ML19323B670

Urges Use of Alternative to Venting Krypton Gas in Containment Bldg.Potential Damage to Health of Local Citizens Cited.Journal Article Kinetics of Inhaled Krypton in Man, & ORNL to DOE Encl

ML19323B670
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Site:	Crane
Issue date:	04/14/1980
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Text

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EA277 x

April 14,1980 l

1 l

OireOr, Thr+e Alla Ir_and Support N?A-Nuciasr Regulatory C missien j$

lLein;;:n, D.C.

2C555

n u-.

l Inclosed is a : py of a study for y:ur consideration in making j

{

=. tecisi:n :n venting of Kr-35 from TMI-2.

1 1

I:s findings are su'ficient to make a prudent individual say,

":-ial t !"

One r:bability of damage to fatty soluble tissue and bone marrow frem K -E5 deses present too great a threat to the local pcpulatien.

00:31 deses Of radiatien already received are unknown and may well be beyond t:lerable 0 11 limits.

?

I Even l' ven:ing is done over a 5 day period, there is the risk of, ag=.in unknow., amounts of Krypten lingering in the environment for the 10-year 5alf-life Of the gas.

The ;e:ple Of this area have to lock ahead to accidental and expected releases Of radicactivity for the duration of Clean-Up, 6 -10 years.

It is your responsibility to prevent as much radioactivity from l

escaping as pos:ible, and insisting on the use of alternste methods to d

remove all re.aining radioactive elements from the island and transporting

]

them te waste dis.osal areas.

i If tnis j:b cannot be handled safely, then this technology is beycnd il y:ur centrol and regulation. You should be the first voices pleading for h.

a nuclear moratorium.

It is time to get back to the laboratories and start at the beginning.

+

Perhaps fusion will prove feasible, but the nuclear systems developed over the last 30 years are not measuring yp to humane standards. Government alicwable limits of radiation dosage are shortening lives and causing gene:i: :efe::s.

l Is thL to be the leading social ecmmentary remembered abcut the 202

" Technological 1j Superior" Century? If so, then God help us allL Sincerely,

./

.'~

.. /.....n..-

f..

Patricia J.'Longenecker Box 206 RD4 Elizabethtown, Pa.

17022

~

~

717-367-2405 t

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y NrnIth Physics Pergamon Press 1977. Vol. 33 (December), pp.

515-522. Printed in Great 3ritain a..

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• ! g., M i ~dg.

i

~

KINETICS OF INHALED KRYPTON IN MAN *

[Q.gj.k KENNETil J. ELLIS. STANTON It. COHN, HERRERT SUShKIND and HAROLD t ATKINS fM.k...w~

(]

Medical and Applied Science Dep artments. Broolhaven N.tional Labor. dory. Upton. NY (T-Wi }-@;.3.

11W3 (Received 9 Ducmher 1976; accepted 20 June 19771 h 4 '..

.

• f..r:. -

Abstract-The total body retention of "Kr and itt efearance following a 10-min rebreath-

• Q.y.*

I

gr.

ing period were measured its viro in order to refine the Josimetry calculations. Radioac-tivity m the chest region and m the recirculating kr3 pron-air matute were measured

.,;W -

cor.tinuously during rebreathing of the gas mixture and in the first 5 mm of the gas

[p:- ['t.-

washout period using a gammi camera and shielded Nai detector, respectisely. Subjects l

to 35 br. The retention data of krypton for 16 u.bjccts (12 ma!es. 4 femaleg we

)g$*.~',

m, into a five-component exponential cun e. 't he average oalf.fimes w ere 21.5 : 5 7 sec 2.H

• u 4.74 = 2.0 min 0.3310.Il Sr. 2.4110.95 hr. and ~.0 : 1.7 hr. The half. time of the lang tes m D ' ';' ' " '

component correlated highly with the percent.m 6f total Nd / fat. Internal dou calculations 3&-

were performed using the MIRD technques ar'd were compared with previous estirstions.

d y[*. -

'M l

J :".,

I.NTRODIT ION

. ] ?.. *

(Ki72; Ki?3a; Ki?3b; Ki?f a; K;75h) have Md,

THE PPoIECTED growth of the nuclear power t'cen extrapolated to man. There ate few in y

3 induury necess:ta:es an assessment of rico studies of Kr in man (To n. Tu?5).

potential environmental pollutions. One such

}

pollutant, krypton-85, produced by nuclear Krypton has been used mainly as an inert

~

-l d., -

tracer for determination of phniological reacmrs and nuclear fuel processing, con-parameters filo64; Le63. H3 56; Ad?3).

sti;utes a potential radiation risk for an O 19 l

cxposed population. The radiation dose The object of this in tito study was to W 0-characterize the metabolism of inhated Kr.

results not only from external radiation _fd __ For this purpose, measurements were made

.l*"'...

IowfiiNposure biiTIso from inteJnal radia.

tion from inhnfation of_the gas. Evaluation of of the distribution and clearance of Kr fol-P h

lowing inhalation of 'Kr by normal subjects.

h. N,-

$ the degree of internal radiation hazard id requires kr.owledge of the parameters of "Kr The data were analyzed with a computer (i%,W" '

i metabolism in human beings. Data on the rate program and related to body composition and k

" '. -I'

,1 ci saturation and desaturation of the body respiratory parameters of the indiviJual sub-h kd$

g tissues are required for this estimation.

jects. Internal radiation Jose estimations for k I'8N.~'

the short. term j

At present, only limited data are available exposures used were per-k We.$

on the benavior of Kr within the human formed by the method of MIRD (MIRD75).

I "bfN'i.

body. Values of the solubility coefficient of

~ W:.

inert gases in different biological tissues have STATER ALS AND.stF."THOD

[;f.;j (1) Subjects been obtained from in vitro studies (Kit 72a; Total body reter. tion (TBR) of radiokryp-4 }.;W,.

