ML19320A385

Responds to 720516 Request for Advice Re Effect of Low Level Radiation on Pollenating Honey Bees & Forwards Results of AEC Insect Irradiation Studies.Insects Showed Great Resistance to Radiation Exposure

ML19320A385
Person / Time
Site:	Arkansas Nuclear
Issue date:	06/12/1972
From:	Anthony Giambusso US ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AEC)
To:	Unverferth L AFFILIATION NOT ASSIGNED
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ML19320A386	List: ML19320A385 ML19320A388
References
NUDOCS 8005020401
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RP Reading EP-2 Reading File A. Giambusso, DDRP, L L Reading D. R. Muller, ADEP, L 3 12 B72 Docket No. 50-313 G. K. Dicker, EP-2, L l

D. G. Boyer, EP-2, L R. L. Wade, EP-2, L G. Ertter, DR (DR-4543)

M. Groff, L S. T. Robinson, SECY Mr. Lloyd Unverferth D I2.-

r Route 3 Russellville, Arkansas 72801 l

Dear Mr. Unverferth:

The Atomic Energy Comunission has investigated the effects of radiation on insects, including the honeybee, over the past years. Enclosed are a few examples of the results of those studies. To summarise, it has been shown that insects (including honeybees) are very resistant to radiation exposures. The radiation exposure required before harmful effects begin to appear are measured in the order of thousands of

, roentgen. This exposure as used in the enclosed articles is given as kiloroentsen (kr).

The maximum exposures expected within the-site boundary of the Arkansas Nuclear One are estimated to be in the range of miliroentgen (ur) oY one-thousandth of a roentgen.

It is, therefore, our opinion that the operation of the Arkansas Nuclear One Power Station will have no harmful effect on your hive of bees.

Sincerely,

% preday -

4 THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS

""88%ee,

POOR QUALITY PAGES

- for Reactor Projects A. Gisabusso, Deputy Director Directorate of Licensing Raclosures

" Honeybee Irradiation Studies" by A. F. Shina, E, Oertal and A. M. Jenkins

" Radiation Sensitivity of Twelve Species of Arthropods" by E. F. Menhinick and l

D. A. Crossley, Jr.

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Remarkably, however, the 3000.R nuclei nuclei. ~

showed a tenfold increase in brood cells (P < 0.01). A possible explanation of cessation of brood rearing in controls was exhaustion of stored pollen in each colony and an inadequacy of pollen supply in the cages for rearing brood. Deaths of larvae mTd brood among irradiated nuclei conserved pollen supply, and brood numbers consequently decimed more slowly.

Queens of controls and 1500.R colonies were laying eggs normally (10 of 11 in each case) on postirradiation

- day 12, but queens of 3000.R colonies were severely HONEYBEEIRRADIATION STUDIES affected, with 2 ' dead and 5 nonlaying. By post.

irradiation day 20, egg laying was normal for all A. F. Shinn E. Oertel A. M. Jenkins -

colonies (8 laying queens among controls, 8 among There are no published studies of effects of ionizing 1500.R, and 9 among 3000.R colonies). At the end of radiation on field colonies of honeybees. Ecologically, confinement to cages on postirradiation day 34, there we at: most interested in effects on hive economy and was no difference in number of laying qtacns among the pollinating activities of the bees. Effects of lpmma controls and irradiated colonies (controls,6; 1500-R, radiation on daily pollen collection,and flight activity 10: 3000.R,8).

of field colonies and on longevity of both laboratory-Seed yields per cage were determined after 32 days of caged bees and field colonies were previously investi-confinement and were not statistically different among gated.

controls and irradiated nuclei (N = 24, mean 37.6 i S.E.

We have now investigated the effect of irradiation of

• 3.92 g, CV = 51%). Differences may have been masked nuclei (half. size) colonies of honeybees by exposing by the unexpected large variability in density of clover them to 1500 and 3000 R ofCo gamma radiation at blossoms per cage and in their absolute density per cage the rate of 53 R/ min.The iI replicates of controland (N = 13,mean 3!4 S.E.31,CV= 36%). At the end of dose levels were placed singly at random in 33 cages on the experiment, total weight of worker bees per nucleus a pasture of red clover and fescue grass.

was less for irradiated nuclei than for controls at P <

Number of capped brood cells (which c_ontain bees 0.01 (N = 11 for each: controls, 0.751 10.0636 kg; undergoing metamorphosis) in each nucleus was de-1500 R,0.481 0.0334 kg; 3000 R,0.35510.05787 I

j termined from photo inventories (Table 1.6). Pre.

kg).

irradiation counts showed that nuclei of contrels and Radiosensitivity of a mixed sample of eggs andlarvae 4

treatments were comparable for numbers of developing less than three days old was found to be an order of brood cells, but at ten days post irradiation the brood magnitude lower than that of adult workers (1700 R counts of irradiated colonies were substantially less (P was the LD for eggs and larvae, compared with so-4

. < 0.01) than controls. A sharp decline in counts 16,300 R for the LD for workers).

s o.s occurred by postir

.ation day 20 for all colonies,and Mean mortality of random samples of honeycombs of by postirradiation day 34 no brood was being raised by larvae and pupae in sealed cells was greater than controls, and very little was present in the 1500.R controls (6%) for exposures to Co gamma radiation 1

of 3000,4000, and 5000 R (19,38,and 31%), but not for those of 500,1000,1500, and 2000 R. These

. Table 1.6. Number of Capped Brood Cells per Nucleus Prior laboratory results parallel our observations that field go zad Following irradiation colonies exposed to Co gamma radiation of 3000 R Mean istandard error or more die at least by the overwintering period.

Sample Date and Post.

