ML19220B307
| ML19220B307 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Crane  |
| Issue date: | 03/29/1977 |
| From: | Mcgurren H NRC OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE LEGAL DIRECTOR (OELD) |
| To: | Linenberger G, Luton E, Salo E Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel, WASHINGTON, UNIV. OF, SEATTLE, WA |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 7904250616 | |
| Download: ML19220B307 (27) | |
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UNITED STATES j
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4 NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMIS0lON
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EcNard Luton, Esq.
Dr. Ernest 0. Salo Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Professor, Fisheries Research U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Cc m.ission Ins ti tute, '..H-10 Washington, D. C. 20555 College of Fisheries University of Washington Mr. Gustave A. Linenberger Seattle, Washington 93195 Atomic Safety and Licensing Board U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission Washington, D. C. 20555 In the Matter of Metropolitan Eaison Company, g a_1_.
(Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Unit ?)
Cocket No. 50-320 Gentlemen:
Enclosed is the NRC Staff's prefiled testimeny in the above oraceeding responding to Contenticrs 1 anc 11, As noted in our letter to tnis Board dated March 22, 1977, we have not yet ccmoleted our testincny ;n Contention 3 and resconses to Licer. sing Board Questions concerning Operation of Three Mile Island Un't 1 (Tr.137), Financial Consider-ations (Tr.127), and Technical Issues Raised by the NRC Staff (Tr.
141,154). Copies of testimony on Contention 3 and responses to tne Licensing Boarc Questiens will be foraardec to you and the carties upon their ccmoletion. Also enclosed is the NRC Staff's motien dated May 29, 1977, regarding the order of presentation of testimony and responses to Licensing Berrd questions.
Sincerely,
[I./w I
J Hdnr/J.McGurren Counfel for NRC Staff
Enclosures:
As stated cc:
See next page 4
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7004250 0/6 Qj
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cc/w enclosures:
Mr. Chauncey R. Kepford Atomic Safety and Licensing Ms. Karin W. Carter Board Fanel George F. Trewbridge, Esq.
Atomic Safety and Licensing Ms. Judith H. Jonnsrud Appeai Panel Docketing and Service Section r - l>3 of dtJ
- (
RONALD L.
DRAKE PROFESSIONAL MAL:F: CATIONS I am employed as Manager of the Applied Meteorology Section of the Atmospheric Sciences Department at Battelle Northuest Laboratories in Richland, Washington.
I have been at Battelle since September 1974.
My current responsibilities include pverseeing and guiding research in the following areas :
theoretical and field investigations of the atmospheric effects of enerev. centers the modelinw of the transport and diffusion r
of atmospheric pollutants, the heat transfer characteristics of cooling ponds and spray ponds, the collection of meteorological data, the determination of the wind characteristics for wind energy conversion systems, and the determination of the rate of
~
dry deposition of gaseous.and particulate pollutants.
- Education i
B.S.
Civil Engineering, Drexel Institute of Technology 1955 M.S.
Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University 1958 Ph.D.
Civil Engineering, Fluid Mechanics Program, Colcrado State University 1967 Prior Excerience Fall 1950-Sp-ing 1955 Industry jobs for Drexel's Cooperative Education Progrum Flood Survey in New England Surveying, Stream Hydraulics United States Forest Service Pipe and Rail Repairs in a Shipyard Surveying, Time-keeping Cramp's Shipyard, Philadelphia Field Office of Atlantic Refining Ccmpany Accounting Clerk Philadelphia, Pennsylvania y >bq. n f D dL -
Z
't Laber2 tory of Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton
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.m Eddyscone, Pennsylvania United States Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
Hydrology, Sediment Transport Uc.cer Darbyr Pennsvlvania Summer 1955 Hydraulic Engineer:
Hydraulics, Hydrology, Sedi= Fat Transport United States Soil Conserva in Service Up.cer Darbv Pennsylvania
.o Fcll 1955-Spring 1956 Graduate Assistant in Civil Eng'neering Worked in the Hydraulics Laboratory Pennsylvania State University Summer 1956 Assistant Hydrologist:
Hydraulicsi Hvdroloc.vi Sedicent Transport United States Soil Conservation Service U9.cer Darb.y, Penns"ilvania s
Fall 1956-Spring 1957
.d Instructor in Civil Engineering Courses:
surveying, fluid =echanics, hydrology Pennsylvania State University Summer 1958 - Fall 1958 Aeronautical Engin^er:
Theoretical Problems in Heat Conduction, Heat Convection, and Plasma Propulsion Systems Lewis Field, NACA, Cleveland, Chio
,a--
January 3a 3-v.une 1 ca a
Instructor - Assistant Professor of Mathematics:
Courses:
undergraduate mathecatics, engineering mathematics,.
mathematical physics, nonlinear differential equations, hydraulics, fluid mechanics Research Contract:
Principal Investigator on a contract concerning the generation of Liapunov functions for nonlinear systems Drexel Institute of Technoloc.v.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Summer 1965 Graduate Assistant in Civil Engineering:
Wrote a report on the Fourier Analysis of Spectra for Wind-Generated Surface Waves Colorado State University
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(
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A.
