ML18054A441
| ML18054A441 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Clinch River |
| Issue date: | 05/31/1995 |
| From: | Geraghty & Miller, Jacobs Engineering Group, Lockwood Greene Technologies, PAI Corp, Univ of Tennessee |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, US Dept of Energy, Office of Environmental Restoration |
| Vokoun P | |
| References | |
| DE-AC05-93OR22028 | |
| Download: ML18054A441 (112) | |
Text
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PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION . f 'f eJ , (N otlcl Si Jc')
-25 ite r Oak Ridge Reservation Oak Ridge, Tennessee May!--fi-llJ Jacob Environental Restoration Team Oak Ridge Operations
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PUBLICLY AVAILABLE VERSION Archaeological Reconnaissance K-25 Site Oak Ridge Reservation Oak Ridge, Tennessee Date Issued-May 1995 Prepared by Jacobs ER Team 125 Broadway Avenue Oak Ridge, Tennessee under contract DE-AC05-930R22028 Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management
[
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared by the Jacobs ER Team under prime contract to the U.S. Department of Energy. Team members are:
Jacobs Engineering Group Inc.
Geraghty & Miller, Inc.
Lockwood Greene Technologies, Inc.
PAI Corporation Solutions To Environmental Problems United Science Industries University of Tennessee Additional support was given to the team by Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.
CONTENTS r FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . .... . . ... . . . . ... . .... . . ... .. .... ... . ... .
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS . . .... . . . . . . . . ......... .... .. ..
vii ix r
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
. . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .... . . . ... . . . . xi
- 1. INTRODUCTION ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. ... . 1-1
- 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING . ............. .. . .... ..... ..... . . 2-1 2 .1 PHYSIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . ... .... 2-1 2.2 CL IMATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. ... .. . . . . . . ... . 2 -3 2.3 GEOL OGY .... . . . . . . . . ... .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 2-3 2 .4 SOIL S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . .. . .. .. . . ... . . . .. . . ... . . . 2-4 2 .5 VEGETATION . . . .. . . . . ... .... . . ..... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 2-6
- 2.6 FAUNA .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . 2-6 2.7 PAL EOENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . .. . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 2-8
- 3. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS .. ... . . . . . . .. .... . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 3-1
- 4. PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC SETTING . .. . . . . ... . . . .. . . .. . . .. .. 4-1 4.1 PAL EO-INDIAN STAGE [10000-8000 before Christ (B.C.)] .. ..... ; .. . 4-1 4.2 ARCHAIC STAGE (8000-900 B.C.) . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... . . . . .... . 4-2 4 .2 .1 Early Archaic (8000-6 000 B.C.) . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... . 4-2 4.2.2 Middle Archaic (6 000-3000 B.C.) . . . . ..... . . ... . . . . . ... . 4-3 4.2 .3 L ate Archaic (3000-900 B.C.) . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . .. . 4-4 4.3 WOODLAND STAGE [900 B.C.-anno Domini (A.D.) 900] .. . . . . . . .. . 4-5 4.3.1 Early Woodland (900 B.C. -A.D. 2 00) . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 4.3.2 Middle Woodland (A.D. 2 00-6 00) . . . . . . . . .. .... .. . . . .. . . 4-6 4.3.3 L ate Woodland (A.D. 6 00-900) . . . .. . . . . . .... . . . . . .. . . . 4-7 4.4 MISSISSIPPIAN STAGE (A.O. 900-16 00) . ... .... .... . .. . . . . . .. 4-7 4.4.1 Martin Farm Phase (A.D. 900-1000) . .. . . . . . . . .. . ...... . . 4-9 4.4.2 Hiwassee Island Phase (A.D. 1000-1300) . . . . . . ... .. . .. . .. . 4-9 4.4.3 Dallas Phase (A.D. 1300-16 00) ..... .... ...... . ........ . 4-10 4.5 OVERHIL L CHEROKEE STAGE (A.D.16 00-1819) .......... ...... 4-11 4.6 HISTORIC EURO-AMERICAN STAGE (A.D. 16 00-1942 ) .... .. ...... 4-12 JT94040S. IDH/ps iii May 17, 199S