4 Kit 72b; Ye63; Ye65). Measurements in the ton was studied in 16 adult subjects (12 I

'.* - h total tissue, as well as its major constituents (water, lipid and protein), have been used to males,4 females) with no known respiratory

/ "3.i j

disorders. Institutional review committee M

T a,.

calculate the saturation level of the gas. In approval was obtained for this research 9

9.4

~800 studies using guinea pig and rat models project in accordance with rules set by

' Supported by the U.S. Energy Rese rch DHEW. Informed consent was obtained from j

M.f; g

each subje t after a thorough discussi,on of g hEcr d

and Development Administration.

e the procedures and associated risks. Kryp-7 y'

515 1.' '

p W

~b5.v nb

' l.'

m t

4

e, -

o e

.m w'.L n W MWn-.-

m

%... nlW. $. h.Q.:..&. ;\\Wm'ye *e%se.c:u t.n@am.mw':p.WS. !%e:

hv 67W % -

T bdWW5NAMN:eMW

~

y q.

2..

,.,)g,

g; 5

3, :

m."r--, 'E de*=

• g.. " ;:,

M W. i.

W ;

g^

..y r 'g,.,3 ;r.

.;ag, g.s.q m @8,4.g..g:

..~, i. J 5-4.*(b-t x.

• D[ ;*

., q

,y, J t,;

g,., f

• 1 2 * ;. % O L c-r E d N I F b ki'-fKM n' h_tl.ww., ~ 3_ :

, v,

.g,.

J pt..i.

..q. /

,, r

~

2P 7'4' M.Y:%

NP

'i 516 J

KINETICS OF INHALED KRYPTON IN MAN

q. -

gg j3.gg ton-79 was chosen for its short half-life (tu2 = where body weight (BW) and lean body mass q,Q.f t-

?.as, g,

31.6 hr) and positron decay properties.

(LBM) are in kg units.

g,yg g The general physical characteristics (age.

jf,'W

• weight, height. ses) and salues for total body (2) Rebreathing and initial washout phase s

I.f.h.] "q.(

5 potassium tTBK), lean body mass (LBM), and Prior to each run, spirometry was perfor

%.l percentage of body fat of the subjects are med to determine total lung capacity ans.

p>-.

derived from the measurement of the naturally jeet's aserage lung volume was determine:.

i. v J y ?d,N.-

presented in Table I. Total buly potassium was functional residual capacity (FRC). The sut, i-

, d

~1'. ' ~

occurring "K in the body (Co70). Lean body from the sum of FRC plus half the tid

i. h ~3 (;.. i.,

mass was estima:ed from TBK since the volume (V,). The initial amount of "Kr in l

W j

LBM,TBK ratio is relatively constant for this troduced into the spirometer. lung volume iM 7

% p' age span (TAMh. Percentage of fat was defined was aajusted so that the average Kr concen

.5' f Mg a j e

as follows:

tration in the lungs was relatively constara

. I=g" '.4M.;f*f.%.%t t.

for all the subjects. Tidal volumes of "Kr-ah g.. i'

(

% body fat = [(BW-LB M VBW) x 100 misture were rebreathed for 10 min in a t

closed spirometer system (Fig.1). A constan.

A4'd,! d) WT r.m,i n...v oe.a,-nuen.*,

.~ine m in soda lime and the automatic replenishmen, a.

fi,'j volume was maintained by absorption of CO y,,,.'t. ' S of 0; during the rebreathing phase. The con-i[$j

,1 p

m m

r o.

au

%w,

untotion of "Kr in the recycled gas mixtur - l 3d'l. ;,'$44 h, h 5

0 0: C W,'

O IH piece using a shielded Nal detector and in the i 5**

+

+

"o was raonitored continuously at the moutic

'M gb4 '.]

S

.d If; Mi'

[;

chest region with an Ohio-Nuclear Model lit

+

T W -:

j g

y Q W W

jy wide-field gamma camera. A calibrated sarnplc

'JY ;;g l

/'. d M y

j;a volume of the gas mixture was obtained just

.N.% e.,. f.i

3 o

io 6:

w nrior ta the start of gas washout from which th:

s i

~t-o i r, 4

iir 4i ii,

i, 7 sS.r concentration and total lung activity weri

. - -d -M, -, h,

e..

n.n a

r. :

.i :

w

+i i:

9 n:

<i n:

m i

1. v. -

nn

.c 4,.

obtainea.i n

$g*g[-1. h M

M d

~

I', 5 C,, o by y

C The subjects were then switched from the l i

grk; g mn m

m n:

m closed spirometer system to breathing roon.

I I

j m - ia,ui a.

air. Daring the initia! 5-min interval (washou:

'..e, e i I

u 9.,g,,T ;9

%,3,... io.s.. ao - au en.+..ao phase), the nK.r activity m the exhaled air ana ou.

l T

\\

w.

t

4. M $

,.4

.,h@%.W.4.

cPIRCMETER

?,- 'ptI I

.a

}!!;J2.[24 7-OXYGEN SCINTILL ATION

?

6 DETECTOR NM'

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C i

INGE tf*.4'i.7

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'I M

&i

}

7k

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4 m

A

.W

.s l

g 4 I

q/

l S O D,All'.' E SLOWER s n.y$c.gi^ f

' R J.P EXHAUST BULO GAMMA 5 ( S T E '.1 CAMERA l

.- -p.ld

[;ff Y.- -

l f

(

N POOM l

i

.. As 7t 84 AIR

(

'.)f.

,fa '. *u%

Fm.1. A schematic representation of the esperirnental apparatus used for rebreathing

{

1 the "Kr-air misture.

j

'c

.h j

n.4[

t.