4
E Fall 1965-Fall 1966 NSF Faruity Fellow in Civi.1 Engineering Colorado State University Winter 1967 Graduate Assistant in Civil Engineering Theory of Wind-Generated Wa/es Colorado State University Spring 1967-Spriag 1963 Assistant Professor of Mathematics Courses:
undergraduate and engineering mathematics, linear algebra, nonlinear differential equations, fluid rerhanics Research:
Wind-Generated Waves, Stability Theory of c;onlinear Systens Dre::el Institute of Technology Summer 1963-September 1974 Staff Scientist at the National Center for AtmosphecLc Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado Research Activities
~
Application of a local similarity concept to problems in ground water Fluid flow through porous walls Collection efficiency calculations for aerosol probes Theoretical studies of aerosol transport
. Numerical modeling of atmospheric convection and mesoscale flow phenomena Publications Journal Articles
- Puri, N.,
and R. Drake, 1965:
Stability studies for a class of nonlinear difference equations using Liapunov's second methed.
J.
Franklin Institute, 279, 209-217.
Puri, N., and R. Drake, 1965:
On the stability of the equi-librium solutions of certain second-order difference equations.
IEEE Trans., Auto. Control, AC-10, 109.
- Urake, R.,
and P.
Chcu, 1965:
Upper bounds and Saint-venant's principle for inecmpressible potential-fic,, fields.
J.
Aop1.
Mech., Trans. AS:iE, 32, G61-664.
- Remson, I.,
R.
- Drake, S.
McNeary and E.
Uallo, 1965:
Vertical drainage of an unsaturated soil.
J.
Hvd. Div. ASCE, 21, 55-76.
- Drake, R.,
and E.
J.
Plate, 1967:
The generation of uind waves on open channel flows.
Develcoments in Mech.,
4, 1425-1443.
y/ s
]h
a 4
- Molz, F.
C.,
I.
- Remson, A.
A.
Fungaroli and R.
L.
Drake, 1968:
Soil moisture availability f or transpiratien.
Water Resour-Res.,
_4, 1151-1159.
- Drake, R.,
F-Mol:,
I.
- Reason, A. Fungaroli, 1969:
Similarity approximation for the radial flow problem.
Water Rescur. Res.,
5, 673-684.
- Drake, R.
L.
and M.
B.
Ellingsen, 1970a:
The application of a local similarity concept in solvin"3 the radial ficw problems.
J. Como. Phys., _6, 1-16.
- Drake, R.
L.
and M.
B.
Elling s o.2, 19'10b:
- umerical solutions for the radial subsurface flow problem.
Ground Water, 3,
29-47.
- Drake, R.
L.
and C. Peterson, 1971.
The applicatica of a local similarity concept in solving the vertical subsurface flow problem.
Water Rescur. R e s_., 1, 1241-1255.
- Drake, R.
L.,
1972a:
Some exact solutions for the flow of fluid through tubes with uniformly porous walls.
PAGEOPH, 91, 248-259.
- Drake, R.
L.,
1972b:
The scalar transport equation of coalescence theory:
"cments and kernels.
J.
Atmos. Sci., 23, 537-547.
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- _3o equation of coalescence theory:
New families of enact solutions.
J.
Atmos. Sci., 2L 543-556.
- Drake, R.
L.,
W.
L.
Briggs and T.
J. Wright, 1972'.
Airflow pattern and droplet trajectories about an electrostatic cloud droplet probe.
PAGSCPM, 96, 176-192.
- Drake, R.
L.,
P.
D. Coyle.and D.
P. Andersen, 1975:
Interactive Line Thermals in a Convective Layer:
A ::umerical Simulation.
J.
Atmos. Sci,
_3 _2, 302-319.
Recorts
- Remson, I.,
R.
- Giles, R.
- Drake, E. Boles and R.
Stiefel, 1962:
Some systems for describing, classifying, ncpping and comparing surface-water bcdies for military purposes.
