAL EFFECTS ON VEGETATION IN THE VICINITY OF THE THREE MILE ISLAND NUCLEAR STATION t i Lg PREPARED FOR METROPOLITAN EDISON COMPANY Q BY ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVEION NUS CORPORATION g i CLIENT NO. 3521 O JANUARY 1981 0 APPROVED BY: O Pae2x0% Bd #hauv, f,. MANAGER, PITTSBURG(f # G. P. FRIDAY, Ph.D.O B. C. M ARCY, JR. H OFFICE g M ANAGER, TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS DEPARTMENT ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION

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J TABLE OF CONTENTS g Page IN TRO DUC TIO N......................... 1 METHODS 2 J RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3 Structural and Operational Features of TMINS Cooling Towers............... 3 ) Effects of Cooling Tower Operation on Vegetation. 3 Distribution of Vegetation in the Vicinity o f TM I NS.......................... 4 (, Causes and Symptoms of Salt Stress 5 J Vegetative Stress Observed in the Vicinity o f TM I N S.......................... 6 Conclusions. 8 3

SUMMARY

9 LITER ATU R E CITED....................... 10 TABLES 12 U F IG U R ES............................ 27 0 -) -4

) LIST OF TABLES ) Table Page 1 PHOTOMISSION FLIGHT LOG 12 13 2 PHOTOMISSION FLIGHT LCG )' 3 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN RIPARIAN SHRUB LAND, OCTOBER 1977........... 14 4 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN 15 A STREAM BORDER, SEPTEMBER 1977............ 5 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN 17 A STREAM TERRACE FOREST, SEPTEMBER 1977....... 6 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN 18 A MIDSLOPE DISTURBED FOREST, SEPTEMBER 1977 7 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN 20 UPPER SLOPE FOREST, SEPTEMBER 1977 8 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN A 22 MIXED HARDWOODS COVE FOREST, SEPTEMBER 1977 ) 9 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN 24 A DISTURBED SERAL FOREST, SEPTEMBER 1977....... 10 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN 25 OLD FIELDS, SEPTEMBER 1977 ) )

INTRODUCTION D NUS Corporation was contracted by Metropolitan Edison Company to monitor the vegetation in the vicinity of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station (TMINS) as part of the environmental technical specifications for TMI-2 issued by the Nuclear D, Regulatory Commission. This monitoring program, which was initiated in 1977 and scheduled for completion in 1982, was designed to detect and assess the significance of damage (or lack thereof) to vegetative communities resulting from the deposition of cooling tower drif t. The following report presents the results of O the monitoring program, and summarizes the principal findings and conclusions concerning vegetative stress in the vicinity of TMINS during 1980. D J J ~J f .s ] 1 wp

.+ METHODS Vegetation in the vicinity of TMINS was photographed from an altitude of 3000 feet above ground level on 25 July 1980 with color infrared and color negative film. Flight logs of each photomission are given in Tables 1 and 2. Flight lines were D, flown in a north-south direction and are shown in Figure 1. With the exception of film type, lens filter, and temporal aspects, photographic equipment and technique for each annual photomission were identical. O Following development of the film, clear acetate was positioned over 9x9 inch color prints. Each print was subsequently examined with a hand lens and stereoscope, and areas of apparent vegetative stress were delineated with ink. Ground truthing of these potential stress areas was performed from predetermined D aquatic (island) and terrestrial (mainland) sampling transects (Figure 2) on 17 and 18 September by G. P. Friday and T.R. Rojahn of NUS Corporation, and T. R. Teitt and L. F. Toke of General Public Utilities. It should be noted that the point observations shown in Figure 2 represent sampling points taken in 1977; only the 3 terrestrial and aquatic transects, however, were traversed in the 1980 sampling program. Representative samples of stressed vegetation were collected, pressed, and causal agents identified. Other field procedures included: (1) the examination of pu:ential salt-stress indicator species for visible injury symptoms,(2) description 3 and identification of existing environmental factors which could influence or cause stress symptoms, and (3) identification of species affected by stress symptoms. These data and other pertinent information were recorded on cassette tape, transcribed, and submitted separately from this report as required by the contract. 3 Taxonomic identification of causal stress agents was confirmed by the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State University (Perry 1980). 3 3 2 "m

