ML19331A172
| ML19331A172 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Midland |
| Issue date: | 10/22/1971 |
| From: | Loucks O AFFILIATION NOT ASSIGNED |
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| References | |
| NUDOCS 8006110612 | |
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h CkIT NZZR F900. & UTIL, FAC. N 321. 370 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION DEFORE TiiE ATOMIC SAFETY & LICENSING BOARD In the Matter of Docket Nos. 50-329 50-330 CONSUMERS POWER COMPANY SWORN TESTIMONY OF Midland Plant, Units 1 & 2 ORIE L. LOUCKS STATE OF WISCONSIN ss:
COUNTY OF DANE I, Orie L. Loucks, being first duly sworn, depose and say as follows:
CURRICULUM VITAE Names Orie Lipton Loucks Born October 2, 1931 Birthplace:
Minden, Ontario, Canada aa f Marital Statua Married S
bOCIETZ3 D
Children:
Two boys, one girl CE' 9
DEC131971 ** 1 Secondary Schooling:
us.. rp p,d Minden Continuation School (1948)
- s '
e Lindsay Collegiate Institute (1949) e\\
N/ % \\
T Military Service: None, now in Class SA Degrees:
1953 - D.Sc.F. - University of Toronto 1955 - M.Sc.F. - University of Toronto 1960 - Ph. D.
- University of Wisconsin Honors:
R. W. Lyons Scholarship, 1951 University of Toronto Honor Award, 1954
- Sigma Xi (University of Wisconsin), 1960 George Mercer Award (Ec. Soc. Amer.), 1964 Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society, 1971 Professional Societies:
Society of American Foresters Canadian Institute of Forestry American Association for the Advancement of Science American Institute of Biological Sciences Ecological Society of America Society for General Systems Research 8N O 6 1610h $
1 Appointments:
1955-1962 - Research officer, Canada Department of Forestry, Fredericton, New Brunswick 1962-1964 - Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin 1964-1967 - Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin 1967-1970 - Professor of Botany, University of Wisconsin 1963-
- University of Wisconsin Representative to the State Board for the Preservation of. Scientific Area 1970-
- Professor, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin (June-September) Consultant in Forest Land Inventory, Canadian Department of Forestry Publications and papers:
1956 Site classification as applied to'silviculture and Managenent. Annual Report, Maritime Section, Canadian Institute of Forestry; Fredericton, N. B. pp. 45-49.
1957 A study of the ecology of lakeshore reservations of pine, Quetico Park, Ontario. Forestry Chronicle 33: 213-232.
1959 Observations on the changes in the New Brunswick Timber Regulations, 1953. Annual Report, Maritime Section, Canadian Institute of Forestry; Fredericton, N. B. pp. 41-43.
1960 Research by the Federal Forestry Branch in the Green River Project. Forestry Chronicle 36:
265-277.
(With G. L. Baskerville and E. L.
Hughes).
1960 The use of envirormental scalars in axtmining -
micrometeorological control of tree distributions in New Brunswick. Bull. Ec. Soc. Amer 41: 126.
Presented at AIBS Meeting, New York,1960.
1962 A forest classification for the Maritime Provinces.
Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science 25: 85-167.
1962 Ordinating forest co=munities by means of environ-mental scalars and phytosociological indices.
Ecological Monographs, 32: 137-166.
1962 Rapid growth of Norway and some native spruces in New Brunswick. Woodlands Review, Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, 63: 3-6.
(With E. L.
Hughes).
1963 Gradient analysis by synecological indices ce= pared with synthetic environmental scalars. Bull. Ec.
Soc. Amer. 44: 119-120.
Presented at Ecol. Sec.
Symposium, Cleveland, Ohio, 1963..
1964 Use of Morphological and Autocological charac-
.teristics of plants in community gradient analysis.
(Summary of Cleveland Symposium).
Science 143: 847.
1965 Analysis of Menominee County vegetation as an historical record. Presented at Annual Meetings, Wisc. Acad. Sciences, Arts and Letters (With F.
Glenn Goff).
'1966 Osmotic Pressure Influence in Germination Tests for Antibiosis. Science, 152: 771-773.
(With R. C. Anderson).
1966 Application of Mathematical Techniques in Synthesis of Environmental Scalars. Bull. Ec.
Soc. Amer. 47: 105.
Presented at AIBS Meeting, Maryland, 1966.
1966 Topographic Exposure ~as a Factor in Classifying the Productivity of Forest Land from Aerial Phetographs. Bull. Ec. Soc.. Amer. 47: 106.
Presented at AIBS heeting, Maryland, 1966.
1966 Scientific Areas Systems: the Fifteen-Year Record in Wisconsin.
Bull. Ec. Soc. Amer. 47: 125.
Presented at AIBS Meeting, Maryland, 1966.
1966 Parameters for Scaling Environmental Stresses in Vegetation. Bull. Ec. Soc. Amer. 47: 104.
Presented at AIBS Meecing, Maryland,1966.
1967 Seedling and Sapling Composition of the Aspen Type in Menominee Coanty in Relation to Soil Texture.
(With F. G. Goff)
U. W. Forestry Research Note No. 131.
1967 Prediction of Aspen Site Index frcm Correlation on the Basis of Site Factors in Wisconsin.
(With J. S. Fralish) U. W. Forestry Research Note No. 132.
1968 Application of Life-Table Analyses to Tree Seedlings in Quetico Provincial Park, Ontario.
(With Joan M. Hett) Forestry Chronicle 44: 20-32.
1968 Scientific Areas in Wisconsin: Fifteen Years in Review. Bioscience 18: 396-398.
1968 Micrometeorological Profiles in Deciduous Forests and their Relationship to Understory Composition.
(With David Parkhurst) Paper presented at June 1968 AIBS Meeting. Abstract in Bull. Ec. Soc.
Amer. Late Spring Issue, 80, 1968.
1968 Wisconsin Vegetation-Environment Data Reduction System. Demonstration and Discussion, Part 3 of a symposium on Systems Ecology. AIBS Mesting, Madison.
(With J. S. Fralish, W. Forsythe, A.
Auclair, P.
Zedler, and F. G. Goff)..
c 1969 The Sma7 F.. d e Technology, Ecology and Conservation. Conservation in a Changing World, pp. 103-113, Conservation council of Ontario, Toronto, Canada.
1969 Models for Describing Exchanges within Ecosystems.
Bulletin of the Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Wisconsin.
(With D. G.
Watts).
1969 Estimating the Relative Importance of Habitat Factors to Species Abundance.
Bull. Ec. Soc.
Amer.
76.
(With Warren Forsythe).
1969 Quantitative Analysis of Wisconsin Forest Vegetation on the Basis of Plant Function and Gross Morphology. Ecology 50 (2) :
219-224.
(With Dennis Knight).
1969 Herbaceous Response to Canopy Cover, Light Intensity, and Throughfall in Coniferous Forests.
Ecology 50 (2): 255-263.
(With R. C. Anderson and A. M. Swain).
1969 Differential Burning Response of Poa Pratensis and Andropogon Scoparius on a Central Wisconsin Marsh.
American Midland Naturalist 11 (2): 341-352.
(With Joy Zedler).
1970 Criteria for.. Dptimum Human Environment.
Bull. of the Atomic Scientists 26 (1) : 2-6.
(With Hugh H. Iltis and Peter Andrews).
1970 Aspen Management and its Impact on Deer Populations.
A Paper presented at the 32nd Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference, Winnipeg, Manitoba, December 8, 1970.
(With J. S. Fralish).
1970 compositional Index Curve slope as a Measure of Stand Conversion. A paper presented to the Ecological Society of America, Bloomington, Indiana, August 25, 1970.
(With J. S. Fralish).
1970 Evolution of Diversity, Efficiency and Community Stability.
Amer. Zool. 10: 17-25.
1970 Application of Modern Ecology to Natural Resource Management. Wisconsin Bureau of Research, Annual Conference, Department of Natural Resources, Spooner, Wisconsin, July, 1970.
1970 Use of Regression Methods for Study of Time-Dependent Transitions in Deciduous Forests.
Symposium on " Measuring Transitions in Plant Ecosystems", AIBS Annual Meeting, Bloomington, Indiana, August 1970.
1970 Systems Description Methods in the Deciduous Forest Biome. Fifth Biology Symposium, Argenne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois, October.
1970 Systems Studies of DDT Transports. Science 170:
503-508.
(With H. L. Harrison, K. W. Mitchell, D. F. Parkhurst, C. R. Tracy, D. G. Watts, and i
V. J. Yannacone, Jr.).
_4
~
1971 Sugar Maple (Acer Sacenarum) Marsh Seedling Mortality. Journal of Ecology, 1971.
(With Joan M. Hett).
1971 Summer Air Temperatures as a Factor Affecting het Photosynthesis and Distribution of Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga Canadensis L. (Carriere)) in Southwestern Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist 83 (1): 1-10.
(With M. S. Adams).
1971 Optimal Leaf Size in Relation to Environment.
Accepted by Journal of Ecology.
(With D. F.
Parkhurst).
BACKGROUND ON THE TIME-LAGS OF RESPONSES IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS I have studied the Preliminary Safety Analysis Report supporting the application of the Consumers Power Company to build the Midland Nuclear Reactor, Units f.' and 2.
