ML18127B746
| ML18127B746 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | 07109215 |
| Issue date: | 05/07/2018 |
| From: | Sisler J Neutron Products |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards |
| Shared Package | |
| ML18127B734 | List: |
| References | |
| Download: ML18127B746 (46) | |
Text
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN ACCIDENT RESISTANT SHIPPING CONTAINERS FOR RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS J. A. Sisler Introduction The production of radioactive isotopes has greatly increased since scientists have learned how to control the reaction of fission-able materials in numerous types of reactors.
With the production of the various isotopes came their connnercial utilization.
When any product has a cormnercial application, it is introduced into interstate and international cormnerce and involves one or more modes of transpor-tation.
Because radioactive materials are hazardous in varying de-grees, their shipment falls within the purview of certain agencies established by law to regulate shipment in interstate or international traffic.
Both the severe consequences that could result from an acciden-tal release of the more dangerous radioactive materials and the public's fear of this silent, unseen hazard prompted regulatory agencies such as the Interstate Cormnerce Commission (ICC), the Air Transport Association (ATA), and the Bureau of Explosives (B of E) to meet with their counterparts in other nations to consider proposed regulations to control the shipment of radioactive materials.
These proposed regulations impose more severe container requirements upon the user and shipper of radioactive materials.
These proposals, es-tablishing criteria for radioactive-material containers for national and international traffic, require that a container survive a series of conditions which might occur during an accident.
The conditions for containers of certain classes of radioactive materials are simu-lated in the following sequence:
- 1.
A 30-foot free fall to an unyielding surface.
- 2.
A 4O-inch drop onto a 6-inch-diameter by 8-inch-long carbon-steel spike.
The container shall be posi-tioned to cause the maximum damage in both drops.
- 3.
An ASTM standard 1-hour fire.
- 4.
A 24-hour submersion of the container in water to a depth of 3 feet over the uppermost portion of the container without leakage of the contents or loss of any shielding.
Since the 1-hour fire is considered the most severe obstacle to overcome in the above test sequence, the Atomic Energy Connnission (AEC) requested Sandia Corporation, with their extensive environmen-tal testing facilities and the knowledge gained in perfonning numerous 141
open-pit fire tests and radiant heat tests, help in developing con-tainers for shipping radioactive materials that would withstand the above test sequence and to assist in the subsequent formulation of appropriate regulations.
Program Feasibility At the outset of the container development work, it was decided that existing containers must be retained because the national in-ventory of radioactive-material shipping containers is so great that it would be wasteful to dispose of this inventory.
Consequently, it was decided to develop an outer shell which would enable existing con-tainers to meet the test criteria and, simultaneously, to establish a concept which would permit simpler future container designs.
Since preliminary evaluation of the test parameters indicated that the fire environment presented the greatest design difficulties, maximum effort was concentrated upon controlling the fire environment by means of insulating and ablative materials, or a combination of the two.
However, insulating materials were discarded early in the program because of either the difficulties of container fabrication or failure to meet the drop-test criteria. It should be noted, how-ever, that a steel encased, gypsum-cement insulated container success-fully passed the fire test.
In considering the use of ablative materials, several factors had to be evaluated:
material cost, availability, structural integ-rity, and ease of fabrication.
These factors unerringly pointed to wood as the most suitable material.
The mechanics of wood combustion through destructive distillation, the formation of a low-density char with good insulation properties, and the reasonably good insulation characteristics o.£ the wood itself indicated that a full-scale test and development program should be initiated using this material.
Test Program Drop Tests To meet the drop-test criterion of a 30-foot free fall to an unyielding surface, Sandia's 185-foot drop-tower complex, capable of handling containers up to 16,000 pounds, was utilized.
The containers were dropped from 30 feet onto a reinforced concrete pad with the drop angle controlled.
Although only one 30-foot drop is required, the small to medium-size containers usually were dropped three times, once each on an edge, a side, and the bottom.
The smaller containers were so slightly damaged by only one drop that the data obtained might have resulted from minor variations in construction rather than from damage.
This drop resistance results from the thick wall re-quired for fire resistance.