D RESULTS AND DISCUSSION D Structural and Operational Features of TMINS Cooling Towers The Three Mile Island Nuclear Station (TMINS) contains four 370 foot high hyperbolic natural draf t cooling towers - two for TMI-l and two for TMI-2. The O purpose of these structures is to dissipate condenser heat. In addition, two 3-cell wet mechanical draf t towers (one for each unit) are used to cool the combined service water effluent and blowdown from the natural draf t cooling towers. One potential problematic result of natural draft cooling tower operation is the O deposition of drif t constituents (salt particles) on t'te surrounding biot;. In order to control the pH and biological slimes (algae), sulfuric acid and chlorine are added to the circulating cooling water. Thus, blowdown from the towers contain salts of sulfur and chlorine, and miscellaneous (Na, K, P) salts that occur naturally in the O river make-up water (USAEC 1972). Both cooling towers for TMI-l were not in operation during 1980; for TMI-2, only one natural draf t tower was in operation (at approximately 50% capacity). These O reduced operations represent a markedly signifi. ant decrease in vapor emissions during 1980 as compared to normal operational mode (personal communication, T. R. Teitt and G. P. Friday,4 December 1980). O Effects of Cooling Tower Operation on Vegetation The operation of wet cooling towers has the potential to cause adverse impacts to the terrestrial environment through the effects of fogging, icing, and salt drif t. Salt drif t can be especially problematic at certain levels by adding an increased g chemical load to the vegetation (via foliar uptake) in the vicinity of the cooling towers and by increasing leaching of soil cations (bases) by excess anions (Rochow 1978). Because a large number of variables affect the severity of this impact, g cooling tower effect must be evaluated individually for each power plant. Variables include weather, climate, salt drift, station design, time of year, distribution of the vegetation, soil conditions, land use practices, and others. 0 3 O

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O Distribution of Vegetation in the Vicinity of TMINS O

For this program, major types of forest cover in the vicinity of TMINS were initially mapped, and relative abundances of the principal species were estimated in 1977 (NUS 1978) from predetermined sampling transects (Figure 2). Because the structure and productivity of woody plant communities varies relatively little Os during a five year period, it is reasonable to assume that these 1977 data (Tables 3-

18) reflect existing flora.

The distribution of vegetation in the vicinity of the TMINS is shown in Figure 3. O Major categories of vegetation / land use include urban, cropland, pasture and abandoned cropland, shrubland, forest land, wetland, and water. Riparian shrubland was dominated by white ash; o*.her abundant associates included 4O honey locust, dogwood, American elm, black oak, silver maple, sycamore, and river birch (Table 3). Common vascular flora were poison ivy and fringed loosestrife. Forest land at the southern end of Three Mile Island was dominated by black locust O in both the canopy and understory strata (Table 4). Silver maple, red oak, and black locust were the most abundant canopy species observed on the western shore (Table 5). Midslope forest stands characteristically contained black oak, white oak, chestnut oak, ironwood, flowering dogwood, yellow poplar, black locust, various

O hickories and oaks, white ash and red maple (Tables 7 and 8). Black locust, tree-of-heaven, and black cherry were typical successional species of seral forests (Table 9).

O A total of 42 species of plants was compiled from a representative old field (Table 10). Species presence is commonly more variable from year to year in old fields due to climatic conditions, composition and structure of adjacent habitats, and history of land utilization.

O Agricultural lands included active cropland, pasture, and abandoned cropland.

Major crops include corn, tobacco, wheat, and alfalfa. Small vegetable gardens and orchards exist in some areas. Grazed and mowed pastures containing grasses and 4

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) shrubs occurred throughout the area. Abandoned fields also were common. ) Wetland habitat at the southern extremity of Three Mile Island was classified as intermittent riverine with a rock bottom (Cowardin et al. 1979). Because of the extremely gradual elevational gradient, a slight increase in the water level of the Susquehanna River will inundate this area. It is therefore transitional and ) characterized by a mosaic of hydrophytic vegetation interspersed among large boulders. Causes and Symptoms of Salt Stress ) Although the effects of salt are due to its ions, Levitt (1980) recognizes two types of stress: (1) salt stress - occurs where the salt concentration is high enough to lower the water potential appreciably (0.5-1.0 bar), and (2) ion stress - occurs where the salt (acid or base) concentration is not high enough to lower the water ) potential appreciab'y. Only the former category will be addressed in this report. Vegetative stress from salt can result by direct deposition of salts on the foliage or indirectly from excess accumulation of salts in the soil (Shipley et al.1980). Drif t ) impact to area soils is not expected to be detrimental because of adequate rainfall, good soil permeability, and designed low drif t rate (Met. Ed. Co. et al.1975). Stress due to direct deposition is highly influenced by available moisture. For example, dew is more detrimental (via stomata absorption) than is a heavy rain (i.e. ) cleansing effect). Mechanisms by which salt stress in plants may occur include: (1) increased osmotic potential which will reduce the availability of water to plants, (2) alteration of mineral nutritional balance in plant tissue, and/or (3) toxic effects due to specific ion concentrations in the plants (Bernstein 1975, Hanes 1970, and Allison 1964). Symptoms of salt stress may also vary considerably due to length of exposure, concentration, environmental conditions, plant genetics, and many other factors. ) Typical symptoms include: (1) general reduction in growth, (2) marginal necrosis (browning) of leaves, (3) premature senescence (followed by premature leaf drop), (4) twig die beck,(5) chlorosis (yellowing) of leaves, and (6) plant mortality. ) 5 )