I have examined the testimony of several of the witnesses concerned with the biology of the Tittabawassee River sufficiently to make comparisons between it and related ecosystems we have studied.
I have also studied the other statements offered as testimony in this hearing by the Mapleton Intervenors, known as MEPA.
My testimony will draw heavily on my current research which concerns the development of better methods for integrat-ing the complex and sometimes conflicting information presented in this hearing. My own research has focused primarily on contaminants introduced in environmental systems, their effect on the biology of our land and water resources, and above all, the magnitude of the time-lags to be expected before the effects become apparent. The contaminants on which I have conducted systems studies, and investigated the time-lags, include pesticides, other chemicals, radionuclidos, and thermal effluents.
This experience allows me to estimate time-lags expected before we would observe responses to the radioactive waste efflu-ents proposed from the Midland Reactor. Study of these delayed.
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effects requires a synthesis of the different kinds of inputs of materials, as well as a detailed knowledge of the charac-teristics of the system, and.the way the system as a whole will respond to a particular input. I want to discuss two situations in which there are long time-lags before the effects of the proposed modification in the environment can be observed. The two attributable to the location of this nuclear plant on the Tittabawassee River ares (1) the responses in the imnediate area of the Midland Plant attributable to the introduction of.
radioactive wastes into the air and into the cooling pond; and (2) the response in the Tittabawassee River and in Saginaw Bay over a long period of time due to the introduction of liquid radioactive wastes into the river.
LONG-TER'4 RESPONSES TO RADIONUCLIDE RELEASES Studies of chemical contaminants in the environment have established that certain of the materials released by modern technology are taken up selectively by living organisms rather than eliminated with the normal excretion products. A number of radioactive nuclides respond in this way, as shown in the publication by D. E. Reichle, P. B. Dunaway and D. J. Nelson, attached to this statemen'..
These and other scientists have shown that the structural organization of the food chain, whereby organisms at the top depend for their food on organisms somewhat lower in the food web, and these in turn on organisms near the bottom, leads to biological magnification of the con-centration of these contaminants by factors of up to 10,000 times.
This is the concentration gradient that is now established for naterials such as DDT.
There are other materials which are
- only now being recognized as undergoing similar concentration processes in the food web or natural ecosystems. These include mercury compounds, and PCB's (poly-chlorinated biphenyls) some 4
of which have taken over 10 years to begin to show up, and, despite cessation in use, are still building up in our aquatic food species.
One would like to think that with our modern technology, we would not introduce any more environmental contaminants in natural ecosystem at level's that ultimately can be harmful to man..However, the record over the last few years is clears we know'too little about the mechanisms by which materials such as PCB or mercury compounds are first stored in the sub-strate.of aquatic syatams, and secondly converted to high concentration in_the living biota of the system to justify the release of any potential' contaminants to the environment whose redistribution we do not fully understand. The present response by regulatory agencies can be of only one form--to set standards prohibiting public use of the fish or game or agricultural products t!lat become contaminaked by these materials.
I sabmit, however, that such regulatory mechanisms are the resul*,of our dependence on monitoring after the perturbation, a defens'.ve process that in the long run does not serve the public interest well.
Instead, we must begin to rely on prediction of these responses in advance of any releases, using a full public hearing. Obviously it is not acceptable for us to wait five or
- ears for the biological concentration of a radionuclide to take place. There can be no choice in the issuing of permits for processes that nuy introduce contaminating materials, un13ss there is clear assurance that there is no possibility that the materials will be selectively concentrated by several orders of magnitude in the natural environment.
The public must also be assured that no materials are being released for which the response properties in this air, land and life system are any less than completely predictable.
It cannot be a question of what is set arbitrarily as,
i I
- e a safe concentration of a radionuclide at the time of release, 64t a question of knoving beyond any reasonable doubt that there is no possibility that the low concentration will somehow build up to a significant and potentially toxic leve2 in important resource species as has happened with DDT, PCB's, and mercury. My analysis, taking into consideration what we know
'and do not know about the release of radionuclides into water-sheds such as that of the Tittabawassee River bda the atmosphere and hydrologic cycle) shows that our understanding is far too incomplete to warrant the long-range risks involved.
I particularly want to draw attention to certain details in the paper by Reichle, Dunaway and Nelson. This paper is the product of research at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory as well as other institutions, and was published in the journal Nuclear Safety Vol. 11, 43-55, January-February 1970.
It is the most authoritative review available on our present knowledge
^
of the cycling and concentration of radionuclides in natural ecosystems. I want to emphasize their conclusions: that l although flux patterns for some radionuclides are now well-known for some biological systems, particularly the terrestrial systans, many others are not at all well understood. Let me quote the conclusions they have reached, conclusions that are the same as I have come to using independent methods. From their summary:
Proliferation of nuclear technology and concern for rr.ioactivity in the biosphere demand more sophisticated evaluations of future nuclear installation and procedures. Adeqaate analyses of radionuclide dispersion in the environment will require more substantial bioenvironmental information than is presently available.
Fre-quently information known for one ecciogical systSm (e.g. arctic tundra) will not be applicable to other ecosystems (e.g. temperate or tropical forests). Only with sufficient ecological data can predictive models be developed that will enable assessment of the enviro. Mental consequences of radioactive contamination. A simple source - psthway -
receptor model, analogous to the ecological 1
l
_e.
1 I
- g 11 4
food chain, requires pathway identification, data en assi=ilation by each link (organis=)
in the pathway, and determination of the biological turnover of each radionuclide.
Frc= their su==ary of biological turnover in aquatic organis=s:
Presently, data en radionuclide intake by aquatic organisms are too li=ited to draw
= ore than a faw generalizations, but apparently there are i=portant differe=cos between =arine and fresh-water environ =ents.
Also, the specific food chain involved appears to be a highly i=portant factor in deter =ining the ulti= ate pathway to =an.
yinally, their discussion draws two major conclusions:
Our review indicates tnat considerable ignorance still obtains regarding uptake, assimilation, tissue distribution, turnover rates, and equilibrium levels for many taxenc=le groups.
Further= ore, additional effort should be expended on characterizing the effects of environ = ental factors on radionuclide cycling in selected ecological systc=s, particularly in highly populated riparian and coastal areas where power-reactor cc=plexes = cst likely will be placed.
And secondly:
It is one =atter to know that food chains are i=portant but quite a different =atter to quantify these ec= plex chains for natural and agricultural ecosystems. It is not that we lack sophisticated =athe=atical techniques (e. g. the ec=part=ent =cdels of syste=s i
analysis) to develop predictive =odels of
}
ecosyste=s prccesses, but rather that we i
have neither sufficiently detailed nor widely I
representative radioecological data with which to work.
My own analysis is that at the pr'.sent time we cannot place great confidence in our ability to assure the protection
{ of Saginaw Bay and its natural resources frc= the effluent of the Tittabawassee and Saginaw River systems. We are l currently at the same position with respect to the potential of I
biological concentration and associated effects of radionuclides in this river and lake systa= as we were fifteen years ago with respect to very low levels of O3T and PCB cc= pounds being dispersed into the Lake Michigan lake syste=.
Declaring a river syste= as non-potable water, as has seen done for the Tittaba-wassee and Saginaw Rivers is nothin J =0re than a license for
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complete degradation of Saginaw Day, a semi-closed receptor system for all of the river effluent.
Let me particularly emphasize the long time-lag associated with the biological concentration process in the coupled river and bay ecosystem. The differential equations
-describing these time-lags are discussed in a paper I published in the journal Science (October 1970), and which should be offered as evidence in this hearing. It shows thst if there are no other mechanisms for the excretion of a contaminant, the time-lag for the build-up of equilibrium concentrations of a ma'terial undergoing biological magnification toward the upper trophic levels of natural ecosystems is in the order of four times the life-span of the longest-lived species in the system.
Thus, although an equilibrium level of the contaminant may be achieved within air in a matter of hours, or in the subsequent rainfall and water environment in a matter of a few days, equilibrium levels in squatic organisms such as algae will not be achieved for several weeks, despite the fact that each algal cell may live only a week or so itself. The zooplankton that feed on the algae require a longer time period before build-up of equilibrium levals, and the small fish that live on the zooplankton a longer period yet.
The same process continues to a still longer time-span for equilibrium build-up in the predator fish, the fish eating birds and other animals, such as man.
This sequence of biological concentration has been clearly established for several radioactive materials, two of which (I131 and Cs137) will be released in cumulatively signif-icant' amounts to the River and Saginaw Bay ecosystem.- It is equally well-known that the different groups of organisms in a potentially productive natural rescu'rce system such as Saginaw Bay selectively retain or eliminate these elements at very '
(h diverse rates, most of which are unknown. We have no satis-factory proof of safety until the organisms in the river and bay system have been' studied in detail for the potential biological concentration of I131 and Csg y.g, I also want to point out the very considerable period of ci=e that elapses before we become aware that the biological concentration of these or other radioactive materials have become significant. Many kinds of monitoring to prevent the contaminant from reaching man are poss'ble, but as with mercury contamination in the Northerr.
Hemisphere now, we risk a direct loss of a significant proper-tion of the biological productivity of our enviror. ment.