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
CONTENTS (continued)
- 5. FIEL D AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES .. . ...... . . ... .. ... . .. . 5-1 5.1 FIEL D METHODS ... .......... . .. . ........... . ... . .... 5-1 5.1.1 Field Survey . .. .. . . . ..... . .... .. . ..... . ...... .... 5-1 5.1.2 Deep Testing ... . . . .. .. .. . .... .... .... .. ...... ... 5-2 5.2 LABORATORY METHODS . ....... .............. ....... .. 5-2
- 6. RESUL TS .. . ......... ........ .. ... . .. . .... . ... . . ...... . 6-1 6.1 PREVIOUSL Y RECORDED ARCHAEOL OGICAL SITES .. ... ... . . . . 6-1 6.1.1 40RE109, [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] . . .. . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 6-1 Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
6.1.2 40RE110, [ .... . . . .... . . ............ 6 -5
[Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
6 .1.3 40RE111, ..... ... . . . . . ...... .... . . . 6 -6 6.1.4 40RE12 6, [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
... . .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. . 6 -7 6.1.5 40RE12 7 .... . . .. . .... . .. .. . ... . .. .. ... ......... 6-8 6.1.6 40RE135 ... . ..... ... ...... . ..... ............... 6-8 6.1.7 40RE136 . . . . . ... ...... . .... . ..... ...... . .. .... . 6-9 6.1.8 40RE138 . ... . ... . ....... . .. . ....... . . . .. .. . . . . . 6 -9 6.1.9 40RE202 .. ... . . . .. .................... . ... ..... 6-11 6.2 HISTORIC HOUSE SURVEY IN THE FORMER WHEAT COMMUNITY (40RE2 2 4) . .... . ..... ..... . . ........ ... . ... 6 -12 6 .2.1 Tract 711... . . ......... .. ...... . ................ 6-12 6.2.1.1 Structure 711A .............. ... .... . .... .. 6-12 6.2.1.2 Structure 711B .................. ..... . ... . 6 -16 6.2.2 Tract 712 ... ....... .................... ....... .. 6 -16 6.2.2.1 Structure 712 A .. .... . ...... ..... ......... . 6-16 6.2.2.2 Structure 712 B ............. ... ....... . .. .. 6-17 6.2.2.3 Structure 712 C ....... .. .... ........ ....... 6-17 6 .2.2.4 Structure 712 D ......... .. ....... .......... 6-17 6.2.3 Tract 715 ................ ... . . . ........... ...... 6 -18 6 .2.3.1 Structure 715A ...... .. ..... .. ...... ....... 6-18 6.2.4 Tract 72 0........ .... . ........... ... ...... ..... . 6-18 6.2.4.1 Structure 72 0A . . . . ... ..... ..... .... . . ..... 6 -19 6.2.5 Tract 72 2 ........... . ..... ....... ............... 6 -19 6.2.5.1 Structure 72 2A ................ ............ 6-19 JT940405. IDH/ps iv April 24, 1995
r Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
CONTENTS (continued) r 6.2.6 Tract 72 3 ....................................... 6-20 6.2.6.1 Structure 72 3A ............................ 6-20 f 6.2.6.2 Structure 72 3B ............................ 6-20
.r 6.2.6.3 Structure 72 3C ............................ 6-21 6.2.7 Tract 724 ....................................... 6-2 2 6.2.7.1 Structure 724A ..*.......................... 6-2 2 6.2.8 Tract 725 ....................................... 6-2 2 6.2.8.1 Structure 725A ............................ 6-2 2 6.2.9 Tract 72 6 ....................................... 6-2 3 6.2.9.1 Structure 72 6A ............................ 6-2 3 6.2.9.2 Structure 72 6B ............................ 6-2 3 6.2.10 Tract 727....................................... 6-24 6.2.10.1 Structure 727A ............................ 6-24 6.2.10.2 Structure 727B ............................ 6-2 6 6.2.10.3 Structure 727C ............................ 6-2 6 6.2.11 Tract 728 ....................................... 6-27 6.2.11.1 Structure 728A ............................ 6-27 6.2.12 Tract 72 9 ....................................... 6-27 6.2.12.1 Structure 72 9A ............................ 6-27 6.2.13 Tract 730 ....................................... 6-28 6.2.13.1 Structure 730A ............................ 6-28 6.2.13.2 Structures 730B and 730C ..................... 