ML19305C450
| ML19305C450 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Beaver Valley |
| Issue date: | 02/26/1980 |
| From: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19305C449 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8003280592 | |
| Download: ML19305C450 (20) | |
Text
j ;
C LEtv UNITED STATES
['
)%
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20S55
'; y
\\...../
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT APPRAISAL BY THE OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REACTOR REGULATION SUPPORTING AMENDMENT NO. 25 TO FACILITY LICENSE NO. DPR-66 DUQUESNE LIGHT COMPANY BEAVER VALLEY POWER STATION, UNIT 1 DOCKET NO. 50-334 Description of Proposed Action By letter dated June 30, 1977, supplemented by letter of May 15, 1979, Duquesne Light Company (the licensee) requested an amendment to the Appendix B Non-Radiological Environmental Technical Specifications (ETS) for Beaver Valley Power Station (BVPS), Unit 1.
The licensee proposes to delete all of the aquatic monitoring program, with the exception of fish impingement, from the ETS.
This appraisal reviews the results of and provides a basis for deleting Speci fications 3.1. 3. 3, 3.1. 3. 4, 3.1. 3. 5, 3.1. 3.6, an d 3.1. 3. 8.
Environmental Impacts of Proposed Action The aqua ^ic monitoring program in the vicinity of BVPS was initiated in 1972.
Five ytars.of preoperational data and more than three years of operational data have been collected on several segments of aquatic biota. The objectives of this surveillance program were (1) to determine if adverse environmental impact has occurred, and (2) establish necessary short and long-range monitoring p rograms.
The surveillance program was to continue for at least one year after commercial operation began, with termination of the program contingent upon NRC review and approval.
Data collected under this program have documented 8003280 ot
I short-term seasonal variations in the Ohio River, but have failed to indicate that operation of Beaver Valley 1 is causing a significant impact on any segment of the biota as described below.
Speci fication 3.1.3.3 Benthos The objective of this specification is to determine the ecological condition of the benthic community and to assess if adverse environmental impact to the benthic community occurs due to operation of BVPS.
Replicate benthic samples have been taken quarterly with a Ponar dredge at three river transects (above, below and across from the plant) and in the back channel of Phillis Island.
Oredge samples were washed through standard seives and wash buckets, transferred to containers, labeled and preserved with formaldehyde. Raw data was processed to yield means, values for abundances and composition by species and groups as well as species diversity indices.
Oligochaetes and chironomids were the predominant taxa during the years of study.
Oligochaetes accounted for 84 to 95% of the organisms each year; chironomidae accounted for 2 to 10% each year. The remaining miscellaneous F
taxa accounted for 2 to 14% of the organisms each year. After 1974, when the asiatic clam Corbicula was first observed, Corbicula has accounted for an increased proportion of the miscellaneous taxa -t all stations.
Except for the increased abundance for Corbicula, which cannot be attributed to the operation of BVPS, the benthic community structure has not changed substantially from preoperation to operational periods.
. This type of benthic community is common in the Ohio Riverl/ g/ 3/.
Available habitat appears to be the controlling factor for organism distribution.
Shore areas, characterized by detritus, sand and silt, were generally more diverse than midchannel areas. Midchannel areas are characterized by hard and smooth surfaces because of continuous scouring by river currents and barge traffic.
Considerable variation occurred in densities between dates due to unstable substrate and seasonal variations. Differences in average annual densities between stations influenced by the plant and upstream control transects could not be attributed to the operation of BVPS, because there was no consistent trend in densities. At times, the densities were higher at the stations influenced by the plant discharge compared to the control stations, and vice versa.
The objectives of the monitoring program for benthos, as described in the ETS, have been fulfilled. The FES predictions of no significant impact have been con fi rmed. The sampling program has not detected changes in diversity, density or community structure due to plant operation. The staff concludes that further study of the benthic community near BVPS is no longer necessary, and this portion of the ecological monitoring program may be deleted from the ETS.
Specification 3.1.3.4 Plankton The. objective of this specification, as stated in the ETS, is to determine the condition of both.the phytoplankton and zooplankton communities of the Ohio River in the vicinity.of BVpS and to as; fos pac *ible environmental impact to the plankton.
4 Phytoplankton Phytoplankton studies on the Ohio River near BVPS have included collection of five years of preoperational data and more than three years of operational data. Replicate phytoplankton samples were taken monthly at surface and bottom (1 foot and 15 feet below the surface, respectively) at three river transects and in the back channel of Phillis Island.