I draw attention to these long time'-lags, and to the lack of information on uptake and retention of -the radioactive waste materials from this plant by aquatic organisms, because of the relatively large quantity of radioactive material pro-posed for release to tha atmosphere in the Midland area, and to the Tittabawassee River. The risk to the Saginaw Bay ecosystem is clearly unwarranted when alternate sources of energy are readily available, and other reactor designs are becoming essentially clean. The question that I believe the Consumers Power Company must answer to the scientific community and to the people of the Saginaw Bay area is how it can be in the public interest to risk many unknown long-ters effects on an important co==ercial and recreational water resource, including the municipal water supplies of several ec=munities.
The threat of serious levels of contamination is not in the first year or two after start up, but over the lifespan of this reactor and the long period required for these materials to come to equilibrium concentrations in Saginaw Bay.
The answer obviously has to consider the ready availability of clean sources of power thynugh treated fossil fuel plants and nuclear reactors of a clean design. -
u,
(
CONCLUSIONS On the basis of my analysis of the supporting documents offered by the Consumers Power Company and the statements I have examined that were offered in evidence by the intervenors in this hearing, I have to conclude that there is no justifi-cation for granting the permit to build at this time. The public interest demands that the cost-benefit evaluation include all the costs, over the life-time of the plant.
It is clear that very significant costs in the downstream sink formed by Saginaw Bay, have not yet been considered.
The permit should be denied because there are other ways in which a construction permit would be acceptable. As one example, the company could redesign and offer to build a plant guaranteeing zero radiation releases throughout the life of the plant. In view of the engineering and scientific reason-ableness of the alternatives open to the company at this time, and the incompleteness of the analysis offered in support of the application, I have no alternative but to conclude that the construction permit should be denied.
SIGNIFICANT REFERENCES Goldman, Morton I. 1970. Environmental Considerations at Nuclear Power Plants. Chapter III of the Proceedings of a Symposium " Nuclear Power and the Environment."
University of Wisconsin - Madison.
Harrison, H.
L., O. L. Loucks, et al. 1970. Systems Studies of DDT Transports. To apFear in Science, September issue.
Jaccos, 3. C. 1968.
Sources'of Tritium and Its Behavior upon Release to the Environment. AEC Critical Review Series,
'JSACE Report TID-24635. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Kahn, Bernard.
1970. Release of Radioactivity from Nuclear Installations. Chapter V of the Proceedings of a Symposium " Nuclear Power and the Environment."
University of Wisconsin - Madison.
Mount, Doaald. 1970. Thermal Effects of Power Plants on Ecology. Chapter IX of the Proceedings of a Symposium
" Nuclear Power and the Environment." University of Wisconsin - Madison. -
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g P
Reichle, D.
E., et al.1970.
Turnover and Concentration of RadionuclIces~in Food Chains. Nuclear Safety, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 43-55.
Seymour, Allyn H.
1970. Radiological Aspects of Nuclear Power and the Aquatic Environment. Chapter XI of the Proceedings of a Sy=posium " Nuclear Power and the Environment." University of Wisconsin - Madison.
Stannard, J. Newell. 1970. Evaluation of Health Hazards to the Public Associated with Nuclear Plant Operations.
Chapter XII of the Proceedings of a Symposium " Nuclear Power and the Environment." University of Wisconsin -
Madison.
Further doponent saith not.
jI QRIE L. LOUCKS Subscr worn to before o
me 9 9 da October, 1971.
GA!L L l? PVi&3.. ?1 My co Aug. 25, 1974 7
t Turnover and Concentration of Radionuclides in Food Chains I
Sy D. E. Reichle, P. B. Dunaway, and D. J. Ne son a
Aheeraces proinferation of nuclear technology and concern for simple sourre-peshway= receptor model, ensiver.:ss to the g
te6anctivity M ate blotphent demand more sopnasticated ecolossent food thein, repires pathwey kics.qncourm. dets on e'ehnerions of funere nucicer kstanstoons and procedurea essimianon by each liork fortenism) sn the pathway, and Adequete analysts of redsonneliJe a 'spersson be the enveron.
determination of she booleewal twnover of each rentsonoretsde.
ment mell revet more ankstantsat beoenssronmentalinforma-For acute releases of rednoectirsty to the enreonment, erekee.
Inon then is presently eventable. frecuently insformation knoern tion of shese wriaNes is needed to persbet timedependent far one ecolo ical systern (et, arctie anndre) wsl1 not be concentreasons of radioertenty be creenisms. For throme applicable so other ecosystems (e.g., temperes* or aopient releases concentration factors alone wGl often suffice. The
/Erentsl. Only weth sufficsent ecolo.wel date can predictive bioloescal concensretion ed earnover of rednanuclides by medels be developed that wul enable arsessment of she antanis are nommensed in this paper. Dete are presenstd for ano6enmental emasqueners of regioerstre cratamhetson. A use be enveonmental models ad correlation with species chaser #+ristics (e.g., body sist) that allow estimations of environmental biology has resulted in the establish. '
eesehnte tels.es for many diffelent animal s'oups based en ment of several new research activitics in thenc areas.
f
'""#"P"*"'"d
However, controlled. releases;of radioactive materials 5
The intensiGed technological development of atomic into the general environment up to.the present time i
have been restricted to such low levels that the health g
energy in the last decade has added a new du.nension to and safety of the public apparently are adequately the problems associated with maintaining environ.
protected.
mental quality. Considerable research effort has there-fore been devoted to studying the fate and poential The study of uptake and turnover of radionuclides hasards of radionuclides released to the environment by means of the biological processes occurring in I
by man. The modes of environmental contamination organisms has been undertaken to develop a tool for with radionuchdes may be either acute or chronic as a assessing the ecological consequences of radioactivity result of the intentionalor unintentionaldonsequences m nature, la this paper we deal with this part of the of man's activities; for example, global fallout from overall problem and Clustrate how the contrasting nelear weapons testina ' accidental industnal cc.
biological composition and ecological processes of I
! cases ' neutron activation products and waste <!isposal different food chains may affect the significant modifi.
4~
operations of nuclear industry s.* and special applica.
cation of radionuclide cancentrations from the source
' tions such as the pro;4 sed nuc! car excavation of a to man. Comparisons of the biological halflives of
- l '...
- transisthmian sea-level canal.s Analyses of the environ.
radionuclides in different animal species from inverte.
brates to man illustrate the variable retention times of mental behavior of radionuclides and their potential
- - danger to human populations have consistently empha, each isotope among dissimilar specin and different siaed five sequential steps in the development of isotopes within the same species. Other data are
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enysronmental models:
presented to show the different concentration factors
- l. Determination of quantity and distribution of
.of elements by animals from their food bases. Knowl.
radionaciales produced.
edge of the values of these parameters can form the basis of predictive modela for nuclear safety in the i
- 2. IdentiGcation of nuclides.
l.*
- 3. Investigation of bioenvironrcental pathways ar.d envirorunent. The data cited in this summary for
.i /
processes (biogeochemical cycles).
invertebrates, fish, and mammals were summarized Il
- 4. Evaluation of doses to man from internal and from several hundred publications. Since it was not feasible to include all these literature sources in this j
external sources.
' port,they were documented in Ref.9.
j
- 5. Consideration of protective action.
l Approximately 200 isotopes of some 35 different j
elements have been identified from nuclear explosions Concentration Factors and fallout.' Because of yield, half. life, and biological l'
characierisucs, is raaionuctides are hkeiy to i-,f There are many factors that determine the food.
importance in the proposed transisthmian cau.s chain ancentration of radionuclides Ly animals.The I
Included in these are "Sr "' t, '"Cs, and 11, which
,most important is the stable element chemistry of the 8
we consider to be of ecologicalinterest in connection organism, which in turn can be affected by a number a
with reactor waste releases. Considerable information is of physiological and ecological conditions. The i
available about environmental behavior of "Sr. "81,
' specific activity concept" is one technique that per.
and '"Cs. Some entics of nuclear power have.
mits a priori prediction of the steady. state distribution identiGed tritium as potentially a critical radio-of radionuclides released to the environment. SpeciGc nuclide in some biological systems. The most activity is defined as the ratio of radicactive atoms to I=
recent review of tritium does not include total atoms of the sama element. Ily using the l4 bioenvironmental information.' Simdarly, although stable. clement distribution in environmental samples as i,
much more is known about the ecological behavior of a chemical analog for the radionuclide, we can predict l
certain other elements, there are stillinsufGcient data the dispersion of longlived radionuclides through j,
on many food chains for development of meaningful environmental pathways if we know: (1)the stable.
models of radionuchde transport.' Currently there is element chemistry of organisms constituting the hnks gruwing conecrn about the quahty of our environment in the biological pathways (food chams) and (2)the l
and its biological constituents. This concera coupled specific. activity ratio of the element at the source ofits with the relatavo paucity of research in some areas of, access to the food chain, NoCLEAn SAPeTY Wee. sl, pse. 9. Jan.-Pee.1970 f
e n
,g casessousncts ce activity antase as Itadenuchde in food, radionuciale in consumer g at each trophic level, and indirect evidence presently Total elenient in food total clement sa consumet mdacatetthat this element may be lumtag in tenestrial detritus based food chams.