W

.W '

4.e. y st "W:-

g

.LA,-g i,.

kN9D);.'E.E. c 3.h. cj j

', @. 2 5

NN N.[-NM

'k[g'N h E@'FN=:

.j w.., w, e d @ @ W U. 6 %,

.9-it-

• Gt

.(k.

ES'5sShh Eib N

~

F t$' :?..

f.

4,,u Y

I i 3,,,.'

K. J. ELLIS er af.

517 ously. Estimates of the initial clearance rates in the coincidence mode at approx 1,6 and

$,$. l t

chest region were again monitored continu-

[ ! yl.h 24 hr after the start of gas washout. Two j

of "Kr were derived from these data.

subjects (14 and I6) were given higher doses of h6 (3) W7 sole-body counting "Kr to allow counting up to 55 hr.

,%.:%g c

j The Brookhaven whole-body counter, which has been described elsewhere (Co69),

klH _%.,q U(*/@

has an invariant response to both radionucl-RESUI.TS ide distribution and body size. Counting for The rebreathing und washout phases for a N,Ne' '..Y~

t the TBR of "Kr started at 8-9 min aftet the typical run (subject 6) are shown in Fig. 2.

i i stut of the washout phase and continued for During the rebreathing period, the activity in f $~~.M h[ y* f, as long as 55 hr. The subjects were counted at the recirculating gas decreased slightly, in-f7 varying time intervals usually for 12-16 times dicating a gradual uptake by the body tissues.

,f6,

in the first 8 hr, three times on the second day This uptake is also shown as a slow mono-tonic increase in chest activity, siewed by the T.

(24-32 hr), and when sufficient activity gamma camera. The start of gas washout is q

g@

remained, twice on the third day (48-55 hr).

c!early indicated, as is the clearance for both

81. tW Since "Kr is a positron emitter, the coin-E A N.'

cidence circuitry of the Brookhaven counter the exhaled air and the chest region. The b

retention data (Ch74) was used to enhance the body localiza-were resolved into a two-

' L.

k tion of the isotope. Due to the Na! detector component esponen:ial model by means of using a computer program (BE62). For this

[.#'h M.

configuration of the whole. body counter, the run. the'ha!f. times from the start of washout

%i56 spattaf localization is defined by 85 regions Q'. g.

i (17x 5 array). The sum of the values in each were 28.1 sec and 1.74 min, while the cor-row of crystals provides a profile distribution responding values in the exhaled air were 21.8 sec 'and 2.32 min, respectively. Data on k.L C

as a function of height (Ch74), while the P'

coincidence count rate at a singfe crystal posi-the "Kr' :.ctivity in the chest region were r.

tion gives the retention value for that localized eurve fitted for 10 of the subjects 4 Table 2).

1 Q,' '

gg, region of the body. Each subject was counted The mean half-times wera 21.5 2 5.7 see and 4.74 : 2.u: min. respectn ely.

h l.ht.F

't

=

4,sp d i.M

[.'.af,w ICpical run during the a

rebreathing and initial S. min washout phases, measured with the gamma camera.

9 1E g

d,.','

G e

8 v

.,,2 4

4

.9.

<. d4..n.

w f

+ r.

2 'H @e?,;. M',M.w, m. fc ;.'e; : n.:,e. -c ' :.m...,. '

• • f k %,~.

e e '..'. : = e.c. - }-

.,w. "o**, e.

..,,g g

e 4*

y 3. u.n%j!.& m : v#.. w..

. n

? ::. -

~

.g,., v.m

...,__ y

, = ;,r. ~ ; n.2. &.< ~:.. M = ' '. W. tiit'DL' C

• 1

., p

... s " -

,'W

..a, 3

t-a.-

...e..

., p 1

'., c

..' e p ; f.

,,..c n'"n.

M %E,,,c. q%.:.W 2:q,g" i,L, Q

, 'g' [g.,,

_ W h...,, < s...,

' r l

?* *'4 3,.

.t

...?

..;d

s. o.l i Cs l.

518 KINETICS OF INHALED KRYPTON IN MAN r-a

'i

.6

*I'**

' '. - 2 4. - *.

• D Ta&de 2, PapsJ toJ(n mas J ring and sf S.

Tabit3 Nt:Jr e el repasisive,al analvsis el "Kr sensurdse alans' y

(4* i.

.ans.8 r use

• k..'..f.,f**er y

a*

4 total bedr ertsvery

• t lla:f.ttme n foe s.,a.piire st H.If-swies tftrl for sompomeans for.

at es s eM

f.e A

9 Sutnest r

D E

C D

E c;.

a sa 6.o u,y6 I

0 32 2 31 SJO 31 3 13 2 3J ep,. ; e' ;

.g

.Atr f

.6

, t) 2 00 I to 4 2D 45 t 413 43 6

. /,, g.~ g

.h.sv, 0 3$

2 51 6 84 743 20 6 3.1 3

8 j

e 0 15 2 17 6 30 69 2 29 8 a7 3{

.r e

l 'a 3

0 96 SJ7

-t 913 33 7

. t,4.g[_

g.g IR 6

O il J s3 363 38 8 29 8 312 Q3

{ 41 7

0 42 f ot 3 41 to 7 23 I 112

. #,. e

'T

• 3 8

0 a.8 269 6 79 64 3 23 8 93

.de Q.

. 4 32 8d 9

0.'

1 44 6 13 39 3 213 n2

-Le *...