Controls 1500 R 3000 R 1969 Annual Report: Division of i

4

.. June l8 tpreirrad.) ' 4 602493 30051545 3998 1592 Ecological Science, Oak Ridge June 30 (PID 10) 2811 1354 1579 18258 155213368 National Laboratory July 10 (PlD 20) 63145 466 1226 56.5123.0 July 24 (PID 34).

'0 241 1 95 598 i 145 esignificant at F < 0.01.

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HONEYBEEIRRADIATION STUDIES A. F. Shinn E. Oertel A. M. Jenkins There are no published studies of effects of ionizing radiation on field colonies of honeybees. Ecologically, we are most interested in effects on hive economy and the pollinating activities of bees. Effects of gamma radiation on the daily pollen collection of field colonies and on the longevity of both laboratory-caged bees and field colonies were previously investigated.

Fct the continuation of honeybee studies, Italian cordovan hybrid bees were used, which were supplied from the Genetic Bee Stock Center of the University of California at Davis. Thirty-two of forty colonies of bees were converted to this type by replacing the queens with the genetically homogeneous cordovan queens.

The brightly colored, orange cordovans were easily distinguished from the dark native bees.The cordovans foraged up to 2 miles from the apiary, or over an area of some 8000 acres. No native bees invaded tha mrdovan colonies.

Laboratory cages of approximately 150 Italian cordo.

vans in each of three replicates were irradiated with 1000,2000, and 4000 rads of"Co gamma radiation at

~600 rads / min and maintained at internal hive temperature (34*C) with sugar syrup as food. Only the 4000-tad samples had a mean life-span (8.9 days) statistically different from controls (23 days). These results are similar to those previously obtained forEast 1970 Annual Report:

Division of Ecological Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

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S to 15 o 1 2 3 4 5 I'I''''I Q eoooreds FEET METERS Fig. 8.8. Apiny of the OCD Honeybee Project,1968.

Tennessee mixed bees (8.5 days) and lilinois Italian original position in the apiary along with eight control bees (7.7 days), which were irradiated with 5000 rads colonies which had accompanied them (Fig. 8.8)~.

and maintained in the same wa a year earlier.

The criteria for effects of ionizing radiation on the The life-span of laboratory-caged worker bees was colonies were: (1) the mortality within the hive,(2) the determined at three temperatures (24,34, and 40*C) quantity of pollen collected daily by a colony,(3) the for starved bees and for bees supplied with 66% sugar flight activity of a colony, and (4) the final status of a syrup, water only, and queen-cage candy.The tempera-colony at the end of the observation period of the tures had no demonstrable effect on the mean life. spans experiment. The data were obtained during a 37-day of unfed bees (1.8 days) or of bees fed 66% sugar syrup postirradiation period.

(28 days). Bees supplied only with water lived signif-Table 8.4 summarizes the data for the first three icantly longer at the hive temperature of 34*C than at criteria. The mean daily mortality of the 4000-tad 24 or 40*C (2.8,2.0,2.0 days respectively). Bees fed colonies (200 bees) was statistically different from mean controls (22 bees). The mean daily collections of pollen queen. cage candy had significantly different life-spans of 13, 8, and 2 days at 23,34, and 40*C were not statistically different,but the data suggest'that respectively.

more replicates would yield significance. The mean Our field colonies were placed on burial ground 4 and daily number of flights of the 2000-tad colonies (36 sited so as to discourage the drifting of bees from one flights per 2 min period) was less (P > 0.01) than the hive to another (Fig. 8.8). The colonies of bees were 500- and 1000-tad colonies (67 and 61 ilights respec-i equalized for size and vigor as closely as possible, and tively), but we know of no biological basis for the those for the severallevels ofirradiation were chosen at difference.

random. Sets of four colonies each received 500,1000, The final status of the colonies was determined by an l

2000, and 4000 rads, respectively, of Co gamma inventory of the colonies expressed as square centi-radiation at ~65 rads / min in the Variable Dose Rate meters of honeycomb containing honey, pollen, pupae, Irradiation Facility of the LTT AEC Agricultural Re-larvae, and eggs.The inventories of the 500,1000, and search laboratory. They were returned at once to their 2000-tad colonies were statistically different from

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5 Table 8.4. Mean Daily Values of Effsets of Acute

• Genuna Radiation on Entire Cordovan Italian Honeybee Colonies Dose, rads Controls 500 1000 2000 4000

. Mortality, number of dead bees 22.1 18.5 31.1 37.7 200.48 Pollen. 5 7.7 17.9 20.9 2.7 ~

0.37 Activity, number of fli@ts 48.2 66.6*

61.4 35.6 42.9 per 2-min period 87 <0.01. compared with each other treatment.

• f <0.05, compared with controls,2000, and 4000.

controls only for pc!'cn (P > 0.0$); the 1000- and

' 2000-tad colonies had significantly less pollen per 2

colony (297 and 368 cm respectively) than the 2

controls (768 cm ). The 4000 tad colonies were obviously moribund, with two dead at inventory time and two more almost dead. More replicates would likely have detected differences between controls and the 2000-tad colonies. Despite as uniform a genetic compo-sition as current knowledge permits, there was still a large amount on variation arnong colonies within a given

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3, Radiation Sensitivity of Twelve Species of Arthropods' EDWARD F. MENHINICK' axo D. A. CROSSLEY, Ja.'

Radiation Ecology Section, Health Physics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee ABSTRACT Eleven species of insects and I species of isopod were the species tested the American cockroach, Periplaneta exposed to gamma radiation from cobalt.60 with total amcricana (L.), was the most sensitive to radiation; the doses ranging from 1 to 512 kiloroentgens (kr) in 100% black carpet beetle, Attagenus piccus (Olivier) was the increments. Insects were irradiated and maintamed under least sensitive. Correlations between radiation sensitivity and taxonomic grouping were poor. However, within comparable conditions at 28'C. Mean and median life insect orders sise appeared to be a good basis for esti-expectancy were estimated for each dose level. Life ex-mating mortality response to irradiation. Large. species pectancy was significantly lowtred for all species by

_ exposure to 8 kr or more. Most species were aHected by were found to be more sensitive to irradiation than 4 kr. Exposure to 1 or 2 kr generally had no eHects. Of smaller species.