Preserved samples were ' analyzed in Palmer cells and all organisms were identified to species, where possible, and enumerated.
Preserved samples were supplemented with qualitative live samples to help in the identification of certain green algae and flagellates that do not preserve well. Hyrex mounts of cleaned diatoms were used to aid in diatom identi fication. Species composition, densities and diversity indices were computed and phytopigments were analyzed. These studies are normally adequate to define baseline phytoplankton dynamics as well as detect whether significant adverse impacts duf to plant operation had occurred.
The phytoplankton community of the Ohio River near BVPS usually reaches peak density from late spring to mid-summer each year and lowest density in mid-winter / 2/. Phytoplankton group composition followed basically the same S
seasonal succession during each year studied.
In all years studied, green algae were dominant during the summer and sparse in the winter.
Blue-green algae reached maximum densities each year in August, but were never the dominant group..Euglenoids, dinoflagellates, cryptophytes and microflagellates had maximum densities in spring and summer. The maximum densities of diatoms occurred in August, but they were the only dominant group during the winter due to low densities of other phytoplankton groups.
i 1
1
. Of the ten species of phytoplankton which were found to be most consistently abundant during both preoperational and operational years, only one of these was a blue-green algae. Five green algae were among the few most common and all of these exhibited low winter densities and peaked in May-June.
Two chrysophytes were most common in spring and late summer, and two cryptophytes exhibiting peaks in spring and summer of most years were also common.
Differences between depths and among transects sampled were examined. Although differences occurred, there were no consistent trends among the sampling years except for a tendency for densities in the back channel to vary somewhat more than in the main channel.
In general, there were no significant density trends among transects or between depths for the study period.
phytoplankton standing crops were also measured by chlorophyll a content and the complexity of the communities was analyzed by diversity indices.
Both of these measurements provided no indication of differences between preoperational and operational years.
Phytoplankton species composition was consistent over the study years and no increases in blue-green algae or other taxa generally associated with higher temperatures could be discerned.
Zooplank ton Zooplankton studies on the Ohio River near BVPS have collected five years of preoperational and more than three years of operational data. Replicate zooplankton samples were taken monthly at surface and bottom (1 foot and 15 feet from the surface, respectively) at' three river transects and in the back channel of Phillis Island.
Zooplankton were analyzed from river whole-water samples that were filtered in the laboratory through a 64 micron mesh,
. resuspended and placed in a Sedgewick-Rafter counting chamber. Species composition, densities and diversity indices were analyzed. These studies were judged adequate to define baseline conditions as well as detect whether significant adverse impacts due to plant operation had occurred.
Zooplankton of river systems is generally limited, since in flowing waters the larger species (crustaceans) generally cannot develop large populations, and all populations are constantly flushed downstream.Olt is felt that very few, if any, zooplankters are confined to rivers and most must originate in still or gently flowing areas and must be constantly or frequently supplied to the river.b Protozoans and rotifers have relatively short reproductive and developmental periods compared to crustaceans and consequently are the most numerous taxa in river situations, due largely to their ability to rapidly replace losses from downstream flushing.
Evidence of these general trends for zooplankton were evident in the Ohio River near BVPS. Seasonal distribution of zooplankton was marked by high densities and diversity in summer and low densities and diversity in winter.
Populations of Protozoa, rotifers and, to a lesser extent, microcrustaceans increased in late spring and summer, decreased in late autumn and remained low in winter.
Quantitatively, microcrustaceans were a minor component of the Ohio River zooplankton near BVPS.
Densities varied among transects and depths, however, no consistent trends were observed during preoperational and operational years.
. Species composition changed little from preoperational years to operational years. The protozoa fauna has consistently been dominated by the same species, as were the rotifers. Copepods and cladocerans, important components of lake and pond zooplankton communities, accounted for only a small portion of the Ohio River zooplankton near BVPS (copepod nauplii were the only crustaceans consistently found, and then only ~in low abundances).
Community structure, as described by diversity indices, was similar in all years.
Low diversities occurred in winter and high diversities occurred in late spring and duri'ng the sunner.
For example, the ~ number of taxa varied from 4 in January 1977 to more than 36 in September of the same year. Richness values varied directly with the number of species.
Comparisons between the control and station influenced transects would ha /e defined any influence that the BVPS discharge may have had on the river fauna. On all but a few sampling dates, density estimates were similar at the transects during both preoperational and operational years. On the few occasions in which densities differed, differences were a result of only one or two species. These density differences among transects occurring in pre-operational as well as operational years are considered to be within the bounds of natural variation and, hence, not attributable to plant operation.