Annual Rept. #2, U.S. Army Eng. Waterways Exp. Station.
- Drake, R.
L.,
1965:
Methods fer systematic generation of Liapunov functions, Parts 1 and 2.
NASA Rcpt., S00 pp.
- Puri, N.
and R.
Drake, 1965:
Liapunov functions and quadratic moments for higher-order discrete systems.
- ovenber Meetin's of ASME, Auto. Contr. Div., Chicago, Ill.
Yt 309
.-a 5
3
- Norman, E.,
W.
Trench and R.
Drake 1967:
Research in methods of generating Liapunov functions.
Final Rept., NASA 8-20347.
- Bole, J.
B.,
R.
L.
Drake, and S.
Karaki, 1971:
Influences of Lake Catario Interface Transport Processes on Atmospheric Con-vccticn.
For U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers (Detroit) Contract No. DACU 35-70-C-0053, Colorado State University,-Engineering Research Center, Civil Engineering Department, 38 pp.
i.
- Drake, R.
L.,
1975:
A Review and Evaluation of Information on I
the Thermal Performance of Ulti= ate heat Sin':s :
Spray Ponds and Ccoling Pcads.
For U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commiccica, BNWL-B-446, Battelle-Northwest, Richland, WA, 280 pages.
Books
- Drake, R.
L.,
1972:
A general mathematical survey of thd coagu-lation equation.
In International Feviews of
'.e ro sol P:-vc ies and Chemistry.
Mc./ Yc rr., Perga.cn Press (G.
M.
iiley ana J.
R.
Brock, Eas.), Vol.
3, 203-376.
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9 K 310 oom
LETA ANDRZ'43 EROFES3IO:in C.UEIFICATIC' S IniDROLCGY-:eE~IC20LCGT BPEC'.I UUCLCA1 RICULATORT CO:tfISSION My cane is Leta Andreva.
I have been a Meteorologis t with the Atomic Energy Co= issian, Directorata of Regulation, and now Nuclear Regulatory Co ission, Office of Ecactor Regulation, since November 19 74.
I carned a B.S. degree with a najor in cateorology from "orthern Illinoia University in 1972 and was elected to Gn a meta Upsilen. *Jhile an under-graduata, I became 1 weather cbserver fo r. ;3 university climat:-
logical station. In 1972 I received an Air Pollutlan Traineeship at Gregon State University,.;here I also vorhed as a teaching assistant.
I was awarded an M.S. in at=ospheric sciences in 1974.
In ny present position, I as responsible, with the supervision of the Meteorology Section Leader, for the evaluation of the metecrological I
characteristics of reactor sites and their i=plications with respect to safety requirements of nuclear facility dcaign and the impact of these facilities on the enviren=ent.
'/d-311
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EARL H. MAREEE, JR.
PROFESSI:::L\\L OUALIFICATICNS HYDROLOGT 'CCICRCLCC' 3MC'I U. S. ' FEE.d RICLLTCRf CC.M.'ti33IL:4 My name is Earl H. Markae, Jr.
I am Section 1.cader of the Meteorology Section in the :1 drology-Meteorolo37 3 ranch, Divicicn of Site Safety 7
and Environ = ental Analysis, U. S. Nuclear Regulato y Co==ission.
My dutica include super rising evaluations o f the cent.orological charactar-1stics of reacter sites and their i=plications with respect to safety requirenents of nuclear fccility design and the i= pact of these facili-ties on the enviren=ent.
I received a Bachelor of Arts degree in =athe:atics with a cinor in physica in 1952 fren Ce::. burg College. I at:cnded Massachucetta Institute of Technology f or one year to obtain the academic background for qualification as a =eteorologis: in the U. S. Air For c.
I uas a ving weather officer with the U. S. Air Force until 1936. After c;=pletion of my nilitary obligatica, I accepted a pcsition as a research catecrologist with the U. S. Weather Bureau on assignment to
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the U. S. Public Haalth Service in Cincinnati, Ohio, where I participated in urban air pollution =eteorology research and prov_ dud technica.
assistance to state and local government agencies en air pollution.
In 1962, I accepted a positica as senior research cateorologist with the Enviro- =a al Science Services A>-"--
ation en assignment to
^,
the U. S. Arc =1c Energy Con =1ssion at the National Reactor Testing Station in Idaho.
S'7 duties included the perfor:ance of research the field of a r.capheric turbulence and diffusion and evaluation of the _ ateorological aspects of reactor enperi=enes and citing of thesa exper*,ntal reactors.
