ML19260E192
| ML19260E192 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | 07000754 |
| Issue date: | 01/18/1980 |
| From: | Ayer J NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL SAFETY & SAFEGUARDS (NMSS) |
| To: | Rouse L GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. |
| References | |
| REF-PROJ-M-3 NUDOCS 8002130649 | |
| Download: ML19260E192 (29) | |
Text
lC g aproug UNITED STATES g1 j,,
NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
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[# g WASHINGTON, D. C. 20555 ut-
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JAN 181980 i
g,rs Docket No.70-754 M-3' Project MEMORANDUM FOR:
Leland C. Rouse, Chief Advanced Fuel and Spent Fuel Licensing Branch FROM:
J. E. Ayer Advanced Fuel and Spent Fuel Licensing Branch W. Burkhardt Advanced Fuel and Spent Fuel Licensing Branch
SUBJECT:
DESCRIPTIONbFTHESITEENVIRONMENT-THEGENERALELECTRIC VALLECIT0S SITE (VNC) i The purpose of this memorandum is to recommend endorsement of the attached review as a staff position and a basis for succeeding increments of the analysis of the effects of natural phenomena upon existing plutonium fabrication facilities.
Contributors to the subject report were Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory personnel; Dr. James Carson, Mr. Michael Nathanson, and the late Dr. Norman Frigerio, Argonne National Laboratory; the Hydrology-Meteorology Branch, NRR; and Mr. James Ayer, NMSS.
A draft of the subject report was not reviewed per se, since it drew heavily from the draft environ-mental assessment for the VNC which has been extensively reviewed.
We recommend that this review including.its summary and conclusions be adopted as a staff position subject to your approval.
Subsequent to your approval we will make copies available to the public and to General Electric in accordance with review and documentation procedures agreed upon and described in our February 10, 1977 memorandum to,R: M. Bern ro.
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E. Ayer Advanced Fuel and Spent Fuel Licensing Branch 9kt3MM W. Burkhardt Adv ced Fuel and Spent Fuel Licensing Branch Approved by:
Leland C. Rouse, Chief Advanced Fuel and Spent Fuel Licensing Branch (ef 30 B0021
Enclosure:
As stated
DESCRIPTIOil 0F THE SITE ENVIRONMENT A.
THE GENERAL ELECTRIC VALLECITOS SITE 1.
Geographic Location The Vallecitos Nuclear Center (VNC) site consists of 1594 acres about 11 kilometers, km, soutnwest of the town of Livermore.
Alameda County, California. The location of the GE site related to surrounding communities is snown in Figure 1.
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Figure 1.
Bay Area Map i
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2-The site perimeter is shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 2.
General Site Layout l
Vallecitos Nuclear Center j
(1 inch = 2,000 feet)
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% Vallecitos Road (CA State liighway 84) forms the southern boundary of the site with approximately 2100 meters, m, of road frontage. The east and west site boundaries run due north with an extended section in the northwest corner as shown in Figure 2.
The site coordinates are 37' 37' north latitude and 121' 51' west longitude. All structures and facilities on the site are located in the southwest corner of the property.
Table I gives the distance from the VNC to a number of offsite developments.
Table I
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Distances and Directions from General Electric Vallecitos to Offsite Developments Distance Location km Direction Ft MSL Closest Site Boundary 0.44 SSE 430 Closest City 6.4 NNW 360 Closest Settlement 4.4 WSW 280 Closest Surface Water 0.6 SSW 410 Closest School 3.9 WSW 230 Closest Recreation 4.5 WSW 220 Closest Airport 10.1 NNE 400 Closest Church 6.6 NNW 360 Closest Cemetery 5.3 NN 360 Closest Hospital 7.2 ENE 650 Closest Crops (Orchard) 1.3 W
400 Closest Crops (Vineyard) 1.0 WNW 500 Closest Resident 0.56 WSW 490 Closest Pasture 0.24 WNW 480 I,
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4-2.
Topooraphic Features The regional topography is that characteristic of the California coastal mountain ranges. Mountains ranging to 4000 feet, dominate the landscape, pierced by shallow valleys, each valley containing a stream, but these streams often run dry in the summer months.
Human activities and residential populations cluster in the valleys and along the sea cost, and agricultural activities are quite extensive in the larger valleys. Otherwise, rather sere grasslands and sparse forests cover the western sides and tops of the mountains, with more verdant cover on the seaward sides.
Elevation changes of the order of several hundred meters occur rapidly, and there will often be several of these within an area of a few square kilmeters.
Elevation
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extremes for each of the 160 sectors abeut the plant out to 50 miles are given in Table II.
Table II General Electric, Vallecitos, California, Elevations Above MSL, Feet Distance from VNC in Miles
-SECTOR 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
}ta x 960 1105 915 600 360 1224 3800 3800 268 960 1
N Hin 480 880 800 360 300 390 450 100 0
35 Max 1000 1264 900 600 420 1100 2500 400 100 100 2 NNE tt i n 480 950 712 360 360 300 300 100 0
0 Hax 860 1286 945 620 540 500 1702 0
0 67 Htn 480 800 420 420 430 300 350
-8
-13 0
tia x 925 1058 1000 1024 980 1200 2100 150 150 150 4 ENE Hin 480 740 740 540 500 280 750 100 100 100 tia x 640 760 1017 1277 1566 2800 2959 2800 150 150 5
E Hin 480 600 580 1000 620 320 800 100 100 150 Hax 640 650 800 900 1600 3010 3675 36M 2620 2150 6 ESC Hin 480 600 600 500 600 800 800 800 100 100 tta x 525 640 646 7 3u3 1821 3817 3931 3800 3804 2509 3
Htn 440 400 440 500 720 1765 850 1000 750 700 tia x 524 126 820 1700 2200 3750 3951 4026 3000 2800 Pf i n 440 400 400 600 1C20 765 765 250 300 300 tia x 440 680 927 1287 1532 2594 2594 3100 3795 3000 tt i n 400 400 400 500 310 765 250 250 450
'O 9
5 Hax 440 672 840 120- 1200 2500 200 3200 3231 2000 10 SSW ffin 360 400 400 300 100 100 100 100 1000 0
tia x 440 568 500 600 1137 664 200 2750 2400 1700 11 SW Hin 160 360 240 260 400 100 0
150 0
0 Hax 515 544 600 1014 1014 1200 292 2315 2300 0
12 WSW Hin 400 400 230 218 220 100 0
0 0
0 tia x 520 620 860 1800 1800 2050 0
0 0
0 i I
Min 400 250 268 400 205 250 0
0 0
0 Hax 710 783 1100 1573 2191 2061 1497 1000 800 2604 14 WNW 400 303 400 440 200 0
0 0
0 ggn 3i10 tia x 110 712 664 457 1480 1130 2024 20s1 1120 891 15' NW Hin 500 420 320 320 320 250 250 3tc 0
0 Hax 607 1029 863 678 386 1100 30 0 3M 1103 6086 16 NNW ffin 100 440 16n 33t
?20 35n 300 0
0 0
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. The site nestles in a little valley (Vallecitos, Sp, "little valley"),
almost entirely surrounded by mountains.