6-30 6.2.13.3 Structure 730D ............................ 6-3 1 6.2.13.4 Structure 730E ............................ 6-3 1 6.2.13.5 Structure 730F ............................ 6-3 2 6.2.13.6 Structure 730G ............................ 6-3 2 6.2.13.7 Structure 730H ............................ 6-3 3 6.2.13.8 Structure 7301 ............................. 6-3 3 6.2.13.9 Structure 7301 ............................ 6-34 6.2.14 Tract 771....................................... 6-35 6.2.15 Tract 773 ....................................... 6-35 6.3 CEMETERIES ........................................ 6-35 6.3.1 [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] (40RE2 2 2) .......................... 6-35 6.3.2 [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] (40RE2 2 3) .......................... 6-37 6.3.3 [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] (40RE2 19) ........................... 6-37 IT94040S. IDH/ps V April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
CONTENTS (continued) 6.3.4 George Jones Memorial Baptist Church Cemetery (part of Wheat Community, 40RE224) . . . . . .... . . . . . ... . ........ 6-38 6.3.5 [ Exemptedby from Disclosure Statute
](40RE221) ............................ 6-38 6.3.6 [ Exempted from Disclosure Statute by ]
(40RE220) .......................... 6-39
- 7. RECOMMENDATIONS ... . .... . . ................ . ..... . .... 7-1
- 8. REFERENCES . . . ....... . .......... . ........ . . .. . ........ 8-1 APPENDIX A: PLATES ........................................ A-1 JT940405. IDH/ps vi April 24, 1995
r FIGURES Figure No. Page 1.1. Five areas covered by archaeological survey at the K-25 Site 1-2 2.1. Physiographic regions in the vicinity of the study area .. . . . . .... ... .. ... 2-2 2.2. Generalized geologic section for the ridge and valley physiographic province 2-5 6.1. Archaeological sites previously recorded in the study area . ... . . . . . .... ... 6-2 6.2. Final land acquisition lots . ... . ............................... 6-13 6.3. Land ownership lots in the Wheat Community . . . . . ...... . ... . ...... . 6-14 6.4. Location of structures in the fonner Wheat Community, 1941 .............. 6-15 6.5. Location of cemeteries ...................................... 6-36 I 7.1. Archaeological District for the Wheat Community (40RE224) .. ..... .... ... 7-3
\
1r94040S. IDH/ps vii May 17, 199S
J1'940405.1DH/ps viii April 2.4, I99S ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AEC Atomic Energy Commission A.D. anno Domini
( B.C. before Christ oc degrees Celsius cm centimeter r
DOE U.S. Department of Energy Energy Systems Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc.
ER environmental restoration ERDA U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration Ext. Extension Service OF degrees Fahrenheit ft foot ha hectare in. inch km kilometer m meter msl mean sea level mya million years ago NHPA National Historic Preservation Act No. number ORR Oak Ridge Reservation sp. species TVA Tennessee Valley Authority u uranium UT University of Tennessee WWII World War II years B.P. years Before Present (Present = 1950) yr year JT94040S. I DH/ps ix May 17, 1995
JT940405.1DH1ps X April 24. 199.S f
r EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Members of the Jacobs Environmental Restoration Team conducted a cultural resource survey for the Oak Ridge K-25 Site in Roane County, Tennessee, from February through June 1994. This survey included an architectural survey in the plant area proper and an archaeological
.J survey of the adjacent areas outside the plant boundaries. The purpose of the architectural survey was to inventory and evaluate the properties in the project to determine those that might be eligible for inclusion in the National Register. The archaeological survey evaluated the condition of previously renewed sites and made recommendations for those sites that may require further investigation. Recommendations for implementing the National Historic Preservation Act Section 106 compliance process will be provided for use in the U.S. Department of Energy Cultural Resource Management Plan.
