ML19317G468

Quarterly Environ Status Rept,Jul-Sept 1972

ML19317G468
Person / Time
Site:	Crystal River
Issue date:	02/05/1973
From:	FLORIDA POWER CORP.
To:
References
NUDOCS 8003160078
Download: ML19317G468 (142)

Text

- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

_m

'O, i%

1 1

1 1

1

, Regulatory File Cy.

l l

5 4

V~:

I 7

.l

~

_.jy 4,,, ".., -

,'. 4., -

c

~.,,,,,J;,.. g ;,.

f g.......

,, ;; f '

.e

-c,,

s t'.

A

>y A

a. r f -

-.. - +

T = -..

s 4..

"g r

(

.p

, y _- '

[ 3. ;....

l

' i ',-

f

~

y

,a

+

d

.a

..g 7,

4 4.

y-

.s,

r

.e

}

-, ? -

.n-.

{

s.

[-

r

] '

/

.r - -

r.,

A e-

• e s

'., p

%( -.,

W.,

3

. dw;.. nz.,

t,

,'- - - v.

p.

M

,,_.g j

3 g

l.

. ~ '

1 1

l u.

)

a g.,.

ts,

+

c _

& ^

+,. +

r.

a

+

e y,

g M

'.9 E

N n

+.

, N -

~

~.

W t

"g 3

4,

j.

~.

.g.

T '

4 e

e w -.

• 4.

't e..'-

I

.g

.r.

t..

'..~

1

.f s'

.y J

- R Y,

a

^R.

• p_

e j

i 1

l y'.

~ ~*

.M

~

l 3

1 t.

9'

,7 f,

4.jtd,.. _ ',, '

3 y ;;.

4

~_

+

4

. ^

,, g.

. Q*. ?x, f,-

r

_'.y-p r

..,y-L

~

o

' i. z

,F.

+

x3 c..

(

. wat n.

~-

-Q g v. y' s

g-ge:. y

_,9

__. Q'. - '

i v,

g n.

.= <

y u.

g s

s s

p -?

w m

e

),

1? ']

g(.g g) %

9 oo.........

~

ii' FEB5 1973 * :11 p"punis amt s'emewY' 4*

m! w

/

N T0: RECIPIENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS REPORT Florida Power Corporation is pleased to present to you its Quarterly Environmental Status Report covering the period July-Septe.mber,1972.

Happily, we are back on a quarterly schedule.

Included is discussion and technical information regarding environmental work at the Crystal River Nuclear Plant site, the Anclote Plant site, and the Weedon Island Plant site during the July-September quarter, together with a brief description of.he supporting and associated activities during that same period.

We trust that this report will continue to be useful in supplementing your understanding of our environmental efforts, and we encourage you to contact us should you have any questions concerning the scope or direction of these activities, J. T. Rodgers Assistant Vice President

/

q d

DOCKETID UShic

-it FE8 5 19 r3 ETT"

\\

wem c51

\\

x

./

General Office 3201 Tnirty-fourtn street soutn. P.O. Box 14042, St. Petersburg, Florida 33733 813--866-5151

)

I l

[

3 "A hil M4

[ [b) h) [0 1" /*h n @

7" 7

i 4 4 4

l j 'd 1 i b i !

5%

p

'U a

'%l%>' d OJ A i %

Page 5 1.

GENERAL A. Environmental Affairs B. Licensing and Regulatory Affairs C. Nuclear Affairs 6

11.

SITE METEOROLOGY PROGRAM (CRYSTAL RIVER) 6 Ill. BENTHIC MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRAM (CRYSTAL RIVER) 7 IV. MARINE THERMAL PLUME PROGRAM (CRYSTAL RIVER) 7_

V.

PRE OPERATIONAL RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY (CRYSTAL RIVER)

A. Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services B. University of Florida Department of Environmental Engineering 7

VI. CHLORINATION STUDY (CRYSTAL RIVER) 7 Vil. ZOOPLANKTON SURVEY 7

Vill. BENTHIC MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRAM (WEEDON ISLAND, TAMPA BAY) 7 IX. ANCLOTE ESTUARINE ECOLOGY STUDY X.

APPENDl"E9 12 A. Universay of South Florida Thermal Discharge Plume Report 48 B. University of Florida Marine Ecology Program 68 C. University of Florida Chlorination Study 90 D. University of Florida Radiological Report 96 E. Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services Radiological Survey Report 108 F. Pinellas County Health Department Radiation Surveillance Report 112 G. University of Florida Zooplaniston Survey 118 H. University of South Florida Benthic Marine Ecology Program at Weedon Island.

126

1. University of South Florida Environmental Investigation at the Anclote Power Plant Site l

4 t((

"1"';D?f'\\]k"l0hhYY\\$}M O

it"hO)Qfg

$ $ N b NO bb nnyntwen nh

'!vd! UOlG!.IJil i

QUARTERLY ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS REPORT

f l

5 jGENERAL Finally, the Anclote Environmental Project J

Report for 1971, prepared by the University of The publication of this issue of the Environmen-South Florida, Marine Science Institute was tal Status Report incorporates the environmen-published.

tal activities of Florida Power Corporation from Miss Karen Ann Wilson (who joined the July to September,1972. Several new programs company in January as an Associate Ecologist) were initiated earlier this year and a report of presented a paper at the 25th meeting of the findings to date for each of them is included in American Institute of Biological Sciences held the Appendices.

in Minneapolis on August 31,1972. Her paper The following is a summarization of the was entitled, "Dist ibution and Taxonomy of Company's supporting and associated activities Luminous Bacteria in the Eastern Gulf of Mexi-fron. July 1,1972, to September 30,1972. This co." Research for the paper was carried out in work has been contributed to by many in the 1970 71 at the University of South Florida, Company and has been coordinated as a princi-Marine Science Institute while Karen was com-pal responsibility of the Generation Environ-pleting her master's degree in marine science.

mental and Regulatory Affairs Department.

B. Licensing and Regulatory Affairs A. Environmental Affairs The environmental licensing activities of the in the realm of environmental affairs, Florida Company include the preparation, review and Power Corporation is continuing to interface submission of all environmental permit applica-with its research projects, with governmental tions to regulatory agencies. In addition, liaison agencies and conservation groups and to assess is effected with these agencies as an ongoing any environmental impact resulting from its responsibility to provide design engineering with various power plants either those now in opera-environmental parameters.

tion or those proposed.

During the past quarter, the following proj.

During the past quarter, efforts were d rected ect permit applications were prepared, submit-principally at the following concerns:

ted, or acted upon by the respective regulatory

1. Finalization of the Anclote Environmen-agencies:

tal Report (Operating License Stage). Submis-

1. Anclote Dredging Project: Receipt of Per-sior, to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is mits from Florida Department of Pollution Con-planned for November of this year.

trol and Board of Trustees of the Internal Im-

2. Completion of an erosion study at An.

provement Trust Fund; submission of applica-clote. This was initiated after both Florida Power tion to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Corporation and the University of South Florida,

2. Anclote Thermal Monitoring System: Re-Marine Science institute expressed concern over ceipt of Federal Communications Commission possible impact on the seagrasses from erosion frequency permit applications.

of the intake and discharge canals as currently

3. Anclote Pipeline: Prepared applications designed.

for all crossings of navigable waters for sub-

3. Contin;ed generation of responses to the mission to the Pinellas County Water and Navi-AEC's concerns about the environmental impact gation Control Authority.

of Crystal River Unit #3.

4. Crystal River: I,eparation of permit to

4. Surveillance of the dredging operation U.S. ;.rmy Corps of Engineers to discharge liquid at the P. L. Bartow Plant to ascertain and assess wastes into navigable waters, possible environmental impact.

5. Bartow Maintenance Dredging: Submis-

5. Formulation of plans for the Fifth Semi-sion of supporting information to local, state, Annual Review of Environmental Research Pro-and federal agencies for compliance of permit grams at Crystal River. The conference is provisos.

scheduled for November 17,1972.

6

6. Bartow Channel Markers: Preparation of Submission of Information on Costs and Bene-letters of no objection to Pinellas County, Trus-fits of Environmentally Related Alternative De-tees of the Internal improvement Trust Fund, signs for Defined Classes of Completed and and U. S. Army Corps of Engineers; permit ap-Partially Completed Nuclear Facilities. Also in.

plication to U. S. Coast Guard.

cluded was the report-Water Oriented Activi-7, Bayboro Maintenance Dredging: Obtained ties at Crystal River.

permit to dredge from Pinellas County Water

3. In September, after an approximate six-and Navigation Control Authority; prepare appli-month review and preparation process the AEC cations for submission to the Florida Depart-issued its Draft Environmental impact State-ment of Pollution Control and Trustees of the ment on the Crystal River Unit #3. This is a Internal improvement Trust Fund, requirement of the National Environmental

8. Bayboro Seawall Construction: Obtained Policy Act. Currently, the Draft Statement is permission for construction of a seawall behind being reviewed by federal and state agencies the mean high water line from the Florida De-and other interested parties. A Final Statement partment of Pollution Control, Trustees of the is to be issued by the end of the year.

Internalimprovement Trust Fund and U. S. Army

4. On September 13, 1972, Florida Power Corps of Engineers.

Corporation submitted comments to the AEC on

9. System: Preparation of permit applica-its proposed Guide to the Preparation of Envi-tions to the Florida Department of Pollution ronmental Reports. As a result, representatives Control to construct chemicalindustrial waste of Florida Power Corporation were invited along treatment facilities for Bartow, Crystal River, with other interested industry representatives Higgins, Turner, Avon Park, and Suwanee Plants.

to a public meeting in October in Washington, D.C., to discuss the proposed Guide.

C. Nuclear Affairs in conclusion, continuing discussions are Major Company efforts for this period involved being held with representatives of Florida Power coordination of activities related to completion Corporation and the Atomic Energy Commission of the Atomic Energy Commission's (AEC) en-to resolve items relating to the nuclear safety of vironmental review of Crystal River and presen-the Crystal River facility. Resolution of major tation of information the AEC requires in its items is expected by the end of the year.

safety analysis review of Crystal River. Resolu-tion of items requiring additional information SITE METEOROLOGY PROGRAM by the AEC is one of the requirements necessary (CRYSTAL RIVER) prior to issuance of an Operating Permit. Related to the above, the following major tasks were Acquisition of meteorological data continues as accomplished:

a requirement of the research programs at the

1. In July, representatives of the Atomic site as well as for use by the Atomic Energy Energy Commission visited Florida Power Cor-Commission in the licensing of the Crystal River poration General Headquarters Complex in con-Nuclear Unit #3.

juction with their environmental review of Crys-Wind data recovery rates for both the 35 tal River. Assumptions in the thermal plume and the 150 foot levels has exceeded 95%

modeling studies being performed by the during this period. For the past year, the aver.

Marine Science Institute were discussed.

age data recovery rate has exceeded 95% for

2. On August 30,1972, Amendment #22 both levels.

to the Crystal River Application was filed with i

the Atomic Energy Commission. The Amend-BENTHIC MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRAM ment consisted of Volume #5 to the Crystal l

(CRYSTAL RIVER)

River Environmental Report. Contained in this volume were responses to the AEC Guide for The first progress report of this new program is

7 presented in Appendix B. Current objectives and during the study, togethsr with conclusions and prognosis for fulfilling them are discussed.

a recommendation to Florida Power Corporation Results obtained to date, especially with regard are included.

to the supplementary faunal entrapment study are also given.

ZOOPLANKTON SURVEY IV MARINE THERMAL PLUME PROGRAM The first report of the University of Florida's zooplankton survey at Crystal River is presented The University of South Florida, Marine Science in Appendix G. This report is chiefly concerned Institute, is continuing to document and analyze with procedures that will be employed through-t!'e thermal plume characteristics at Crystal out the year, since sufficient data have not been River. Meteorological, current, tide, and dye processed at this time to allow for presentation diffusion data as v ell as aerial photography are in this issue of the Status Report.

being used for calibration of the hydraulic and thermal dispersion models. Incorporated in Ap-BENTHIC MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRAM pendix A is the progress report which covers (WEEDON ISLAND, TAMPA BAY) the time period July to September,1972.

The first six months of the University of South V PRE-OPERATIONAL Florida's benthic marine ecology program at RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY Florida Power Corporation's P.L. Bartow Plant in Tampa Bay will be devoted primarily to re-A. Florida Department of Health and cruiting and ' equipment purchasing with the first Rehabilitative Services surveys to be conducted in late September.

The Department of Health and Rehabilitative Therefore, the report presented in Appendix H Services is continuing to document the back-is primarily the resuit of a preliminary examina-ground radioactivity around the Crystal River tion of the area conducted in the Summer of site. Analysis and comparison of radiological 1972.

data results are presented in Appendix E. Effec-tive July 1,1972, changes have been made in ANCLOTE ESTUARINE ECOLOGY STUDY the analytical scheme-specific isotopic analysis has been substituted, where possible, for gross The Marine Science Institute of the University radioactive analysis.

of South Florida is continuing its study of the Anclote estuary and adjacent Gulf of Mexico in B. University of Florida, Department of order to provide Florida Power Corporation with Environmental Engineering a complete ecological characterization of an A report of the last quarter's activities is pre-estuarine area adjacent to a newly created power sented in Appendix D. Since a third contract plant site. A report of activities from July to year is beginning, a review of the primary objec.

September,1972, is presented in Appendix 1.

tives of the contract, together with an evaluation of the degree to which these objectives have l

been achieved are included. In addition, goals for the new contract year are set forth.

CHLORINATION STUDY The final report of the University of Florida's l

chlorination study at Crystal River is presented in Appendix C. A review of the results obtained

is_

I.

I 1

8 1

e l

5

---n.~

= - -

9 m

f 5

CijJ

'v; it LVu i

1 2

3 m

u

r 10 i

f h

a l-4 4

4 l

3 l

F

l 11

? E c

s 3

b s

y.,

b, d b/b

$ N)

12 n

n 1

1 O OYO f f O [O O 7 "!

A5b i

db s

NO.007 INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THERMAL EFFECTS OF POWER PLANT DISCHARGE by K.L. Carder R.H. Klausewitz B.A. Rodgers Kendall L Carder Principal investigator Ronald H. Klausewitz Research Associate Steven L Palmer Graduate Assistant James Wheaton Graduate Assistant

{

Mack S. Barber Marine Technician l

Bruce A. Rodgers l

Student Assistant

13 lNTRODUCTION To gain knowledge of the use of dye and to develop a set of techniques for measurement, Meteorological, current, tide, and dye diffusion for the first field experiments the method used data have been taken in the discharge basin of by Ross (1971) in Tampa Bay was used. The the Crystal River power plant of Florida Power simplifications are as follows:

Corporation. This data is being used for call-

1) Kx = Ky = K bration of the hydraulic and thermal dispersion

2) Diffusion is assumed circular regardless models developed by the Marine Science Insti-of skew and an average diameter is used to de-tute, as well as for defining functions for water termine area of spread.

sources and sinks at the boundaries and deter-

3) The change in area of spread with respect mining friction and eddy diffusion coefficients.

to time, AL2 (L = distance), is calculated from Aerial photography was used to provide boun-At dary and bathymetry refinements as well as des-criptive circulation and biological information.

recorded time intervals and K = A L2, at RHODAMINE DYE SURVEY NO. 4 The dye (200 ml) was released as point sources at three points throughout the basin. TIis was The two-dimensional equation which describes accomplished by pouring the dye into the water the fate of a conservative pollutant introduced from a beaker. The diameter of r. o dye patch into an estuary in terms of its lateral and longi-was determined by visual comparison with a tudinal transport as given by Sverdrup (1942) is twelve foot measured pole floating centrally in ae a

ac a

ac the dye.

at ax ax ay ay}-

The resuits of the three drops are shown in Tables 1,2, ano 3* as dye drops 4A, 48, and

[ a (uc) a (vc) ]=0 4C. The location of the dye releases are shown at at in Figure 2. The "x axis" runs east west and the where:

"y axis" north-south. These are the model' refer-c = Concentration of a given ence axes and are used here to facilitate trans-substance in water lation of field data to the model.

x = Distance measured along the x axis y = Distance measured along the y-axis u = Velocity along the x axis CONCLUSIONS v = Velocity along the y axis Under the conditions and limitations of this field t = Time analysis, values for the eddy diffusion coeffi-and cient K ranged from 0.47 ft2/s on the low to 7.85 Kx, Ky = eddy diffusion coefficient in the ft2/s on the high. The average value was 2.03 x and y directions, respectively, ft2/s.

The wide variability of K and the non-circu-it is important to note that models derived from lar behavior of the dye makes the results ques-this equation calculate a solution in terms of the tionable. A paper by Carter and Okubo (1970) eddy diffusion coefficient which is arbitrary and describes their method using a Turner Fluoro-cannot be determined a priori except by field meter. This device has been used by our research measurements. Analytical predictive equations group at Crystal River to determine flow pat-have been developed for pipes and open chan-terns. The method is superior in that it deter-nels, but these have little applicability to estua-mines Kx and Ky and uses a detection method rine systems. If the model is being applied to an for the dye which is sensitive to one part per area with no previous documented field tests, billion. K is determined by the relationship the only resort is to dye tracers to determine Kx and Ky.

• Tables and Figures are shown o, pp. 23 through 45.

14 though well dispersed, the dye remained a sin-2 da5 K=%

gle mass as it entered the discharge channel dt and continued moving eastward. The current ve-locities at 5B ranged from 29.5 cm/see to 32.5 2

where a is the variance of the concentration cm/sec and were directed to the north (Figure 3).

distribution in the s-direction. This method will C. Dye was released at Station SC one hour be used in future analyses, and longer observa-and twelve minutes into flood tide. The release tion periods will be attempted.

zone is shown in Figure 2. The current meter was anchored at 1210 and 200 ml of dye was rele sed at 1216. Photographs were taken at RHODAMINE DYE SURVEY NO. 5 1217 and 1219 followed by three-minute inter-A. Dye was released as the tide turned from ebb vais between exposures until 1228. Another pho-to flood on September 10,1972. The drop zone tograph was taken at 1251 making the total was located at Station SA, Figure 2. The time of duration of photographs thirty five minutes.

the 200 ml dye release for Station A was 1103 The dye moved to the north from the release and a current meter (see description) was an-zone with a gradual curving to the east. At 1228 chored in the same location at 1106. Photo-the dye divided into two masses with the north-graphs were taken of the dye diffusion at three-ern one being the smaller of the two. However minute intervals beginning at 1106 and ending they both continued to move north, toward the at 1118, a total duration of tweive minutes.

barge canal. The current flow for this station The dye remained at the drop zone. dispers-was monotonically increasing, beginning at 12 ing slightly in all directions, and drifting ap-cm/sec and increasing to 14 cm/sec, with gen-proximately 10-15 feet toward the southwest.

erally a northerly direction (Figure 2).

At 1109 the mass of dye began advecting north.

The flow pattern in this section of the basin ward, toward Lutrell Island, with a gradual turn is exceptionally stable compared to adjacent re-to the east. By 1115 the dye had moved approxi-gions. This is easily explained by smooth bathy-mately 80 feet to the northeast of the original metric features which yield httle or no obstruc-position. The current velocity during this time tion to the current flow.

fluxuated from 0 cm/see to a maximum of 5 cm/sec to the east (Figure 3).

HIGH TIDE PROFILES The flow pattern in this particular section of the basin.is quite regular. It has a general north-During STD Survey 11, on August 12,1972 high-east southwest oscillatory type of movement, ap-tide channel profiles for salinity and tempera-proaching perpendicular to shore.

ture were made of the discharge channel and B. Dye Station 5B was located between the Cross Florida Barge Canal. The data points were tip of the discharge spoil and the oyster bar to surveyed for the barge canal between 1425 EDT the west (Figure 2). The current meter was an-and 1520 EDT at the late flood stage of the chored at 1136 and the 200 ml of dye was re-tides. The station locations are shown in Figure leased at 1140, thirty one minutes into flood.

4. The data points for the discharge ' channel Photographs were taken at 1141 and 1143, fol-were surveyed between 1651 EDT and 1715 lowed by three-minute intervals between expo-EDT, the early ebb tidal stage. Station locations sures until 1152, a total duration of eleven min-are shown in Figure 7.

Tide Data: August 12,1972 The dye initially moved directly north with little dispersion. It continued on this northerly EDT ft.

course untilit reached the north side of the dis-0424 3.5 l

charge channel at 1149. The dye then began 1113 0.9 l

moving eastward, parallel to the north edge of 1636 3.7 l

the discharge channel as shown in Figure 2. Al-2336 1.0

15 The Crcss Florida Barge Canal cross section LOW-TIDE PROFILES (Figure 5) for late flood tide was taken within one hoor of maximum flow; therefore a good During STD Survey 12, on August 13,1972 low-representation of flood conditions was obtained.

tide channel profiles for salinity and tempera.

The temperature in the canal ranged from 32-ture were made of the discharge channel and

.5'C to 31.5'C and had little effect en the den-Cross-Florida Barge Canal. The data points for sity of the water. The salinity section, however, the barge canal were surveyed between 1320 showed definite wedging characteristics, with EDT and 1340 EDT. The data points for the dis-the more saline Gulf of Mexico water undercut-charge channel were surveyed between 1050 ting the less dense Withlacoochee River water, EDT and 1120 EDT.

as it moved eastward up the barge canal. A lens of less saline river water was suspended in a Tide Data: August 13,1972 pocket approximately in the middle of the pro-EDT ft.

file. This seemed to be a remnant of the pattern 0446 3.6 which was produced earlier in the tidal cycle 1149 0.8 and then was severed from water of similar sa-1716 3.5 linity due to the dynamic upwelling of saline 2356 1.3 gulf water as it entered the mouth of the barge The Cross Florida Barge Canal cross sec-canal spoil banks. A deeper lens of fresh water tion (Figure 8) for low tide was taken approxi-from the barge canal was found under the up.

mately two hours into flood tide, and is there-welling at the spoil banks. An explanation of fore more representative of an early flood tide.

this will be forthcoming as more data in this The temperatures in the canal ranged from 31-area is compiled it is possible that this pattern

.5'C to 31.0*C and had little effect on density is formed due to an excessively large flow (990 of the water. The salinities showed a wedging cfs on 9/12/72, also see " Cross Florida Barge phenomenon similar to that of the late flood tide Canal Flow Data" section, this report) from the profile except in an earlier stage. The lower sa-barge canal and patterns previously established finities are on the surface but have not been se-during an ebb tide.

vered by an upwelling of saline water entering The early ebb tide profile for the discharge from the gulf. The lower lens of less saline wa-channel (Figure 6) was made just after high wa-ter is present here in the same configuration as ter. The temperatures ranged from 34.0*C at in the flood tide profile.

Biological Marker 4 (see Figure 7) to a maxi-The low tide profile for the discharge chan-mum of 39'C at the plant outfall. Temperature nel (Figure 9) is only complete from Biological patterns indicated that a homogeneous mass of Marker 3 to Biological Marker 5. The patterns water was moving west in the channel until it represented for both the salinity and tempera-reached Biological Marker 3 (see Figure 7). At tures are not complete enough to draw accurate this point high horizontal temperature gradients conclusions.

occurred similar to those discussed in Carder (1970a). Salinity profiles for flood tide are re-STD SURVEY NO.11 (HIGH-TIDE) lated to temperature from the discharge to ap-STD SURVEY NO.12 (LOW-TIDE) proximately Biological Markers 3 and 5 where contact with less saline water of Withlacoochee Two STD (salinity, temperature, depth) surveys origin produced a region of mixing. The sections were run on August 12 and 13,1972, near high indicate that the warm, saline plume water be-and low tides respectively. The tidal range for gan to dive under the fresher, cooler Withla-each day was greater than four feet, represent-coochee water at about Biological Marker 3.

ing a wider range than usual for this location.

The thermal plume submergence phenomenon mentioned in Carder (1970a) is apparerit from

16 Figures 1216 where the warm, saline plume one U.V. filter and one Polaroid filter.

water has wedged below the cool, fresh water of The general discussion included here is only Withlacoochee River origin. At high tide the sa-designed to bring to light some of the more ob-line thermal plume has been pushed north of vious features observed as well as which films the discharge canal into the shallows, and at produced the best results for our work require-ebb tide, it has been extended westward, ments.

The difference between thermal plume areas The High Speed Infrared (Kodak) film pro-at high and low tides is due to the increased duced very poor results in all instances. Due to depths found in the western part of the dis-its short length (20 exposures) and its high sen-charge basin. This increases the volume of wa-sitivity to light (must be loaded and unloaded in ter found beneath a given contoured area as well total darkness) it is utterly impossible to unload as decreases the water column temperature rise the camera while in flight without light leakage.

due to solar radiation. Since most measurements This means that if more than 20 exposures of have been taken near mid-day, solar radiation this film, or a combination of this film and oth-has enlarged the apparent thermal plume size ers are required, a blackcut bag must be carried more in the shallows than in the deeper portions in flight for loading and unloading. The photo-of the basin.

graphs that were received had poor resolution, and distinction between land and marine fea-AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY NO.1 tures (bars, turbid areas, etc.) was difficult if not impossible to distinguish.

The concept of using aerial photography in the The High Speed Ektachrome slides had good collection of data had never been attempted be-resolution, but show little in the way of vegeta-fore by the Marine Science Institute at Crystal tion differences in both marine and terrestrial River. Photographs will hopefully lead to the environments. Differences in turbidity although j

understanding of some of the past as well as seen, were not distinct. Land features as well as present physical processes of the discharge ba-marine features could be separated and mapped sin and surrounding areas.

from these photographs if necessary, but infra-On Friday, September 8,1972 at 1000 EDT red Ektachrome produced better results for this photography of the Crystal River basin com-operation.

menced from a 2000 foot altitude. A 35 mm The Infrared Ektachrome slides produced single lens reflex camera was used with a com-the best resolution and excellent distinction be-bination of filters which will be mentioned in the tween different types of marine and terrestrial description of films. The first twenty exposures vegetation. Turbid areas were quite distinct, and were on a high speed infrared black and white submarine topographic features were revealed negative film. This particular film was exposed despite enormous turbidity. Some of the more at ASA 50, f2.8 with a shutter speed of 1/250 noticeable features observed in the photographs of a second. The lens was covered by one U.V.

are as follows:

filter, one number 25 red filter, and one Pola-

1. Migrating sand (quartz) bars in the two roid filter. The next one hundred exposures were inland tidal channels north of Point A (figure 7).

taken on infrared Ektachrome colorpositive film.

2. Oxbow steam patterns in all of the in-This film was exposed at ASA 100, f4.0 with a land tidal channels, but somewhat subdued in shutter speed of 1/1000 of a second. The lens the two channels north of Point A.

was filtered with one U.V. filter, one number 12

3. Flood tide flow patterns through the gaps yellow filter, and one Polaroid filter. The next in the oyster bars were obvious from turbidity thirty six exposures were on High Speed Ekta-patterns both in direction and flow volume.

chrome color positive film. This film was ex-

4. Bars uncharted from previous black and-posed at ASA 160, f4.8, with a shutter speed of white aerials were more noticeable, one of which l

1/1000 of a second. The filters employed were had been unobserved until the field survey on

17 October 7 and 8,1972.

for the barge canal. The information collected

5. Areas of outcropping Inglis limestone can was obtained from Malcolm Johnson, employed be seen on photographs along the discharge by the Southwest Florida Water Management channel and south of the intake spoil.

District in Tampa, Florida. The volumes /second

6. Infrared reflectance (pink implies ex-of flow are based on flow measurement through posed vegetation) is greater on exposed oyster the Inglis Lock on the barge canal, maintained bars in the discharge basin than on those out-by the Army Corps of Engineers.

side of it, indicating some type of photosynthe-sis is occuring on the bars in the discharge Maximum Discharge 3980 cfs July 26,1966 basin.

Maximum Discharge 100-30 cfs

7. Massive kills of sable palms in certain Average 65 cfs restricted locations indicate the effects of pos-(this variance is due to sible changes in flow patterns since the erection leakage at the lock during of discharge channel spoil banks (see " Palms" a total damping of Figure 7).

water flow)

8. Turbidity was extremely high in the barge 990 cfs August 12,1972 canal, Withlacoochee River entrance, and the Flow data for the Inglis Lock has been main-northern and western parts of the discharge ba-tained since 1964.

sin. Extensive dredging in this area and other parameters probably lead to this relocation of CURRENT METER DESCRIPTION fine particles.

9. The maximum extent of the ebb tide pat-Two film recording subsurface current meters tern of the plume was quite noticeable because (General Oceanics Model Number 2010) have it was only fifteen minutes into flood tide when been purchased and used in the collection of the photographs were taken. However, because data for the Current Surveys and Dye Survey of poor visibility (3-5 miles) a low altitude was

1. 5. The results produced are quite promising used and the plume was not totally contained in for future work to be done at Crystal River.

a single exposure.

The Model 2010 Film Recording Current 1

These are just a few of details which were Meter consists of a buoyant, cylindrical housing recovered from the photographic survey. In fu-containing a directional inclinometer and a Su-ture aerial surve s the High Speed Infrared film per 8 cartridge camera which sense and record j

will be dropped and fewer High Speed Ekta-the inclination and compass heading of the in-chrome slides will be taken. An extensive re-strument. It is designed to be tethered to a bal-charting of bars is now under way as well as a last weight for bottom current measurements. A charting of the possible approaches of a flood large vane is affixed to the housing to assist ori-tide, with much of the data for both being ob-entation and stabilization within the current tained from the infrared Ektachrome aerial pho-stream. The data recording camera is triggered tographs. Studies of the tidal channels north of to photograph the directional inclinometer at Point A will also begin within the next quarter.

regular intervals (1, 5,10,15, 30, or 60 min-utes) by a solid state electronic clock. The self-CROSS-FLORIDA BARGE CANAL contained battery supply and camera film ca.

FLOW DATA pacity enable approximately 3500 data records to be taken over an operating period of up to After the study and consideration of numerous five months.