The objectives of the plankton monitoring program for both phytoplankton and zooplankton, as stated in the ETS, have been fulfilled. The predictions in the FES that operation of BVPS will not significantly impact Ohio River plankton
. communities has been confi rmed. The staff judges that further study of the plankton community hear BVPS is no longer necessary, and this portion of the ecological monitoring program may be deleted from the ETS.
/ Speci fication 3.1.3.5 Fish The objective of this specification, as stated in the ETS, is to detect changes which might occur to fish populations in the Ohio River near the BVPS site. Far field monitoring programs for fish were initiated in 1970.
A wide range of collecting gear including gill nets, hoop nets, electrofishing, seining and trawling were employed on a seasonal basis at several stations i
through 1973. Based on these studies, a standardized collecting program was established in 1974. Collectioni aere carried out on a monthly basis at three river transects and the back channel of Phillis Island during the summer with gear (electrofishing and gill nets) proven to be the best suited for this area of the Ohio River.
Seining was also performed, primarily to provide additional information on smaller forms of fish inhabiting shoreline areas. Trawling was attempted at various times during the monitoring program, but snagging problems caused poor fishing results, and trawling was never employed on a regular basis. The resulting monitoring program has been conducted since 1974 and permits direct comparisons between two years of preoperational data and more than three years of operational data.
Recent studies have described the adult fish populations of the upper Ohio River. Some researchers have reported that 94% of the fish greater than 150 mm were composed of pollution-tolerant species f y In 1971, carp was 6
the most abundant species collected by the Environmental Protection Agency in the upper Ohio River l. Electroffshing and gill net sampling of the Ohio River approximately 20 miles downstream of BVPS showed that gizzard shad, carp and mir. nows composed 69-94% of the adult fish communityU. Other studies
9 reported that the most abundant fish in the upper Ohio River were gizzard shad, carp, channel catfish, brown bullheads and several species of shiners and minnows b b.
Results of gill netting conducted during this study indicate that carp, channel catfish, yellow perch and, to a lesser extent, walleye were the predominant larger fish near BVPS. Gill netting is selective towards larger fi s h.
Electroff shing,-a less selective method, showed that emerald shiner, sand shiner and bluntnose minnow were the predominant smaller fish near BVPS. Emerald shiner, sand shiner and bluntnose minnow were also collected frequently with seines.
Potential effects of BVPS on fish populations should theoretically be detected by comparison of catches at affected stations before and during operation of the plant. One must, however, be alert to other sources of variation which might mask the effects of plant operation such as natural variation in strength of year classes or inherent variability of sampling efficiency.
In both the control and non-control areas, electroff shing catches were largest in 1975 and declined thereafter. Two species of shiner (emerald shiner and sand shiner) were predominant in these catches.
Since this trend was evident at the control transect as well as downstream of BVPS (non-control area), the tendency for shiner catches to decline after 1975 cannot be attributed to operation of BVNPS.
l
. The gizzard shad is often considered to be an important forage species. Gizzard shad were not collected consistently in gill nets, but peak electroff shing catches of shad occurred below the plant in 1976 and above the plant in 1977.
The data show na consistent trer.ds that could be attributed to operation of BVPS.
Carp were collected consistently by electroff shing and gill netting in all The data do not suggest any change in population size or distribution.
yea rs.
Species of bullheads and catfish were generally more abundant below the plant than above the plant over the study years, both preoperational and operational.
The channel catfish was the dominant species. There is no evidence from electrofishing and gill net data for a decline in these populations in the years since plant operation began.
Two species of crappie were captured in gill nets and with electroff shing The increased rate of capture in 1976 and 1977 provides evidence
. gear.
for an increase in the populations near BVPS.
Yellow perch and walleye were captured more efficiently with gill nets than electroff shing. Both species ware collected both above and below BVPS in almost every study year. No tea 1 oral changes in abundance of these species are evident from the electrofist.ng and gill net data.
The far field fishery studies provide no evidence to indicate that fish populations have been adversely impacted by operation of BVPS. Catches of many species fluctuated greatly, but no more than might be expected in
undisturbed populations. There is some evidence that the stock size of some sport fish may have increased since 1974, possibly as a result of improved water q'sality and/or stocking programs in tributary streams. Possible examples are smallmouth bass, spotted bass, white crappie, black crappie and sauger.