Large containers were generally dropped only once in the most damaging position.
However, as a proof test, one 4000-pound container was dropped three times--once at 45 degrees, once on a side, and once on an end.
142
Because the drop-test criterion of a 40-inch fall onto a 6-inch-diameter spike is a recent addition to the regulation, tests against this requirement have not been performed to date.
However, meeting this requirement is not considered to be a problem.
Fire Tests To meet the test requirement of an ASTM standard 1-hour fire, an open-pit pe*troleurn fire with JP-4 jet fuel (Figure 1) was used, although it must be recognized that this is a more extreme test than required by the ASTM standard curve.
It has been found that a minimum fuel area of 400 square feet and a maximum of 2000 square feet 1 was optimum for maximum heat input to the container.
The container array was adjusted so that a minimum of 2 to 3 feet of flame would completely surround each container.
This is equivalent to an infinite wall of flame and maximizes heat input to the object under test.
We have found that in a fire of this size, radiation is the dominant heat-transfer mode.
Thus, for computer studies, an 1850°F black-body tem-perature can be used as the input figure and will give close correla-tion for a modeling study. 2 Figure 1.
20 x 20-foot fire test pit and containers immediately following Fire Test 1 (D63-13152)
Water-Submersion Tests The water-submersion criterion has, with the exception of one test, been largely ignored, basically, because the development con-cept of this shipping container was an outer shell protecting an inner 1 B. E. Bader, Heat Transfer Fuel Fires, Sandia Corporation R_e_p_o_r~t-,S~C,,,...-D=R--.,..,.'"""""-,.-,.....---L;::-,---"--...,,.-"'"""-.---------
2 Ibid.
143
container from essentially all effects of shock and fire.
If this is done, a water-tight sealc5n the inner container is a simple matter to maintain.
Designs Tested A number of designs have been examined and found lacking be-cause of high *cost, limited application, or other reasons.
A few designs that were subjected to test were as follows:
- 1.
Steel container with a special gypsum insulation.
This material is a very good insulator, but was difficult to fabricate because of drying problems.
- 2.
Steel container with a zonolite concrete insulation.
This material was also difficult to fabricate and failed the fire test because of shrinking and cracking.
- 3.
Wooden containers in cubical shapes.
These con-tainers were difficult to build strong enough to survive both the drop and fire tests.
A hollow cylindrical wooden shell was finally selected for en-casing an ICC Type 55 or similar shielded container, thus protecting this inner container from the effects of shock and fire (Figures 2 and 3).
The shell was constructed from rings of 3/4 inch plywood which were glued together with a strong shock-resistant adhesive and reinforced with cement-coated nails.
A full-length bolt ring was also used to add rigidity and to hold the lid (Figure 4).
Both the bolts and the nails serve to prevent complete failure of the container if it is cracked in the drop test.
For containers of several tons, some cracking is acceptable during the drop test so long as no serious separation of the wood plies takes place.
A wall thickness of 4 inches of bare insulating material is necessary to survive a 1-hour fire, although a 3-inch wall will survive a 1-hour fire if a protective sheet-steel outer covering (Figure 5) is used and internal temperatures of up to 500°F can be tolerated for the last 15 or 20 minutes of the fire.
If the contents of the inner container are not to exceed 200° to 220°F (i.e., when shipping liquids), a minimum of 6 inches of wood insulation is required.
There are times when requirements other than the fire test af-fect features of shell construction.
Heavy or very dense containers require a thicker wall to survive a 30-foot drop test.
The large container in these development tests had 2 by 2 inch rings added (Figures 4 and 6).
These rings have two purposes:
to facilitate handling; and to absorb a significant portion of the energy of the drop, thus preventing the container wall from splitting (Figure 7).
An important consideration in constructing all wooden-shell containers is to assure that the lid joints of the inner container and the outer shell are offset.
Another construction feature worth consideration is the addition of a light sheet-metal shell (16 to 20 gage).
This type of shell not only offers protection against routine shipping damage, but also protects against a fire environment by preventing the charred wood from sloughing off (Figure 8).