STD surveys. barge canal profiles, and the ob-servation of excessive amounts of fresh or low saline water in the discharge basin it was an ob-vlous necessity to obtain volume discharge data

18 Crystal River Units 1 and 2 Condenser Temperatures August 12.1972 August 13,1972 Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 1 Unit 2 Inlet 'F Outlet *F Inlet *F Outlet 'F Inlet *F Outlet *F Inlet 'F Outlet 'F 0101 86.4 100.5 88.1 94.2 86.4 100.5 87.6 93.0 0201 86.4 99.9 88.5 93.4 86.3 100.4 87.6 93.2 0301 86.3 99.8 88.2 93.1 86.3 100.5 87.5 93.1 0401 86.0 99.4 87.8 92.6 86.3 100.4 87.4 94.5 0501 86.0 99.4 87.8 92.7 86.1 98.1 86.7 94.1 0601 85.9 99.3 87.8 92.6 86.1 98.1 86.8 94.8 0701 85.9 99.2 87.8 92.6 85.8 98.0 86.4 94.3 0801-86.3 100.3 87.8 96.8 86.0 98.9 87.2 91.7 0901 86.2 100.2 87.7 95.1 86.3 100.4 87.1 97.1 1001 86.2 100.4 87.8 96.5 86.5 100.6 87.2 100.6 1101 86.4 100.5 87.9 99.3 86.8 100.9 87.7 101.2 1201 86.5 1C0.6 88.3 101.4 86.7 100.9 88.2 101.5 1301 86.7 100.8 88.6 101.7 86.8 101.0 88.2 101.5 1401 87.0 101.1 88.8 101.9 86.9 101.0 88.4 101.8 1501 87.0 101.2 89.0 102.1 86.9 101.1 88.6 102.0 1601 87.2 101.3 89.1 102.4 87.0 101.2 88.7 102.2 1701 87.3 101.4 89.0 102.5 87.0 101.2 88.7 102.2 1801 87.1 101.2 89.0 102.5 86.9 101.1 88.6 102.2 1901 87.2 101.3 88.8 102.3 86.7 100.9 88.5 102.1 2001 86.6 100.7 88.6 102.1 86.5 100.7 88.3 101.9 2101 86.6 100.7 88.3 101.9 86.6 100.0 88.2 101.5 2201 86.5 100.6 88.5 102.2 86.5 99.9 88.0 101.2 2301 86.4 100.5 88.1 99.1 86.3 99.7 87.9

'101.0 2401 86.3 100.4 88.1 94.6 86.3 96.3 87.7 100.8 ft will be noted that in past reports gross generation was reported. Since this is not directly convertable into added tem-perature Florida Power made arrangements to supply condenser rise in the form of inlet and outlet temperatures. This will be of great benefit to the modeling effort since the 11'F rise is not constant as can be seen from the figures above.

Plume Acreases 81272 Surface Three Feet Temperature *C Acres Temperature *C Acres

> 38 3.19

>38 4.56 37-38 5.02 37-38 3.65 36 37 3.92 36-37 4.56 35 36 1.09 35-36 5.47 34-35 26.00 34 35 39.41 33 34 101.09 33-34 83.94 Ambient (condenser intake) 85.9 89.1*F or 29.9 31.7*C 8-13 72 Surface Three Feet Temperature 'C Acres Temperature 'C Acres

>36 0.91

>36 1.09 35 36 2.74 35-36 6.57 34-35 24.63 34 35 44.70 33 34 126.54 33 34 37.68 Ambient (condenser intake) 85.8 88.7'F or 29.9 31.5'C

19 THERMAL BUDGET HV=597.57 T, latent heat of vaporization s

(kcal/kgm)

The Thermal Dispersion Model has been en.

q =BR q,, convective heat exchange larged to include a budget of heat sources and c (kcal/m2/sec) sinks indigenous to the area surrounding the discharge bas!n.

BR=6.1x104(AP) T - T, Bowen Ratio 3

s Although the thermal budget was not origi.

e - 'a s

nally considered in the research, it was quickly Twb= wet bulb temperature ('C) recognized that the usefulness of the results of the model would be greatly enhanced by its ad.

T = dry bulb temperature ('C) a dition. The model can predict which grids will contain thermal addition from the plant, but in T = water surface temperature (*C) s the field it is impossible to separate power plant heated water from naturally heated water. As the A visual presentation of the processes described resultant flood plume figures show, much of the by these equations is presented in Figure 18.

water included in summer flood plumes is natu.

The draaing is after R. Geiger, "The Climate rally heated diurnally by incoming radiation dur.

Near the Ground," p. 7, Harvard University ing daylight hours when our measurements are Press, Cambridge, Mass.1957.

made.

The results for the days of the STD surveys The calculations are those of Callaway et al.,

contained herein (August 12 and 13,1972) are (1969) with the basic equation:

shown in Figures 19 and 20. Figure 19 shows q

At the raw meteorological data. All of the data ex.

T"'*=T

+

ccot net radiation were taken from the data rec.

1. w C D

p ords from the Environmental Data Acquisition where:

(Buoy) Cystem, whose meteorological station is q =q

+ q + q now fully operational.

H net e

c The center chart on Figure 20 shows the the-q

= total incoming and outgoing radiation oretical temperature change of a stationary net (kcal/m2/sec) (+ incoming,-outgoing) packet of water two meters deep, unaffected by D= depth of water column (m) the thermal plume but subjected to natural envi-C = specific heat of water at constant ronmental changes. A range of 3.8 F is noted p

pressure (kcal/kgm/'C) caused by natural effects over a one-day cycle.

q,=p, E (HV), evaporative heat flux in one meter of water the effect is doubled (ig-(kcal/m2/sec) noring the effect of increased evaporation).

p* = water density (1000 kg/m3)

The lower chart on Figure 20 shows the sur.

face sensor on Buoy OD which is furthest from E =N U(e -e )= rate of water loss due to the plume over the same forty eighs hour period.

s a

evaporation (kgm/sec)

The good correlation indicates that the heat and budget program is ready to be transferred to N= empirical constant (MB4) the thermal model program, and that Buoy OD U= wind soeed(m/sec) (if u $.05 set u=.05) is apparently unaffected by the plume.

e =2.1718x108exp (-4157.0/(239.09+T ))

s s

pressure of saturated water vapor (MB)

TIDE SURVEY e =2.1718x10s exp. (-4157.0/(239.09+Twb a - AP(T -Twb ) (6.6x104+7.59x10-7(Twb)) On September 9 and 10,1972, a detailed analy-a sressure of water vapor in ambient sis of the tidal wave characteristics at the Crys. air (MB) tal River discharge area was made. Tide gauges AP= air pressure (MB) were placed at the locations marked in Figure

20

21. The objective was measurement of the am-CURRENT SURVEY plitude damping factor and phase lag factor. It can be shown (Ippen,1966) that the time of On September 9 and 10,1972, a current survey high water at some fixed point in the basin (with of the discharge basin was performed. This is time =0 at a fixed point at the basin entrance) the second in a long series which will be used to depends only on the phase lag factor which is check the results from the mathematical com-constant for the basin and independent of the puter model of the basin. Particular attention wave characteristics, and that the amplitude ra-will be focused on:

tio between these points is completely consis-

1. Leakages or inputs / outputs in the north tant. This method has been established by re-and south boundaries which are not solid.

searchers on the Bay of Fundy and the Delaware

2. Current magnitude and direction in shal-Estuary as valid and accurate. Once these fact-low, roughbottomed areas to ched friction fac-ors are established and refined from field data tor for this case.

the same geographic locations can be located in

3. Current magnitude and direction in deep, the model and the same numeric indicators iso-smoothbottomed areas to check friction factor lated. The bottom friction and blockage friction for this case.

can then be adjusted to give a good match. The upper current trace in Figure 26 is the The results of the analysis are shown in Fig-recorded current at the location marker " Unit ures 22. 23,24, and 25. By superimposing Fig-A" in Figure 21. This was tne location identified ure 22 of Tide Station 026 on any of the others in Withlacoochee input Curent Survey No.1 the amplitude damping factor and phase lag (Pyle et al.,1971c) as the major source of fresh factor can be determined. It was noted that de-Withlacoochee River water entering the basin. spite the flow obstacles and shallow reaches be-This fresh water is apparent from salinity sur-tween the basin opening to the west, the phase veys made in the basin and causes de.1sity layer-lag and amplitude damping factors were very ing apparent in the field temperature surveys. small and will require further refinement. Because of this pronounced effect it is important As determined from the results of this to correctly identify the nature of the flow in a survey: manner compatible with the computer model so that it can be accurately reproduced. 026-028 026 029 026-027 in the first boundry current survey, men-tioned previously, it was determined that the K see high .462 .610 0 flow through the pass (identified in Figure 21 as grid low .793 .488 .686 the placement of the Unit A current meter) was N ft high .026 .026 .029 southward during maximum ebb flow and non-grid low .091 .095 .058 existent during low water, maximum flood flow, and high water. The problem remained to quan-where: tify this flow. N= amplitude damping factor or the height The original measurements were made with the amplitude of the tide wave loses in a current vane, a kite shaped device on a line' traveling through each 485 foot grid. which when imrnersed assumes an angle with K= phase lag factor or the amount of delay the plumb line proportional to the current speed. the tide wave accumulates,in traveling The present measurements are being made with through each 485 foot grid. a General Oceanics Film Recording Current Me-ter with measurements taken every five min-The constants will be checked and rechecked by utes. The results are shown as the upper cur-further studies to be sure all anomolous behav-rent trace in Figure 26. As can be seen, the same lor and field errors are removed. The model will qualitative pattern of flow is evident as noted then be adjusted to fit these parameters. previously with flow into the basin occurring

21 1 only at the time of maximum ebb slow. Quantita-abscissa is plotted in frequency (cycles /bour). tive values from this study will be fed into the Each of these spectra have prominent peaks computer model as time dependent current mag-near the frequencies 0.006, 0.044, and 0.081 nitude and direction (upper arrows in Figure 26 cycles / hour which correspond to periods of represent direction with north towards top of 166.7,22.7 and 12.3 hours, respectively. These paper and increasing angle clockwise) as a half. periods correspond roughly to the weekly heat-rectified sine wave 45' out of phase with the ing and cooling trends seen in Figures 27 to 29, i tidal forcing function. This technique will be to diurnal, and to semi diurnal ce nponents. The checked by inputting a salinity depression at diurnal components could be due to a number this geographic point in the dispersion program of phenomena. Power plant loadSg (i.e., outfall and matching patterns of low salinity with past temparature) has strong 24 hour periodicity field results. (see Carder and Klausewitz,1972), tides have secondary diurnal components, and solar radia-THERMISTOR BUOY DAT4 tien has a 24 hour cycle. The 12.3 hour period { corresponds closely to the primary M comnon-2 Although direct computer access to data from ent of the tidos. Each of these periods can be the ECl Environmental Data Acquisition System better approximated by the use of longer data (see Colbert and Carder,1971) is not yet avail-records in the future. able, short series of data have been punched A comparison of the power spectra of Fig-for preliminary computer messaging. An exam-ures 27,28 and 29 indicates a trend observed pie of such is being provided to demonstrate visually by Carder and Klausewitz (1972) from some of the capabilities of an automated data earlydata: the closer the observation point is to i acquisition system for use in conjunction with the plant outfall, the more predominant the ef-thermal effluent research. Although there are fects of plant loading are as compared to those twelve thermistor buoys and a weather station of the tide. The ratios of diurnal power to semi-active in the system, only short data records diuraal power for Buoys A G, Lnd E are 4.50, from a few sensors will be displayed until direct 4.02, and 1.76, respectively, demonstrating as computer access can be made to the buoy data was expected that tidal effects become much (reerded on magnetic tape). more important in the discharge basin than in Figure 7 is a chart of the discharge basin at the canal in affecting the periodicity of a tem-the Crystal River plant with the locations of perature record. This, of course, assumes that three ECl buoys indicated by the letters A, E, the sensor location is in the path of the plume 1 and G. They telemeter temperatures (hourly at least part of the time. The temperature record from depths of one, four, seven, and eleven from a region not affected by the plume would feet) back to the Base Station located in power have a significant solar heating effect having a generation Unit No.1. Only data from the sur-predommant diurnal periodicity (see Figure 20). + face sensors will be treated this time. Figure 33 is a graph of the cross-covariance Figures 27,28, and 29 are computer plots function between the records from Buoy A and of hourly temperature data from Buoys A, G. Buoy G. The interesting thing to notice is the and E, respectively. The records begin at 1500 temperature phase difference between the two hrs. on February 29, 1972, and end at 9900 locations represented by the position of the cen-hrs. on March 7,1972. These data were pro-tral maximum. Its phase lag is between two and cessed using the Autocovariance and Power three hours, indicating that the average time Spectral Analysis Program BMDO2T, developed that it takes a parcel of water of a certain tem-by Health Sciences Computing Facility, UCl.A. perature to travel from Buoy A to Buoy G is ap-Power spectra for these data appear in Fig-proximately 2% hours. Since their spatial sep-ures 30,31, and 32. Note that the ordinate is aration is 6500 ft., the mean current speed in plotted on a natural log scale of power, and the the discharge canal is 0.49 mph to the west. ~~.

22 This value is centered within the range of cur-fects apparent in field data from the shallows. rent measurements made at various stages of the tide on previous field trips. REFERENCES CONCLUDING REMARKS Callaway, R.J., K.V. Byram, and G.R. Ditsworth, 1969. Mathematical model of the Columbia Riv-Significant progress has been made during the er from the Pacific Ocean to the Bonneville Dam. previous six months time both in the availability Fed. Water Pollution Control Admin., Corvallis, and use of new instrumentation and in model Oregon. calibration advances. 1 The addition of meteorological (Weather Sta-Carder, K.L.,1970a. Independent environment-tion) parameters to the ECl Environmental Data al study of thermal effects of power plant dis-Acquisition System is providing hourly informa-charge. Data Report No. 001, Environmental i tion critical to the calibration of the heat budget Status Report, Florida Power Corporation, St. portion of the Thermal Dispersion Model. Com-Petersburg, Florida, July, August September. parison of theoretically predicted temperatures with naturally occurring ambient (unaffected by Carder, K.L.1970b. Independent envirorment-the thermal plume) temperature has demon-al study of thermal effects of power plant dis-strated the accuracy of the heat budget subrou-charge. Data Report No. 002, Environmental tine for use in the Crystal River plant discharge Status Report, Florida Power Corporation, St. basin. Petersburg, Florida, October, November, De-Calibration of the hydraulic (circulation) cember. program is nearing completion with the use of five portable tide gauges and two buoyed current Carder, K.L.,1971a. Independent environment-meters for check of tidal amplitudes, phases, al study of thermal effects of power plant dis-and currents. This information is being used to charge. Data Report No. 003, Environmental modify friction and blockage factors discussed Status Report, Florida Power Corporat on, St. previously. The current meters have also been Petersburg, Florida, January, February, March. used to measure boundary water sources (With-lacoochee River and Cross Florida Barge Canal) Carder, K.L.,1971b. Independent environment-to define all major flows into and out of the dis-al study of thermal effects of power plant dis-change basin. charge. Data Report No. 004, Environmen,tal Dye diffusion studies are continuing in or-Status Report, Florida Power Corporation, St. der to adjust eddy diffusion coefficients from Petersburg, Florida, April, May, June. sub basin to sub basin. Aerial photography has provided information for boundary ano depth re-Carder, K.L. and R.H. Klausewitz,1972. Inde-finements to the model as well as descriptive pendent environmental study of thermal effects circulation and biological information, of power plant discharge. Data Report No. 006, Model calibration efforts will continue dur-Environmental Status Report, Florida Power Cor-ing the next six months. The Thermal Disper-poration, St. Petersburg, Florida, January June. sion Program will be run without any power load-ing from the plant involved to determine what Carter, H.H., and A. Okubo.1970. Longitudinal the ambient background temperature distribu-dispersion in non union f'ow, Technical Report l tion would be if the plant were turned off. This 68, Chesapeake Bay Institute, Johns Hopkins will allow a true assessment to be made of the University, November. temperature contribution made by the plant without the high meteorological (increase for Colbert, D.C. and K.L. Carder,1971. Environ-summer days / decrease for winter nights) ef-mental data acquisition telemetry syster, Proc. ) m

23 of the IEEE International Conference of Engi-Report No. 005, Environmental Status Repo t, neering in the Ocean Environment, San Diego, Florida Power Corporation, St. Petersburg, Flor-373 376. Ida, July December. Ippen, A.T.,1966. Estuary and coastline hydro-Ross, Bernard E.,1971. Personal communica-dynamics. McGraw Hill, New York,743 pp. tion. Pyle, T.E., R.H. Klausewitz, and K.L Carder, Sverdrup, H.V., M.W. Johnson, and R.H. Flem-1971c. Independent environmental study of ming,1942. The Oceans. Prentice Hall, New thermal effects of power plant discharge. Data York,1087 pp. Table 1 Dye Drop 4A 8/12/72 18:00 Depth & 6 ft. (ft2 Ax2 Elapsed time Dye size Predominant s ) At &K sec. Dye shape ft. Axt: 0 circle 1 none 5 circle 2 none 0.47 1 10 circle 3 none 0.79 15 circle 5 none 2.50 20 ellipse 7x5 x 1.57 30 ellipse 10x6 x 0.66 60 ellipse 15x8 x 0.78 t 120 ellipse 20x10 x 1.05 180 ellipse 40x20 x 7.85 Total K for 180 sec. - 3.49 ft2/s

24 O Table 2 Dye Drop 4B 8/12/72 18:30 Depth a 21 ft. Elapsed time Dye size Predominant k8 A ,6 K sec. Dye shape ft. Axis 1 circle 1 none 5 circle 5 none

3. 7 25 ellipse 12x5 x

1 38 60 ellipse 20x5 x C.90 Total K for 60 sec. = 1.31 ft2/s Table 3 Dye Drop 4C 8/13/72 14:30 Depth & 8 ft. Elapsed time Dye size Predominant M&K sec. Dye shape ft. Axis At O circle 1 none 5 ellipse 5x4 x 2.99 15 ellipse 12x6 x 4.08 45 ellipse 20x7 x 1.78 90 ellipse 25x8 x 1.05 180 ellipse 30x10 x 0.87 Total K for 180 sec. - 1.31 ft2/s / m v - n

---

s

~. n., e wm p ,m-+ t a,w

25 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.,_ i?_oss.rtoyio4ya g egnat e i v. s '\\ / fs u ..n 'l G' 's A g

..)

iw y g' e /, ..b =~..;4.,. f.,]? i / PC' N f .,,...,,~'[_........,,,.., Crystal River Power Plant Discharge Bi; s

• ERD en S

s m, / .h. /,,. p \\ \\ A f / q Y \\ /s 3.6 c;, e,e s. %g m=-

26 .-. s % -. N/ / i,,1 1 1 1 1 1,,,,,,,,,, p g. 4 4 i i siii4i L iiiiiiiii s !b / Figure 3. Current Velocities for Dye Surveys 5A, SB,5C i Ng Q , S:h l* O .a% / / ., 0 y %,f % ,,,7 -.T ,,, *;.4L: v s / id - 1* 0 ~o \\

• 0'.,e *e *c, g+' ;&+

~ im,, R s s / o s b s -e 18 %[e s t \\ g g e s % Q d

• p j, *,

g Figure 4. Station Locations on the Cross Florida Barge Canal

27 1 1 3. e f l e. - ss.s p Temperature (*c) u t E y ..-J-1 I. - /" h Sallnity (N) ~' NNh / st.fic.: a. Figure 5. Late High Tide Profile-Barge Canal ,.. ',/ p'[ i. N T..,eret r.Cc) 7 N n.. n c v i.- s.ii.ity (%) a.. n. .'ata;g6 Figure 6. Late High Tide Profile-Discharge Canal ? l i

28 / lY e ~ N \\ l POINT g oi gmu _,,,,_ _s - _ __,,\\ _'_ _$_w

2, - --

_-. _ _ __ _ BUOY *A*-y - *, ', _ \\ B YE W ' 'EY 't sa0ric/darms' pq i. f e l l 7 D I -Q.. _.s.,,.. - _,, I %o l l a \\ / '%g Q ~h '8 Figure 7. Crystal River Plant Site and immediate Surroundings with Biological Markers P l l I l w. .,-s--. ~.4

29 m 33 i.. Tesaperetwee ('C) a a E* a e r ?.'. ~ - it. ~ sallnity (9(pe) 8'

• Figure 8. Low Tide Profile-Barge Canal S

4 3 2 I. } ns.e se Temperature (*C) = l t w io (# salinity (9(se) ne A to = se0L04tC AL S e 3 2 s posenames asse n t R$ Figure 9. Low Tide Profile-Discharge Basin

30 h,, d D"OO \\ vs v \\ .y b \\ /.. 7 7 E s ? \\g g v...s V .s [ "*"* M':,*u.ijt"~ l%o"ti.m.i o.s.c O{bo Q} ~ h

• x,<,

,4 s h  ?, 1 E \\ / + \\ r. e 4 A ~ ) !&tq ~~ n m,.- no 21. g,.. rg gg,,,,,, ou nterval 0.5* C

31 D \\ p N .y % r

8. ~

\\ \\ p V S / s* ( Yh).. ~' .i. e3 9 .A .+ Figure 12. Surface Salinity A"m2,2;=2 Contour Interval 0.5 o/oo \\ M 19.e

• i b.

bl / t - 1 \\ 4 l k.b. b l'l ~~ \\ Mf I Figure 13. Three Foot Salinity Flo Tide Contour Interval 0.5 o/oo

32 OC .f. \\ a Os . I.. &/ k-1 ( 'j) ..e cja h 1

• s

) / l s

• ..}

l.e g 'e -f g p h.. .. d A - l = !, (('k* ' ?[- " y, c, p=., w; -[y..,R 9 (.. p+ , 's. Figure 14. Surface Temperature August 13.1972 Ebb Tide Contour Interval 0.5'C NDQCN , i.s ,,/ mg s- } l s's \\ h' 'O Y, f l g t ..., \\. [ js-ni I.-.. '.;y \\ ~, h s.* f_ks h Figure 15. Three Foot Temperatu j[ August 13.1972 Ebb Tide C-Contour Interval 0.5'C

=

33 9,- f'N>g - )dy Nu/ t CD Q CO I / Yb \\< b .n..,j i 9 vM..*- w 0 xA...h /r &\\ / 7 ,n-Figure 16. Surface Salinity August 13.1972 o t ur Interval 0.5 o/oo = \\ h ,d ? M 'b p .Q, s / w ( bb L ,, / ~ r-Figure 17. Three Foot Salinity / d Co.itour Intervaf0.5 o/co

34 UNIVERSAL SPACE EXTRAT7RRTSTIAL COLAR RADIATION / s O b REFLE TION d R ABSCRPTION R A BACK RADIATION DIFPUSE SCATTER D I A EFFECTIVE OU'IDOING T MIAMN RADIATION WAPORATION CONVFITION RNmN RADIATIVE PSEUDO CONDUCTION \\/ H'AT C0FDUCTION SURFACE .g SUFFLIMD TO GRCUND ENERGY BAIANCI AT NOON ON A SUNNY DAT. ARRCW WIDTH PROPORTIONAL TO ENERGY. EFF:ITIVE OUTGOING RADIATION A BACK RADIATION CONY:CTION EVAPCRATION RADIATIVE PSWDi CONDUCTION THIGEAL CONDUCTICN SURFACE a SUPPLIG FRol' GROUT:D L ~AGY DAIANCE AT NIGHT DRA'.lN TO THE SA)F SCALE AS A3CVE Figure 18. Energy Balance Terms (_.

35 I u !i 1. s. A A i! _ _.. v - _ _ _ _ _ _r. _ _ ! / U \\- _w* n .s a .3 3 y Y 3 lP M /,,, 3c ,A '\\ \\ s i' i 1 s / it s s j gg e s e i , -s s.-- s. I _2 o Y s. es 1.. t >8-e .5 I ~ s- \\

• A.,

..,a e,i, E.nf. hours CLOCK TlWE LO.T. HOURS CLOCK TIME Figure 19. Figure 20. Meteorological Data - August 12 and 13,1972 Results of Thermal Badget compared with Buoy Data

36 U NL' f \\ QCOC if ') s 4 s c 025 %g j 5- .. g b j r / w ( ') b, % N g e y*,', ( UN B* k-V p TIDE GAUGE LOCATIONS @ %d ~- CURRENT WETER LOCATIONS X Figure 21. Tide and Current Meter Locations September 9 and 10,1972

37 - one T e see Figure 22. Tide Station 026 \\ _... V V V Figure 23. Tide Station 027 1 -*a - ene N Figure 24. Tide Station 028

38 ~ s= Figure 25. Tide Station 029 <. < e -~ -...~ y y y ,o .j.-.-~

• ~

[ g. .g A' Figure 26. Current Data for Units A and B

f Wiest 88 9858 #80F9 0 39 ,s. m n.e.-ee sse.ooeSees.4es ee esene.eeeeee s .w.wv, e -v.e.e,seg eee.ee,0.,eew Wr, .,ww n eet,.co e s eet.eeew s. w-ws eeeeeeeeeeeeebee g. e s c p.=99 e, 0 +8# ,8 ste t.eet g, e.99.. 0.889 9.8 n.eerM y 9'.488 g.r +9e 0

6. gag,

9.480 0 894 e 0 888 e.re.ee, s 9 889 t *. 99. w 6 gg,-ee,. 68.488 ..w St a*9e e S t.eet to.r.**+, tt 488 64 gg, e, 11.9.e9 40s go, ww ee.9**e (e,. 0'4.see p,0.-e**ee, M.888 8* 480

g..e.ge, sY."y--

.ee 9 46.44f If.-@* $%.M g. 30,=<

1. 9.888 so.t'o.e e, pe.c e II.88f F# Ett e

gg,gn,e 6 04.are %#.*M e 88 *888 9,,4.f.*, tee 88.888 t.o, 89* M wer ...9.e', E.. e te. be.es9, M.884 y, ee, go,s 98.888 69.9te es, -..r-w s

• • t, te.et s e,e,epe,

1. S.00F 48.099 ee,e.,,

et.40P e ee..Se t se.**9 e 60.4ee es,. e, 64.ter eg,.( **, 98 OE.08I

• eg e, S

94 9W g p

• =4 S P. -

499 h,.***. e te.see

1. • .088 gg ee.

96.989 gt.'** e 49.7 4, 99.488 g,, G A _ AGE ww, - -, 4.. se9,P9" e, T..rur, eO M 68.**eg e 64 000 9 99.*99e SS 9EF ee * =

• 80*889 09. 9 9F ee.a*9 e e

4e.489 war si g o.,f*4e 99 489 ee. e** e et. Gee ee.*** e 90.See

==.9 ..psw 99.929.

• T.Sep e

8D ete h.ette,e 9'95.88F fe e99 o 988 et aet e 94.e49 96. .'9* e M.. 888. euw 99 4 *0, e 99.-889 M **1 e M 8# GP.848 e 88.88B

64. set e.

at*** e St.488 Of WW 94 - wi ww 8W 84 ww-et.eS9 e e see, St.Sem es.eet e 6 06.400 09.096 e. e 98.400 as.**9

80. 0M p.---

88. var ep. eat e p

48 009 e 80.888 95. et *e9 e.e e 888 894 40.850 89.989 t,o,. 9e.9W 9*4 es. -- 99.998 e . www 9 95.8W es 489,s. et'.See e O eet 99.ees es.4 90 gem.*9 e 19?.408 een v-v. 040. -, 449.www ww 699 000 e, get.888 ego, 496.see 449 936 te.e.es*, 805.005 t 859 Pe c.-- e IS.S..em See.889 e $98. e 889 888 tee.SP1 e e 195 4W pe9. 646 888 tes.eet e, e 4 66.e00 i i s *=.9 9 B f. 900 Ste.r*9,. see -We 999 9e4 e 4 a9.eGe 669.000 0 00 *99 e G 0M 8 8 9.i999 e. 609.8 # J t ot P*9 get.ee9. 119.88r 899.988 sethet e 4 996.0 4 979 fet e t#a gas am - 000. e 8e.8 8#. e I NE. M+ k f t.8We 946.f95 6 9 I SD M 988.pD9 e 048.990 e 589'.888 88 19" 409. 089.088 .888 999.489. t ht shew 138 000 rYi =rw 5 WE B 94.www e ago 49F

• tt.eme e 609 000 o

9 00.92f, S M eer 899 e e 999 cge t At. *** 4

t. 88 888 11

- e .www 098.SP9 e e 489 888 Isa eee, 494.488 948.889 e 4*S*400 Set.eet e. 4 560.9 # t.ot. ant,. 0.*t 989 ...m www See.0F 0,e 848.499 fee.SO9 lee. 449 099 8=9 e 4 586 948.484 e. E

• 8.088 889 f ee.=o9 s ee. ser v.w..-,

59E. set 09P.see,, ,-. wus 044. mag e s es.am 190 999 t99 89t e. 999.det 08d 19*.9W 19 89P iwi.==9fr 900.=99 e e 996.988 999.899 e 19'.088 094.480 e 184 988 698.**9 e. B9998D tar.*e9 vwi.seew Iet. Ste tetww m es.r 604 e 480.4t=. 968.899 e 889 eeeeeeeeee e.d... =**ees epose,s e e e...,0..e mD+,e.e h e..e.. =h, .ee ,0.eu.9...e. ..e ee e .9. m e e.e .S.. e.ee .e. .9, 9. 9.,0. Figure 27. Temperature Data (*F) at Duoy A

D 9.. idklal en e..eeeee...eeeee%eeeheesessee,-ee eeeeeeeeee eeet.oeh seeee. esbesseeeee,.eeeeeeee ste eee 9. S eeemeneeeeee ee 6 g.eBS e e 9.09 y.hD4 e e 999 9 804 e 4.8e6 e.F**

6. AAB S ver v

9.899 4 4 9.eeg 9 e 9***e O.999 4.IO4

4. S@@

899 eg g 339 t* *** 3 tt tus te ta-. 11 TwF T1 a e 64 Det S t.***4 e 68 DDS te**, t o. DSS g.asg, ge. te.g te , me e e 9 to .r-. - raw go. tee ag.rae 94.=e *, 9 4. pet pr.a mae f a.e*4

89. e**

s e.**ae e 12.-**. A ?. Da* rv rv-

1. v FF" pe. eee it. De re pt cr te. - 9*e 8

ft. DP$ Mr.r P**

1. 9.94f Pe # 94 me * * *e.

r.e-- rg ag e r-/ D9 e DD.99* be 90 - 8 *e e DO.be$ 98.***e 60 Der B& DS,=**, 988 pg t"

• t. 8Er v..