Information on radiation-induced mortality in dif-MATERIAL.S AND METHODS ferent species of insects is necessary to estimate Table 1 lists species and stages irradiated. Cultures ranges in radiosensitivity of species not examined. of Blatta, Blattella, and Thcrmobia were established Such mformation,would enable evaluation of possible from individuals collected locally. Stocks of Pcri-msect problems m postnuc! car attack environments, plancta were obtained from cultures of Dr. James N.

anr1 would be useful m control ot msects by irradi-Liles, University of Tennessee. Acheta were pur-ation. Correlation of sensitivity with other physm-chased from Joe's Cricket Ranch, Aiken, S. C. These logical charactenstics of insects might suggest mecha-species were all reared in plywood boxes or card-msms of radiation mjury. No general prmciple for board d' rums. Aluminum tape was placed around the been tested predictmg radiosensitmty of insec.ts has,de range of inside of the containers and coated with vase for a w,de vanety of spee< over a wi prevent the insects from escaping. Wet sponges i

doses.

placed in the troughs of chicken waterers provided Hassett and Jenk.ms (1952), Huque (1963), and water. Food consisted of Byrdseye8 cricket and Corn:vell (1966) have reported extensive studies on earthworm meal supplemented'with Moorman chick the effects of tonizing radiation on-stored-gram m-mintrate.

sects. Cole,et al. (1939) tested 7 species of insects Harpalus, collected locally at lights at night, were affectmg man and determined the radiation doses re-maintained in soft plastic tubs 1% ft diam, and were 3

quired to kill cach m 1 day. Most radiation studies fed Truebrio larvae and pupac. Armadillidium, col-have mvolved smgle species. Conditions of dose, dose lected locally under boards, were maintained in soit i

rate, temperature, and stage of msect arradiated varied plastic tubs and fed cricket meal, lettuce, potatoes, with different experiments, and often were not even and Tenebrio pupae. Oncorcitus, collected locally on

,j given. Different doses, times of observation. and end milkweed, were reared in screened plastic tubs and pomts have also made difficult or impossible compari-were fed milkweed seeds. Water was supplied to the j

son of data from different experiments. To standard-4 just-named species in chicken waterers. Cremato-ize conditions, we irradiated 12 species of arthropods gester, coliccted locally under boards, were reared in under the same conditions of dose, dose rate, and gallon plastic containe'rs covered with screen. Cotton temperature, using mean and median life expectancy provided shelter; water was supplied by a wet sponge l

as critena of radiation effect. Radiosensitivity was in a 30-ml vial; food consisted of honey and Tentbrio l

compared with various charactenstics of the ditierent pupae. Secliphron, collected locally on flowers, were l

maintained in screen cages 2x2x2 ft; they were fed species.

j' honey and water. Tcnchrio were raised in soft plastic

' *".*ir'act 'EiS*T. YniIa* [.~r!d.Y*.N"cEpied N tubs containing about 2 in. of ground Purina* Lab-i

.. der ratory Chow potatoes were added to supply mois-

""'Nr*e7.'i E44rNIi Depari..

.t Bi.iocr. Unieersiir of ture. Attagenus, collected locally m meal, were fed a North car.ii... ch., sone.

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[Vol. 62, no. 4 Table 1.-Sp.cies of arthropods irradiated.

Stage irradiated Common name Species medium. sized nymph Armadillidium vufpare (Latreille)

Sowbug Thermobia domestica (Packard)

Firebrat American cockroach Periplaneta americana (L)

Orientti cockroach Blatta orientalis L German cockroach Blattella permanica (L)

House cricket yoimg adult Acheta domesticus (L)

Large milkweed bug medium-sized larva OncepcItus fasciatus (Dallas)

Black carpet beetle Attapenas piccus (Olivier)

Yellow meahvorm Tenc6rio molitor L.

Ground beetle mixed. age adult Harpalus pennsylvanicus De Geer Sceliphron carmentarium (Drury)

Mud dauber Ant Crematoposter lincolata (Say)

)

blood. Before and after irradiation all species were oncy was the time whea 50% of the individuals were dead and was interpolated for periods longer than 1

' maintained at 28 1*C in a small insectary building.

day. 1/cdion life c.rtcciancy correctcd for control Irradiations were performed in 1 of 2 cobalt.60 sources in the laboratory of C. J. Hochenadel, Chem-mortality was the time at which percent survival of

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irradiated arthropods divided by percent survival of

. ational Labo:atory Y

intry Division, Oak Ridge (Ghormley and Hochenaciel 1951). A source giving controls was equal to 0.50. Except in cases of 2650 R/ min 2% (~2330 rad min) was used for control mortality, median life expectancy and median doses of 4 kr (4000 R) or less; a 26.500 R/ min 2% life expectancy corrected for control mortality were source was used for doses greater than 4 kr. Doses similar.

ranged from 1 kr to 512 kr in 100% increments (i.e..

RESUt.TS 1 kr,2 kr,4 kr,8 kr, etc.). The animals were irr'adi-Mortality responses of the' various species are ated at room temperatures. Transport to and from given in Trble 2, which presents the mean and

.I the source took less than 3 min. Arthropods were median survival (in days) following exposure to transported in insulated containers to protect against various doses of ionizing radiation. For most of the temperature changes.

arthropod species the lowest radiation exposure (1 The unit of radiation used here is the roentgen kr) had little or no effect on longevity. With increas.