Vegetative Stress Observed in the Vicinity of TMINS Color infrared photography revealed several areas of vegetative stress that were present in the fall of 1980 (Figure 4). These areas appeared as scattered patches of brownish-colored crowns on the photographs, and occurred relatively uniformly in forested areas on each side of the river. Hill Island and the southern portion of 1 Three Mile Island contained the most extensive areas of stress as measured by infrared imagery. Locust Leaf Miner J Examination of stressed areas revealed that the affected species was black locust, and the causal agent was the locust leaf miner (Xenochalepus dorsalis). Black locust, a legume, grows rapidly in disturbed (e.g. logged, mined, etc.) areas and may dominate other hardwoods in early seral stages of forest dev-lopment. In the 3 vicinity of TMINS, black locust was a principal canopy dominant, and in some areas nearly pure (greater than 90%) stands existed. The adult leaf miner is a beetle approximately 6 mm long that hibernates in the 3

winter, in the spring, the adults emerge and begin feeding on the developing foliage. In addition to locust, adults will attack dogwood, elm, oak, beech, cherry, wisteria, and even hawthorn (Johnson and Lyon 1976). Af ter hatching from eggs deposited on the underside of leaves, the emerging larvae eat into the inner layer J

of leaf tissue, forming a mine. The larvae, which will consume only black locust, may eventually affect the entire leaflet. When stands of black locust are attacked they appear " burned" or brownish as J though dead, but late summer defoliation is not very harmful (Hepting 1971). Outbreaks of locust leaf miner occur practically every year, and tens of thousands of acres in the United States are of ten defoliated (Baker 1972). q A comparison of the distribution of locust leaf miner from 1977-1980 (NUS 1978, 1978a,1980) indicated that this insect has been the prevalent agent of vegetative stress in the vicinity of TMINS. On the eastern and western shores of the Susquehanna River, the intensity and distribution of infestation has varied slightly J 3

O i each year. However, the southern portion of Three Mile Island has O c nsistently been affected each year both in terms of areal extent and pattern. Despite this reoccurrence, significant crown mortality has not occurred. Fall Webworm !.O The second most frequently observed causal agent of vegetative stress in the vicinity of TMINS was the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea). This lepidopteran i occurs throughout most of the United States and Canada and consists of a blackheaded and a redheaded race. Females of both races deposit their eggs as 4 ]g single large masses in spring. The emerging larvae then pass through as many as 11 stages of development. They spin silk webs over the foliage and skeletonize the leaves as they feed. It is at these larval stages that defoliation of host trees or shrubs occurs. Adults are small white moths (Borror and White 1970). Damage is

O of minor importance in forestry, but infestation in ornamental plantings sometimes affect esthetic values enough to warrant control (Baker 1972). Woven nets of the fall webworm were common in the study area, and black cherry was particularly infested in several areas.

O Other Vegetative Stresses Other causes of vegetative stress include innumerable pathogens associated with bacteria, vinpes, fungi, and insects. Insects that cause non-pathogenic injury alone

O are countless.

Perhaps one of the most frequently observed causes of miscellaneous stress observed in the study area was anthracnose. Anthracnose is a i general term used to describe leaf spots caused by a Gloeosporium or Colletotrichum (Gnomonia or Glomerella) fungus (Westcott 1971). These fungi are jO most active during wet springs and of ten cause leaf spotting and premature defoliation. Under normal circumstances, anthracnose is only a minor problem i because spring weather conditions necessary for infection to occur are seldom consistent from year to year (Personal communication, letter dated 11 November !O 1980 from S. Perry to G. P. Friday). Plant species that were affected by J anthracnose included hickory, black walnut, box elder (Cylindrosporium negundinis), ash (Gloeosporium aridium), and tree-of-heaven (Gloesporium ganthi). i 10 ) i 7 I i