5 Dr Wa* be n.*t49 -i.w-y e $9 e4 e 98.999 gs mpe 30.999 kg.e gr. '", 99,908 449 es.r *9-, -i 9 e9 h* y-- me ees e s.*** ee et.419 me. =a e me.449 me. esp es.r.*,* e on.pm. ...w, ,.De.e. *, et D*) se.De* eS.* 88e gg. D** tr te J **, 49.**a e o pgp ep ts.e =4 ...w-. Se.*** Dt.De$ 89.8 85 et. Pef St. 4 DS. to.f*9 0 99.GOP e*9 e. 9mm ta. : *1 La.A *e 49.fG4 e. ed pyr ww - - = ee es.SeG ge.** e e e et eat ed f D4 e &# SPS 49 WP9 e 9AS e,."*" .D,o. BSE t .ren Dt.**44 9 et. Set $ 8.**4 e 60.000 ge

• • 9 DS.,gge 08 Det aee.

pg Dr."' 99.mD* ey

• t, yte i -,

Dr pse i. www 99.,# 94e

• t.6ss PS.eeg me pe4e us pgp 94.**?e e

". 399w-, .E. f ** e h DG gee me, ret, pg hg, egg, ege M *#9e e 88.888 e St P* e D 9e,emt g*,1 e r, *ae De."**, Dt.1,, -, DOS DS $94 e DB.Det 89 e499 0 90.048 GP P99 e. e Se,ggg De ""4 39.999 GB."84 4 r=. per w- -'e. D 49.900 96.9 4 WE ePe St 889 e Op AGS 59 *mpee gg.geg St tt. tr t u St,r, 96.889 0 9 99.agee es,. DDS ges 90.Se9 e WB. 80.099

• 49 e G D=.get WB t@*. *99

. *se vwi.,,. s w.. 949.P44,e set.nese teg opt.eee Spo.fD* e t en.see eep tet.m89 e $ 85.959 OW SGD e 1,96.900 -.,, Pet.p*4 e & 09. 99 489 9 488.e#9 e, 889 e 469.8e0 649 999 tet.eDe e. tle.549 9 set I k2..699. 197.. 96e.099 e 94.990 tat epee 4 se ees ist.4re tee coe e 9 0 '. e ste e 69 500 pme

n. as. -.

39. 005 r

009. ANS 680.eN 504 889 9 4 585.88r 438 888e e 489.503 I.SD.ma.n. e 633,e.33 e 108 EE C e 4 689.9 5 b r4 6 rt.WWW 89% 4 98' e**G e e 589.089 980 899 e Ste.50p 488. Opt fG9 e. 3 37. BGS n er. De* g33 t DS.urvo 5 90.MG i vv mem= i vi des l ha.M e e $ bf -- SDD. ept e e s pa.ste 9 pt.8*f e t DS.see t ha.hD4e p rw-=ww.

3. bh.. BSD.y-w 585 894 e e

& DS. DSS O DDP94 e t DS.OSS ter.P99e 9 544 885 let.ges 044.#99 8 t m2.. Pat. tee ww 195. 998 .. sgs bet 949 e Dee Set e bkG GWG See 089 9 9 444 4GD De'.POS e. e ns r as SetDOS I DS. bSS 1.ww.-. e9e wer 049.404 e w wweet 964.4 WG S G 899.Be3 968 000 e 4 60.000 bet ret e set.Dee 1Bs.f9f. 19e. 999 vT'.W*W-e9 e 5 S Dt.SS"S' ww W. 396.D89 ee 999.988 999 996.See 3 00.00e 995.P99 e. S DO. Bee SDC.F*t-att BBS S Df.DP9 rei=-= i-i.wr-ht4 800 e DDer8BS e 194 999 eneseess.e.ee...eeeeee Goose eeeeeeeee e.e.eeeeeeeeeeeeee e.. ebeeste eseeees e.. #.eeeeeeeegeoe e....e 4.c G. 9-9 8 9. 9..- 9.. Figure 28. Temperature Data (*F) at Bouy E

w. w m.. e n.~

.-*

.......-~......

,~ .~., ,,!.c: - . ~ i...,...n .. ~ ...m. .7.* .n...m c v. r.m U-n.. .e nm n~ ~ ' *..

n..

s.m.* te 3 .I.c. :. ..m n. =a ..a. ...a. p.~.. .m ~ . ~. ~. ~,

,2

c..

• ;.

n...a

.m ..m. m.~ w.. .. = ..m .a., ... ~ a..m .,". 2ef = = - . ~. a-a..- . m

. =

=~. = = ~ ~ lt - "-lll

a. a.

.~= a ..~ =...

== i.n. a

m. m...

.== = t h..BB 3.... 8 W...B ... ~ . g.e I#*~888 .t.,., 08. .t s,p, g. .t e. ..,,.m. .....B. 14 II.'.888 94 E. II.I S . a9 11,.,,.., 99 ..O. ..~ te.t.t at. . e ....i .p.. 088. 80 4.a 58. e t ri. " a m. 98..*.*9 i av..uus 98. 9. 14 .5 43 IM *** 8 19...".9 ..#.e I.**v-112. 49.199..- .H..e. 49. 0 .te.**. 9 a.. .-'7 4...yy. l.8.* gy .M..p.. .0. l g. ...g g,gg 1 9.F.a** le .*f

3. #..

l ..e.. Se. g. I 9 .d r j .S .0.***. w I..,ymy I. .. *.8.. 4 t,'. . 3..ne .~. m.m. t__ l .~ ' ' ' ~ *. ' * * ^ * ~........ ~. ....,. ~. ... ~... ~............. ' l Figure 29. Temperature Data (*F) at Buoy G

i I 42- ........m.. ............J. 1:".. f. 3 ..w ) I:**! 1-- ~. ~. .. ~ g..IN.. g.. .i. .t*. ...v.i ..#.F.li ..f.8. ..d.T y #. .yw=. u ..#.g. ..d4 .8. g. .44 p.4 .s.M. ..s.. m" -... ~. ..w. ..i.... a w1... r ..1 .~.. ~.. ~... . ~.................,..,. .o .. ~ Figure 30. Power Spectral Estimates of Temperature Data from Buoy A g.. l l e E.. '.e t p s

W 43 -9 9..G.. e ,99.. e 9oe. e. 99 et deG .d.dee 4.4 0 009

• • eet

9. 9e6

=0.900 . t. 499

9. *ES 9.0 e

w. .... t. me 1 e 0.4 4 9.9ee e g 6.888 eeene o e 3.ese 9.009 e. m e.e 9.664 ,9 M S.ew. s 0 see e 0.480 ee9 e e 9.ees 9.*%# *

• e e e

9.eek 4 9.ema we= 0.8*9 e e 9.999 4 9494e e 9 099 4.eet e 9.08e t99 000 9.199e e 9.m. 3.1 A3 9 w v 4 64 Gett$ e. S rus e 9 449 94.4 se 90499 6 9.489 9 0.684 o. 496 199 .L F# w vm G.-.e 4 9 49e e tes 0 400 9 Iee e see e 6te 4.649 e 0.see 8.179

• 1 *e 9

7.WM e.sgoe e g,ges 9.teee 9 600 0.f99 e 9,fW e G.MO e w, rv-- 9.A nh 800 e t.Esm. t,.,,, G.h e h.h 9.#tt. 4.4M e 9. 0.898e e 9.309 8ee r wy u 9.see 9me a Ate '.864 e y.m G.Peee go.g g 0.808 S.a see e 0 806 9.4e0 e 4.884 e 9, se'.. 9 50' s $.* too ee e h 9.ete e e 6.000 3 e e

9. Sed S. D4e

9. 9P0e.

9 999 e a lft. w S Spe ww 9.999e 6

9. tee e 9.See 9.989 e 0.90e D00 p

Ge nte s 0 e. nen - n.noa r use. 0 9 ppe 3 e.?*9 9 e 4.589 9

0. net e 000 e09 e p

9.seee 4 gee a.see

e. nee.

eme v.nw 9 aus v e ess e 0.ess e.ett ee o eee 4.est 9.ete e 486 9 9.ett

• este e

J.ent 94v=== e T wasett S 98g 9.49e eeee. 9.est eed e 9.eee 0.eet 9 e y wrv e f.0 P9

0. e99 -

3 9 =ws498 s 6 408 e. e 9.eet 9.e9e Se G 990 e 9 94

e. 48.sesteee se...eeeeeeto. Seeeee....heesseeeeeen e e ee es eese e

e. e.e,e.eeeeee eeeeeeeeem e .e e e.. e .e. +- 9. .e e.- Figure 31 Power Spectral Estimates of Temperature Data from Buoy E o ,m. e

e M ees,4 - .e.g. 9...e .9...e.44 .e.. . e - -. 0,eer o.eet

• G,ter

=h tee et.9P9 ea.*** 4 emp .e. tsp .e, spe. e 9.0 - s. Pet e.e e N SO e O*E

e. ate ee e

3.ess e.ese S.See e ege,.,

• eae.

5 vv a e.899 O a.aos 9.n e e gee e e 0.4ep O.aose

a. nee e 9.eet e,*at e e

f. eeia r.ws=

9. w*ea I 4**

o.4e4 4 9.*et, 4,ree e ' I.ees e ' esse $.9ee e. lee o., aF9. e '. vve e 1 w 9 te0 e ' '. b la 9.S te tge, 584 s 494 e o e I+4 GD Se, l ete, . wwe a g ga

3. g te f.e eP 0.

e. seee G.tes e e

leo 8 e 0.848 a 460. e Det e e P.Dee t oe

• 1 *e 4

f.www e. w, e S ete8 9 tee e

• .490 8 044 e Pee e

S Se*

9. set e 3 aee

-. ri.p

• a n,d o

9.. .. rv 9 poe. te.ase e, set e

• een e

6.tese e 9.4e8 sos e 9.aet

e. p** e e

9, see . yiw 0.4e4 e.dese e, esee e ). pee

0. t'e 4 9.sM 9.See e e

$.det 9 $$*.

• A S*

8. esee

.see .s een e.Fe e

e. St$ e e

ete e., eteo. . $$e e +4a4 e ete S.-. f.Ge9 S.tes, e ent e e ete 9.etee e 9.see G.een e

9. Gee

9. =As.

'. an.a e"', TWW. e '. 884 . WW en t*e e, eet '.Sof . Det

o. ee sa e

I 0.eue e i.see P. 40 9o. .mes 9 et *= .M v. w-g .eed f.elee e eete e e efe I.eet 9.494. I.4 94 . e ** e e f.eif w.- 9 wsw e.eee e S. eet 9.ee8 eo 8.40s eet 9.4e8 e,eee e e p.eee e. e **

• e re 9 =ws G.- 0 4ete 9.eef e.00 e

eet Seehe e e See's % e e egen eebooes iees**.e.4e see.eeeeeeeeh..someeeeeeee isee #eeeeee en eewe.a oes..e-see aestees.,9. e99 eeeeb.ePP w..,, .w e ww-b est

e. ep

- B.We t Figure 32. Power Spectral Estimates of Temperature Data from Buoy G ._.____e.

es.ee ee..e- . es.es...... stegoce tes.se.ees es to e see se -eeep - 45 e eeg ..ees e ese se,e,e e, .e.eet .o.ees t.***

e. **e

.-se.see e ee.cee .e st.r.e.ee,o ese ees se ee,.s .ee.eer e cee .+e .es. eae. eso.s eee mes.*st e e* **e ses.eed . eppee,

• 0p.000

.ev**,

o. n.M4 w,

e w wM e ee p -* ,...-e ea.eae ms.~ a.ef dee =e.*e see eese .e..--* ese #8e, e e M, s e =s..P". .eu - .e,.==. =es.m e es e itt ap*,*** e ee#.deo e.eme, mes. Fee ese eaa e r.- e,

• eg.,eeg
  • =.P**

o see een ,.*e.,.

• • e er*

e*"*e., ete,ees -,7,.SW- .e

• e9e e

met.ee8 mes.Me, see.eet .es. Pee,, m es=9 o see.eet mee.eee +e+,P'

• • e.eGe Gee.#

M.N.r.- em e.* r eet eeP eo., see afe Dee g se a, .ee. W'e e e e e v- -,. = -. e.***ee mes.4ee ete.ese +ge e eh.M9 +=e.P* e o e.et. Gee --,. eea.m se e

• es.or#

e==.*e***=*,

• e6.See e
  • .***e

=#e see e e es e 000 = = =. * ... e*e re e ae..-o ese.see

• • • .*e*e,

.es 00s O 88 =#e.*** eee d- * * =as ees "1 .u aae

• 1. • -* ee 71 M fe.f ***

e

==#fce.oes ce *- e80 ePe oeve ** e e eee -se eet e4 tee te. x. , 000 v

• *e.*t e

= O e.e*

• es eer
• ed.t *9.

.sg eee r e s.Pe* u

• $1 eeg
  • .f**

m. serm e

=e.ees

• • . set ee

=e 000

• • .**e

.o.m

• 4#*
• 8

-e -e***. e g.eN m -,..*f.***e -, g =0.e0s

• • .cose e

og.ees e# e e o.O e.eem, 2 g,eg 4..et e e 3,. mas e.m e.m

• • • e 9 ees b.W e eH a

e **9 e e.O's.e e e ch e 8Pe e es e..eN .coe et t's e te. - 18.eene o

• eee b g.ees to.

he.eep ees to#et e t o.t.ae-. &c.,ees g e,.ege u..94 #ese ge. ee.8** e ee.ees 30.eee le.**9 e e e,e00

• %eeg, e

le f*e e e.een em f3rN 9 88.ee'0 e 's,m y ees Oe.eae. ee*eese po.eg .g Se#.e*es. fe.ees eo e n...em m.... A .ee rv 80 e*ea e to.ees e %eseo es.e*s e e go.en e es se =.#'4 e

• • em W

es *e'se es.o.e of... p es.e*e- - -. . ees e ee.eae e e et so Me stee*eo es We e***ee e e Me ee.See e es.00s es.eep e ee,._ o

• e =48eee e

et.em o**0ee M se#8ee o e8 4W es.we. e es.85 ee.mos es ***9ei.-.-e es.em e so, et*8ee e ee,eN ee.see, gg e*.e94 e e es,W te.se* e me.en i e ge ee ee.*e9 e e4 m es.gese es,8W ee.eese e go,em eg,eg ee. Ate o es See a e es..eg es et e9ee et.eet e es eeg et, es,em ee#*e e, gg,see Ge =een e ose .ep *e e e,.t,,ee.g .e 3

• • . cot e es,een ee.ees e g

ee 80e e ses ee.eet ee o es ees eS er" a e es eep ee.. e.et, w=-seJPe e ,es,. h.ees, e el.ees ep.eeee o see et.eee.e gg,eee So.ee* og,eee ee,m St.*ee e*#84 ee e es. oe.eas see es N e e e ee.eW .eteese e .- e ee.es .........,..........................ea.e e,.eee e e -0.e.0 sae. ..se et.. es.. e.ees Figure 330 Cross Covariance of Temperature Series from Buoys A and E

46

47 l's t [ ClJ[J,Ui '!JsA J i T

1 E'l PA }f O TOi30IN j SEMI ANNUAL Jb w EVALUATION OFTHE MARINE ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPING WITHIN, AND ADJACENT TO, THE THERMAL PLUME OF THE POWER GENERATION UNITS AT CRYSTAL RIVER, FLORIDA University of Florida Center for Aquatic Sciences and Department of Environmental Engineering Principal Investigators Graduate Students Dr. Samuel C. Snedaker Mr. Mel Lehman Dr. Howard T. Odum Mr. Hank McKellar Mr. Wade Smith Associate Investigators Mr. Robin van Tine Dr. William Seaman Mr. Don Young Mr. Clay A. Adams Technical Assistants Mr. Charles Bilgere Mr. Gary Evink Mr. Gary Hellermann Ms. Nancy Sinks Student Assistants l Ms. Leslie Banks j Mr. Brad Hartman l Mr. Mark Homer l Ms. Deborah Karably Ms. Karen McAllister Consulting Scientists Dr. Robert Beyers Dr. Colin High October 1972 l -w=- e*,

o i;

h 49 INTRODUCTION filling actions of currents. Fresh water sources in the general area include: (1) precipitation Power Generation at Crystal River (1397 mm,50% of which falls between June The Crystal River electrical power generation and September), (2) local surface runoff and caoacity is currently provided by two fossil-subsurface drainage, (3) the Crystal River,4.8 fueled conventional generating plants. Plant km to the south (mean flow,269 M gpm), (4) Units 1 and 2 have a combined output of 897 the Withlacoochee River, 6.4 km to the north megawatts electrical and rely on once through (mean flow, 817 M gpm), and (5) the Cross cooling with a combined flow of 640,000 gpm Florida Barge Car:al, 5.8 km to the north (a of seawater. These units have a designed, maxi-portion of the Withlacoochee River flow is mum condenter temperature rise of 6.1 C (11 diverted through the canal). F) at the abovu pumping rate. Both units are oil Natural and man made features may be fired and have been in operation since July, viewed from any of several perspectives or points i 1 1966 (Unit 1) and November,1969 (Unit 2). of view. In this project, the power plant is con-j A nuclear power plant (Unit 3) is currently sidered to be an interacting component of a j under construction and is scheduled for fuel much larger system (Figure 1).* An objective i loading in late 1972 and commercial operation of this project is to fully describe and document i in 1973, Unit 3 is a Baocock and Wilcox pres-the characteristics of one of the mechanisms of surized water reactor having an output of 855 interaction; the thermal cooling water discharge. , megawatts electrical. Once through cooling will involve a pumping rate of 700,000 gpm of sea-RESEARCH OVERVIEW water with a maximum condenser rise of 9.4 C (17 F). This report describes certain aspects of the progress made leading to an Evaluation of the The Physical Environment at Crystal River Marine Ecosystem Developing Within, and Adja-The plant site, in ' Citrus County, Florida, is cent to, the Thermal Plume of the Power Genera-t situated 12 km (7.5 miles)- north of Crystal tion Units at Crystal River, Fiorida. Some ex-River on a low energy coastline characterized amples of the results are given to lend emphasis by a relatively flat topography. The plant sits' to the progress on certain topics. Other topics at tne landward edge of a Juncus sp. (with Spar-are described in terms of the current objectives - fina sp.) dominated tidal saltmarsh through and prognosis for fulfilling them. With the which two canals cycle marine waters for cool-exception of the screen wash entrapment study, ing. The south canalis 8.3 km (5.2 miles) long each of the work units is expected to serve two and serves both as a cooling intake and deep general purposes. One is a quantitive descrip-water channel for oil barges. The 2.3 km (1.4 tion of the local environment and the changes miles) north canal discharges the warm cool-which occur among selcted components in re-ing water into the coastal estuarine area adja-sporna ib lormal and man induced perturba-cent the salt marsh. At low' tide the effluent is tim $. Ty induding with this, measurements of l, confined to the canal'and discharged at the - y wpm Lctivity and function, the response ' terminus. At high tide the plume is encompassed n% atire sstem can be described. This prog-i within the-water. mass flooding the nearshore rew wort a. idresses both of these purposes. areas. The spatial and physical characteristics + of the plume have been described elsewhere. MAPPING i The shallow sloping estuarine bottom (46.4 km to the 5 fa contour) is generally coincident Many phases of this project require a base map with the drowned karst topography of this por-delineating the boundaries of the major eco-tion of west central Florida. Variations in bottom L relief are due to oyster bars and the cutting and

• Figures and Tables are shown on pp..T5 through 66.

p i e i -o ... m

50 systems and subsystems in the area of interest. organize available information, including espe-Through the use of overlays, quantitative infor-cially the principal stocks and variables, perti-mation relating to species abundance, diversity, nent to an understanding of the interactions of biomass, productivity, etc., may be graphically the thermal plume within the estuarine eco-shown for consecutive periods during the course system. The fairly complex models which are of the. year. To generate this base map an air-generated, first guMe our research measure. borne remote-sensing survey is to t;a flown by ments, and then as we come to recognize which MAPCO, Inc. during the week of 23 27 October. are the principal pathways, the models are sim-The survey is to consist of four flights along a plified, the coefficients evaluated, and computer single flight line approximately two miles long simulations run. Two of the five models in the and roughly parallel with the coastline at the preliminary stage are presented in this report plant site. Two flights, one at 5,000 feet (nega-(Figures 2 and 3). tive scale, 1:10,000) and the second at 2,500 The estuarine area that receives the outfall feet (negative scale,1:5,000) will utilize East-water at Crystal River has the following divisions man Kodak Aero-Neg film 2445. The resulting which are recognized for the purposes of mea-photographs, 9"x9" color contacts and a surement and prediction. These divisions, as 36"x36" color anlargement, used in conjunction well as the major benthic subunits, are te be with the appropriate ground truth control, is mapped using the described airborne remote-expected to yield a highly accurate base map. sensing procedures. The persons leading the To assist in the photo interpretation, the third effort on the key work units under H.T. Odum and fourth flights are to be flown at 5,000 and are indicated: 2,500 feet utilizing Eastman Kodak infrared

1. Saltmarsh subsystem which borders the Aerochrome film 2443.

estuary on the landward side-D. Young. Whereas, the major singular objective of

2. Inner bay,5 feet or less in depth, com-these overflights is the generation of a base posed of a mixture of grassy bottoms, oyster map, the photos may also be expected to yield associations, algal bottoms, and areas of sand much additional information of value to the and mud-W. Smith. (see Figure 8) project. For instance, the infrared shots may

3. Oyster bar subsystems which form net-reveal the limits of intrusion of the thermal works ac oss the area exposed at low tide-M.

plume into the saltmarsh as might be detected Lehman. by elevated temperatures in the surface sedi-

4. Deeper outer basin in which the plank-ments. Also, with the assistance of MAPCO, tonic ecosystem becomes as important as the Inc., specific image patterns and qualities may bottom ecosystems-H. McKellar. (see Figure 8) be correlated with observed characteristics in in support of the above work units and for the various benthic subsystems. Should the cor-the purpose of monitoring quantitative changes relations prove to be of interest and meaningful in the benthic subsystems and animal stocks, to the project, future overflights will be made are three additional work units supervised by on a quarterly basis to monitor seasonal varia-S.C. Snedaker:

tions in these subsystems.

1. Benthic grass and algal subsystems it should be noted that this mapping task which are distributed throughout the estuary applies also to the control areas to the north and adjacent control areas-R. van Tine.

and south of the thermal study area.

2. Benthic infauna including vertebrates and the macro invertebrates-W. Seaman.

MODELS FOR GUIDING RESEARCH

3. Pathways of energy flow through the resi-AND PREDICTION dent and migratory fish populations-C. Adams.

Also in progress, is a model for understand-Along with initial measurements on the estuary, ing the role environmental adaptation has in the preliminary models have been generated which power system's service to the region. A model

51 l that includes the estuary, and power system and lated. Multiplying oxygen per volume t,y depth the main driving forces on the region is being gives oxygen per area. From the oxygen per area developed by H.T. Odum, C. Nichol and others, graph an oxygen rate-of-change curve was calcu-lated. On the rate-of change graph, the oxygen EVALUATION OF PROCESSES WITHIN which was removed by tidal advection was added THE PLUME RECEIVING ECOSYSTEM back and oxygen which was gained was sub-tracted out. These exchanges were estimated As shown in Figure 2, the main metabolism of for each hour from the change in depth and the estuarine ecosystem involves the produc-oxygen concentration measured at the same tion of organic matter and oxygen by photosyn-time in that area or in the advection source thesis and their consumption in respiration by area. Finally, the diffusion of oxygen across the the consumers. The rates of these processes sea surface was estimated using a floating plas-provide a measure of the overall activity and tic dome filled with nitrogen gas which was well being of the prevailing ecosystem. The allowed to regain oxygen from the water under shifts in pH due to utilization of carbon dioxide the normal conditions of underwater circulation in the daytime photosynthesis and the release in the field. A field oxygen probe was used to of carbon at night from respiration also describe monitor the return rate of oxygen to the air the metabolism. The role of phosphorus as a space under the plastic dome. This rate was plar.t nutrient and the fact that it is often limit-used to correct for the oxygen gained or lost by ing, reflects, through the uptake and release of diffusion. The final result is an oxygen rate-of-this element, the total activity of the living com-change graph showing the rise in oxygen due to ponents. Thus, if one simultaneously monitors photosynthesis during the day and decrease due pH, oxygen and phosphorus, it is possible to to respiration at nignt. Gross production and estimate some of the rates of metabolism of the total respiration of the community are calcu-whole estuarine system, providing one can also lated from the corrected graph. An example of estimate the amounts of these substances enter-the diurnal oxygen analysis steps is presented ing and leaving the bay through tidal advection, in Figure 4. diffusions, and inflow from land. The measurements during the summer Since June, the main effort of this task showed general similarity in the rise and fall of group has been directed toward determining the oxygen at all stations on the same day suggest-overall estuarine tratabolism using these mea-ing that lateral mixing was among areas of sures conducted over 24 hour periods in the similar metabolism. The values of metabolism, area receiving the plume and in areas to the determined thus far, are within the range of north and south not affected by the plume those known for estucries elsewhere in the Gulf (Figure 1). Generally, 8 to 10 stations were of Mexico. The calculations are tedious and not monitored in each erea with data being taken all of the summer runs have been completed. every 3 to 4 hours at each station when feasible. The diurnal oxygen assay of estuary func-Feasibility is usually dictated by the low tides tion is scheduled for each season. The method j which prevent access to shallow or exposed will also be used for the study of localized zones areas. such as the oyster bar subsystems. Oxygen pH-Carbon dioxide ) For each station a diurnal metabolism graph With the help of Dr. Robert Beyers of the was constructed. Figure 4 is an example using University of Georgia, who participated in the data from a station in the plume affected area. project in June, an apparatus for determining in this graph the record of oxygen-per volume carbon dioxide metabolism from pH shifts was is given along with temperature, salinity, and prepared and pH curveswere taken accompany-depth from which percent saturation was calcu-ing the oxygen. The range of pH was from 0.3

52 to 1.0 pH unit per ay, rising with daytime relative percentage of phosphorus fractions with photosynthesis and decreasing at night. Since respect to the total phosphorus in the water pH equipment can be established for long term column was plotted in Figure 10. This analysis recording more readily than oxygen probes, this indicated a relatively constant ratio among phos-method may be used for continuous monitoring phorus fractions both in the intake and dis-of metabolism in the center of the ecosystem charge canals; total phosphorus was approxi-receiving the plume and in, at least, one area mately 49% particulate, 34% dissolved or-outside of the plume affected estuary. Arrange-ganic, and 17% dissolved inorganic. Table 1 ments are being inade for adding the pH buoy lists the absolute phosphorus and chlorophyll to the Crystal River telemetering system in order concentrations as stations in the bay area. that this index of total ecosystem function may be recorded continuously. Figure 5 is an ex-CHLOROPHYLL AND CAROTENOID ample of the similarity between oxygen and pH. ANALYSES Both may be used to calculate metabolism. Surface water samples were collected during Light transmission the summer (6 7,13-14,27-28 July and 10-11 l Vertical records of light transmission, as part August,1972) in the inner bay (see Figure 8), of the monitoring of the estuarine metabolism, the control areas, and in the saltmarsh, for the were made using a submarine photometer. Rep-purpose of comparing the respective concen-resentative graphs are given in Figures 6 and 7. trations of chlorophylls a, b and c and the Although the waters, like many estuaries, are carotenoids. Ffforts on each occasion were made relatively turbid, the depth is so shallow at the to take samples simultaneously at a minimum average high tide that a high proportion of the of 6 stations in two areas of interest at 3-hour incident light reaches the benthic communities intervals for 24 hours. Whereas an adequate of algae and grassy vegetation. The divergence number of samples were taken for statistical among percent transmission readings at depths comparisons, the lack of adequate lab facilities greater than 1 m suggests the presence of dis-permitted only 118 samples to be analyzed. similar water masses on the two study days. Thus, a statistical comparison at this time is not possible and only example data are pre-Phosphorus sented here (Table 2). The comparative study Some measurements of phosphorus have been is scheduled to be re initiated this November made to establish the magnitudes of concentra. and will include benthic macorphytes. The tion of this nutrient in its various forms (dis-samples reported in Table 2 are for chlorophyll-a solved, particulate, organic, inorganic, etc.) in from a diurnal sampling run on 10 August in the bay and canals. For this preliminary work the north control area. As the stations are fixed and as the basis of the continuing effort, points, the major variation in the results is sampling stations were located in the inner and probably due to sampling from different water outer bays and in the intake and discharge masses. Missing data is the result of either canals. In addition to phosphorus, samples were station inaccessibility due to tides and darkness also taken for assays of chlorophyll-a and pheo-or contaminated samples which were discarded, pigments. On September 10, eight surface samples ENERGY FLOW IN JUNCUS were taken in the intake and discharge canals SALTMARSHES AND IMPACT OF as shows in Figure 8. The distributions of tem. THERMAL ADDITION perature, phosphorus fractions, and chlorophyll-a are plotted in Figure 9 along with concentra-The saltmarshes at Crystal River are dominated i tions found at similar stations taken on 12 by two principle species, Juncus roemerianus August. Using the 10 September data, the and Spartina alterniflora, and work to date has ~, e~.,_