However, when a steel shell is used, the shell must be vented to prevent pressure buildup by allowing combustion gases to escape.
144
, 060 STEEL COVER OP'l'IONA L LEAD PIG LAMINATED PLYWOOD Figure 2.
Cutaway view of the small wood insulated container with optional steel shell INNER CONTAINER EXTERIOR GRADE 3/<"
DOUGLAS FIR PLYWOOD LAG SCREWS RODS Figure 3.
Cutaway view of the 4000-pound container used in SC test and development program; it is representative of large containers in general
F
- 4.
Construction of the 4000-ib container using an shielded inner container (D64-7921)
F re 5, Small inch wall containet*
with steel shell (D63-101) 146
Figure 6.
Drop test of second 4000-pound container (D64-9589)
Figure 7.
Effects of 45-degree angle drop test of 4000-pound container (D64-9588) 147
Figure 8.
Small 3-inch wall container protected by steel shell showing char layer still intact after Fire Test 1--this container is constructed exactly as shown in Figure 2 (D63-13140)
Test Results Drop Tests A number of containers were built with various wall thicknesses and inner diameters. After consultation with several wood research laboratories, four types of materials were tried: Douglas-fir plywood and solid wood, and redwood plywood and solid wood.
The Douglas-fir plywood proved to be the most satisfactory material.
The solid woods have too great a tendency to split or crack.
The redwood plywood seems to exhibit this tendency to split or crack to a greater degree than the fir plywood, for larger high-density container designs.
For containers of 200 pounds gross weight or smaller, it is felt that redwood plywood would be satisfactory.
In addition, there are obviously many other types of plywood, and perhaps some pressed-wood-fiber board, that would be equally as effec-tive as Douglas-fir plywood for use in a wooden-shell design.
It was not intended to evaluate all possible materials, but only to find one or two good ones*that were cheap and readily available.
148
A number of different adhesives were considered or tried.
Resorcinol-formaldehyde, phenyl-formaldehyde, and polyvinyl acetate aqueous emulsion (white glue) appear to be some of the better ones.
Each one has its limitations, however.
Resorcinol-fonnaldehyde is a room-temperature curing, exterior grade glue that has high shear strength and strong bonding characteristics, but it must be cured-under pressure (180-200 psi) to form a good bond.
Phenyl-formaldehyde is an excellent exterior grade adhesive, but it must be cured under heat (200°-250°F) and is difficult to use in bonding very thick layers of wood.
Polyvinyl-acetate aqueous emulsion (white "Elmers Glue" type) is the easiest to use, but it should be reinforced with cement-coated nails.
It has very high shear strength under dynamic testing conditions but it is temperature and humidity sensitive to some extent and will 11cold flow" if subjected to temperatures of 120°F or higher.
These characteristics did not appear to be a problem for the Sandia wood-insulation designs because of the reinforcement provided by the cement-coated nails, the full length bolt ring, and the rigidity of the inner metal pig.
This combination of adhesive and construction survived the testing program extremely well under the moderately warm and dry desert conditions prevalent in the Albuquerque area, but it would need close examination for use in very large and massive shells being designed for use in the tropics.
The ideal construction tech-niques would utilize a resorcinol-fonnaldehyde adhesive bonded under pressure and reinforced with cement-coated nails.
The use of a full length bolt ring to keep the lid in place is always assumed in this paper.
This bolt ring contributes to the stiffness of the shell and helps, with the nails, to prevent a catastrophic failure if some de-lamination of the plywood takes place as a result of an impact.
The largest container built in this series consists of a 3275-pound ICC-55 steel-lead-steel cylinder encased in a 6-inch-thick plywood shell (Figure 4) with 2 by 2-inch cushioning rings added.
The gross weight of this container is 4000 pounds.
Five or more cushioning rings are suggested for containers weighing over 2000 pounds, one cushioning ring layer at each end and three more evenly spaced between.
This would make the end caps 8 inches instead of 6 inches thick.
As a result of this added thick-ness, no harm is done if one of the end rings shears off entirely during a drop test.
Ten 30-foot drop tests have been made to date of the 4000-pound container.
