ML19261A846
| ML19261A846 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | 05000560 |
| Issue date: | 02/28/1979 |
| From: | Rabbat B, Russell H FLUOR POWER SERVICE, INC. (SUBS. OF FLUOR CORP.) |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19261A841 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 7902080230 | |
| Download: ML19261A846 (30) | |
Text
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Report to FLUOR POWER SERVICES, INC.
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY Chicago, Illinois Knoxville, Tennessee DUKE POWER COMPANY Charlotte, N. C.
TESTS TO EVALUATE COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION BETWEEN STEEL AND CONCRETE by B.
G. Rabbat and H.
G. Russell Submitted by CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES A Division of the Portland Cement Association 5420 Old Orchard Road Skokie, Illinois 60077 February 1979 7902080A3&.
TESTS TO EVALUATE COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION BETWEEN STEEL AND CONCRETE by B. G. Rabbat and H. G. Russell
- HIGHLIGHTS An experimental investigation was conducted to determine the coefficient of static friction betwean cast-in-place concrete or grout and rolled steel plate.
Push-off tests were performed under conditions that represe t the interior and exterior bearing surfaces of a containment vessel.
Test Program Five sets of three similar push-off tests were conducted.
Specimens consisted of either concrete cast on top of, or grout cast under a flat steel plate.
Three sets of concrete speci-mens were tested with a wet interface at normal stress levels of 20, 60, and 100 psi.
One set of concrete specimens was tested with a dry interface at a normal stress of 60 psi.
One set of grout specimens was tested with wet interface at a nor-mal stress of 60 psi.
For each specimen, nominal bond stress and coefficient of static friction at interface were measured.
Conclusions Results of this investigation have shown the following:
- Respectively, Structural Engineer and Manager, Structural Development Section, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois 1.
Bond strength for concrete specimens varied between 25 and 89 psi.
For grout specimens, bond strength was negligible.
2.
For wet concrete interface specimens average effective
- coefficients of static friction were 0.67, 0.65, and 0.64, at normal stresses of 20, 60, and 100 psi, respectively.
The corresponding average peak
- coefficients of static friction were 0.70, 0.68 and 0.64, respectively.
3.
For dry concrete interface specimens with a normal stress of 60 psi, the average effective and average peak coefficiends of static friction were 0.57 and 0.69, respectively.
4.
For wet grout interface and normal stress of 60 psi, both average effective and average peak coefficients of static friction were 0.68.
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this investigation was to determine exper-imentally the coefficient of static friction between cast-in-place concrete or grout and rolled steel plate.
For concrete specimens, wet and dry interface conditions were tested.
For grout specimens, wet interface condition only was tested.
The work described in this report complie.e with Fluor Power Services Inc. Purchase Order No. B-1394 dated January 31, 1978.
- Definitions of effective and peak coefficients of static friction are given under heading " Shear Stress - Slip Relationship".
EXPERIMEN'.aL PROGRAM This section describes the test specimens, test variables, manufacturing procedure, test setup, instrumentation, and testing procedure.
Test Specimens Test specimens represented conditio.1s at either steel-concrete or steel-grout interface in the lower support region of a containment vessel.
To simplify testing, the friction surface was simulated as a flat plare.
A test specimen is shown in Fig. 1.
The test surface was 13.5 in, wide and 24 in, long.
These dimensions give a test area of 324 sq.in.
Test variables Fifteen specimens were tested in tnis investigation.
All specimens were tested in sets of three.
Test variables inclu6ud 1.
Concrete blocks with wet and dry interface 2.
Grout blocks with wet interface 3.
Level of normal compressive stress Experimental program as summarized in Table 1 comprised the following three series.
Series I - Wet Concrete-to-Steel Interface Series I consisted of nine tests.
Three tests were per-formed at each of three levels of normal compressive stress.
After breaking the bond, the concrete-to-steel interface was intentionally saturated with water for the friction tests.
C~oncrete or Grout Block
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Fig. 1 Test Specimen TABLE 1 - EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Normal Test Compressive Interface Number Series Specimen
- Stress Condition (psi) 1 I
CWB-1 60 2
CWA-1 100 Concrete to Steel 3
CWC-1 20 (we t) 4 CWB-2 60 5
CWA-2 100 6
CWC-2 20 7
CWB-3 60 8
CWA-3 100 9
CWC-3 20 10 II CDB-1 60 Concrete To Steel 11 CDB-2 60 (dry) 12 CDB-3 60 13 III GWB-1 60 Grout to Steel 14 GWB-2 60 (we t) 15 GWB-3 60
- Specimen Identification is as follows:
First Letter:
C is for Concrete, G is for Grout Second letter:
W is for Wet, D is for Dry Third letter is the Load Level:
A= 100 psi, B 60 psi,
=
C = 20 psi Last digit is for first, second or third test of each set.