The archaeological survey covered the K-25 Site and surrounding areas, locating and noting the condition of archaeological sites identified in previous reconnaissance surveys. A majority of the archaeological sites in the survey area was recorded by George Fielder in 1974 and in a survey of the former Wheat community in 1977. The 1994 survey by the Jacobs Environmental Restoration Team relocated these sites and identified additional structures in the Wheat Community and recorded the condition of a number of cemeteries in the project area.
Presently, no management plans have been developed which would adversely affect the condition of known archaeological sites in the project area. In the case of adverse impact, further testing is recommended for archaeological sites 40RE109 a and b, 40RE111, and 40RE126.
Archaeological sites 40RE109 and 40RE111, through deep testing, exhibit potential intact stratified archaeological deposits, and 40RE126,_ which exhibits redoxymorphic features which could be related to human activity. It is recommended that the area around the George Jones Memorial Baptist Church, formerly known as the Wheat community, be tested further before any surface disturbance. Some intact wells and cisterns could provide a wealth of historic information on the lifeways immediately before the arrival of the Manhattan Project in 1943 because of the potential for recovering historic materials. The current logging activity in the Wheat community area, an attempt to control the pine bark beetle, is having an adverse impact on these cultural resources. The movement of heavy machinery across the surface has resulted in the disturbance of cultural material in the area. It is also recommended that the cemeteries identified in the project area be protected from any adverse impact.
Because of the massive cut and fill operations causing extensive disturbance during construction of the K-25 Site, there are likely no intact archaeological sites to be found within JT94040S. IDH/ps xi May 17, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) r the security fences except for the known sites identified[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
I These sites must be considered if construction is planned which might affect them. Areas outside the fences not evaluated as a part of the identified archaeological sites, structures, and cemeteries will require a Phase I survey if management plans call for any surface disturbance.
l 1T94040S. IDH/p,1 xii AprU 24, 1995
- 1. INTRODUCTION The K-2 5 Site was a gaseous diffusion process facility constructed as part of the Manhattan Project in 1944 for the enrichment of weapons grade uranium. Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc. (Energy Systems) manages the site for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). DOE is required by the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) of 196 6 , as amended, to identify any properties under its jurisdiction that are included in or eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. This report presents the results of an archaeological survey of the K-2 5 Site and surrounding areas, conducted by members of the Jacobs Environmental Restoration (ER) Team. The purpose of the archaeological survey was to inventory and evaluate the archaelogical properties in the project areas. Recommendations for implementing the NHPA Section 106 compliance process will be provided for use in the DOE Cultural Resource Management Plan.
The K-2 5 Site is located in Roane County, Tennessee, west of the city center of Oak Ridge near the confluence of Clinch River and Poplar Creek (Plate 1). The K-2 5 Site, a production facility, is part of the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR). Kellex Corporation of New York, a unit of the M. W. Kellogg Corp., designed the original building complex. J. A. Jones Construction of Charlotte, North Carolina, began building the K-2 5 Site in 1943. The K-2 5 Site was operational 17 months after construction began. The original buildings were typically steel frame structures with cemestos siding set on reinforced concrete foundations and slabs. The plant area contained some 70 buildings.
The original mission of the Oak Ridge K-2 5 Site was the separation of 235U from 238U, using the gaseous diffusion process. Uranium-2 35 was produced expressly 'to develop a nuclear weapon to aid in the war effort. The main gaseous diffusion building was U-shaped and covered more than 18 ha (44 acres). It was, at the time, the largest single building under one roof in the world.