From north-northwest through east-northeast the site is separated from the much larger Livermore Valley by the Pleasanton Hills.
Except for its connection to the Livermore Valley, and its connection through Niles Canyon to the Santa Clara Valley and the Bay Area, the site is almost totally surrounded by mountains beginning with the Black Hills in the north, the Diablo Range extending out to 50 miles from the east through south, the Santa Cruz Mountains to the south, and.the Sunol-Pleasanton ridges from southwest to north.
B.
LAND USE AND REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY 1.
Land Use
/
The site consists of 1594 acres situated on the north side of the Vallecitos Valley, with about 7000 feet of road frontage along Vallecitos Road, State Highway 84.
About 500 acres of the lower portion of the site is gently sloped, and is utilized for site activities, being surrounded by an inner fence intended to prevent intrusion by cattle.
The latter are grazed on the remaining area of the property about 6 months of the year, from November through May.
The number of cattle varies from 600 to 1200 depending on conditions, several horses graze on a small southern portion of the site, and auction pens for sheep and cattle are located about a half mile down the road from the site entrance.
The lower southwest corner of the site, utilized for site activities, runs from an eleva-tion of 406 to about 600 feet msl. After that the land rises very sharply to a high point of 1286 feet msl in the upper northeast corner.
The nearest commer-cial facility is a concrete aggregate plant about 4.7 miles west of the site boundary along State Highway 84. There are several wholesale nursery operations in the Sunol Valley to the west, and the U.S. Veteran's Administration Hospital is 5 miles to the northeast.
Interstate Highway 680 intersects State Route 84 about 1.5 miles west of the site, and ties the site into the general network of San Francisco Bay Area roads.
The land on the site is drained by several runoff branches, which empty into Vallecitos Creek immediately south of the site. Two railroad lines approach within 2.4 miles of the site, running along Niles Canyon and then turning up to Pleasanton and into the Livermore Valley.
The land within a few miles of the site is predominately grazing land for cattle, with a small involvement in feed crops, orchards, and vineyards.
The major portion of the land, especially from the east to south is open natural land with grass covered hills, often sparse because of the limited water.
Live oaks and other trees grow in the canyons and along the streambanks.
Five hundred and eighty acres owned by General Electric Company, but not now part of the site, were deeded to the Alameda County Land Preserve Program in 1971. These lie along the northern boundary of the present site.
. Two miles to the southeast the very large San Antonio Reservoir is constituted as part of a water gathering and distribution system that occupies much of the land in the southeast quadrant out to about 5 miles. This includes the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct, and the Sunol Valley Regional Park. To the north and east-northeast, a large complex of gravel pits is in operation just across the Pleasanton Hills 4 to 5 miles from the site.
Industrial activity within 5 miles is confined almost entirely to the Pleasanton-Livermore area in the Livermore and Amador Valley.
In addition, a smaller gravel operation exists 3 miles to the south-southwest in the Sunol Valley. Where agricultural activity exists, and this is relatively sparse, irrigation is employed.
2.
Population i
Because of topography, much of the area surrounding the plant is relatively inaccessible for residential housing, and these areas cannot be expected to support large populations in the future. On the other hand, the very rapidly growing and heavily populated San Francisco Bay Area lies among these mountains from the south through the northwest, and this area, although somewhat distant, can be expected to continue the rapid rate of growth that it has shown for the past several decades. The nearest population centers, with their 1970 populations, directions and distances are: Sunol (363, 4.5 km, WSW), Pleasanton (18328, 6.6 km, NNW-N), and Livermore (37703, 9.9 bu,ENE-E).
The nearest area of over 25,000 population is the Pleasanton Division of Alameda County (37107, 6-9 km, NW-N). The plant itself is located on the edge of Vallecitos Creek, in central Alameda County. The counties of Contra Costra, San Mateo, Alameda, San Joaquin, and San Francisco lie wholly within 80 km of the plant. Together these 5 counties comprise 44% of the area within an 80 km radius.
la addition, 13 dther counties also lie within 80 km of the plant.
These 13 counties, with their 1960-1970 demograohy, are listed in the accompanying Table III.
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. Table III Counties Within 80 km of General Electric Vallecitos
% Change 1960 County 1960-1970 Pooulation Pooulation Marin 40.8 146,820 206,758 Sonoma 39.0 147,375 204,885 Napa 20.1 65,890 79,140 Yolo 39.7 65,727 91,788 Solano 27.8 134,597 171.989 Sacramento 26.1 502,778 634,190 Amador 18.3 9,990 11,821 San Joaquin 15.8 249,989 289,564 Contra Costa 35.9 409,030 555,805 Alameda 18.2 908,209 1,073,184 San Mateo 25.3 444,387 556,605 Santa Cruz 47.0 84,219 123,790 Santa Clara 65.8 642,315 1,066,174 San Benito 18.4 15,396 18,226 Merced 15.7 90,446 104,629 Stanislaus 23.7 157,294 194,506 Calaveras 32.0 10,289 13,585 San Fra'cisco
-3.3 740,316 715,674 Totals 26.7 4,825,067 6,112,313 e
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. The largest community wholly within the area is the Stockton SMSA (290,208, 10 km, fN), which lies wholly within 80 km of the plant. The plant itself lies wholly within the tw %cisco SMSA (3,109,519), ;ad the latter lies almost wholly (79%) within 80 km of the plant.
