Text

Tornado Missile Risk Analysis of Spent Fuel Pool
	ML19207A312
Person / Time
Site:	North Anna
Issue date:	07/31/1979
From:	Bilbro G, Dunn W, Twisdale L; RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
To:	;
Shared Package
ML19207A307	List: 05000338/LER-1979-090, Forwards LER 79-090/99X-0 & Rept 44T-1844, Tornado Missile Risk Analysis of Spent Fuel Pool, Dtd Jul 1979; 05000338/LER-1979-090-99, /99X-0 on 790629:recent Data Indicates Nonconservatism in Rept Tornado Considerations for Nuclear Power Plants Ref in Fsar.Paper Did Not Consider That Damage Caused by Lubbock,Tx Tornado Was Possible; ML19207A312;
References
	44T-1844, NUDOCS 7908160435
	Download: ML19207A312 (37)
	v • d • e

.

July 1979 Final Report 44T-1844 TORNADO MISSILE RISK ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH ANNA NUCLEAR PCWER STATION UNITS 1 & 2 SPENT FUEL POOL Prepared for Virginia Electric and Power Company 1 James River Plaza i th and Cary Streets Richmond, Virginia 23219 Under Purchase Order No. 83331 Prepared By L. A. Twisdale W. L. Cunn G. L. Bilbro E. A. Cannady 798 258 c36-7903100

July 1979 Final Report 44T-1844 TORNADO MISSILE RISK ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH ANNA f!UCLEAR POWER STATION UNITS 1 & 2 SPENT FUEL PCOL Prepared for Virginia Electric and Power Comcany 1 James River Plaza 7th and Cary Streets Richmond, Virginia 23219 Under Purchase Order No. 38881 Prepared By L. A. Twisdale W. L. Dunn G. L. Bilbro E. A. Cannady 798 259

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I.

INTRODUCTION..........................

I-1 II. METHODOLOGY II-1 A.

Introduction II-1 B.

Model s and Tornado Input Data...............

II-1 C.

The Probabilistic Simulation Model II-4 D.

Probability Assignment II-6 E.

Simulation Methodology II-8 III. PROBLEM OESCRIPTION AND SIMULATICN INPUTS III-l A.

Plant Definition III-l B.

Postulated Missile Threat..

III-3 C.

Tornado Hazard III-6 D.

Simulaticn Input III-6

!V.

RESULTS IV-1 V.

CONCLUSIONS V-1 VI.

REFERENCES...........................

VI-l APPENDIX A...........................

A-1 798 i!60 s,

I.

INTRODUCTION This document is a report prepared by Research Triangle Institute (RTI) unoer Virginia Ele,:tric and Power Company (VEPCO) Purchase Order No. 88881,

" Tornado Missile Analysis."

The objective of this investigation was to estimate the probability of tornado missile impact to the spent fuel pool of Units 1 and 2 of the North Anna Nuclear Power Station.

The scope of the study consisted of four basic tasks:

(1) acquisition of H c relevant data regarding the plant design and missile characteristics, (2) s amalization of a plant model with the important features of the spent fuel pool region and the initial conditions of the postulated missiles, (3) computer simulation analyses of the tornado missile threat to the spent fuel pool region, and (4) compilation of the simulation results and the documentation of the findings of the study.

The information required to define the plant, structures, and postulated missile input variables was obtained from VEPC0 and/or Stone and Vebster Engineering Corporation.

Tornado inputs were obtained from a recent inslysis of the pertinent tornado data record with an upperbound intensity given by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Region I design basis tornado.

A simulation computer code (TORMIS), developed explicitly for tornado missile risk analysis, was used to estimate the missile impact probabilities.

The results of over 60,000 individual missile simulation histories indicate that the probability that a single missile would impact the pool region is 4.15 x 10-11 per year.

The risk from the entire postulated missile population is estimated as 7.65 x 10-7 per year.

This report documents the input data used in the investigation and summarizes the methodology and results.

t-798 261

II.

METHODOLOGY A.

Introduction In general, the quantitative assessment of tornado missile risk requires a mathematical model of the physical process, probability models of the identified random variables, specification of the probability sample space, ano a means to assign probacility measures to the points in the sample space The models and met' odology developed by Twisdale et al. [1] for tornado missile risk analysis cf nuclear power plants have been used in this investigation to estimate missila impact probabilities to the spent fuel pool for Units 1 and 2.

Figure 1 illustrates the modeling and data components that comprise the integrated risk analysis approach.

Due to the complexity of the mathematical models that describe the general tornado missile event secuence and the relatively large numoer of random variables and requisite probability density functions, "onte Carlo simulation is used to estimate individual event probabilities.

This secticn summarizes the components of the methodology; detailed description of the models and previous results are given in several reports and publications [1-6].

S.

Models and Tornado Inout Data A sequence of events must occur for a safety-related component at a nuclear plant to be impacted and actually damaged by a tornadc-generated missile.

First of all, a tornado must occur and pass through the plant site area.

Five years of the national tornado data record (4,582 tornadoes) were analyzed to provide input information to the risk analysis on tornado occurrence rates and strike chara teristics [1, 4].

The investigation also included analyses of the potential for tornado classification error based uoan storm damage inter;:retatior.s and the lack of a damage medium (structures, vehicles, trees, etc.) in some regions.

The research also addressec the

}gg 11-1

TORNADO WINDFIELD MODEL STRIKE ANALYSIS - - - - +

TORNAD0

+-----

MODELING t

I MISSILE MISSILE

+____

SPECTRUM CHARACTERIZATION

'r INJECTION _ _ _ _ #

MISSILE

+ _ _ _ _ TRAJECTORY METHODOLOGY TRANSPORT ANALYSIS PLANT _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

MODELING Y

IMPACT

+ _ _ __. DAMAGE CRITERIA ANALYSIS AND MCDELI'!G V

PROBABILITY _ _ _ _ +

RISK

+ _ _ _ _ SIMULATION MODELING ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY Figure 1.

Components of the Tornado Missile Hazard Simulation Analysis 798 263 II-2

uncertainty in windspeed ranges and the variation of storm intensity along the path length; a data set of 148 tornadoes was analyzed to provide quantitative input on intensity variation.

Combination of these analyses resulted in a methodology to assess tornado strike probabilities and quantified input for each of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) tornado regions [7] in the United' States.

A tornado windfield model was also developed to be compatible with the entire range of observed windfield intensities and path widths.

Tornado flow characteristics were identified that were potentially significant in terms of missile transport phenomena.

In order to account for both modeling uncertainty and the natural variability observed among tornadoes, several random variables were specified in the model, including tornado intensity, path width, translational speed, radius to maximum tangential velocity, ratio of the radial to tangential wind speeds, vertical variation of core size, and boundary layer thickness.

In view of the difficulty in establishing a priori conservative flow characteristics for missile transport, the windfield model was synthesized from theoretical, observational, and probabilistic considerations.

A significant aspect of the model is that the parameters can be adjusted to make the intensity, size, and velocity variables consistent with the tornado path width boundary specifications.

Another component in the hazard must be the availability of objects in the plant vicinity before any missiles can be generated.

These objects must be accelerated by the tornado winds to pose a potential threat to any of the plant's safety systems.

A missile transport model was needed that would be efficient to permit simulation studies of thousands of trajectories and yet describe ene e/nected variance of turbulent tornado transport.

^ random orientation transport model was developed and statistically verified through a II-3 798 264

series of comparisons to both simplified three-degree-of-freedom and rigid body six-degree-of-freedom trajectory model s.

The missile injection methodology sas developed to provide for missile release to the moving tornado when the restraint forces are exceeded by the tornado-induced aerodynamic forces. A simulation study was performed to determine the optimum specification of missile restraint forces to ensure conservatisa in this component of th: ::echanistic analysis.

Finally, if the potential missile is transported by the tornado, it must hit a " target" or safety related system to pose an actual threat to the operation of the plant.

An impact methodology was developed for a spectrum of missiles to provide a basis for predicting structual damage, given an impact.

Recent impact test data [8] were used in a probabilistic approach to account for structural strength variations and random impact orientations.

An analytical study of oblique missile impact was also performed [6].

These components of the tornado missile hazard were linked together to form an integrated model of the process as indicated in Figure 1.

A total of 24 random variables were used to characterize the modeling uncertainty, natural variability of tornado events, and the site-specific characteristics at a particular plant.

Specification of the probability models for these variables, identification of the output sample space, and the use of simulation techniques to assign probabilities to this sample space complete the risk assessment methodology.

C.

The Probabilistic Simulation Model The probability model that is adopted to simulate ;ornado missile events relies on the following hypotheses:

(1) a finite and deterministic number (N) of potential missiles exist in the plant vicinity and thus completely define the sampling population; (2) er.ch potential missile in the sampling population 793 265 M4

has an equally likely chance to be transported by each tornado that strikes the plant; (3) a sequential event model for multiple missile generation is adoptad: (4) the sample and/or event spaces for target impact are discrete; and (5) individual missile events, including ground interaction and termination, do not af#ect the governing sampling distributions of the process.

These hypotheses form a basis for constructing event spaces and interpreting the resulting probability estimates from the simulations.

The detarministic restriction on ti in the first hypothesis results in considerable simplification in the event space specification as well as in the probability estimation and can be easily managed through conservative specification.

The second hypothesis ensures that a random sampling scheme that uses the common missile input distributions is applicable.

With respect to the first two hypothesis, it is noted that it is not the total number of objects in the plant vicinity but only those that have restraint forces that can be exceeded by the tornado-induced forces.

The number of potential missiles available for transport during the actual time duration of a specific 1.ornado is significantly less than the number of countable objects because of the structural and storage mode restraints that limit missile ava.' lability characteristics. The third hypothesis represents an approximat11n of the true stochastic nature of the problem by adopting a sequential model of multiple missile events rather that a " simultaneous" model with time history superpositions.

Hypothesis four is simply a statement of the discrete acure of missile impact events.

The final hypothesis specifies that a missile history will not affect the sampling distributions for subsequent histories in the same tornado event.

Statistically, this suggests independence among the missile histories in the sense that the sampling distributions remain unchanged for a given tornado event.

"-5 3g 266-

D.

Probability Assignment The defined sampling experiment of tornado missile events specifies a seqt.ence of individual missile trials to define the outcome of an individual tarnado history.

The developed methodology involves the' assignment of multiple missile experimental outcomes from an analytical formulation that uses the single missile probability estimations.

In Ihe following paragraph,

the basic analytic model for risk evaluation is given, the applicability of the Bernoulli process and Poisun trials model is examined, and an analytical model for multiple missiles is presented.

The basic tornado arrival process model for tornado missile risk assessment is adopted from Wen and Chu's work [9] and can be expressed as P(A) = 1 - exp[-v E(A)T] = v E(A)T, (1) where P(A) = probability that event A occurs at least once during the time period (T), v = tornado occurrence rate, and E(A) = an expectation over the random variables defining event A for a single tornado.

This expression is the exact analytical expression for tornadoes that are characterized by a Poisson arrival process and a union concept of success for event A.

For rare events, the approximation in Equation 1 is accurate to within 0.5 percent for vE( A)T j 0.01.

Consistent with the discrete nature of the tornado FPP (Fujita intensity, Pearson path length, Pearean path width) classification system

[e.g.,10], E(A) is evoluated by its equivalent form F

t E(A) = [ E(AjI)P(I),

(2)

I=0 where I denotes the F-scale classification and F: the upperbound tornado intensity.

II-6 798 267

For the assumed sequence of N missiles generated during a tornado strike, (Ij), the probability of target damage can be formulated analytically from the single trial probability, P( AlIj).

The probability of the event that target A is damaged by at least one of the N missiles in the sampling population during the jth tornado F-scale intensity I is denoted as P ( AlIj). A conservative N

union (U) concept of damagt. 'uccess being adopted, this probability is NP (AlIj) = P[(A lIj) U ( A lIj) U... U (A IIj)],

(3) 1 2

N where Aj denotes the event that A is damaged by missile i.

If mutua!

independence is assumed among the Aj, then Equation 3 can be stated equivalently as N

N NP (AlIj) = 1 - H P(7j l Ij ) = 1 - 2 [1 - P(Aj lIj)],

(4) i=1 i=1 where lj denotes the complement of event A. This assumption of mutual i

independence means that the missile trials are repeated under identical conditions for the assumed tornado; i.e., the ith trial alone determines whether or not Aj occurs.