Tlus ratio es vahd only if there is complete environ.
Concentration factors foe marninals were derived mental maxmg and no b;olopcal d.senmanation be.
from fallout studies in arctic, desert, and temperate.
tween the radionudde and its stab c4sotope anaios.
zone ecosystems or from hboratory stud.es where the The rstao can be used only if ak luate knowledge is 7dioactmty of chronicaDy fed food and equabnum avadable for the chematry of the ecolo8; cal system, leuls of the ammals were known. Concentraten The food <hain kanctics and distribution of ele.
factors of most elements for which we have informa.
rnents and their radsonue: ides are dependent on a tion decrease from plants to mammalian herbivores.
number of environmental and biolopcal factors; for Cesium concentrations increase at the highet trophic I
example, geochemical characteristics of the ecosystem, levels in mammals, in contrast to the concentrations of l
detary levels of nuttwnts in foodstuffs, and the this a!kah metal in terrestrial invertebrates. Knefold g
physaological demands of consumer organurns. Conse.
increases of '"Cs through phnt-mule deer-couga quently it is difficult to draw spec 6c conclusions food chains have been reported,' 8 as have nnercases by concernmg the biological concentration of elements in about a factor of 2 at each successrve hnk of the afferent ecosystems. The primary ecological mecha. '
hehen-caribou-wolf chasn'* and an increase by a tuem for interorganism transport of elements is the factor of 3 in humans over that of their food.88 food chain.
Uptake of some elements in herbivores is apparently affected by the type or form of vegetation available to i
the arumals. Considerable diversity of radaonudido knanntrations in Food Chains a
concentrations in mammalian omnivores and carnivores Functoia!!y, terrestnal food chains may be dehm-should be expected because of varied feeding habits, ined into trophic levels (or successive isnks in the feedzg such as seasonal changes in diet and selectrve feedang process), limited data on the concentrat on of stable on tissues.
'l elements are available for some food chains (Tabie 1).
These data are presented as concentration factors (rata Conenntration in Aquatic Systenu of element level in consumer to element level in i
Jood<hain base) for each trophic level, with base The concentration of elements in aquatic ecosys.
t j
values normalized at I.0. These ratios are taken from.
tems (Table 1) is highly variab;e." Of major impor.
either stable <!ement chemical analyses of food <hain tance in affectmg the mineral nutrition of aquatic food components or, under conditions of chroruc environ.
chains is the chemical composition of the water.
mental contammation, equd,bnum values of radionu.
Nutrient poor (oligotrophic) systems generally require chdes along food chains.' Calemm and strontium show the greatest concentraten of elements to levels neces.
the greatest reduction in wholebody concentratens in sary for the life processes. In eutrophic waters insects and other invertebrates (a factor of ~0.1 for (nutnent. rich but not necessarily avadable) concentra, seconderder consumers and predators),although these tion factors of nutnents by organisms are ret as great.
data do not include species with calc 6ed esoskeletons.
Concentration factors are usually related to the chemi.
Calcium and strontium may be concentrated by factors cal content of the media, and it is impossible to predict greater than 150 in "caleturn smk" invertebrates, such or draw conclusions from the elemental composition of as mi::ipedes, isopods, and snads. In vertebrates, organisms wahout sunultare Ns reference data on their other cone.seekmg radionuctades (eg., 8"W) might water-food environment." Since many aquatic orga.
presumably daphy the same datmetive behavior as do rusms may take up elements directly from water, as calcium and strontum in these u: vertebrates. Cobalt, well as by food ingestion, water is used as the reference potassium, and cesium progressively decrease in con.
base here instead of phnts.
{
centration through invertebrate food chains, with in aquatic ecosystems, strontium and manganese eternent contents generally averagmg one.ha f those of are accumulated m the shcHs of clair.s and snails, plants after two trophic exchanges.'8 Phosphorus Phosphorus may be concentrated to very high levels by levels in insects may be 10-fold greater than those of both vertebrates and invertebrates.Cni.am and potas.
t their detritus or fohage food bases, although httle saum concentrations in aquatic anunals s's higher than subesquent change occurs between anarnal components in water but generaDy show httle or no increase from
{
of the food chain. Soda,m is continua:Iy concentrated plant to herbivore to predator,although the cesium 4o.
eiucLean sapevy, v s. si, e
,, m-e mo e
98 e
g
~
g
~
I i
es on.eaoue. css ce actmv. metsmes 1Il t sa i
8 A
-I o
I I
85 i
i
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- -==
i i
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- $5 f
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- i!
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j a
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EE s
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- : =
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hl m............ -..
,.,e
n f
comesoua css ce activity natuse er pan - rate may not remun constant between and rM rwe are escreted are dependent os such troptue leveh." 8' Cob.It, rathenann, and roc are antresac boulugscal factors as body sare, age, ses, 8
slightly more concentrated an inscrtebrates than in stysral actmty, physical condaten, and deposeten in
~i water but are rnarkedly less concentrated in anverte-bioiapcal saks. Estrinsac environmental factors affect-brates than in a:pe and higher piants.Companble data icg radecucMe turnover include chenucal cornposa.
for coba:t and ruthenium arc nonexstent for aquatic taca of the mednam and temperature. Several of these vertebrates, and zanc does r.ot appear to be further factors have been adent/ sed for vanous radenucMes, w-h ed by the vertebrate hr.ks as food chams, but sufficer.t data are not avadable for an orpnams l
t sad radenuchdes to pecrade a complete psture.Many Tur e radionucMes can be grouped accords.g to those l
characterized by long, intermediate,or short biological l
The "equdhnum* concentraten of radaonucMes half 4ves in various ananal groups (Table 2). Some aions food cha.es is a functwa cf the orpasms' radsonucMes sere placed in more than one category an stable <iement chemntry, but the rates of antake and Table 2 either because their bmiossal behav.cr as too 1
turnover of isotope affect the tune requared for vanable to predact accuntely or beca ase factors in-equ.lbrium to occur.8' Rapad baclopcal turnovers cuencing tusnover could not be considerei result in raped equdabraten; ::ow turnover of eternents Considerable data exst for biolopcal half.Uves of casess catenssora of the equ2.bration tune.The rado-some elements in insects for the size range of from 100 aucIde concentration, C,, in an orpn:sra as a functon to 200 mg hve we:ght that s're based prunarily on the of tame is desenbcd by cicket AeAers damerricus and the grauhopperMelmo-8 i
pass femur,rubrwn. Ordanation of these values yields C, = As - As (d- s*s') + Ce *a' (2) the fonowing ranlung, from lorig.liwd to increas.ngly e
l shorter lived auchdes:
s f
where Ce = inM concentraten of asotope in orpnam I > Zn > Fe > Na > P > K > Cs > Co >
l l= mtake rate of food (grams of food per gram cf consumer per day)
Cr > Ru > Ca > Sr a
Ae = uutal coccentration ofisotope in food i
1 = loss coeffacaent ofisocc;e from food In arthropods (*ndhpedes and isopods) and other As = loss coeffacaent for biobsxal turnover of invertebrates (snads and chms) wsth hagh!y calcarseJ g
radenac;ide by consaner orpnasms exoske;etons, both strontnarn and calcium have much Under the constramt that no prenous body burden cf longer biological halfkes (75 to 125 days) that are j
isotope em3ted in the orprusm, the time requared for k to & M vAes Wed for m W manpnese (Tabie 2) in 40 inwrtebrates. lodge has equilhnum, t,,,, to be attaaned as bioW wu by hbm exqt b g
g those forms with higuy pigmented (melanin) cutacula; j
- t., = 3, y8 in 7 for Cea0 (3) an such forms, s:gntacant iodme loss occurs only durms 8
8 moiteg. Otner elements with characteru.ca:!y slow
'"#**** '" #"'D""
'3*""'"'*"
The sah,taon of Eq.2 and the a:gebraic so:ution of its derivatave Eq.3 are dependent on knowledge #f the Mn, Fe, and Zn. The a ka:a metals Na, K. Rb. and Cs g
g bio los, cal loss coeffacants, k, whach are ders.ed as 1= 0.69#T, where T, is the biological half,hfe of the Biological half.tives for radaonuchdes in aquatic 3
radenuc',de in the orpr.asm. A bioiopcal half.hfe is invenebrates aho Eustrate the usuqueness betwun that tame requared for an orpntsm to lose 50% cfits calcium sad and nonsad organisms. Mangan and i
body burder. of a radenucMe when removed to a strontaun values wen etamed from clams, when I
noncontanunated food source, these two elements an accumnulated m the shc2 but also have slow metabolic turnover. Bdepeal behavior of the remaicc4 sotopes is quate samJar to that an i
g terrestrial invertebrate orpnams. Cobalt and nne are i
The baologwal turnover or excretson of enements as involved in cofactors for enzyme systems and have i
a hame saetabobc process associated wsth the maneral relatavely slow metaboLe turnover. Phosphorus, cal.
autrataan of organ,sms. The rates at 31sch elements csura, and strontaurn have rapid turnover in species a.ucts.n u,m. v is. = s. --em im e
I m
- ~
- 4. er w
-=u-A
,.-..e I
i as comesavencas o, actmtv annase Table 2 Biological Half-Uwes of Elements in,Wjor Groups of Organinnis*
I Elements with indicated range of hattarvee Animalpeep 0.1 to 1.0 eey 8.0 to 80 days 10 to too das e 100 to 1000 days
>l000 days 1
i Aquasse i
lavertebrasest Ca,St P
Co,Za.Ca Zag Mat
($r sad Ma) l Fish Na,I Na,K.Ca,I Ca, Ma. Co.