In addition 5 other standard metro-politan statistical areas (SMSA's) lie within 80 km of the plant. The Santa Rosa SMSA (204,885), has about 4% of its area within 80 km of the plant. The Vallejo-flapa (249,081) about 33%, the Sacramento (800,592) 16%, the Modesto (194,506 72%, and the San e se (1,064,714), 97%. The area within 80 km of the plant is about 85% constituted of standard metropolitan statistical areas.
Population distribution within 80 km is shown in Table IV.
Table IV General Electric Vallecitos, California,1970 Populations Otstance, Miles 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Direction 1
N O
O O
1048 201 436 989 55635 370 14161 2
NNE 3
0 0
56 506 6627 237 11784 6727 7237 3
NE 5
0 0
34 995 31047 609 997 103281 103567 4
ENE 0
0 0
13 65 15 603 19640 20927 16570 5
E O
O O
O 53 157 787 828 2558 121006 6
ESE O
0 0
7 0
24 176 0
1146 9578 7
SE 9
0 0
1 6
14 0
273 0
122 8
SSE O
O O
5 0
31 585 982 14817 17248 9
5 6
0 0
3.
18 6
195591 222968 3079 69552 10 55W 4
0 11 27 70 5096 147450 287042 15715 37786 11 SW 0
4 10 55 17 48197 83795 94552 1208 279 f
12 W5W 10 0
349 16 14 33876 70171 194417 6501 0
13 W-5 55 93 0
49 11343 55284 114824 200680 0
14 WNW 4
5 26 347 246 126 249878 305949 741983 92431 15 NW 7
7 292 318 715 2748 4588 254019 232747 67221 16 hMW 0
0 261 3017 11574 19418 21543 192419 59861 88216 The general area has been characterized by a net increase in population for many decades, averaging about 3% per year for the last 10 years. This has slowed somewhat in recent years, and a 1976 estimate gives an annual compound growth rate of about 1% per annum since 1970. On the other hand the Livermore Valley has shown a very marked increase, of the order of 13% per year from 1970 to 1976, and the nearest residential a' ea, the Sunol Valley and the Amador Valley are showing similar growth rates. At the same time, the mountainous areas about the site strongly inhibit residential growth in many directions, so that while the totals within a given radius may be expected to increase along these lines, in many sectors no increase at all is to be expected.
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C.
METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY 1.
Regional Climatology The climate of the San Francisco Bay Area is Mediterranean, with hot, dry sumers and mild winters with light to moderate precipitation. The local climate for Vallecitos area is controlled by the position and strength of the semi-permanent high pressure center in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, local topography, and distance from the Bay and the ocean.
In summer, the Pacific high pressure area controls air flow over the region and prevents rain-producing weather systems from mtering the area.
Summer weather is typically a succession of clear, cool nights and hot, sunny days with light to moderate winds and no rain.
In winter, the high pressure area weakens and moves to the south and west; stoms originating over the Pacific Ocean can enter the area, producing periods of clouds, rain and c *asional strong winds.
Year-to-year variations of rainfall are large.
The general flow of air from west to east in the area carries with it the pollutants generated in the heavily populated areas around the San Francisco Bay; air quality standards for oxidants and suspended particulates near the site are frequently exceeded.'
2.
Local Climatology No long-tem temperature or precipitation data are collected at the site.
The long-term climatological data for Livermore, California, about 11 km (7 miles) northeast of the facility, are representative of those for the site. Table V, which was adapted from Refs.1, 2, and 3 gives the climatolog-ical normals (for the period 1931-1960) and other climatological data for the fMS cooperative station at Livermot e.
Also given are the length of record for the normals and averages.
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Table V Ct! MAT 0 LOGICAL DATA FOR LIVERMORE. CALIFORNIA (Citmatic Normals Based on 1931-1960 Period)
Tercerature. 'C No. Yrs.
Jan.
Feb.
Ma rch April g
g JA Auoust M.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual Entreme mantawn" 63 25 27 31 35 42 44 45 44 46 40 34 26 46 D
Normal maximum 30 13.5 15.5 17.9 21.4 24.7 23.2 32.0 31.3 30.6 25.6 19.5 14.6 22.9 Nornal** '
30 7.8 9.4 11.3 13.8 16.6 19.4 22.1 21.6 20.8 17.0 11.9 9.2 15.1 D
Normal miniaun 30 2.1 3.3 4.7 6.3 f.5 10.6 12.1 11.6 11.0 8.4 4.3 2.7 7.2 Entreme minimun' 62
-7
-5
-4
-1 0
+3 5
4 2
-2
-4
-7
-7 Days above 32*C (90*F)b 19 0
0 0
3 8
17 14 12 4
0 58 Days below 0*C (32*F)D 19 15 9
4 0
0 0
0 4
13 46 Prec1pttation, aus Highest monthly 30 206 172 129 95 70 15 6
4 48 47 151 258 Normal"' C 30 76 68 49 29 12 3
0.2 0.5 3-15 37 73 366 D
Lowest monthly 30 5
1 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 t
12 i
b Greatest daily 30 88 37 51 46 18 10 4
4 39 21 77 83 D
Days 0.3 to 3 m 20 11 10 9
5 3
1 2
6 10 59 Days 3 m or more' 7
7 6
4 4
2 0
1 2
5 31 Days 13 m or more' 10 2
2 1
1 0
0 0
1 3
13 b
Average snowfall. m 30 3
t t
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 t
t 3
a = ref. z. b = ref.1. c = ref. 3
- 1ess than 0.5 days per month t = trace The normal annual temperature is 15.1 C (59.1 F). On the average, January is the coldest month (7.8 C or 46.1 F) and July the warmest (22.1 C or 71.7 F).
As is typical of Mediterranean climates, daily temperature ranges are large, averaging 11.4 C (20.5 F) in January,19.9 C (35.5 F) in July, and 15.7 C (28.2 F) for the year.
Temperature extremes, based on 62 or 63 years of data, are 46 C (115 F) and -7"C (19 F).2 Normal precipitation for the area is 366 m (14.40 in) falling mostly as rain during the winter months (59% in the months of December through February).