If the missiles are treated as being indistinguishable (nonordered) in the sampling experiement in terms of event A, then P( Aj lIj) is replaced by P(AlIj) and P ( Aj Ij) = 1 - [1 - P( AlIj)] N.

(5)

N This familiar expression provides a basis for assigning multiple missile event likelihoods during a specific tornado event (Ij) with an estimate of P( AjI )

j from the sequential sampling experiment.

Examination of Equation 5 suggests that this expression is identical to the extensively studied Bernoulli process.

It is noted that the expected number of successes during tornado i on a single target " A" is N.P( Aj !j),

and II-7 798 268

the variance is N P(AlIj)[1 - P(AlIj)].

Correspondingly, Equation 4 is the analogous statement for Bernoulli trials with variable probabilities, i.e.,

Poisson trials [11].

The significance of the assumption of indistinguishable missiles has been evaluated by comparing features of Poi'sson trials to Bernoulli trials.

It can be shown [cf.1] that the Bernoulli model provides a conservative estimate of the variance and an estimate of the expected value that is within a few percent of that obtained from the more general Poisson trials model.

Thus, the simplification provided by Equation 5 is used to assign multiple missile probabilities.

E.

Simulation Methodolocy Probabiliscic Monte Carlo simulation [e.g.,12,13] is used to estimate the missile event probabilities--e.g., P( AlIj)--because of the complex and multidimensional form of the random process.

The TORMIS simulation code has been developed to produce numerical estimators of both single and multiple missile event probabilities.

The output consists of statistically independent outcomes, each of which follows the same probability law.

The expected value and variance are the population descriptors evaluated explicitly in the TORMIS code.

For a mathematical statement of the tornado missile simulation, it is convenient to introcuce the functions g(xl$) and h($) to represent the

~

complete stochastic process.

The random process for the tornado definition andoccurrenceisdefinedbyh(I),where$isavectoroftornadorandom

~

variables.

The function g(xl$) denotes the tornado missile random process in which x is a vector of missile random variables.

Thus, the complete stochastic process is given by the product g(xl$)h($); the notation for an

~

outcomeisg($jlkj)h(kj),whereXi denotes the i th vector of tornado variables

~

sampled frcm f(x).

For a single missile history, the outcome relative to some defined event A is a random variable "a."

This outcome being denoted as

"-8 798 269

gA(kj l5j)h ( j), the characteristics of the probability law of "a" can be A

inferred frcm n independent observations. The expected value of "a" is estimated by 1 m 1 n E(alI) = - )

m j =,1 h(Zj)nj.). 9A(XjlZj),

(6)

A 1

where n = m n.

For the Bernoulli trial model, the probability of success of A

^

is given by this expectation, an,! hence P(A) = E(a) and P(A) = ^E(a).

The estimate of '( AlIj) is given by the right summation in Equation 6.

It is noted that for single missile events the es*.imation of P(AlI) is not dependent upon the division of m and n for large n, pro 'ided that a reasonable number (m) of tornadoes is considered and n is sufficiently large.

However, for multiple missile events, n must be large enou!5 to provide an estimate of P( AlIj), which can be used in the analytical expressions derived previously.

Tr us, the estimation accuracy of P(AlIj) is useful; the sampla variance, 2(alIj and the variance of P(AlIj) follow the standard forms [1].

In the TORMIS code, confidence bounds are calculated assuming normality, which has been shown '.o give accurate results compared to a modified binomial sampling procedure [1].

798 270 u-9

III.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION AND SIMULATION INPUTS A.

Plant Definition The spent fuel pool for Units 1 and 2 is located within the fuel building, which is directly between Containments 1 and 2 and south of the auxiliary, service, and turbine buildings.

To simulate the tornado missile threat to the spent fuel storage area, the structures shown in Figure 2 were modeled as a cluster of 13 targets.

The interior of the pool itself was modeled as two separa e targets (Numbers 7 and 8).

Target 7 represents the interior of the pool, from the top of the pool to a point 6 feet abcVe the elevation of the top of the spent fuel assemblies.

Target 8 covers the area from 6 feet above the location of the fuel assemblies to the bottom of the pool at elevation 249 feet 4 inches.

This targeting arrangement was devised to provide the most information about potential impacts within the pool.

Impacts to Target 7, which was modeled with no top or bottom surfaces, represent actual hits to the interior walls of the pool.

Impacts to Target S represent hits to the fuel assemblies or to pool walls just above the fuel assemblies.

The probability of missiles entering the top portion of the pool is thus the addition of the individua' probabilities for Targets 7 and 8.

The fluid within the pool was ignored in the trajectory analyses, and thus the predicted missile impact veloctities are higher than those that would actually occur because of the increased drag resistance provided by the water.

Targets 3, 4, 5, and 6 include the exterior pool walls and the remaining per-ic' of the fuel building.

The portion of the fuel building above the elevation of the top of the pool (elevation 291 feet 10 inches) was not considered to provide any significant missile protection to the pool and hence was not modeled in the analysis.

The remaining targets include the containment structures, the auxiliary, service, and turbine buildings, and the 798 N

m-1

11 Turbine Building 10 Service Building Auxili ary 9

4 Building N

Containment 3

6 Conta nment 5

"9

% Primary Grade Water Storage Tanks (a) Target Plan View Lecend

@ Spent Fuel Pool 1,...,13 Target Numbers Scale 1"=100' 2

150 100 :

0 3

1 2

50 11 mun 10 33 12 13 'f f

g { p,q,w <<winwm wrw

-w w e N

Spent Fuel Grade E1.270' Assemblies (b) South Elevation View 798 272 Figure 2.

Plan and Elevation Views of Plant Targets III-2

primary grade water storage tanks.

The auxiliary, service, and turbine build ngs were modeled up to elevations that would continue to provide missile protection during the design basis tornado.

Other structures, components, etc., in the region of the spent fuel pool were not explicitly modeled in this study.

Hence, only the major " shadows" were modeled, and the shadowing effects of other structures, such as those of the waste disposal building, are conservatively ignored in the missile simulations.

B.

Postulated Missile Threat The missile threat that was postulated for the spent fuel pool included buildings, loose objects, construction materials, and other sources over the entire plant and construction site area.

As noted in Figure 3, a total of 17 areas were used to identify different missile origin zones.

The zones include storage and laydown areas, parking, Units 3 and 4 construction area, the switchyard, and wooded regions.

These areas include the contiguous land region around the plant and thus all possible missile origins within 2,000 feet of the actual spint fuel pool target.

A previous investigation indicatea that missiles rareij travel more than 2,C00 feet and hence do not contributa significantly to the impact risk for targets that are located more than 2,000 feet frcm the missile source.

Simulation of missile trajectories and field observations suggest that the greatest hazard is from missiles that originate within several hundre.d feet of the target.

The number of each of the itandard missile types [14] postulated by zone is summarized in Table I.

A total of 19,995 potential missiles were specified to simulate the availability of missile sources during the period of on-site construction activities for Units 3 and 4.

Upon completion of these units, the number of potential on-site missiles will diminish, and thus this time period is expected to reoresent the worst case in terms of the tornado missile III-3 798 273

Y 2500 14 N

2000 Pipe Laythwei Aira 21*

'?

13 15 I d Y '*" A' ed d

1500 Pasking 11 Wooded Area

$witthyard 16 500 Construt.tlon I

Units 3 & 4 L! nits 1 & 2 p,,gggg 10 Woode<l Area g

x 500 1000 2000 oo 5000 gy 2

500 Emi>ank nin t 9

7 5

4 Parking Storage krh Wh Pel Storage Area Area 1000 8

Storage 6

Area Discharge Canal and Wooded Area

-1500 5torage Arca

-~~.Y

,.c 00 2000 N

4 Figure 3.

tiissile Origin Zone Definit. ion

TABLE I.

MISSILE SPECIFIC UION BY ZOI:E NumDer of Missiles by Tyce Total P1 ant Number Zone Wood 6"

1" Utility 12" Automobile Of Number Beam Pice Rod Pole Pice Missiles 1

10 10 10 5

10 5

50 2

100 100 100 5

100 5

410 3

1,000 1,000 1,000 500 1,000 100 4,600 4

0 0

0 5

5 5

50 0

0 30 0

50 320 6

1,000 1,000 1,000 500 1,000 100 130 7

0 0

0 20 0

300 4,600 8

100 50 50 10 50 10 320 9

500 250 250 50 250 50 1,350 10 100 0

0 10 0

50 160 11 0

500 100 0

500 5

1,105 12 0

0 0

13 100 100 0

0 100 25 325 14 1,000 1,000 1,000 500 1,000 100 4,500 15 0

0 0

80 0

1,200 1,230 16 0

50 0

40 0

600 690 17 0

0 0

100 0

0 100 Total 3,960 4,060 3,510 1,850 4,010 2,605 19,995

Zone 12 is a wooded area that is more than 2,000 feet frcm the spent fuel pool target.

III-5

]9b

threat.

These missiles were specified to originate at heights that follow the land topography, building, and material laydown storage heights.

The zone elevation and maximum injection heights are given in Table II.

The minimum injection height was conservatively considered to be five feet above the zone grade elevation.

The missiles were uniformly injected over the interval defined by these minimum and maximum heights, incorporating the differences in zone elevations.

The automobile was injected at a constant height of five feet above grade for all zones.

C.

Tornado Hazard The input data for the tornado hazard definition was taken from an analysis of 4,582 tornado data entries reported in the 1971-1975 FPP data base

[1].

Specifically, the data for NRC tornado Region I was used in the specification of tornado intensity, path width, path length, and tornado direction.

The design basis tornado with a windspeed of 360 mph [7] was used as the maximum intensity event.

Thus, as noted in Table III, the F'6 tornado intensities were specified to have a windspeed interval of from 277 to 366 mph and an occurrence rate of 2.152 x 10-7 per square mile per year.

A review of the 1971-1975 data for the State of Virginia confirmed the conservatism of using Region I tornado statistics in the tornado hazard simulation.

The angular difference of 21 degrees clockwise between plant north and true north was also accounted for in the directional tornado data input relative to the plant target model and missile zone geometry.

D.

Simulation Incuts Appendix A includes an actual computer printout of all of the input data for the simulation of a given tornado intensity interval.

Tne input data were checked against the problem description defined in this chapter to insure the validity of the results.

III-6 b

TABLE II.

MISSILE INJECTION HEIGHT BY ZONE Maximum Injection Height Above Grade (ft) by Missile Type Plant Grade Zone Elevation Wood 6"

l' Utility 12" Automobile Numcer (ft)

Beam Pice Rod Pole Pice 1

270 30 30 30 5

30 5

2 270 20 20 20 20 20 5

3 270 50 50 50 20 50 5

4 320 5

5 320 2

20 5

6 320 3

30 30 30 30 5

7 320 5

5 8

320 2

20 20 20 20 5

9 320 2

20 20 20 20 5

10 300 2

20 5

11 270 40 40 40 5

12 270 13 270 5

5 5

5 14 270 5

5 5

5 15 270 5

5 16 270 20 20 5

17 270 20 t "-7 79g 277

TABLE III.

TOR! LAD 0 ItiTENSITY INTERVALS A!iD OCCURREtiCE RATES Tornado Intensity Windspeed Interval Occurrence Rate (F'-Scale)

(moh)

(/sc. mi. yr.)

F'O 40-73 2.206x10-4 F'1 73-103 1.207x10-4 F'2 103-135 6.413x10-5 F'3 135-168 1.941x10-5 F'4 168-209 4.390x10-6 F'S 209-277 9.469x10-7 F'6 277-360 2.152x10-7 AlI 40-360 4.304x10-4 jgg 278 t "-8

IV.

RESULTS Missile impact probabilities to the spent fuel pool targets were estimated with the methodologv developed for the TORMIS computer code and the specified input data.

Ten thousand missile time histories were simulated for tornado events within each tornado intensity interval.

A total of 60,000 histories were recorded for F1 through F6 intensity tornadees.

The tornado charactistics or direction, path length, path width, translational windspeed component, etc., were sampled from the defined frequency distributions for each tornado event simulated.

Missiles were selected from each of the types specified and positioned within the zones for possible injection and transport by the tornado. Missiles that impacted the structures were scored and the target impact probabilities generated.