1 53 l l l concentrated on determining temporal changes 1972, and is to be continued through mid- ) in the standing crop or biomass of these two September,1973, to provide a full year's rec- ] ' defined compartments. Comparisons are being ord with a one month overlap. j made between the marsh just north of the dis-charge canal, which may be receiving thermal Procedure effluent in significant quantities of water, and in front of the cooling water intake pumps is a nearby marshes receiving ambient temperature set of vertical travelling screens which serve to l nearshore waters. In addition, plots of marsh filter the incoming water. When the screens vegetation have been planted on the intake and become clogged they are moved past a water l discharge canals to further isolate temperature spray which dislodges the material and carries as the environmental variable. Monitoring of it into a free running sluice. The sluice is double these transplant sites and sampling in the ended and the collections are made at the west parent marshes will continue through the Spring end. (The hypothesis that 50% of the entrapped of 1973. It is hoped at that time statements material is carried to each end is to be statis-about marsh response to temperature changes tically tested on a quarterly basis.) Collections can be made. are made by trapping all of the material on a Figures 11 and l'2 summarize seasonal sample screen. The 24 hourly collections are trends in biomass of Juncus and Spartina ob. kept separate throughout the subsequent lab served at Crystal River. Data from other regions processing procedure. The processing includes of the southeastern United States are included identification and sorting by species, recording for comparison. Our studies to date indicate length and freshweight for each individual and that the saltmarsh receiving hot water is con-the preservation of sample material for dry i tinuing to grow and the heat addition, at its weight and ash-free dry weight conversion and present level, is not acting as a chronic stress ancillary studies as may be necessary. The data prohibiting growth. Figure 3 shows the result of are logged by day and hour of collection and one month's sampling comparing Spartina stem ti:fal stage. Other pertinent information such as ) densities (stems /m2) in the marsh receiving climatic conditions and sea state will be in-hot water and in a similar marsh located south cluded in the statistical analysis. of the intake canal and receiving no hot water. As the travelling screens are washed only These data indicate a statistically significant when they become clogged, there are periods difference (95 % confidence level) in mean stem during the 24 hour diurnal collections when no density in the discharge marsh. Further sam-collections are made. It is assumed, however, pling will be carried out to determine if such a that since the material was entrapped during difference exists throughout the year, the intervening period since the previous wash the data could be interpreted either according SCREEN-WASH ENTRAPMENT to time of collection or period of entrapment. In the final analysis of this study, both consid-J The screen wash entrapment study is designed erations will be taken into account. to quantify in terms of numbers, size / age class and biomass, the animal species which become Results entrapped on the screen-wash at the cooling To date, the collections have yielded 60 species water intake pumps. In addition to absolute of fish and macroinvertebrates in widely vary-quantities, the study is also designed to allow ing quantities. The results tentatively suggest for the partitioning of variation due to season, that most organisms, in terms of numbers, be-time of day, tide and general climatic conditions. come entrapped on the rising tide irrespective This is achieved by making hourly collections of of time of day. The data also indicate that the the sluice effluent for 24 consecutive hours major contribution to the total entrapped bio- - once a week. The study began on 13/14 August, mass is attributable to bottom feeders (catfish,

54 batfish, rays, blue crabs, etc.) that are able to on the bottom. The macrophytes, collected get under the woven curtains in front of the whole, are described in terms of numbers per screen wash assembly. These and similar ques-species, density, general vigor, and ash free dry tions should be fully answered and documented weight biomass. by the end of the study. Table 3 and the example graphs in Figures Benthic infauna 14 and 15 summarize the work to date. The Benthic vertebrates ard mccro invertebrates total calculated entrapment (vertebrates, fresh are sampled using a 16m2 drop net from which weight) for the 42 day sample period was 408 all organisms are removed by successive sweep-kg of which 314 kg (77%) was contributed by ing with a 1/16th mesh seine. The organisms a single species, the polka dot batfish, Ogcoce-are sorted to species, counted and ash free dry phalus radiatus. These results cannot be fully weights determined. Three drop-net collections interpreted, however, until the one year sampling are made per benthic community type per schedule is completed, and until we are able quarter. to estimate the population sizes of the species from which the entrapped material is drawn. Feeding studies and gut clearance rates Results from the benthic species biomass deter-BENTHIC STUDIES minations describe the areal abundance of cer-tain food items. Gravimetric analyses of the At the time of preparation of this report, insuf-stomach contents of local consumers and gut-ficient data were available for presenting results clearance rates indicate the rate at which the on the benthic studies. This is due primarily to food items are being consumed per kilo of con-the inordinate delays in acquiring equipment sumer. By matching food availability with con-and an on site sample processing facility. How-sumption patterns and rates it may be possible ever, some of the preliminary work has been to describe, in quantitative terms, the depen-initiated and is briefly described. dence of selected consumers on specific benthic communities. This information may also be of Sediment analyses value in the modeling. To assist in the mapping and the benthic studies, core samples have been taken of the sediments Standing stocks of pelagic fishes in the study area of the estuary. The samples To fully quantify and describe the dependence will be described according to their composition of a fish species on a specific food resource, it in terms of gravel, sand, coarse silt, fine silt is necessary to also know the biomass per unit-and clay fractions. Coorelations between these area of the consumerlarger than can be sampled mechanical properties and benthic community using the drop net. In cooperation with the En-components will be attempted. vironmental Protection Agency and the Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission, a Sedimentation rates technique for the non-destructive sampling of a A set of 30 sediment traps are to be stationed large area (I acre) has been developed. It in the study area and control areas to determine involves the successive seining within a block rates of sedimentation and if possible, composi-net to establish a diminishing returns curve for tion of the material. Traps will be analyzed at selected species from which the parent popula-two month intervals. tion size in the enclosure can be calculated. Seine samples can be counted and measured on Benthic macrophytes site and returned to the water. Should the Benthic macrophytes are harvested from 1 mz necessary equipment become available, the sample areas in the major benthic communities technique will be tried at Crystal River. l using a frame and small hand-operated dredge

55 n O Caoss FLoses taasa caen m I ..f

• 0 c^"

,d$ M Figure 1. t Florida Power Corporation's Crystal River Plant j in relation to the major features of w a ews w. the regional coastline ecosystem. " c

, - :?

n e POWER,.e". - - ~~ ~ ~ g OFFSHORE WATEft PLANT # PLAffT g f / PLANT pumps l ,,**g MAT 7 g ,8 Tigg \\ f M TER \\,~ \\ , W= / me .I. s a s ,-s l \\ <.w.s. u i / manen I / l i 1 a P I 1 a a g i ,I puoTottuTMtes' y \\, / a.. \\ HEAT # j eenTTER \\ T SUN ) ',,,,'i tsTuani4r teosys' aTsoes a HEAT IN EsTuany sT* Figure 2. Preliminary model (drawn with energy circuit a system of equations. The circles and tanks, respec-symbols) of the overall metabolism of the ecological tively, represent overall forcing functions and metabofic system receiving hot water. Each symbol may be inter-variables. Multiplicative interactions are shown with preted in a quaktative visual way, but each also has a pointed blocks marked "X Figure I has the main characteristic mathematical expression. Thus, the net-pathways of system function and these are the flows works lifustrated here and in Figure 3, each constitute measured in the summer work just completed.

56 A CTION e' 71049 IstE70 e'

• " g

( / ) wurais=rs i h,] / "8I88 one. ggp j mr. s / LAND 'Ta! .u .e l ~,- vu i o I s YlGO autEToes h t, p c I i / t m,,,e yg 9 .fzf,+ ,.= x a W. R, \\ R, I \\ % w / surnaimuser Figure 3. A preliminary model of the deeper zone con-distinguishes between more of the living components. tiguous to the shallow zone receiving the heated efflu-S, logic switch; X, multiplier action; F, unspecified j ent. In contrast to the preceeding model, Figure 3 function; and D, diversity. t i I 1 l

57 to (A) b 34' (D) r 8 s 32-6 *' l w: = so- [4 3 s Y 2' Goo 1200 le00 000 1200 isoO { 2.0 < (g) {gy 24-5o 3 y /: - 10 soo i2oo icoo se is. (C' so. is. sg. 600

1. 200 loco

? so. E no. gpg & e-g cm z l20 e. e e-e.___________ _______ ____ 3 i. = 2< 2 Y' { co 600 12 0 o seco 800 f200 1000 HOUR HOUR Figure 4. Example of the steps in a diurnal oxygen are calculated. The rate-ofshange in oxygen (G) is analysis, dissolved oxygen concentration (A) and water corrected for gains and losses through diffusion and depth (B) are measured at approximate 3 hour inter. advection. Total diurnal gross production equals the vals along with temperature (D) and salinity (E) from shaded area under the curve in (G). which percent saturation (F) and oxygen perarea (C) 4.0 o uncomesette cumvt i e cometette cunvt 7 2.0 E anta e an y ooucre.oss E P' o.

:12.22

__o--9. ._n o afspemart0m List 4.0 1200 18 o 0 60L HOUR L

58 14 12-10-E g 8-x ~. ^ 6-4- 2 8.50 . A._ a25- [ 8.00-7.75-l 7.50-600 1200 1800 HOUR Figure 5. The similarity between dissolved oxygen and pH from a diumal sampling. During daytime photosyn-thesis, carbon dioxide is utilized and oxygen produced. The loss of carbon dioxide from the water raises the pH. I i

S9 0 P G G g STATION 9 ox 0.5 - a O 7 7 2 x 7-14-72 o X o x 1.0 - o x ox EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT, k o x O X (n I/I, = e-kz O x I

1. 5 -

y k = 1.15/ meter 0 x p o x w o x 2 o x z On D I cx F ox STATION 3 1 a W O.5-g O 7-13-72 O q x 7 72 e ox I 0 X EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT,k o x I/lo = e-kz g k = 1.28/ meter 0 X o 1.5-2.0 60 50 40 3'O 2'O 16 s b 7 6 6 100 90 80 70. TR ANSMISSIVITY, I/1, Figure 6. (top) Percent light transmission through the Figure 7. (bottom) Percent light transmission through water column in the inner bay area northwest of the the water column in the outer bay between two large discharge canal. Data were taken on 13,14 July 1972 oyster bar systems northwest of the discharge canal, at high tide. Data were taken on 13,14 July 1972 tI high tide.

l l ) DRUM ISLAND i OUTER j BAY OfSTER ' ~% BARS d' h:V INNER BAY ,gt 7 6 OlSCHARGE POWER cagat PLANT 3 INTAKE CANAL 2 l i Figure 8. Locatiori of phosphorus sampling stations in the intake and discharge canals and the general location of the inner and outer bay. l l l i J

61 loo ,o-- - - -o L oIP 'AV a 17% ss. \\ A o..........e' ^ so< y v v DoP itwPtnatung g 'Av s 34% p O 39-o--- o ta aus (ges.coews Q O l 1 em e sanie. emij a. 4o-30 TOTAL DMOSPuomus a a 20' pp ' AV s 49% q y-7,

• ?.

.M 4 I0 7- ',g t-i o o ,o uisermoso paaricutart enosaucous L, _2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ,,q t. W =

=

STA TIONS c 8'85"v88 'noneanic anosaemus Figure 10. Relative percentages of the phosphorus ..,P " ~ 9 } s j fractions in the intake and discharge canals. (Stations T V' indicated in Figure 8) r 0 oissoLvte casamic puosewoaus t.. / g 0 cutonopurLL - e , o -..g

• e 0-N ',

,A 7a. o' 'o 0 a s s e r e i i enrass ca== o.scanans cana STAT IO N S Figure 9. Temperature and the concentrations of phos-phorus fractions and chlorophyll a in the intake and discharge canals. (Stations indicated in Figure 8)

32. a O otAo JUseCUS toco< e uvt JuNCus e UWE JUNCUs(N.CAAoumal O O DEAD SPARTINA { e UvE SPARTINA . uvE SPARTINA (N C AROUNA) {. a 7. ~ p 3 g > eco-o O 400-E I g e a e o. g.. g.. a v a 5 E'" l '" s o 0 o s o m e o o ' M AY JJNE JULY ALG SEPT. OCT. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. OCT. MONTH MONTH Figure 11. Changes in the above ground living and Figure 12. Changes in the above ground living and attached-dead standing crop of Juncus roemerlanus attached dead standing crop of Spartina alterniflora during a 5 month period. Data from a North Carolina during a 5 month period. Data from a North Carolina marsh is included for comparison. marsh is included for comparison. l l i i l-l l I m

63 300-O LIVE SPARTINA, DISCH. AREA g DEAD SPARTINA,

• 8 250-E h LIVE SPARTINA, CONTROL Nm 2w m 200-4 Z

H E $ 157-m _f LL O ,OZ ~ 10 0-50-O MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEPT. 1972 Figure 13. A comparison of the number of live Spartina stems per-unit area in the thermal discharge area and j in a similar control area south of the intake canal. The base data are from the monthly surveys and the i comparison is for the month of September,1972.

64 Oncoceoholus rodictus (Botfish) ( m. h y soo-soo. g soo< f m-i= 1-3,oo. ~ 15 August 14 AUGus? HOUR OF COLLECTION Figure 14. A diurnal record of the entrapment of bat-fish (Ogcocephalus radiatus) on the screen wash as-sembly, expressed in fresh weight biomass (grams) per hour. Dotted lines indicate that the bioms.ss trapped during I hour was prorated back over the total period of entrapment. LT and HT refer to the respective times of low tide and high tide, during the diurnal sampling. Occocephalus radiotus (Botfish) sooo- 'm b4eoo-2 $< uoo. 39e >= Z 2eoo-2 W 5 Zm 20th W E i A 1400-I's aIo se 5 to N d2 AUGUST SEPTEMeER DATE OF COLLECTION (1972) Figure 15. The total fresh weight biomass of batfish (Ogcocephalus radiatus), entrapped during the sampling days in 7 consecutive weeks. -N W ege- .v. am se

y: y, i 65 l l Table 1 Phosphorus fractions and chlorophyff a in tbs discharge bay area (12 August 1972) g g At/1 mg/m3 1 TP PP DIP DOP CHIA Inner Bay 0.21 3.01 .69 0.25 0.17 .27 4.29 Outer Bay 1.04 0.43 0.11 .50 3.93 1.50 0.68 0.54 .28 3.60 l Table 2. Chlorophyli a values (mg m4) for Hodges Island control area, 10 August,19'12 Station Number TIME 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1615 1825 9.22 13.96 21.1 15.5 8.78 9.04 10.69 8.61 6.68 9.57 2000-2205 17.4 15.9 19.8 10.2 9.5 9.7 16.2 11.6 15.5 2350 0320 21.73 9.87 11.92 27.84 19.0 9.2 6.3 10.4 0350-0505 14.3 10.1 11.5 14.1 12.5 12.6 11.9 9.9 0640 0755 10.9 10.5 11.3 10.6 12.9 14.5 11.3 13.8 14.9 0920-1045 10.9 8.9 10.9 14.8 18.3 10.3 14.1 23.0 1300-1410 10.8 7.8 12.1 13.8 7.4 8.54 9.4 8.2 10.4 1620 1755 11.9 8.0 10.6 8.6 8.98 7.4 4 32.7 10.1

~ 66 Table 3. SCREEN. WASH VERTE8 RATE ENTRAPMENT

SUMMARY

for the Period 13 August 22 September 1972 TOTAL BIOMASS (grams fresh wt.) Genus species... vernacular 6 sample days 42 day ratet Ogcocephalus radiatus... poika dot batfish 22,431.1 314,035. Eucinostomus argenteus... spotfin mojarra 18.1 253. Monacanthus hispidus... planehead filefish 27.9 391. Syngnathus loulslanse... chain pipefish 1.3 18.2 Strongyluta notata... redfin needlefish 0.9 12.6 Selene vomer... lookdown 38.2 535. Chloroscombrus chrysurus... Atlantic bumper 17.7 248. Anchoa hopsetus... striped anchovy 18.2 255. Oligoplites saurus.. leatherjacket 20.9 293. Anchoa mitchilli... bay anchovy 17.5 245. Strongylura marina... Atlantic neediefish 216.6 3,032. Gymnura micrura... smooth butterfly ray 368.5 5,159. Opisthonema oglinurn... Atlantic thread herring 11.0 154. Lagodon rhomboides... pinfish 394.4 5.522. Eucinostomus gula... silver jenny 7.1 99.4 Drsyatis sabina... Atlantic stingray 987.2 13,821. Synodus footens... Inshore lizardfish 75.9 1,063. Ch!'omycterus schoopff... striped burrfish 1.060.6 14,848. Myrophis punctatus... speckled worm eel 46.9 657. Brevoortia patronus... gulf menhaden 51.0 714. Caranx hippos... crevalle jack 876.9 12.277. Lactophrys quadricornis... scrawled cowfish 227.4 3.184. Calarus arctifrons... grass porgy 586.3 8,208. Cynoscion nebulosus... spotted seatrout 554.7 7.766. Centropristis striata... black sea bass 489.4 6,852. Trinectes maculatus... hogchocker 46.3 648. Micrognathus crinigerus... fringed pipefish 0.2 2.8 Arius felis... sea catfish 424.5 5.943 Hyporhamphus unifasciatus... halfbeak 16.2 227. Haemulon plumierl... white grunt 21.6 302. Cynoscion arenarius... sand seatrout 0.3 4.2 Anchoay sp.... anchovy 4.0 56.0 Sairdiella chrysura.. silver perch 8.8 123. Mugil cephalus... striped mullet N/A N/A Achirus lineatus... lined solo 27.2 381. Syngnathus floridae... dusky pipefish 4.5 63. Hippoctmpus sp.... seshorse 2.1 29.4 Blennius sp. & Chasmodes sp.... blenny 2.8 39.2 Lutlanus griseus... gray snapper 1.8 25.2 Orthopristis chrysoptera... pigfish 11.2 157. Menticirrhus americanus... southern kingfish 1.2 16.8 Scomberomorus sp.... mackerel 10.2 143. Sphoeroides sp.... puffer 13.0 182. 29.141.6 g 407,984.8 g .n

2 ) 67 ) 3D A T t ] w/ N+ Ol p,.? P' a rqJ i bij jrJ kn !!Lnd i V i L i J a 4 2 I a i I P

6a a 3 2 2 3

~) d ;p l y*

.. A a% r 2: - + = '- ~ m 9

z a 't 's ] I Y! U EFFECTS OF POWER PLANT s.. ON MARINE MICROBIOTA FINAL REPORT April 28,1971 April 28,1972 Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Jackson L Fox, Ph.D. Michael S. Moyer, M.S. l i l 1

69 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The continuous passage of productive estu-arine water through the condenser tubes of ~ We thank the Florida Power Corporation of St. steam-electric plants has presented a unique Petersburg, Florida for their financial sup' port problem to the generating plants. As the water of this project. We also appreciate-the scientific passes through the tubes. organisms attach to freedom we were allowed and the cooperation the walls, causing two major problems: reduc-of their personnel, particularly Mr. Kenneth tion in heat transfer and biological pitting. Both Prest and Mr. Donald Flynn. effects have obvious and serious economic We also thank the supporting personnel of implications. the University of Florida. These include Mrs. in order to remove the fouling organisms, a Zena Hodor, Mr. Arley DuBose, Mr. Roger Yor-technique known as " condenser tube shooting" ton, and Mrs. Terrie Woodfin. Dr. Max Tyler pro-has been used. Solid plugs of various materials, vided us with the artificial sea water medium such as plastic or rubber, are forced through I formulation. the tubes using air pressure. While this proce-dure is temporarily effective, the organisms CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION adhering tightly to the tube walls are not re-moved completely and act as seed for regrowth. Over the past few years, scientists have become The technique does very little to stop pitting. increasingly concerned about the types and Furthermore, in order to " shoot" the tubes, the amounts of wastes being discharged into the operation of the generating unit must be cur-waters of the world. The immediate and long-tailed. range effects of these effluents upon the biota To successfully remove the organisms from of the various aquatic communities is being the condenser tubes, they must be killed or i vigorously examined. prevented from settling and growing on the One of the problems of major concern is tubes. For this reason, chlorine, a disinfectant, that of " thermal pollution," i.e. the discharge is added to the cooling water before it enters of heated effluents into rivers, lakes, and seas. the plant. In most cases, chlorine is added as a There are those who feel that such a procedure sodium hypochlorite solution. Such a system of is'having a catastrophic effect on the popula-control, combined with periodic " condenser tion of fishes and other organisms that live in shooting," has been shown to effectively control these waters. Others, who prefer the term "cale-the growth of marine fouling organisms. faction" or warming, feel that deleterious bio-The obvious question which should be asked logical effects are minimal. Some even go so regarding such a procedure is, "What effecu far as to say that the levels of heating being will the chlorine have on the marine environ-l . encountered may turn out to have beneficial ment?" The toxicity of chlorine to a wide variety long range results. of organisms is well known. The environmental The steam electric industry uses huge implications of large amounts of chlorine on ' qr MNes of natural water as a heat transfer marine and freshwater ecosystems, however, is medium. Trembley (1965) has predicted that not. In a recent article in Science, Brook and the electricity needs of the United States will Baker (1972) state "We can find nowhere in double every ten years and in six years in some the~ literature a presentation of the direct rela-i ' areas. Picton (1960) predicted that by 1980 tionship between chlorine concentration and one-fifth to -one-sixth of the total freshwater productivity of phytoplankton, nearly all empha. runoff of the United States would be used as sis having been placed on heating and sudden j cooling water. The cooling water used by electric thermal shock." Florida Power Corporation's plants is passed through condenser tubes and steam-electric generating plant located near normally results in a significant increase in the Crystal River, Florida has been using chlorine to temperature of the water at the discharge point. check marine growth since June,1971.

• e'--

..---:,*-w., .-s-.,-..-,-sr.---,verem.wwew.------,rw.v...$,<--m,

70 Objectives construction and sheduled for completion in The specific objectives of this study were to late 1972, will be nuclear fueled. This unit will determine, by using various parameters, the have a generating capacity of 825 Mw with a direct and indirect effects of chlorinated cool-water pumping rate of 700 thousand gal / min ing water of a steam electric plant on the micro-and a maximum condenser temperature rise of biota of the receiving waters. 9.4*C (17*F). Physical Characteristics of the Study Area Chlorination Procedure The plant site is located 70 miles north of Figure 3 is a schematic diagram showing one of Tampa, Florida and 7.5 miles northwest of Crys-the eight condenser units and the path of flow tal River, Florida at latitude 23*57' and longi-of both the water and the chlorine through the tude 82*45'(Figure 1)*. The plant is bordered system. The chlorination procedure used by on the west by the Gulf of Mexico and the ter-Florida Power is an important factor in deter-rain throughout the area is relatively flat marsh-mining the amount of chlorine which can be l land. Two canals have been dug through this expected in the discharge canal. marsh (Figure 2). The south canal serves as There are eight intake pipes, one for each both an intake for cooling water and as a chan-condenser unit, as shown in Figure 3 (four each nel for oil barges supplying the plant. The north for Units 1 and 2). The waters of the pipes do canal carries the effluent back into the Gulf. not mix after passage through the screens. There are two rivers which empty near the Chlorine, in the form of a sodiu'm hypochlorite plant's canals and which influence the area. solution, is added to each tube. Only one tube i These are the Withlacoochee, which enters the is chlorinated at a time. A storage drum (ap-l Gulf approximately four miles northwest of the proximately 1100 gallons) is filled with the i plant, and the Crystal, which enters approxi-solution and 25 gallons drained into a smaller I mately three miles southeast. drum and finally into one intake pipe. After the The Gulf waters around the plant are shal-smaller drum has been emptied (approximately l low, the bottom sloping gradually for a distance 15 minutes), it is filled again (30 seconds) and l of 25.6 nautical miles to the five fathom con-the procedure repeated for the remaining seven tour. The bottom composition varies from hard pipes. As the chlorinated water from each con-sand to rock covered with mud near the natural denser unit passes into the outflow canal, it is shoreline. diluted by the unchlorinated water of the seven other pipes. The entire process takes from one Description of Generating Facilities and a half to two hours to complete. The steam electric generating complex at Crys-The chlorination procedure was begun 21 tal River is presently composed of two fossil-June 1971 and has continued to date. The fueled units. Unit 1, in operation since July of process is run once each morning. Personnel 1966, is oil fired (converted from coal in March, employed by Florida Power Corporation have 1970) with a 387 Mw generating capacity. It is been monitoring the chlorine residuals immedi-designed to have a maximum condenser tem-ately prior to discharge before and after addi-perature rise of 6.1*C (11*F) with a cooling tion of the sodium hypc. chlorite solution. Since water pumping rate of 300 thousand gal / min. chlorination has been initiated, residuals of 0.1-Unit 2, in operation since November,1969, is 1.0 ppm have been found in the condenser unit also oil fired and has a generating capacity of being chlorinated just before discharge and 510 Mw with a maximum condenser rise of subsequent dilution with unchlorinated water 6.1*C (11*F) and a pumping rate of 340 from the other seven condenser uniis. The aver-thousand gal / min. A third unit, presently under age chlorine residual found was 0.64 ppm. An effort is being made to keep the residual below Figures and Tables are shown on pp. 81 through 87. I ppm, preferably around 0.8 0.9 ppm.

71 CHAPTER 11. LITERATURE REVIEW water temperature was 16aC or cooter. In a tropical environment, Mayer (1914) In order to separate thermal from chlorine in-reported average ambient water temperatures cuced effects, it was necessary to determine to be 29'C and that temperatures of 33 38'C the effects of a sudden temperature rise on the caused high mortalities of such organisms as microbiota of the cooling water. mollusks, corals, and small fish. Acclimating Papers which have dealt with the problems eight representative marine organisms, Mayer of thermal modification appear in a number of found their death points ranged from 35*C to recent comprehensive bibliographies. A few of 46.3*C. He concluded that tropical marine these are: Raney and Menzel (1969); Krenkel animals live within 5'C of their maximum meta-and Parker (1969); Kennedy and Mihursky bolic activity and 10 to 15'C of their thermal (1967, 1969); Naylor (1965); and Coutant death point. (1969). Merriman (1970) is presently participating Although many of the studies have been done in a long term study which is designed to deter-in different geographical areas, mention of a mine the biological consequences of the heated few will give an indication of some of the re-effluent of the Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power sponses that may be expected. Company on the Connecticut River. After five in one of the earliest studies conducted on years of study, he has concluded that "indus-a number of power stations in England, Mar-trial heating in a major river of the northeastern kowski (1959) concluded that passage through U.S. has so far had no drastic biological conse-the condensers of these stations, which were quences." He further feels that the levels of both coastal and freshwater, had "no detrimen-heating being experienced may even have bene-tal effect on the organisms found." ficial long range results. Warriner and Brehmer (1966), from their in studying the effects of heated effluent field investigations made at the Virgina Electric discharge on fishes around seven' power stations and Power Company at Yorktown, Virginia, in Great Britain, Alabaster (1963) found that found that the primary production of the natural heated effluents caused temperature increases phytoplankton communities cf the York River between 6.3 and 10.4*C and maximum tem-is enhanced by the artificial increase in water peratures of up to 30'C. He found that such temperature during the winter months. How-heated effluents could be lethal to caged fishes ever, if the temperature of the river water was in the summer but that winter fish populations above 15*C, they found that a temperature rise increased. Alabaster concluded that the chances of 5.5*C always depressed primary production for fish kills in the areas studied were low but significantly. Using the redundancy index devel-could possibly occur where organic and thermal oped by Margalef (1956) to express benthic pollution might act synergistically. Jones community diversity, the authors also showed (1964), another British researcher, agreed with that during the winter months increased com-Alabaster in that he also felt that thermal addi-munity diversity occurred nearer the point of tion would not cause significant fish kills. Jones discharge. Diversity data for summer indicated f -ther stated that fish tend to disappear from a reversal of the winter situation. thermal discharge areas in the summer and in a study conducted at a power plant located congregate in such areas in the winter. at Chalk Point, on the Patuxent River estuary, While innumerable studies have dealt with Maryland, Morgan and Stross (1969) found that the effects of thermal effluents, the ecological the phytosynthesis of algae passing through the effects of chlorine addition have not been ex-cooling system of the power plant was inhibited tensively documented. by an 8'C rise if the natural water was 23*C or in a recent study at Chalk Point (Patuxent J warmer. Photosynthesis was stimulated, how-River, Maryland) by Hamilton et al. (1970), in-ever, by the same input of heat if the ambient vestigators showed that the primary production

72 of cooling water may be reduced by as much as continuous chlorination is a very effective way 91 percent by chlorination. They also found that of controlling mussel fouling in cooling systems bacterial densities and concentrations of chloro-and that the low concentrations of the residual phyll were reduced in the absence of chlorina-chlorine at outfall culvert (less than 0.1 mg/1) tion, he found that productivity was sometimes have a minimal effect on the environment. W.G. stimulated. James (1967) has expressed the most optimis-In an effort to determine the mortality rate tic opinion concerning the effects of power plant of copepods passing throtgh condenser pipes chlorination. He states that at Carmarthen Bay at the Chalk Point power plant Heinte (1969) Power Station, where warm effluent water is noted that on one date when no copepod mor-being used to propagate sea fish, no deleterious talities were observed, chlorine was being ap-effects of chlorinated water on fish have been plied at relatively high rates. He stated that found. Furthermore, the growth rates of the fish "one cannot conclude that chlorination alone have been found to be greater than expected was responsible for the copepod mortalities." and it has been thought that the chlorine kills in a study mentioned earlier, Markowski certain bacteria which have a retarding effect (1959) collected material from the inflowing on fish growth. and outflowing cooling water for both qualita-tive and quantitative studies. Markowski listed CHAPTER lil. the total number of animals from nine fresh-MATERIALS AND METHODS water and ten marine animal groups, including protozoans, nematodes, crustaceans, rotifers, The majority of past workers have attempted to annelids, and molluscs. He found that these determine the " shock" effect of the increased species mentioned, which had been exposed to temperature upon various organisms as they a rise of chlorination, were found not only alive pass through condenser tubes by examining but able to reproduce. He further stated, how-the influent and discharge water only. Unfor-ever, that chlorine does have a harmful effect tunately, it is difficult to determine the viability on sedentary non planktonic organisms when of the organisms visually. For this reason, the exposed to relatively high concentrations for three parameters were chosen in an effort to long continuous periods of time. determine, both directly and indirectly, the in an experimental investigation, Hirayama viability of the organisms and any changes in and Hirano (1970) cultured two marine phyto-their metabolic rate and biomass. plankters, Chlamydomonas sp. and Skelefonema Sampling stations were chosen in an effort costatum, and exposed each to various concen-to determine not only the in mediate effects of trations of chlorine in culture media for exactly the addition of chlurine on the organisms but five and ten minutes. By daily measurements of also the changes which may occur as the organ-the optical density of the culture, the growth isms are flowing down the effluent canal. rate of the organisms treated with chlorine was Figure 4 shows the sampling stations. Sta-compared with that of the control. The investi-tion 1 is in the center of the intake canal just gators found that S. costatum is so severely south of the cyclone screen. Station 2 is in the damaged by a chlorine concentration of 1.5 to center of the discharge canal and slightly west 2.3 ppm when exposed for five to ten minutes of the Unit 1 discharge. This station was chosen that its growth could not recommence even on as being representative of the thoroughly mixed the 30th day after treatment. Ch!amydomonas discharge water from both units. Stations 3,4, sp., on the other hand, can survive chlorine and 5 are located at one: half mile interva's down concentrations of 20 ppra or more. After nine the discharge canal. Station 6 is located one-day; of exposure at this concentration, Chlamy-half mile to the north of the navigational light domonas sp. can regrow. on the end of the south bank of the discharge Nicholas Holmes (1970) feels that low level canal. This station was chosen as being repre-

73 sentative of shallow, estuarine water. Also, from Analyses were performed at three locations: previous studies of currents in the area (Carder, (1) on board the sampling vessel; (2) in the unpublished), water from the discharge canal trailer laboratory at the plant site; and (3) in has been shown to reach this point during ebb the Department of Environmental Engineering tide only. Sciences laboratories at Gainesville. In the fol-Since this study proposes to show not only lowing sections, the collection methods and the " shock" effects of chlorine addition, but analytical techniques for the parameters used also any recovery which may occur as the organ. are described. The purpose for choosing a Isms pass out the discharge canal, the same parameter is also explained. water had to be sampled at all stations. Urinine The parameters are as follows: dye was added to the water at Station 1 and

1. Temperature and Dissolved Orygen: These when the colored water had passed through the were measured on board using an instrument condenser tubes and out to Station 2, the time (YSI) equipped with an electronic oxygen probe was recorded. Since the time required was ap-and a thermistor thermometer. Temperatures proximately eight minutes, Station 2 was were taken at a depth of 1 foot. Occasionally, sampled eight minutes after Station 1.

deeper recordings were taken to see if wide varia-While sampling Station 2, two drogues were tions occurred with depth. They did not. Since placed in the water. As the drogues passed each oxygen is less soluble at higher temperatures, of the remaining stations, samples were taken, measurements were made to ascertain whether Since samples were taken during both ebb and or not dissolved oxygen was sufficient to support flood tides, flow rates in the canal varied. The marine life. procedure described assured that the same

2. Chlorophyll a: Chlorophyll a is the green water was tested in each case.

pigment common to almost all photosynthetic Since Station 6 is in an open area of the plants, including algae. Chlorophyll measure-Gulf, whether or not the sample water passing ments are used to estimate biomass and also Station 5 also passed Station 6 depended on give an indication of the relative viability of l the tidal stage. Because of this, only general phytoplankton populations. For the analysis of trends in any changes of water quality at Station chlorophyll,750 ml of sea water was collected 6 will be evaluated. in a one liter plastic bottle and returned to the In order to separate thermal effects from trailer laboratory. There, the sample was milli-changes due to chlorine addition, two baseline pore filtered. The filters were placed in a desic-studies were performed before chlorination was cator and returned to Gainesville, where the inn;ated. Five studies were performsd after the chlorophyll was extracted with 90 percent ace-plant had begun the addition of chlorine. Table tone. Spectrophotometric readings were made 1 shows the study dates, the number of sample at 665,645, and 630 millimicrons. The formulae runs performed, and the times of each run. of Parsons and Strickland (1963) were used to Each run consisted of sampling Stations 1 calculate the amount of chlorophyll a. This through 6. In order to make more than one run method yielded relative standard deviations of in a day, some time overlap was necessary. As less than six percent (Browne,1971). previously noted, chlorination was applied only

3. Primary Productivity: This procedure in the mornings of the chlorination studies. At measures the rate of photosynthesis of plank-the time the afternoon runs were made on those tonic populations. The carbon 14 method of days, no chlorine was being added to the dis-Strickland and Parsons (1960) was used.*

charge canal. Such a procedure allowed for the comparison of data on morning runs, when chlorine was presented, and afternoons (no chlo. ' Total alkalinity and pH necessary supporting par. rene) of the same day. Th.is elimmated day to ameters for the determination of primary production were also performed according to the methodology of day variations which could normally be expected. Strickland and Parsons (1960).