Summers are very dry; only 0.9% of the annual average falls in June through August.
Year-to-year variations in monthly precipitation amounts are large, as is shown in Table V.
For example, over a 30-year period, January rainfall has varied from as little as 5 to 206 m (0.20 to 3.11 inches). Variations in the The maximum rece;ded da.ily rainfall was 88 m (3.47 inches).{22.48 t annual amounts varied from 571 m in 1952 to 222 m in 1953 i
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3.0 Onsite Meteorolooical Program Wind speed and direction are measured by means of an Aerovane on a well-exposed small hill just east of the plutonium facility.
The wind sensor is 12m (40 ft) above grade.
Stability class is determined from the width of the wind direction trace (the sigma-theta procedure). The applicant has provided one year (1974) of wind speed and direction data by stability class; these data were used in the dispersion calculations which follow.
The annual summary for all stability classes is given in Table VI.
Table VI Frequency distribution (percent) of wind speed and wind direction Vallecitos General Electric Facility,1974 Wine E
E Di
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M 1
M W,
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.65
.37
.52
.34
.19
.87
.88 1.24 2.18 2.13 2.29 2.03 2.69 2.02 1.43
.65 21.45 47 1.10 1.15
.88
.78 l.15
.63
.28 40 1.19 2.14 4.29 2.99 2.23 l.24 1.38
.96 22.86 8 12
.68 1.40 1.08 I.51 1.69
.01
.02
.19 46 2.20 9.11 6.71 2.27
.43
.23 44 28.51 13 18
.12
.57
.38
.37
.81
.02
.52 1.08 6.43 3.63 f.lR
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.01 15.28 19 24
.17
.IF
.02
.02
.01
.26
.21
.34
.20
.05 0
.01 1.51
> 24
.03
.40
.07
.01 87
. 54 2.72 3.69 2.86 3.02 4.46 1.5I 1.18 I.86 5.01 7.81 22.47 15.56 8.42 1.78 3.08 2.09 90.15 Calms g
100.00 The measured average annual wind speed is about 3.4 mps.
Calms occur about 10% of all hours.
Strong winds (greater than 8 mps or 18 mph) are infrequent, about 2% of the time, and are mostly from the southwest quadrant. The most frequent wind direction is from the SW; winds from the SSW through W occur over 50% of the time.
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Atmospheric Discerson The average annual relative concentration (x/Q) and relative deposition (D/0) values for the site were calculated using one year (1974) of onsite meteorological data and the X0000Q model developed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.' Tables VII and VIII provide x/Q and D/Q values at selected distances for 16 directions from the plant. The x/Q values in Table VII were calculated for continuous ground-level releases. The model includes an allowance for plume meander during light winds and stable atmospheric conditions; the open-terrain correction factor was not used. The relative deposition (D/Q) values in Table VIII represent only gtine continuous releases using a deposition velocity appropriate for I and do not include a correction for the settling velocity of Pu0 particles resulting from their size and density. Considering the possible size spectrum of material and potential travel distance with varying windspeed, the actual D/Q value may show some variation from that given in the tables.
l Table VII Ta)1e VII. Annual #verage Relative Concentrations (s/m3) Based on Continuous Ground-Level Release and One Year of On-Site Meteorological Data, General Electric Facility, Vallecitos, Californi4.
Distance (mi)
Sector
- 0..E 1.0 2.0 4.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 N
1.2-Sa 3.7-6 1.3-6" 4.6-7 1.3-7 3.7-8 1.5-8 NNE 1.3-5 3.9-6 1.3-6 4.8-7 1.3-7 3.8-8 1.5-8 NE 1.6-5 5.1-6 1.7-6 6.2-7 1.7-7 4.9-8 1.9-8 ENE 1.4-5 4.3-6 1.5-6 5.3-7 1.4-7 4.2-8 1.6-8 E
1.7-5 5.3-6 1.8-6 6.6-7 1.8-7 5.3-8 2.1-8 ESE 1.4-5 4.5-6 1.5-6 5.6-7 1.6-7 4.7-8 1.9-8 SE 1.1-5 3.4-6 1.2-6 4.3-7 1.2-7 3.6-8 1.5-8 SSE 4.8-6 1.5-6 5.0-7 1.8-7 5.2-8 1.5-8 6.2-9 5
5.0-6 1.5-6 5.3-7 1.9-7 5.4-8 1.6-8 6.5-9
$$W 3.5-6 1.1-6 3.7-7 1.3-7 3.7-8 1.1-8 4.3-9 SW 4.1-6 1.3-6 5.4-7 1.6-7 4.4-8 1.3-8 5.3-9 WSW 3.2-6 9.9-7 3.4-7 1.2-7 3.5-8 1.0-8 4.1-9 W
7.2-6 2.3-6 7.7-7 2.8-7 7.9-8 2.3-8 9.5-9 WNW 6.4-6 2 0-6 6.8-7 2.5-7 7.1-8 2.1-8 8.4-9 NW 4.2-6 1.3-6 4.5-7 1.6-7 4.5-8 1.3-5 5.3-9 NNW 6.4-6 2.0-6 6.8-7 2.5-7 6.9-8 2.0-8 8.1-9
' Scientific rotation.
1.2-5 = 1.2 x 10-5 l
i n
Table VIII'. Annual Average Relative Deposition (m-2) Based on Continuous Ground-Level Release and One Year of On-Site Meteorological Data, General Electric Facility, Vallecitos, California.