5, Co?,5 Zm, Sr. Cs e
i Terresinal f
leverestualesl Ab,Sr Y Cut \\
Na,P.K.
Na,P,Fe,Co, I
Ca Cr,C a, Za. tCa and
\\
As,5r,* /,
SrLS I RACs b j
\\
W,l Versebreessi
, 8, Ge,Tc, Os H. Li,"t,
f if,8. C. N,0, F.Mg, A1 Ca, Sr, Y, i
s 0, P a P. K, Na, M,;, Si, P. Ca, TI, Pb,Ra,Ac.
- g Sc. da, Co, P. 5. K. Se, Cr,Ma,Fe, Th, Pa. Np, j
Ga,29 Br.
V Ma, Fe, Ni, Za, As, Po, Am,Cm, Ab, Ms. Ts, Co,Ca Za, Sr, Zr, hb.
Sk,Cf I
Ru,Rh,As Se, Rb Ru, Cd I,Ca, i
Te, I, Cs, Rh, Pd, Ag, La, Ce, Pr, Re, Os, Hg, la, Sa, SD, Nd, Pm, Sm, T1, B6 Te, I, Cs, N
Eu,Gd,Tb, g
Ba, Eu, W.
Dy, Ho, Er, It, Pt, At, Tm, Yb, Lu, I
Fr. U Hf, Ta, Au, Pb, U e
- $emmary of hieraturs values documented la Ref,9.
t Pnmaroy adult inmts, tPrimanly annehds arf mo!!aska, 1 Pnmardy homoiothermic vertebrater.,
i i
)
$ tavertebrates enh calcified etoskeletona, l
- 4
',]g
, without well&veloped exoskeltons, Fash possess bone famthes Bovidae, Cervidae, and Suidae in the Artio-l sinks for calcium and strontium, as do ther terrestrial dactyla. Similar consistently low values for iodine vertebrate counterparts The active metabolic pool of retention occur in these same groups. It appears that elements in soft tissues is divided into those with slow turnover of these elements (and perhaps others) may turnover (cobalt, zinc, and cesium) and those with differ among mammal famihes. Practically nothirig is rapid biological half. times (sodium and potassaum).
known about radionuclide metabohsm in about 10 of Corgsn"ve data on biological half hves of many the 13 metazoan phyla, and much more experimental elements es not avadable for a large number of information is needed, mammalian species, but considerable mformation is available for various isotopes in species ranging in size g 3;,,
from 8 g to about 900 kg. Many of the data m Table 1 are for man, and wider ranges of biological half.hves A known variabic affecting metabobsm is body
,j for many elements can be expected as adJ,tional size, with metabolism a function of the 0.75 power of s
sacretion stud es are performed with species having body weight.88 Sufficient data were available for
'I wider ranges of body size, Most of the elements wath
'8*Cs and '"Cs biological lulf hves in various orga-short biulogical fulf-hves concentrats in soft tissues, nasms to obtain a coherent synthesis of the effect of whereas the reuwinder with extendeJ bologa:al half.
body size on the turnover of this element.When these hvcs have long residence times in slowly metabulising data on biological half 4ives are plotted as a function of or inert tiuucs swh as bone, teeth, or hair, Relatively fresh weight of anunals (Fig.1), vassous groups of short biological half hvcs for cesiaan luve been de, organisms forum into r.ther discrete patterns. These
. senbed for domesticated rabbits and species in the groups represent orgar. isms with distinct biokgical I
g tsoCLe AR sAFsvY, Vek 19, 8se,1, Jon..Feb. stre
..m
~
e co=ssouances oe actevnv nuassa es relatenships. Group A conusts of mvertebrates other as a fiesterder exponential. The data were obtained than inaccts arul includes lower arthropoJs (milhpedes, from a number of htcrature and unpubbshed sources.'
centipedes. isopods, and spiders) anJ mollusk:(snails).
Some half 4 ves were measured in field experiments, Aquatic poikilothermic (cold blooded) vertebrates in but most were determmed under controlled iaboratory Group B Whmic fish (perch, trout, bluegill, and carp) conditions. Diological half hves (Y) for poikdotherms and one acolubtre (newt), GroupC is composed were adjusted to 20*C by usmg a One of 2 (i.e., a entarcly of aMc% ranging froin sap. sucking spluds to doubbng of the excretion rate and a halving of the isprophagous wi herbivorous beetles, cankets, and turnover tune for each 10*C increase in temperature).,
{
i g 6 iising 4 4 666nj a 4 llimj 4 l i o. j 4 6 tiliij i 4 liidj e illsoj i eleisdj 4 4 lieuj i lilig 1
-;. S.
,.. s-s e te-i !
g.. M.
T~"~~
.3 -r-i f..
e g.7 g.
8 e6
,,.+
+
+
+f
. AelNVCRf(Stat (5 OfMER TMaN shSECTS
+
g e
+
a Be COLO-OLO(Ot0 vt#f t9Aarc$
y-7 3
++
. Colnes(Cf5
+
=
0.
anu-st000c0 venice =afr$
p, 3,,,,, se,,
=
I t Iff m! t I t f!9'! t i1f!!!O f f Itttd t t til!!!! I f f f f!rl f I titt"l t f filf!d f I It!!!d f f If fb g.,
t0**
to-a io-a go-o e
to 10 10s 80*
to' t0' 8
900f EIGHTtel
+
45 Stelation between animal budy site and turnover of rad 60 cesium. The parh of los cesium beological hatrere against the big of live body we'5hl foDows a haear power function or the form 8
Y
- eX. Sumtar regresmun equahoma have been reported in the hierature which setate metabatic rates of animala to body are. The data soported tese itet.9) are for poikikethermee (coki blooded) hivertebrates and vertebrates and homoeothermee (warm 4tooded) verschrates:Gsoup A, invertebrates other than insects (primardy arthropods);Csoup 5, squatie vertebrates tpredominantly (aah); Group C
}
6nsocta; Group D, mammala and inrds.
'g grasshoppcis. Warm booded (homomthermic) verte.
Such temperature adjustments, within the rarige of 10 brates in Group D inchdd rodents, lagomorphs to 25*C, were necessary for some data for insects and (rabbits), artiodactyls (hoefed, even-toed mammals),
coldblooded vertebrat s.
prmutes (monkey and man), and chickens.
An encouragmg aspect of the data in I ig. I is that The biological half 4 ves plotted h Fig. I are those the biological half 4sves for cesium obtained in a variety suociated with the long component in excretion of experiments are seemingly so consistent. in fittmg a curves. This component is the most important quanti-power-function model, Y =s#, to these data, the l
tatively smce the major rendense time of asumdated lo we r arthropods with cakified exoskeletons radiocesium as determincJ by the slower rate compo-(Group A) are most closely associated with the cold.
nent.as The shorter components in excretion curves blooded vertebrates (Gioup D). Cesium turnoser by
(
}
represent unassimilated materials and the proportions insects (Group C) and warm blooded vertebrates l
of asumalated radenuchde which are turned over (Group D) are rnore closely related.8* The tegression rapidly Mathematical solutens of retention curves equations calculated for these two combmations of 1
bascJ on power functions providi better estunates of organisms, where Y is the biological half-hfe of cesium biological turnover for bone seekers than do calcula-in days and X is hve body weight in grams, are, fo?
taona based on the assumption that retention decreases Groups A + D, v
woctean sapefv, ves, si, n,, Jeep, iete i
i a
4 e
e
e s
W.s. n
=
88 Comseoutescs8 oe acTiveTY metsaae ce = 38.02 2**' 8" SE* of 6 = 0 03027 The power function equation describing iodme tum.
over fits the data for both vertebrates and inverte.
and, for Groups C + D, brates. Here the relationship holds because the biologi.
cal half 4ives for all species are dominated by metabohc f', = 3.458 X
- 8"8 SE of 6 = 0.01499 c
pool size. Although in vertebrates the melanin pigmen.
Such size dependency for radionuclide turnover also
- "I can be i terpreted from comparative data reported for Similarly, the data for insects er.u,mpassed only lightly Is"s"; e's 's h,s Pigmented forms. In same msect species wah consider.
aae
, ae sat n
and "Fe in marnmals (Refs.25-31){ secs anj 8 e ne CMpwaten h t% utramtaW sinW
- "N**""*"*'""*#
'"Cs in arthropods (Refs.24,32,33); and '"Cs in aquatic invertebrates (Rc fs. 34,35).
only st ntolting.
, body size, or some Strontmm-90 and '8 'l are two additional radionu.
Thm rnults imply that clides of apprectable radiobiologicalinterest because of particular metabolic parameter correlated with body their potential bioenvironmental hazard in waste re.
size,is an important factor in the biological turnover of J
1 eases. These radenuchdes have been the subject of cesium, strontium, and iodine in animals.
much research because '8'l is accumulated in the i
thyroid gland of vertebrates and "Sr is deposited in Effective Half Life calcareous skeletal tissues. Research on these two
' isotopes typines speciGc investigations involvmg bio.