I returned to cchool for one year and received a Master of Scienca dagee in =eteorology from the University of Utah, Salt Lake City in 1959.
In August 1970, I accepted a positica as
=eteorologist with the U. S. Atemic Energy Co= mission.
Subsequently, I was elevated to the position of Section Leader of :he Meteorology Section.
I a= a professional na=ber of the Americar Meteorological Society and the Air Pollution Control Association.
I have authored eight recearch papers which were published in technical journals and several other research report;2 published by the Federal gover.=ent.
'ia - 312 M WO
Joseph H. Osloond Professional qualifications My name in Toseph H. Osloond.
I'm presently a Radiological Specialist in the Rr logical I pact Sectica of the Radiological Assessment 3 ranch of the Division of Site Saf ety and Environmental Analysis of the U.S.
Uccicar Regu'.atory Cocaission.
I received a B. A. degree with a cajor in rathematics and minors in physics and chemistry from the University of Nor-h Colorado College in 1949.
I also have a year of engineering credits fran the South Dakota School of Mines anc Techr.olc37 and graduate course cradita in nuciaar physics statiatics, psycholo3y and management fron three western universities.
Af ter teaching =athe=atics for five years, I enterc l Federal Service on 6/11/35 as a su==er employea and on 9/17/56 accepted a position of Analyst with the Health and Safety Division of the Idaho Operations Office of the Atomic Energy Ca:sission (AIC). At this position, I analyced environnental conitoring daua to maintain surveillance of test reactor operations and evaluate radiological impact.
Frca September 1960 to May 1957, I was a Site Survey Engineer for the Health and Safety Division of the Idaho Operations Office of the A2C at the National Reacior Testing Statien (NRTS).
In this capacity, I provided stafs assistance to Icabo Division Of fices and Operating Contractors on =atters of radiation protection, radioactive shipments and radicactiva vaste disposal.
1 From May 1957 to April 1972, I was Health Physicist for the Waste Manage =ent Branch of the Health Services Laboratory of the AEC Idaho Operations Office.
During this period, I was responsible for cvaluating NRTS contractor operations concerning radioactive and chemical waste disposal, waste reporta for the NRTS and criteria for the disposal of radioactive wastas. As a branch staff ne=ber, I participated in applied research and studies on ::igration of radioactive caterials in soil and ground water aquifers.
In Dece=ber of 1972, I accepted a position of Technical Assistant in the Site Analysis Branch of the Div:.sion of Technical Review, in the Directorate of Licensing, USAIC. At this position, I assisted the branch chief in cocedinating the technical review areas of geology saismology, foundation cugineering, hydrology and metecirology. ' Starting in June of 1976, I have worked as a Radiological Sp ecialist for the Radiological Irpact
~
Seccion of the Radiological Asse'ssment 3rnnch under the Divician of Sitc Safety '7 and Enviroa ental Analysis, U.S.N.R.C.
In this position, I participate
~~
as a staff = ember in preparing technical reviews, analyses and assesenents of the i= pact of. nuclear pouer facilities on t'.te environment including identification of radiological e:gosure mthways and assesse ut of radiation doses due to effluent release.
,f radicactive raterial.
I an a techer of the Health Physics Society, a charter re=ber of the Eastern Idaho Chanter of the Health ohysics Society and have published several IDO reports and a =cthod of s.itius air canpling in the 1971 Nevada Tritius Symposina Report.
'/4-313
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I UNITED STATES OF A.'.! ERICA NLCLEAR REGULATORY CC?.I'.!!SS'ON L.s..-
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c c BY LETA ANDREWS EARL H '.iARIGE JR.
RON/.LD L. DRAFl h1ETEORCLCGISTS This testimony addresses C;ntention Cne, which reads:
" Applicants have failed
- a consider the environmental impact of the atmosphere and weather of the comDined thermal releases of the generation facilities en the lower Suscuehan.ta R:ver. t hese releases will add a significant amount of energy to the local area to be dissipated by radiation and convection with possicle alterations in the local climate. No operating license should be gran:cd until such effects are discussed.