Eight units have been dropped; one was dropped three times (one end, on the side, and at 45 degrees on opposite end),
accounting for the extra two drops.
All _containers survived in suit-able condition to withstand a 1-hour petroletnn fire without repair.
The first test unit, utilizing resorcinol-formaldehyde glue, experi-enced some glue-joint failure, but this condition was corrected in subsequent drops.
One 4000-pound container was drop tested following a 1-hour petroleum fire and survived without damage to the inner pig.
Three drop tests were of resorcinol-formaldehyde-bonded (no nails used except in end rings), fir-plywood-shell designs.
One of the drops took place during the International Symposium.
Although there was slightly more delamination evident in this construction than in the nail-reinforced design, there was no damage that would affect the subsequent fire response of the container. It should be mentioned at this time that any wood-insulation design that utilizes an exterior metal shell should not require the use of reinforcing nails in the construction.
149
A number of smaller containers, ranging in size from 25 to 200 pounds, were dropped from 30 feet and were not noticeably damaged.
Most of these were dropped three times (one end, side, and at 45 degrees) in an attempt to detect differences in response.
Even with three drops, damage to this size range of container was only super-ficial.
A tabulation of the drops will be found in Appendix A.
Fire Tests The results of the first fire test (see Appendix B) were most favorable for the wooden containers.
Before the fire test, both the 3-inch and 6-inch wall models survived three drop tests each, while ballasted with a 61-pound steel billet simulating an inner container.
The containers were then subjected to the 1-hour petroleum fire at 1850°F, Although there were difficulties with the thermocouple leads, other backup data indicate that the interior temperature in the 6-inch wall container could not have exceeded 300°F and probably was under 150°F (Figure 9).
The 3-inch wall, steel jacketed, container had 1 inch of good wood left surrounding the inner billet and temperatures were in the 400° to 500°F range, according to the best estimates based on other test results.
150 Figure 9.
6-inch wall Douglas-fir plywood unprotected container after Fire Test 1 showing amount of undamaged wood (D63-13141)
Following the first fire test and the excellent performance of wood, an investigation was begun into the thermal insulation proper-ties of several types that were of most interest due to cost and other considerations.
The Sandia Corporation Radiant Heat Facility was utilized to supply a simulated fire environment that could be carefully controlled over small areas.
Four 8 x 8 x 6-inch thick blocks were made up with small thermocouples imbedded at 1/2-inch intervals all the way through the 6-inch thickness (Figure 10).
A quartz lamp radiant heat panel was programmed to provide an 1850°F black-body radiant heat source (a heat rate of 11 BTU/ft2 -sec was actually measured) for 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> for each of the four blocks.
Sample blocks tested were:
- 1.
Douglas-fir plywood exterior grade, 3/4 inch thick, laminated into a single 6-inch thick block.
- 2.
Douglas-fir lumber, nominal 2 inches thick, lami-nated into a single 6-inch thick block.
- 3.
Redwood plywood, exterior grade, 3/4 inch thick, laminated into a single 6-inch thick block.
- 4.
Redwood lumber, nominal 2 inches thick, laminated into a single 6-inch thick block.
The plywood blocks were tested so that the heat source was exposed to the maximum end grain.
In the solid-wood blocks end grain was 90 degrees to the heat source.
For the actual curves obtained from this test series see Appendix C.
As can be determined from the curves the solid-wood blocks performed best with plywood blocks close Qehind.
The redwood plywood made the poorest showing.
Figure 11 showing the blocks after the tests reveal two things; namely, the char rate in the radiant heat test was twice what it was in an actual fire (it jumped from 2 inches in a fire to 4 inches in the radiant heat test),
and there was a definite tendency for the heat to travel down the glue joints.
The adhesive used in laminating the blocks was polxvinyl-acetate aqueous emulsion (white glue) fabricated under "box shop' con-ditions.
The resorcinol-formaldehyde used in the fabrication of the plywood did not exhibit such tendencies.
It is rather unusual that excessive heat travel, down the glue joints, had not been detected in actual fire tests.
It is believed both of the above anomalies can be explained by the strong air blast applied to the face of each block during the test.