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Distance (mi)
Sector 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 10.0 25.0 50.0 N
1.2-8a 3.7-9 1.1-9 3.3-10 6.7-11 1.4-11 3.8-12 NNE 1.7-8 5.4-9 1.6-9 4.8-10 9.8-11 2.0-11 5.5-12 NE 4.6-8 1.4-8 4.3-9 1.3-9 2.6-10 5.4-11 1.5-11 ENE 3.2-8 1.0-8 3.1-9 9.0-10 1.8-10 3.8-11 1.0-11 E
1.9-8 6.0-9 1.8-9 5.3-10 1.1-10 2.3-11 6.2-12 ESE 9.6-9 3.0-9 9.1-10 2.7-10 5.5-11 1.1-11 3.1-12 SE 7.6-9 2.4-9 7.3-10 2.1-10 4.4-11 9.0-12 2.5-12 SSE 4.8-9 1.5-9 4.5-10 1.3-10 2.7-11 5.6-12 1.5-12 S
6.0-9 1.9-9 5'.7-10 1.7-10 3.4-11 7.1-12 1.9-12 SSW 7.6-9 2.4-9 7.3-10 2.1-10 4.4-11 9.0-12 2.5-12 SW 6.1-9 1.9-9 5.8-10 1.7-10 3.5-11 7.2-12 2.0-12 WSW 6.2-9 2.0-9 5.9-10 1.7-10 3.6-11 7.4-12 2.0-12 W
9.7-9 3.1-9 9.2-10 2.7-10 5.6-11 1.1-11 3.1-12 WNW 4.0-9 1.3-9 3.8-10 1.1-10 2.3-11 4.7-12 1.3-12 NW 3.0-9 9.4-10 2.8-10 8.3-11 1.7-11 3.5-12 9.6-13 NNW 4.7-9 1.5-9 4.4-10 1.3-10 2.7-11 5.5-12 1.5-12 aScientific notation.
1.2-8 = 1.2 x 10-8 1
l
).
. e sem -
....ee.
N.P m,
.o A
. The accident case (short-term, up to 2 hr) relative concentrations havebeencomputed,usinggheonsitemeteorologicaldataandtheNRC's accident dispersion model, Tables IX and X.
The model is direction-dependent and calculates the x/Q values out to a distance of 5 km (mi) immediately following the natural destructive event. This calculation computes the x/Q values that are exceeded 5% and 50% of the time as a function of distance and direction. This model includes allowance for plume meander during the light-wind and stable atmospheric conditions.
~
Table IX.
Five Percentile Short-Term (2 hr) Relative Concentrations (s/m3) for the General Electric Facility, Vallecitos, California.
Distance in Miles (meters) 0.09 0.31 0.62 1.24 3.1 Sector (145)
(500)
(1000)
(2000)
(5000)
N 1.3-2a 1.6-3 6.0-4 3.0-4 1.0-4 NNE 1.1-1 1.4-3 5.1-4 2.6-4 1.1-4 NE 1.1-1 1.4-3 5.2-4 2.7-4 1.1-4 ENE 1.3-2 1.5-3 5.6-4 2.9-4 1.2-4 E
1.8-2 2.0-3 8.2-4 4.1-4 1.6-4 ESE 1.8-2 2.2-3 8.3-4 4.1-4 1.7-4 SE 1.4-2 1.7-3 6.5-4
'3.4-4 1.4-4 SSE 8.0-3 9.8-4 3.5-4 1.7-4 7.1-5 S
8.4-3 1.0-3 3.7-4 1.8-4 7.5-5 SSW 5.6-3 6.8-4 2.4-4 1.1-4 4.3-5 SW 6.9-3 8.5-4 3.0.4 1.4-4 5.8-5 WSW 6.2-3 7.6-4 2.7-4 1.2-4 4.7-5 W
9.3-3 1.1-3 4.1-4 2.1-4 8.7-5 WNW 9.9-3 1.2-3 4.4-4 2.2-4 9.0-5 NW 6.4-3 7.9-4 2.8-4 1.4-4 5.7-5 NNW 9.3-3 1.1-3 4.1-4 2.0-4 8.4-5 i
I aScientific notation.
1.3-2 = 1.3 x 10-2, I
I O
I i..
. ~. -
. Table X.
Fifty Percentile Short-Term (2 hr) Relative Concentrations l
3 (s/m ) for the General Electric Facility, Vallecitos, California.
Distance in Miles (meters) 0.09 0.31 0.62 1.24 3.1 Sector (145)
(500)
(1000)
(2000)
(5000)
N 1.6-3a 1.7-4 5.6-5 3.5-5 1.1-5 NNE 1.5-3 1.9-4 6.8-5 2.9-5 9.5-6 NE 1.3-3 1.5-4 5.2-5 1.9-5 5.2-6
~
ENE 1.2-3 1.4-4 4.8-E 1.7-5 4.9-6 E
1.4-3 1.7-4 5.9-5 2.4-5 7.8-6 ESE 3.2-3 4.0-4 1.4-4 7.2-5 2.9-5 SE 3.7-3 4.5-4 1.6-4 7.2-5 2.7-5 SSE 2.0-3 2.4-4 8.4-5 3.9-5 1.2-5 5
1.6-3 1.5-4 5.3-3 2.2-5 9.6-6 SSW l.2-3 1.5-4 5.0-5 1.8-5 4.7-6 SW l.6-3 1.9-4 6.6-5 2.5-5 6.5-6 WSW l.7-3 2.1-4 7.3-5 2.7-5 7.7-6 W
2.3-7 2.8-4 9.8-5 3.6-5 1.1-5 WNW 3.3-3 4.0-4 1.4-4 7.4-5 3.0-5 NW 2.6-3 3.2-4 1.1-4 5.4-5 2.0-5 NNW 2.2-3 2.7-4 1.1-4 4.2-5 1.4-5 I
aScientific notation.
1.6-3 = 1.6 x 10-3 5.
Dispersion by Strong Straicht-Line Wind One scenario for the release of particulates and gases from the General Electric facility at Vallecitos 13 the failure of the building during periods of 42.5 m/s (95 mph) straight-line winds. Because the structural failure will occur during a short time period, a " puff" or instantaneous release is assumed. A search of the literature indicates no theoretical analyses or experimental data are available for estimating dispersion rates following a " puff" release with very strong winds.
3. -....
Dispersion models are applicable only to continuous release iuring periods of light to moderate steady-state winds, with numerous experiments averaged to yield dispersion parameters.
In this study, the release time is short, the windspeeds are very high, and the time the particulate cloud travels across the area is very short. The method of calculation trations from puff-releases is adpated from Turner.gf ground-level concen-Three types of weather patterns could result in 95 mph straight-line (non-tornadic) winds: hurrican^s, strong pressure gradients usually associated with severe winter windstoms, and cloud downdrafts from large thunderstorm clouds.