4 er 31

'#8

'F 10 0 00.s

4. - / a -

., f

,Jg e4 14 t a4 s

27' 7 40 61.0 34 I 48 t,g.*.c

+

J.

il C,b,

,31,7

,6,,2

' 9i) 3 01 61 3 e e.

n2 am inn 0

i,,

, 32 o,

..;6 2i t c

m

-5

-4 44 n:o ma 2(.2,t -. ;; -

.e e n.6 n.o

,33 on 2,0 78 0

30

, 62 37 8 o

1. y:ge;,......e iO 2, O u,2 me -.a -m'

..--m

,uo.

0.4,.

s o 46.,,,e on 2

j u,0 3 7

6 e

sn 0n i.37n un u

o e_, p Q. 3 -

....,uo.

,.,a......

K ',,, g 'y,y,'y-]

Whof e-body tetention data were similar!y n,,,,a,, u.,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,pov eist accweae

' Inn.As eni ca.a pu,ats e. nrit 2 hr so ue

{.g-

,,g ;.. j resolved into a som of exponentials. A typical Tl,3W, ""

H..y i

clearance curve huhject !!) and its resolution

' Q ],t k.

into three components is shown in 17ig. 3. The

,ljy-f.' y -

results of the c.spanentia! curve titting for 6.67 : 1.6 hr. respectively. The associated

ggf.

each subject are li.,ted in T b'e 3. The inter-values cf the uptake by each component at

,' p ;.

cept values for each component are expres-the start of gas washout were 61.7, 29.6 and hE:: ' k W,p(l TM "/.

sed as a percentage of the calculated value to 9Ac5 of the TBR value.

j

.)dFh the start of gas washout it = 0). The 100G The coincidence counting data were used

%,al'. d

." M TBR (Table 4) value was b.ned only on the to determine the spatial distribution at approx whole-body counter data and did t'ot include I,6 and 24 hr after the start of washout. A Ch '..j the rapid clear nce shown in the gamma typical profile distribution is shown in Fig. 4.

$?!:Tf.

4 camera Jata. Up to five components were As the total activity decreased, the relative t'i.P '

tested in futing the whole hody counter data. distribution shifted,from the chest region to 3.

g,Q 7

~

The retention curves were described most the fewer abdomen and upper legs-regions

Q[sJ % y

, + ',.. J precisely by a three-component model, with of high fat content. Subjects 14 and 16 were mean half-times of 0.33 :0.11,2Al 2 0.95 and given higher concentra.:ons of "Kr during the r., aq 9..w

.U*..- \\,.

i[

10 -

!.'s.

23

)

.Y., *i C

'e (I. )

e

.D 8

.e

e. A 3,Jy en. f.

e p~,

u

\\

w n. '

N s,

k($kes,k W GN!P h., I

'I 5

Ik

• / 7 I;

40 (rr.W80 120

!*pq' N[M\\.g i

. f.

[

MALE

• 7[

[l'

\\

AGE 39yr g.'.*4 W.

.)..,, h.

$ 0 b-N HT t 76 Icm '

. r h.

c Wr 93 2 kg

%J:

% FAT 381 C

.-%g-

't

'%. 4 hh,

_s 1.

c '

T,g29n T,g80h I

fgG35h 00I

. MM,}

10 20 30 40 SO c:es %:.. s..cn t'OST TiVE (h)

.f.*,M

..d.

Fic. 3. Typical clearance curve measured with 6e whole-body counter and the three-YO '. o "i component computer 6t (subject II). The inset shows the data in the first 2 hr.

.Y&

d n.

.bw

• T J

p.. % e. m' (

cg h:y  :

c. < a.o c

l

'.y Q L*. & :

c

. 5bf$$m$k,h$

. n = kl.

Y'.1.Q.&

?,?hT Y-

..yC. mM?

a;ii J.

re.w.x z

v M&;'n Q V '. i.&n.: " 10 '.

. :n.,.T

.;. h..>. v.:.'pC-%W'.:'-;. M&*

• 4': -T*

+ ~- ~. z, ; * * -

L.

• ~u

. ? ;s? -

nu n.

W

.:s:.d,-

.}-: '

.y-

.y.i.

& w. ::.-'.

L.

. 41. i. -

a;y i

ar#,. m&R v4..:

om ac&,m&.uMah.

r-r; Q'.t:

'em.

gr.-

?

a K.1. ELLIS et al.

.b 519 g,

r. "x,.r e..

,6, e-

,.t

,,,,,,,,,,. an inert gas is determined by the blood-tissue

' ns,r j'

h partition coefficient and the rate of blood

^O',"

perfusion to the tissue (Ke51). The Fick i GA.'

,A,.

d nc% v,,

"*C.Y7""r principle describes the basic process in which

.QQ ne v i snm ni oi t.. m c

,.. e the retention in a single tissue, R(t), at time t h,'

i u

e,

<n i 9.

is 8

3 89 ie 13 170 9 99 91 1 at p# Nf..'

s I2 09 17 Si 8 44 01 2 to 32 06 34 109 77 21 i ):

$N R(t),_ R(01 e-es g p.g"b s

2+

es.

so m

.s u.> mw e

6 6 el 06 61 441 )

e $6 s f,3

,.. e;:;

T 41 07 49 410 e g *n g it46

. f[.

g y gg g

' 2g where R(0) = retention in the tissue at t = 0, e

mn u"

a. ',

k = rate constant, t = time.

5= $

nr n

n u of

ss, w S

mn u

at 3.

m 2,

i n:

16 c.

is

9 y so z ei i "E v-7 Since the body is composed of tissues of

.m. n wo,5 u os u

e 7s ue varying compositions with widely ditTering k. 3':c, On UN N

rNo',

?

$ U, perfusion rates and partition cocthcients, the TBR at time t becomes the sum of the reten.

j,3, i

2,,,...,

l' 850 W',@

=S"

' 86 2d '?

tions for the different tissue components:

-ran - i.w=d, e..

ae et

.,4..wsu.s, wa.e, v.,..ns.,

. e r,.m.w.