Northern pike and the hybrid of northern pike and muskellunge were first collected in 1977 and may be additional examples of improvement in the fish community.
Results of these fish surveys indicate that the species composition and numbers of fish were similar upstream and downstream of the BVPS. Adverse impacts on fishery parameters due to plant operation were not detectable.
In addition, the more recent data suggest that the fish community is improving.
The objective of the far field fish monitoring, as stated in the ETS have been fulfilled. The predtctions in the FES that operation of BVPS will not significantly affect fish populations in the Ohio River has been confirmed.
The staff judges that further monitoring of the-fish community near BVPS is no longer necessary, and this portic: of the ecological monitoring program may be deleted from the ETS.
Specification 3.1.3.6 Ichthyoplankton The objective of this specification, as stated in the ETS, is to determine the extent to which the Ohio River near BVPS is used by fish as a spawning or nursery area and to assess if changes have occurred based on a comparison of operational and preoperational data. A specific objective is to evaluate ichthyoplankton data gathered in the back channel of Phillis Island because of this area's potential as a spawning ground and its proximity to the BVPS discharge ~ structure.
. Other studies of ichthyoplankton on the upper Ohio River indicate that cyprinids a..i gizzard shad are the most abundant fish larvae presentl2/ 13/. These larvae are most numerous from mid-June through mid-July.
Shiner and minnow populations of the upper Ohio River were found to depend heavily on creeks and tributaries for spawning areas whereas the gizzard shad was reported to spawn in the main river.
Sampling to determine the presence and abundance of fish eggs and larvae in the Ohio River near BVPS was conducted for two preoperational years and more than three operational years.
Sampling consisted of day time upstream tows with 0.5 m ichthyoplankton net.
Surface and bottom tows were made at three points along three transects across the Ohio River. Additional surface and bottom tows were taken along a zig-zag transect in the back channel of Phillis Island to investigate the productivity of this shallow area below the BVPS discharge. Approximately six surveys were made from April through July during each of thh years surveyed.
This sampling program was judged afaquate to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of ichthyoplankton and to detect whether significant adverse impacts on fish spawning had occurred due to plant operation.
Fish eggs were not common in collections because of the spawning habits of the fishes in tne Ohio River. Most freshwater fish have demersal eggs which do not form a large component of the drift.
By far, the largest component of the ichthyoplankton-was comprised of fish larvae and juvenile fish.
Larvae and juveniles of'14 taxa representing 7 families were identified. Cyprini d i
i
. (minnows and shiners) larvae were consistently predominent in preoperational and operational years while gizzard shad larvae were second in abundance each Ichthyoplankton densities peaked during June and July of the years year.
studied. These findings are in accord with other studies of the upper Ohio River 1S/ 12/.
The remaining taxa were found in low densities and occurred sporadically. Generally, the same predominant taxa were present at each transect at similar densities during each survey, both before and after station operation.
Within a transect, ichthyoplankton densities were higher near the shore than at mid-chant.el. Densities were generally lower in the back channel of Phillis Island than at other transects, indicating that this area is not import;nt as either a spawning or nursery ground. Seasonal densities of ichthyoplankton were similar under preoperational and operational conditions.
No appreciable change in ichthyoplankton composition was observed among the years studied. The effect of station operation on the ichthyoplankton populations of the Ohio River was not detectable, and is considered to be insigni fi cant.
The objectives of the ichthyoplankton portion of the ecological monitoring program, as stated in the ETS have been fulfilled. The predictions in the FES that operation of BVPS will not significantly affect spawning and reproduction of fish populations in the Ohio River have been confirmed. The staff judges l
that further monitoring of ichthyoplankton near BVPS is no longer necessary, and this portion of the ecological monitoring program may be deleted from the ETS.
i
9.
Specification 3.1.3.8 Plankton Entrainment A.
Ichthyoplankton The objective of this specification, as stated in the ETS, is to determine the number and kinds of ichthyoplankton (fish eggs and larvae) entrained in the intake water and quantitatively compare these data with ichthyoplankton data from the river.
A series of day and night ichthyoplankton samples was taken biweekly at each operating intake forebay with a plankton net and along a transect in the river in front of the intake structure by tows, beginning in April and ending in July each year. This time period encompasses the spawning season of the majority of the fish species in the Ohio River. This sampling schedule was designed to provide concurrent river ichthyoplankton drift and BVPS entrainment data to permit quantitative assessment of the impact of ichthyoplankton entrainment on the fish community of the Ohio River near
~
BVPS.