For short-lived radionuclides where physical decay is significant, biological (1 ) and radioactive (N) loss logical smks. The sinks are of contrasting types since 3
a s al possesses a short radioactive half 4ife and often is coefficients are additive [e g., e"**^d], and the in an actinly metabohzed pool (thyroid), whereas effective loss coefficient A, is equal to A, = 0.693/T,,
"St is a long4sved radionuchde in a slowly exchanged where metabolic pool (bone). Limited data are avadable on the whole-body turnover of these two elements. The T, = TsT, I#)
whole body retention data for assi and "Sr reflect 6 + Tr the dommance of their respective sinka.
The value of usin; an effective half 4ife in analysis of Biologic.l half 44ves of strontium were found for 1i radionuchdes in the environment cannot be overem.
species, inc!nd.ng an arthropoJ, two mollusks, one phasized. For exampe, approsirrtely 245 days would amptubian, one fish, and six mammals (rats. monkeys, be required for physical decay to reduce the body dog, and rnan). The resultmg body size power function burden of '8Zn by 0.50 in an organism, whereas s'n f
equation is effective half 4ife for zinc in a mammal of about 42 i
fs, = 107.4A*'"' 8 SE of b = 0.04720
- I'
- I
- * ' * " N#
- remainder of less than 0.01 after that same period of nm n re cases ta uc n,whueth A smgle regression appears satisfactory to describe the strontam values in these species (i.e., vertebrates, "I'"
b" #9"
" ' **"' " *" I
'I'"
rnollusks, and an isopod) and probably for other quan y ra nuc n ase, a the W m n organisms wah similar elemental sinks. Insects, which do not have highly calcified exoskeletons, generally Pathways. Under conditions of acute inputs of radionu.
, no n ectan ItaWik unpWant but have very rapid strontium half 4ives of less than 1 n
als the longevity of the animal. Organisms with long dy Simdat data for iodme (again using the long hb,p2,ns may tiiveshort hved radionochdes sush I
as, I and I, whereas organisms with brici component T of whole body retention curves)for 25 3
species, mcludmg meets, fish, and mammals, can t.
genua n unnes may non hu lomg enough to expressed by acamulate dangerous body burdens of long-hsed radionuchden such as "$r. Radionushdes with rela-tively short effective half hves can be hazardous to an f: = 6.819X' 8 8*'
SE of b = 0.0240u individu21 if they are concentratcJ by speafic tasues (e.g., :a g,, s s't in thyroid). Other radioisotopes of
%t.
- sun.14rJ error.
/ elements that concentrate in gonaJs may meresse seuCLsan sAFifv, Vos, ss, see, s, Jen..p e., soys A
e
.-- a
comesous= css os actmn nusau u
notatens a populations (e s.,5, Zn, Te, and At in lughet assandatson effacarncws: '"Cs and '"Cs are nunuais).
79 to 94%, and Ca is 98%. Assinulation from water 88 is characteratica!!y high: N is 807,, e s g,,9yg,
,a4 % is M MenaWWW fladionuclide intaka 8,Co (25%) are elements th t and a are poorly assuni-Isotops estake,1, and ds equaa!ent food input are lateJ.as are '"I and "Cs.
ochcr varubks necessary for the evaluation of 15.2.
3 4,,,mdation of elements mio rummahan tasues latae wp previuusly 4crined as grams of food pe' can occus vu three routes: respwatery trast, skin, and.
gram of conwmer per day, but an the foramuig esample, we enore samply derme antake as r unas of gastromtestmal (GI) tract. Uptake by the latter route rurmany a the most important m natural food man or ruboactany per und tame. Intake (unsts of raJaactaity per urut time) can be calcu:ated from eminenu. InMd nutetut my be 2 sorbed direct'y by lung tissues or moveJ by cdutcJ epdhchum the uptake curve of uncontammated anima;s feedeg on a rafacactas food source,by to the esophagus anJ argested. Retensson half 4smes for lung-absorbed materuh of orJy a few days were found t
gg, for '"I, Ag'"I,"S:50., and "'PoOll, but mate.
re.
(5) ruls such as "FeOn, "'Pt.0a, RaSO., UOs, and I ~ ', *
'"RuOs had retescon half 4imes of 100 to 1500 where Q,is the bcdy burden (unds of radioactmty)in days? Skan is apparently d minor @ana e
- ""'"E'"*
the oeganism after time r, and a as the proportaon of tenuni f ans atnaphw water entu fmh."n'"
angested radaonuc:ade aumu'ated from the intestinal tract sato body tissues. Under conddions of chronic The lanthande and actinsde elements are poorly environmental contanunatan, where the org2rusrn is in absorbed (<t%) through the GI tract w IIs, and so are notopic equJ,brium =dh its food bue, intake (r) can the elements Be, Sc,71, Cr, Ga, Ge, Y,Zs,Nb,Cd.In, te calculated from the mau balance equation and La." The itshter elements from atomac number I through 19 (except for De, Efg. and AI) are absorbed gg, we3 (70 to 100ir), as are the elements Se, Br Kr, Rb,
.F" 7 (6)
- Mo, I, Xe, Cs, Hg. At, anJ Fr.The recuining elements haw intermedaate absorbabd, ties _ Uptake of some where 0, as the equ hbraum radionuchde body burden.,
elements in herbwores is apparently affected by the kss,mJataon, s, cannot be considered eqaivaient for a3 physical conddson or form of vegetaten ingested by ratonuchdes; dgestsve an.mJation as lugt i varub;e, the ammals." Considerable daersity of raJ.onuciade dependar g on the element, sts chemical fornt, retention concentrations un mammahan herbivores and caronores,,
tame of food in the gut, nature of the food eaten, age also should be capected because of varwd feedang of the snamatyc.8*
h*'ts, such as seasonal changes in diet and selectae feedag on tasues.
Terrestrial Organoms Among terrestral invertebrates.assimdation is vari-abis accordeg to the nature of the food bue. For The antake of radionuclades by aquatac organisms detrdus, where suost of the soluble const2tuents have occurs froan adher their food or direct uptake from been leached and those remaming are largely incorpo.
water, wah some elemnts. intake may occur by both rated anto poorly 4estible truue structures. assimJa.
rnodes. Uptake direcuy frore water is knew for taan is loweu;"*Ca anJ '"Cs are 53 to 65%,"5r is sodauni (Ref. 40) and strontium (Ref. 41). The si.s of l
77%, and 'Ca is 69%. Assamdat on from dned mealis fah are a major sde of ion exclunge. srsough some smularly low '"! ss approumately 21% and "Cr is absorptaon occurs through the body su L1,in turtles approumately 5%. Green fohage or samdar herbaceous the oral and cloacal mucosae serve as an exchange I
mater:4s present a food base wdh an elemental sate." W h strontmm the problem appears to be d
content more readJy avalable in the form of cellular further comphcated by food <hain movement. Dartary consiguents: a s*Cs and ""Cs are 73 to 94%(-1077.
levels of strntium nuy signi tantly affect the i
an sap-sucking aphads), "P is 54 to 6M., "Rb is strontium cc. stent of fish tassues ** Thus fish eating a 100%, and 8"W is appronunately 100% (sn sap.
strontiunmch daet would be expected to maintaan a sucking bugs). Predators feeding on f.eah show even higher lady burden of strontsum.
souctsan saany, v n, s s, ame, wo i
___ O e
g P
w..
=
se comaeouences oe actnnvy massane Physical absorption is apparently of greater impor.
tion of additional pressures, such as those resulting tance than biological absorptaon for the entry of from reactor efiluents,on ecological systems wi!! cause t Tonuchdes into algae.*3 Absorption appears to be a further interactions between components of these major moJe of uptake for zoopLnkton as well.
ecosystems. Consequent!y proliferation of reactor con.
a Thereafter, food < ham movement determmes the envi.
struction and consequent increases in radioactive ronmental pathway for such raJonachdes as 88P, waste 4isposal operations in this atomic age wdi require 8 "Cs, *
- Sc, As. *
- Co, " Cr, ' "I, Zn, and even more sophisticated evaluations of future nuclear
'**Co. Again there may be signancant differences in installations and procedures. These evaluations, al.
assandation because of the type of contaminated food though primas;ly concerned with man's safety, must consumed. Carp asumdate 80% of the '"Cs on algae also cons der the biota around man because it is upon but only 7% front orgams detritus associated with this hvir;g environment that human bemgs must ve.
lake-bottom sediments.** Although s:Cr appears to be pend.
suamdated at higher trophic levels in the Columbia Evaluation of the hasard to humans wdl require a River, fouJ cham transfer was not observed m a coherent theory, as well as predictive mathematical marine amphipod.** The inabdity of fish to assundate models,of radionuclide cychng in the environment.**
I
- Ce in ingested food was attnbuted to theincorpo, l.imited data r's available for various aspects of the ration of the '**Ce in the und(estible exoskeleton of biological uptake and translocation of radionuctidesin i
prey.*' Thus the presence of metabol.c smks can segments of environmental cycles, especiaD. hose l
affect the transfer of radionuclides in food chams.
cycles (food chams) leadu g to man.** lt is one matter Wrme amphipods assandate Zn ($5.7%), **Sc to know that food chains are importsat but quite a (94), and '**Ce (6.2%) from contaminated brme different matter to qsntify these complex chains for shrimp.