..e

...w TBR(t) = IR,(t) = IR,(0) e-,/

9, y,.

1 j

- %,r,.

23 i

i i

i i

i i

+.

i,,,,

l The results of this study irdicated that the

_ o,3,.

human body has at least five similarly per-yf; a

l\\

j

\\

,-, y a fused compartments for krypten gas. The

{Q3::N i

\\

1e g

l

\\

associated values of Tc rance from I4 sec to

-27.is a 8

...t j[h 9.6 hr and are in good agreement with the'.'

FAf l

values obtained by other in.estigators (flo64; 6(['Q-g 7'

l l

To49; Tu75). Holzman et al. (Ho64) reported i

ig.

an averaec half-ome of ;7.d 8.2 min for 65 l(,../j, l

g l_

determinations in 28 subjects. In that study a

[ vp..

l j

)

injection site following the injection of "Kr t ~;$-

t Nal detector was placed directly over the i

( Q,.

I S-I f

{I[

j['.'

1 WrN into forearm muscle. Tobias and co-workers g ~. /'

N',

-Q (To49) reported three components of "Kr shi.

l e

W' uptake in the hand (nine subjects) during a

/d'jf.

{

times were 4.3 min, 23 min and 188 min. In 2-hr rebreathing period. The average half-

{f;.b g

di Fic. 4. A t)pical profile distribution of "'Kr in tnan. based the same study, analysis of data on seven g g#

on the coin:idence counting rnode of the whole. body subjects yielded average values of 55 and E

ric counter.

400 min for the knee. Turkin and Moskalev

(

(Tu75) reported three components for six f'

((

male subjects following inhalation exposures rebreathing phase so that the retention E.

distribution could be followed for up o 55 hr.

in a 3.1-m' chamber from 30 rnin to 40 hr. ' Die The half. times for the slowest mean half-times were 30 sec 7.9 min and g,,

4 pre 8.9 hr for subject 14 and 9.6 hr for sub-2.7 hr assigned to the lungs, muscle and fatty comt. anent 6

tissues, respectively. Release of "Kr from the

~

p'.'

i leet 16. Estimation of the more rz -id com-body was determined with a single crystal y;

j ponents in these two subjects wa not pos-counter repositioned over different regions of f

("

sibic because of the high initial.ctivity of the body for up to 16 hr following inhalation.

! '..g-i "Kr.

j 4 qM i

They also found that the rate of "Kr uptake was much faster for a small. lean subject than Q'4

{

Discussion for a heavy, fat one. Saturation times varied The rate at which a tissue releases or stores from 3 to 9 hr.

j h.

t W J.

p y, y,*.

p i

sg f

c Yb, Qh

.'.N.?

s':f. m. l,Whh.?$WN'YN.S;?*W.,VlYS.?.s&l.W@ f.5 l

R&&p

.~.t

.islMM.p.,@. y,?'.92fR %..nb'.WT~V.a.W.h.M*Qi?.KQ~ $fr.g&:;@:,6 n '.c

\\

.x

- w. 9.:,... = x a-.x "~--

c

M

. w. :.. w.a ?e. :

.s

, ~ % ype.#. '~~ ~' W' l.

..e

.' i * '. ' Y. **

..,, [

_,;:h.,,,'w i::.:

.kL.

Y

%,*.D 7

~~

g.j 520 KINETICS OF INHAI.ED KRYPTON IN MAN

[,*'ll.*r.

f.3 [.'. ~,,;,*, :

In the present study-the mean half-times so M{4.-/,e'.I?*'

for the the components were in general N,

i i

. i.?

agreem.:nt with those found by other in-

/* @ j vestigators for the different tissue > of the

- ' {*L y.g, J.,

body (Table 5). The fastest component (A) f s' t

(Tu: = 2!.5 : 5.7 3ec) probably represents

.M ' J clearance of Kr from the circulatine b!ood, I

9.',# ' f I in partiadar from blood plasma (Tu75). The Z

~

'#J.2 second c a poncot t ill wou!d :.ppear to bc 1 3:*/.. '

representa:is e of r.emoglehn in th..t its h.df-2s w

%;3l!

de:ermir.ed fer xenon (Sc7tu. Desaturation of

e time (To = 4?422.05 mini is umilar to that y{

,a,

. >; q

). '" d "Kr followin.: abw,rption thr. ugh the din

}

i

,y[Fl.,4.,'.,

P.d73) 9'a.c a icarance half-t.me of 4.5 min.

f., [

.l.*

[f,,.

The th:rd component (Ci is most likely I

sc. r.

re!ated :o the clearance of Kr mm muscle.

3 The mean ufue in the piesent study t19.U:

5 1

6.6 min) is in good agreement with the value 1.,

rg.oirm, rar,.o rs

'$'.r.'.r c-of 17.S : S.2 min obtained b) intramuscular s r c.oso 1

M, injection of Kr iHcM).

The owo componer.ts with the slowest tp<oCCH

{ --l clearance (D and E) shouid be related to

~

t

, f, j '

body fat compartments. The component (D)

)

ygy with a mean half-time of

~2.4 hr (2.41 :

o r.w ' i 0.95 hr) would indicate a subst.mual fat com.

ie ao 3o

.o

.o so in

..,6E1 i

react <r rotat ecor rar s

partment not 'es.teil in adipme tissue, or F:c. 5. The re!at:onship between the clearance rate for the

[

else a nonun.formity in the periusion rate for kn.Nerm ecmrecent and the per cent total body fat.

i adi; o<e %ce 'I.c',7). The haif-:ime far the

.' :.*.I.

slow est component (E) care!ated sic-nificantly with the percentage of total body fat 1 ', i (r = C39;. The linear relationship is heart. At ~24 br, the lung concentration had

[ ;.- % l.