The Vallecitos site is sufficiently far inland for hurricane storm tracks that winds of this speed due to tropical. storms are not likely. Winds of this speed due to winter storms do occasionally occur over the oceans and certain continental areas, but are rare in California. Very strong surface winds associated with downdrafts from large cumulonimbus (thunderstorm) clouds are infrequent in California.
6 The basic dispersion equation for puff releases (after Turner ) is I
h,y,0;H " (
"U ~
"9 -
/
c xy:
' l /H 2'
l (1) l exP - p 'jj-Az where:
i ground-level concentration, ug/m3 X
=
downwind distance, m x =
y crosswind disence, m
=
release height, m H
=
D a
.+
++w ea.==-* m esame _.
Q = total release, kg x = dispersion parameter - downwind, m o
- y = dispersion parameter - crosswind, m Oz = dispersion parameter - vertical, m t = time, records u = windspeed, m/s '
Because the value of the exponentials is always 1,.the maxigum concentrations 1
will be at y = 0, x - ut = 0, oc the centerline concentration at the time the puff center is directly overhead. This point is termed " centerline-centerpoint." -
The equation for this point reduces to 0*
1 x(x = ut,0,0,H) =
arp -
(2) 2 (2w)3/2,,,
go,j xyz No experimental data are available for estimating the dispersion parameters (ox, oy, and az) for puff reldases,under conditions of extr.emely high winds.
An examination of wind records at a fixed point during and after the passage of a thunderstorm gust-front indicates large and rapid changes in windspeed and direction and, hence, very rapid dispersion rates and extremely unstable condi tions. The values of the dispersion parameters are extrapolated from the values presented by Turner for unstable conditions and puff releases. As is standard for instantaneous releases, it is assumed that ox = oy. The release height for this calculation is assumed 8 to 10 m.
ft'was arbitrarily assumed that the centerpoint of the cloud is particulates
~ ~ ~ ~ -
released from the facility traveled downwind with the,qust-front with no deposition at a speed of 42.5 m/s (95 mph). The particulates will be dispersed from this centerline-centerpoint position along the line with the wind direction, crosswind and vertically, according to Equation 2 above. The results of this calculation are given in Table XI.
I-'
.eg.
The above scenario is only one of a very large number possible.
Estimating confidence bands for this estimate is even more difficult because of the large number of assumptions and unknowns involved.
The calculated values are assumed to be valid to plus-or-minus two orders of magnitude.
Table XI Centerline-Centerpoint Concentrations Resulting f rom Straight-Line Wind Dispersion of a 1-kg Source 42.5 m/r..
Concentra tion 3
Distance (km)
(ug/m )
0.8 381 2.4 23 4.0 6
5.6 3
7.2 2
12.1 0.4 24.1 0.1 40.2 0.02 56.3 0.01 72.4 0.004 80.0 0.003 To determine the area impacted'by the particulate cloud and the time it takes to pass, concentration limits set at two-sigma, or 0.135, of the centerline-centerpoint concentration. The dimensions of a particulate cloud at a point and time of its passage are given in Table XII.
TableXII Oimensions of a Particulate Cloud at a Point and Time of Passage of the Cloud, 42.5 m/s.
We (s)
~
Distance (km) y,x (m) 42.5 m/s 0.8 140 7
2.4 380 18 4.0 610 29 5.6 820 39 7.2 1 025 48 12.1 1 700 80 24.1 3 200 151 40.2 5 200 245 56.3 6 800 320 72.4 8 400 395 I
80 10 300 485 9
P
....-a-..
e
_ _ _- r
, D.
ECOLOGY OF THE SITE AND ENVIRONS 1.
Terrestrial Ecology western California in the Vallecitos Valley.gnd community in central-The Vallecitos site is located in the grassi General descriptions of the area and specific information from adjacent areas characterize the site environs as follows. The composition of thi.s community has changed from the once-comon native bunch grasses, such as stipa and Poa ssp., to the non-dominant introduced annual grasses such as bromegrasses, wild oats, Italian ryegrass, barley, and filares.8,9 This change is generally regarded to be the result of past overgrazing and the introduction of annual weeds and grasses.10 Other herbaceous species that may occur on the site include California oatgrass, California fescue, foxtail fescue, needlegrass and checker bloom.9, blue dicks, California buttercup, California poppy, In addition to the grasses and forbs, a few trees, such as live oaks, may also be found scattered in the hills, generally in the canyons, and along intermittent drainages. Plant species of the grassland community are listed in Appendix A.
While the site may contain species of plants proposed for listing as Federally endangered or threatened species, the California Native Society has indicated that its fil show no known locations of rare plants in this part of Alameda County The site itself consists of 1594 acres situated on the north side of Vallecitos Valley with about 500 acres of the lower portion being flat or gently sloping. All the buildings are located in this area. Rolling-to-steep hills cover the remaining portion of the site, with elevations varying from about 120 to 400 m.
The site property was originally used for raising beef cattle and occasionally some sheep. Today about 1100 acres that are unoccupied by buildings or zoads are leased to local ranchers for raising feed crops and for grazing cattle.
Between 600 to 1200 cattle may be grazed, depending on their age and the abundance of grass between November and May. Approximately 500 acres are used for raising feed crops for the cattle; the remainder is used solely for grazing.
In addition, a few horses graze on a small southern portion of the site, while several wild horses have been reported in the hills to the north end of the site.12 The wild animals likely to occur on the Vallecitos site or adjacent areas are listed in Appendix B.
The vegetation of this area shows a somewhat limited diversity and therefore does not support a large diverse wildlife population. Resident wildlife of the grassland community include yw*
.a,
-~....
.....,..-me..
a
. invertebrates, ground squirrels, reptiles, rabbits, and some birds such as the western meadowlark and horned lark.13 Arthropods, such as spiders and insects, forage on pla"ts, decaying animal matter, and each other, occupying an important level in the natural energy chain and food web.