(R), which expresses exposure to radiatisn or expo-sure dose. The radiation sources were calibrated to ingly higher exposure doses a radiation dose was reached which severely or markedly shortened life this unit, and our irradiations were calev'ated from expectancy. Further increases in exposure dose re -

those calibrations. Multiplying our value by 0.93 sulted in further reduction in average lifespan. Fi-yields (approximately) the absorbed dose of radi-nally, a range was attained in which further increase ation (in rad).

in exposure dose produced only slight additional de-After irradiation. Scclit sron were marked by clip-creases in hfe expectancy. These results are illus-

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ping their tarsi and returned to the cages for obser-trated graphically in Fig. I and 2 for 8 ci the 9

vation. All other species were placed in jars 3%x3% species for which life expectancy has been no in. They were fed the same food used in rearing. to percentage of c'ontrol life expectancy. A signifi-Water was given to all species except Truebrio and feature of these curves is the radiation dose Attagenus. It was supplied through a sponge in a which produces an abrupt decrease in survival. This cant 30-ml vial. A strip of foam plastic was placed in dose we term the " threshold dose." The inflection the jar as a climbing surface. Tcurbrio were placed points of the curves would indicate a threshold in jars containing about 2 in. of food; Attagtnns had precisely, but because of limitations in the expe

, i about % in. of food.

mental design the inficction point could not be deter-After treatment, arthropods were examined daily for the 1st week, every other day for the 2nd and 3rd mined. The radiation dose area (i.e., between 2 week, and twice a week every neck thereafter until posure doses) in which the inflection point

. all were dead. Dead animals were removed and could be identified.

Attagenus was the most resistant species examined.

. counted at each examination. 3fcan lift c.rpectancy was living longer after ir' radiation than any other species determined as the sum of individual life expectancies (Table 2. Fig.1). The threshold dose was between (in days) divided by the nuniber of the individuals. 2 and 4 kr. Control mortality was only 8% at 237 j

Standard deviation and standard error were also days, when adults began to emerge: adults lived abou j

determined for each stage and for each dose, and 3 weeks. Only 20% of larvae given 4 kr pupated and

' ' Student's t test-(Ostle 1954 : 98) was used to compare i

mean life expectancies of the same stage given differ-emerged as adults compared with 92%

ent doses of radiation. Use of time intervals of vari-control larvae and larvae given 1 kr. Doses

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able sizes' introduces more variability in the standard paralyzed most larvae by 19 days: all were deviation than there would have been if small inter-by 62 dayst none pu' pated and all were de vals hail been used throughout. 3fedian life espect-days. Hassett and Jenkins (1952) found A. pic A

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larvae to be the most resistant of 6 species examined: age. Controls died at a regular rate,1 about every 10 individuals exposed to 16 kr had a median life ex.

days. All were dead after 265 days. Individuals ex.

pectancy (corrected for controls) equal to 48 days; posed to 1 or 4 kr had survivals similar to controls.

32 kr = 27 days; 128 kr = 13 days; 193 kr = 3 days; Those exposed to 8 kr survived several days without 256 kr = 0 days. Those life expectancies are only mortality and then suddenly died off. Armadillidium about half as long as our results would indicate. Tem. lived only about half as long as Attagruus after a similar radiation exposure (Table 2), but had a peratures were not given in their paper and may have threshold dose between 4 and 8 kr, higher than that accounted for these differences.

Armadillidium also was resistant to radiation dam. for Attagenus, and survived well compared with con-Table 2.-Life expectancies (days) for 12 species of ^ arthropods folknving exposure to gamma radiation from A = mean survival time; so = standard deviation; M = median cobalt-60. n = number of individuals per dose:

survivat time; M..., = median corrected for control mortality. Means not having the same prescript (a. b, c, or d) are signincantly different from each other at the 1% con 6dence level.

Life expectancy (in days)

I.ife expectancy (in days)

Dose (kr)

A so M

M.... -

• r)

A so M

M....

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Attagemust medium larvae Armadillidium: medium nymphs e

(n = 25)

(n = 25)

O a

284.6 37.11 292.7 ab 116.9 78.71 118.0 a

164.6 83.17 142.5 1

2 a

268.9 57.86 289.9

'4 145.4 84.95 119.1 119.1

~ a 110.4 59.58 812 8

b 71.0 19.77 70.6 70.6 b

67.7 23.84 71.3 83.0 16 b

72.8 18.39 73.2 73.2 38.2 14.12 42.6 44.5 32 55.8 16.34 52.5 52.5 18.4 9.00 22.0 233 64 36.9 17.43 36.1 36.1 8.5 3.34 8.6 8.6 128 9.0 232 9.1 9.2 0.4 0.21 0.4 0.4 256 2.7 0.95 2.5 2.5 c

.0

.00

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.0 512

' O.2 29 0.0 0.0 c

.0

.00

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.0 Sceliphron: mixed adults Acheta: medium nymphs (n = 10)

(n = 25)

O a

44.2 25.71 42.0 a

69.7 15.13 72 3 1

a 43.2 29.21 58.5 ab 63.4 26.64 67.4 2

ab 24.8 ILO5 20.5 21.6 b.

42.5 39.19 25.6 26.0

'4 bc 16.1 3.93 16.0 16.4 c

9.9 1.44 10.1 10.1 8

c 11.5 7.71.