This air blast is necessary to cool the radiant panel quartz lamps and causes no problem on nonflammable materials.
An effort is now underway to construct an analytical model of the heat flow through a wood block from an 1850°F black-body radiant source.
151
Figure 10.
Test setup; radiant heat test of four wood panels (D64-2524)
(*,>11i1;l.aH*flr plywood
'fc&t 1
!l"dwoo d r l ywuml
'l'<*ac '.l
!Jouglna-flr block Test 2 Rt:~dwood hl O(! lt.
Tt!tit !i Figure 11.
Appearance of four wood panel after radiant heat test simu-lating a 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> fire (D64-2519)
The second open-pit fire test was similar to the first test, except a 30 x 30-foot pit was used instead of a 20 x 20-foot pit (Figure 12).
Eleven instrumented containers were tested (see Appen-dix B) for 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br />; 9880 gallons of JP-4 fuel were used, producing the hottest fire in the test series.
Some of the high-temperature fiberglass insulation on the thermocouples disintegrated causing shorts.
Carbon impregnation of the thermocouple insulation also caused shorts.
With partial failure of the thermocouples (which had been succe.ssfully used in dozens of other Sandia fire tests) in two fire tests, it was decided to change to stainless-steel sheathed thermocouples in future tests for container instrumentation.
Seven of the eleven test objects in Fire Test 2 survived.
It had been anticipated that two of the containers would fail, since wall thick-ness was very minimal.
The other two failures were the solid redwood containers which apparently split and burned quite rapidly.
The solid Douglas fir also split and cracked, but still survived (Figure 13).
Fire Tests 3, 4, and 5 (see Appendix B) confirmed conclusions drawn earlier regarding the superior performance of fir plywood lami-nated shells in protecting an inner ICC-55 or similar container from the rigors of a severe accident.
Figure 12.
Test array in 30 x 30-foot pit for Fire Test 2 (D64-10016) 153
Figure 13.
Solid Douglas fir, 4-inch thick wall cylinder showing splitting found to be characteristic of solid wood containers (D64-2616)
Conclusions The purpose of this study and test effort was to develop a con-tainer, for shipping radioactive materials, capable of withstanding the fire and drop test outlined in the proposed regulations.
A laminated plywood shell with a 4-inch minimum wall thickness will provide the necessary protection for an approved ICC inner con-tainer against the 1-hour fire environment.
However, thicker wood shells may be required for shipment of low-boiling-point liquids.
The weight and structural features of the inner container may require a thicker wood shell to survive the drop-test requirements and to ensure that 4 inches of wood surround the container after the drop tests.
However, in providing a protective shell for massive containers that contain no liquids or other pressure generating materials that might escape when exposed to temperatures under 500°F, it would not always be necessary for the protective shell to stay completely intact.
At least 10 to 15 percent of the outer surface area of most large con-tainers could be exposed to a fire environment for l hour and still not be in danger of loss of shielding.
Therefore, for some shipping 154
container designs the requirement that the outer protective shell remain 100-percent intact during the 30-foot drop could be relaxed to something more practical.
The early development work for the wooden-shell insulation con-cept has indicated that the following conditions appear to be true:
- 1.
There is no significant difference in the burn rate between Douglas-fir and redwood plywood; however, redwood seems to incur a greater amount of splitting that could be detrimental in the fire environment.
- 2.
There is no significant difference in the tempera-ture gradient or char rate that can be verified for these two plywoods.
- 3.
Plywood is superior to solid woods because of the tendency of the solid woods to split in the fire environment.
- 4.
A glued and nailed laminate with through bolts for lid closure will produce a container that will sur-vive the drop tests.
Although additional research must be done to refine existing data and establish concise design criteria, sufficient information is available to design an effective, economical container which will meet the rigorous requirements of the regulatory agencies.
155-156
APPENDIX A Drop-Test Results 157-158
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S,;1 h,l'.:ic-torily pa;;1;ed tc,, t.
APPENDIX B Fire Tests 161-162
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Ci.mluinl,!r._:as d**li.n*d,mly to wLtlrntnn<l tir.,1 nml r<<::>t the drop to.Jt.