Lizzards and snakes such as Gilbert's skink, western fence lizard, western rattlesnake, western and Alameda striped racer, and gopher snake inhabit rock outcroppings or rodent burrows and feed on insects, bird eggs, and some mammals. The grassland itself, as well as many of the small animals, provide important forage and prey for many bird species which, while roosting and nesting elsewhere, are dependent upon the grasslands for their food. These birds found in the area include many of the songbirds and sparrows that feed on seeds and insects, and raptors such as the red-tailed hawk, sparrow hawk, and great horned owl that feed on reptiles, birds, and rodents.13 Mammals are probably the most conspicuous vertebrates of this area, the majority of which are herbivores. During a visit to the site by the staff, a large population of California ground squirrels was observed. These anima eat insects and seeds.g feed primarily on grasses and forbs but also Ground squirrels and gophers are most common in areas of sparse grass coverage. Other rodents that are likely to occur on the site include several species of mice, moles, rats, and rabbits.7 Larger mammals such as deer, coyotes, and foxes may also
~
be found in limited numbers on the site.
The site could be a potential or actual habitat for four species listed as endangered or rare on the Federall5 or State 16 endangered, threatened, or rare species lists. The San Joaquin kit fox is listed as endangered on the Federal list and is generally found in grasslands associated with the San Joaquin Valley. While its range does encompass parts of Alameda County, it is most often found in native grasslands that have a large population of kangaroo rats, the fox's primary food source. Because the site vegetation consists mostly of introduced, non-native plants and the area is dominated by ground squirrels, the site is an unlikely habita+ for the fox. Two bird species, the Southern bald eagle and the American peregrine falcon, could use the site occa-sionally. The site does lie within the range of these two Federally endangered species but does not have the important food and nesting habitat requirements for either species. The Alameda striped racer has been found in several locations in Alameda County.
It is typically found in vegetative communities dominated by chaparral in the foothills, but it is also found in grasslands. This California rare listed species feeds on frogs, lizards, other snakes, small mammals, bird some insects and finds shelter among rocks or in a burrow.g and probably VNC is not a critical habitat for any of the animals discussed in this paragraph.
. 2.
Aquatic Ecoloay A cursory examination was made of Lake Lee before it was drained, as well as the ditch leading from Lake Lee To Vallecitos Creek, the retention basins, Vallecitos Creek just downstream of where the VNC ditch joins it, and Alameda Creek just downstream of where Vallacitos Creek joins it.
Partly surrounded by cattails, the 7 acre-feet Lake Lee appeared slightly eutrophic. A VNC guide informally reported seeing geese; mud hens; and mallard, canvasback, and butterball ducks at the lake and reported catching catfish, crappie, and bluegill in it.
The lake appeared capable of supporting these and a much wider range of animals as well. No water was running out of Lake Lee, but the ditch leading from the lake was moist all the way to the VNC boundary and had a dense vegetative growth, primarily cattails. This was a good habitat for amphibians and insects before it was drained.
No immature insects, fish, aquatic plants, or amphibians appear to be in the retention basin. Algae may grown on the sides of the basins, and there may be some colifoms due to bird or animal droppings. No waterfowl or migratory birds have been noted at the basins, but local birds and animals (chiefly deer) have access to them. No organisms of visible size were obvious in the ditch leading to Vallecitos Creek.
While arthropods may occur here, they were not common at the time.
Vallecitos Creek, which was clear and running, had at least on9 species of immature insect and one isopod species that may have washed in from the ditch. The center of the streambed consists of small gravel, and the sides are composed of fine silt. No permanent populations of game fish are found in the intermittent creeks of the Alameda Creek wate,rshed, that is, Vallecitos Creek, and, except for mosquitofish (gambusias sp.)
in isolated pools, nongame fish are probably also absent.18 Alameda Creek had immature representatives of at least three insect species. The substrate of Alameda Creek is primarily gravel changing to sand and mud below Niles, where the original floodplain 'iarshland is severely channelized and replaced by dense urban develownent. The inflatable "Fabridam," near Niles, blocks upstream movement of anadromous fish.18 Fish species found in Alameda Creek are listed in Table XIIIl9 There are no California state nor Federal endangered species present. Steel-head trout do not reproduce in the creek but do move in through the discharges from Calaveras Reservoir. Historically, this was a steelhead stream.20 Urbanization caused a loss of steelhead spawning and nursery habitat, and steelhead seem to have been extirpated as permanent stream residents about 1960.20 Catchable rainbow trout are stocked yearly.19 I
i y
-a Approximately 1% of the creek's fish population is game fish.17 A few more fish species, including some exotics, have moved into quarry pits used by the Alameda County Water District as percolation facilities.
For example, the tul absent elsewhere in the drainage.q perch is present in the pits but cl Apparently these fish move into the pits with water imported from the delta of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers by way of the South Bay Aquaduct.
a
.e
_===-
wm-
. TABLE XIII.
FISH OF ALAMEDA CREEK Date Last Reported Game Fish largemouth bass 1958 Bluegill 1958 a
Green sunfish 1973 Sacramento perch 1976
~
Black crappie 1958 White catfish 1955 Brown bullhead 1961 Steelhead trout 1974 Rainbow trout Noncame Fish Pacific lamprey 1973 Sacramento sucker 1976 California roach 1961 Carp 1973 Goldfish 1976 Sacramento blackfish 1976 Hitch 1976 Sacramento squawfish 1976 Mosquito fish 1973 Tule perch 1934
~~'
~
Prickly sculpin 1976 Anadromous Fish (introduced)
Threespine stickleback 1973 Frcm " Alameda Creek Drainage, Fish Species Ccmposition,"
California Department of Fish and Game,1974.
- \\
.. -. ~..
__.e REFERENCES 1.
Applicant's " Environmental Information Report for Special Nuclear Material License Number SNM-960, Docket Number 70-754," Page 2-29, and Table 2.6-2, December 1975.
2.
" Climatic Summary of the United States, Supplement for 1951 through 1960," California, 86-4, U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, 1964.
3.
C. R. Elford, "The Climate of California," Climates of the States, Water Info. Center, Port Washington, N.Y., pp. 538-594, June 1970.
~
4.
" Methods for Estimating Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion of Gaseous Effluents in Routine Releases from Light-Water-Cooled Reactors."
Regulatory Guide 1.111, USNRC Office of Standards Development, Washington, DC.
5.
" Atmospheric Dispersion Models for Potential Accident Consequence Assessments at Nuclear Power Plants." USNRC Branch Draft Technical Position Regulatory Guide 1.