'O One large yellow poplar was observed affected with powdery mildew (Oidium sp.), a very c mm n summertime dise se in m ist shaded areas having restricted air O movement. Numerous occurrences of stress to elm were also located. Leaves were typically characterized by large necrotic leaf spots caused by a fungus (Phyllostica sp.). IO Other miscellaneous causes of vegetative stress or mortality were insects, structural damage from ice, lightening, or wind throw. One isolated instance of nicrotic flecking on a tree-of-heaven suggested stress due to air pollution or toxic O chemical uptake, but widespread symptoms such as these were not observed in the area. Mortality of mature trees along the river was due to bank erosion. In several places, over half of the roots were exposed. Ice damage was most evident on Shelly Island, an area west of the cooling towers. Because this area is outside the

O principal drif t area and due to reduced emissions during 1980, this structural damage is not related to cooling tower operation.

Conclusions iO None of the causes of vegetative stress identified in the vicinity of the TMINS were attributable to the operation of the cooling towers. Compared to earlier studies, no new forms of stress were identified. The principal causal agents of vegetative stress were arthropods, particularly the locust leaf miner and fall ~O webworm. Miscellaneous causes of stress were anthracnose, mildew, and other insects. These stress agents are not considered unique or out of the ordinary, and will probably be present in the future. 10 Chlorosis or necrosis of leaves due to salt accumulation was not observed, nor was there any evidence of abnormal salt loading upon local vegetation. The degree of stress to black locust is perhaps reflected by its abundance in the area. It is important to note that only one cooling tower was operable during 1980, and this ,0 was at only 50% capacity. Given this markedly significant decrease in vapor emissions, and following the examination of infrared photography and plant analyses, it is concluded that the forms of stress observed were attributable to natural causes, and are unrelated to cooling tower operation.

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SUMMARY

O Vegetative st:ess in the vicinity of the Three Mlle Island Nuclear Station has been monitored since 1977 using color infrared imagery. Remote sensing of the TMINS in 1980 was performed 25 July, followed by ground reconnaissance and systematic SamP ng of vegetation. Operation of the cooling towers during 1980 was restricted

!O li to one tower which operated at approximately 50% capacity. The major causes of vegetative stress were the locust leaf miner and fall

O webworm. Other stress agents included other insects, anthracnose, mildew, ice, windthrow, and erosion. Symptoms associated with salt stress such as chlorosis or necrosis were not observed, nor were any conditions of salt damage detected.

Based on the examination of infrared photography and analyses of stressed

O ve8etation, it was concluded that resulting conditions were attributable to natural j

causes, and were unrelated to cooling tower operation. 1 3 10 10 1 iO I O l 9

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O LITERATURE CITED O

Allison, L.'E. 1964. Salinity in relation to irrigation. Advances in Agronomy 16:139-180. Baker, W. L. 1972. Eastern forest insects. USDA Forest Service Misc. Pub.. No. I175. 642 pp. O Bernstein, L. 1975. Effects of salinity and sodicity on plant growth. Annual Review Photopathology 13:295-312. Borror, D. 3. and R. E. White. 1970. A field guide to the insects of America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 404 pp.

O Cowardin, L. M., V. Carter, and E. T. LaRoe.1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States.

Fish and Wildlife Service, USDI. Washington, D.C.103 pp. Hanes, R. E., L. W. Zelazyn, and R. E. Blaser. 1970. Effects of deicing salts on O water quality and biota. Natl. Coop. Highway Res. Prog. Rep. 91, Highway Research Board, NAS, Washington, D.C. 70 pp. Hepting, G. H. 1971. Diseases of forest and shade trees of the United States. USDA Forest Service Handbook No. 386, Washington, D.C. 685 pp.

O 3 hnson, W. T. and H. H. Lyon.

1976. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca. 464 pp. Levitt, 3. 1980. Responses of plants to environmental stress. Vol. II, Academic Press. 606 pp. O Metropolitan Edison Company, Jersey Central Power and Light Company, and Pennsylvania Electric Company. 1975. Supplement II Environmental Report Operating License Stage - Unit 2 Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. NUS Corporation. 1978. 1977 Monitoring of cooling tower operational effects on vegetation in the vicinity of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. Annual ~O Report. 22 pp. NUS Corporation. 1978a. 1978 Monitoring of cooling tower operational effects on vegetation in the vicinity cf the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. Annual Report. 36 pp.