4.

decreased, whereas significant Kr concentra-

- +,.J.

T. = 0.17%'*c fat) + 0.75, tions were retained in the lower abdomen and i

4 w.,I upper th. hs.

Q..

where Tu: is in br; the standard error of the Equilib'rium for all the body tissues was not !

ia b>M:]

estimate is 0.30 (Fig. 5). The long. term reten-attained during the short exposure time of

'ip~y tion of Kr in adipose tissue is confirmed by this study. Thus, the absolute amount y ht the data from the whole-body counter, when of Kr retained in the body was variable.

ATES '

del operated in the positron mode. 'lhe Kr dis-ranging from 24.2 to 127 pCi (Table 4). This tribution at ~1 hr indicated significant con-was dependent on (1) the Kr concentration in 1 M,3 centrations in the chest area, i e. lunes and the air mixture, (2) duration of exposure to Or*O the Kr-air mixture, and (3) the total body fat

• M i

b. ;.

.*S"" M content. The first two factors were kept rela-l C'*6%

Table 1 l.annea.ew..>f h el-teners m.sk 92na e n s%e I serrets.e ti.ely constant in this study. The total Kr ?

%? h

'.%. N-activity in the lungs varied between 137.6 and l

n pre su.. uu,,.,

um. a,-a 470.4 C., with an avera3e value of 281.9 2

,4 a+,om.,w.. %

My. : d' u,,,,

r,u, sa m.

n. i.:m %

w..,.

95.1 gCi. The resulting average concentration i"U,0 D*'"

M*

Nid-1, id,,, ML in the subjects' lungs was 68.18 : 21.32 pCill. '

da'.Nh '

U lZ

/. T M ? =

The exposure time was kept constant at

1. ; i.

• Ln3 4

- 10 min. The significant reduction in total body

.No86 sJ.po e fas of non usuh reser see the p. fs.s.,1 rates

.e t,n.n

%. te-.

activity (based on the whole body counter D M.

A

$5$4.s w%.,,.@n,.

. :.M.T

..%m.~ap c.w ?:m ww#$ V W i W m 7: p W m Wyew W W %-

%...n.V.

.. ~..

.,.. s.

4_:.m+>. 7,.., '.\\ -. e a.

.m...

s.

...,... -... c n,,..

. ':\\.2.:q;,::t v.w.4. yL.,. pig,...

.;-:-t:.s.p +....

o.

..,g..

"u,;,

y

. g g, _.

ts

...e,-- ;...

,.i.

.. - ~.

M _._

~^

l Y

b.* n 2L*> M P'$E$ M,N: d '.' $

Y Yblf

,x x : ~.

.k

! s

-,S.

y.

K. J. I'LI.IS et uf.

r oe **

521 i'

W I

data) as compared with that in the lungs "Kr (rad /gCi-hr). Calculation of the dose for ti

{.

(gamma camera data) verified the very rapid the lungs, body fat and remaining tissues for t.]

{q 4 clearance from the lungs and circuhting two 6".erent exposure levels are presented in blood during the initial 5 min of washout.

Table 6. The concentrations of Kr in air r % ;:;35' 1

(0.25 and 0.0012 gCi/em') would be represen-

)fg.%

T' Cxiculat;on of radiation dose from inhaled tatise of medical and accidental exposures.

Q Kr respectively. For comparison, the values of The radiation dose from Kr is dependent tWh72) are included in Table 6. The increased

.3 Eb en the type and length of exposure. Con-dose to fat and other tissues tincluding

, N[]

sideration must be given to both the external gonads)in the present calculations are duc. in j

cnd inhalation contributions to the total dose. part, to the longer retention of Kr in fat.

.R l

t

}

Estimations of the dose to man from atmos-When the acciJental exposure includes an

-Z y(.?. l pheric "Kr have been made (Di72; Wh72; esternal irradiation of the body, the dose f

NCRP75). These calculations assumed a from the inhaled "Kr gas increases the h,k' semi-infinite cloud of Kr gas and considered whole-body dose by about 1%.

only long-term exposures. Under these con-

' ftye,,

l

w. '

ditions, one can assume equilibrium between r,v, e i.ma,a

.te, A.,

e,,,,,

.J the various body tissues and the concentra-I*g.. T N tion of Kr in the air. The internal dose rate

,"dg.

%,t",'

MP.

(

fr:m inhalation would be

' ~ " '

M9 u,.

6:

w.3 m :a

}.. M %. c

.

D = 2.56#,CAlp (mrad /hr),

v.a.,,,

o a..m, w

m.-,e a

o =u -

y.nen.,,o

..m...e :3ce

$@N@'E where C is the Kr concentration in air R $,' *,'.ItSh/

hM,2 (gCi/cm'),

A the tissue-air partition

<{yfM;N/,

coefficient, p the density of the tissue (g/cm'),

b(...h,i.

and f, the average energy of the beta parti-cosct.t/stoss cle (tfeV) (HiS6). When compared with the The clearance of Kr from the body would b'e

~5 dose from the accompanying external irradi-indicate the components ranging in half-p[y, \\ h ation, the whole-body dose from inhalation is 'imes from 14 see to 9.6 hr. The s!owest com-

• . M.,

negligible (NCRP75).

ponents correlated highly with percentage of A t%yty.'.

s In short-term exposures, whether adminis-body fnt, varying between 4.2 and 9.6 hr. The

gg tired for medical purposes or occurring as a long-term retention was localized to regions

}fMM-result of an accident, equilibrium is not of high fat content as determined by the Ns3 achieved between the Kr in the air and in coincidence rnode of the whole-hody counter.

various body tissues. Use of the data presen. The estimated dose based on the retention Q@%

J,4@h@ET..

ted in this study will allow for a mere data of this study would indicate increased Y

accurate determination of the inhalation dose. Joses to body fat and gonads as compared F j*t.