- White etappie may assmdate 100% of the natural and agriculturat ecosystems. It is not that we ingested *:K fed in sc,ldGsh." Fish size also may be a, lack sophisticated mathenutical techniques (e g., the factor, since bluegit:s weighing 80 to 120 g assinuhte
- compartment models of systems analysis) to develop 91M of 8 "Cs from chironomad larvae, nercas Osh predictive models of ecosystem processes, but rather weighing 9 to 10 g and 0.5 to 1.2 g assimdate 70.6 and
, that we have neither sufficiently detailed nor widely 34%, respective ly, of ingested 8 "Cs. P,c.ently, data representative radioccologica: data with which to work.
on rad.unuchde intake by aquatic organisms are too Analogo as to the food ct.ain (source-pathway-tamted to draw more than a few genera!izations,but receptor),.ae parameters requued for mooelmg ti4 apparen'Iy there are important differences between biological transport of radionuclides in the envuon.
mar ne and freshwater env ronments. Also,the specinc ment include (1) pathway identincation,(2)assimila.
food chain involved appears to be a high!y important tion at each link in the pathway, and (3) tt:e turnover factor m determinu.g the ultimate pathway to man, rates of radionuclides by the receptor organisms.The second and third factors will determine the net uptake g
rate and the eventual radionuc!4e concentration in i
orgamsms. Acute releases of radwnuclides into the Everyone agrees that unsafe icvels of raJioactive envirorunent are followed by transient peaks of radio.
matenals cannot acceptably be released into the 1,ving activity along the fooJ<hain pathways." Knowledge envuonment, but unammity does not always exist of these pathways, assimibtion, and turnover rates of about wl:at constitutes " unsafe !cveh"in a particuht radionuchdes are essential for prediction of tmie.
environment. Our review indicates that considerable dependent concentrations in the biota. Chronie re!<ases ignorance still obtains regarding uptake, assimilation, wd! result in steady. state concentrations in the biota, tissue distnbution, turnover rates, and equdibrium and, in these instances, concentution factors can be levels for many taxonomic groups. Furthermore, aJJi.
used to approximate the eventual equdibrium isvels of
(
. tonal effort should be expended on characteriaing t!.e radioactivity.
effects of environmental factors on radionuchJe Distmetiun must be made betweer elemental con.
(
cychng in selected ecological systenu, partieubily in centration m organisms (e.g., parts per mdhun(ppm))
highly popuLted npanan and coastal areas wl.cre and concentration factors for elements in the envaon.
power reactor complexes most hkely wi!! be pheed.
ment (e.g., ratio of ppm in organism to ppm in Multipheation of human popubtions and accelera.
cnvironment). Some org2msms have relatively constant
\\
tion of man's activitics are causing incrosing com.
whole-body elemental compositions over a bruaJ sange plexities and 6: reuss in many cuvuonments. Imposi.
of environmental conditions. The concentration futurs NoCcE AN $Af f f V, ved. 19. fee, t, Jan.=# eta 1970 t
e o o
coassoutocts os acynnty nnsass sa for these elements are, therefore, biologically de.
- 3. W. E. Martin, Radinecohsgy and the I casabehty of Nudcar geeininant; that is, the concentration factors will be C**d3 f "'*'8'"". " Fracccd'"88 *I 5'5**J Nw**3 anvctsely proportaonal to the concentration of the Sympossue on Radioeco6cgy. Ann A rbor, Muh.,
respectsve c!cments in the environment. C lcium and May 15-17.1967, D.J. Nelson and F.C. Evans (Ldt),
potassium appcar to be two such cicments that are USAlJC Report CONF 470503, pp. 9 22. March I!69.
4.Preudents Sdence Advisory Committee, ravinamental rclatrvely conservative in their concentration in Polluuon Parti, Restormt #Ae Quahry of Duc Enwon.
Ash." " Conversely, the concentration of strontium
=ca'. Supenniendent or Documents. U.s. Co.crament in Ash Ossh appears to be biologically indcterminant I'""."8 0""Sourses of Tnuuni and Hs beham upon *
- "8'*" I 3-C Jacobs.
sance uPIake as directly PtoP'irtional to the concentra.
taan of birontam in the environnient,83 thus the Release to the Environment. AlC Cnucal Revacw Senes, USALC Report TID.24635. Oak Ralge National Labora.
concentration factor ren: ns constant. Further devcl.
tory,196s.
I opment of these concepts and identification of those
- 3. S. V. Kaye and s. J. Ltall. systems An.ilysis of a Counted c!cments wha;h have either deternunant or indetermi.
Compartment Model for Radionuclide leansfer m a Trope.
nant concentratsons can result in a considerabic simE i.
I #"""'"'
" I"'"'#"" *' '"' 8*"d
"*""'I l
I 6 cation of the data requirements for the modeling of Sympossum on R'adioccology, held at Afin Arbor. Michs.
sicady. state systems, g,,, gay g3_gy, 3967, D. J. Nelson and F.C. Evans tEdt). USAEC Report CONF 470503, pp. 731739 Applications of approaches such as those discussed Ecological society of Amenca. March 1969 licre will help to (1) design prehmmary tests of
- 9. D. E. Reachic. D. J. Nelson, and P. B. Dunseay. Biological radson'acl.de transfer in geographic regions of interest Concentrauon and Turnover of Radionucluses in Food and (2)cobbsh realistic Predictive guidclines for reaClor sating, radioactive waste disposal, Plowshare taonallaboratory,in preparation.1970, '
projects, and ameliorauve actions after accidents. So 10.S. V. Kaye and D. J. Nebon, Analysis of Specaric-Actsvny Concept as Related to Environmental Concentrauon of far, nuclear operarans have been among the best
.Ra*onochdes. # vel 3*/e'r. 9(!): 53-58 (Jam.-Feb.
regulated and safest of industnes, and we cannot be 1968h less carsfut a the future
- 11.
Re m,
nan W D. A Cmuley, A Calcium. Potassnam. and So&um Content of Forest Floor Arthropods, Ann. Entomol Soc. Amer 62:5742(1969).
Acknowledgrnents '
- 12. D. E. Reachie and P. A. Crossicy, Jr., Trophic Level Concentrations of Cesrum 137. Sodium, and Potassiunt in We wish to acknowledge the use of unpubbshed Forest Arthropods,in Proceedings of the Second Nanonal data farnished by our colleagues S.E. Kolehmainen,.
Symposium on Ra&occology, held at Ann Arbor, Mich R. V. O'Nedl, and R. I. Van Hook, Jr., Radiation May 15-17,1967 D.J. Neben and F.C. Evans teds.).
Ecology Section, Health Ph3 sics Division, Oak Ridge USAEC Report CONF 470503, pp.678486 Ecological society of Amenca. March 1967.
National 1.aboratory, and Dr. R.Cava!!oro, Eur: tom,
- 13. R. C. Pendleton. R. D. Lloyd. C.W. Mays, and B. W.
Ispra, Italy.
Church, Trophic Level Effect on the Accumulation of Caesaum.137 in Cougars Fee &ns on Mule Deer. Nature.
204:708-709(1964).
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J. G. beshcriey (Eds.). The MJ.T. Press. CambnJge, Mass.,
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Remhold Pub'.dag Corporation, New York.1966 8
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R.S. Caldecott and L. A. Snydct (EdsJ. Unrverury of 24.D. E. Eckhic. Relation of DuJy Sire to Food intake, Minnesota, Manneapohs,1960.
Oaysen Consumption. and Trace Elcanent Metabokun m 38.W. H, Langham, Radionotope Absorption and Methods of Forcs: Floor ArthropoJa,Ecokgy,49:538 542 (1968L Eluninahon: Relairre Sigmficance of Portals of Entry.in 25.J. E, reachaca, C. R. Richmond, and C. A. Drake, R,Jmi.oropes ei the Siosphere, R.S. Caldecott and L. A.
Comparahve Metat*hsm of RaJmnu.hdes in Mammals, SnyJer (EdsJ. pp.489-513 Unrveruty of Minnesota.
IV. Rctenuun of Mver 110m in the Mouac. Rat, Monkey Mmneapoha,1960.
and Dog,l/<wir41%ys.15: 505-514 (lv68L
- 39. laternanonal Commisuon on Radiologwal Protecuon, Re.
- 26. J. E. 04rshner and C. R. ki6hanond, Canp4:4ttre Metabo-port of Committer11 on Permissible Dose for lastrual lam of R4Jiosat,sopes in Mammals, 11. Metention of.
Radiation. ICMP Publication 2. Pergamon Press Ltd., On-foJuw-l31 by rows Mammahan Seccars, //calr#r 1%ys.,92 ford,1959.
277 282(1 % 3).
- 40. W. A. Dunson, Part IV. Radionuclide Cychng in Freshwater 27.C. R. RkhmonJ, kelcntion and Escreten of RaJionu-Organums and Environments,Concentrauon of SoJmm by chJes of alw Alkah Mstals by Five Mamm.'.a Species, Freshwater Turtles,in Proceedings of the SeconJ Nanopal U5ALC Report LA 2207. Los Alamos Scient.ric Labora-Symposme on Radioccology, held at Ann Artmor. Wh.,
sury March 1958.