The predicted impact probabilities for the spent fuel targets (Numbers 7 and 8) are presented in Table IV for each tornado intensity.

The 95 percent confidence bounds are also given to indicate the degree of statistical uncertainty in the simulation output, as indicated in the example computer printout in Appendix A.

The results summarized in Table IV indicate that the probability of a single tornade-generated missile, picked at andom frcm the entire missile population, entering che spent fuel pool is estimated to be 4.15 x 10-11 per year.

The majority (95 percent) of this risk is due to impacts to the upper portion of the interior wall the pool, as defined by Target 7.

The model predicts that the likelihood of a direct hit to Target 8 (the scent fuel assemblies and the portion of the interior pool walls extending six feet abcve the top of the assemblies) is 2.37 x 10-12 per year.

Multiple missile probabilities, as defined mathematically in Section II.D, are also given in Table IV.

Since there is : ore than one potent.al missile at the plant, these probabilities are simply the total rid from all pg IV-1

TABLE IV.

PHEGICILO liiPACT PROBAh!LITIES Afl0 % PERClitT STATISTICAL C0flFIDEtlCL BOUllDS Tornado Single flissile fiultiple liissile (F'-Scole) flumber (1)

Limit (2)

Upper (2)

Intensity Tar 9et Lower fican Upper Lower flean Limit 1

7 0

1.12x10_13 2.46x10-13 0

1,73x10-9 4,12x10-9 8

2.07x10-16 S,79x10-15 1,14 x10-14 0

3.65x10-Il 1.06x10.0 7 or 8 0

1.18x10-13 2.Six10-13 0

1,79xio-9 4,17x10-9 2

7 0

3.21x10-ll 9.llx10-Il 0

5.84x10-7 1.66xiU-6 8

0 2.59x10-13 7.13x10-13 0

3.74x10-9 1.09x10-'

7 or 8 0

3.24x10-Il 9.14x10-Il 0

5.89x10-7 1.66x10-6 3

7 0

5.52x10-12 1.28x10-Il 0

1.06x10-7 2.46x10-7 8

0 7.05x10-13 2.05x10-12 0

1.28x10-8 3.71x10-8 7 or 8 0

6.23x10-12 1.36x10-Il 0

1.19x10-7 2.6Sx10-7 4

7 1.02x10-13 9.76x10-13 1.85x10-12 1,44x10-9 1.85x10-8 3.SSx10-8 8

0 1.0lx10-12 2.93x10-12 0

1.93x10-8 S.61x10-8 7

7 or 8 0

1.99x10-12 4,10x10-12 0

3.78x10-8 7.82x10-8 5

7 2.48x10-14 4.12x10-13 7,99x10-13 4.27x10-10 7.9 x10-9 1.54x10-8 8

0 3.90x10-13 9.28x10-13 0

7.57x10-9 1.80x10-8 7 or 8 1.39x10-13 8.02x10-13 1,47xio-12 1,oixto-9 1.55x10-8 2.92x10-8 6

7 0

7.41x10-14 1.86x10-13 0

1.37x10-9 3.44x01-9 8

(3) 7 or 8 0

7.41x10-14 1.86x10-13 0

1.37x10-9 3.44x10-9 All 7

1.48x10-Il 3.91x10-Il

6. 34 x10-I l 2.77x10-7 7.20x10-7 1.16x10-6 8

1.37x10-12 2.37x10-12 3.37x10-12 2.47x10-8 4.34x10-8 6.21x10-8 7 or 8 1.72x10-Il 4.15x10-Il 6.58x10-Il 3.22x10-7 7.6Sx10-7 1.21x10-6 flotes:

(1)

Target 7 = Spent fuel pool volume above fuel assemblies Target 8 = Spent f uel pool volume containing fuel assemblies up to a point 6'

~i above the top of spent fuel 4

7 or 8

= Impact to either region defined by target 7 or target 8 O

(2) Upper and lower limits of the 95% statistical confidence bounds (3) indicates that no hits were obtained to Llie to get far tiie specified tornado intensity CD cD

the potential missiles specified in the missile threat definition.

The event is not based upon the assumption that only one missile is generated per tcrnado, but that the entire population of potential missiles may be generatea for any tornato event.

The term multiole missile is also interpreted to mean that all of the missiles have restraining forces that are specified within an optimum interval for transport and thus are potentially transported by any tornado that strikes the plant.

Thus, the multiple missile risk provides a conservative estimate of tornado-generated missile impact probabilities.

For multiple missile generation for each tornado event, the respective probability estimates are 7.65 x 10-7 per year for missiles entering the pool and 4.34 x 10-8 per year for missiles hitting near the fuel assemblies (as specified by Target 8).

The 95 percent confidence bounds for these results are relatively

t. lose to the predicted mean values, indicating that a sufficient number of simulations were made to minimize the statistical uncertainty of the outcomes.

An examination of these results indicates that the simulation model predicted event likelihoods that closely follow expected missile occurrences.

In the first place, the pool offers a very limited target as illustrated in Figure 1; it is shadowed, or partially shadowed, from practically every direction by adjacent structures.

The missiles must avoid these targets and at the same time be lifted to a height of at least 20 feet above the plant grade elevation.

If a missile, by chance, is transported into the region above the pool, its trajectory must fall quickly, or else it will be carried over the pool and into another target or a ground impact.

Inspection of the simulation results indicates that these types of outcomes occured more frequently than the event of a missile trajectory intersecting the pool.

Fo r example, the single missile hit probability to the outside scuth wall of the g

pool (Target 5) is more than 10 times likely than a hit to the pool it Li f (4.61 x 10-10 vs 4.15 x 10-11).

None of these predicted hits to the outside wall produced damage to the massive 6-foot-thick, reir. forced concrete barrier.

Table IV also indicates the contribution by tornado intesity to the overall risk.

The maximum intensity tornado events (F'6) produced no hits to Target 8, althouth it produced the most hits to the adjacent targets.

For these high intensity tornadoes, all of the hits to the pool occurred to the interior walls within eight feet of the top of the pool.

The speeds of the missiles were higher, and thus they did not drop sufficiently during the time interval they were over the pool to result in a direct hit to Target 8.

The hit probability for both Targets 7 and 8 peaked at the strong intensity tornadoes (F'2 or F'3) as opposed to weak intensity tornadoes (F'O or F'1) or violent storms (>F'4).

F'O intensity tornadoes were not simulated because of the noted reduction in risk contribution for the F'1 intensity.

In addition to the estimation of missile impact risk, the TOR.'i!S code is alse capable of estimating damage to a target given missile impact.

To provide some indication of the like19aod of damage to the fuel assemblies under hypothetical conditions, Target 8 was assumed to have a one-quarter-inch steel plate element on its top surface.

If oblique angles of entry and the presence of the fuel rack structures are considered, this case may.orovide a lower limit to the range of fuel usembly damage probability.

The predicted damage (plate pcrforation) probabilities for missiles entering the pool and directly hitting Target 8 were 1.35 x 10-13 per year from a single missile and 2.58 x 10-9 per year for all the raissiles combined.

These probabilities are each more than an order of magnitude less than the predicted impact probabilities and, furtner, do not include the effect of the fluid drag IV-4 798 282

provided by the 24 feet of water above the assemblies. Tornadoes with intensities of F'3 or less did not contribute any to this actual damage risk.

An analysis of the impact risk cor.tribution by missile type to Target 8 provides further information regarding this difference i.n impact risk and actual damage risk.

The simulation outcomes for all the tornadoes indicate that 82 percent of the impact risk to Target 8 was from the wood ber.m missile (4 inches by 12 inches by 12 feet) with a total weight of only 115 lbs.

The 6-inch steel pipe contributed 16 percent of the risk; the 1-inch steel rod contributed 1 percent; and the utility pole,12-ir sa pipe, and vehicle contributed less than 1 percent combined.

Thus, the order of magnitude reduction in the predicted impact risk versus the damage risk is partially due to the fact that many of the predicted impacts involve one of the lighter missiles that has a relatively weak damage potential.

n-s 798 283

V.

CONCLUSIONS On the basis of this investigation, the following conclusions are made regarding the likelihoods of missile impact events in the spent fuel pool for Units 1 and 2:

(1) J4issiles Entering tha Pool - Th.. mean probability of a tornado-generated missile entering the spent fuel pool for Units 1 and 2 is estimated as 4.15 x 10-11 per year.

For the entire population of postulated missiles, the combined probability of at least one tornado-gener estimated as 7.65 x 10 gted missile entering the spent fuel pool is

' per year.

(2) Missiles Directly Hitting the Assemblies - The mean probability of a tornado-generated mis;ile entering the :: pent fuel pool and directly hitting the spent fuel assemblies (or the interior pool wall just above the top of the assemblies) is estimated as 2.37 x 10-12 per year.

For the entire population of postulated missiles, the ccabined probability of at least one tornado-generated misgile directly hitting the assemblies is estimated as 4.34 x 10-o per year.

(3) Missiles Damaging the Assemblies - A hypothetical lower-limit estimate of the prooability of a tornado-generated missile entering the pogl and damaging the spent fuel assemblies is estimated as 1.34 x 10-14 per year.

For the entire population of postulated missiles, the combined probability of at least one tornado-ggnerated missile damaging the assemblies is estimated as 2.58 x 10-9 per year.

The results indicate that the probability of tornado-generated missile damage is less than the 10-7 per year risk criterion specified in the Standard Review Plan [14] for missiles generated by natural phenomena.

In addition, the conservatisms in the analysis, coupled with the tightness of the predicted statistical confidence bounds, suggest that the actual risk is likely to be less than the lower bound of the predicted risk.

~

hk V-1 g

VI.

REFERENCES 1.

Twisdale, L. A. et al., " Tornado Missile Risk Analysis," EPRI NP-768 (Vol. I) and EPRI NP-769 (Vol. II), Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, May 1978.

2.

Twisdale, L. A., W.L. Dunn, and T.L. Davis, " Tornado Missile Transport Analysis," Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Design, 51 (1979).

3.

Dunn, W.L. and L. A. Twisdale,'" A Synthesized Windfield Model for Tornado

~

Missile Transport," Journal of Nuclear Engineering & Design, 52 (1979).

4.

Twisdale, L. A., " Tornado Data Characterization and Windspeed Risk,"

Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, Vol.104, No. ST10, October, s

1978.

5.

Twisdale, L. A., " A Risk-Based Desiga Against Tornado Missiles,"

Proceedings of the Third ASCE Specialty Conference on Structural Design of Nuclear Plant Facilities, Boston, Mass., April 1979.

6.

Twisdale, L. A., "Probabilistic Considerations in Missile Impact Assessment," Proceeding of the International Seminar on Probabilistic Design of Nuclear Power Plants, San Fransisco, Calif, August 1977.

7.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, " Design Basis Tornado for Nuclear Power Plants," Regulatory Guide 1.76, April 1974.

8.

Stephenson, A.E., " Full-Scale Tornado -Missile Impact Tests," NP-440, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, July,1977.

9.

Wen, Y.K., and Chu, S.L., " Tornado Risks and Design Wind Speed," Journal of the Structural Division, Proceedings ASCE, Volume 99, No. ST12, December 1973.

10.

Fujita, T.T., " Proposed Characterization of Tornadoes and Hurricanes by Area and Intensity," The University of Chicago, SMRP Research Paper No.

91, February 1971.

11.

Feller, W., An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Acolications, Volume I, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Your,1968.

12.

Fishman, G.S..

oncepts and Methods in Discrete Event Digital Simulation, John Wiley & Sons, New York,1973.

13.

McGrath, E.J., Basin, S.L., Barton, R.W., Erving, D.C., Jaquette, S.C.,

and Ketler, W.R., et al., Technioues for Efficient Monte Carlo Simulation, CRML-PSIC-38, Volumes 1, 2, 3, April 1975.

14.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission. " Missiles Generated by Natural Phencmena,"

3ection 3.5.1.4, Standard Review Plan, Revision 1, November,1975.

VI-1 e

APPENDIX A TORMIS Input and Output Sample The input and a portion of the output of the computer simulation is given in this appendix for the computer simuiation of F'S tornadoes.

Table A-1 illustrates the data input requirements for the TORMIS code.

In Table A-2 the output summary by target number and impact event is presented.

The four impact events that the code analy2.es are as follows:

(1)

Missile impact or a hit to the target.