14.5 15.2 e

9.2 1.71 9.3 93 5.5 1.70 5.9 5.9 16 3.5 0.62 3.4 3.4 32 1.9

.48 1.8 1.8 64 1.0 46 '

1.0 1.0

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128 d

0.0

.00 0.0 0.0 9

256 d

.0

.00

.0

.0 512 Tenebrio: medium larvae Blatte medium nymphs (n = 50)

(n = 20) a 73.4 43.15 57.7 a

167.3 20.80 172.5 a

72.8 37.77 62.9 ab 143.5 56.16 172.2 a

84 i 49.97 72.1 b

108.4 7525 139.0 157.2 b

35.0 20.44 33.5 34.2

...a

.b 29.6 22.99 19.0 21.0 e

173 10.77 22.3 22.2 13.6 3.35 13.4 13.4 e

14.9 9.02 13.0 13.0 C

I 8.9 3.36 8.8 8.8 4.0 1.96 J.4 3.4 5.2 1.91 5.5 5.5 1.4 1.04 0.8 0.8 2.7 0.93 2.6 2.6 0.4 0.22

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1.5

.36 1.5 1.5 d

.0

.00

.0

.0 03

.23 0.0 0.0 d,

.0

.00

.0

.0

'g Blattella; medium nymphs Oncepritus: young adults (n = 20)

(n = 15) a 136.2 41.07 147.5 a*

26.3 29.93 17.0 a

127.2 25.82 123.0 a

25.5 24.90 10.5 a

116.4 12.62 114.9 a

33.4 20.20 36.5 g

b 28.2 17.52 23.6 24.1 a

24.3 16.53 27.6 b

. A1.2 5.28 22.0 22.3 a

22.8 9.38 24.0

.16.0 3.37 16.3 16.3 b

8.1 3.16 8.5 9.5 6.4 1.66 6.6 6.6 b

8.7 2.89 8.5 10.5 3.2 0.67 3.1 3.1 5.3 2.!9 5.6 6.0 0.9

.50 0.8 0.8 2.7 0.86 2.5 2.6

.5

.00

.5

.5 1.3

.31 1.4 1.4

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.0 0.0

.00 0.0 0.0. ~ ~

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714 AxxAs.s or Tuz Exroun.ocrCA1. SOCIETY O asMEZICA

[Vol. 62, no. 4 3~

Table 2.-(Continued)

Life expectancy (in days) 1.ife expectancy (in days)

Dooe (kr).

A so M

M....

(kr) i so M

M...e Thermobia: medium nymphs Crematepaster: mixed adults (n = 10)

(n = 30) 500*

ab 82.7 49.78 83.5 500*

a 102.0 50.07 87.7 -

bi:

57.5 28.05 42.7.

45.5 a

59.2 13.37 62.0 63.9 c

39.4 40.77 18.8 20.5 a

64.2 19.14 65.5 72.5 d

20.3 10.20 19.5 20.1 26.0 7.56 27.0 28.0 d

18.4 7.71 18.3 19.0 11.4 4.51 11.0 11.0 12.0 3.76 12.2 12.4 4.9 3.60 5.0 5.0 5.9 1.89 5.7 5.7 b

0.1 0.21 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.61 3.3 3.3 b

.0

.00

.0

.0 0.5

.00 0.5 0.5 b

.0

.00

.0

.0

.0

.00

.0

.0 Harfalus: mixed adults Periplaneta: medium nymphs (n = 15)

(n = 20) 224.4 243.0 400*

166.5 95.88 205.3 400*

31.9' 8.0 8.1 4C0*

a 5.8 1.82 5.8 5.9 a

11.5 11.00 5.5 5.5 4.4 1.23 4.3 4.3 ab 6.4 4.98 4.7 4.7 a

6.4 1.84 6.0 6.0 b

4.0 2.59 3.0 3.0 b

3.0 1.11 3.0 3.0 2.0 0.76 1.9 1.9 b

2.3 0.59 2.2 2.2 1.3 41 1.4 1.4 3

1.1

.57 1.2 1.2 0.5

.00 0.5 0.5 0.0

.00 0.0 0.0 c

.0

.00

.0

.0

.0

.00

.0

.0 c

.0

.00

.0

.0

• Accidental death.

6 s% confidence limits.

• Entrapolated from 218 days' data, or fro,n literature references.

e Corrected for accidental deaths no statistical comparisons made trols (Fig.1). Styron (1969) found aquatic isopods fore 95 days. Those exposed to 4, 8, or 16 kr sur-f to be less susceptible to radiation under optimum con-vived 11 days with little mortahty. Controls repro-ditions of temperature and humidity, than isopods duced regularly after 39 days; individuals exposed to subjected to drought heat stress. On the other hand 1 kr or more were apparently sterile. Threshold doses Edwards (1969) found Forcellio scaber Latreille to occurrad between 2 and 4 kr. An exposure of 4 kr be the most susceptible of a series of soil arthropod reduced survival to about 20% normal life expectancy species subjected to gamma radiation.

(Fig. 2). Ross and Cochran (1963) obtained similar Thermobia had a dose-response curve similar to results with medium and large nymphs of Blattc!Ia:

that for Armadillidium, but was less sensitive (Table a dose of 6.4 kr reduced median survival time to 26 2). After 150 days only 1 of 10 controls was dead, days; 9.6 kr further reduced it to 17 days. Growth i-and only 3 of 10 given 1 kr were dead. The threshold was retarded by 9.6 kr, and molting was prevented.

dose was between 2 and 4 kr. Observations were dis-A dose of 0.8 kr reduced fertility to 48% of controls; I

continued after 150 days, and life expectancy of 1.6 kr reduced fertility to 3%.