The Atmospheric Sciences Department of the Battelle Northwest Laboratories (ENL) at Richland, '.'ashington has recently completed a report for the Nuclear Re;;ulator. Ccmmission on the " Postulated Eiiccts 0: Nuclear Ener;;j Centers" ("Repor:). Rcnald Drake super.isen this prc. c:
. ne coject.ee
'e4 314
of this recort is the consideration of the atmospheric effects of energy releases from a spectrum of energf centers, ranging from large energy I
centers (40,000 '.'We) to sites.ith two units (2,000 MWe), A large 40,000 l
t 9
MWe energf center may occupf an area between 50 km" to 400 km" and may be composed of clusters of 3 to 41000 MWe reactors, separated fron neighboring clusters by a tew kilometers. The two unit sites, 2000 '.'We, 2
l may occupy an area betweet. 1 km" to 2 km The Three Mile Island site l
consists of Unit 1 with a capacity of 800 MWe and proposed Unit 2 with a i
design capacity of 900 Mbe. The site occupies an area of about three i
square km.
t The energy released by power plants will take several forms in the atmosphere such as, increased temperature of the air (sensible heat), increased moisture content (latent heat), and increased atmospheric kinetic energy (wind). The 4
Report indicated that these direct atmospheric releases could potentially pro-duce, depending on the size of de energf center, varying degrees of increased cloudiness and fog, alteration of the solar and terrestrial radiation balances between the earth and the atmosphere, increased amounts of precipitation, and contributions to the formation of concentrated con zectt. 2 ze rtic e s.
In our opinion the closest and best-documented physical analegue for large energ; centers (40,000 MWe) is the urban heat island created b. urban areas of 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 in populatton.
'iG 316
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. Using the urb n heat islan 1 analogj, medeling studies, and our knowledge of cloud processes and wind fields, we are able to conclude the following conerning the atmospheric impacts of energ) center both large and small Howeve;, it must be kent in m.ind that some of these con clusions are the f
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results of a worst case analysis based on certain atmospheric assumptions.
i The conclusions are as follows:
l 1.
Induced T_.e._mocrature Perti rt.at: ens Assuming that a layer of air whose vertical cross-section perpendi-cular to the mean wind is a 1 km in depth and 10 km wide (the width l.
of a large energy center), and that air i. t!.:s !ayer is mo.:ng across I
a 40,000 MWe energ f center at 5 meters per secc ad (mps), the air i
i eye eg g
temperature wn. 'ncrease by an amount ot' 21, wnere a a 13 setween
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0.40C and 1. 3oC. The variation in iT is due to the possible range of sensible heat releases (from 20 to 8023 of the total energy releared to the atmosphere from the encrgy center)..This range ex:sts since an increase in ambient reladve humidity implies a decrease in latent heat release from the energy center. If the energy center had only a 3
2000 MWe capacity on a 2 e.m' area, the tempeature change rould be between 0.1 and 0.3CC. In addition, the layer heated by the smaller center is much less extensive than the lafer heated by the 40,010 MWe site. The lafer heated b, the 40,000 MWe site may perturb
,~
, an unstable atmosphere and produce precipitation, while the layer heated by the 2000 MWe site is about the sc.me size as, or smaller, t'.ian natural fluctuations which occur fi-om day to da'f.
2.
The Thermal Mourtain Large energy releases fro:n large urban areas or ener7.y centers are likeli te -roduce local circulation patterrs that perturb the ambient e
wind fields. The upward heat flux from the urban areas or energy center causes the ambient winds to be deflected up, over and around the s'. des of the warm rising air. This results in low level conver-gence, upward vertical motion and enhanced cloudiness and precipi-f tation. Hence, the wr.rm air over the urban area or energf center a:ts as a barrier. or ' thermal mountain', to the ambient wind. For example, it has been found that for midday surface perturbations cf 1 to 3oC, the St. Louis " thermal mountain" often extends to a height of 500 to 150Cm above the citf. A large energy center will also have a detectable impact on the local scale circuhtien patterns. As discussed in the previous paragraph, a 2000 MWe center simply does not produce enough heat over a sufficiently large area to produce a thermal barrier detectable within the natural fluctuations of t'.e atmosphere.
3.
Trig gerine Convect.ve C'. cuds and Pr ecicitation Convective act.. it i-resulting in cumulus clouds will prubabl. be triggcred bj a large energf center only on days when there are
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t The (or are going to bc) naturally occurring convective clouds.
effect of the energy center will be to produce convecti/c clouds 4
earlier in the day and prolong them longer into a much lesser effect than the 40,000 MWe site. The 2000 MWe site may produce t
i small cumulus clouds that will rarely precipitate; but if they do precipitate,.: will be only very light 1f and for short perieds of I
time.
4.