74 Basically, this method consists of adding five M g++ 1 microcuries of C 14 labeled sodium bicarbonate, LH + ATP+ E E-LH - AMP + PP, (1) 2 2 obtained from the International Chemical and E-LH - AMP + 0 E-L-O* + Product (2) 2 2 Nuclear Corp., to 300 ml of sea water. Two 1 bottles are used: one clear and one taped to E - L - O

• E - L - O- + hv (3) exclude sunlight. Th'e two bottles were filled with water, injected with C 14 and suspended The enzyme luciferin adenosine monophosphate on buoyed polyvinyl rods at each station for product is oxidized to oxyluciferyl adenylate approximately three and one-half hours. During (Equation 2). The inorganic pyrophosphate phytosynthesis in the light bottle, algae take up (PR) of Equation 1 is a by product. Since the labeled bicarbonate. In the dark bottle, organ-oxyluciferyl adenylate compound is in an excited isms other than algae may do the same. Algae state, a quantum of light is released immedi-do not 3 otosynthesize in the dark. After incu-ately upon its formation (Equation 3). If one bation, the bottles are returned to the trailer mixes a known concentration of firefly Iantern laboratory, where a 50 mi aliquot from each are extract (which contains the luciferase enzyme) millipore filtered and placed in a dessicator.

with a solution containing a known amount of Upon their return to Gainesville, the beta emis-ATP, a certain amount of light will be emitted. sions of the filters are counted on a Geiger-The more ATP present, the greater will be the Mueller counter and the counts converted to quantum of light emitted. After the initial burst milligrams carbon fixed per cubic meter of water of light, the luminescence declines rapidly. To per hour. Dark bottle counts are subtracted avoid this rapid decline, magnesium arsenate from light bottle counts to correct for non algal buffer is added to the extracts of the firefly carbon fixation. This method gives a relative tanterns. By making known solutions of varying standard deviation less than eight percent concentrations of ATP, standard curves can be (Moyer,1971; Strickland and Parsons,1960). drawn from which values for unknown samples A recording pyrheliot raph (Belfort instru-can be obtained. ment Company) was ordered to measure varia-Lyophilized aqueous extracts of firefly lan-tions in the amount of sunlight energy available terns were obtained commercially (Sigma Chem-for photosynthesis, but did not arrive until after leal Co., Stock FLE 50) and stored at -20*C the two baseline studies had been run. By using until ready for use, at which time each vial was the gm cal /cm2 striking the water surface, one rehydrated with 37.5 mi of deionized water, can determine any variations in the productivity allowed to stand for one hour, and filtered. of the sample due to increased energy avail-Standard solutions of ATP, usually 10,20,40, ability. 60,100, and 150 ug/1, were made by diluting

4. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): ATP is a test tube of stock solution of ATP with tris an energy yielding compound present in all buffer. Samples of water were collected from living organisms. It yields the energy for aerobic each station and brought back to the trailer and anaerobic cellular activity and dissipates laboratory where a 750 mi sample was filtered rapidly upon the death of the organism. ATP is through a millipore filter (pore size of 0.8 mi-used as an indicator of both viability and bio-crons). The filters were then immediately im-mass. McElroy (1947) found that fireflies have mersed in 40 mi of boiling tris buffer and boiled absolute requirements for ATP for their produc-until a volume of less thar' ten ml was reached.

tion of luminescence. Hastings (1968) has re-This procedure kills the organisms present and viewed the biochemistry of the luminescence extracts the ATP quantitatively. The solutions reactions in detail. The first reaction which ulti-were then frozen. Upon returning to Gainesville, mately leads to light emission involves the reac-the bottles were brought up to a volume of ten tion between luciferin and ATP, catalyzed by ml. After thorough mixing, aliquots were cen-the enzyme " luciferase" (Equation 1). trifuged to bring down all debris and the super-

75 natant poured into a test tube. reading for a final value. Secchi disc readings A liquid scintillation spectrometer (Packard give a rough estimate of turbidity. Tri Carb Model 2002) was used to measure

8. Chlorine:The orthotolidine arsenite stan-light emission caused by the addition of 1.5 ml dard method A.P.H.A.,1971) was used to mea-of the enzyme preparation to 0.5 ml of the ATP sure residual chlorine. A 48 mi sample was standards and 0.5 ml of the sample. Photon mixed with two ml of orthotolidine and allowed emissions were recorded and the amount of ATP to set for three minutes. The yellow color was in each sample was converted to micrograms measured using a Klett Summerson colorimeter.

per liter using the standard curve. A relative Concentrations were then read from a previously standard deviation of less than five percent can made standard curve. Such a procedure can be expected by such a technique, detect residual chlorine levels as low as 0.005

5. Total Bacterial Populations: A 75 mi ppm.

sterilized screw top test tube was used to collect about 35 ml of water just below the water sur-CHAPTER IV. face. A sterile glove was used to avoid contami-RESULTS AND DISCUSSION nation from the hand. In the trailer laboratory, the sample was serially diluted and millipore in order to facilitate interpretation and discus-filtered. The filter was placed on a pad soaked sion, most of the data is presented in summary with a medium consisting of Bacto gelatin, BBL form, usually as average values for all runs. The phytone, yeast extract, and % strength arti-reader is referred to previous progress reports ficial sea water. The composition of artificial for raw data not presented here. sea water is as follows: Nacl - 1.2% TOTAL CHLORINE RESIDUAL RESULTS KC1 - 0.035% Chlorine analyses were run in the morning since MgCl 63 0 - 0.265 % that was the only time of application. The 2 2 MgSO 7H O - 0.35 % results showed that by the time the chlorinated 4 2 The filters were returned to Gainesville, incu-water from one condenser unit mixed with the bated at room temperature, and counted at 48 unchlorinated water from the seven other units and 96 hours. Spread plates were also made and reached Station 2, no residual chlorine was using the same medium described plus agar for measurable. Sea water has a fairly large chlo-solidification incubation times and temperature rine demand and active chlorine disappears were identical. Bacterial counts were determined from the system rapidly. Chlorine and its prod-because it was felt that these organisms would be ucts are readily adsorbed and absorbed by sus-among the most sensitive to chlorine additiens. pended particles and by dissolved sulphides

6. Weights: One liter of surface water was and organic matter. As the water from the out-collected in a plastic bottle and returned to fall culverts mixes with the ambient sea water Gainesville. There, total solids were determined with its fresh supplies of suspended materials, by evaporation of 50 ml and suspended solids any remaining chlorine rapidly disappears, by filtration of 500 ml with a Reeve Angel glass fiber filter (Grade 934AH).

PHYSICAL RESULTS

7. Secchi Disc: The Secchi disc is a flat, The large points on Figures 5 and 6 show the circular piece of metal or weighted wood at-average temperature changes found at each of tached to a metered line. The surface is divided the other five stations relative to Station 1.

into black and white quadrants. To read, the Figure 5 shows the morning changes and Figure disc is lowered until it disappears from view. A 6 the afternoon changes. The small dots are measurement is made at this point. It is then individual data points. The average increase in raised until it becomes visible. The reading temperature from Stations 1 to 2 was 5.7*C in made at this point is averaged with the previous the mornings and 4.8'C in the afternoons.

76 Figures 7 (morning data) and 8 (afternoon data) the temperature returned to within one degree show the exact temperatures recorded at Sta-of the intake temperature and in one instance tions 1 and 2 during each of the seven studies. equahed the Station 1 value. It is felt that the larger A T in the mornings The fact that Station 6 temperatures were occurred because of increased plant load during always higher than Station 1 values is due to this period. Since organisms experience a several factors, including diurnal temperature greater temperature change when passing from increases, the constant discharge of heated Stations 1 to 2 in the mornings, one might effluent and the shallowness of the Gulf at expect harmful effects to be greatest at that Station 6. time. However, another factor, that of the ther-mal death limit, is involved in considering the Dissolved Oxygen. A summary of the dissolved afternoon results. Organisms in tropical and oxygen values obtained during the study are sub tropical climates have been shown to be shown in Figures 9 (A.M.) and 10 (P.M.). Again, living close to their thermal death point. Since the larger points represent the average annual organisms in the effluent canal are likely to values and the smaller the actual readings experience higher maximum temperatures in obtained. the afternoons, deleterious effects may be During six of the seven runs, D.O. values greater at this time, it was thought, therefore, were lower in the morning than in the after-that the most profound changes would be ap-noon. One would expect this because of the parent in the afternoons during the summer normal diurnal fluctuations in any body of water. months. How close the various organisms in Changes in D.O. from Station 1 to 2 were rmni-the Gujf waters around the plant are living to mal, increasing only slightly in the morning and their thermal death limit was not determined by decreasing in the afternoon. The positive direct experimentation. However, some general changes are due to reaeration caused by the conclusions regarding such a matter can be turbulence of the effluent while the negative inferred from the results of the other para-changes are due to the decreated solubility of meters used. oxygen in water at higher temperatures. As the heated water passed out the discha rge Of prime importance is the fact that at no canal (Figures 5 and 6), minor temperature sampling station during aay of the runs did the variations occurred. In analyzing the data, no surface D.O. reach dangerously low levels - pattern became obvious. In no instance, how-the minimum value beiag 5.9 ppm on November ever, was the water temperature at Station 5 15 at Station A-1. From the data, it appears cooler than Station 1. The minor variations in that if there are any adverse effects caused by temperature throughout the canal depend on a heat and/or chlorine, they are not due to de-number of factors, including state of tidal cycle, pressed oxygen levels or expressed as such. amount of cloud cover, air temperature, salinity of Gulf water, wind velocity and direction and Solids Determinations and Secchi Disc Read-amount of groundwater influx, ings. The results of the weight determinations As the water entered the open, shallow area and Secchi Disc readir.ds are shown in Table 2. of the Gulf, it began to cool. Temperatures re-It is difficult to distinguish any obvious corded at Station 6 were generally cooler than trends in the solids data; only general trends those at Station 5 (the one exception was the 8 can be noted. The force of the water as it leaves run of July 9th when a 1.0*C rise was recorded). the condenser units plays an important factor The average drop was 3.15'C with a maximum in the results of not only the weight determina-of 4.0*C and a minimum of 0.7'C. In no in-tions, but also the other parameters tested. This stance was the water temperature at Station 6 force causes the water to be quite turbulent at any cooler than the intake water temperature the start of the discharge canal. Material is i recorded during the same run. During two runs, constantly being eroded from the banks and t - --~ .m ymm.oe.~. -~ w w.

77 i i bottom of the canal. In general, total solids when chlorinatba was not in progress (runs A increased by Station 2 (whether chiorinating or and B of the baseline study and the B runs of not) and this increase is likely due to the added the chlorination studies) while Figure 12 repre-turbulence of the water at this point. When de-sents results obtained during the A runs when creases did occur, they were slight (always less chlor;ne was being added to the cooling water. s than 250 mg/1). The sam 6 trend was apparent To view these tables with some perspective, it in the suspended solid resuss. Volatile solids is necessary to consider the baseline studies, (when analyzed) showed extreme variability and which were made before chlorination began. On 3 no trends were evident. the afternoons of April 28th and June 4th, pro-Both total and suspended solids exhibited ductivity values from Stations 1 to 2 dropped little change as the water mass passed Stations 20.5 and 21.3 percent respectively. 3 4 and 5. Only minor changes due to expected Comparable morning data showed an 8.19 v.,fions within the water were observed. For percent increase in April and a 13.8 percent l this reason, the test was eliminated at Stations drop in June. This data shows that thermal 1 3,4 and 6 during the final three studies. effects alone are more pronounced in the i Of the eight times weight analyses were per-afternoon. formed at Station 6, total solids were markedly With chlorine addition, the trend is reversed. l lower than Station 5 in seven instances. The Drops in primary production from Stations 1 to largest drops occurred during the A and B runs 2 are greater in the morning. Primary produc-i (43 and 47 percent respectively) of the same tivity values decreased as a result of condenscr day (September 13th). The water at Station 6 tube passage four out of five times during chlo-is not being mixed as thoroughly as the water nination. The average drop was 53 percent-the in the effluent canal and is likely the cause of maximum being 65 and 67 percent during the the decreasing solids at this point. summer runs (July and September). In none of The Secchi Disc readings were consistently the non chlorinating runs did the percentage lower at Station 2 than at Station 1 (with one decrease come close to these values. In no in-exce,: tion on the afternoon of September 13th). stance did the productivity drop as much in the The decrease averaged 0.34. Agairs, this is due afternoons when chlorination had stopped as in to the increased turbidity of the water at this i .the morn ngs during chlorination, in two in-point. stances, productivity showed an increase from it is interesting to note that the two largest Stations 1 to 2 in the afternoon. It thus appears increases in total solids from Stations 1 to 2 that +he chlorine is having a definite negative occurred during two of the mornings while chlo-effect on the photosynthetic ability of the or. rine addition was in progress. The increase of ganisms. 2,348 mg/l of July 9th and 1,760 mg/l of Productivity values fluctuated down the January 12th may be a result of slime material effluent canal, but a definite trend is apparent being loosened from condenser tube walls by from the graphs: In 86 percent of the cases, the .the toxic chlorinated water. This would be the productivity of the water at Station 5 was sig-I. i only manner by which chlorine would be ex-nificantly higher than the Station 2 value of the pected to siter the solids characteristics of the same run. One insignificant decrease was noted water as it passed from Stations 1 to 2. and in two cases the values were the same as Station 2. The one instance of productivity being BIOLOGICAL RESULTS below the Station 2 value by the end of the Primary Productivity. The average productivity canal occurred on a day (June 4) when the value obtained at each station during the year's temperature of the water at Station 5 was still _ study and the values for each of the individual 1.5'C warmer than the temperature corded j runs are shown in Figures 11 and 12. at. Station 2. In general, isowever, the pduv , Figure 11 shows values obtained on runs tivity exhibited recovery by Station 5. Recrery j n 1& ,,<.~.-c ,+ww..,m.-<m.,--

i l 1 78 was greater in the mornings. In fact, curing the (1968) observed such variations from an chlorination run, the productivity value was anchored station in the upper Chesapeake Bay, higher at Station 4 than at Station 2 in every He found that chlorophyll a concentrations in ' instance. This phenomenon occurred in less five meters of water varied from 24 to 44 mg/m3 than one half of the non chlorinating runs. It is during two tidal cycles. In open ocean work, possible that organisms affected by chlorination chlorophyll a concentrations have shown marked in the effluent canal serve as a nutrient source diurnal variation (Yentsch and Ryther,1957). for the hardier organisms which survived con-Such variations are evident in the chlorophyll a denser tube passage. This may cause the much data. Flemer (1969) feels that phytoplankton higher productivity values recorded at Station are able to synthesize their pigment at different 4 and especially Station 5 during chlorination. rates over a 24 hour period. Sampling problems Whether chlorinating or not, Station 6 pro-are associated even within the same water mass, ductivity values were higher than Station 1 For these reasons, the value of the chlorophyll a values in 12 of the 14 total runs made. The data is considered minimal and was deleted only decreases,5.0 and 3.2 percent, were slight during the later sampling runs. - Again, a number of variables prevail which wir. affect the water mass as it passes out into the Bacteria. The largest response to increased tem-shallow areas of the Gulf. In general, diurnal perature and/or chlorine is evident in the variations due te the later time of sampling bacterial populations, in the following discus-Station 6, would tend to make productivity sion, the figures cited will be the results of the higher at this point. Because of these variables, Millipore membrane filter using a 96-hour incu-it is difficult to know what direct or indirect bation pe- )d. This method was chosen because effects the heated and chlorinated water are of the greater chance of contamination in the having at this point. spread plate procedure. Figures 15 and 16 show the bacterial results. March 24th data are not Chlorophyll a, The chlorophyll data are pre-included due to plate contamination. sented in summary form in Figures 13 and 14. The number of bacteria per mi varied con-Definite trends were not apparent. The percent-siderably throughout the year. The lowest count age changes at each of the stations (using Sta-was 41/ml at Station 1 during the A run of tion 1 as the basis for comparison) were posi-September while the highest count (1,040/ml) tive on some runs and negative on others. When was at Station 2, Run B, on April 28th. In gen-not chlorinating, chlorophylli a values at Station eral, the counts were in the range of 100-300/ 2 decreased five times (a erage 6.6 percent) ml. When comparing the two figures, one can and increased four times (average 13.4 per-plainly see that the average rise in bacteria cent); during chlorination, values increased two from Stations 1 to 2 was much greater when times (27.9 percent average) and decreased chlorine was not being added (Figure 15). in-three times (22.6 percent average). Values fluc-creases were as high as 550 percent (afternoon, tuated a great deal as the water passed the April 28th) and averaged 152 percent above other stations in the discharge canal. the Station 1 value. These increases are likely It is generally quite difficult to estimate the due to bacteria washing off the condenser pipes, standing biomass of water based on chlorophyll bacterial reproduction and a larger number of results. The turbulence within a body of water bacteria naturally present in the discharge in an estuary, caused by waves, can cause a canal. Many are washed from the banks and natural patchiness of the phytoplankton. The flushed from the bottom. When chlorinating. turbulence of the discharge canal, plus the fact however, the !argest increase was only 26.8 that the concentration in intake water changes percent and averaged 17.2 percent. These in-constantly throughout the day, would tend to creases wem the lowest recorded at Station 2 of increase the variation present. Flemer et al. all runs made. Since chlorine was present dur.

79 ing thet,,.uns, it is concluded that the growth perpose is to control fouling and pitting of the pattern of the bacteria had been hindered by condenser tube walls. From the data presented the presence of chlorine. in this report, it appears that chlorination is in both instances (whether chlorinating or exerting adverse effects on the microbiota in not), bacterial populations by Station 5 were the cooling water. These adverse effects are higher than Station 1 during 10 of the 12 runs most apparent in the immediate vicinity of the made. From these results, the most profound effluent and, in most cases, are not demon-effects of chlorine are apparent at Station 2 and strable at the end of the discharge canal. The by Station 3 or 4 are almost negligible. ATP findings are an exception and have been discussed earlier. Adenosine Triphosphate. Figures 17 and 18 The ecological ramifications of decreased show the results of the ATP determinations. levels of many of the parameters studied are Values ranged from 0.15 to 2.75 y g/1, with the difficult to assess. From the information majority of values between 0.5 and 2.0 g/1. gathered during this study, however, we feel Seasonal variations were present, with the that the total biological impact of chlorinating lowest readings occurring during the winter Gulf of Mexico water is minimal. If the receiv-months and the highest in the summer. ing body cf water were a small lake or reservoir, ' During chlorination (Figure 18), ATP drop-the effects might be quite serious. The regenera-ped in every instance from Stations 1 to 2. The tive or assimilative capacity of the Gulf, how-average drop was 43 percent. This was the most ever, is more than adequate to receive Florida consistent result obtained. At no station within Power's effluent. As mentioned before, most the discharge canal during chlorination did the parameters return to normal levels by the end ATP concentration return to the value recorded of the effluent canal. at Station 1. This finding is in direct contrast From the baseline data, it appears that to the primary productivity, chlorophyll and deleterious thermal effects, while minimal, are cacterial data, whi-h clearly showed a rebound more pronounced in the afternoon. For that by Station 4. Since 'he amount of ATP repre-re; son, Florida Power should continue their sents the viability of all the organisms collected practice of chlorinating in the morning. In the sample, it is possible that deaths of orgaaisms not reflected by bacterial counts, chlorophyll or primary production are respon-BIBLIOGRAPHY sible for the long lasting depressed ATP vabs. The most obvious organisms would be the zoo-Alabaster, J.S.1963. The effects of heated plankton, which include a broad assemblage of effluents on fish, Int. J. of Air and Water Pollut., forms. This supposition can only be proven or 7:541 63. disproven by further research. In the absence of chlorine, ATP values American Public Health Association,1971. showed a slight rise at Station 2, possibly due Standard methods for the examination of water to the presence of condenser tube organism and wastewater (Thirteenth Edition). A.P.H.A., washout and the organisms being eroded from Inc., New York. 769 p. the bottom and banks of the receiving canal. The drop at Station 5 could be real or due to Brooks, AJ. and A.L. Baker,1972. Ch!orination experimental variation. of power plants: impact on phytoplankton pro-ductivity. Science. 176 (4042) pp.1414-1415. CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS Browne, F.X.1971. ATP measurements in lab-The Florida Power Corporation presently chlo-oratory cultures and field populations of phyto-rinates Gulf of Mexico cooling water daily. The plai..iton. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida.

80 Carder, K.L.,1971. Independent environmental ography of the effects of temperature in the study of thermal effects of power plant dis-aquatic environment. Nat Res. Inst., Univ. Md., charge. Data Report No. 004. University of Contrib. No. 326:89 p. South Florida Marine Science Institute. 22 p. Kennedy, V.S. and J.A. Mihursky.1969. Adden-Coutant, C.C.1969. Thermal pollution-biologi. dum to: bibliography on the effects of tempera-cal effects. A review of the literature of 1968. ture in the aquatic environment. Nat. Res. Inst., Battelle Mem. Inst. Pacific Northwest Lab., Rich-Md., Ref. No. 69 9:18 p. land, Wash. 43 p. Krenkel, P.A. and F.L. Parker (Ed.).1969. Bio. Flemer, D.A., W.L. Dovel, H.T. Pfitzenmeyer, logical aspects of thermal pollution. Vanderbilt and D.E. Ritchie, Jr.1968. Biological effects Univ. Press, 407 p. of spoil disposal in Chesapeake Bay. J. Sanit. Eng. Div., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. SA4, Margatef, R.1956. Informacion de diversidad 94:683 706. especifica en las communidades des organ-ismos. Invest. Pesquera, 3:99 106. Flemer, D.A.1969. Chlorophyll analysis as a method of evaluating the standing crop phyto-Markowski, S.1959. The cooling water of power plankton and primary productivity. Ches. Sci. stations: a new factor in the environment of 10(3,4):301 306. marine and freshwater invertebrates. J. Anim. Ecol. 28,243 58. Hamilton, D.H., Jr, D.A. Flemer, .W. Keefe, and J.A. Mikursky.1970. Power plants: effects Mayer, A.G.1914. The effects of temperature of chlorination on estuarine primary production. upon tropical marine animals. Pap. Fortugas Sci.169:197 98. Lab., 6(1):124. Hastings, J.W.1968. Ann. Rev. Biochemistry, McElroy, W.D.1947. Proct. Nat. Aca'd. Sci. 37:603 608. U.S. 21:435-443. Heinle, D.R.1969. Temperature and zooplank-Merriman, D.1970. The calefaction of a river. ton. Ches. Sci. 10(3,4):186 209. Sci. Amer. 222(5):42 52. Hirayama, K. and R. Hirano.1970. Influences of Morgan, R.P. and R.G. Stross.1969. Destruc-high temperature and residual chlorine on ma-tion of phytoplankton in the cooling water sup-rine phytoplankton. Mar. Bio. 7:205 213. ply ni a steam electric station. Ches. Sci.10 (3,4):165 71. Holmes, N.1970. Marine fouling in power sta-tions. Mar. Poll. Bull., 7:105 106. Moyer, M.S.1971. Effects of power plant chlo-ination on marine microbiota. M.S. Thesis. U. James, W.G.1967. Mussel fouling and use of of Florida. 75 p. exmotive chlorination. Chem and Ind, p. 994-996. Naylor E.1965. Effects of heated effluents upon marine and estuarine organisms. Adv. Mar. Jones, J.R.E.1964. Thermal pollution: the ef-Biol., 3:63 103, fects of heated effluents. In Fish and River Pollution, p.153 68. Parsons, T.R. and J.D.H. Strickland,1963. Dis. cussion of spectrophotometric determination of Kennedy, V.S. and 'J.A. Mihursky.1967. A bibli-marine plant pigments, with revised equations -.-- - n -y,-- ~,~+ a m

81 for ascertaining chlorophylls and carotenoids. Trembley, F.J.1965. Effects of cooling water J. of Mar. Res., 21(3):155 72. from steam electric power plants on stream biota. In Biological Problems in Water Pollution, Picton, W.L.1960. Water use in the United Ird Seminar. P.H.S. Publ. 99 WP 25, p. 334-States, 1900 1980. Bus. Def. Serv. Adm., U.S. 346. Dept. Comm. Warinner, J.E. and M.L. Brehmer.1966. Effects Raney, E.C. and B.W. Menzel.1969. Heated of thermal effluents on marine organisms. Int. effluents and effects on aquatic life, with em-J. Air and Wat. Pollut., 10:277 289. phasis on fishes. A bibliography. Cornell Univ. Water Res. Mar. Sci. Cent., Phila. Electr. Co., Yentsch, C.S. and J.H. Ryther.1957. Short term and Ichthyol Assoc., Bull. No. 2:470 p. variations in phytoplankton chlorophyll and their significance. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2:140-142. Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons.1960. A manual of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Brd. Com., 125:153 63. D I s .....c..., d o 7%....., $a a, ~..,.,,,. ' ~. q k e l 1 9 O C'ys,.e ni.e, fee 2 ssi e. I p l 0 20 So soo 8 Figure 2. Location of Plant Site. ,. s Figure 1. Geographical Location of Florida Power Corporation's Crystal River Plant.

82 s oo ..e. $gr 1 I ima., i c , pie. l

• +..

/ o.,, f ca 0 Rgure 3. Schematic Diagram Showing Path of Water Through Plant. i.... c w o... .. c.i a s a 2 i/3 mil. ( Rgure 4. Station Locations .._wr

83 s. a. t f f j f i E i 6< 1 1 1 1 6-g 1 i 1 6 I d { 4< i e 4. g g f I g f s j I I 6, l l 3 2 2-j I = 0 a 0 .g - -2 < A-4- 4, 4<.. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 STATION STATION Figure 5. Summary and Average of Morning Water Figure 6. Summary and Average of Afternoon Water Temperature Changes. All Points Represent Changes Temperature Channas. All Points Represent Changes from Intake (Station 1) Temperature. from Intake W-;'on 1) Temperature. - seei. i sim s ..... si.e a ... sim t 55- "*,,. 3 ,..,'N \\ t i \\ .... e . so-so. \\ s i i 5, e,' ,/ i s e is - as - g i,

• c s... '
• e

\\h.... g ; k to-so. is ss 4/20 are ye 313 wl5 Vt2 3/24 4/tg e/4 7/g g/13 II/IS t/12 3/24 STWOY DAftS STUDY DATES Figure 7. Figure 5. Temperature Summary for Stations 1 and 2. Temperature Summary for Stations 1 and 2. Morning Readings. Mternoon Readings.