(2)

Missile impact with velocity greater than a specified value.

(3) Damage evaluation for specified target properties.

(4) Damage evaluation for a second set of target properties.

The output summary also includes estimates of missile impact and damage to combinations of targets.

The notation "7 S UN" in Table A-2 represents the union of Targets 7 and 8 and hence the combined probaMiities for each target.

The notation "7 8 IN" represents the interesection of both targets and hence the probability that both targets are impacted in the same tornado event.

A-1

]9b

'?--

~

,==.

C

J t

~3 C

==

4J C

C

,ag 8

u I

O v

i f

c s

.=

i s

-3 I

O l

W c

I is e s

CD I

O 4

O i

4 f,

O c

i O

C O.

O O

t s

I e

M n

i i

c w

W; W

W c

I i

O O

O em o

O

3 n

8 g

i ev 4.

T o

i t

V C

=

N C.

C-O.

i r

1 N O

C e

e Z

C C

cf C j l

I e

C

- C C

C C

C

.-=

t f

C m

O O

F C

C ci l 4 W

W; m O

CCCCC

=

l

' O C

or C C

?OSCO

^

y e

W W

W4 l

f' M'

e i

h c-O C

1 4

t M

.ina M E E f.s3 M M

, M

'M

~

a e c l

e.

o o

C o<

c e moC=3 i c o "3 s C

9OCCO

=

a o

C c'

".0 i **

C aa.

d

f'" ? O "a

==

5 j

4 y

mt

,i e o ei 3

2 SONN O e **

c5 i

2 C

j w

c%

f=='

C 4

Ja ? :D # 3 (g*}

=

5 3

C' ?. C'. 7 C'.

~

=

e e

C g*

c c I

C; o j e

o Os O C

cocQQ

e i

e e

j fo g

r

=

c.

- - ~ e -

e!

I N

m CCOO COOCC O

C Ti C

C O

C of C O

eoOo O C r1 C C e

l i

I a

W M

i ew

.ma

m., a1 w

ena na w ma en: a. as w u

.n.

eg.

e o r

t o

e, C.

o o COeo eCocC e e es s

=

0 C

i o

C C.

C O"

CCCC v ocCO c

g l

C C

C2 a

S C C C

- r** C N o C

'l C-C s

O n

4l 2

CCCD TPHPO O

O F=

e o

e e

o i i

r"*

=

4' C

4

c C% 2

=& OCC O'

O s ** = = - m 2

. c. 4. @.

?. C'. @. m 8"=

1 e

D o o c: C I,

c.

e I

C C

Qt O C

COCQ CCCOC C-==

a l

l u

a m

o e,

c o

r -

C C

C a

m

= -

m

- o auO ocuCC e

we t'=

a u

C u-W u wow Juwvv M

E M

M W-i g

O O

C o ;

o W

M be E

's-Ts.' las W f J L= U M <*-

M U'

C C

a C

7 C: O C

O C ""'

OCOC7 C

<=

=

o o

<3 c5 c-n

o. o - uoO O U c.a C C C

i f'

O O

C C

g C

C C

C 4

O oCe

-ae4 O N

C O

s O

e C.r ef*

- i r* tr N

"=**@

eO 1

l N

l C%

7 7

N-B

.2 7 M *"'

CT &TC R

Ch w

s y

C.

W F. C W'.'****W*'N**

e Ct N

O j

e l

e e

i es e

C C

O O

O

- o j Q.

el e

e

e 3

i

! O C

CI C

-Q COCO' CCCCC c:

l t

t i

H o.

e a m-

-5 i, -. - -

m.

o -- - -

'C mt '"*

C OO OOO-

~

N N

O O

i Ct C

C 1

i i

e O

C C,

C o oo OCQc C

e E

naa w

I l

s i

e O

l i

ina rim.

ina a la.

is, man ime in en. tas as

.a c'.

C

<*3 og C C

CC OOCO U1 he; W1 C

c A'

833 Ci C

I C

C Ci O C

QC COCC 4

C1 C

i i

m

O "3 ' c== co

== a N O ye N

i -.

l l

l 4

f C

2 ND Os V

t Ci e c,.- -

,e e

e

-o l

l

. - - - n

~

N--

e.. c o C

e Q

e e

, C C

Ct C :C C000- ocOOC e

l e.

c---

c w

c.

m d,

ca O

N m

O o-0 C O <",*

. 19 m

e te e C

O ci O Q

O r

L*

2 i

ne s M g

4*

e a

e i I

C6 b'

C W

h3 W

ta.* -

U L' T 2 M E

M F"

M.

i D

C

""1 3

C c

c' OOOO C

e ta

>i l

Q C

O, C

O Q,

OOCC E

=

G e

e EaJ.

22 M

at 4i er g

= c eg. *

ain a

C c *

g 4

f=

sa.

=a.

e C

.3 3;

e "3 7 t' #

I 3'

N c *= f N

- O C. **e f.)

2 C - N.=

E 6

E

C a=.

6 L*

i 6-

.=

0

=

N N ? 2*

a'"

aC 3

.J E.

e C

o E

b L.*

D.

I I

LS e

e e

e P

h 4aa

=

= i a

C O:

O.

e e

Cs eOCC CCOO i i

.4 E

=

E u

Q; y 0

i C

O ma*

-ir.

h..

e.

m

=

l r

4+

m e

C h

a T

i w,

zl e

m E

M.

e b

E' Li

=

f

=

3 w'

w' w

w s.

u O

w

=

O n

E.

3 s

e=

C; c

=

p y

e w

en.

Le a

ea V1

.a.,

4 a.

et.

L9 - s ina me I se o

e

== i t

c ci faJ os a

==

C.'

E E

c s

ar n.c w.=

=.- -

=

m c

e r

m.

=

s Ji

.=

E cr

.9 e.9 E.

=

w

.==

a 2'

r c.

' z t

.7 '

s O

0 0

.c as 4

==

.L*

.e C

6 w

4

==

-. e

= = ='..

O w== = w

-e.-m u =.

se C

3 c=

a.

F.

9

=

C

=

C 4;

ta sa L1 6

.m i

s ac

.g a

,,,,g,,y ww==w saa m

=

g

.a E

w

.r.

w a em J a.

J.sa.s J J

.d J

e=

se A

A A

h 3.

da J.s A

a.

m.

is an.

==

ar

.=, a

me -== *= = =.

.=

c e

e as e

s.a. e e

n. : c. w w 75

. e s

4

"T-~

s

~, -.. ~..- - ~.. -.

z

?

1 s

a a

e m

s r==

m O

C C

O O

O C

C s

O C

C O

C-C o

O p.

y

.f:

O O

O.

O

(*'

C C

C O

O O.

O O

O I

m N

O O

1 8'"

A e

CQ

=

E r.

i

, tem i

n.

e.

N.

e.

see.,s C

m i

i t

2 C

O.

O O,

O W

O-C s

e i

i-p I

a

=P

'm l

e a

N P

0"*

d'9 8 3

I l

C u

O-O c

C C

O O

C j

[

M M

W M

M M*

M M

E.

W i

1, C

C O

O C

O O

C O

"3 num C

C O-O O

CS G

C C

O I

j O

C O.

O O

C C

O P=

=

P"-

C O

e O

C C

M3 "Pt..=

P*

O C

m.g C.

O.-

N.=

,=%

t e

n -. - n g

e c D

e e

e p

i l

C o

C; O

C O

O C

C' O

^

~

"3 j

I j

8 I

c l

l C

C Oe C C

O O

C O

O M

i C

f fa3 F2 M

a3

'M M.

h3

'M W

lad C

O C

C O

o O

O C

C O

y a

C

'3 C

C O

O C

C O<

C C

O O

m h

0, O

O C

C C

C g

i i

v'"

e4 c,

=

W No N

c tD.

Z i

! m I

l' N.

4.. 4 C

i

-t W

m

>==

C o

L, o e C

e C

O c

i i

i t

I CC I

i a----.--Oe--.-e-

..O

-O,3-

-O--

e,

a e

r m

c.

a a

m ee N

i, t

gmecceOOCQeOOcoceCeecce OOOO O

o C.

O o e e o O

O N

N N

e

c a

.3 w m u u u u u m u u u fa; w w u n w u u u m r.:

a r.3

.3. = w u u.

u-u

""3 C' r3 O C O C e1 O C C O O O O O O O C O OOOO l

s O

C C,

O C

C O

o O

O 2 t: C O *** O O 93 O t* O C C O O O ? O O c C O 0 0 0 r*

' O O

O O

C O'

O C

O O

"' "5 "'S

'"' *7 O **

'S *% "4 *"' e O O ei "* *4 O e d O O *"3 O "5 l

O O

O:

S s'?

O

"')

s"3 "9*

"3 L.O

O ** 'S "3 O Pm # ** r"' O # O ""' *S f's.3 m r* e 4 "3 O O "3 (7 F*

@l C

O O

S L = =,= - =.O 2 7 O. u o ""!

3OOOu

= O O O J O O ** - O Oc3O W

C' P'*

4:

33 a

N' 2

=

= e. ;=.g

- - p - - = 4. **. **. @. CP4 *" O. O. ". P* - P" N

N f'*

N 8'"9 g37OCOOOOccOOC000000000000000

' O o

C.

O C

O' 3

C "3 - t CD l

I i

j l

a:

a koc--~ COO =e -encero-coco

-O f

n' el h -' -

s e

e n

a e

N N

w c -

"3r" O O O C O - C 0000000000000 OC r

lP' ' C O

C' O

O C

1 C

C O

N N

~

CC.a= ts.s i

)-

lad Y tas u W i.e ind N tas ha fa3 find tha E N W W W W b fa3 asa N

ena tad 1 b.

' sad hd I llnJ fad f,.:.

E l

< 0 L "3 C c O u o C O O C C O O c O O C 3 0 C CC O

C O

O O

O, C

C O'

O C

C O O O O C O c r3 0 C O C O C C C C8; OC CO o

O Ot O

o C

O O

C C

e O O em c-e- = O O O cr e-N C e - O C c c e O c-O o

O em o

O O

e C

e

'S C C C== N e C f= 3 a 8'"mC8 OO N

n C

O-75 a

O O

C S C O O.n J O O O C - T N em O 8 O e O acONN@

Oc l

C W

M 4.

T C

m

=

e s* - - - n C.

e e.

. -.. v. e. no. rm. e.m - e. m. o. r* O. O. e N O. C.

a.

c.

a n - - n

~

re u"* 3OCOMOO30o0000000G00000OGCOC O

C C+

c C

O O

C C

C l

I I

e 8

auO C0000u00000

-OCO e

e a

m N

e 2

e a

C v r C

, J ta u

%,e c o u o u u w a u v eouw

- v v

tr,,a w

w CJ u,

w

%J c

w

.e

=

4 L ; ea.

l: W f.d faa En. (J InJ b M W f.3 WWMM M

.Jhd saa 1.3

'b faa CO Ea3 la3 M

0 3OO OOOuCOOOWCO OCOO O

C C

O O

C C

O CC s v 3 sCovovoocOC r.; O O O C

o C-u O

O C

O o

v c'S "" i." - # # N N P'. # C ** *5 c'3 @ 'D 4 g

O r')

O-O C

O O

"3 O

y

C-c #

.*d P* N r" #== f* - O OOM@

~ *"'

W O

C O

O e

33'

+3 y.* G.# C 4 O P'* 3: CP W "J3 " *" 2 3 -

O O C:: @

I O

8"*

C O

Nt N

J* D @ c' N P' CC C a N O O "" M 8*9 - C O O O O O O

= = ** r* O ist'

{

"r r*I N

a 9'*

= *"'

N g

CC

'O

-C C; O g OOCOOOOCOCOCCOOCOCOOOOOOOOOO l

O n

O O

C' O

i I

3OO COOOO, O O C O ** ~

C O O **,

l s'* l B

5 9

W im Ns W

.a ci 2

Q O

t sce OccOC. COcuc-ocoa O

o o O

'O O.

0 l t

I

' O C

C O

N N

1 6 ins las an. i.s ima ene ans as..as an. na4 in.s.

ena ins ena ine,

i saa sa.

me,

.a4 noe ime i saa

. en*

an,.

sa.