Enhancement of nrecinitaticn Sites producing 40,000 MWe c.mn be expected to enhance precipitation and intensify thunderstor.ns in a manner analogous to large urban I
However, because of their smaller energ f output and heat islands.
area of influence, a 2000 MWe center should have little effect on the It has been found that large urban regional precipitation patterns.
heat islands may increase precipitation by as much as 10% downwind of the city, and may increase thunderstorms downwind of the city by 25 to 40%. From a model study, we found that a 40,000 MWe energ f center increased the amount of precipitation from a storm passing over the center by 10%. The downwind extent of the enhanced precip-Distances var. from itation varies with the urban area in c,uestion.
the downwind edge of the urban area to as f ar as 80 km downwind.
In some cases it has been determined that prec:pitation de:icits exist
'J u - 3 1 8
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. downwind beyond the region of enhar eement. Hence, if the urban area is in a sufficiently large drainage area, the net increase in runoff due to the urban effects may be negligible.
l l
7 I
The greates: susceptibility for precipitation enhance =cnt occurs in the o
southern states of the U.S. In general, a large energy center located in the eastern half of the U.S. would be expected to increase local i
t e
precipitation volumes by 5 :o 10% if convection enhance:nent was the i
only viable nechanism-Another possible effect will be the enhancement of synoptic scale (frontal) precipitation due to precipita::en falling through a plume from a large energy center. Based upon our calculations, precipi-ta* ion ra:es would be expected to increase by 10 to 25% for typical rain situations. For a snyoptic scale storm with a precipitation rate of 2.5 mm hr-and lasting 6 hours6.944444e-5 days <br />0.00167 hours <br />9.920635e-6 weeks <br />2.283e-6 months <br />, the increase in precipi-tation below the centerline of a stationarf plume would be about
- 2. 5 mm. However, the cen'.erline of the plume could be expected to meander and slowly change orientation as the spatial orientations of fronts varied. In addition, natural fluctuations in the storm produce eouivalent variations in precipitation intensity and amount Hence, char ges due to large energy centers (and more so for 2000 MWe sites) will be nearly undetectable.
'iu 319
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5.
Enhancement of For On a regional basis, mechanical draft cooling towers and cooling ponds will be the most detrimental in terms of fog occurrence in areas where natura; heavy fog occurs often where low level inver-sions are frequent, and where the October through March mixing depths are low. In the high fog potential areas, heavy fog is observed over 45 days c,f the year, the October through '.! arch mixing depths are 400 to 600 m or less, and low-level inve'sions occur 29-30% of the time. In the low potential regions heavy fog is observed less than 20 days per year, and the October to Mareb mixing depths generally exceed 600 m. In general, fogging will be a problem in all of the Gulf Ccast, Atlantic Coast, anci Great Lakes states as well as in the Pacific Coast states. Fogging becomes less of a problem as ciistance from a major wa:er surface increases.
Fogging is also less of a problem when tall natural draft cooling towers (such s those for Three Mile Island) are used in areas of shallow valleyu and gentle rolling hills, as is the case at the Three Mile Island site. The releases of latent heat from large energf centers will tend to increase the intensit'/ of fogging during the high fcg potential seasons. To a much lesser degree, this is also true of the smaller energy centers. The intensity of the fog;;ng and the area covered by fogging due to a 2000.'.fWe rite will be much smaller than that for a 40,000 MWe site.
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i 6.
Concentration of Vorticity The release of large amounts of energy is associated with but not sufficient for, concentration of atmospheric vorticit1-in convective l
f vertices such as dust e. ils, water spouts and tornadoes. The i
i energy released from 2000 MWe sites through single or small l
clusters cf cooling towers is insufficient to trigger the devebp-ment of convective vor tices. However, buof ant plumes from several clusters of cooling icwers maf combine and significantly effect the concentration of vc.rticitf.
The intensity of the thermal and moisture plume from any energ'f center will depend on the energy rejection rate, the number of cooling towers, and the separation between towers. The separ.i-tion between cooling towers is especially significant because it is related di-ectly to possible merging between the individual plumes.
If the indi.'idual plumes merge, the size cf the combined plume may become sufficient to interact with atmospheric verticity fields pro-duced by natural convection, topegraphy and syneptic scale weather systems.
The probability of trig gering convective <crtices depends on climate.
If the ambient atmospheric conditions are net suitable, an energy release cannot trigger the concentration of verticity. The frequency
'id ~321
a
-9_
i of occurrence of natural convective vortices indicates climatological susceptability to vorticity concentration by large energy releases.
I Those regions which experience frequent natural cer.vectiee vortices l
are also regions where convective vertices triggered bf arge energy releases would be most probable.