O NUS Corporation. 1980. 1979 Monitoring of cooling tower operational effects on vegetation in the vicinity of the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. Annual Report. 28 pp.

Perry, S.1980. Letter to G. P. Friday dated September 11. !O 10

O

i !O-i. i. Rochow, 3. 3. 1978. Compositional, structural, and chemical changes to forest vegetation from fresh water cooling tower drif t. In: Proceedings of Cooling lO Tower Environment - 1978, pp.11-18. i Shipley, B. L., S. B. Pahwa, M. D. Thompson, and R. B. Lantz. 1980. Remote sensing for detection and monitoring of salt stress on vegetation: evaluation and guidelines. USNRC, Wahington, D.C. 92 pp. lO United States Atomic Energy Commission. 1972. Final environmental statement related to operation of Three Mile Island Nuclear Station Units 1 and 2. Docket Nos. 50-289 and 50-320. Westcott, Cynthia. 1971. Plant disease handbook. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York. 843 pp. O l 10

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TABLE 1 50 PHOTOMISSION FLIGHT LOG 1 (Aerocolor Negative Film) ) i Camera Zeiss Jena MRB 15/2323 (#247136) !O Magazine

1. 246436 Lens
2. 7370200 i

Camera Focal Length 151.76 Filter KLR i i Film Kodak Type 2445 Aerocolor Neg. Altitude 3000 f t. iO Scale la - 500'(1:6000) Shutter Speed 1/300+ l f-Stop 5.6 Date 25 July 1980 Time 11:22 AM to 12:01 PM, EDT lO Flight Exposure Time Line Direction No. Start Finish 1 S 98-105 11:22 11:23 0 2 N 106-113 11:26 11:28 j 3 S 114-121 11:32 11:33 i 4 N 122-129 11: 3 8 11: 4 0 5 S 130-138 11: 4 3 11: 4 5 !O 6 N 139-146 11: 4 9 11: 5 0 7 N 147-135 11:50 12:01 O iO j l i O 12 lO i

!O TABLE 2 iO PHOTOMISSION FLIGHT LOG (Aerocolor IR Film) Camera Zeiss Jena MRB 15/2323 (#247136) iO Magazine

1. 246436 Lens
2. 247136 Camera Focal Length 151.75 Filter MB Film Kodak Type 2443 Aerocolor IR Altitude 3000 f t.

'O Scale la - 500'(1:6000) Shutter Speed 1/300+ f-Stop 5.6 4 Date 25 July 1980 Time 1:00 PM to 1:31 PM, ED'i 0 Flight Exposure Tir>ie Line Direction No. Start Finish 1 5 84-97 1:00 1:02 (O 2 N 69-83 1:04 1:06 3 S 55-68 1:09 1:11 4 N 41-54 1:14 1:15 j 5 S 28-40 1:19 1:21 ! O 6 N 15-27 1:24 1:26 7 5 01-14 1:29 1:31 4 !O 4 ,O l 5 iO 13 iO

.'O TABLE 3

O RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN i

RIPARIAN SHRUB LAND OCTOBER 1977 (FIGURE 2, POINT OBSERVATION P10) 20 Relative Abundance (a) Scientific Name Colloauial Name Shrub Stratum Fraxinus americana White ash 5 O Gleditsia triacanthos Honey locust 3 Cornus stolonifera Red osier dogwood 3 Ulmus americana American elm 3 Quercus velutina Black oak 3 Acer saccharinum Silver maple 3 Platanus occidentalis Sycamore 3

O Betula nigra River-birch 3

Salix sp. Willow 2 Quercus alba White oak 2 Carya ovata Shellbark hickory 2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 2 ,0 Ground Stratum Lysimachia ciliata Fringed loosestrife 5 Rhus radicans Poison ivy 5 i Verbesina alternifolia Wingstem 4

O Hordeum sp.