?OC 73OOOO CCD3O' OOOO' O

O of O O

O O

'O O.

r'3 Duo OOOOC OOCCO' OOQc' O

C O'

O C

O O

O Ci O

O.* O l 4 O O' O l

O o

Of ~*

'O O

O O

CC CP'a m # 3

'a"9 **

O O

O cc '

"' e

"9 P= 23 N P= O l

4 W *= c -

Q 9'i O.nd" e O

8"*

@i

'9 e

O.

O O

O

=

'" '"i d-O 04 C

O

CC CD s'* @ C* O e - F* 3 o u* a m =.

#. a O O P'm ef'. M d. O. A @ N N e C. O.r*'""N 4. O.O. C. O O. O.=.3

7. ! "".

2

'"i "" : **

C e

. e. e e

.... e e..

e e

e.

e 3CCQCC0000000000000CC00COCOO O

C O,

O O

O C C C'

O e'

I t

i i

i 2O OOC 00 O O.= *=

O--

s 2

e e

a s,

2 a

e 2

en

. =

N

~

"3 O OOOOC COOC OOO O

C O.

O O

>O Q.

O N

N N

e e e e f

.: te u h: t.2 w u r.: :.3 m w I

u n.3 m3 e e tal i w

.m3 u

s:

ma u

OO OOOOO OOOO i

COO I

O C

Of C

O O

'3 O

O

~3 O

uoCOO Q.J C.,a C 3

OOC

,r l

C C

O O

C:

O O

O' C

p O

- Pm r* 3 sfoC I

400

=

m e* i e O

O C

=

e

e c0e"Nc O

C-O

'O C:

r*

O C

O

- e

-**mo o e.a.

a sc QN--m

% = co -

c f*

c=

.m e; c

.e

= -

,N O

- e.c-a e. N -

w,#. a r* a. O. O. o. *. e.i,*. e. e. c. C. C. O. O.r;,

N.

o.

N.

e.

N.

..e e <'*

s 3 C O -s O c ts O C w O m u c O c c e. C O O C O O O O O O ae O

C C

O

'O O

~3

,O O

i

.u i

u t i i e

l a

l e=

0.

.e

-I m

C,

..e z

I i

.J

+

l 6-c.

9 9

.=

9 u,

i O

9 4

1 N

=

m.

N

' s c

u -

~ ~ ** ~ ~

N

==.,,. - *== ** -== - =. -

N N

=.===-,=.m.is 3

N N

.=. =.=..===...=.==..

.=

z.

w

- - -.- =

w

- - z z

"z

.==%

~ =

p

. ii

=

z g

y

,a y

y y

s c;

eg

,; ; e

=

-==e.e==-..e-==

N N

r.

e%

rw N

sa.

rw N

tw g.

.i.=.1.

N.

.e y

=4 1

tas Es..as ame Q. e.o be C. 6e sia. Ch ses 6.

.a. C. &me Q. Ese tes I. has I,h, C. a.

an me w

w aie w

p.

sus lw p

p.

,,g

.4

.3

- e

d

........ -..~ _.-. m. y e4 4

. ;;:,.nc.: _ a,- -..~ u - r

.,1 m

_.2. %

I 3

t EMEWW l

i l

i i

p.

j l

t m

i l

i I

e m Q

l l

C a

o o t

l l

fM

's.a l

l o o e

, o o i

l N

o M

I g

a j

O o

f I

C i

M

.4 8

)

O l

l i'

i a =

l U

l i

l

'3 O

g 4

4

===.

i e

i Ni ce N

Ni N

N et +

N l

e A

i ce o

o et o

o o'

.o o

I o I

'3

.M M

MI i

M I

M M

i M.

M W

os M

ma j

I o

I o o

o o

a:

o e

o o al o

e o

i o c.

o o

a

! o o l

os o

i e a

a a

ar N

L o

I ci o

C e

o' o

o al C

=

, e c N.

N e:

l 6

m P*

i P".*:

}

N.

N.1

.N.

N 4

N6 N

f'*

N.

m -

l e

o o o

o

. i.

1 i

-o e

o, o

o o

os e

l l

I' l

l l N

-i m

9 e

t

,I esi ee a

!' N i

e m -

. o -

oi

,o e.

oj o

o I

i i

i o e o i

j

.=.

l

'a M

M Jha M

,J '

M h

e "3

'n se 1

o l c

o je

,ci o

f.8 i

o o

o e o o o :

ol c

e c'

c o.

O o

e.

3 o o e o

I I

o o e o l ei o

o Na N

4 I

o o o l

e M4 o

@i I

M l

I N

N l

c..e o.

e.

c.

G.

e.

N. 6 N.

l I

(

es.

N c

o i i

L I'

e C

i l

t I

of C

o o

o j o e

ai

+c c

C o o o j

I i

(J f

8 I

I 8

N4 N

N N

Ni N

I m w

.m o

os o

o I o

3

_,..o

.P.

e o

.e e

.e=

an P.

eo o e

i l

.i e os

-o l o m:

m m

i Ml W

M M

Mi J

M C

.M I

g M

I o,

o o

o a.

n

- e

~

4 e i et c

o s-3 o

i o o os o

H o o e

ci o

t o i ot e

o o

o I

o.

I e o c.i e.

=

e o,

o e

o-

3 o -

eg e

e c.

e o

a g

'"9 o

P P

S a'S 4

.W N.

J. l e.

4.

4 C.=

4

=*

t N

o o

=

O

+.

l.

P.

o

'o o

oi o

o c.

o o

Y l

_l l

I l

y L9 e

.C ci o

N

=

.e.,

N,e e.

e c.

.=

m N

i o o o 6

l i

e g

g Mr M

t l

M H

H b

i l

ol o

e o o o l

l l

os o

p l

o o o et em i

'=

e o e o

?

ot 6

4 o o o l

I or o

l O..

o.

o..

o.

N.

o.

's AG o

e f

N w

e i.

H i

1 l'

ol c

o os o

t e

el o

o o o o 4

t i

e e

s=.I

'i e

i l

I' is tw re N

=

m 7

we N

e di e m

=

a m

t o I o'

o o

c' C

o H..

N.

ev e

no. m u o C

j lm M

Mi m

m M.

M w

C-l M

M

,==

c I os o

- o c.

o e

Z l

i l

o Ul o

f o e

o w

~

' o o l

o o c

ce e

c.

es e

o c o l

l P.

c3 )

sa.

l Pi m,

an.

O i

l I

l 4

o b

l g

ei m

a m

m N

=

==

se

o. i o.

j

=

m

=

N.

to t

.5

e.

i=.

a.

N

==

g as g

o o e o se

'o e o og o

, o c.

O C

I i

e I

e f

e 1

e o

e i

g g

l e

e e

l e

el e

l e e'

e s

e.

e e

mi a e Ne e a

e m

c.

o o i ai o

- o ci o

v we yN m

a'e a'

f"9 e

=

o o al VI l

I i

i ga, t

a f Mi M

he M.,

me as-as i M

iii.s g

I g

l

=

m m

i on o

, o

=

ci o

c' o

u w

ce an o o a o e os o

e o.

a e

W o c o a

m' 4

N i

mi m

a m.

m o

o o at

@l m

=.

I c1 an e'

c c

l c of G Gl l

@8 l o e'

C*

N. i

.e" N.

N.

m.

j N. i N.

N.

l 4

e el a q

l N

== me

.s l.

o o

o l o

o o

ci o

u l

o o o x.

s i

I er l

o=

e a

el 4

e el e c M

e e a

h m

o

'o I

=

m m) 4 r

H M

lM C

i I

I' o o e e i.

i

'I I

l I

l e o me I

aN N

i N

f4 I

N Ni

'N N

e o

en N

i g

l I

e o C

3i

's.

a.

2 2

l 3

z.,

m.

2 l

N.

o.

=, ;. l t

i

=

w.

f e

p mi p.

I o

'o

$3 )

8 3

21 I

z.s 2.e 3

2 3

3

,3 2

L l

l c l-l e

m se w

w me t w

t w

w

, ms

=

i i

m.i a.

m.

. a.

i a.

m.e a.

m.

al j

w e j

e i

Ni A

8,=

e l

g l

l a.

.=. I

=

,i.==

.. =

=a.

as.

==

w

,.=.=

t-

=2.,-

6, a

=

o,l j

=

=

=='

=

. =v l

=

i vi

-v v

e

,.,,i n.i v

v v

w m.\\

N.

l N.

N.r N.

,~t w

w

'N w

ce o

~ -

c o

a=

a= 1 e=

==

e-.

o, me a

i g

=

'm l

ie=

e.

z g.

a

=

= = '=*

= = = *== = = *==

I,s i a He H

H.

t=

J b H.

H k

g N

N

.H H-N rN WI N

f4 Ni m

m.

e se he a= l M.1 h.

6 m

.am.

a m

,a a

a in 3t z

a a

=

as v

Of O O

O.

M

'm ol

.C l

O O

O O.

,O 8'

='

' =

X=

e w

,s w

w

,s w

we w

w we a.

e.=

w.

v= e e=

i e e=

s=

e=

s= >

e=

e.=.

ed d

1.d me est aus

.d $

e.

.d

-d e M

M4 E

MI

'M se M l, M

se s.

m.

i I

8 i..si...

a.....,

y = r, ;,; ;,,-.

3 A-4

TABLE A-1.

lilPUT DATA FOR F'5 sit 1ULAT10ft (Continued) 116, YT D, Zl (I), W I, W Y, W 3

0. 2 0 6 Plo t C4 0.1240CJE 03 0.0 0.05C,00E 01 0.t.35000E 02

0. 2 4 0 '10 0 E 12

' 318,TTR,ZC(i),WI,WY,WZ'

~

6.273000E 04-~ 6.s92500r 02 0.0 0.5400J0E Ol' O.115000E 03 -0.501000E 02

' - ~

~

~~

i

,-s-I1 F,YTR, ZC ll). W I. WY, W L 0.298H00F O ta

-0. 917 5 0d f U-0.0 0.15 J 00 0 E 02 0.0 0.190000E 02

=

118, TT H,2C (I), W E, W r, W Z 0.3027001 04 -0. 9175 0 0 t 02 0.0 0.15J130E 02 0.0 0.390000E 02 1 All NUNSHF RT 84 T IC TC IC 1TPTAH LAP THETA 1

3 70.

140.

2664 C.

O.

1 3

3.0

- 2

-3~~

70.-

14 0. -~ ~ 31 17. ' --- - --- ' 0.

- ' O.- - ~~3 3-0.0

- ~ ~

~

h, I

6 31.

22.

2941.

- 1 1.

C.

1 8

0.0 p

C 4

6 16 22.

2903.

4.

O.

1 0

0.0 5

6 16; ~ ~ - -- ~ 2 2 ;- ' '

~29R).'- --

-31.

C.

1 -- 3 O.~0

~~ ~'

~

b.

6 6

40.

22.

108: 1.

- 1 1.

O.

1 H

0.0 F

6 19.

22.

2983.

-11.

1.

I a

0.0

'-2983.

. e 3,-- -

2 1, - U - 0. 0 - ~-- '- ~ ---~

- - - ~ - - - - " - " - - - - - -

-~

~ - - -

g

. g _ _ - _. _. 3 9. -- - --- - 1.

9 6

79.

22, 3000.

66.

C.

I B

0.0 10 6

331.

24.

2995.

15 8.

O.

1 12 0.0 11 ' - 5 ' -- 2 7 9.

5 0.---

- 10 0 0 ; -

'7 6 0 ; -

--'C.

1 - ~ 1 C 0. 0 - - - - - -~~- -- " - ~ - - - - - -

- - ~ ~ - - - '

i 12 3

25.

59 2980.

-94.

C.

4 2

0.0 T H SU R T ' N G U.I T T PR ~ MT E"I L--~IIT~ T F -"TU ~~ 21 -'- ~ ~2 0 ~ 5T H NCT H WTI.~ 9TH-

" ~ ~ - ' " - - ~ ~ - - -

- - - - - - ~ - - - - " - - - - '---

l' 11 1

25 39.

1027.

-94.

C.

4 2

0.0 1

i 1

4 0

68.

O.

72.

4003 72.

72.

1 2

2 5

0 60.

O.

72. 140.

4000.

72.

12.

1

~1

'3-0

-12796 2911.~268.-~~68.- ~ 0;-' O.