A survey of the archaeological resources in the areas outside the fences of the K-2 5 Site was initiated February 11, 1994, by the Jacobs ER Team. The areas covered in the survey, shown in Figure 1.1, included the following:
- K-700 Power Plant Complex area between Clinch River, Poplar Creek, and Highway 58; JT94040S. IDH/ps 1-1 May 17, 1995
Fig. 1.1 3,000 Five areas covered by archaeological SCM.E N FEET survey at the K-25 Site R E F E R ENC E : U.S.G.S. 7.5 Minutes Series DOE - K-25 Site, NHPA - Oak Ridge, Tennessee a) Bethel Valley Quadrangle, Tennessee 1GBG b) Elverton Ouadrangle, Tennessee 1968. Photorevieed 19GO DOCUMENT ID: 35H830 DRAWING IO: OFIA\MNG DATE:
2150s.20 /CULT SURV 94-103870 Po.I-A JANUARY 31, 1905 a.
1-2
r
- Northwest sector from the intersection of Blair Road and Highway 58 to the K-25 r security fence;
- Flatlands between Bear Creek Road and Highway 58 from Blair Road west to the f Clinch River; f
- East of Blair Road and north of Highway 58 East to the eastern side of McKinney Ridge and north to East Fork Poplar Creek; and
- North bank of Poplar Creek and west of Blair Road north to the boundary of ORR and west to Clinch River.
These areas were investigated to determine the condition of previously recorded cultural resources within these designated areas. Presently, there are no specified management plans that would impact any of the identified cultural resources in these areas. All field notes, photographs, and other materials are on file in the Jacobs Technical Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and also
. ( on file with DOE.
JT940405.1DH/ps 1-3 April 24, 1995
11940405. IDH/ps 1-4 April 24, 1995 r
r 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING f 2.1 PHYSIOGRAPHY
{ The K-25 Site and surroundings areas lie within the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province (Fenneman 1938) (Fig. 2.1). This province extends for 1,900 km (1,200 miles) from f the St. Lawrence River southward into Alabama. It varies in width from a few miles to more than 129 km (80 miles) in central Pennsylvania. The region is characterized by a series of linear ridges which trend northeast to southwest. The ridges consist predominantly of resistant, well
{ cemented, siliceous sandstones and conglomerates. The lowlands are generally underlain by easily weathered limestones and less weatherable shales.
The Valley and Ridge Province is a lowland or an assemblage of valley floors surmounted by long, narrow, even-topped mountain ridges. The uniform elevations of the ridge tops have been explained as being parts of a former peneplain or erosion surface. From Paleozoic times to the present, the land area has been continuously eroded with erosional events accelerated at various phases due to renewed uplift. The surface was uplifted over several events and subsequent erosion cut the extensive valley system between the ridges. Several wind gaps that were used as passes across the ridges mark former water gaps that were present before the various erosional cycles (Fenneman 1938, King et al.1968, Shimer 1972).
The general landscape formation model for the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province has four major processes. These processes are defined by the following sequence; (1) general peneplaining, (2) upwarping, (3) reduction of weaker rocks to plains at lower levels, and (4) further uplift and dissection (Fenneman 1938). Drainage patterns affected by the general geomorphology in the Valley and Ridge Province exhibit a longitudinal pattern up to the point where the stream reaches a more resistant parent material and downcutting ceases. These streams were likely reflective of a transverse pattern and subsequently longitudinal with stream capture.
The resultant pattern is a trellised drainage system (Fenneman 1938). This pattern is observed north of Knoxville in the Tennessee Valley section of the Valley and Ridge Province where the northern areas are drained by the Powell, Clinch, Holston, and Nolichucky-French Broad rivers, four parallel longitudinal streams. As the ridges terminate, these rivers unite to form a single stream at the foot of the Cumberland Front (Fenneman 1938).