• $@k,"

i Th: dose to different tissues was estimated with those of previous investigators. These

$; f with the MIRD methodology (MIRD75). The increased doses are due to the longer reten-calculations were based on whole-body tion of krypton in fat.

t

[lJsMMAhT !

i retention data from this study and the "S" The model of standard man used in the values for "Kr from MIRD pamphlet II. The MIRD calculations assumes a uniform dis-khh I

dose to any tissue, t, would be tribution of fat throughout the body. This f-g%

l.

approximation is adequate for dose estima-D, = 1.447,CfS, tions for most radionuclides, but may need h

4 refinement when the isotope concentrate,s in fy} r-%*k -(ky whue r, is the average half-life, C the Kr the fat compartments. As was demonstrated activity in the lungs (gCi), f the fraction of in this study, the long-term distribution of i

s.W activity in the tissue relative to the air "Kr is not uniformly distributed throughout activity, and S the source-target value for the body, but localized to the upper thighs

]ky#'I.

-4 (w, m m

i y

{>

. pk.."

N ofy p-h it.' -

3-t_ m_ p_ _ _ _,-, n_._mv utv.mma,p iy%

w.w.

r

m. p-M..rn.m_ NN$b.m,k UYNSSl@w. O'gggg%,,he M

.9puuuW975=W W e

.y N... - e ~.

h cw

'

• m,.q e.ng,p. c.,

-e

. s.W W.W.r.A m Gd b

., ~..

,.J*. N 1.',.'...i,

e..

~.

p 2,:;.,

~,

??:

.. f '

2,... ".,:,"b JO 6';)..[h.., Q Cl' V,,. 4;,i.

..'..-J i'1X k k' 5 ii L:?,".. & & j.b.h N.h :.0 :.ll$:

.c

,(

2 o

$Mib O

e t

• I j

J KINETICS OF INHALED KRYPTON IN MAN A

522

' * ?P.. :..:;

m 3

and lower abdomen-regions cf high fat con. Ki72 Kirk W. P.,1972 Kr: A review of the c..-

~m ~ := r.-

!irerature and an analysis of radiation hazards, Q

tent. The corresponding dose to the ovaries,p, EPA I4 port NP.19251 (Rockville. MD: U.1 J

which would be completely surrounded by the abdominal adipose tissue layer, would be h Ensironmental

,.4I o

1 Ki73a Kirk W. P.,1973, Noble Gasts (R. E.

[ *3 higher than those calculated in this study.

Stante). EJ.: ort U.S.E.R.D. A. Report 730915 U

Rennement of the MIRD model to include a (Springf eld. V A: NTIS), p. 439.

more realistic appro.=.imation of the body fat Ki736 Kirk W. P.,1973. Ph.D. thesis, University y

distribution may I'e warranted in the case of of Rochester. Rochester, NY.

radiogases known to concentrate in the Ki?5a Kni W. P. Parish P. W. and Morken D.

A.. lea 5. Hruith Phys. ;8. 249.

adipose tissues.

Ki?!b Kirk W P. and Morken D. A.,

1775'

. :fr., :..

e wish to than,n

..f. J.

Mth Pm. 28,253.

'f-Acknowledgem ent 4 4,g,,,

Stravmo and A. F. LoMonte for the whole-body / Kit?2a Kitani K.,1972, Scand.1. clin. Lab. [s.,

' gi;;g.; ;

counter measurement. W. IL HarolJ and W. P.

,.g g g M-d '

.a Lehman for assistance wah the gamma camera and,(Kit 72b Kiiani K. and Winkler K.,1972. Scand. J.

spirometer system,T. F. Prach and R. W. Stoenner clin. Lab. Intest. 29,173.

t js, %

for preparing the kr> pton cas, and H. R. Pate for the Lc63 Lesser G. T. and 7.ak G.,1%3, Ann. N.Y.

I'

~ 'N computer computations. This work was supported Acad. Sci.110. 4b.

L by the United States Energy Research and Le>< er G. T. and Deutsch S.,1%7, J. appt Le67 Development Administration' Phvsiol. 23,621.

g.,

MIRD75 Medical Internal Radiation Dose

'E,37 (MIRD) Pamphlet U,1975 (New York: Socicly

~' "

REFERENCES 4

Ad73 Adamczyk B., Iloerboom A. J. H. and of Noelm McJicine).

Kistemaker J.,1973,1. appl. Physiol. 34,718 NCRP75 National Council on Radiation Protec.

Bc62 Berman M., Shahn E. and Wein M. F..

tion and Measurements (NCRP) Publication 44, t

t 1975 t',',:.shmpton, D C. NCRP).

1%2 Biophys 1. 2. 275 Ch74 Chen N S., E!!is K. J., P.de H. R. and 5:75 Seb enNun B.

P.

(personal. com-

)3 Cohn S. H.,1974, Int.1. nur.'. 3/<a 'fio!.1.175.

m.:ni.uion.197M.

.y Cohn S. H. and Dombrow ni C. S.1970. J.

Tacn Ta:,o P. L, Miller C. E., Carballo A..'. and Co70 Vasquez I.,1%0 Aferabotism 9,.856.

t i

nuct. Afed.11. 239.

lbbias C. A. Jones H. B., Lawrence J. H.

Co69 Cohn S. H. a:'d Domb owski C. S., Pate H.