" '--' ' 4 0 0 0 ;~ ~ 0 7

'U.

2 1

4 4

0 60.

O.

72.

4000.

72.

2 2

5 5

0 60.

O.

72. 140.

4000.

72.

--- 2 T -- 6 --- ~ 0

- 11069 ;120 0~- 6 0.'- 68.

O.

~0.

4000.-- '0 F ~0.

I 1

7 1

02932.2932. - 14.

7.

O.

22.

4000.

12.

1~

1 -- 0 1 12 9 51 ; 2 9 51. ~ ; 14 ;'-~ T.'

~ 0.- '22.--

400J;-- J;

'O.-

~

~~

- ' - - ~ ' - - '

']

1 2

8 2

02932.2951. - 3 fl.

-34.

O.

22.

4000.

72.

i 1

4 10 2

02912.295).

7.

O.

22.

4000.

69 69.

1 5

11 1

02912.2951. - 1 84.

7.

22.

84000.

10.

[

1 '

E-~~ 12 -~ ~ 0 -- ~; 12 912. 2 9 51.714.---

7.---

0 ; ~ ~ 0.

4 0 0 0 7-~ 0 7 D.

4 1

Il 1

02953.2953.

2.

7.

O.

22.

ii 00 0.

12.

4 2

14 0

- 12953.1014.

2.

O.

22.

4000.

O.

4 1"

15 - ~ 1 -~ 01014.1014.-

2.

~ 7.

O.

22.