Series II - Dry Concrete-to-Steel Interface Three tests were performed in Series II.
Normal compres-sive stress was held constant at an intermediate level.
The concrete-to-steel interface was not wetted after breaking the bond.
Series III - Wet Grout-to-Steel Interface Series III consisted of three tests at the same level of compressive stress as in Series II.
However, after breaking the bond the grout-to-steel interface was completely wetted.
Manufacture of Specimens Concrete and grout specimens were manufactured according to different procedures discussed below.
In all specimens, the steel plate was as rolled SA 516 Grade 70 steel, one inch thick and 14x28 in, in size.
Steel Plate Cleaning The steel plate was cleaned in accordance with the Steel Structures Council Specifications SSPC-SP2-63, Hand Tool III
- Cleaning Oil and grease were removed using acetone solvent.
Rust scale was removed by hand hammering.
Loose mill scale was removed by hand wire brushing.
Concrete-to-Steel Specimens After cleaning the steel plate, wood formwork was clamped to the top of the steel plate.
The concrete mix was designed to yield a compressive strength between 3000 and 5000 psi at 28
- Number in parenthesis denote references listed at the end of the report.
days.
The mix was made using Type I Portland Cement, Elgin Sand and Elgin Gravel with a maximum aggregate size of 1-1/2 in.
Concrete was compacted using an internal vibrator.
From each batch, six 6x12 in. standard concrete cylinders were taken.
These cylinders were used to determine the concrete compressive strength.
Concrete was cured for 7 days under plastic -
re ting.
Formwork was then stripped and specimens kept i n t.... labora-tory at a temperature of 73 F and a relative humidity of 50%
until test time at 28 to 30 days.
Grout-to-Steel Specimens Grout-to-steel specimens were prepared in a setup as shown in Fig.
2.
The setup was designed to simulate field conditions of placing grout at the exterior bearing surface of a containment vessel.
Formwork was clamped t7 the underside of the steel plate.
The specimen was inclined during grouting.
The difference in height between the bottom horizontal edges of the grout block was 4 in.
The grout mix specifications called for Cement:
Type 2, ASTM C-150, no admixtures Fine Aggregate:
Natural Elgin Sand, ASTM C33 Cement to Sand katio:
1 to 2 by Volume Water to Cement Ratio: 0.5 by weight Flow of this mix was measured after five drops in three seconds on a flow table.
Grout was placed through a funnel secured to the top of the right-hand side pipe shown in Fig.
2.
This pipe had a 2 in.
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diameter.
Because of its consistency, the grout filled the form and flowed upward in the lef t-hand pipe.
The height of the left-hand side pipe corresponded to 5-ft head measured from the center of the grout block.
To permit bleeding of air trapped under the plate, holes were provided around the top perimeter of the f orm.
These holes were sealed as soon as air bleeding was completed.
The tubing was sawed off af ter 7 days.
The specimens were then stripped and turned upside down.
They were kept in the laboratory at a temperature of 73 F and a relative humidity of 50% until test time.
Grout compressive strength was measured using six 2-in. cubes.
Test Setup The test setup is shown in the photograph of Fig. 3 and schematically in Fig.
4.
This setup is capable of applying vertical loads normal to the shear plane and horizontal loads parallel to the shear plane.
The main components of the setup are shown in Fig.
5.
They were assembled as follows:
Test specimen was grouted to the lower block shown in Fig.
5.
Brackets clamped to the lower block served as guides to position the steel plate.
During testing, the brackets pre-vented slip of the test specimen with respect to the lower bloc k.
The upper block shown in Fig. 5 was grouted on top of the test spec imen.
Brackets embedded in the upper block served as guides to place it.
During testing, the brackets also helped prevent slip of the specimen with respect to the upper block.
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SECTION AA SECTION BB Fig. 5 Test Setup Components
Horizontal rams were used to apply in-plane shear loads.
Vertical rams were used to apply normal stresses.
All rams were loaded using hydraulic oil pressure.
Instrumentation All loads were measured using calibrated load cells
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acting in series with the hydraulic rams.
Slip of the concrete test block relative to the steel plate was measured with two potentiometers as shown in Fig. 6.
Each potentiometer was attached to a bracket secured to the steel plate.
The potentiometer's plunger was attached to a bracket on the concrete test block.
An X-Y plotter was used to obtain a continuous record of the in-plane shear versus slip at the friction interface.
The Y-axis of the plotter was calibrated to indicate the in-plane
, shear stress.
This consisted of the sum of loads from two load cells divided by the interface area.