The convective vortices for which the most complete clic.atological records are readily available are tornadoes. The records indicate that while tornadoes occur in all parts of the country, they are most frequent in the hiidwest with a maxim.um in the area of Oklahoma and Kansas. The likelihood that large energy releases will trigger vortteity concentration is relatively low in the Northwest, and is very low west of the Rocky hiountains.
The minimum energf release per unit area veith the potential to cause significant vertex generation is not known. However, it is apparent that the energy released from a 2000 h!We site is not sufficient to trigger the concentration of vorticity In fact, it may recuire a site 20,000 MWe or larger occupying an area of one square km to produce vortices under unstable atraspheric conditions.*
Gary A. Briggs, " Plume Rise from 'iultiple Sources", p. 161-179; Coohng a ower savironment (ERDA Puolication No. CO.';F-740302, 1975).
' d 222
/
. 7.
Conclusion From the comparisen between large urban areas (1,000,000 to 10,000,000 in population) and large energy centers (40,000 MWe),
and from the scaling down of the effects of the large energy centers to the 2000 h1We site, we conclud: that the energy release from a 2000 51','ie site will not produce significant alteratiens in the local climate. The most significant impact that may take place is the inten.nfication of naturally occurring iog and the production of very loc?.li:ed light snow. The Three Mile Island Station s t.:e of tall natural draft ecoling towers situated in an area of shallow ealleys and gentle rolling hils will almost eliminate the intensification of fcg.
Localized light snow will occur ander the plume only on those days for which natural snowfall is very probable. In order for this to occur, the centerline of the cooling tower plume must fall below 10cF
(-120C) and the atmospheric conditions must be stable. The maxi-mum observed amount of snowfall which could be attributed to the plume was about 25 mm.* Such.nowfall could be expected out to a Srennan. P.T, Smith, St.E. Kramer; bl.L., Reeves, R.W.
=
"Beha.ior of Visible Plumes from Hvperbohc Coolin:; Towers";
38th Annual Meeting, American Power Tonierence ( April 22, 1976).
Vn 3!d3
.a U:IITED STATES OF AMERICA tiUCLEAR REGULATORY CO:OtI53IO:I sL.~ a, m. _. 3..t, L,.L.
9 m
.,. La.. 3, TIIR.7.c..,w-J. 3
. u DOC 12T ::0. 50-320 TESTIMO:il 0F :IRC STAFF RELATED TO I'!TERAC'"IO:'
~
BET';EE:I TiiE CASECU3 RELEASES OF RADI0 ACTIVITY A :D CCOLI';G TO'.iE?. PLL".'E3 BY Leua Andrews Earl H. Markee, Jr.
Joe Osloond This testi=ony addresses Saf ety Contention Eleven, which reads:
"In its dose calculations the Applicant has ignored the effect of cooling towers.
Interaction between the gaseous r > leases of radioactivity (in particular, radioactive iodine isotopes) and tha cooling tmJer plumes can increase the thyroid dose by the ccw-citk pathway up to a f actor of 10.. Such a possible increase in the dose would exceed that allowed by the "as low as practicable" guideliner of Appendix I ;f 10 CFR Part 50.
- o operating licanse should be granted until the Applicant considars the effec t of the cooling tower in the gaseous iodine and i
reduces as necessary."
In consideration cf the effects of natural draft cooling tcwer pluces on the transport of radiciodines, tritiu=, and carbon 14, the-only -
significant contributors to the thyroid dose via the cow-cilk pathway, there are two cases tc, be considered. These cases are (1) direct merging of the radionuclide and ecoling traer plumes by entrainment of the radioactive plume into the cooling tower and (2) washout of the radioactive plune by drift.
Direct Mergine by Entrain ent In the even that the radioactive effluent plume is entrained into one of the natural draft cooling towers, a significant portion of the radic-nuclides will be scavenged by the drif t eliminators and will not be
'M-32G
. distance of about 15 km. However, due to plume meander lessening accumulation and the fact that snowfall resulting from the plume would onlf occur during the time of year when snowfall would normallf be expected, such light snowfall should not create a significant envi-ror'nental problem.
With regard to est: mating the combined thermal release from the generating facilities in the lower Susquehanna River Basin, we defined the lower Susquehanna River Basin as any point in the drainage south of the confluence of the Susquehanna and Juniata 9
Rivers which encompasses an area of approximate 1'f 5 x 10 square meters. Based on the Applicant's 1974 installed capacity data, (Supplement II to the Environmental Report, Th1I 2,1975) as of 1974 and including the capacitf of proposed Three hiile Island, Unit 2, (900 hF#e) we estimate th.. :.e energy production in the lower Susquehanna Riv _r Basin wotild conservativelf be 10 h1W e.