Barley 3 Polygonum hydropiperoides Mild water-pepper 3 Helianthus spp. Sunflower 3 Panicum sp. Panic-grass 3 Aster lateriflorus Calico aster 3 Hibiscus sp. Rose-mallow 3 Ambrosia trifida Giant ragweed 2 ~O Hypericum sp. St. John's-wort 2 Vitis sp. Wild grape 2 4 Smilax sp. Smilax 2 O I"IKey: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; l 5 - very frequent r0 14 ig

iO TABLE 4

O RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN A STREAM BORDER l

SEPTEMBER 1977 i (FIGURE 2, POINT OBSERVATION P2) l Relative lO Scientific Name Colloquial Name Abundance ") I i Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 5 l Betula nigra River birch 3 'O Sassaf ras albidum Sassafras 3 Tilia americana Basswood 3 Ulmus americana American elm 3 i Platanus occidentalis Sycamore 3 Acer negundo Box elder 2 Acer saccharinum Silver maple 2 O Liriodendron tulipifera Yellow poplar 2 Prunus spp. Wild cherry 2 Shrub Stratum Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 4

O Rhus radicans Poison ivy 3

Betula nigra River birch 3 l Carya cordiformis Bitternut hickory 2 Fraxinus americana White ash 2 Tilia americana Basswood 2 Acer negundo Box elder 2 O Prunus sp. Wild cherry 2 Quercus velutina Black oak 2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 2 Vitis sp. Wild grape 2 Sassafras albidum Sassairas 2 Viburnum sp. Viburnum 2 g Ground Stratum Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle 5 Glecoma hederacea Ground-ivy 4 Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot 3 lO Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 3 Teucrium sp. Wood sage 3 Boehmeria cylindrica False nettle 3 Urtica dioica Stinging nettle 3 Polygonum scandens False buckwheat 3 0 15 0

g.ru ._es.._ =

O-TABLE 4 (Continued)

.:o. Relative Abundance (a) Scientific Name Colloquial Name i Ground Stratum j. !O Verbesina alternifolla Wingstem 3 - Oxalis sp. Wood-sorrel 3 Betula nigra River birch 2 Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 2 Rubus allegheniensis Blackberry 2 Geum spp. Avens 2 .;O Verbena hastata Blue vervain 2 Sassaf ras albidum Sassafras 2 Ulmus americana American elm 2 i Hackelia virginiana Beggar's lice 2 ~ Phytolacca americana Pokeweed 2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 2

O Fraxinus americana White ash 2

Viola spp. Violet 2

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" Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; 5 - very frequent i i i i

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TABLE 5 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN A STREAM TERRACE FOREST SEPTEMBER 1977 (FIGURE 2, POINT OBSERVATION P9) Relative D Abundance (a) Scientific Name Colloquial Name Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Acer saccharinum Silver maple 4 'l Quercus rubra Northern red oak 3 Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 3 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 2 Celtis occidentalis Hackbery 2 Shrub Stratum O Acer rubrum Red maple 2 Rh is radicans Poison ivy 2 Ground Stratum Glecoma hederacea Ground-ivy 5 Solidago canadensis Canada goldenrod 4 Aster sp. Aster 4 Impatiens pallida Touch-me-not 3 Rumex sp. Dock 2 Eupatorium perfoliatum Boneset 2 Verbesina alternifolia Wingstem 2 0 Laportea canadensis Wood-nettle 2 Oxalis sp. Woodsorrel 2 Boehmeria cylindrica False nettle 2 Pilea pumila Clearweed 2 Asclepias sp. Milkweed 2 Viola sp. Violet 2 Rudbeckia sp. Coneflower 2 Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass 2 Tridens flava Tall redtop 2 ,3 (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; 5 - very f requent D 17 m

'O TABLE 6 O RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN A MIDSLOPE DISTURBED FOREST SEPTEMBER 1977 (FIGURE 2, POINT OBSERVATION P4) .O Relative Abundance (a) Scientific Name Colloquial Name Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum i O Quercus velutina Black oak 4 Quercus alba White oak 3 1 Quercus prinus Chestnut oak 3 Ostrya virginiana Ironwood 3 Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 3 Carya tomentosa Mockernut hickory 3 .O Fraxinus americana White ash 2 i Carya glabra, Pignut hickory 2 Acer rubrum Red maple 2 Prunus serotina Black cherry 2 Quercus rubra Northern red oak 2 Diospyros virginiana Persimmon 2 lO Shrub Stratum Viburnum sp. Viburnum 4 Quercus velutina Black oak 3 Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 3 'O Fraxinus americana White ash 3 Prunus serotina Black cherry 3 a Lindera benzoin Spicebush 3 Quercus alba White oak 2 Carya glabra Pignut hickory 2 Quercus prinus Chestnut oak 2 '9 Acer rubrum Red maple 2 i Carya tomentosa Mockernut hickory 2 Vaccinium vacillans Lowbush blueberry 2 Amelanchier sp. Serviceberry 2 Juniperus virginiana Red cedar 2 O Ulmus americana American elm 2 Celtis americana Hackberry 2 l Nyssa sylvatica Black gum 2 l lO t 18 lO