The X-axis indicated the average slip measured by two potentiometers.
Test Procedure Bond between concrete and steel was broken by application of an in-plane shear force applied at the shear-friction inter-face.
No normal compressive stress other than the weight of the upper block was applied at this stage.
This weight was equivalent to a nominal stress of 8.18 psi.
The shear stress required to cause first slip was noted.
The concrete block was then moved back to its original position on the steel plate.
Concrete or Grout Block Brocket secured to Block p
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The interfaces were then saturated with water to ensure a wet sur f ace during testing.
Interfaces remained saturated during subsequent testing.
During each test, normal stress was held constant.
Af ter application of normal compressive f orce, the shear load was applied slowly.
A continuous record of the horizontal load versus slip at the shear-friction interface wac obtained.
A representative shear stress versus slip curve is shown in Fig.
7.
It can bee seen that slip occurred in increments.
Each slip increment occurred within a fraction of a second and was accompanied by a drop in shear stress.
The drop was a result of the stif f ness of the loading system.
To eliminate the eff ect of stiff ness of the loading system, the shear stress versus slip curves reported under test results were idealized by a curve joining the peaks of the saw teeth of Fig. 7.
Note tha t the testing rate was adjusted to obtain 0.1 in. slip within three to five minu tes.
The test was stopped when 0.5 in. slip was reached.
TEST RESULTS Results presented in this section include material properties, bond strengchs at interface, shear stress versus slip relationships, and coefficients of static f riction.
The eff ects of normal stresses, wet interface, grout versus concrete, and concrete strength on the coefficient of static f riction are discussed.
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O 0.1 0.2 Slip, inch Fig. 7 Representative Continuous Record of Shear Stress versus Slip Concrete Strength At test age, six concrete cylinders were loaded to deter-mine concrete compressive strength.
The average concrete strength is listed in Table 2.
Age of concrete at time of testing is also listed.
Grout Properties Grout strength was measured using 2 in. cubes.
The average cube strength is listed in Table 3.
The flow measured on the flow table after five drops in three seconds is also listed.
Bond Strength at Interface Bond strength is the nominal shear stress required to break the bond between the concrete or grout block and the steel plate.
It is equal to the in-plane shear force that broke the bond divided by the area of the interface (324 sq. in.).
Measured bond strengths are listed in Table 4 where the specimens have been grouped in sets of three similar tests.
For concrete specimens, the bond strength varied between 25 and 89 psi.
For grout specimens, bond strength was negligible.
Inspection of the interface after testing indicated that after placing the grout, bleeding occurred inside the formwork.
Sand particles settled and water laitance moved up, with a larger accumulation at the highest point of the formwork.
As cement hydrated, water was absorbed.
As a result, air gaps formed between the steel plate and grout block.
Moreover, air bubbles TABLE 2 - CONCRETE STRENGTH Average Test Test Age Concrete Strength Number Specimen (days)
(psi) 1 CWB-1 28 3770 2
CWA-1 29 3510 3
CWC-1 28 3275 4
CWL-2 28 3510 5
CWA-2 28 3780 6
CWC-2 28 3525 7
CNB-3 28 3030 8
CWA-3 28 3800 9
CWC-3 28 3270 10 CDB-1 28 3620 11 CDB-2 28 3720 12 CDB-3 28 3710 TABLE 3 - GROUT PROPERTIES Test Specimen Test Age Average Cube Number (days)
Days Strength (psi)
Flow
- 13 GWB-1 28 7680 142 14 GWB-2 30 7655 121 15 GWB-3 28 8390 120 1
- ASTM C230 (3)
TABLE 4 - BOND STRENGTH AND COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION Bond Shear Stress (psi)
Coefficient of Friction Specimen Strength (psi)
Peak Effective Peak Effective CWA-1 52.8 62.0 62.0 0.62l 0.62 CWA-2 48.6 63.5 63.5 0.63 0.64*
0.63 0.64 CWA-3 51.4 68.0 67.8 0.681 0.68 CWB-1 55.0 42.0 40.7 0.70) 0.68 CW2-2 25.0 40.4 39.6 0.67 ( 0.68 0.66 0.65 CWB-3 89.0 40.5 36.1 0.68?
0.60 CWC-1 61.2 13.8 12.3 0.69l 0.64i CWC-2 83.6 14.2 14.0 0.71l 0.70 0.70f 0.67 CWC-3 78.4 13.9 13.5 0.69?
0.671 CDB-1 67.3 40.5 33.7 0.68 0.56l CDB-2 53.0 46.2 35.0 0.77 0.69 0.58 0.57 CDB-3 58.2 36.9 34.0 0.62 0.57l GWB-1 8.0 41.2 41.2 0.69l 0.69 0.68l1 GWB-2 40.9 40.9 0.68 0.68 0.68 GWB-3 40.0 40.0 0.67 0.67
- Average of each set
had formed at the interface as shown in Fig.