Assuming about a 33 percent generating efficienc.. the waste heat generated would be no more than 2 x 10 hiW of w ste energf Dividing this waste energy over the area in which it is generated results in an average energy production rate of 4W per square meter or a factor or 50 smaller than the waste energy per un:: area released r4 324
~^
I l
i by a large energy center. (Nuclear Energy Center Site Survey -
I 1975, Part III, NUREG-0001, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Cc:n nission, 1976).
Therefore, :: is our opinion that the combined thermal release of the power generating facilities, including the proposed Three Mile Island, Unit 2. on the lower Susquehanna River will have an insig-nificant effect on the local climate.
f
' released directly to the at:osphere. That part of the radioactive effluent which attaches itself to or chenically reacts with the very small cooling tower plume droplets will be carried alof t by the buoyancy of the cooling tever plume. This will result in a decrease in ground level concentration to distances on the order of a few niles and hecce decrease deposition at distances downwind over those concen-trations calculated for similar distances when no such interaction between the effluent and cooling tower plumes occurs. Thus, assu=ing such entrain =ent, the concentrations of radionuclides at the critical dairy recep*-~ (1.2 niles SE of the reactor complex) will be reduced.
However, sore of the radionuclides vill attach themselves to water i
which will be released by the cooling towers as large droplets (drift).
The annual average relative deposition resulting from this phe crenon
=ay be estimated from the following equation.
1 v
Vf
_D_
=,
e s
9 O
/E s
where:
_3 I_X 1
is the annual average relative concentration without correction jQj for plume recirculation at the critical dairy location 1.2 niles SE of the reactor co: Plex (2.2E-06 sec/m )
3 V
is the average settling velocity of drift droplets (0.5=/sec) s f
is the fraction of*the total circulating water released frca the cooling towers. This value was assumed to be 0.1 percent even though the data indicate a value of 0.03. percent (Three IU12 Island Nuclear Station, Units 16 2, Final Environmental S ta tement, U. S.
Atomic Encrgy Co==ission, 1972).
't k &,'g' l
f the radioactive The resultant deposition er* != ate due to catrainment o of ten less than pluce into the cooling tower pluce is about a facto:
Appendix I evaluatica.
l the dry deposition estinates calculated in our Drift _
Eashout of the Radic weive Ple=e by fluent and Due to dif f ering release heights, the radioactive ef ge.
The natural draf t cooling tcwer plu=es are not expected to mer ffluent inc F..ght of radioactive release is 55 neters and the e sc By ccuparison the exit velctity is as cuch as 19 meters per second.
b grade and the tops of the cooling tewers are about 113 meters a ove least an additional thernally buoyant plume is estimated to rise at Statement, 200 meters (Three Mile Island, Unit 2, Final Environmental b
U. S. Atomic Energy Cc =icsion,197 2).
i i
l (drif t) from the cooling tcwer plume can f all large droplets l
- Ecwever, d
lides.
through the effluent plu=e and wash cut t!.e ra ionuc 4
h menen The annual average relative deposition resulting f ron this p eno the follcwing equation k.
may be esti=ated frc l
8AF
/Dj rUX
( Q /q
- where, for droplets Of drift size is the washout coef ficientrainfall rate (Meteorology and Atc=ic A
Energy, David Sla3 e, eJitor, U. S. Atcaic Energy Cc=rission, for an equivalent
- 1).
July, 1968). (10-" sec time that the wind blows toward the is the f raction of :he F
critical receptors (.1]).
A$ $8 L
e,'.'
u is the annual average wind speed (1.5n/sec).
X is the distance tc the critical receptor (1.2 ciles).
The resultant value of deposition via washout by drif t is about a factor of 2 less than the dry deposition estinates in our Appendix I evaluation.
The Three Mile Island Station also has two three-celled sechanical draf t cooling tevers. Drift deposition f rc= this type of tcwer would o nur short of the 1930 meter distance to the critical dairy location and in most cases is confined to the site itself.
Radionuclides which attach themselves to small plu=e droplets would be deposited at about the same rate as airborne ef fluant which did not interact uith the 6
nachanical draft cooling tower plu=e.
t Thus, it is our opinion that the interaction between the gaseous releases of radioactivity and the cooling tower plunes will not substantially increase the thyroid dose by the cow-nilk pathway. Therefore, we cone.lude that ennsideration of such an interaction does not change cur conclusion that Three Mile Island, Unit 2, satisfies the "ac icu as reasonably achievable" guidelines of Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50.
'/4 329
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