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umtainer~
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1',1nt1li n.. ~,.:,unnv,~d th,~ h!:lt htit int,~rn,ll, t,~!1\\p,*n1tun* prAhahj}' r.. ~nchcd 1100"' tll 5OO'-P.
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Nore; Thi,, t,*,:.t t,*t( r1 l*lrnur 1...-a: in il 20,, IC!I) iv,)t ~1pcn pit thiuh.JP-!1 jcl fuel.
Avt::utg,~ t.t:1:JjJ<'"t:alut:e in the arc.:.. 0£ li11= 1.elit i.:onlainei:-s
\\Hl!l apt)~ {!X l:n:t!'.C l )' 1850°P.
163
lf-h flRE 1£S'I,::.
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f,.,1;i.r f,1i lure l"lt ! iil j,~ini;,
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(:ire.
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,tarly in tJt,:.I.
- h. ti; nugp>..!<.:tied thl.t ll:oJ 1.,)nlain,*r,1µlit 11pt:u due to h;eat.
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- 113rglnal c,)n,llt ion with,1
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Sandia T:<::SL Th. )0)3"1 OUl:>idc fo!jiJe C<,nn J;nict :ion l>illn:<ltCl'.
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1'<rn1fH!t" :ir,<a t.~1 200,,,.,F and tht:a l*vel*d off.
Temp~i:~tntt!
vas only 15<>e a,;, 1/2 h0uc Ccntaim.'t' auc-
- ~*?Hful"ly p:as:ocd ta,;t. althouah wood chan:cd nl! th<,> way thtou~h -tt *::w dda of Jid J<Jlnt..
bsl.J,;, ter:1aratu1:* 1.-HH<,.;cable for* the duration of tha t:0f.t, CDrita!ner* !,lU(*~*,;;1;sw
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?"hLe:
Thi,: t,~:l! W/l'i in1,:nd<!d i..O he a 1-h,.h.1.l' t*.,;t., [wt lL,t.*tuai ly bnn:wd !llll in ~i:1 minuLi:.:.; ih.:.{;
t,.,i fuul ***pa£* into th<:: ~i'<iUfid.
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Conlctini11*s w..:i:e.al!ck0ct t>; NHtl ;..it!iout bt!iwfit,,f :iny fln*i f:ighring pi,)c,id.u;,,;~ hf:ing u;;,._,,l,
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11,Jl~":
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..::-.l inp1f<,J1!.<d.
S.:.1ndi:1. l'c:H No. W6.46
<..'.Dnl.iltU<'l imJ Hr11 \\:r lt, l 1),H1gl;1,; Fir I*l;,"... n(HI C;,rl cnJ,.,,
Outside Ins i.dc Wall Dia1.1*t1:tr D1*)..J°'"t*l*
Tni..:h,wli,;
~
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~
White glu6 30 plu,;
18 6
and natl~
cuai,tvn~
ing: ring:,
Plid~ TEST 5 Cv1apJ.*il1!d l/13/65
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At ~0 J:Dinuttit,, a p1:11k oj J60"'F tJ:,:i,; ntilched.
T!wt1 u tlt!cJ ine w;-is i;t.>1rtud ti") 58~F which wan rirn<'IH!d at liO *lnut,***
'fh~* tl'Ulfi<.:r<<~
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r.1n:indnr-of the tnut.
N(*t.~:
Thi,; t,:,!d <,,::~,.1 <'.<,i:idtitL<id in a 30 l{ 30 fvut *.)r,,.;:u pit uai,~g 10~(WO 1;,11101,1; n(,11*-4 j,:1. {u,.,i "md w-:u; oh,i.n:vcd by th~i tlttcndees nt the Inten1,ltionul
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J.lut.'sL£cn oi the' t<:td w,11; 1-hoor pJui; 6 mi.mil.es !or tir(I fighting. time tv 167-168
APPENDIX C The following time-temperature curves were obtained by placing the 6-inch thick wood blocks, described earlier, in the radiant heat facility.