84 m2 m.0, [ I i u. I u. I I l 1 e l h I 6.0 u. i i 3A 8.0. i i l I l l i I u. l J. n-l l e 1 1 [ l 1 1 I u. u. Lo 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 5A STAflos $fATIOR Figure 9. Sammary and Average Mgure 10. Summary and Average of Morning Dissolved Oxygen Values. of Afternoon Dissolved Oxygen Values. g I I I I l m. I n. l i l l l m' m. l } l 3 I I I e. m. 1 I I I 1 1 c. g t i e. I l I I I [ l .J I I I I I m. i m. l i f 1 J l l l { l 8 0 0 ~ 1 ~ l I l I e m. l l } m' s l { l l W. i i c. 3 l i l 4 I s. m. I I i s. m. I r 2. n. 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 j STATION STATION Figure 11. Summary and Average Figure 12. Summary and Average J of Primary Productivity Percentage Deviations of Primary Productivity Percentage Deviations from Station I when Not Chlorinating. from Station 1 During Chlorination, i i 1 =

85 m n. f I l m. c, I g. I m. f I [ e [ /. j [,; l i d' T l i t i .i 1 i I l m. f I m. i j 0 1 0 ! T. [ i j i m. l E. 4 I 5 1 f A c. 1 c. e. 80 m. m. E a 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 STATION STATION Figure 13. Figure 14. Summary and Average of Chlorophyll a Percentage Summary and Average of Chlorophyll a rercentage Deviations from Station 1 when Not Chlorinating. Deviations from Station 1 During Chlorination. I e. G. I I a. t a. I I 1 l ? I i l 3 3 I { g n n l i I i l I I e 8 g. i g. i i i I i I f, i J l i ml i e m. I I 0 "O i i 5 E-m. i i .i l e e a n, 3 g. e. c. m e. I 2 3 4 5 6 I 2 3 4 5 6 STAT 10N $TATf0N Figure 15. Figure 16. Summary and Average of Bacteria Percentage Deviations Summary and Average of Bacteria Percentage Deviations from Station 1 when Not Chlorinating. from Station 1 During Chlorination.

86 n. n-i m. I I m. l l i m. m. i j f I I l l l m. a. i t f l e i 1 7 l M0 I M0 C M} I i 1 i r i i 3 E. 5. IE - m. E. M. 3. D. I 2 3 4 5 6 I 2 3 4 5 6 STATION STATION Figure 17. Figure 18. Summary and Average of ATP Percentage Deviations Summary and Average of ATP Percentage Deviations from Station I when Not Chlorinating. from Station 1 During Chlorination. Table 1 STUDIES PERFORMED Samnie Runs Time Baseline Studies April 28 A 9:00 A.M.- 12:15 P.M. B 1:30 P.M.- 3:15 P.M. C 4:55 P.M. - 6:40 P.M. June 4 A 8:25 A.M. - 11:20 A.M. 8 12:30 P.M.- 5:05 P.M. Chlorinetion Studies July 9 A 8:40 A.M. - 1:30 P.M. B 2:40 P.M. - 4:45 P.M. September 13 A 9:18 A.M.- 1:10 P.M. B 12:10 A.M.- 3:54 P.M. l l November 15 A 8:20 A.M. - 11:30 A.M. B 11:57 A.M. - 2:30 P.M. Janua f 12 A 8:15 A.M.- 11:45 A.M. B 12:30 P.M.- 2:13 P.M. March 24 A 8:30 A.M.- 11:15 A.M. B 12:05 A.M.- 2:16 P.M. i_I'-

87 Table 2 WElGHT DETERMINATIONS AND SECCHI DISC READINGS Date Total Suspended Volatile Secchi Solids Solids Solids Disc Station (mg/1) (mg/1) . (mg/1) (meters) i. July 9 A1 24,692 9.4 0.6 1.6 A-2 27.050 10.6 C.4 1.5 A3 27,154 12.8 1.0 1.4 A4 27,200 11.4 1.4 13 A-5 26,396 18.6 3.6 1.0 A6 24,868 8.2 0.4 13 B1 25,644 6.4 0.8 B-2 26,694 13.2 0.8 1.05 B3 27,736 14.4 2.8 1.0 B4 27,110 19.0 2.6 1.1 B5 27,786 19.0 3.8 1.1 8-6 23,870 10.0 1.4 Sept.13 A-1 23,812 3.6 2.2 2.2 A2 24,580 3.8 0.8 1.6 A3 24,952 3.0 0.6 1.85 A4 24,284 7.2 4.0 1.3 A5 24,750 4.4 2.0 1.1 A-6 14,072 4.8 1.2 1.0 B1 24,804 13.8 2.8 0.6 B-2 24,592 10.6 3.0 1.0 B3 24,960 11.4 3.6 1.9 B4 24,846 11.4 4.8 1.0 B5 24,646 7.2 1.8 0.8 B-6 12,924 5.4 2.0 0.7 Nov.15 A1 27,965 26.2 9.2 1.5 A2 27,948 22.8 5.8 1.25 A-5 27,500 19.0 2.8 1.0 B1 28,118 14.8 3.0 1.75 B-2 28,140 15.8 4.0 1.0 B-5 28,213 25.5 7.0 1.0 Jan.12 A-1 25,926 11.6 7.8 2.3 A-2 27,686 11.8 3.8 2.0 A5 29.298 13.6 6.0 1.8 B1 32.408 11.2 4.6 1.8 B2 32,406 12.0 5.0 1.5 B5 33,160 14.2 6.6 1.8 Mar. 24 A1 26,980 7.3 0.75 1.3 A-2 26.754 15.5 6.25 1.0 A5 27,186 10.8 1.00 1.1 Ei 1 26,514 12.5 3.00 1.2 B2 26,946 7.8 1.25 1.0 B5 26.624 17.3 5.50 1.1

ps -u 88 4 e i ) b l l l 9 I + 4 s 3 a m-m- ~ ~. .m.c, We

_-m 89 3' e y vm ;m v, ;~ ;.,,, ,k r#4 r n ,h 1 g 'MW' l' .d } $7 ' + d 4 ,j I .l., 4

90 I " W y3 1??f' O n ? m (""\\?f"":T"Q .)(V J.I J 6 i V ]. l i J 2 (11, LJ(;,, 4 / 1 1 1 l .1 ? ~1 3 SURVEILLANCE FOR RADIOACTIVITY IN THE VICINITY OF THE CRYSTAL RIVER NUCLEAR POWER PLANT: AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH University of Florida Department of Environmental Engineering Principal Investigator Dr. W. Emmett Bolch Co investigators Dr. William E. Carr Dr. M. J. Ohanian Dr. Charles E. Roessler Dr. Samuel C. Snedaker Graduate Assistants Jerome Guidry Joseph Lochamy Donald Young Laboratory Staff Effie Galbraith Roger King Charles Bilgere .i".*

91 l I 4

1. INTRODUCTION

1. To gather extensive and accurate infor-mation on the pre-operational levels of radia-This report covers the period of the beginning tion and radioactivity existing in the environ-1 of the third contract year. It is important there-ment. This information is essential in interpret-fore, to review the primary objectives of the ing the operational surveys after the start up of contract, to evaluate the degree to which these the power plant.

objectives have been achieved, and to set forth

2. To obtain information on the critical goals for the coming contract year.

nuclides, critical pathways and critical biologi-1 It was recently announced that Crystal River cal groups associated with uptake of radioac-Unit #3 will not be expected to be operational tivity into the human food chain. This informa-until October,1974. Also, it should be noted tion is helpful in designing the operational that Crystal River Unit #4 has been cancelled. survey. It will also provide a basis from which These announcements have considerable impact project personnel can interpret the results in upon the nature of the preoperational activities terms of the actual or potential exposure to in environmental surveillance for radioactivity. man. To the extent possible, exposure levels Two full years of background data are generally will be estimated. considered to be the minimum requirements.

3. To test and exercise the methods and There is less agreement in the literature on the procedures that will be used in later operational need for the two years to immediately precede radiological surveys, the operational phase. This research effort in-

4. To gather baseline data that will provide tends to proceed under the assumption that two a basis for comparison with future levels of years of intensive data need not be collected radioactivity in the environment in the event for the two years just prior to fuel loading. Any that claims are filed against the plant as a two year period reasonably near start up can N result of suspected or real contamination.

justified as a suitable indication of the lenis of

5. An often overlooked objective of a pre-radioactivity and trends in those 6els. Limited operational surveillance program is improved data in the immediate intervening preopera-public relations. Early reporting of complete, tional period will be useful in confirming these factual and comprehensive data will serve to estabHshed levels and/or trends. Continuity of gain public confidence.

the program is important.

6. A final objective is to provide the per-Research cnd development times for each sonnel of the power company with experience, phase of the sampling program varied consider-training and confidence in the area of environ-ably. Marine sampling was begun within a few mental monitoring.

months of the initial contract date. Items such The original objective #2 contained some as the air particulate sampler underwent re-reference to " exposure to man." In the 1971-search, design, procurement, construction, field 72 proposal, a seventh objective was added in placement, and testing before becoming opera-order to strengthen the attention to dose calcu-tional. At this date, therefore, each phase or lations. Objective 7 was as follows: network has completed a different fraction of

7. Deveico and estimate the maximum the two year intensive data collection program, pssible dosage, as a consequence of all liquid Many will extend well into the 3rd contract year, effluets, that may be rendered to individuals however, none are expected to extend into the at the bc endary of the site and within a low popu-4th contract year.

lation zcae during situations of normal opera-tion and 1% failed fuel. This is pursuant to

11. OBJECTIVES Florida Power Corporation demonstrating satis-factory compliance with the provisions of the pro-The broad objectives of the original contract posed amendment to the AEC codes 10CFR50 were as follows:

with respect to radiation doses to the public. i

92 Ill. STATUS OF COMPLETION yield better resolution of unknowns and inter. OF OBJECTIVES fering radionuclides and less statistical error on concer,trations just above detectable. There-Figure 1, page 93, summarizes the project ob-fore, new techniques and instrumentation are jectives and status of completion for each objec-continually investigated. tive during the past contract years and indicates

4. Whether or not baseline data is suffi-percentage effort for the current contract year.

cient for companson with future levels of radio-Detailed discussion of the objectives is pre-activity in the environment in order to detect sented below: suspected or real contamination by the plant is

1. Extensive information on the pre opera-dependent upon the variability of the baseline tional levels of radiation and radioactivity exist-data. Statistical tests are used to determine ing in the environment has been gathered. Each whether the differences are real or random. In phase of the program, however, is currently on the pre operational phase it is possible to test a different time scale due to the research and for differences between sites, species, season, development effort put into the phase. The two etc. Adequate data will be available for this years of intensive sampling for the marine or-objective at the end of each two-year segment ganisms is over 90% complete. The other of intensive sampling. In this regard, this objec-phases range in percent completion down to tive has hardly begun to be complete, however, about 50% complete forthe deposition samples, it was not intended to be completed.

which was the last equipment package to be

5. The objective of improved public rela-placed in the field.

tions has been very successful. All faculty inves-

2. Detailed pathway information and exten-tigators and students have taken every oppor-sive ecological data have been obtained. The tunity to publish or present papers on the 1

entire program was conceived and designed to various phases of the program. The list of publi-apply as many ecological principles as possible cations includes, University of Florida theses, to the surveillance programs. As a consequence, papers in national journals, articles in news the study and understanding of the ecology of media and contributions to the FPC Quarterly the area - whether marine, marshland, fresh-Status Reports. Presentations have been made water or terrestrial - has been a major effort. at meetings of national organizations, of it should be noted that this ecological approach regional groups, and FPC semi annuai research was proposed about a year and a half before reviews. the Calvert Cliffs' Decision and its subsequent

6. The objective of nroviding FPC personnel effect upon ecological requirements in impact with experience, trainir.; and confidence in the Statements.

area of environmerital monitoring has been suc-With the exception of the exposure level esti-cessful. FPC personnel in the Environmental ] mates implied, this activity is about 80% com-and Regulatory Affairs Department have been plete. The terrestrial sampling will be a major deeply involved in the research program. The effort in the coming year. The design and imple-interchange of ideas and knowledge has been mentation of dose models may draw attention to beneficial to both the University and FPC. Plant missing or incomplete data. To this extent, personnel will become more involved in the re-1 therefore, the estimated completion percentage search program during the coming year. Re-for ecological data is subject to change. scheduling of the completion date for Crystal l

3. Methods, procedures and equipment have River Unit #3 will make this possible. Addi-been thoroughly tested and this objective is tionally, every effort will be made to make plant essentially complete. However, there still exists management and the radiation and protection l

the possibility of statistical tests of the data un-personnel aware of the goals and conduct of l covering anomalies that may be attributable to this research. l instrument design. Lower limits of detection

7. In the area of dose prediction and path-I

?

93 way models, some work in both the terrestrial ronment has been submitted to FPC during the and marine environments has been accomp. second contract year. Work in this area will be fished. The type of model used in the terrestrial a major emphasis in the coming contract year ecosystem has been described in quarterly prog. since the overall understanding of the eco-ress reports. A preliminary report on the spe. systems has progressed under objective 2 during cif c activity approach model in the marine envi. previous contract years. surus e connenou e osseenres g ,,,,,n g = g e.,... m. us .... n i.. mycy.... -s.n. ... z/y,zwz o:w. r_,_.,,,,._________-----_-, z 1.. w/:u -/,...- .w.xw, v---- . " '*"' / ' UMBiR.".'.."-.."*...".E'.n.. '- c p,.,,) J l===f='-:: ::: = ' vi/,/ w n, c /. , -- -.r x w.c.~ ~ - - ~ v 9. ~2w. <,~. v:tt'e,b. ..s ,- nw z r c..e.c - - - ~< r --m.c 6W..vwfm s,6. ~c.- .. s -v..- rT.----* m .1 n----------~~ >w. s wi G cc; .s i i., u m n. WW//[85.,,55.5?fWAV////$]b)Vb ' " ~ ' ' ~ ~ ' ' " * ..~.s-,,,. ~.... w. soon waa&xmanusm -s a AME9-EMfMDMMW ...,u. M t.. l ~s .a,.... v/-,-/-///////,:.. w-//--////rw/a//////// /,, e........ t -,...//,/,/, ~s I l S...... 4 Le L.. ,.e.. s g Figure 1 t

9 94 I I I I l + t i i l 4 I

95 ja .q r y n r y n /^1 n / fij .1 j j ;-,.; 1 ;s i f I.- 1 *< (l ts n b 3 %# N/ I.d L1 t 4 'v1sJ 1 b e y-,-

r 96 3 2 Grh l?";Q,, f*1 'f"\\ l 3 Y'u 3 "1 D. , 7 q;, f"' j.! .)

!, va 5

,,-a j ,jrj., vi4 . ;.._g Aj!. L'. L %)3 i'--,-(j ? ) SURVEILLANCE OF THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITE OF THE FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION, CRYSTAL RIVER SITE July 1 September 30,1972 STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND REHABILITATIVE SERVICES Radiological and Occupational Health Section Bureau of Preventable Diseases Division of Health Emmett Roberts, Secretary Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services Dr. Chester L Nayfield, Administrator Radiological and Occupational Health Section Orlando Staff Wallace B. Johnson Benjamin P. Prewitt Jerry C. Eakins James Matarrese Robert G. Orth Henry Thur M. Melinda Geda 1.ucille Fisher __m

4 97 PRE-OPERATIONAL RADIOLOGICAL CRYSTAL RIVER SURVEILLANCE-CRYSTAL RIVER SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL SCHEME The report included herein constitutes the radio, afecun July 1,1972 logical surveillance conducted at Crystal River during the period July 1 to September 30,1972. -Sites Frequency Analysis During this period the following samples were Biota collected and analyzed : ['* f l 0**ma Sr m ,9o Crebs 1 Q Gamma Sr 90 No. Sites No. Samples Vector Sampled May 31 to Sept. 30* Soil 10 SA Gamma Sr90 Silt 4 Q Gamma Sr90 C s' Marine Algae 4 Q Gamma Sr90 f Citrus Q Gamma Sr90 g 8, "ater 6 1 Palmetto 10 Q# Gamma Gross Beta Surface Water 3 6 Drinking water 6 12 Seawater 4 Q Gamma Sr 90 H3 Tt.D 5 19 Public Water Supply 4 Q Gamma Gross Beta H3 Air Particulates 5 30 Surface Water 4 Q Gamma Gross Beta H3 Air lodines 5 30 Ground Water 2 Q Gamma Gross Beta H3 Silt 4 8 Precipitation 2 12 Milk 1 Q Gamma Sr90 Air Particulates 5 Bi-Weekly Gross Beta Air lod nos 5 Bi-WeeHy Gamma 1M Precipitation 2 M Gamma Gross Beta h3 TLD 5 M 'Does not include September gamma samples

1. Change from montfily frequency l

l t l

98 ?v I I Y. p e DUNNELLON NeuS u y; loc- _---,..,u, ~ 8 i \\DUNNELLON YANKEETOWN s C - INGLIS DAMk LOCK f.rtoRIDA POWER CORP. t j L CnaoAu 98 4' [/ $+_ PLANT H L ER SITE O's i, s CRYSTAL j RIVF,R BEVERLY LAME HILLS TSALA Apops A CULF OF MEX!CO D e l h A a.- c@ CRYSTAL ~ H0f$$hSSA",,,'90 4 c: CITRUS l- ~- ~ (49l)

1. r-X-n g

v '5L'it j ~q THERMOLUMINESi ENT DOSIMCTER LOCATIONS AND AIR PARTICULATE SAMPLERS l L -.n.

99 GAMMA BACKGROUND AND ACTIVITY IN AIR PARTICULATES AIR PARTICULATES to 9472 Sampling Site 5 19-72* 642-72 G20 72 7-6 72 71972 8272 8-23-72 9772 92172 C 04 <1 pC1/m3 <1 pCl/m3 Motor failure Motor failure Motor failure NA <1 pCl/m3 <1 pCl/m3 41 pC1/m3 C 07 <1 pC1/m3 <1 pCl/m3 <1 pCl/m3 C 08 Motor failure NA C 18 <1 pCi/m3 <1 pC1/m3 Motor failure C 26 Motor failure NA <1 pCl/m3 AIR IODINESd to 9 30 72 Site 51972* 64272 G20 72 7 672 7 19-72 8-2 72 8-23 72 9 7-72 9-21 72 C 04 ND ND Motor fai ure Motor failure Motor failure Motor failure ND ND ND C 07 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND C 08 ND ND Motor failure ND ND ND ND ND C 18 ND NO ND ND Motor failure ND ND NO ND C 26 ND ND Motor failure Motor failure ND ND ND ND ND 'Previously reported

1. installed new samplers on 8-23 72 GAMMA SACNGROUND to 9472 TLD (mrom/ hour)

Site 62172 7772 8-25 72 9-22 72 Mean C 04 .020 .022 .018 .019 .020 C 07 .023 .021 No sample .021 .022 C 08 .024 .021 .023 .018 .021 C 18 .019 .025 .018 .022 .021 C 26 .023 .021 .022 .033 .025 l Mean .022 .022 .020 .023 PRECIMTATION -Groes Bete pCi/1 Dissolved Solids Site 41472 5272 6 20-72 7-6 72 8-23-72 92172 C 07 6 9 ND 15' ND NA i C 18 ND 13 ND 12 NA NA l

• 18 pCi/1 undissolved solids NA Analysis not completed l

PRECIPITATION -Tritit:m Site 5272 8-23 72 C 07 <200 pC1/1 <200 pCl/1 C 18 <200 pCi/1 <200 pC1/1 PIBECIPfTATION - Gamme Scan Site 4 14-72 5-2 72 6-20 72 7 4-72 A 23 72 9-21 72 C 07 ND ND NO ND ND NA C IS ND ND ND ND ND NA

100 \\

1. [

I I ' l .e" ). DUNNELLON ,~Cus .---~~;.,<,, . u yy toCK 4 4-%a, /_- ~ l NDUNNELLON YANKEET N s INGLl3 DAM $ 'N LOCK s LFLORr0A POWER CORP.'t 1 LOCK & DAM gg 43 H LDER 1_ PUNT SITE N fI t (9 8 CRYSTAL j RfVRR l 491 8EVERLY LAgg / HILLS TSALA APOPK A 4 CULF 0F i e MEXICO Di h aI,,, 4 4.- ^"' CRYSTAL ~~ HON $$hSSAs Cl US p e +- p a v ai > ~1 5 Soll AND VEGETATION .~ --m. r

101 VEGETATION AND SILT Note: Data reported which are obtained from gamma spectroscopy have been calculated utilizing the new "feest squares" program. This program is still under development and these data are subject to review and revision. SOIL CAMMA ANALYSl3 Sete Type Cate i 131 Ba 140 Cs 137 K 40 Ce 144 Ru 106 Zr 95 Mn 54 Th 232 Zn 65 Ra 226 Cs 134 Co 58 Co 60 C CI Soil 82372 180 1200 (53) (188) C 02 Soil 8-23 72 1100 (123) C 03 Soil 8-23-72 370 250 1100 (21) 90) (245) C 04 Soil 8-22-72 1100 200 550 (28) (46) (146) C 05 Soil 8-23-72 270 150 270 1600 (21) (47) (70) (246) C 06 Soil 8-23 72 1600 210 1100 (38) (62) (197) C 08 Soil 8-23 72 300 1300 (51) (183) C 09 Soil 82372 150 680 (33) (104) C 11 Soil 8-23 72 60 200 730 (27) (40) (124) C 12 Soil 82372 120 130 280 1400 (19) (42) (63) (224) SILT GAMMA ANALYSIS Gross Site Type Date I 131 Ba 140 Cs 137 K 40 Ce 144 Ru 106 Zr 95 Mn 54 Th 232 Zn 65 Ra 226 Cs 134 Co 58 Co 60 Beta C 01 Silt 5272 520 ND (54) 8-23-72 260 1400 NA (47) (167) C 09 Sitt 5272 500 ND (82) 82372 300 1300 NA (48) . (170) C 13 Silt 5-2 72 120 400 2800 ND (53) (78) (285) 8 24-72 3300 NA (278) C 14 Sitt 5-2 72 270 2400 ND (86) (219) 8-24-72 12r0 NA (174) () Calculation error

2 ww1 102 VEGETATION GAMMA ANALYSIS Groes site Type Date i 131 Ba 140 Cs 137 K 40 Ca 144 Ru 106 Zr 95 Mn 54 T;. 232 Zn 65 Ra 226 Cs 134 Co 58 Sc'ta C 01 Cabbage Palm 414-72 6900 720 7206 (593) (113) 5-2 72 3900 2200 (1378) (273) C 02 Cabbage Palm 414 72 1300 7700 680 7625 (49) (840) (160) 5-2 72 1300 7500 1300 NA (70) (1144) (230) 8-23 72 880 5200 MA (42) (705) C 03 Cabbage Palm 414 72 250 5176 (9) 5272 560 3400 2500 NA (90) (1552) (296) 82372 260 5700 NA (44) 910) C 04 Cabbage Palm 414 72 3500 5700 590 7428 (106) (1707) (360) 5-2 72 2200 4100 790 2400 NA 0 9) (1280)(254) (258) 8-22 72 670 5700 430 460 NA (37) (626) (115) (105) C 05 Cabbage Palm 414 72 1800 3600 620 4370 (47) C94) (152) 50 72 1500 5600 2100 NA (60) (1019) (1858) 8-23 72 1300 6600 350 NA (56) (906) (189) C 06 Cabbage Palm 414 72 6900 9600 680 5698 (162) (2613) (550) 5272 4500 7900 840 NA (109) (1747) (353) 82372 450 3300 1200 NA (45) 983) (148) C 08 Cabbage Palm 414 72 2200 10,000 1400 5945 (77) (1322) (251) 5272 5200 2100 NA (971) (183) 8 23 ' 110 4800 560 NA (46) 946) (156) C 09 Cabbage Palm 414 72 210 7300 2000 6282

90) (1143)

(247) 5272 120 6000 1300 NA (48) (831) (154) 8-23-72 110 7900 510 370 NA (39) (684) (128) (113) C 11 Cabbage Palm 414 72 190 5200 260 4823 (40) (701) (133) 5272 160 6400 1000 2400 NA (70) (1146)(227) (449) 8-23-72 5000 1500 NA (867) (189) C 12 Cabbage Palm 414 72 330 E400 1600 7717 (80) (1295) (275) 5-3 72 350 4900 7100 400 NA (49) (857) (155) (143) 82372 530 7400 260 360 NA (41) (705) (132) (116) () Calculation error -, m -.m n ; e

103 MILK GAMMA ANALYSIS Site Type Date 1131 Se 140 Cs 137 K 40 Ce 144 Ru 106 Zr 95 Mn $4 Th 232 Zn 65 Ra 226 Cs 134 Co 58 Co 60 C 25 Mdk 8-24 72 1200 (180) POOO CAOP GAMMA ANALYSIS Site Type Date i 131 Ba 140 Cs 137 K 40 Ce 144 Ru 106 Zr 95 Mn 54 Th 232 Zn 65 Ra 226 Cs 134 Co 58 Sr90 C 19 Oran8es 5 3-72 3000 105.2 (215) 800TA GAMMA ANALYSIS Gross Site Type Date 1131 Se 140 Cs 137 K 40 Ce 144 Ru 106 Zr 95 Mn 54 Th 232 Zn 65 Ra 226 Cs 134 Co 58 Sr 90 Beta C CS Fiddler Crab 5-3 72 1900 130 240 1500 380.3 4828 (546) (36) (54) (195) C 12 Blue Crab 5 3-72 1600 830 NA 3732 (313) (94) C 13 Herd-Teil Jack 5-4 72 2900 NA 3611 (187) 83472 2900 1200 (1282) (447) C 14 Hard Tail Jack 5472 3200 2.58 4092 (208) ALeAE GAMMA ANALYSIS Gross Site Type Date i 131 Be 140 Cs 137 K 40 Ce 144 Ru 106 Zr 95 Mn $4 Th 232 Zn 65 Ra 226 Cs 134 Co 58 Co 60 Beta C 01 Turtle Grass 8-23 72 300 (154) C 13 Turtle Grass 82472 5300 (663) C 14 Turtle Grass 8-24 72 720 (219) () Casculation error I I .I

9 104 ~ ~ l .,A l .,A t n. oo,. u >)?- pJ L

• o

......e 7' -T 7 Y" } -~T]7Y / . r -+-. ..,'s/ '" 7.*.**" k .s*% , TU~ i yy j b g /& V ~+ l h., V H.,,; :. ""J. O "JI.* O-g 9 h "'I h "'I VSTAL CRVSIAL 3$'ASSA"..,, H0k3$'ASSA" M I I CITRUS CITRUS ? h D

• f D

9 8 /r ~ N N N 1 A R v / - x 1 u y j DRINKING WATER SEAWATER SAMPLING

105 WATER CAMMA ANALYSIS Gross Site Type Date i 131 8e 140 Cs 137 K 40 Ca 144 Ru 106 Zr 95 Mn 54 Th 232 Zn 65 Re 226 Cs 134 Co 58 H 3 Beta C 07 Well 5-2 72

• 200 8-24 72

=200 C08 Seeweter 5372

• 200 39 8 23-72

=200 C 09 Seeweter 5-3 72 =200 124 C 10 Well 5 3-72

• 200 ' ND 8-23 72
• 200 C11 Seewater 5-3 72

=200 212 8-23 72 360 =200 (174) C12 Seeweter 5372 <200 19 8-23-72 a200 C 13 Seeweter 54 72 =200 287 8-24 72 350

• 200 (153)

C 14 Seeweter 54 72 =200 246 8-24 72 400 <200 (110) C 15 Surface 5272

• 200 ND 82372
• 200 C16 Surface 5-2 72

=200 NO-8-23 72 ~

• 200 C 17 Surface 5-2 72 a200 ND 8-23 72
• 200 C 18 Welt 5 2-72

=200 26 8-23-72

• 200 C 22 Welt 5-2 72

<200 ND 82272 340 a200 (156) C 23 Well 5-2-72 =200 ND I 8-22 72

• 200 C 24 Welt 54-72

<200 ND 82472

• 200

() Calculation error .s

h--- 106 i O I

107 73

u. n o n d v Op vu mnA g

los ? 3' VO,d il(A"l"5O;niUd d ~ l# SURVEILLANCE REPORT PINELLAS COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT George R. McCall Staff Mrs. Russell Hobbs The following data are a summary of air moni-toring results and rainfall collections taken in St. Petersburg, Florida for the period June. September,1972. The approximate air volume on which the determinations are based was 2100 cubic meters for the 48 hour sampling periods and 3100 cubic meters for 72 hour periods. The counting i equipment consists of a thin end window (2mg/ cm2) Geiger Mueller tube coupled with a Packard Mod.410A scaler timer system. On each occa-sion, the instrument is standardized against a 32,000 pei Strontium-90 calibration source of dimensions identical to the air filters.