1973.
6.
D. B. Turner, " Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates,"
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, PHS Pub. No. 995-AP-26, pp. 84, 1969.
7.
Draft "Livermore Amador Valley Planning Unit Plan Amendment Consideration and EIR." Alameda County Planning Department, November 9, 1976.
8.
P. A. Munz and D. D. Keck, "A, California Flora," University of California Press, 1963.
9.
Draft " Environmental Impact Statement-Livermore-Amador Valley Wastewater Management Program," January 13, 1976.
10.
Livermore Community General Plan 1979-2000.
11.
Letter from W. Robert Powell, California Native Plant Society, University of California, Davis to Michael Nathanson, Argonne National Laboratory, August 1, 1977.
- 12. Applicant's " Environmental Information Report for Special Material License Number SNM-960, Docket Number 70-754," Page 2-7, December 1975.
I I
g
._-....--.m
~
,g - - -
25 -
13.
Draf t Conservation Element, Seismic Safety Element, Safety Element, Noise Element of the Alameda County General Plan and Draft Environ-mental Impact Report for Conservation Element, Seismic Safety Element, Safety Element, Noise Element of the Alameda County General Plan.
Alameda County Planning Department, July 31,1975.
14.
J. M. Linsdale, The California Ground Squirrel, University of California Press 1946, 474 pp.
15.
Federal Register, Thursday July 14, 1977 (36420) Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Republication of List of Species.
~
16.
"At the Crossroads - A Report on California's Endangered-Rare Fish and Wildlife" The Resource Agency, Fish and Game Commission and Depart-ment of Fish and Game,1976.
17.
R. C. Stebbins, (1966) "A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians,"
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.
- 18. Livermore-Amador Valley Wastewater Management Program, Draft Environ-mental Statement,1976, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-9-CA-ALAMEDA-XX-LAVWMA INT-75.
- 19. Alameda Creek Drainage, Fish Species Composition Summary, 9-24-76, California Department of Fish and Game.
- 20. Memorandum to E. Vestal, Fisheries Management Supervisor and F. Goodson, Environmental Services Supervisor, March 22, 1975, from California Department of Fish and Game, Menlo Park, Concerning Steelhead Restoration, Alameda Creek, Alameda County.
- 21. Memorandum to Fisheries Management, Region 3, September 16-October 19, 1976, from California Department of Fish and Game - Menlo Park, Concerning Lower Alameda Creek Quarry Ponds.
e t
i
~
-e-
. e
..meene.
m...
,,,g,,,,a,,.,%
/
Appendix A.
Plant Species which =ay Occur on the Grassland of the Vallecitos Sitea A
GRASSLAND Introduced grasses Mild onts Avera fatuc, A. barbata Brome grasses Bromus ssp.
Foxtails Horde:ca Italian rye Loli:en multiflor:cn Native grasses Calif'ornir. catgrass Dcnthonic californica Blue wild rye ezy =us gIcncus California fescue Festuca californica Foxtail fesese F. megclurc Needlegrass Stipc ssp.
Introduced forbs (mostly in disturbed areas and along roads)
Mustards Brassica ssp.
Bull thistle Circi:ca vulgcre Fuller's teasel Dipsccus fullon:ca Filarees Erodi:en ssp.
Sueet iennel Foenicul:en vuIgare Wild radish Raphanus schuus Milk thistle
" Rcnca ssp.
Docks Silyb:cn maricn:cn Native forbs Yarrow Archi1Iec rrrillefoli:cn Grass nut Brodicea Blue dicks B. pulcheIIc
~
Mariposa lilies Calochortus ssp.
Clarkins CIcrkic ssp.
California poppy Eschscholaic californica Gu= plant Crindelic campor:cn Tarweeds Remizonic ssp.
Birdsfoot trefoils Lotus ssp.
CaltEornia buttercup Ranunculus cclifornicus Yerba buena Satureja douglasii Blue-eyed grass Sisyrinchi:n beII:cn California fuschia Zauschneria'cclifornica From:. Draft EIS Livermore-Amador Valley Wastewater Management Program "Several hundred plant species are native or naturalized in the project area. Only those more characteristic of the expected species are listed.
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E e
i Appendix B.
Conti'nued Birds Hammals llorned lark Warbling vireo Opossum Botta pocket gopher Violet-green swallow Orange-crowned warbler Vagrant shrew San Joaquin pocket mouse Rough-winged swallow Yellow warbler Ornate shrew California pocket mouse Tree swallow Yellow-rumped warbler Trowbridge shrea lierman kangaroo rat Cliff swallow Red crossbill Broad-handed mole Santa Cruz kangaroo rat Black-throated gray Rufous-sided towhee Little brown bat Western harvest mouse warbler Brown towhee Fringed myotis California deer mouse Yellow throat Savannah sparrow California myotis Dusty-footed wood rat Wilson's warbler Lark sparrow Ilarry-winged myotis California meadow mouse llouse sparrow Rufous-crowned sparrow Long-cared myotis Muskrat Western meadowlark Sage sparrow Yuma myotis Brush mouse Red-winged blackbird Oregon junco lloary hat Pinyon mouse Bullock's oriole Chipping sparrow Red bat Black rat Brewer's blackbird White-crowned sparrow Big brown bat ilouse mouse Brown-headed cowbird Golden-crowned sparrow Western Pipistrelle Grey Fox Western tanager Fox sparrow Pallid bat Coyote Black-headed grosbeak Lincoln's sparrow Lump-nosed bat Raccoon y
Lazuli bunting Song sparrow Mexican or Brazilian Ring-tail cat G
Evening grosbeek Purple finch freetailed bat Long-tailed weasel i
llouse finch Pine grosbeak Bli,:k-tailed hare Badger Pine siskin American goldfinch (Jack-rabbit)
Striped skunk Lesser goldfinch liutton's virco Audubon cottontail Bobcat Western wood peewee Townsend's warbler Brush rabbit Mountain lion Beechey ground squirrel Herriam. chipmunk Black-tailed deer Western gray squirrel
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From:
Draft EIS Livec ore Amador Valley Wastewater Management Program.
I P - Protected
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