10 TABLE 6 (Continued) 10 Relative Abundance (a) Scientific Name Colloquial Name i Ground Stratum 0 Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle 3 4 l Viola sp. Violet 3 Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot 3 Prunus serotina Black cherry 3 Fraxinus americana White ash 3 Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 3

O ostrya virginiana fronwood 2

Geum canadensis Avens 2 Pilea pumila Clearweed 2 Hedeoma sp. Pennyroyal 2 Circaea canadensis var. Enchanters nightshade 2 quadrisulcata

O Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 2

l Hackelia virginiana Beggar's-lice 2 l !O (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; 5 - very frequent

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i TABLE 7 'O RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN UPPER SLOPE FOREST SEPTEMBER 1977 (FIGURE 2, POINT OBSERVATION P6) IO Relative g Scientific Name Colloquial Name Abundance Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Carya glabra Pignut hickory 4 .O Quercus alba White oak 3 Celtis occidentalis Hackberry 3 Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 3 Fraxinus americana White ash 3 Acer rubrum Red maple 3 i Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 3 lO Carya tomentosa Mockernut hickory 3 Liriodendron tulipifera Yellow-poplar 3 Nyssa sylvatica Black gum 2 l Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven 2 Sassaf ras albidum Sassafras 2 Populus grandidentata Large-tooth aspen 2 0 Ulmus rubra Red elm 2 Prunus serotina Black cherry 2 Ulmus americana American elm 2 Shrub Stratum

O Lindera benzoin Spice bush 4

Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 4 Carya tomentosa Mockernut hickory 3 Liriodendron tulipifera Yellow-poplar 3 Celtis occidentalis Hackberry 2 Nyssa sylvatica Black gum 2

O Fraxinus americana White ash 2

Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven 2 Sassaf ras albidum Sassafras 2 Ulmus rubra Red elm 2 Ulmus americana American elm 2 Ground Stratum Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle 5 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 3 Fraxinus americana White ash 3 Circaea quadrisulcata Enchanter's nightshade 3 g I 20

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m a s j j ,0 J i TABLE 7

O Relative Abundance (a)

Scientific Name Colloquial Name 1 i Ground Stratum

O Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot 3

Carya glabra Pignut hickory 2 l Rhus radicans Poison ivy 2 Vitis sp. Wild grape 2 Hackelia virginiana Beggar's lice 2 Solidago rugosa Rough-stemmed goldenrod 2

O Impatiens biflora Spotted touch-me-not 2

i J (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; lg 5 - very frequent i i

O

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iO TABLE 8 O RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN A MIXED HARDWOODS COVE FOREST SEPTEMBER 1977 (FIGURE 2, POINT OBSERVATION P7) Relative .O Scientific Name Colloquial Name Abundance (a) Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Tsuga canadensis Hemlock 4 Quercus prinus Chestnut oak 4 'O Quercus rubra Northern red oak 4 Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 3 Quercus velutina Black oak 3 Acer rubrum Red maple 2 Sassaf ras albidum Sassafras 2 ~g Ostrya virginiana Ironwood 2 Carpinus caroliniana Blue beech 2 Quercus alba White oak 2 Shrub Stratum

g Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 4

Lindera benzoin Spicebush 3 Tsuga canadensis Hemlock 3 Quercus prinus Chestnut oak 3 Viburnum acerifolium Maple-leaved viburnum 3 Quercus alba White oak 2 ig Hamamelis virginiana Witch hazel 2 Nyssa sylvatica Black gum 2 Liriodendron tulipfera Yellow-poplar 2 Ostrya virginiana fronwood 2 Prunus avium Sweet cherry 2 Amelanchier sp. Serviceberry 2

O Quercus rubra Northern red oak 2

Prunus serotina Black cherry 2 Acer rubrum Red maple 2 Quercus velutina Black oak 2 l Ground Stratum iO Acer rubrum Red maple 3 Quercus prinus Chestnut oak 2 Quercus velutina Black oak 2 Fraxinus americana White ash 2 i Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 2 O !O 22

.O i 1 i l 'g TABLE 8 (Continued) Relative Scientific Name Colloquial Name Abundance (a) Ground Statum 'O' j Prunus serotina Black cherry 2 Castanea dentata American chestnut 2 ] Carya tomentosa Mockernut hickory 2 l Rhus radicans Poison ivy 2 Polystichum acrostichoides Christmas fern 2 g. Eupatorium rugosum White snakeroot 2 i Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper 2 Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry 2 2 O (a) Key: 1 - very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; j 5 - very frequent ( 0 4 i l f, i 4