109 PINELLAS COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT RADIATION SURVEILLANCE QUARTERLY REPORT JULY 1 - SEPT. 30,1972 DATE AIR RAINFALL REMARKS (1971) Gross Beta Activity (mm) (pCl/m3) 7/4 0.195 0 7/5 0.275 17.95 mm 7/7 0.174 0 7/10 0.132 0 7/12 0.141 0 7/14 0.103 20.35 mm 7/17 0.089 0 7/19 0.0926 2.825 mm 7/21 0.087 4.4 mm 7/24 0.129 0 7/26 0.0605 0 7/28 0.178 0 ) 7/31 0.098 7.45 mm 8/2 0.081 0 8/4 0.181 0 8/7 0.108 2.225 mm 8/9 0.144 0 8/11 0.099 2.35 mm 8/14 0.078 0 ) 8/16 0.051 15.32 mm 8/18 0.112 46.40 mm 8/21 0.16 0 8/23 0.00989 60.96 mm 8/25 0.044 25.9 mm I ) 8/28 0.04 66.61 mm 8/30 0.0225 0 9/1 0.103 9.8 mm i 9/4 0.0157 0 l 9/6 0.127 0 9/8 0.109 16.85 mm 9/11 0.090 0 j 9/13 0.105 0 9/15 0.053 0 9/18 0.204 0 9/20 0.229 5.0 mm 9/22 0.170 0 9/25 0.069 0 9/27 0.0903 14.50 mm 9/29 0.094 0 George R. McCall Public Health Physicist. Division of Radiological & Occupational Health

110

111 ~ j'E u[b' i!b]Ob)s/h h b dsv !u aa C<

112 Zii Ih'Shkwd!l ) I (Y ' br %-4 A SUPPLEMENTARY SURVEY AT THE CRYSTAL RIVER PLANT SITE University of Florida Department of Zoology Principal Investigator Dr. Frank J.S. Maturo, Jr. Graduate Assistant John W. Caldwell l l l l

113 INTRODUCTION sampled. After several trials, the best tow dura-tion was found to be 1 minute. Use of the 60 This project was initiated to: 1) determine the micron mesh net was discontinued because of presence of major food chain species and the the clogging effect of the suspended matter. planktonic forms of commercially important The sampling regime established for each' finfish and shellfish in the area adjacent to the station consists of two 1-minute horizontal sur-Crystal River plant site: 2) qualitatively assess face tows at biweekly intervals. Samples are the occurrence of these organisms within the preserved in buffered formalin and returned to intake area of Units 1 and 2 as a means of the laboratory. evaluating the entrainment potential of these The following procedures are employed for organisms. examination of each sample. The two samples from each station are pooled prior to splitting. REVIEW OF ACTIVITIES One half of the total sample is separated in a sieve series with standard mesh sizes of Nos. Four sampling areas were established as a 10,20,30,60 and 120. Five 7 ml. aliquots are result of a preliminary survey made shortly after removed from each mesh size screen for quali-project funding in mid July (Fig.1, page 114). tative and quantitative determinations of Station 1 is located inshore south of the intake organisms. canal. The station is within 25 yards of the Qualitative determinations are made by use coastal marsh, the depth being 2 ft. at MLW. of the following categories: The bottom substrates in this area consist of Copepods: attached Sargassum and sandy patches between Calanoid limestone outcrops. The salinity is noticeably Harpacticoid influenced by the freshwater drainage from the Mollusc veligers: Crystal River and adjacent marshes (Fig. 2). gastropods Station 2 is also south of the intake canal bivalves and is located midway between Station I and Oyster (Crassostrea)(if possible) the canal opening. a distance of 1.2 nautical others miles offshore. The substrate !n this area is Barnacle larvae sand and shell between prominent oyster bars. Shrimps The depth is 4 ft. at MLW. The salinity is con-Penaeus sistently higher than that at Station 1 (Fig. 2). others (mysids, etc.) Station 3 is southwest of the intake canal Crab larvae opening in an area which appears to be the stone crab (Menippe)(if possible) source of the entrained water. The depth is 7 ft. blue crab (Callinectes)(if possible) at MLW; the substrate is hard sand. The salinity others i is slightly but consistently higher than Station Lobster larvae 2 (Fig. 2). Other Crustaceans Station 4 is located just in front of the (subdivided,if found pertinent) intake screens of Units 1 and 2. The depth is Polychaetes 15 ft. at MLW. The substrate appears to be a Echinoderms fine coal dust sediment. The salinity is essen-Chaetognaths tially the same as that of Station 3 (Fig. 2). Tunicates initially,10 minute plankton tows were made Medusae (including siphonophores) using 50cm. dia. nets with 202 micron and 80 Miscellaneous invertebrates micron mesh. Because of the high level of sus-Eggs pended matter, the nets clogged quickly and Fish eggs preventedaccurate meteringof thewatercolumn Fish larvae

114 Biomass determinations are made based on 1972 and continues at biweekly intervals. Be-the sieve separation scheme. The method pro-cause the project is in its first quarter, we do vides a more accurate estimation than the tradi-not have sufficient data processed for presen-tional procedures. This gravimetric procedure, tation at this time. devised by Mr. Clay Adams (Masters Thesis, UF 1972), involves mechanically separating GOALS FOR THE FOLLOWING QUARTER zooplankton using a set of paleontological sieves, making a random sample of the indi-The sampling program will be continued as vidual fractions; determining the percent com-described above. As familiarity with species position of each fraction by recording counts types develops, we plan to catch up on the per zooplankton type divided by the total count backlog of samples. As data accumulates, of all zooplankton in the fraction sample; vacuum statistical analyses will be applied. filtering each sieve fraction onto a preweighed Whatman No. 42 filter disc; oven drying loaded LITERATURE CITED discs and weighing each to determine the dry weight of fraction; and finally compiling the Adams, C.A.1972 weights and percentages of the several sieve fractions to determine the dry weight percent. Food Habits of Juvenile Pinfish (Lagodon rhom-age composition of the zooplankton types, boldes). Silver Perch (Bairdiella chrysura), and The sieve separation facilitates counting spotted Seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) of the procedures because it sorts organisms to size Estuarine Zone near Crystal River, Fl. Unpub-and reduces the number of species per sample. lished Masters Thesis, Graduate School, Uni-The sampling program was begun July 24, versity of Florida. l, gpv c: ob

z. ?

g':'=,' ' J C if N 's station. 'O s i e:- j,. - ~ ~, station ak. ") g e /~') ( a aeioa : e e..q 4 ~ 7 ',f,, Wa 's ry "'v \\, e 4 N

O x

Figure 1. Map of Crystal River area showing collecting stations.

115 28 26 24 N 22 20 -O , 18 O 16 b 14 E j 12 en STATION I (D 10 ye STA TION 2 asSTATION 3 8

• ST ATl ON 4 6

4 2 y$ f 24 AU 4 AUG 18 ' SEPT 2 SEP 13 OCT 6 npm 2. Salinity at the collecting stations on the sampling dates.

7. -

126 M

117 f a b-h1b-1 dis!J;us !U!)lk/'A i .1

118 n l,hm r o' 3 I m i .' kV 1 i t s id

• i a L4/

THE BENTHIC 1! l Ew COMMUNITY ADJACENT TO WEEDON ISLAND, TAMPA BAY, FLORIDA Progress Report April-September 1972 Thomas E. Pyle Norman J. Blake Larry J. Doyle James Seagle James Feigi Marine Science Institute University of South Florida Technical Report no.13 September 1972 i l \\ 1

119 INTRODUCTION according to areal percentage of sand and sea-grass. At each significant change in the bottom The study of the marine environment adjacent type, water depth and distance from shore was to Florida Power Corporation's P.L. Bartow recorded. From this information, bottom pro-generating plant on Weedon Island officially files for th'e two transects were drawn (Figures began in April of 1972. Under the contract, the 2 and 3). The mapping of a third transect was first six months were to be devoted primarily to also undertaken (Figure 4). This transect was recruiting and equipment purchasing with the located on the north side of the intake canal first surveys to be conducted in late September. running due east from the middle of the northern Therefore, the report which follows is primarily boundary of the turning basin. The third tran-the result of a preliminary examination of the sect was not considered sufficiently different to area conducted in the summer of 1972. warrant sampling during this preliminary survey. Detailed visual observations along these PRELIMINARY RESULTS transects and spot observations in other areas have been combined with information from aerial Seagrass mapping photographs to produce a preliminary map of The study was initiated with an aerial recon-bottom types adjacent to the plant site (Figure 5). naissance and photographic overflight in May Six stations were accupied along transects 1972. Using techniques developed for the An-I and 11 (Figure 1) in order to sample the major clote project (Feigt et al.,1972), false color IR habitats wit!' agard to depth and bottom type photographs were taken for the purpose of (Table 1). A total of 18 samples were taken mapping seagrass beds and other bottom types from each of the 12 stations. Fourteen of the adjacent to the power plant. This work is not samples (81 cm2 plugs) were taken with a 9 x 9 complete, but the photographs have been used cm bottom sampler which is similar to the one to plan the positions of the first bottom sam-being utilized in the Anclote benthic survey (see pling transects. Anclote Annual Report 1971, Baird et al.,1972). These samples will be compared to 4 samples Benthic survey (225 cm2 plugs) taken with a 15x15 cm sampler. An investigation of the sea bottom community All of the above mentioned sampling has been north and east of the P.L. Bartow power station completed and the samples are now being was begun on June 15, 1972. The study sorted. included the establishment of a preliminary Transect selection along the northwestern sampling program to determine the size and flat has been delayed by innumerable equip-number of bottom samples needed to represent ment malfunctions and logistical problems. Prior a valid sample of the benthic fauna and to to the establishment of sampling stations in obtain baseline information on the types of this area, STD readings at various tidal stages organisms and their relative abundance. are required to obtain an estimate of the extent Two transects were established on the east of the thermal plume. Thermographs ordered for side of the plant: one north and one south of this purpose have not been received. the intake channel (Figure 1). Both transects Although definitive temperature data are run due east from shore, approximately 75 not presently available, release of dye in con-meters north (transect 1) and south (transect junction with aerial photography on September

2) of the turning basin, across the grass flats 14, 1972 indicates that the plume may not and into the deeper sand area toward the end follow the outfall channel. The position of the of the channel. Each transect extends a distance dye plume approximately 15 minutes after of approximately 600 meters.

release is shown in Figure 5. Both transects were examined with skin-diving gear and the bottom was characterized Figures and Table 1 are shown on pp. 120-123.

~120 REFERENCES Baird, R.C. et al.1972. Anclote Environmental Project Report 1971. Mar. Sci. Inst., U. of South 4 Florida. 251 pp. Feig!, J., T.E. Pyle, R. Clingan and R. Zimmer-man.1972. Aerial mapping of seagrass beds. Abstract. Quarterly Jour. Fla. Acad. Sci., 35 (1):32. Table 1. Descriptions of sampling stations Distance from Depth Transect Station shore (meters) Description (cm) I A 15 Sand - 100% 63 1 8 70 Syringodium - 25% 133 Thalassia - 75% I C 290 Sand - 25% 127 Diplanthers - 5% Syringodium ~ 70% I D 585 Diplanthera - 100% 119 I E 600 Syringodium - 100% 91 1 F 620 Sand - 100% 155 ll A 15 Sand - 100% 70 Il B 215 Sand - 20% 103 Syringodium - 10% Diplanthers-70% 11 C 500 Diplanthera - 100% 116 11 D 510 Thalassia - 50% 126 Diplanthers - 50% 11 E 530 Syringodium - 100% 122 11 F 595 Sand - 100% 142 - -, ~,,

l 121 1 l 'N 'i h 'a M i s w If!' , 3' y@** 4 N?tSgg?g,, T..i ' ~5 ren eaes x r ._g g _._. ) c "2 p.. s ,,,pa / \\ ~.o = +' 15.:;'. , ;mn. / \\ T 'S$8MRP. 9 d. wy Figure 1. Location of transects and sampling stations In the area adjacent to the Bartow power plant e o j i l. II i ),y II

j. !8f i;f it i

1 i l' l

i. il 11 I

i 1. 1. I; 11 I-lii 111 11 I.

i

'- ii-. - n <.> i i i i _i i ja i c, A B gag

[

h Figure 2AC. Transect 1 - bottom profile. I. I: 1 i r 1 i ! 11, 15; 11;, II I i i .i i i ii ~c) C l l

122 s ?,.- a,. it 111 fit 'I" i.: rr s 7: f f-1l8 l fi f f l;l1 llil h a 11:, I. Il .1 ( 3 1 18 I ( i > jy i i 3 A 0 E ll I! j, j i i - - -c A B I;f:N___x iJ.... 4g { N att Figure 3AC Transect 11 - bottom profile. f f I, 'l 1:,1 l k. I I 1-i iil i ii -..c> C l' 't Nh .. s p

ni i, i

1-i,, l l I j f fI

l. ils

. Il I l 1, f l.; 1 I II I. s i i ii ii i.i. i. i

i. c.i.ii> iiii Figure 4. Transect til-bottom profile.

s

1 l 123 o *s**,.<** X ,p* s k S"****"'

• r, 4 f

I. s aiwoonsum 4 .f.' +, >~ ...,*4 +4 P SigRtNk &8W j-M ( g/ O . s. u} g V saw o

m..,,u.

k, san o-muo r snua e,'%> 1, t, o e 'a s E k i g 4 snuD P S $ Q 4',, f e p -'"f'.?"U GM };' ;=.K:.": p};. .ag,.3 t'

..g:'

E m .v. ..::j-D. Ol. -$ set a y

• lE g ? lsmn~moe"~

IE b \\ -%) .-g 3 i ,I

• 2a m

c p.. 5 + s. O, 5 l .; b ~ ^ t r g 9...,1tyf_ ., :#1M$hMde,. +,+,',,- $- 3 s1

• E

?.; -c? e V [y[NM5 Yid 3

• gg j

=h ..',f .3 =- 5.4

p Dye Plume

"'WWW3MMS 5,, Y en .Iy

• .,'s m

3 e : z : ; ~ Ee e 2 ~ t = a Id!M....... [gn h o E 9 p3*; 3 %?T+ 5 i gj g s I g a 3 3 3 3 Figure 5. Preliminary map of the distribution of sesgrasses in the area adjacent to the Bartow power plant. l I I l I

p, M O 124 i

125

a a

t 61jJlJ,vssus/\\ 'i 4 i J

126 3 I r to pt ~~ lj h h w E di

1. e 6

x wk[ ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT October 1972 Prepared for: FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION by MARINE SCIENCE INSTITUTE University of South Florida 830 First Street South St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 l l l i i i l

127 INTRODUCTION centered around the fixed recording stations.

2) Sedimentological analyses and other phy-The Anclote Environmental Report for 1971 has sical and chemical measurements will be taken now been published and is available to all at these stations and correlation of these para-interested in an assessment of the marine en-meters with distribution of organisms (sea-vironment near the Anclote Power generating grasses particularly) can be made and changes facility. This report contains under one cover documented.

as much detailed environmental information

3) Additional funds for support of control-as can be found for a similar area of the west led experiments (submitted to N.S.F.) on sea-coast of Central Florida and should be of interest grass growth, light requirements, and physio-to all concerned.

logical compensation would provide a theoreti-Of particular interest is the completion of cal basis for correlating actual field observations two technical reports. One concerns plankton of grasses and measurements taken from the studies at Anclote while the other is an anno-instruments, tated bibliography of seagrasses. The second report is considered a major contribution to an $Ug. DISCIPLINE REPORTS assessment of seagrass beds and related re-search at Anclote in view of the extent and Geological: A simultaneous bottom sampling known biological importance of seagrass beds program with the benthic ecology group was in the Anclote region. Both of these reports are completed during the summer. Emphasis was meluded in this progress report. placed on obtaining samples in the seagrass The proposed monitoring and surveillance beds especially those adjacent t. the planned system at Anclote is in the final planning stages. discharge canal. Analyses of benthic organisms The system will measure temperature, light, will be correlated with sediment properties, and current at various key locations in the Aerial observation and photography con-Anchorage. This system provides critical input tinued at a somewhat reduced frequency. A for many aspects of the Anclote project. The paper presenting the economical techniques system would provide: developed for the Anclote project is being pre-a) unbiased consistent documentation of the pared for publication by T. Pyle and J. Feigl. actual changes which occur in the anchorage in Surprisingly, requests for details of our simple the parameters measured; technique have even come from workers at b) a measure of the variability and rates of NASA. change which occur over short spans of time; Transmissometer measurements have also c) a level of data input consistent with the syn-continued at a reduced pace. A paper discuss-opticity and microhabitat coverage required tor ing these data is being prepared by T. Pyle and appreciation of difference in the habitats and J. McCarthy. Preliminary data from two surveys importantly for accurate modeling; are included with this progress report. More d) a data base from which unbiased accurate intensive surveys in the immediate vicinity of estimates of " background" values ceuld be the discharge channel will commence shortly established in relation to regulatory policy (e.g., and will be coordinated with measurements from thermal addition, JTU's for controlled dredging); the buoys as soon as they are installed. e) a data base in order to develop a more com-Also included with this report (see enclo-prehensive and fundamental understanding of sure) are brief descriptions of the results of the interactions of light, currents, temperature, two surveys of suspended sediments in waters and substrate on the distribution of marine above the grass beds adjacent to the discharge organisms particularly the seagrasses. channel site. The data for June 21,1972 are

1) Biological sampling including examina-extremely interestmg because they were ob-tion of seagrass growth parameters will be tained soon after the passage of Hurricane

128 Agnes. This was obviously the time of highest was encountered west of marker 3 approaching turbulence in the Anclote area during the pre-the south end of Dutchman Key. It was aligned construction phase of our study. approximately NNE SSW, paralleling Anclote Key, and was outlined by floating seagrasses. Physical: The physical section has been involved Turbidity measurements increased slightly west with the hydrological model at Anclote. The of marker 3 (80 84% T/10cm), but dropped initial computer runs are now being made and off to 75% after crossing the western boundary results will appear in the Anclote Environmental of the slick. Report for 1972. Plankton (see enclosed Tech-nical Report #12) Position Time (D.S.T.) RCMrk 13 0741 Seagrasses and Algae (see enclosed Technical RCMrk 1 0806 Report #14): A study of the non epiphytic algae Mrk 10 0814 has been initiated and reports on the system-Mrk 74 0821 atics and ecology of seagrasses will appear in the Environmental Project for 1972. Light Transmissivity September 15,1972 (0735-1214 E.S.T.) Benthic Invertebrates: Dr. Normaa Blake, a new Tides: H) 0303 E.S.T. faculty appointee wdl supervise the benthic L) 1049 E.S.T. effort at Anclote. At present the major effort H) 1834 E.S.T. has been involved with sorting the considerable backlog of samples collected over the past year. Transmissivity in Anclote Anchorage ranged between 50 and 75 % T/10cm. The lowest values Fish: This winter will complete a full year of were recorded between Rabbit Key and Howard systematic sampling of the fishes at Anclote. A Park (43 50% T/10cm), while the highest series of experimental trawling and seining ex. values were observed just south of Anchorage periments have been initiated to better assess marker 6 (68-72% T/10cm). sampling bias and improve methodology. A in the area between Rabbit Key and Howard detailed investigation of the Fyke net study is Park, where the lowest readings were obtained, well along and results will appear in the Project a foam line and numerous floating dead fish Report for 1972. were observed. Light Transmissivity Position Time (E.S.T.) May 2,1972 (07401003 D.S.T.) RCMrk 17 0742 Tides: H) 0334 D.S.T. RCMrk 3 0806 L) 0801 D.S.T. AMrk 3 0821 H) 1407 D.S.T. Radar Station 0836 AMrk 6 0902 Transmissivit-/ in Anclote Anchorage ranged Bailey's Bluff 0931 between 64 and 89% T/10cm. With the excep-AMrk 1 0957 tion of one possibly erroneous point (68% T), AMrk 6 1015 observed in the data between markers 3 and 6 So. Dutch. Key 1035 (in Anchorage), the lowest values were recorded AMrk 3 1051 in the river channel between markers 3 and 7x AMrk 7x 1114 (64 72% T/10cm), the highest values 87-89% Rabhit Key 1134 T/10cm) were recorded off Bailey's Bluff, as in Howard Park 1143 the majority of previous surveys. ICMrk 40 1200 A surface stick of undetermined dimensions RCMrk 1 1214 l I

129 Suspended Sediment There appears to be a general trend of high June 21,1972 inorganic values in Area Ill and low inorganic Tides: values in Area 11. The influence of river dis-H) 0722 Sampling Time: 1130 1230 charge is greatest in Area Ill and this may be Middle of ebb tide the dominant source of inorganic material on L) 1536 Seas 4-6 ft. days with calm seas (August 30). On days with high seas (June 21) wave action is probably the Range of Total Suspended Load dominant factor with river discharge secondary. (TSL):3.6 63.6 mg/l A wide natural range of TSL and other para-Highest TSL at station 3 (grid #15156) meters under natural conditions can also be Lowest TSL at station 10 (grid #18071) seen with the exceptions of stations 1,10 and Range of inorganic Fraction

13. These three stations have relatively narrow (10F):0.8 36.4 mg/l ranges possibly due to a sort of " sheltering Highest IOF at Station 3 (grid '#15156) effect" from the river channel at station 1 and Lowest IOF at station 10 (grid #18071) broad grass beds underlying the nearshore Range of Percent inorganic Fraction stations 10 and 13.

in TSL:11.4 57.2% Turbidity readings were obtained by the use Highest % inorganic at station 3 of a Hach 2100A Turbidimeter and are expressed (grid #15156) in Jackson Turbidity Units. These readings tend Lowest % inorganic at station 7 to be higher in Area Ill than in Area 11, thus (grid #16106) lending support to the above conclusions. Range of Turbidity in JTU's:4.146 Highest JTU at station 3 (grid #15156) Lowest JTU at station 11 (grid #18103) ANCLOTE ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT Suspended Sediment Technical Report No.12 August 30,1972 Tides: PRELIMINARY REPORT H) 1718 Sampling Time: 1130-1230 OF THE ZOOPLANKTON End of ebb tide OF THE ANCLOTE RIVER ESTUARY L) 1041 Seas calm by Range of Total Suspended Load Thomas L Hopkins (TSL):3.4512.30 mg/l William R. Weiss Highest TSL at station 3 (grid #15156) Lowest TSL at station 9 (grid #17083) and Staff of the Range of Inorganic Fraction Marine Science Institute (IOF):0.60 6.30 mg/l University of South Florida Highest IOF at station 3 (grid #15156) 830 First Street South Lowest IOF at station 11 (grid #18103) St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 Range of Percent inorganic Fraction in TSL:16.67 59.89% August 1972 Highest % inorganic at station 4 (17148) Lowest % inorganic at station 11 (18103) Range of Turbidity in JTU's:2.5 7.9 Zooplankton program for the Anclote Environ-Highest JTU at station 4 (grid #17148) mental project was initiated September,1970. Lowest JTU at station 11 (grid #18103) Fourteen stations were established (sampled

130 monthly) throughout the study area including tory and Study, Louisiana. Louisiana Wild Life locations near the proposed intake and dis-and Fisheries Ccmmission. charge canals. Zooplankton was collected by sieving 501 of surface water through 62 micron Hopkins, T.L 1966. Plankton of the St. Andrew mesh gauze. Bay System of Florida. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. A list of species identified thus far is in Univ. Tex.,11:1? 64. Table 1 (page 143). Community structure was found to vary with changes in salinity and sea-Kelly, J.A. and A. Dragovich.1967. Occurrence son, copepod nauplii being dominant in all of macrozooplankton in Tampa Bay, Florida and samples. Copepod adults ranked second in the adjacent Gulf of Mexico. Fish. Bull. 66(2): abundance. Dominant copepods during this time 209 221. were Oithona brevicornis, Paracalanus crassi. rostris, and Acartia tensa, species typically McIlwain,T.D.1968. Seasonal occurrence of the prevalent in estuarines of the southeastern pelagic Copepoda in Mississippi Sound. Gulf United States (Gillespie,1971; McIlwain,1968-Research Reports 2(3):257 270. Hopkins,1966; Woodmansee,1958; Simmons, 1957). Benthic invertebrate larvae are also Simmons, E.G.1957. An ecological survey of important as has been found in other Gulf coast the Upper Laguna Madre of Texas. Publ. Inst. estuaries (Gillespie,1971; Kelly and Dragovich, Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex., 4(2):156 200. 1967; Hopkins,1966). The principal types were pelecypod and gastropod veligers and polychaete Woodmansee, R.A.1958. The seasonal distribu-larvae, as Hopkins (1966) found in St. Andrews tion of the zooplankton off Chicken Key in Bis-Bay, Florida. The appendicularians Oikopleura cayne Bay, Florida. Ecology, 39(2):247 262. dioica and Oikopleura longicauda contributed significantly to zooplankton numbers, the domi-nant species depending on salinity. Sagitta ten-ANCLOTE ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT uis was found to be the major chaetcgnath species with importance depending also on season and salinity. Fish eggs and larvae were Technical Report No.14 found only occasionally and were scarce when encountered. Zooplankton numbers decreased AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE during the winter months with the most con-SEAGRASSES OF THE GULF OF MEXICO spicuous decline in both numbers and diversity being recorded in January,1971. Numbers and by l diversity increased in the spring with a peak Nathaniel J. Eiseman occuring in May,1971. Harold J. Humm l Further researth is planned to investigate diurnal vertical variations and fluctuations at and Staff of the selected sampling points over a tidal cycle of Marine Science Institute zooplankton abundance. Effects of plankton University of South Florida l l catchiness on sampling methods will also be 830 First Street South assayed. St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 LITERATURE CITED October 1972 Gillespie, M.C.1971. Analysis and treatment of zooplankton of estuarine waters of Louisiana. INTRODUCTION In Cooperative Gulf of Mexico Estaarine Inven-The following bibliography is intended for any. l

t 131 one interested in the ecology of seagrass com-on the question of obligate halophytism. He munities in the Gulf of Mexico. All major publi-concludes that none are obligate halophytes. cations of direct interest to the area are included, The most attention is given to salt marsh plants as are selected papers pertaining to various and species which grow in inland saline areas. localities in the Gulf. Where particularly useful, Very little attention is given to the seagrasses. papers from other areas are included, as are those which pertain primarily to investigative Bauersfield, P., R.R. Kifer, N.W. Durrant, and techniques and to biotic communities associ-J.E. Sykes,1969. Nutrient content of turtle grass ated with seagrass beds. Taxonomic and ana. (Thalassia testudinum). 6th International Sea-tomical works are also included for reference. weed Symposium, pp. 637-645. While this bibliography is not intended to be Data are given on the proximate composition, complete, it is considered a good review of mineral spectrum, and carbohydrate and amino present state of knowledge of these plants as acid composition. The effects of washing with well as a reasonably comprehensive introduc-fresh water are an increase in available protein, tion to the literature. and a reduction in ash and sodium chloride equivalent. Anderson, R.R.,1969. Temperature and rooted As sheep fodder, Thalassia is inadequate aquatic plants. Chesapeake Sc. 10(3&4):157-alone but was very significant in promoting 164. growth which added to a diet of alfalfa and corn. Respirometer techniques were used to de-termine effects of heat on respiration and Bernatowicz, A.J.,1952. Marine monocotyled-photosynthesis of Ruppia maritima and Potamo-onous plants of Bermuda. Bull. Mar. Sc. Gulf gefon perfoliatus. Oxygen consumption in-Carib. 2(1):338 345. creased with temperature until the thermal The species of seagrasses found in Ber-death point, ca. 45'C. muda are given, including an uncertain record of Zostera. The apparent relationship of sea-Arber, A.,1920. Water Plants - A Study of grasses to sediment and bottom types is dis-Aquatic Angiosperms. Cambridge U. Press,436 cussed, as is the role of Thalassia in trapping - pp. and binding sediment and the production of A general survey of the taxonomy and mor-certain types of bottom features. phology of aquatic angiosperms, marine and fresh water. Britton, N.L and C.F. Millspaugh,1920. The Bahama Flora. Publ. by the authors, N. Y. Baird, R.C., K.L Carder, T.L. Hopkins, T.E. A floristic study of the Bahama Islands, Pyle,' and HJ. Humm,1972. Anclote Environ. including marine algae (by M.A. Howe), and mental Project Report 1971. Marine Science land plants as well as seagrasses. Inst., Univ. South Fla., St. Petersburg, 251 pp. - A progress report on an environmental im. Buesa, R.J.,1972. Produccion primaria de las pact study for a power plant. Contains discus. praderas de Thalassia testudinum de la plata-sions of grass bed mapping by aerial photog. forma noroccidental de Cuba.1.N.P. Centre de raphy and seagrass zonation in addition to investigaciones Pesqueras, Reunion Bal. Trab. physical, chemical, geological, and zoological 3:101-143. reports. Maximum productivity of Thalassia on the northwest platform of Cuba occurs at a depth Barbour, M.G.,1970. Is any angiosperm an of about one meter where visible light provides obligate halophyte? Am. Mid. Nat. 84(1):105- .19 gram calories per square centimeter per 120. day.This productivitytakes place from 7:30 a.m. A discussion and partial literature review until 6:30 p.m. The compensation point is at ( x

132 about 11 meters depth where the illumination gen consumption measured. The feeding habits is about 2 Klux and the energy total about.011 of a detritus. consuming amphipod and its effect gram calories per square centimeter per day. on the detritus and the microbial community are discussed. Burkholder, P.R., LM. Burkholder, and J. Rivero, undated. Thalassia in Puerto Rico. Mimeo. Fuss, C.M., and J.A. Kelly,1969. Survival and Standing crop of a Thalassia bed was mea-growth of seagrasses transplanted under arti-sured and the plants were analyzed for chemical ficial conditions. Bull Mar. Sc. 19(2):351 365. content. A study of the uacteria associated with Thalassia testudinum and Diplanthera wrigh-Thalassia was made. Different biomass and til were grown in aquaria and in flow-through root rhizome / leaf ratios were found for different sea water systems. Aquaria were found unsuit-sediment types. able. Thalassia survived and produced new growth in flow through systems, but Diplanthera Burkholder, P.R., L.M. Burkholder, and J. Rivero, lost weight and only a few plants survived. undated. Chlorophyll a in some corals and marine plants. Mimeo. Gessner, F.,1968. Die Zellwand mariner Pha-Chlorophyll a was determined for 28 animal nerogamen. Mar. Biol. 1(3):191-200. and 20 plant species by acetone extraction and Studies are reported on the drying and water optical density readings. reabsorption of the leaves of four seagrass species. It is found that scagrasses have very Burkholder, P.R., L.M. Burkholder, and ). Rivero, thick epidermal cell walls which absorb large 1959. Some chemical constituents of turtle amounts of water. Staining indicates large grass, Thalassia testudinum. Bull. Torr. Bot. CI. amounts of pectic substances. This is com-86:88-93. pared to terrestrial and fresh water vascular Thalassia from Puerto Rico was found to plants and to marine afgae. The situation in the contain 13% protein.15% fiber, and 36% seagrasses most closely resembles that of the carbohydrate. The fooa value of Thalassia in marine algae. the ecosystem is discussed. Gessner, F.,1971. The water economy of the Diaz Piferrer, M.,1967. Las Algas Superiors y seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Mar. Biol.19 Fanerogamas Marinas. In: R. Margatef (ed.) (3): 258-260. Ecologia Marina. Fundacion Le Salle de Cieneia The cuticle of Thalassia was examined under Natureles, pp. 273 307. the electron microscope and was found to be A review of non plankton algae and marine very thin and highly perforate. Thus water is angiosperms (in Spanish). easily lost through the surface when the plant is exposed. He found that the plant can survive Edwards, P.,1970. Seaweeds and seagrasses in a 65% water loss. Some biomass data for the vicinity of Port Aransas, Texas. Contrib. different areas is given. Mar. Sc.15 (suppl.). A general survey and illustrated key to the Ginsburg, R.N. and H.A. Lowenstam,1958. in-marine algae and seagrasses of the area. fluence of marine communities on the deposi-tional environment of sediments. J. Geol. 66 Fenchel, T.,1970. Studies on the decomposition (3):310-318. of organic detritus derived from the turtle grass While physical forces and bottom topogra-Thalassia testudinum. Limnol. Oceanog.15(1): phy determine the type, size, and distribution 14-20. of bottom sediments some bottom communities Tha microbial communities associated with vary these conditions sufficiently to make a detrital particles are enumerAed and their oxy-distinct change in the sediment types. The

133 effects of coral reefs, blue green algal mats, (Potamogetonaceae). Blumea, 12:289-312. and seagrass beds are described. A taxonomic treatment of the genus Halodule (=Diplanthera). The taxonomic value of certain Glynn, P.W., L. Almadovar, and J.G. Gonzales, morphological characters and geographic dis-1964. Effects of hurricane Edith on marine life tribution are discussed. An evolutionary se-in La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Carib. J. Sc. 4:335-quence is suggssted and a key to the species 345. is given. A review of the disruption of all types of marine life by the hurricane, and accompanying Hartog, C. den.1970. The Seagrasses of the changes in topography. Among the seagrasses, World. North Holland Publ. Co., London, 276 Syringodium was heavily damaged but Thalassia l'p. + 31 pis. was not. A taxonomic review of all known seagrass species, with some notes on ecology and distri. Hamm., L,1968. Salzgehalt und Photosyn-bation of each. these bei marinen Pflanzen. Mar. Biol.1:185-190. Hoese, H.D.,1960. Juvenile penaeid shrimp in Photosynthesis of several seagrasses and the shallow Gulf of Mexico. Ecology 41(3):592-marine algae is measured in response to salinity. 593. She concludes that salinity may affect photo-The presence of juvenile shrimp is attributed synthesis by affecting the carbon supply or by to the presence of beathic vegetation, especially causing exosmosis. seagrasses, rather than to the low salinity waters of bays and estuaries. Hartman, R.T. and D.L Brown,1967. Changes in internal atmosphere of submersed vascular Hoese, H.D. and R.S. Jones,1963. Seasonality hydrophytes in relation to photosynthesis. Ecol. of larger animals in a Texas turtle grass com-ogy 48(2):252 258. munity. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sc. liniv. Tex. 9:37-47. Gas was extracted from the facunal system A one year tudy of fish and macroinverte-of two species of fresh water vascular plants brates in the grass flats of Redfish Bay, Texas. closely related to Thalassia. They found a lag The community was found similar to that of in peak 0 and CO concentrations between Florida West Coast Bays. Annual salinity range 2 2 the facunae and the surrounding water. The is 22-41 o/oo. Most of the bay bottom is covered volume of extractable gas varied diurnally. It with Thalassia, which is replaced in shallow is concluded that the facunal system serves as water by Diplanthera. The abundance and sea-a reservoir for metabolic gases and that as a sonality of the animals is described. result changes in dissolved oxygen should not j be the sole criteria for productivity measure-Hopper, B.E. and S.P. Meyers,1967. Popula-J ments with plants of this type. tion studies on benthic nematodes within a sub-tropical seagrass community. Mar. Biol.1(2): l Hartog, C. den,1960. New seagrasses from 85 96. j Pacific Central America. Pacif. Nat.1(15):1-8. About 100 species of marine nematodes Three species of Diplanthera are described, were found in the surface sediments of Thalassia including D. beaudettii, which den Hartog says bed. Four species comprised 87 95% of all in a later publication is the species (as Halo-animals collected. Maximum peaks of popula-dule) which occurs in the Gulf of Mexico. Halo-tion density are correlated with physiographic phila baillonis is reported for the area. alterations in the environment. It is concluded that the ratio of nematode species are useful Hartog, C. den,1964. An approach to the tax-indicators of biological and physical cha::ges in onomy of the seagrass genus Halodule Endl. the environment.