One face of each block was subjected to a radiant heat rate of 11 BTU/ft 2 -sec.
The thermocouples locations, embedded at 1/2-inch intervals through the 6-inch dimension, are identified as follows:
Thermocouple Number (same for all tests) 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 Distance from original surface exposed to heat source (inch) 5-1/2 5
4-1/2 4
3-1/ 2 3
2-1/2 2
1-1/2 1
1/2 6 (on back surface of block)
Information contained in Appendix Chas been extracted from Sandia Report T-10317, May 27, 1964.
169-170
µ,
200 0..,__,,
a) l-1
- J
.w cu l-1 a) p.. s a)
E-<
Time (hours)
Figure C-1.a Douglas-fir block--simulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
Time (hours)
Figure C-1.b Douglas-fir block--simulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
Time (hours)
Figure C-1.c Douglas-fir block--simulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
µ.
200 0.___,
OJ 1-l
- J
.u qj
~
(1) 100
~
OJ
[-I Time (hours)
Figure C-2.a Redwood block--simulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
\\J1
µ.,
0 Q) l-l
- l
.µ
<U l-l Q) 0..
E:
Q)
E-<
1000 Time (hours)
Figure C-2,b Redwood block--simulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
0.._.,
(JJ 1-4 1000
- i
-W tU
µ
<l)
CJ.<
El (JJ E-<
Time (hours)
Figure C-2.c Redwood block--sirnulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
400 300 i::,.,
<l)
I-<
- .l
.w 200 rd I-<
<ll i E--<
100 0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Time (hours)
Figure C-3,a Douglas-fir plywood sample--sirnulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
µ.,
0..__,
QJ
).
w Cll
).
QJ 0..
l:i QJ i-..
2000' 1000 0
0 o.s 1.0 LS Time (hours)
Figure C-3.b Douglas-fir plywood sample--simulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
Time (hours)
Figure C-3.c Douglas-fir plywood sample--simulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
co 0
J::<.<
0 (l)
H
- l
.w
<U H
(l) p.
E3 (l)
E-l 300 200 100 0
0 0.5 1.0 Time (hours)
Figure C-4.a Redwood plywood sarnple--simulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
2000
µ:.,
(J
<lJ l-1 1000
- J LJ n!
l-1
<lJ p.
s
<lJ E-<
0 0
0.5 1.0 1.5 Time (hours)
Figure C-4.b Redwood plywood sample--simulatecl JP-4 fire on wood sample
2000
µ.,
0 '-'
<11 H
1000
.µ
<U H
<11
- 0.
s
<11 E--<
0 0
0.5 1.0
- 1. 5 Time (hours)
Figure C-4.c Redwood plywood sample--simulated JP-4 fire on wood sample
DISCUSSION R. B. SMITH:
Would you give some comments on the nature of the tem-perature on the inside of the container following the completion of the test?
Does it continue to rise, or fall, or where does it go?
SISLER:
Temperatures may continue to rise for a few minutes following the fire tests but we have observed no significant rises.
The change from start to finish in a 6-inch wall test is so insignif-icant that it is hardly worth while.
We get a maximum that starts somewhere like 75° or 80°F and ends up at 100°F so this is not really a very significant change.
Now in a very thin wall container where it is Just about to burn through at the time the fire stops then you would probably get a significant change.
ERNEST:
Could you tell us what adhesives you are using?
SISLER:
The adhesives used in our own containers was a mate-rial similar to Elmer's glue and the material used in the container out here in the lobby is the same as the adhesive as used in assem-bling the plywood, originally.
It is a formaldehyde, I believe.
MOATS:
Phenol formaldehyde is used.
SISLER:
Good, I am glad that you corrected me, thank you.
BLATZ:
In all of the references to the fire tests of wooden containers, these and the ones made by the Fire Underwriters Labora-tory, no reference has been made to oxygen.
The thought occurred to me that perhaps the presence of oxygen, or the absence of oxygen, might influence the extent to which the wood would stand the fire.
Is this true or not?
SISLER:
It very definitely would.
An oxygen blast fed into the fire would increase damage.