O I

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O O

23

TABLE 9 RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN A DISTURBED SERAL FOREST SEPTEMBER 1977 (FIGURE 2, POINT OBSERVATION P3) Relative 'g Abundance"} I Scientific Name Colloquial Name Canopy /Subcanopy Stratum Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 5 O Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven 3 Prunus sp. Wild cherry 3 Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac 2 Juglans nigra Black walnut 2 Acer negundo Boxelder 2 O Shrub Stratum Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 2 Prunus sp. Wild cherry 2 Cornus florida Flowering dogwood 2 Lindera benzoin Spice bush 2

O Ligustrum vulgare Privet 2

Vitis sp. Wild grape 2 Ground Statum Pilea pumila Clearweed 5

O Unknown Sterlie grass 4

i Polygont.m punctatum Smartweed 4 Glect,ma hederacea Ground-ivy 4 Viola sp. Violet 3 Polygonum hydropiperoides Mild water-paper 3 Polygonum scandens False buckwheat 3

O Boehmeria cylindrica False nettle 3

~ Panicum sp. Panic-grass 3 Commelina communis Apiatic dayflower 3 Solidago rugosa Rough-stemmed goldenrod 3 Phytolacca americana Pokeweed 2 Carex sp. Sedge 2

O Acalypha virginica Three-seeded mercury 2

Rhus radicans Poison ivy 2 Verbena hastata Blue vervain 2 Geum canadensis Avens 2 10 l (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; 5 - very f requent O 24

r-l 3 l l TABLE 10 7" RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF PLANT SPECIES OBSERVED IN j OLD FIELDS l SEPTEMBER 1977 (FIGURE 2, POINT OBSERVATION P1) W Relative Scientific Name Colloquial Name Abundance (a) l Ground Stratum Setaria geniculata Foxtail 5 H Melilotus spp. Sweet-clover 5 Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 5 Agrostis stolonifera Red-top 4 l Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Ox-eye daisy 3 i Cirsium arvense Canada thistle 3 l Desmodium sp. Tick-trefoils 3 g Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common hogweed 3 l Daucus carota Queen Anne's-lace 3 Aster pilosus Pilose aster 3 Solidago graminifolia Grass-leaved goldenrod 2 Solidago rugosa Rough-stemmed goldenrod 2 ( Erigeron annuus Daisy fleabane 2 O Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle 2 l Rubus allegheniensis Blackberry 2 Carex sp. Sedge 2 l Triodia flava Tall redtop 2 Solidago juncea Early goldenrod 2 l Phytolacca americana Pokeweed 2 O Betula nigra River-birch 2 Achillea millefolium Common yarrow 2 Oenothera biennis Evening primrose 2 Fragaria virginiana Wild strawberry 2 Verbesina alternifolia Wingstem 2 Hypericum spp. St. John's wort 2 lO Rhus radicans Poison ivy 2 L Platanus occidentalis Sycamore 2 Oxalis sp. Woodsorrel 2 Geum sp. Avens 2 Solanum carolinense_ Horsenettle 2 ( Eupatorium perforliatum Boneset 2 (O Polygonum punctatum Smartweed 2 Polygonum pennsylvanicum Pennsylvania smartweed 2 Polygonum sagittatum Arrow-leaved tearthumb 2 Rumex sp. Dock 2 Apocynum sp. Indian hemp 2 Phalaria arundinacea Reed canary grass 2 25 g

O TABLE 10 (Continued) e Relative Abundance (a) Scientific Name Colloquial Name Ground Stratum 3 Verbascum thapsus Common mullein 2 Impatiens biflora Spotted touch-me-not 2 Euphorbia maculata Wartweed 2 Setaria viridis Foxtail grass 2 Taraxacum officinale Dandelion 2 J (a) Key: 1 - Very infrequent; 2 - infrequent; 3 - common; 4 - frequent; 5 - very f requent O O O O _)

iO a LIST OF FIGURES

O Figure 1

INDEX TO PHOTOGRAPHY, THREE MILE ISLAND AND VICINITY, JULY 25,1980 .' O 2 LOCATION OF SAMPLING TRANSECTS AND GROUND OBSERVATIONS, THREE MILE ISLAND AND VICINITY 3 VEGETATION MAP OF THREE MILE ISLAND AND VICINITY, 1980 O 4 DISTRIBUTION OF LOCUST LEAF MINER, THREE MILE ISLAND AND VICINITY,1980 20 io 1 O O 3 I !O l O O 27 . ~..

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