.I medium. sized nymphs was estimated at 500 days Oncorcitus was difficult to rear in quantity because based on Sweetman's (1938) data.

of high mortality evidently caused by an unknown Adult Cremologastcr of mixed (unknown) ages disease with symptoms similar to those described by were irradiated. Mortality of controls and experi. Beard (1959) A series of experiments was run in mentals exposed to I kr was regular, there being no which temperature. humidity, and incandescent light-period of exceptionally high mortality. Crematogaster ing were varied systematically; mortality was unpre-survived relatively high doses of radiation (Table 2) dictat!e in all cases. This high mortality resulted in but was still affected by lower doses: the threshold large standard deviations and reduced mean lifespan dose was between 1 and 2 kr. A few individuals in controls (many individuals in the control group i

seemed to be much more resistant to radiation than lived 47 days althoegh the control mean was 26 days).

others. Of individuals receiving 8 kr,92% were dead Consequently, mean life expectancies of irradiated after 25 days, but 100% mortality was not reached replicates did not differ statistically from the control

'for 67 days.-Two periods of mortality were observed lifespan until doses of 16 kr were attained (Table 2).

i i

for 2 kr: 43 and 109 days. For 4-kr exposures.1 That lower doses did produced a mortality effect is j

period of high mortality occurred at 21 and another demonstrated by, the decrease in time required to

.l.

at 116 days.

reach 100% mortality. For controls, this equaled 110

~

Blattella controls and individuals exposed to 1 or days; for 1 kr,82 days; 2 kr = 68 days. 4 kr = 54

.2 kr survived well (Fig. 2). Only 1 animal died be-days,8 kr = 40 days,16 kr = 15 days. In other ex-E

'e S

.s

M[ nicx ax3 Caosst.iv: Renarnx Srssmvat July 1969]

A rnacrops 715 Table 3.-Radiation sensitivity of im, mature O. fasciatus.

f m m u.sw Percentage hatch of eggs or molt os nymphs following

,og.

,j exposure to cobalt-60 gamma irradiation. (I-IV are nymphal instars. Each value based on 20-40 nymphs.)

3*

\\l l

~ d"T" Eggs Nymphs 3

l I

3

[

oose so (kr) I day old 3 days old I II III IV

~

g

• \\

eirec,cNus g

i g

j 0.0 86 95 81 70 90 90 g 4o

.5 50 90 grQ

'N n

'8

'8!

W O,o 4.0 0

0 77 74 19 75 w-nemmrH V

'N 8.0 0

0 80 54 20 50

.N; 1

16.0 0

28 45 55 10 I

1o 32.0 0

10 0

5 64.0 o

0 0

0 o

t

,s 32 s.

EXPOSURE DOSE tst)

• Not investigated, om-m u-sus 10 0 j

i

~

l Blatta nymphs had a generation time of about 7 i

K l

months. Most mortality of controls and individuals joo j

2 surre l

exposed to I kr occurred within a terminal 30. day period. The threshold dose was between I and 2 kr.

go This species was especially sensitive to higher doses; 64 kr killed most individuals within 2 ays.

j Secli hron was the only species not confined to t

g do jars for observation. Individuals were marked by k'

_ surrau tarsal clipping according to dose received and placed O

in flight cages. They were removed after they died.

If prenerrte

-- ~ -

Limitations of material and cage space reduced the

%urre

-s j'

l l

number of doses which could be investigated (Table 2o hi 2h The threshold dose occurred between 2 and 4 kr.

Expost. E cosE ta r Nas e.xpd m 8 h M a 2 &&mt ha:

, Fac.1.4tortality responses of 4 arthropxis to gamma 30% died during the 1st day after irradiat,on, and i

ob to tal t then the remainder survived about 15 days., Paralysis samma irradiation [ rom cobalt-60.re p'onses of 3 cockroach species to preceded death by less than (1934) irradiated S. carmentarium (Drury) larvae.

lhipae failed to emerge from prepupae after exposures periments with Oncorcitus nymphs, the ability to molt of 0.8-1.0 kr: diapau. -d pupae failed to emerge from successfully to the next instar was used as a measure prepupae after exposures of 1.2-1.3 kr. Shinn et al.'

of radiation sensitivity. l~nlike mortality, this bio-reported that utilization of radioactive mud by S.

logical end point is not time dependent, but it may be cacmentarium resulted in a 40% reduction in emer-less responsive than mortality. Results indicated gence from cells evidently caused by a radiation ex-threshold doses between 8 and 16 kr (Table 3) for posure of about 10,000 rad from the radioactive mud.

instars I, II, and IV. A similar threshold dose was Acheta was I of the more sensitive species we estimated for adult mortality. Results for nynsphal tested. The threst old dose occurred between 1 and stage III were erratic. Eggs were much more sen-

.sitive; 0.5-1.0 kr greatly reduced hatchability (Table 2 kr. Life expectancy was decreased sharply fo ing exposure to 4 kr. but further increments of dose 3). Adults exposed to 2 kr or more were apparen'ly had only slight additional effects on reduction of life sterile, s.lthough ind:viduals exposed to I kr repro-expectancy. Doubling the dose reduced life expect-i duced. Oncopritus adults seemed comparatialy re. ancy by orily about 20-30G (Table 2. Fig.1). A dose sistant to radiation-in:!uced paralysis. It did not of 256 kr killed all individuals instantly. Sumarukov i

gen' rally occur until 1 day before death. A few (1962), irradiated 7-to 14. day-old adults of A. domes-e individuals were still walking 7 days after exposure ticus at 270 R/ min and found the t.n I

to 64 kr.

a_n..,, was 4200 R. Acheta used in our experiments were found

[

Tenebrio larvae exposed to I kr survived as long to be more sensitive. perhaps because of the higher J

as controls. Those given 2 kr had a longer life ex-(ose rates we used. Results for A. domesticus have pectar.cy than cont,rols (although the difference was been reported in more detail elsewhere (Menhinick not statistically significanth Threshold doses oc-and Crossley 1968),

i curred between 2 and 4 kr. All individuals were dead IIortalus adults were unusually sensitive to radi-1 day after exposure to 312 kr. Results with imma-tures and adults of Tcnchria have been reported in

• A. F. shinn, c. J. p.f on and c. t c rier. 1964. Trini.

detail elsewherg (Menhinick and Crossley 1968).