'4000. ~~12; 12. ' -- ' ~ ~ - - ~'~'

~~~

~~

4 is 16 2

02951.1014.

7.

O.

22.

4000.

f. 9.

69 4

5 17 1

02953.1014.

2.

7, 22.

22.

4000.

10.

'4 7 0

- 12 9 51.1014. ~

2.- -~ 7.--

0 - ~ 0 ; - - 4 0 0 0.-

0 E ' O.~ - - ~ -- '- -- "- -- --- - ~~ - - ~ ~ ' - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - ~ ~ - - ~ - - " - - -

5 1

19 1

02953.2953.

-14.

-28.

O.

22.

4000.

12.

5 2

20 2

02953.3014. -34

-14 O.

22.

4000.

72.

N

~~5 l'

2i 1 ~~~01314.1014 - 14.

2 0.-

0 ;

22.

'4000.

12.- 12;

~@

~~

5 4

22 0

- 12951. 1014

-20.

-28.

O.

22.

4000.

O.

y p

5 5

21 1

0295 1. 10188 - 14

-20.

22.

4003 10.

10.

{

g

/

f 5

6 24 0

-12951'30147 -14

-20.

0.

O.

~4000.

D.

U.

- --'-- ~~ -

i 6

1 25 0

-1A14.1014

- 14 7.

O.

22.

4000.

O.

a$

i 6

1 27 1

3136H.3060. - 14.

7.

C.

22.

4003 12.

12.

m

)

~~

j"'

~ ~ ~ ~

6 2

,26 2

01014.3068

-14.

- 3 ft.

O.

22.

4000.

72.

N g

6 4

2H 2

01014.3060.

7.

O.

22.

4000, t9.

69 t.

5 29 1

01014.10 t> H. - 14.

7 2?.

22.

4000.

10.

g 6

6 10 0

-11014.1068.

-34.

7.

U.

O.

4000.

O.

n 7

1 11 1

02951.2951. -20.

2.

1.

22.

4000.

42.

7 1

11 1

C1314.1014

-2P.

2.

1.

22.

4011 72.

72.

[

7 2

12 2

0295 1.1014.

-20.

-2H.

1.

22.

4000.

72.

7

's n

o "e',t.iivi, 7.

1.

n o.M.

f9 ss, yg ; m,g g

.s-

.a

' - !l.,

. 2 *...

'1.4*

4 * '~ *

~"'"""J?

l I

[

i i

i I

e I

i i

i l

N I

l e

m m

a Q(

]

j G

C i

i l

taa fa.

i g

O C

Fm-NM@

^

Owr ---

8 I

. -me o o l

e"'*en u

o o

.m-Nec o c t

m

.N iteurocu.f f

I N

W k

E S o I

em,$

i

+

i i

t i

i e

N i

o, l

t.

I i

6 o o i

i i

I i

,gss l

l Mi e e3 l

i I

o e o

o. o. e. o. O. o.

i t

l l

o o o C.

e o ococco l

o' O

o C

i I

Q N

a l

l

,5 l

l 4

o-O t

l l

- a le l

l l

O' O

,o 1

i j

i w; e W

c. o. c. o. t. o.

o.

e o o

i l

c, 8'"t C

I o

C C

8 CDoCOC i

i

)

of C o

l l

g i

3 67 l

i o-o w i

i l

l

.I 8

c N **e N f*e.""

O O

d"S O

C

,o eDoono e o; e o e e I

e: e E

i I

l I

WWMhWM W

M.

W W-W L

d**

I fu9.

M ccQcOO t'ai O'

o C

C C

l o! o O

l onC-NO O

C n

C O

C 7

CJ l

O r"* O *= P" G:

o o.

O O

i 3

N-Ik2 de.1 a's P* @.= W C O

C::

D 0i

3 C

N C

i Oe C

C i,

- N.

8"* '"4 P* N.

O

=

r*

i 8.

I"*

7.

O.

O.

C 3

ef j

l ne o O

I g

i

S i O O

j a'3 O O O O O l

O.

e no p

C' O

r*

O o

O C

t 5

i c'

e n

i M

l l

O t

.i.

.l.

I l.

l O

S.

O "3

0 V

o.

o o a

C-o c: C e

,............i...i.....

I i

3 -.= a a= -.= N N N N N O N N N N N o N N N N N O me N O N N o l

9 l

W M.

M Mi E

W 8

- - - - - - - - - - - ----i -

-t g

ei e

1 C

o-e O'

O O

w i

I

~

C

.'I.

e l

^

Ce O o

N O'

O C

C O

ea.

.e.

Ie I

C c

n C

o C

l I

M!

h W

H-T c C o c e O N N N N N O N N N N N O N N..N N N o N N o N N O C

C

.a '

o

o. c. e. c. o. o.

--l o; e o

- e e.

. e o

l c'

o o l

m W

m C.

J j

g g

Os e O

I CCCOoo g

3......

.......... e..

.a.

O O

O i

i o

O' o

O C

C C

3cCOOOOCCOccCoccco3OOOOccccOOOO m3 o o e

OOOcocoocccOCocOCCCCCCCC000COOCO P..

i I

e ""

"o" * *O O O o

"o

r'*'

O O

3 O

O g 3 o o o o o o o o o o O C C o G C C O o O c:,o O C o o C C o O 3@ 4 4 4 4;-Q g 3 m 3 CE33g3 20733m3333O33W o'

o o O

o o o o g

em a m m eu. m t

a 1

l l

l d

ens ee. ca. e nas s em.

tas,

esa e

i

=

^

-i a Lv cooooe o o o o o l

l c'

o Q

w G.e =

w 8" G2 u

u-G v o La i

N or* o n - o o e o e

.l.

M!

W W

""*r* J T e &

D N

N N

.l.

g

..... e...'.....

C ~~~'""*"""NNN""O#####OOOCOOO"m"C"m'O NN C

O O

I, N.".".".'".".

"r ' #

C NN N

NNNNN.

ccccc m

m o o o c.

4 o.

e.

e s.

g e

i t

e a: o in oeooo3 l

O:

O o

i O

o' O

o O

O C

.'. e o -

l H-

- - - - - - - e e o o N C o o o o e o u C o o e o o cri o o cr o

n NNNN N

Ni N

ci mi e'

N-omNs C

e.

o e e C

s e e a te i

o o o oooCoo o n'

o o,

c

.. ~ w -

. ~ m l eococco o or o c.

o N em m v. N N N s n a e a a m m en m e m aa m ca co sa to o m c* o C* tm m-U C.

N N N N w N u* e.= c' p* N e N N N N r= g-r-e of o o

, e o o c== o *c o

C.

o o: c N

N e

--s=---

--m-mmm e

, le I

I o.

o c: c - C as o

o o e

.Z.

j w w a. w e o u u

o o-e ina i in.

nne l'

e. e. m a e-a.

c' o e

.l.

n

=

e-m

=...........

l: a.,easNaaas&n&am&aaemaemar=*zemueias o cm o of o o

.I.

e.

aj =.

o.

a.

C.

mi N N e-ce NN i N N N N e N N ce e o* N cr tn eo oo ci o o i

oeooeo I

w--em-w mi o o l

l i

o ol

. e i e i i e o

O ci o e

.i.

.I.

.i. e. i.. e. h

@i Ao t'

t

....... i.

-i 2"

T FF#WCCCCCO4rwereCCOOOOommeNN e.

I

-N*NNm o

o' O

C C

< -e-----ccerec4NNNNNmmn~~m eo o.

O o

coecoo e o o O

O

"" C* C C C C O @ c O C o O @ 8"'i Ma

9 ra f'* N N N N N oo oO

^

s

'sa3

.Ne - m== m N m m m m m. es em M m'* 8*9 m N m. m m m f.m t

LsJ com r=9 m rim i

i W En3 W W D3 M

(.J ana M

M

=

el.

I N

k*

d'*

C C

o C

O 2 e " m O O C C o C @ @ D @ @ ad3 C C O C C D # s=9 r** c N N.=

! O r.3 O.

j @cC.CooC J

.....i..

.I.

6..

C3

- '"*8"9 l

cP Oooe o o: o o c

. V # *= # # c u1 c of # # c i.: 4 N & 4 @ m

P* m c'* r=9== m P'* a= -

to g g N ll5 e"9 O.

O O

@ CB *. O C 8 m

oe q

"*e ce N ** N N N N N

N N N N N m" N N N N N m N N N

?

L** C* c C* : L* @ Cr'CSC*C*C" @ @ r 4 4 is r* r* N N *5

@ tl

OO th) h3 M

l y=3 gi P

c p

O Ml NN e ra C

o O '.

O... N.

P'* p N T

e

= - ** - - *- Q C o c o - c o c o o - o C o C o s= o c - c o r

1 o o c

l

.i..

N Ni N C.

N C

e

.I l

je

't is le i C o ci 4 l-oCOooo I.

I 3'

3 e

ci C

O o

C C

C O

l O.

I O

m Qi H'

f t

O== N - N a* r'* - N *= N a'* O - N '"" N O - N== N m O 2 m C 3

C C.

N -

aie N N l

l E

O of I'

CCooco i

in.

l I

+

44 kNewWu I

l 2

1 H

eccOCC 4 r* 2 cP O *= N 8"* e it' J 8"' CD C* O s= N - T c @ em *3 7 D *= N m e c k2

=:

T' C 6s' C o en o Q*

g e

M*

ONOe&N

" " * * *** 3 e W W 3 2 3 t B 3 it',c iD @ c ? e C / f ma @ @ 6e s3 a LG N i.l: o - re er l

M E l.

.@ - - e n.

m.

,m g

m.

=

m =

m

,a - N e r w - N m a cio - N p a e @ - m m a ci.a - N m - N P*

Coeoco,.

l

.J l

W

=

Ni d9 3

4 F*

f' 3

x

= =.=

I i

e l

e-.

.e -

6

.." N "* 3 c @

M P3 N

N N

e.d

J M.

""* C "" T "I* C CC C*n C* C' ? C' 1l.O O E'S ) O.=C - ** -.= *=.m.-== e= - -====.N.

N N d'*t la T"

E E

C E

s== r=9 m.

w

=**e

=. - = = - *=

N

N N

ad i

.s.

in.

is.

an.

.s.,

a 4

E E.

5.

t# 8 l

tud tun.6 Emu 6 tual me h

%mus E-Ee

.L E

im I,2

%,,1 G

.J me e

I i

e i

=N, s.-

4

e, y., -,,, 7 s

a s

=

s >=

=

-T

, e_ z.

_..e-e.

c. 2 _. _

.~

i a

i

.a.

i i

i CSJ

-a.

t em.,

l l

i 4n l

OO i

i C. C i

l l

WW i

^

l ce i

l j

l' i

OO Ce

' i f

f I'

j No n

1 1

I

w l

i i

c i

I t

CO I

N@

OO i

_W 1

l oc l

4C i.

-e n

N.

798 292 P.

E l

CO

=

4 m

i i

i n

I i

j

""O e

CJ o e O

C C

=

0

N N N 8"* 8"'t '"' N m m m N N N N N N N N N N m P"* M M m '"' M N N N N f*' *1 N 4 =3 W

3 O C

8"*

C C'

C O

C C O C O O C C C C O O C C C O O t's C O O C C C O O O C O r"* O C C 4 C C CO

=.2 f

t p.6

.[

6 m

W W

WWmWLWWbhWWWWWWWWWWWWWWmWWWWWWWWWWW WW n

a O C

O C

O C'

O O

OCO*3Ca'3COCOOCOOCOOCCccCOOCOCOOcccCon OO M

e o

ra e c c O

O O O 8"3 O C O C O O C r== O O o O O e O O O O es O O C O o e e o C O O O O ec

==

c 9

O C

C C

O O O O D O O 0 0 0 0 C C D O O r'3 C O C 0 0 0 O c c O C O c o O 0 0 0 QN E

O""

e" C

4 m * =* C O

O C C C O C C C C O c O C D O C O O C O C ** * *

P* *

O o c O O C O cm

=~ ?

4 2

=

C" 7. N f'*

m C S C* @ @ 4 @ 4 J N @ ? Cm P @ Ch P e o O @ @ 44@@ NCCOOOCr, T *=

C U

s,;

e O

N em

@@@ 3@@@@ @@@

eC; E

@ W W* f.f.D.f.f.f @ @ @ @ @ @

4

'* ** @ f f @ 4 4 @ @

e e e e........ e e.. e e e e e.

e e

4 e

e e

o e

e

. e e e e e e e 2*

O O

O, O

O C

O O

O O O 3 8"'eO C O C C O O O O C O O C C O O O C C C Q O O O ** C Q C 3 0 CC l

.C3 l

r a

t=

I q

e a

em O

S

=

C

= N N N m m

e#== 8"'t M N N N N N N N

m m s== m a can m m m P" em N N N

r**

J.,;:

a J

W A

W Ene In:

W i

90 M

O O

O C

000000C0000MO00C0000000000000000000

, Ea4 W

and W W 61 W faa W W be W W :n3 kJ W W W In2 faa fa2 W W 62 W W W h2 h2 42 W W W be 62 fas Esa MW W

E s

4 C C S

C M

9 C'

C f"!

M C e O O M c"* O f= C C C C O O c'* e"J c c O O C e e r"3 O O O C C C O e C C SC f=

ea.

M m

e.

n O

C C

O

=,O e o c e3 C e c e n O f= e E

lr.

n C e e o O C O e o c.;, O c c o o C e C C o., o O C O c e C e c o c e n O

o e

o O

e e o

o00OOOeOOC eeOcceOOOOC00 cc m

I r

=, o e * * - C fm o o e O O C O M C O O O O O O C m o C O O e C C - O O8. -1c= O O O O c cc

>=

a 4

N 8"9 c,OCO4@ 4 4 4 4 N O O CF @ @ O O c e C e e 4 4 S *;. O C. s O O O 3 e a G O

F r=

C e

O

- =

C

==

m3 O W* W".'

@e @ee" N @ CD clll @ 4 C*. CD @ 2 N6@ @ N. N.

4 W*

W f*"

- ** 4 4 @ t=3 @ @@@@ p@

g e

. e e

e A

e e.

e -e e e e e e o e.. e e o e

e e

e o

e e

e e e e e e e... e es e e O

O C

C O

O.

O O

COOOOOCC 0000000000000000"0C0C000000 CO 2

E i;.-

L I

e j

C M

E i

y e-

=

6 d e c

at c

C

=

N N N md=*em m m m m N N N N N N N

== m m e== r=*

9 *** m as= m rue em N N N *== m s'm P% **

ke Z

Z Q O O

O O

C ;.4 0 0 C C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C D o c O'3 C O O O O u C O c c o C00 m

e C

F i,,,,,

ina une ans ime uns saa ens in ene one saa ese Ime ins ese bais ese ese has one ese one es ins see me as see. e e4 ene saa ene one one one ane ans ese one

.a. ene as

.no w

. O O

C O

O O

COOOCC0000u00OC00COC00e3OOCCCOCOOOO 06O s

i 84.

v v

v o

y u

OuvOvOuwuuvvuoCwQvwOOvavcwCOvvOuOw a es w ea-as b

Cs O

O C

C C O C C C C C C C O O O Q C O O O O O O o F., OCOOOOOOOQcc a=C

==

Z

=-

ac" C,.

e" c

N C

C C O O*"3 O O O O C C C O C O O O O O O F.

OO*OCCCOOCOCC

=

h L

3 OCO@ @@ @ @ 4 N O C Cr* llP :l CO459se@ @ e a O Cll eOOOew O

-C fa.;

O C e N

3

=

0 N

O 4 6 @ 3 4 6 @ @ @ w @ 6 0 @ c"*i.; @ m Pe@ 23lD @ e, llD GD 4 e N

,=2 tii', @ NN

- *m C

ta 4

es'"

O w

4 u

H e

e e

o e

e e

e e e e e e e e e e.

e e o e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e o e e e e e

3 O o

m O

r*

O O

O C O O O O c c O C O C O C O C C O

",,,c O O O O O O O O O O C O O O C O C00 i

l I

i O

t I

l "C

C 6

L.

N N N s='* *=* a'a ra m s=e ea N N N N N N N N m s== am r'= m = m m m== <== N N N = s 4&4 6

e C O O C 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 C C 0 C C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O c"*

O o

C C

O w

3 0 0 *"*

C r

O O

ci e

0-O t

e 6

i 3

m W

W ime and ena W

taa W me W W is.s ha una taa he ama es,a N W ha saa me ma saa en.s W ama ha ens noe mJ as saa W a.s saa nas ens ena na es,s &J 2

ime e

O O

Q O

O{

O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O C O O O C D O O O O O O C O M C C OOC r.,a we w C O

")

i e

O O

DOOOOOOCCOOOOCOOOOOOOOOOOOCDCOOJOD COO F

t".

g O

C C,

O C-f"3 OCOOCCDCCDoOOOOOOOOCCOCOOOOOOOOOCO COO E/:

e.=.

e, w'

ie O

C U

O u O O u o Q U C C O C Q C Ons o u c c u c Q " o u Q u O O c u c c wOa va m

C N

tt*

N OSC@ @ @ @ W W N O O C" O C* C' O"@ 22&@ @&W C ED 3 OOOee

?

f"" e W

e=

c W; O

=C 2

O P

Q @ *G @ @ @ @ @ @ w & W @ lii'* C W* IC @ iC N N CD CD T @ ED CD @ C N Q has %e3 N N