The results of these studies generally reflect the seasonal composition and abundance of fish larvae in the Ohio River.
Densities of fish larvae in the iver were generally lower than those collected at the intake. This
- ition had been identified previously in the ichthyoplankton sampling, a
where densities were higher near the shore than at mid-channel.
Higher densities of fish larvae at the intake may also be attributed to nighttime attraction to the lights of the intake or to the use of the area behind the skimmer wall as a refuge.
Ichthyoplankton densities were higher on the north shore of the
. Ohio River across from BVPS than they were at the intake. Larvae were absent or at low densities during April or early May each year. Peak densities were observed during June or early July each year. As predicted in the FES, only a few eggs (<1%) were collected in intake entrainment samples tnroughout the spawning season. Cyprinids were the predominant larval fish collected at the intake and in the river for all years of operation, although the percentage of percids at the intake did increase appreciably in 1978. Results of diel (day-night) studies showed that 80-90% of the larval fish entrained at the intake were entrained at night. A lesser percentage were collected in the river at night again possibly due to attraction to the lights at the intake or use of the area behind the skimmer as a refuge.
The principal effect of the operation of the BVPS on ichthyoplankton of the Ohio River is the destruction of drift organisms passing through the condenser cooling system. Because the coolin>; systsm is operated closed-cycle,100%
mortality cf entrained organisms is assumed. The FES predicted that a maximum of approximately 1.2% of the drift organisms in the river passing by BVPS would be entrained because the organisms were assumed to be uniformly distributed.
In the case of ichthyoplankton, because the higher density of fish larvae at the intake, entrainment is calculated to be somewhat higher, depending on the flow in the river.
Estimates of the percentage of the ichthyoplinkton standing crop in the river drifting by BVPS that was entrained were detei nined for each sampling date. During 1977 these estimates, based on daily river flow, ranged from 0 to 7.7% of the river drift. During 1978, the estimates of. river ichthyoplankton entrained, based on daily river flow,
1 4 d
ranged from 0.07 to 3.52%. These losses, although somewhat higher than predicted in the FES, are not considered to be significant for the following reasons:
(1) the plant intake is located on one shore of the river - the other shore (where ichthyoplankton densities are even higher) is unaffected by BVPS; (2) the area of the Ohio River near BVPS has not been identified as a prime spawning location or nursery area for any species of fish - areas at least as good exist both above and below the plant; (3) much spawning, particularly of those species associated with recreational uses, takes place in tributaries and at their mouths in areas out of the influence of BVPS; (4) the species o
affected (primaril f cyprinids) have a high fecundity and entrained eggs and larvae are readily replaced; (5) ichthyoplankton is the life stage least likely to be adfected by impacts of this magnitude because of their high natural mortality; and (6) the far-field monitoring program has failed to indicate that any phase of BVPS operation (let alone a single impact due to entrainment) is causing a detectable impact in the population of adult fishes.
Thus, the staff concludes that the ichthyoplankton portion of the entrainment monitoring may be deleted from the ETS.
B.
Plankton The objective of this specification is to determine the composition and quantities of phytoplankton and zooplankton entrained in the intake water.
Entrainment samples for phytoplankton and zooplankton were taken six times (every 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br />) during one 24-hour period each month and were collected within the same time frame (i 2 days) as river samples (see specification 3.1.3.4 Plankton). ~ Generally, they were taken on the same day.
Composite (surface and bottom) samples were taken from each intake forebay with a Kemmerer sampler and analyzed following the procedures used to analyze river samples.
1
. Total phytoplankton densities of river and entrainment samples were generally similar as a whole. The seasonal patterns of phytoplankton abundance, species composition and percent occurrence of major groups were also similar in intake and river samples.
Few differences existed between the composition and abundance of zooplankton entrained in the intake water system and that suspended in the river and passing by the plant.
In the months when density differences between intake and river were evident, species composition of the two sets of samples were usually comparable.
Diel variations in plankton were also assessed; diel variations of phytoplankton densities were small. The lack of variation is expected since few phytoplankters are capable of more than the slowest movement and diurnal migrations are unlikely. Occasional high densities of entrained phytoplankton seemed to be associated with samples containing higher than normal suspended solids, possibly from bottom sediments. Dying phytoplankters that settle out of the water column are commonly found in high densities at the mud-water interface, and these algae, aiong with periphyton, are easily dislodged and suspended in the water column.