M,$'iN',%',',1*g,,6'oi"j7lf3."Wyi% ** "'d"'

^

e

..-.4._-...

m

'e; ce AwxALs or Tur Extowot.ocicAt. Society ef, 3renica

[Yol. 62, no. 4 716 1

- ation mortality, having a threshold dose between 1 different life history stages of diNerent species. Some land 2 kr (Table 2, Fig.1). ~ Doses of 4 kr reduced ~ species are easily studied only as adults, while the

~

life expectancy from 224.4 days (contr'ol) to 5.8 ' ' adult stage in other species is short or not suited to

. days.- Control mortality was low until after 54 days, maintenance in cultures. Studies with immatures of when it became regular; 1 individual died about every Acheta and Tcuc6rio (Menhinick and Crossley 1968)

. 2 weeks.

and Blaticlle am. Periplaneta (Menhinick. unpub-Periplaneta was more sensitive to radiation than lished) indicated that medium-aged or older imma-any other species examined. It is long lived with slow tures' (nymphs or larvae) had about the same pat-development; generation time is about 10 months. terns of survival following irradiation as do adults.

After 218 days controls and individuals exposed to 1 Also. responses to a given dose level were similar.

or 2 kr had exhibited little mortality response. Ob-Accordingly, we have atempted to compare medium-servations were discontinued at that time (218 days) aged immatures of some species with adults of others.

and average life expectancy was estimated at 400 in terms of their mortality responses to irradiation.

days from extrapolation of the data. However, at 4 Unfortunately, immature sta:;es cannot always be kr exposure life expectancy was only 11.5 days separated by sex. so we are unable to report any dii-(Table 2). Mean survival time decreased rapidly at ferences in survival rates of males and females.

' higher doses and was lower than that for any other Dose-effect curves had different slopes for the dif-species following exposures to 16,32, or 64 kr. All ferent species. Slopes were relatively gentle for At-individuals were killed immediately by exposure to tagenus, Armadillidium, and Harpalus. They were 128 kr. Wharton and Wharton (1959) irradiated more abrupt for Acheta, Blatta, Blattclla, and Peri-Periplaneta nymphs with 2-Mev electrons and found plancia. The ditierences in slope (and in threshold it an unusually sensitive species. They reported a T:,o dose where effects become manifesti suggest that the of 4.0 days for 30 krep (rep = roentgen equivalent relative order of sensitivity for species could be dif-physical),5.2 days for 20 krep,7.5 days for 10 krep, ferent at different exposure doses, which is indeed the and 14 day;. for 6 krep.

case. Comparisons of sensitivity are valid only at the dose for which they are made. Table 4 compares msmssm responses of the species to doses of 8.16. and 32 kr.

Comparison of.1/ortality Responses.-That com-These doses were selected because they are higher parisons between species would be valid. all experi-than threshold, so corrections for control mortality ments were maintained at near.indentical conditions are possible, and lower than doses producing quick of temperature and humidity. Irradiations were per-kills or paralysis. The order of species in Table 4 is formed with the same machines and in an indentical from least sensitiva (Attagcnus) to most sensitive manner. Insofar as possible, experiments were run (Periplancta). Al; 3 doses were considered in ar-j concurrently. An alternative to this procedure would ranging species in the order given. Some adjacent -

have been to maintain each species under its own species might be reversed, but this course would have i

optimal culture conditions (for survival). However, little effect on conclusions.

for some of the species included, culture optima are.

Relation of Radiosensititity to Species Character-

. not well known. Also, differential responses to the istics.-Previous work has suggested the hypothesis g

different culture conditions might have increased the that sensitivity to radiation mortality may be related

. accuracy of comparisons with controls. but mitigated to lifespan; that is, that species normally living longer i

against comparisons between species. For the species may be more sensitive than others to radiation. In included, only Oncorcitus gave indications that cul-our experiments species with longer (control) life i

ture conditions were suboptimal.

expectancies (Attagenus, Thermobia, Harpalus, and A greater problem is the necessity for comparing Periplaneta) varied from most resistant to most sen-Table 4.-Comparative radiosensitivity and biological data for 12 arthropods.

d Jt adult Mean life expectancy wt (mg)

(days) after exposure to Arthropod Wet Dry Organism 0

8 kr 16 kr 32 kr order wt wt Attagenus 284.6 70.6 73.2 32.5 Cole 6ptera 4.3 1.7 Armadillidium

- 116.9 83.0 44 3 23.3 isopoda 76.1 23.7

-l TAcrmobia

~500 72.5 28.0 11.0 Thysanura 23.0 7.3 4

Crematoposter 82.7 20.1 19.0 12.4 Hymenoptera 0.5 0.1

,+>

1. taticlla 136.2 22.3 16.3 6.6 Orthoptera 101.6 35.0 t-

. Oncepctims 26.3 9.5 10.5 Hemiptera 56.3 14.2 i

Tenc6rio -

73.4 21.0 13.4 8.8 Coleoptera 52.3 23.7 167.3 22.2 13.0 3.4 Orthoptera 653.5 213.3

• Blatta i

Sectiphron 44.2 15.2 Hymenoptera 107.0 42.3 Acheta 69.7 9.3 5.9 3.4 Orthoptera 398.3 9 8 '?

224.4 4.3 6.0 3.0 Cole 6ptera 152.0 47.0 *

[

Narpelas.

~400 4.7 3.0 1.9 Orthoptera 937.3 322.6 ~

Per@laneta L

I

.I a.-..