" se) @

bl lE kJ e'e e e e e e: e e e e e eio e eie e e o e..

e e e i

M e

a ei e

e e

e o

e o e eee e

..e e ele e J O O

O' O

O C'

c O

00000000000000c0000000000C0000CD000 COC

=c C

23 t

i e

n fa2

=

clC e4&4 go c

w O

C O

O NNNmemememNNNNNNNmmmemmmr~mmmeNNN-m C

f"*

O O

CCOOCC 0000000000 CCCOOOOOOOOccccCOO# COO

=c C

?

E

=

b La2 W

is.

W W W &na M W ha 22 b2 En2 42 h2 b3 h3 W N th2 W Er2 W W D2 kJ h2 Ea3 kJ M EaJ lna th2 Ta2 W W 1h3 y W h3 W se W

D G

O O

OOOOCOOCOOOODOCCCoDCCOOcOOOQCOOCQC&CCC C

O O

e O

C CCCOOOCCCDOOOCOOOCOOOOOCOCOOOOOOCC*OCC ill m

o C

O-C O O O O O O O C O C O O O O O O C C C C C O O O O O O O C O C C t"5 f*

f"* N 5

O C O O C C C D O O O C O O O O r"' O O O O O O

C C C C O O O O C O Pe*

W r*

9' N

P=

I' OOO@@ 4 64 @ @ N O O C*'

C's ;T' r O C w C 3 e C 4 e 3 3 tr 3 OOC 2 2

. l* "t sE

?

f==

Ni O

C 4 ha3 @ @ W 4 6 and 4 4 2 6 4 O @ W @ 4 m N 4 O C:; ? 4 Ell:.E i,,; e N 4, nog @ N N

.l" w :D sr.

L,;

M 4

O O.

e e

e.

e e

Ie

.e o

e. e e e e e e6 e e eee e e.e o

e. *

e.

.e

.....* e a e e e e e as tae

-3 S

C O

O O

M C O O C O o C O o o O O O O O O r9 O O O C o O O O C O O C o O O O O r"2 COC t--

La t*

i t

Es;

+

1 I

i 4

W J.

e r-j I

l 3

O O

es.

i 3

0 r

l j

g i

=

4 i

i e

I W

E E

l l

l

^

i 6

1 i

i a

s z

==

a=

== l

.=.=

m

.===.=.=a=-.========.smi==,=.=====,=-,=,=.=.=

.- mm.=,= m

.,== Gaa a

BEE EE E E E E as h. as E as E E as E E en E E 26 E EME E as E E mE as E E W

E E

as i as hc m-E

.tse se o e o e e e o e e6 e e

e. e o

e. e e e e e e, e o e o e es e e e eE C

=

e e

e o

e Ch P)

N 8""

it" 4

em 8" N 8"* 2 tt' 4 Pm T C" O '" N P9 3 W*. e4 "'* = N d"* 3 W" 4 f** C ? O..s'*N m a W" @ h. 2 ar

. =.

E p

======um====an,ae.,w,,,,

ewe,,,,wa,,,,,,,.,,,,,que,,=.,,,z e=

c= e- =

y.

. ===

.. - - e= =

.-==

o-c=

em a=

e.

m

,g saw

=

==

ene

==,

RE M "Je M M De M M Sir M Mt M M **.2 12 C

N B.E E 2 2. nE.E. R m.z 21* E E e-o e

2..T 2 M De M er ame er g c ar er me'r N

P2 P2 N

N N

Ens em e.e 6 an et e.

m ag as er er c at er a:.e ag g ya r

E E

r E'

E F

es.

e.

toe l h.

tse an.

ut.

(se in. E E E E E E 3* C E E E E E E E T ?* E 2l: E f* 2" E E 3" E E 2* C C E E E E y.= 0 e-s a

eea n.e e.4

==

ee em 6 e n vs to vi vn en vs te. e.4 v s va en va in es. w. J'1 ene w. G w s 4 e s 6. v4 we w v? <a v1 ws w# v4 CN a

U

%)

L,'

V U

V L,J L.J VNNNNNen P N N N N N N N N N N N N Pie N N N N P2 N N et N N ce N gi; N pa at 3

i

.., a..

e e

r -

=

a

+M' O

7 e

o ac,t

=

ac

.ee-cc c4 e

mm e

red O

ce O. C O.

eO O

o O

emme e n. o e e e

e i e

kW WW W

kE e

v e

e en EWW W

Nm mf n

3m o

OO2 FW**

se 04

==

N sem

=

MON w=

N OG c

sez cop

c 2

O

=*e R

N. C O *

O O N O P P O C O C

O * * *

C T =

2

- e e e e e e e. s = =. o - e C O O C Q O O Q Q O O O G O O O O O 9 C O O O s4 0 c C

- e

- e -

wo@

em W

NN 4

voc CO O

OG e

ACON

?

pC C

ae e e e s

s e

e e e wMu WW W

kb e

L wWW 6

QNd e?

OT m

=P

N m>F WN O

O@

f 2bN 4

bec e4 OE m'

% Mm 4

NON me N

==

m

re M

6LO N. @eO O m

O C @ M N. N M. O. C. C ". O *

4 C M M 8e e e e. -

e e C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O c. O.-

e e..

w e

g OOOOO U

g e

a e

C V

NN m3 m

Vf a

ce s 4

= *-

-~

=

NN=

=

g E.D 4

e e t

e 4 s

e e e e

zum um ww e

.e

,u ww w

u aN

-me mO

-N CO

< ~-,

M LLN@

NN 2

RC V

44@

f G

H=Of Nn N

NN W

=>asecoONOCmoceccOOvo--%

c g eC g

=de

. c2 O O -

--e o e. e. s e o -- e - = e.. - e e D

SD>OOOOOOOceOOMCOOOOOCCCC e e e E

700 I

U O

4 cm 4

Nm 4

064 T

m' CC CC O

On G

meO P

e e a e i e

s i e

a e e s

4 MM MH M

MM M

MMM L

C w.

a-N m=

4

-m e coo 3

U D

e=

=

44 T

OcN C

O SE mt O

t r f

=wa

=

.4m y

M

=**eS9Ph e

Pem

?

C C = C.m

S O O S N t *

N O c ? %

w e.e s -.

e. =

, - -. - _ e - e M' 43OCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOccOOogOg N

OP PO O

- W O

CO O=

Q meO s

a e e e e s

=

m a

uu ww w www u eww e

e e e NE Oos*

M#r N

r me m

3@@

"0 E

=

weO N

c( N

=

CO*

f N Fe f C

3 M**

4

?

CCO g

E' O

e.. e O " ". CO.=. C O.c.= O.O O.N" O 4 e N e c c =

Q e.

=*mO

??N

?

e o -

e -

C r

ECOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOmococccce 2

Q n>

w U70 O*

a som w=

- c w

=

www ge w e e"

=

c as Ins

=

w.e.e e.t.t 4-

=

e e q

=

e w

.i.t.e

== i.

n NNW W MC w

s w m a.e m

m

~70 e*

' 6 ese o

agm 4

n x*w e

NN4 W

444 m.

w ONm N#

G pp =

4

==T

.=

Jm w NP.CO*=CO*Ca**COcceNNacnON a

e e e - e e e o e e e

_ _ e

. e M S.OCOOOOOOOCCOOce99C.

m a

S9e99 e

e e i e e

M pm

N m

" " - C' m

w' F

v e,m.

NN l

N.

e.'

N N.

N, N N =9 e e N

e MM MM M

O' w

p e

'J m m N ew M

Ob.

=

NMw%

M N

h e La e==

Ne <

O

=wN e

Nu I

g

==nm F P Nn a o

eco N

ME@N C*

dw' s

wCO m

en = w

O e 6 = *

O O. s* O. tw *

e' O u o e., O es

wi e u O O F nm... e e - e... e - - e y

- COOOOOOOOOOOOOuOvecuCOOOO Em e - -.

m, C

M t@

wN

(

m*O Fa ton e

w

P NN N

NN*'

N NNN H

I*

t e e t

e e e e

e e I N,

u 'm a

Wh w

wwk u

www W'N 08 l C

""O V

=CN w-M PM OC N

35#

M PPN T

mCN NO mOg\\

2

%NN C

L*N On O

g t=

M*

= = = C o. m N C O e. O N. N ". O. O. S = S # # N C O S

z

e. e - - - - e eGOOnOOCOOOOG2OOOn?OnOOcco

_ e e e.. _

l O=

=

=ac c

aro "a

CO

=,

= =**

* = '

e e e s "e

i e e e

e e e WE MW M

se W E w

EbW 6

.MO m=

a C F4 M

N M

T w?&

PN m

(4 ?

Pa PPN

- - m" wfN c=

s 4

mms L E Pa m e C

PP e

mm

=

y*CONNCO.P.Op==CoQp ONN*Scos=

e - * - - e e e -.

kcOcuCOOOOOOOO-e e e o e

W OOOnOCnowCCc z

>=Nm3pN*WpMMgwNmpp %*gp NmWe M

kw

- - - NNNNM*W*

99OWVfff4444%

g M

=

g g

=

s 798 293 A_Q

e

~

=;.

~

~ ~

~

I e

m E

4 44e4@fd 4444 44 4 mmteff M

O O

COCOCOQ4 COO QCO COOOOQm W

G e

e e

e e e a e e e e e e e e e e e e e e o e O O

=

M u u NusMMMGJMuM MMM MMMMMM e e

e

}m s '

e o

m

1. - Ee@Ferce Mme

1. Pm44M W

M' e

1 m

=

Wg%*NN46 tM*

WW3 NNdCMOT T

W f

N 3

Ow=?O MC4 44N ffM

@7VO@ G=

a g~ M M

f 4

""N*R**

??@ 4 CC"

@34*44N N

ng k g*.

7. C e s

C

O J O * *

N N N N N m m 4 C *

N o m m. ". N. N N P 4

= e e e e - e e. e e e e o e e _ e e o e. e a e

- oNomON000 O C S S C 'J O O O C C G O M C O G 2 O O O O O O O O O O O O O e e e * *

e FM- -

2000004O C*i2 Y

E 4

C14m444mmmm mmm CO4444 C

3 u

C0C0%QC0000 000 OCOCUGD C

. MKgc "*4 p

o e e o e e e e e e e e e e o e e e eO O

O' e

a e

WWe EWhA6 hum T

"L

=

W W

WWWbbW e e

e

.ed

,9M 3 **

k ee nCNN47***

4f ast: 44M W

M D

g N

CsNev7f#ges

- e

- fge4C m

/

g

?

m

dNMP2PmmmE ES#

@S44M&@

p m

_.g

=

m e=ncee*Nmm*

M*O 44ecemo e

e N C

O. t. t m 4 N N. "_ ? 3 D

C 0 m e O N N. P

E. W E

~;

OCON:

C e - e e _ e e e - e e e e e o e e o e e*ONO*CGC e o e _ e w SCMOOOOcccuCOOOCCPQQOOOOOOOOOOO e e e e * - *

e' e

e o

e e e o e e

C000000C M-4 m

eONENNNr*me eas

@ f te N N N W

C*

e e

=

e

=

emee-eweeen mee eewones M

O mwd e

e e a e e e e e o e e e e e e e e e e i e - -

N e

azu y

.e w

s muuuuuumuuu uww wuuwmue e

e e -

=

?

44Gm44t*gg@

NNS'

- V4mmM M

M' Q,

m u*

44 4*Comm440 MM*

@fm*NNm m

9 m

m f

a eez-fremmmm NN-

-ateemo Ni y

r = c cereceseNNc

--N

- ecNNe f

C:

(

w C O O. N U A C = C f f. t f N N N T

m N O M @ w C E O.m.g a m e m

. e e -. o - e e. e e. - ere e

...eO40=OCO N

y C CCCCC&OCCCCCOOOOOOOMQMCOOOOOOCO q

00000000*

O e e e o e e e e

f M

wD T

=

4 44@mc@#4444 444.

m a te4 c r a

w O

O O

OccOOOOOOOG COce COOCsom m

04 m

c e

e e

e e e e e e o e e e o e e e e e e e e e e o O

p e

u u

wwwuuwwwwww u w u; wwwuume e

e e

t 4

9 OONmeeP4NN3 NND-

1. NN44M M

Ml N

0

=

4 m

- Np 44me=we eST.

=pdemmN 4

m 4

c E

O O?W#7 ?#=NNC EMC' pepp@@p 4

6, O

f N

@#TONN*Ges#

NN#'

@ @mm@@#

C Os e

=

SSN SNCpSp=wme ppe re*Smw=S**Npped e

p-C y

e. e o e -

e -. e o.e

- e e.. eenNngDOC 3333003 300J7C030400020000C20000 e e e e e

e e w

C0000000 C

m l

e '

e N

N o n=ccerenreo aCOe==ceem u m OeQOQwogp

- =1 e

e e

e e o e e e e e e e e e e '

- COOO i

e O

=

pp s e e e e e 1

m h

g E

P WWWuMWWWMWW EWES wmEWWW f

E a

2

- Cpwa aTNNd

==O-P e m o c re 3

J M

W N

r.

N N e e O O C-r = E P vec

- f? =C i

m t

g P*meNNf4mM N Wmit m*wm2 e e

4 a

N a

er***mNN==m 44*

e=44=w i

e a

>h C O c o n

C g C N N = "

m e.N L g

O w =

C. g g e *e *. g".

e -

w e e e.

e e e e. _

t O

e m

en000c06O0C00000000000C00000000 e

W W

e w

P' 4

E F

N N

P =POCOP=7P"

==*' NNPOcc 4

e 6,

e e

w=Cw-eCoOO*

ewe-eeuem e n

O

=

e e

e e e e e e e e e a e e a e e e e e e e e

=

1 m

a e

===== = = =.

e us e

O N N

N e s c O.' =P

=w m e s: "mOONo e o s e

m 4

W F w GD e 9 m u e

= Wsg mmw

" = N "s O P

=

ese w* Je d

K m

o

NNeseCP@m>O V7c NNO E Us w

a N

=

C#Onfree="f ffN ffc 4f nC@

O = O P O. "ea**@cN*NN*ONNaO*=N4mm she OCom w

-. e

. e e e e e e e

e e e e e e e e Emp 379973O70007S00MO0M300090C00000 N

SAN C

e e

e e e

e e o e e e a e e e e

=

p 4

me-H f

c N

NNePOOPNPPM N N Pe ' mmmecP Hwm N

N NNpMNNpN==N NNN NNeppe i

EC@ l e

a e

e e e e e e e a e o e e e e e e e e e WM t J

h h

4:

bwebumWhWWW EhW.

WWWWHW N

=v Q

g

+

q memN=* ec*mm 4 4 ew s SWQm**

QE w

e z

N asmmee@wvmmm NNm agacu>f me z

a e

N ue C N a m e d esm*

44m=WN e

M e

N 6

O e@ * *mmWO*me fee

mmmOO e

EEC d

e e

m M.M Os**w m O * * *

w o XFwwww D w s:

U c.u & u. =. O m o w 4-

.. e e e

.. e... e.... e e

wum 0000000009030u000C0000000000000 h

Er a

be4 e

i E

mam.

N p

N NNPpCOONPCN NN*-

- SP?P D

W P

g N

N N

NN*NNNwNm eN NNN NNe*=w a

G e

e e

e e e e e e e e e e e e e e ei s e e e e e a

mMp -

W w

w mWwmkhwwWWW W W al WWWmmW i

WE e z

1. 4#mmCP**N 44@

R*eNeg e

e 3

he g

y e

y 4

m*mP44mm**m 4441 e#pe@p 5

h M

e m

4 ese@Oommmm*

- Os cemmc@

=

Omme U

4 m

- mNC@WmPPm

- PNmm MCm 4

-6 e

< = o em O.- Om o n.e.e.4 4 - c 4 4.e.O N.N e o.- o4 = c e.

c.

e. - e

- e e -

.. - e. -.

e..

- o N

.k bi w E

H 3OCSCOCCCOCOnOceOOOOOOCOOOOOCOO e

i g

i e

dm>

c w=

O OCSCPPPa ?PO p==

== Gees i

E WWW N

N m

==OpOOO*CO*

- OCCO Ud M

=

e e

e e e e e e e - e e e e a e e e e e e e e E

>>=

M M

=

bWbWWMbMMMM WMb bMEdwW w

p L

=

c C@Ne**Ciff@

ffN+

ST7CNO u

n%

N Sebp P@p?PPP 44P-

@ 7NN NO E

PM N

=

emmO**4PFFm m>N S Cp S44 L1 W

?

m

=@p**n*PFP C a* ?

ePF#=m T

COO *e=ONO=*m w N N # m N N

c 4 4 m O * * *

c #.

m E2 F

db

= e

. e e

e e e. e e e o e e - e o e e e e e CCCCQSCOOMSCOOOLSCOOOOOQQOGCOOD

=m UA me Nmg=N*WmNeg*N* men *g"NHO*NAmwN*Wennm=N*g m>

e E EEE EMB E

=

1

=DE=mmmm E

JJad E

%mm=gggepe?Ccce===p NNNN*M**ddddC9WPTEST meedwe=we-weeneen

-we etr* f'tmem p & e"*

o 3

6 gb

-.4k+

g A-9 798 294

.

ML19207A312

Contents

Text

=

= c eg. *

C c *

=.- -

==

.=, a

= -

=

= - ** - - *- Q C o c o - c o c o o - o C o C o s= o c - c o r

= =.=

=**e

.===.=.=a=-.========.smi==,=.=====,=-,=,=.=.=

=

=

=

===== = = =.

Navigation menu

ML19207A312

Text

=

= c eg. *

C c *

=.- -

==

.=, a

= -

=

= - ** - - *- Q C o c o - c o c o o - o C o C o s= o c - c o r

= =.=

=**e

.===.=.=a=-.========.smi==,=.=====,=-,=,=.=.=

=

=

=

===== = = =.

Navigation menu

Search