Diel fluctuations in zooplankton were also small and variations among 24-hour samples were no greater than the variations among different river stations on a given date.
The composition and abundance of plankton entrained at the intake in all years l
were similar to those of the plankton suspended in the river and passing by the plant. Thus, there is no indication that the FES predictions, based on uniform distribution of phytoplankton, are not correct. Under worst-case G
. conditions of minimum low river flow of 5,000 cfs BVPS would entrain 1.2% of the flow and, hence,1.2% of the plankton in the river passing by the plant.
Since the plant operates closed-cycle,100% mortalities of these organisms Entrainment losses of this magnitude are considered acceptable is likely.
in view of the small area of the river affected and the potential for rapid reproduction among these organisms. The staff concludes that deletion of the plankton portion of the entrainment sampling from the ETS is acceptable.
Conclusion and Basis for Negative Declaration On the basis of the foregoing analysis, the staff concludes that there will be
~
no environmental impact attributable to the proposed action. The changes assessed herein are to the environmental monitoring programs and do not involve any changes in plant design or operation or involve an increase in effluent types or quantities. The impact of the overall plant operation has already been predicted and described in the Commission's FES for the Beaver Valley Power Station. On this basis and in accordance with 10 CFR 51.5, the Commission concludes that no environmental impact statement for the proposed action need be prepared and a negative declaration to this effect is appropriate, f
Safety, Conclusions We have concluded, based on the considerations discussed above, that:
(1) because the amendment does not involve a significant increase in the probability or consequences of accidents previously considered j
and does not involve a significant decrease in a safety margin. the
. amendment does not involve a significant hazards consideration, (2) there is reasonable assurance that the health and safety of the public will not be endangered by operation in the proposed manner, and (3) such activities will be conducted in compliance with the Commission's regulations and the issuance of this amendment will not be inimical to the common defense and security or to the health and safety of the public.
Date:
February 26, 1980 t
4
s REFERENCES _
1971. Macroinvertebrate
- l. > Mason, W. T., Jr., P. A. Lewis, and J. B. Anderson.
1963-1967.
collections and water quality monitoring in the Ohio River basin Unpub. Cooperative Rept. Office of Tech. Programs, Ohio Basin Region and EPA, Cincinnati.
Analytical Quality Control Lab. Water Quality Office.
Butz, B. P., D. R. Schregardus, B. Lewis, A. J. Policastro, and J. J. Reisa.
2.
Jr. 1974. Ohio River Cooling Water Study. Argonne National Laboratory.
Report Number: EPA-905/9-74-004.
Sept. 1974.
385 pp.
Ohio River 3.
ORSANCO. 1962. Aquatic-Life Resources of the Ohio River.
Valley Water Sanitary Commission.
1962. 218 pp.
Plankton Studies V. The Plankton of the Illinois 4.
Kofoid, C. A.
1908. Part II, constituent organisms and their seasonal River.
1894-1899.
distriLution. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. Art. 1 8:2-360.
5.
Hynes, H. B. N.
1970. The Ecology of Running Waters. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto, Ont. 555 pp.
Krumholz, L. A. and W. L. Minckley.
1964. Changes in the fish populations Trans. Am.
6.
in the Upper Ohio River following temporary pollution abatement.
Fish. Soc. Vol. 93, No.1, pp 1-5.
7.
Preston, H. R.
1975. Fishery composition studies - Ohio River Basin.
USEPA. Wheeling, West Virginia.
Environmental Protection Agency.
1971. Macroinvertebrate collections 8.
1963-1967.
and water auality monitoring in the Ohio River Basin 9.
WAPORA, Inc.
1974. Ecological Studies of the Ohio River 1973.
Project No. I-27.
147 pp.
The effect of temperature on aquatic life in the Ohio WAPORA, Inc. 1972.
10.
River - Final Report July 1970 - September 1971. Report for Ohio Electric Utility Institute Louisville Gas and Electric Co., Inc. 151 pp.
- 11. Preston, H. R. and G. E. White, 1978.
Summary of Ohio River Fishery Surveys 1968-76. EPA 90319-78-009.
Philadelphia, Pa.
- 12. WAPORA, Inc.
1977.
Continuing Ecological Research on the Ohio River -
1976 Population and Spawning Studies - Final. Project No.135. 271 pp.
1977 Ohio River Ecological Research Program - Temporal WAPORA, Inc.
1978.
13.
and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Adult and Larval Fish - Final.
Report No.135. 152 pp.
I
,