-=

=

n*h

(

.(

p

• July 1969]

Mennissex Axo Caos:Ltv: RADIATim Sexstriv Tv or Autumoroos 717 sitive. Likewise, species with short life expectancy ' bach, P. B. Dunaway, D. E. Reichle, A. F. Shinn, varied greatly in radiosensitivity (Table 4). Radia-and D. J. Nelson, for, innumerable suggestions and tion sensitivity appears to be independent of lifespan.

criticism of this manuscript; Mrs. Gladys J. Dodson There does appear to be a relationship between for her meticulous attention to insect colonies; Drs.

radiation sensitivity and activity of the species. The D. A. Gardiner and M. A. Kastenbaum, Mathematics most resistant species tested, Attagenus, is a seden-Panel, for statistical advice; and Dr. C. J. Hochena-tary feeder on grains. Armadillidium, also a resistant del, Chemistry Division, for permission to use his species; exhibited little movement in our cultures. cobalt.60 sources. Dr. P. E. Hunter, Department of Likewise, the more sensitive species tend to be active. Entomology, University of Georgia, criticized the Periplanets, Harpalus, and Acheta, all sensitive to manuscript.

radiation, were active in cultures. However activity REFERENCES CITED is difficult to quantify, and our observations are qual,-

i tative*

Beard, R. L 1959. Sick milkweed bugs. J. Econ.

Entomol: 52(1) :177-8.

Phylogenet.ic relat.ionships are among the more ob-Bodine, J. IL, and T. C Evans. 1934. Respiration and vous which might be related to radiation sensitivity.

develonment of individual mud dauber wasp Istvae following X-inadiation. Physiol. Zool. 7: 550-5.

Inspection of Table 4 shows that related species may Cole. M. M., G. C I.aBrecque, and G. S. Burden. 19,59.

have widely differing radiation sensitivities. The 3 Eficcts of gamma radiation on some insects affectmg species of cockroaches vary m. the.ir mortality re-T. Econ. Entomol. 52: 448-50 man.

sponses from " intermediate" to " sensitive." Attagtnus Cornwell, P. B. [ed.]. 1%6. The Entomology of Radia-and Harpalus varied widelv in their sensitivity to tion Disinfestation of Grain. Pergamon Press (Ox-radiation, but both are bee'lles. At lower levels in ford, London, Edinburgh, New York, Paris, Frank-the taxonomic heirarchy, phylogenic relationships may EdwarNs,'C. 1969. The effects of gamma irradiation bc better indicators of radiation sensitivity.

on populations of soil invertebrates. Proc. 2nd Nat._

Predictability within insect orders and families may Symp. Radioecology, Ann Arbor, Mich., May 15-17, improve when size relationships are considered. Col'c Ghor le'y,

'. a d C J. Hochesadel. 1951. A co-et al. (1959) deternuned the t.osn_3 a, for 7 species balt gamma ray source for studies in radiation chem-of insects affecting man and found that "of the istry. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 22: 473-5.

species of insects tested, the larger the insect the Hassett, C C, and D. W. Jenkins. 1952. Use of fission lower was the dose required to kill." Comparison o{

prod.icts for insect centrol. Nucleomes 10: 42-46.

Hugue, II. 1963. Prehrnmary studies on irradiation of radiosensitis.ity with weights of adults (Table 4) some coimnon storehouse grain insects in Pakistan, suggests that such a gross relationship is present.

p. 455-64. In Radiation and radioisotopes applied to Larger species tended to be more radiosensitive. The msect.s of agricultural importance, Int. At. Energy gjj;nik' A. Crossisy, Jr. 19M. A s

relationship is improved if comparisons are made a

withm insect orders. For the Orthoptera, particularlY ctmparison of radiation profiles of Achtta domesticus the Blattidae, smaller species tended to be more re-and Tcutbrio molitar. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61:

sistant to radiation. induced mortality (Table 4, Fig.

1359-65.

Ostle.

B.

1954. Stati!!ics m Research. Iowa State 3). For Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. radiosensitiv-College Press, Ames. 487 p.

irectly w. h we. ht of adults: Attagenus, Ross, M. II., and D. G. Cochran. 1963. Some early g

.ty varied d.

s it ig g

Tenchrio, and Harpalus follow this rule, as do the 2 effects of ionizing radiation on the German cockroach, BlattcIla permanice. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 56:

I hymenopterans.

The reasons larger species appear to be more ra-styrfa% E.

1969. Ecology of two populations of an diosensitive are not at all obvious. There may be a aquatic isopod (thrms fontinalis Raf.), with em-i relationship with the total dose of radiation received phasis on ionizing radiation effects. Pr,c. 2nd Nat.

.I rather than the radiation per unit weight. Larger Symp. Radioecolor;, Ann Arbor, Mich., May 15-17, species, having more mass, would absorb more total 3,,,f,k,(v, 1962. Correlation between the I

radiation if not more per umt weight. Smce the value of the oxidation-reduction potential of the mechanisms by which radiation produces mortality hemolymph of crikets and their radiosensitivity.

in insects are stilllargely undescribed, further specu.

Radiobiologiya 2: 54-7. (English translation.) brat.

Sweetman, H. L 1938. Physical ecology of the fire lat. ion would be premature.

Thermobio domestira (Packard). Ecol. Monogr. 8:

285-311.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Wharton, D. R. A., and M. L Wharton. 1959. Effect 6

of radiation on thelongevity of the cockroach, Peri-l We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of our tlancta amcricana,as affected by dose, age, sex, and colleagues at the Oak Ridge Nat.ional Laboratory food intake. Radiai.Res. 11: 600-15.

who have made this work possible: Drs. S. L Auer-

[

1

, Rctrintedfrom the

{

ANN At.s oF THz ENrouossocICAL SOCIETY oF Axtasta.

I Volume 62, Number 4, pp. 711-717, July 1%9 y

?

g e

1 I

Oi