134 Hopper, B.E. and S.P. Meyers,1967. Foliicolous distribution in the area is discussed. marine nematodes on turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum Koenig, in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Jenes, J.A.,1968. Primary productivity of the Bull. Mar. Sc. 17(2):471 517. tropical marine turtle grass. Thalassia testudi-A taxonomic survey of the leaf-dwelling num Koenig, and its epiphytes. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. marine nematodes found on Thalassia. A key Miami, Coral Gables,196 pp. to the most common species is included. Four This is a report of a field study on primary new species are described. prc, duction as a function of temperature and The abundance and distribution of species illuminance of Thalassia and its epiphytic algae. at four sites in Biscayne Bay is described. Kelly, J.A., C.M. Fuss and J.R. Hall,1971. The Howard, J.F., D.L. Kissling, and J.A. Lineback, transplantation and survival of turtle grass, 1970. Sedimentary facies and distribution of Thalassia testudinum, in Boca Ciega Bay, Flor-biota in Coupon Bight, lower Florida Keys. Geol. ida. U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv. Bull. 69(2):273 280. Soc. Am. Bull. 81(7):1929 1946. Fourteen methods for transplanting Thalas. A study of sediments and sedimentation sla were tested. The most clearly effective was processes in a small bay. The role of Thalassia to detach the short shoots from the rhizome, in building mud-banks and the effect of bed-treat them with napthalene acetic acid, and fix rock topography on Thalassia distribution are them to rods stuck in the bottom to prevent described. their being washed away. All six of the plants tested in this manner survived. Humm, H.J.,1956. Seagrasses of the northern Gulf coast. Bull. Mar. Sc. Gulf Carib. 6(4):305-Kissling, D.L.,1965. Coral distribution on a 308. shoal in Spanish Harbor, Florida Keys. Bull. An annotated species list for Mississippi Mar. Sc.15(3):599 611. Sound is given with a key to the species. Five The occurrence and zonation of Thalassia species are assumed to be of essentially con-in the area are described. There is some dis-tinuous distribution around the Bay, interrupted cussion of its association with animal communi-only by shifting sediments and river mouths. ties. The importance of seagrasses as producers is pointed out. Land, L.S.,1970. Carbonate mud production by epibiont growth on Thalassia testudinum. J. Humm, H.J.,1964. Epiphytes of the seagrass, Sed. Petrol. 40(4):1361-1363. Thalassia testudinum, in Florida. Bull. Mar. Sc. The rate of calcium carbonate production Gulf Carib. 14(2):306 341. by coralline red algae and serpulid worms living An annotated species list and a key to the on Thalassia is measured. From estimates of alga! epiphytes (Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, the total leaf area produced per year, the con. Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta) found on Thalassia clusion is drawn that the rate of production is is given. equal to the rate of accumulation of ancient platform carbonates. Humm, H.J., R.C. Baird, K.L. Carder, T.L. Hop-kins, and T.E. Pyle,1971. Anclote Environmen. Lawrence, G.H.M.,1951. Taxonomy of Vascular tal Project Annual Report 1970. Marine Science Plants. MacMillan & Co., New York, xii+823 pp. Inst., Univ. South Fla., St. Petersburg.134 pp. A general taxonomic work which includes A report of the biota collected and the physi-the seagrasses and discusses their taxonomic cal data taken in the Anclote River, St. Joseph position. l Sound, and adjacent Gulf of Mexico. The sea. grass species are reported and their general Margalef, R.,1968. Perspectives in Ecological

135 Theory. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago,111 pp. thera shows seasonal variation in biomass, A general review of ecological theory con. Syringodium does not. Diplanthera survived 9.0 talning discussions of some techniques useful 52.5 o/oo in culture. Syringodium died at 52.5 in the study of seagrasses. o/oo. Salinities less than 35 o/oo were not tested for Syringodium. Biomass data are given Margalef, R. and J.A. Rivero, undated. Succes-but are not correlated with salinity. sion and compos; tion of the Thalassia com. munity. Mimeo. McMillan, C. and F.N. Moseley,1967. Salinity Stages in the succession leading from bare tolerances of five marine spermatophytes of sand to a dense Thalassia bed are reported. Redfish Bay, Texas. Ecology 48(3):503-506. The commoner species in each stage are given Five seagrass species were grown in out. (both plants and animals) and this succession door concrete pools and in controlled environ. is compared to that known for Posidonia ment chambers and the effects of increasing meadows in the Mediterranean. salinity on growth rate and chlorophyll content were measured. It was found that the distribu-Marmeistein, A.D., P.W. Morgan and W.E. Pe-tion of these species in Redfish Bay was par-quegnat, 1968. Photoperiodism and related tially correlated to their salinity tolerances. ecology in Thalassia testudinum. Bot. Gaz.129 (1):63 67. McNulty, J.K.,1961. Ecological effects of sew-Beds of Thalassia at Miami and at St. Andrew age pollution in Biscayne Bay, Florida: sedi. Bay on the northwestern Gulf Coast were com-ments and the distribution of benthic and foul. pared for time of flowering. Flowering was found ing macro organisms. Bull. Mar. Sc. Gulf Carib. to be seasonal and responded to water depth 11(3):394-447. and clarity. Thalassia plants were also grown Both harmful and fertilizing effects are under controlled conditions and were found to observed in a polluted area of Biscayne Bay. have a marked response to intermediate day-The dominant benthic plants in highly polluted lengths. areas were red algae. Diplanthera wrightii and/ i or Halophia balflonis are dominant in less pol. Maurer, LG. and P.L Parker,1967. Fatty acids luted area. Halophils was more tolerant. Thalas. in seagrasses and marsh plants. Coatrib. Mar. sia occurred well away from the pollution source. Sc.12:113119. j The fatty acid composition of some marine Menzel, R.W.,1956. Annotated checklist of the i vascular plants, including five seagrass species, marine fauna and flora of the St. George's was determined. They differed little from the Sound Apalachee Bay region, Florida Gulf Coast. fatty acid patterns of terrestrial plants, but Oceanog. Inst., Fla. St. Univ. Contrib. No. 61, there was a definite difference between the 78 pp. Mimeo. plant parts. Roots and rhizomes have less ex-A checklist with notes on abundance, bottom tractab!e lipid than leaves.18:1 and 18:2 acids type, etc., for each species. are concentrated in underground parts while 18:3 is concentrated in the leaves. No signifi-Menzies, R.J., J.S. Zaneveld, and R.M. Pratt, cance of this is known. 1967. Transported turtle grass as a source of organic enrichment of abyssal sediments off McMahan, C.A.,1968. Biomass and salinity North Carolina. Deep Sea Res. 14:111-112. tolerance of shoal grass and manatee grass in Floating detached Thalassia is carried by lower Laguna Madre, Texas. J. Wildlife Mgmt. the Gulf Stream and deposited in deep water off 32(3):501 506. North Carolina. The grass floats while the tissue Three different Diplanthera and Syringodium is alive and healthy but sinks when dead. beds were sampled for plant biomass. Diplan.

136 Meyers, S.P., P.A. Orpurt, J. Simms, and L.L. thera, and sand beds in Biscayne Bay. I. Analy. Boral,1965. Thalassiomycetes Vll. Observa-sis of communities in relation to water move-tions on fungal infestation of turtle grass, Tha-ments. Bull. Mar. Sc. 17(1):175 201. lassia testudinum Koenig. Bull. Mar. Sc.15(3): Samples of the benthic animal communities 548 563. were collected from Thalassia, Diplanthera, and The fungi infesting Thalassia are divided sand beds at two locations in Biscayne Bay into three groups based on abundance and which differed in the rate of tidal flow. The data frequency of isolation. Most frequent were Laby. were statistically analyzed and showed some rinthula, Lindra thalassiae (ascomycete), and similarities and other dissimilarities between three deuteromycetes. Seasonal changes are the three enironments. reported. Infestation may-be quite variable. Differences between foliicolons and lignicolons Orpurt, P.A., and L.L. Boral,1964. The flowers. species are discussed. fruits, and seeds of Thalassia testudinum Koenig. Bull. Mar. Sc. Gulf Carib. 14(2):296 Moore, D.R.,1963. Distribution of the sea-302. grass. Thalassia, in the United States. Bull. Mar. The flowers and fruits of Thalassia which Sc. Gulf Carib.13(2):32S-342. had been improperly described from old her-The distribution of Thalassia testudinum barium material are redescribed and the anat-along the coasts of the United States is given. omy and germination of the seed are described Literature on the ecological ranges of Thalassia for the first time. is reviewed and the gaps in its distribution are explained on this basis. Orpurt, P.A., S.P. Meyers, L.L Boral, and J. Sims,1964. Thalassiomycetes V. A new species Muenscher, W.C.,1944. Aquatic Plants of the of Lindra from turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum United States. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New Koenig. Bull. Mar. Sc. Gulf Carib.14(3):405-417. York,374 pp. Lindra thalassiae n.sp. is described. It is a A general floristic review and key to marine scotecosporous pyrenomycete. The species is and fresh water vascular plants of the U.S. euryhaline, the spores germinating in 0-200% seawater. It is present all year, but fruiting is Odum, H.T.,1963. Productivity measurements seasonal. in Texas turtle grass and the effects of dredging an intracoastal channel. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sc. Patriguin, D.G.,1972. The origin of nitrogen Univ. Tex. 9:47-58. and phosphorous for growth of the marine Chlorophyll a and O concentration measure. angiosperm Thalassia testudinum. Mar. Biol. 2 ments were made in a bed of Thalassia and 15(1):35-46. Diplanthera prior to, immediately after, and year A Thalassia bed was sampled for nutrient after the dredging of a channel. Values declined content of leaves and rhizomes and for nutrient immediately after dredging and remained low content of sediments. Large amounts of phos-for the rest of the year. The following year, how. phete and virtually all nitrogen are obtained by ever, the values were much higher than before the plant from the sediments. Reducing condi. the dredging. Apparently dredging has no per-tions are required, possibly for the activity of manent effect on adjacent seagrass beds not N ' fixing bacteria. 2 removed or buried under spoil or heavy silt. Release of nutrients while not measured, may Phillips, R.C.,1958. Extension of distribution have been a factor. of Ruppia maritima var. obliqua (Schur.) Aschert $nd Grabn. Quart J. Fla. Acad. Sc. 21 i O'Gower, A.K. and J.W. Wacasey,1967. Animal (2):185 186. communities associated with Thalassia, Diplan-A range extension for this variety, pre-i nn.-

l4 137 viously known only from Maine and further in Tampa Bay, Florida. Sp. Sc. Rpt. No. 6, Fla. north. A brief discussion of varieties and their St. Bd. Conserv. Mar. Lab., St. Petersburg, Fla., distribution is given. pp.1 12. A survey of a number of localities around . Phillips, R.C.,1959. Notes on the marine flora the shores of Tampa Bay indicates that sea. of the Marquesa Keys, Florida. Quart. J. Fla. grasses in the bay are limited to depths of less i Acad. Sc. 22(3):155 162. than one fathom. In most areas two zones A general description of the vegetation, exist: Diplanthers or Ruppia inshore in the depth, and bottom type at six stations. Of par. intertidal zone, with Syringodium from ELWS to ticular note is the unusual occurrence of Tha. one fathom depth. Ruppia occupies the shore-lassia beds in a bottom composed mostly of ward zone when salinity is low. Thalassia is Halimoda seg nents. sparse in the bay. In areas of very low salinity only Ruppia is found. Phillips, R.C.,1960. Observations on the ecol-ogy and distribution of the Florida seagrasses. Phillips, R.C.,1967. On the species of the sea-Fla. St. Bd. Conserv. Mar. Lab., Prof. Pap. Ser., grass, Halodule, in Florida. Bull. Mar. Sc.17 No. 2:172. (3):672 676. l A review of the anatomy and ecological The author reports the three vegetative leaf requirements of the Florida seagrasses. There characters used to separate species of Halodule is an extensive review of the literature to date (Diplanthera) to vary on the same plant and in and experiments and field observations on plants from different environments, to such a growth and development are reported. Experi-degree that they cannot be used as species mental work was situated in Tampa Bay and characters. He concludes that all Florida plants vicinity. The distribution of seagrasses is are H. wrightii. discussed. Phillips, R.C. and R.M. Ingle,1960. Report on Phillips, R.C.,1960. The ecology of marine the marine plants, bottom types and hydrog. plants of Crystal Bay, Florida. Quart. J. Fla. raphy of the St. Lucie estuary and adjacent Acad. Sc. 23(4):328 337. Indian River, Florida. Sp. Sc. Rpt. No. 4, Fla. Abundance and distribution of marine algae Bd. Conserv. Mar. Lab., St. Petersburg, Fla. and seagrasses at six stations in Crystal Bay A report of four trips to the St. Lucie estuary are reported. Three samples were taken at each and Indian River to study seagrasses and algae. station at three different times. Physical data During the rainy season fresh water is released for each col!ection is given. into the area from Lake Okeechobee via the St. Lucie Canal. Dense beds of Syringodium and Phillips, R.C.,1960. Environmental effect on Diplanthera occurred in the Indian River, short leaves of Diplanthera du Petit.Thouars. Bull. sparse patches of Diplanthera and Ruppia in Mar. Sc. Gulf Carib. 10(3):346-353. St. Lucie River. Hydrographic and bottom sample Diplanthera was collected from three tidal data are given along with a species list of zones and found to have a morphology pecu!!ar algae and seagrasses with notes on abundance. to each. Leaf length and width, and rhizome The data demonstrate a decrease in seagrass thickness and internode length were found to abundance with decreasing salinity. vary environmentally. Further, the leaf tips and intemal anatomy varied with environment, thus Phillips, R.C. and V.G. Springer,1960. Report i making D. wrightil and D. uninervis indistin-on the hydrography and marine plants of the j guishable when sterile. Caloosahatchee River and adjacent waters, Flor. ida. Sp. Sc. Rpt. No. 5, Fla. Bd. Conserv., Mar. Phillips, R.C.,1962. Distribution of seagrasses Lab. St. Petersburg,34 pp. l i l-

---

.r.--

.+ ~

- =. l i t 138 4 The Caloosahatchee River is used as a feeders consume considerable plant material drainage channel for Lake Okeechobee during also. Notes on preferred food species are given. the wet season of the year. Two collections l were made, one during fresh water release the Scoffin,' T.P.,1970. The trapping and binding i other not. Of the seagrasses only Ruppia and of subtidal carbonate sediments by marine Diplanthera were found in the river at any time, vegetation in Bimini Lagoon, Bahamas. J. Sed. Fresh water runoff did not seem to effect them. Petrol. 40(1):249-273. 4 During fresh water release Valisneria ameri-A discussion of the effects of marine plants l cana invaded the seagrass area, but it was on sediment deposition. Mangroves, Tha'assia, killed back when the salt water again advanced and algae are considered. The current strength i up the river. Marine algae, which were mostly necessary to erode a Thalassia bed is discussed. small filamentous forms growing as epiphytes or on shells were killed by the fresh water but Sculthorpe, D.C.,1967. The Biology of Aquatic t reinvaded when the fresh water release into Vascular Plants Edward Arnold, Ltd., London, the river was stopped. Hydrographic data for 610 pp. 2 the two trips are given. A general text and reference book on aquatic vascular plants, both marine and fresh water. Pomeroy, L.R.,1960. Primary productivity of Taxonomic, anatomical, and ecological aspects Boca Ciega Bay, Florida. Bull. Mar. Sc. Gulf of aquatic plants in general are discussed in Carib.10(1):1 10. detail. Little attention is given to any particular Dissolved oxygen determinations indicate species. that seagrasses (primarily Thalassia), benthic microflora, ar,d phytoplankton are of equal im-Stephens, W.M.,1968. The turtle grass com-portance in primary productivity in water of less munity. Nat. Hist. 77(2):50 57. than 2 m depth. Only phytoplankton are impor-An introductory account of the occurrence tant at greater depths. and importance of tropical seagrass beds. For i the non specialist. Randall, J.E.,1965. Grazing effect on sea-i grasses by herbivorous reef fishes in the West Strawn, K.,1961. Factors affecting the zonation Indies. Ecology 46(3):255-260. of submerged monocotyledons at Cedar Key, A band of bare sand is usually found be-Florida. J. Wildlife Mgmt. 25(2):178-189. . tween seagrass beds and reefs in the West The zonation of five species of seagrasses Indies. This is explained by the parrot fish and is determined by tide level. This zonation is surgeon fish which live around the reef and modified by tide pools and drainage channels. which do not move far from it to avoid preda-Zonation changes from areas with diurnal tides f tors. Other consumers of seagrasses are dis-to those with semidiurnal tides. The stiffer cussed. leaved plants required deeper water. i l Randall, J.E.,1967. Fcod habits of reef fishes Tabb, D.C. and R.B. Manning,1962. A check-of the West Indies. Stud. Trop. Oceanog. 5:665-list of flora and fauna of northern Florida Bay 847. and adjacent brackish waters of the Florida Stomach contents of 212 species of inshore mainland collected during the period July,1957 and reef fishes were analyzed. The species were through September,1960. Bull. Mar. Sc. Gulf divided into groups according to preferred food Carib.11(4):552-649. sources. Seventeen species and four entire An annotated list of the plant and animal I families are listed as plant and detritus feeders. species collected. In brackish water, Ruppia is Nine additional species, omnivores, feed heavily usually dominant, but is replaced in Diplanthera on plant material. Most of the sessile animal if the salinity rises to 15 20 o/oo. If the salinity - -. - = : --.. -

139 falls below 10 o/oo Ruppia is replaced by Chara. Bull., U. S. 89:193 202. i A general review of the literature and species i Thomas, L.P., D.R. Moore, and R.C. Work,1961. present of all types of flowering plants, includ-Effects of hurricane Donna on the turtle grass ing seagrasses, mangroves, salt marshes, and beds of Biscayne Bay, Florida. Bull. Mar. Sc. sand strand vegetation. i 11:191 197. A review of the various agents of destruction Tomlinson, P.B.,1969a. On the morphology for Thalassia with special reference to Hurri-and anatomy of turtle grass, Thalassia testudi. cane Donna. The amount of Thalassia blades num (Hydrocharitaceae). II. Anatomy and devel-j torn loose by the hurricane is estimated at opment of the root in relation to function. Bull. almost 1.5 million kg dry weight. Wet weight is Mar. Sc.19(1):57 71. estimated at 5 times dry weight. Nevertheless, Thalassia roots have no water conducting they conclude that damage to the beds was light tissues except close to their insertion and ap-and was quickly repaired. parently are not significant in water absorption. However, there are histological features which Thorhaug. A.,1971. Seagrasses and macro-suggest that the root is a site of selective absorp-algae. In: Bader, R.G. and M.A. Roessler, An tion. The differentiation of various root tissues Ecological Study of South Biscayne Bay and is described. Card Sound. Progress Rpt. to U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. and Fla. Power and Light Co. Tomlinson, P.B.,1969b. On the morphology ) A report of observations on benthic plants and anatomy of turtle grass, Thalassia testudi-in a thermally stressed area. num (Hydrocharitaceae). Ill. Floral morphology and anatomy. Bull. Mar. Sc. 19(2):286 305. Thorhaug, A. and R.D. Stearns,1972. (in press) The morphology and histology of the flowers An ecological study of Thalassia testudinum in of Thalassia are described and flowering peri-unstressed and therm:.'ly stressed estuaries. odicity is discussed. Productivity of Thalassia in leaf production was as great as 37 grams dry weight per square Tomlinson, P.B.,1972. On the morphology and meter per day during warmer months of the anatomy of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum year in the best beds in Card Sound, Biscayne (Hydrocharitaceae). IV. Leaf anatomy and de-Bay, in an unstressed area. Peak productivity velopment. Bull. Mar. 'Sc. 22(1):75-93. occurred in the spring with a slight decrease The two types of leaves found in Thalassia during summer months. are established as homologs. Their production in an area stressed by heated water from a by the apical meristem and subsequent develop-power plant, there was a progressive amount of ment are discussed and the anatomy of mature productivity with each degree rise in tempera-leaves is described. ture above ambient during summer months. l Where the temperature rise was 5' or more, Tomlinson, P.B. and G.W. Bailey,1972. Vegeta-Thalassia tenced to clie out, tive branching in Thalassia testudinum (Hydro-In an area where sediments are sufficiently charitaceae)-A correction. Bot. Gaz.133(1): deep and where the organic matter content of 43-50. sediments is favorable, Thalassia communities it is established that the production of l are comparable in productivity to Ryther's aver-erect branches in Thalassia is truly lateral, not l age productivity of areas of upwelling in the the result of a dichotomous division of the l open sea. rhizome apex, as had been shown for two other monocotyledens. Although the branch and rhiz-Thorne, R.F.,1954. Flowering plants of the ome are the same size for a while and appear waters and shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Fish. dichotomous, the branch meristem is produced

140 in a lateral, leaf opposed position. The subse. effluent stress on the seagrasses and macro quent growth of the rhizome displaced the algae in the vicinity of Turkey Point, Biscayne branch into a truly lateral position. Bay, Florida. Ph.D. Diss., Univ. Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. Tomlinson, P.B. and G.D. Vargo,1966. On the A description of the genesis of Thalassia morphology and anatomy of turtle grass, Tha-beds and their distribution in Biscayne Bay. lassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae). I. Vege-The effects of thermal effluents on grass beds tative morphology. Bull. Mar. Sc. 16(4):748-are described. It is concluded that Thalassia is 761. not killed directly at the temperatures encoun-A general description of the external vege-tered, but that respiration exceeds photosyn. tative morphology of Thalassia, and a discus-thesis. sion of the mode of growth and development. Additional References of Possible Interest Van Breedveld, J.,1966. Preliminary study of seagrass as a source cf fertilizer. Spec. Sc. Rpt. Breuer, J.P.,1962. An ecological survey of the No. 9, Fla. Bd. Conserv., Mar. Lab., St. Peters-lower Laguna Madre of Texas, 19531959. Pub, burg,23 pp. Inst. Mar. Sc. Univ. Texas, Aransas, 8:153-183. Syringodium was tested as a source of ferti-lizer for tomatoes and strawberries. It was found Hartog, C. den,1967. The structural aspect in to compare favorably with compost and com-the ecology of seagrass communities. Helg. mercial fertilizer for cultivation of these plants. Wissen. Meersunter. 15:648-659. Voss, G.L. and N.A. Voss,1955. An ecological McRoy, C.P. and R.J. Baradate,1970. Phos. survey of Soldier Key, Biscayne Bay, Florida. phate absorption in eel grass. Limnol. Oceanog. Bull. Mar. Sc. Gulf Carib. 5:203 237. 15(1):6 13. A description of ecological zonation in the area. Thalassia forms a zone betwecn Porites Odum, H.T.,1956. Primary production measure. coral and Alcyonarians. The fauna of the Tha-ments in eleven Florida springs and a marine lassia beds are discussed. turtle grass community. Limnol. Oceanog. 2: 85-97. Wood, E.J.F. and J.C. Zieman,1969. The effects of temperature on estuarine plant communities. Odum, H.T., P.R. Burkholder, and J. Rivero, Chesapeake Sc. 10(3&4):172 174. 1959. Measurements of productivity of turtle A preUminary report of thermal pollution grass flats, reefs, and the Bahia Fosforescente studies on benthic plants. This paper contains of southern Puerto Rico. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sc. general information which is treated in more Univ. Texas 6:159-170. detail in subsequent papers. Patriguin, D.G., in press. Estimation of growth Zieman, J.C.,1968. A study of the growth and rate, production and age of the marine angio-decomposition of the seagrass, Thalassia. M.S. sperm Thalassia testudinum Koenig Carib. J. Sc. thesis, Univ. Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 50 pp. 13. A descriptive account of the growth and de-composition of Thalassia. Apparently breakage Quasim, S.Z.,1971. Primary production of sea-of the cuticle is necessary for the entrance of grasses. Hydrobiology 38:79-88. decay organisms. Techniques are discussed and preliminary experimental data are presented. Reyes Vasquez, G.,1965. Studies on the diatom flora living on Thalassia testudinum Koenig in Zieman, J.C.,1970. The effects of a thermal Biscayne Bay. M.S. thesis, Univ. Miami, Coral s

141 43 Gables, Fla., 81 pp. Bot. 58(4):1415. Simmons, E.G.,1957. An ecological survey of Welch, B.L.,1965a. Gross productivity of seral the upper Laguna Madre of Texas. Publ. Inst. stages in the Thalassia community, including an Mar. Sc. Univ. Texas 4(2):156-200. accelerating stage of Porites. Ocean Science Stearns, R.D. and A. Thorhaug, in press. Pre. and Engineering,1 & 2:296. liminary field observations on the sexual stages of Thalassia testudinum in south Biscayne Bay Welch, B.L.,1965b. Succession in the Carib-and Card Sound, Florida. Bull. Mar. Sc. bean Thalassia community. Ocean Science and Engineering,1 & 2:297. Tabb, D.C., D.L Dubrow, and R.B. Manning, 1962. The ecology of northern Florida Bay and Wolf, D.A., G.W. Thayer. and R. B. Williams, in adjacent estuaries. Tech. Ser. No. 39, Fla. Bd. press. Ecological effects of man's activities on Conserv., 81 pp. temperate estuarine eelgrass communities. In B. Ketchum (ed.), Critical Problems of the Taylor, W.R.,1928. The marine algae of Florida, Coastal Zone. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass. with special reference to the Dry Tortugas. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 379, Papers Tor. Wood, E.J.F., W.E. Odum, and J.C. Zieman, tugas Lab., 25:i v & 1-219, 3 figs., 37 pis. 1969. Influence of seagrasses on the produc. tivity of coastal lagoons. Laguna Costeras, Un Thorhaug, A., and R. Stearns,1971. A field Simposio. Mam. Simp. Intern. Lagunas Cos-study of the marine angiosperm Thalassia tes. teras Nov. 28-30,1967. Mex. D. F.:495-502, tudinum in a tropical marine estuary. Am. J. 2 figs. .w

142

c., ;p, 4 V

.. ; - c y g. p .m e n ~ '. m ~ ~~ ) i h = i\\ ..== a .Q y // g { u ~ ~ ~;\\o ,Uf );'l - - / - ..,,.,.(' u ,( tl,, r - b a \\ , %v.7.t 1 e> '. ~ "y..k"..R. " /. .u F %% 3.;, ....Y.!: I a v l Figure 1. % T/10 cm. May 2,1972. Figure 2. % T/10 cm. September 15,1972. / I k 6 E (' QI aQ3 e e m@ '\\ i t ? Q \\. g -O 3 ,.s. x.. ..D. 4 j .g . ; a, a t- 'y 9 <6 i .a I 4, . k j.- -f j > .. n A.: qN n O . 8[ .C g .2 k E Figure 3. Suspended Sediment Samp!!ng Stations Figure 4. Zooplankton Sampling Stations. with Geologic Subdivisions of Anclote Area. __}}