May 15-17,1967 D. J. Nelson and F.C. I' vans (EdsJ, 28 C. R. RmhrnonJ. J. la Furchncr. C. A. Trafion, and W. ll.
USAIC Repat CONr470503, pp.191197, Lcologis41 Langh4.n, Comparauwe Metabolum of R4Jwnushdes in Society of Amerka, March 19t 9.
Mamuwin, l. Uptake and Metensma of Orally Adminutered
- 41. I. L. Ophet and J. M. JudJ, Absorpuun of Radmstrontmm
- la by l our Mamm4han Spec.cs, //celth thyt, 8.
by the CJls of Freshwater hih,Neturc,194: 11878188 481489 (1962L (1962L
- 29. F. h. Colley R. G. Wwgert, and R. W. Walter, r.scretion of 42,l. L. Ophet anil J. M. JudJ, Strontium-Calemm Reisten.
Orally AJ nmntu.I lane 45 by WJJ Small Manunala, ships in Aquae 4 Food Chains,in Pru6scJmo of ths SeconJ ll.wish l%ys.. II: 7 89 722 (1965L Natwnal Synipomum on M4Jmecolory, helJ 4e Ann Arbor,
- 30. J. IL l'urstuur. C. R. Rahmond, and G. A. Drake, Mich May 15-17. 1967 D.J. Netwn and F.C. Evans Comparanv4 Metalmhsm of R4Jenuchdes in Manunals, (til.J. USALC Report CON L'470503, pp. 221225 til. Rsicutwn of Manranew 54 in the Mouse. Rat.
Ecologwal Setisty of Amcnca, March 196*.
Monkey,4nJ Dog.lleslih l%ys.. 12:1415 1423(1966).
43.C. E. Custung and D. G. Watwn, Accumulptwn and 31.J. T. Katshmst Ill, P. u. Dunaway. J. D. Story, and L.E.
Trainport of it4Jwnuthdes by Colu.ubia River smia, in Tuks. Use of RaJmisen (* Fe} as an inden to Disposal of RsJmectwe Wester into Seer, ilcr.uns an.1 lismoportes Damage CauwJ by lunwing R4Juhon. J.
Surface Warcrr. Symposium l'rosecihngs. Vwmia,1966, frna. Aam.L Sil,43:5 F57 (1968).
pp. 55 8 570,Internatwn,J Atomw I nerry Agrnsy, Veenna,
- 32. D. A. Crowley. Jr., Cumpas4hvo Movenwns of Rit.
1966 (511/rUD/126L
Co. and mCs un Arel.supoJ FevJ Chains, in Pro 6eed-44.N. R. Kevern, lcedmg Rate of Carp I'atunatsJ by a 6ne of ttw Secun.t Nata..w! Synqunmsa un R4.huesulogy, Radminutopw Method. Thrnt Amst. IJiah Soc., 95(4):
l iwlJ 48 Ann Arbor, Mmh. May 85 - 17,1967,18. J. Nelson 363-371(O sober tw4L l
and I;C. Evans (bis.), UsAlC Report CONI 4 70503 45 J. J. Dawn anJ R. I? I ester, Baoassumulatms. of R. _.ano-pp.687445 l.6plugnal Suswty of Amenc4. M4:6h 1969.
topes Through Aqu4ue rood Chaut, Ecuh gy th3):
- 33. D. 6:. Reichte anJ D. A. Crusiacy Jr, invenupt.ua on
$30-535 (July 1958L licevrotruphas Prudusuvery in l'urest insect Comummews,
- 46. P. A. Cross, J. M. Dean, anJ C. L. Osstrtwrg, The l's(c6 of no ScronJ,ary hoductreity of l'mrstrwl Ecosystems, Temperature. ScJunent, anJ lecJang on the lichatwr of esucuna snMTV, v a. se, see, s. Jen -Feu, ss70 4
+
4.
I Jusssteutascas Of actrveTV RELiast 66 a
l'eus Radrine.bdes en a Masme Bruthic Amphipad, in Detween the Concentraines of Calcam. 5sronsmm. and Prahredents of lieg 5ccend Natamal Sympnemmi on Radm>
Streatiun>90 sn Wdd Brown Trout. 3dme truers L. and scelugy. Aid at Aan Arhur. Mech., May15-17, 1967,,
the Concentralsnns s,f the Stat no Ekawats an Some Waters
~
D.1. Neh.m and 13,C. Evans (IMO. USAf C Report of the United K4ngdom, and the imptsatens 6n RaJmlog-CONI' 6105u3 pp. 45042, liviussal Socacty of leal lisanth Studies. Int. J. Ar lekter twtur., a: 49 75 Amcan 4. Mank 1969.
(1964).
47.J. P. leapie e and D. F,Iless, Accummiation and Rctentem
.i2. A. Preston, D. F. Jefferies, and J. W. R. Dutton. The of Radmaied.dcs un Fink in Annual Repnts of the Durcan Conceaustaons of Cacuanel37 and Stronsium.90 in the of Coulmcacial Fadscrws Rad.wheolupcal Laboratory, 1lesh of Brown Trout Taken froen krecrs and I.skes in the l
S..ufort. N.'C for the Fucal Ycas Ending June 30,1963 Dritish Isics Between 1961 and 1966: The vanabics f'
U. S. I' inh and Wddhis Scavus Ciscular 204.1965.
Descrmaning the Conecatratens and Ther Use in Radio-44.J. 5. OI en and 5. I. Auerbah, Dmieswal Contamination logical Assessaients, k'sta Act., I 473 496 (19671.
and De.ptrW of Radauasure Wasacs, Nuct. Jeftry,1(3);
33,J. R. Reed and D. J. Neinon, Radiostrontium Upt.ine an g
6245 (Mar.b l9t.0k Blood and th in Bluegills (Lepomar mactur4iruff.
49.M. With.mp. bachyncal Uptaas of R" 4% Na*t Proceedings of the Second National Symponum on Radio-Se/ cry. 21b: 6549 41960),
ecology, held at Ann Arbor, Mech., May 15-17, 1967 g
50.5. 8. Auctbach, Radapauchde Cychng: Currtet $tatus and D.J. Nelson an F.C. Evans (Eds.). USAEC Report reture hecJs #aste #hyt. II: 1335-1361(1963).
CONF 670503, pp. 226-233, Ecological Soewty of St.'V, L. Templston and V. M. Beown The Relataeaship Amanca. Masch 1969, i
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l cossetoutsucts of ACTsveTv atLEAss es I
l'our Radesmutlales in a hme llenshic Amphipe=1. in Detween the Concentra4 mas of Cakmm. Strontem and Pro 6cedenre of ties $ccend Atmunal Symposium on Raden-Stmatam.90 m Wdd Brown Trout, Salma trutta I., and scology. Al.1 as Ann Arbur. Mech, May15 17, 1 % 7..
the Concent[ahnns of the Stabic ficments in Some Waters D. 3. N6.m and I'.C. livans (Eds.). USAIC Report of the Unseed Kingdoen, and the Imphsatmens in Raduslog.
CONI' 670503, pp. 450442, 1:cologa at Sesacty - of ical licalth Studies, Int. J. Air Wescr rottus., 8: 49-75 Anu;sa a, March 1969.
(1964).
47.J. P. Itapetse ashi D. F. lions, Accumulation and Resenten
- 52. A. Preston, D. F. Jeffcries, and J. W. R. Dutton, The of Redminuded6s a l' ash,in Annual Report of the Bureau Concentrations of Caewom-137 and Stronrmm A in the el Commenial l'sshcrace Madeobsoingi641 Laboratory, Finh of Drown Trout Taken froen Rmrs and Lakes in the Sc ufost, N:C., for the Fascal Year Endens lune 30,1963, British ides Between 196I and 1966: 1he Varubics U. S.1'enh and Wddhts 5ervicc Chsular 204,1%5.
Dctcfminang the Conccatrations and Thcu Use in Radio-44.J. 5. Ohun and 5. I. Auerbach Beolopcal Contammauon Inst:al Assessments,k'stcr Act,1 475 4 96 (19674.
ansa Os.gyrsal of Rad;uastave Wasics, Nucl. Safety, f(3);
33.J. M. Recd and D. J. Nelen, Radiostrontium l'pt. ke m 624S (W.h 1H.DI.
Blood and llesh la Blucs!!!s (Lepornir macrochsrust.
- 49. M. Withamp, ha*ipsal Uptaic of R" - - ". Nect Proceedings of the Second National Symposum on Radio-j Se/ cry. 2t2n 65+9.(1960).
54L S. I. Aecrbach, dadenuchde Cychng: Current Status and.
ecology, held at Ann Arbor. Mkh., May15-17. 1967 D.J. Nchon and F.C. Evans (EdsJ. USAEC Report l' users hceds.#catrA Myt, II: 33551361(1965).
CONF 670503, pp. 226-233 Ecological Socitry of St.N. L. Tempnsion and V. M. Beown. Tha Balaha-ahr America, March 1969.
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