8.
The left hand side was the highest point as cast.
In Specimens GWB-2 and GWB-3, the bond had broken during handling of the specimens before testing.
Shear Stress - Slip Relationship Shear stress versus slip curves for Series I, II, and III are plotted in Figs. 9, 10, and 11, respectively.
Peak and effective shear stresses are listed in Table 4.
Peak shear stress is defined as the highest shear recorded on shear stress versus slip curve.
Where the peak shear stress occurred at a slip less than 0.5 in., an effective shear stress was determined.
Effective shear stress is defined as the lowest shear stress occurring after the peak shear stress.
Where the peak shear stress occurred at 0.5-in, slip, the effective shear stress was considered equal to the peak shear stress.
Coefficient of Friction Coefficient of frictinn is defined as the shear stress divided by the normal stress.
Coefficients of friction corresponding to each of the peak and effective shear stresses are listea in Table 4.
An average coefficient of friction for each set is given in the same table.
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Effect of Normal Stresses The effect of normal stress on coefficient of friction is shown in the results of Series I, concrete-to-concrete specimens with wet interface.
At normal stresses of 20, 60, and 100 psi, the average peak coefficients of static friction were 0.70, 0.68 and 0.64, respectively.
The corresponding average effective shear stresses were 0.67, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively.
These average coefficients of static friction tended to decrease as normal compressive stress increased.
Effect of Wetting Interface The effect of wet interface on coefficient of static friction can be seen when comparing average results of CWB and CDB tests in Table 4.
Corresponding to peak shear stress, the average coefficients of static friction are 0.68 and 0.69 for wet and dry interfaces, respectively.
These coefficients are fairly close.
However, the average coefficients corresponding to effective shear stress, are 0.65 and 0.57 for wet and dry interfaces, respectively.
Therefore, it appears that the
'verage coefficient of friction corresponding to effective
.thear stress is about 12% lower for the case of dry interface.
Grout Versus Concrete Interface Comparisons between coef ficient of static friction for grout or concrete against rolled steel is obtained from the GWB and CWB sets of specimens.
The average peak coefficient of static friction was the same in both cases a1though in the grout series not all of the interface area was in contact with the steel p_ ate.
This interface condition with air gaps and bubbles can be expected in the field.
However, variation of the grout surface condition did not appear to affect the measured coefficient of friction.
The average effective coefficient of static friction for concrete and grout specimens were 0.65 and 0.68, respectively.
The observed coefficient for the grout specimens was about 5%
higher than for the concrete specimens.
Effect of Concrete Strength Concrete strengths are listed in Table 2, and coefficients of static friction are listed in Table 4.
Based on the test results of Series I, the coefficient of static friction appar-ently increased with increased concrete strength.
However, the range of concrete strengths is tco small to state positively what the effect of concrete strength is on the coefficient of static friction.
Concluding Remarks Fif teen specimens were tested to determine the coefficient of static friction between cast-in-place concrete or grouted mortar and rolled steel plate.
The specimens simulated the condition that could exist at the interior and exterior bearing surfaces of a containment vessel.
A detailed summary of the test program, and conclusions appear under " HIGHLIGHTS" at the beginning of this report.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This investigation was carried out in the Structural Development Section of the Construction Technology Laboratories under Dr. W. G.
Corley, Director, Engineering Development Department.
Particular credit is due to W. T.
Fasig and W.
Hummerich, Jr. for their assistance in manufacture and testing of the specimens.
CAVEAT This report has been prepared for the exclusive use of Fluor Power Services, Inc., Duke Power Company, and Tennessee Valley Authority and their related entities.
The use of the report by others will be permitted only on the understanding that there are no representations or warranties, expressed or implied as to the accuracy and validity of the data and information or conclusions contained therein.
REFERENCES 1.
" Surface Preparation Specifications - No.2 Hand Tool Cleaning", SSPC-SP2-63, Steel Structures Painting Council, October 1963.
2.
Hognestad, E.,
- Hanson, N.W.,
- Kriz, L.B.
and Kurvits, O.A.,
" Facilities and Test Methods of PCA Structural Laboratory",
Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laboratories, Vol.
1, No.
1, pp. 12-20 and pp. 40-45, January 1959; Vol.
1, No.
2, pp. 30-37, May 1959; Vol.
1, No.
3, pp. 35-41, No.
3, pp. 35-41, September 1959.
Reprinted as Development Department Bulletin D33, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois.
3.
Standard Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement", ASTM C230-74, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.