Te49 m

j i

R. and Robertson. J. F.,1969 Physics Afed. Biol.

and Hamilton J. G.,1949,1 clin. Invest. 28, J

1375.

p, Di72 Diethorn W. S. and Stockho W. L.,1972, Tu73 Turkin A. D. and Mozkalev T. I.,1973 14,645.

p Noble Gases (Edited by Stanley R.

E.,

HiS6 Hine G. J. and Brownell G. L.,1956, Radia-U.S.E.R.D.A. Report 730915, (Springfield, VA:

f Health Phys. 23,653.

6 Ho64 Holzman G. R., Wagner H. N., tio M.,

Wh72 Whitton J. T.,1972 Health Phys.23,573..

tion Dosime:ry (New York: Academic Press).

NTIS). p. 472.

c,) !

'-15

't Rabinowitz D. and Zierter K. L.,1%4. Cin 3 e65 Yeh S. Y. and Peterson R. E.,1%5,l. appl f.1 Y

Phy siol. 20,1041.

culation 30,27.

Yeh S. Y. and Peterson R. E.,1963, J.

I !

T Hy66 Hytten F. E., Taylor, K. and Taggart N.,1Ye63 M

pharm. Sci. 52,433.

1966. Clin. Sci 31, I t 1.

j J.a Ke51 Kety S. S.1951 Pharmac. Rec. 3 I.

t n}

i n

N

,,, - l 1 l i

.jb 6

m

,s I

l, 3,

2 x

a e

e 4

[. -~g m,.'

i f! s\\'

• h),

E T*[

2, n

..e

• }. Y.. ;, g,;,k 8

3 g.

.g, q

,,,.,,,g,g.;.. g..,. 3.gg e..

,y,g.,

s.

J

u 09 OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY OPsmATED sv UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION NUCLEAR DIVl310N POST OPPICE BOX X OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE 37830 L

s' January 30, 1980

~ e C

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR g -

,, y Department of Energy Oak Ridge Operations Attention:

Mr. Joseph A. Lenhard I

Assistant Managet for Energy Research and Development Post Office Box E Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 Gentlemen:

Krypton Gas Proposal Reference is made to your letter dated January 7,1980, on this subject. As you rcquccted, we have completed a preliminary estimate of the costs and time required to develop, design, construct, and test out a reliable and licensable fluorocarbon system for removing Kr from the gas in the TMI-2 containment vessel.

The system for which we have made the estimate has a nominal 475 standard m /hr capacity and a single-pass removal efficiency exceeding 90%. Under I

3 these conditions, the desired reduction of Kr to permit access to the l

85 reactor building can be achieved in less than 60 days. The unit would be housed in four refrigeration-type trailers which, together with a control trailer, could be transported over the road. It was assumed, for convenience j

1 in estimating, that system construction and most special fabrication would be done in one of the "N-stamp" approved DOE shops, i.e., ORNL or Y-12.

Most This 1

engineering and testing were also assumed to be done by UCC-ND in-house.

should not be taken as a recommendation that UCC-ND do the work, because with other commitments already in hand, it seems unlikely that this would be either feasible or the best way to proceed. No further development work would be needed.

Under conditions where a " crash program" could be assured, including rather blanket approval to sole-source purchased hardware, the minimum time to construct the mobile unit would be two years after authorization to proceed.

Both numbers A more normal schedule for such a system would be four years.We realize that

{

exclude any time required for the licensing process itself.

this lead time of two years is not consistent with the schedule that GPU plans to follow in the recovery of THI-2, but we think the availability of a mobile gas cleanup device for possible future emergencies warrants construction of this unit.

C

--<._ = _ _ _ _ _.. _

DOE, Mr. Joseph A. Lenhard 2

January 30, 1980 Our interpretation of your request that the system be " licensable" is that we would have to assure that noth1ng would be incorporated during the design, fabrication, and testing program which would preclude obtainin'g a system license. Accordingly, we assumed that all reactor-oriented codes and standards (such as both Sections III and VIII of the ASME code) would have to be followed.

With the constraint that the unit be licensable, we estimate that the cost would be in the range of $15 to $20 million (unescalated).

This high cost is basically due to high materials costs associated with such requirements as maintaining traceability on components back to mill certifications. Another example is the scrubber column, which has a nominal 0.6 meter diameter.

According to Section III of the code, longitudinal welds are not allowed in vessels of this diameter, so that a special extrusion or casting will have to be obtained. All in all, materials costs are increased by about a factor of six with the " licensable" criterion. If this were not a requirement, then the system cost could perhaps be reduced to something on the order of $10 to $15 million, which is closer to a rough estimate we made previously.*

We do not believe tMt waiving this requirement would reduce the schedule substantially (six months, maximum).

The fluorocarbon process is well-developed and represents very little technical risk. In addition, the system is highly tolerant of impurities and disturbances, has a low operating Kr holdup, and is safe.

Please understand that this estimate was made in only a few days. This makes the second such " crash basis" estimate that we have been requested to make for a mobile Kr removal unit within the last few months.

While we have done our best to furnish responsible estimates under the circumstances, we would like to have more time. We do not believe that such preliminary estimates should weigh heavily on important decisions. We urge that at least the first pMse of our previous proposal

• be approved as soon as possible so that we can provide DOE with a more definitive and more meaningful estimate of project cost and timing. This phase would cost $500,000 and would take about nine months.

We would be pleased to discuss this with you further.

Si cerely h

Herman Postma Director HP:JRM:1mm cc:

W. D. Burch J. A. Parsons

\\

H. D. Fletcher, DOE D. B. Trauger l

R. F. Hibbs P. R. Vanstrum G. R. Jasny W. J. Wilcox, Jr.

J. R. Merriman - PC ePreliminary Proposal - Emergency Reactor Off-Gas Decontamination System, Union Carbide Corporation, Nuclear Division, Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion I

Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, June 22, 1979 (K/ET-244)

,_