BLATZ:
The point is, would there be a difference between the test conditions and those that might exist in the field.
SISLER:
This is one of the reasons why Sandia has adopted the petroleum fire test; because we are trying to approximate the condi-tions that might conceivably happen in some sort of rail car accident, or a tanker truck accident with a spillage of a large quantity of some sort of hydrocarbon fuel burning for an hour or so.
\\.."e have not conducted any furnace tests.
I think the best information on that subject would be Leonard Horn's paper; it looks like the responsive is not significantly different.
183
HORN:
the gas is very rich very rich In answer fed into each mixture of air mixture of air to Mr. Blatz's question, in the UL furnace port, and the port is open so there is a and gas, it is not gas alone --- it is a and gas.
SISLER:
If I remember the figures from the Forest Products Laboratory in Wisconsin, I think they have run some temperature points that indicate that about 1/2 inch ahead of the char layer, the char layer itself would be about 1800°F, 1/2 inch ahead of that the temperature is down to 500 degrees.
So in a 1/2 inch of wood you have a temperature drop of approximately 1300 degrees.
FAIRBAIRN:
I would like to express my sincere admiration for the work that has gone into the development of the packaging design as described.
My question relates to future development.
If I may put it this way, do you see any hope for developing your "wooden over-coat" into a "wooden tea cosy?"
May I explain?
I think you did say that, at this stage, you were not thinking of applying this method to the protection of an irradiated fuel flask emitting a lot of heat, for example a flask with some one million gamma curies in it. Well, suppose that someone has a lot of capital locked up in say, 15 to 30 ton flasks, and that when the competent authority examined these designs with the help of tests such as we shall see tomorrow, it was found that the lead melted and burst its way out so resulting in loss of shielding.
Suppose that is the situation.
Well, a possible way of protection might, as I see it, be the design and use of an insulated "tea cosy" which, of course, creates the problem that for purposes of normal transport the heat has to be got out of the over-all packaging assembly which is the flask inside the 11 tea cosy."
Now this can be done by off-setting the "cosy" from the flask, leaving say a 4 inch gap, providing air inlets and outlets and so forth.
The question that I would like to ask Mr. Sisler - it may be an unfair one in relation to his present problem - has he given any thought to that kind of problem?
At this stage, does he see any future in the value of what I have chosen to call "the wood.an tea cosy?"
SISLER:
If I understand your question correctly, you are talking about a wooden shell with a built-in heat exchanger?
I didn't wish to imply that we hadn't given this some consideration, in fact Mr. Bader and I have talked it over at some length.
De-pending on what our work load is going to be in the next 6 months, we may give this some very serious consideration.
I do believe that it can be done.
I believe that a wooden shell can be utilized in design of a larger container to give protective fire protection and still be able to get heat transferred through the shell.
I cannot say at the moment how we expect that this can be done*, but I don't think that it would be an insurmountable problem.
hbat I intendt=d to imply by the movie was that this particular design could not be directly applied to containers which did have a large heat source insidt= them, because Lhe wood is a very good insulating material.
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HELGESON:
A number oi people today have talked about the fact that the safety record in the shipping and transportation of nuclear materials has been excellent--the movie commented on the same thing.
This morning Mr. George said that there had been no serious accidents, I wonder if anyone has accumulated any actual statistical data in terms of accidents per million man miles or million truck miles, or something like that, with radioactive material and compared them with equally hazardous materials in other industries? If there has been such a compilation I would be interested to know what it is.
Sec-ondly, then, is there a reason that the regulatory agencies are putting such a tremendous effort into the shipping control of radio-active materials--should not the same effort be put into the shipping control of other hazardous materials, also?
SISLER:
question?
Professor Thompson, would you care to comment on that THOMPSON:
As far as I know there has been no such information collected.
The truth of the matter is, that when you begin to look into volumnous records of truck accidt'!nts such as we did with the Interstate Commerce Commission, the contents of the truck are seldom identified.
Even if the number of shipments of radioactive material is very small compared to common cormnodities it would therefore take an indeterminable length of time to collect such statistics.
I don't believe there is much hope of doing so without a vast amount of effort.
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