The Valley and Ridge Province in Tennessee is, on the average, about 72 km (45 miles) wide. This is a relatively low lying area between the Cumberland Plateau to the west and the Blue Ridge Mountains to the east. Elevation ranges from 795 m (2,620 ft) on Clinch Mountain to 205 m (Oft) at Chattanooga where the Tennessee River exits the Province. This province IT940405. IDH/ps 2-1 April 24, I 995
IN
/
.. /'*-
KY TENNESSEE 0 90 SCALE IN MILES Fig. 2.1 Physlographlc regions In the vicinity of the study area DOE - K-25 Site, NHPA - Oak Ridge, TennNHB DOCUMENT ID: 35H830 DRAWING ID: DRAWING TE:
2l!05*20 / CULT SURV 114-10378D PD3 JANUARY 3 1 , 1995 111 2-2
covers approximately 2 3,400 km2 (6 ,830 miles2) or about one-fifth the land area of Tennessee f (Luther 1977).
r 2.2 CLIMATE The climate of the Valley and Ridge Province of Tennessee is classified as hwnid mesothermal under Koppens' scheme. This is defined as warm, temperate and rainy. The average temperature of the coldest month ranges from -3 ° C (2 6.6 ° F) to 18 ° C (6 4.6 ° F) and the average temperature of the warmest month is over 10 ° C (50 ° F). There is no distinct dry season and the driest month of the swnmer receives more than 3 cm (1.2 in.) of rain. There is a hot summer with an average temperature of the warmest month of over 2 2 ° C (71.6 ° F). Under Thorwaite's classification system, the area is defined as a humid-forest, mesothermal with rainfall abundant during all seasons (Trewartha 1943).
{ The Valley and Ridge Province has a growing season that lasts from 180-2 2 0 days. There is an average decrease in temperature of S ° C (3 ° F) per 303 m (1,000 ft), and in the Valley temperatures increase from north to south. Precipitation decreases from south to north due to moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. An increase in effective precipitation with elevation is observed as air is forced to ascend, cools and condenses out a portion of its moisture charge.
Precipitation in the Valley and Ridge Province averages 102 cm/year (40 in./year) in the northern parts to 12 7 cm/year (50 in./year) in the south. Precipitation in portions of the Great Smoky Mountains exceeds 2 03 cm/year (80 in. year). Most of the precipitation occurs during the winter and early spring seasons. A secondary pulse of precipitation occurs in mid-summer due to shower and thunderstorm activity. Fall is the driest season of the year. December through March is considered flood season, and average snowfall in the Valley and Ridge Province ranges from 10.1-15.2 cm/year (4-6 in. year) (Dickson 1978).
2.3 GEOLOGY The general geologic structure of the Valley and Ridge Province was the result of a compressive force caused by sea floor spreading and collision between North America and Africa about 2 50 million years ago (mya) (Permian). This may be the best explanation for the evidence of folding, thrusting, and the subsequent development of the linear ridges. Sediment accumulated in a long, relatively narrow trough occupied by an arm of the sea. Sediment was derived from nearby land masses and organic remains. As the sediment accumulated, filling the trough, there was subsidence in the basement material. This led to major thicknesses of shallow-water deposits. This sagging depositional trough, or geosyncline, has been filled and refilled with sediments. This process continued when the sea retreated and mountain building episodes, caused JT94040S. I DH/ps 2-3 April 24, 1991
by the collision between North America and Africa, folded, faulted, and altered the rocks, pressing them northwest along a series of thrust faults that stacked up the rock units. Around 150 mya (Jurassic) the continents began to pull apart, releasing the compressional stress and allowing erosion to cut away at the uplands. Since then there have been two cycles of erosion and uplift (Luther 197 7).
The geology in and around the K-25 Site consists pr ily of Ordovician and Cambrian bedrock geology. The general idealized geologic section for the Valley and Ridge Province of Tennessee is shown in Figure 2.2. Blackoak Ridge, on the northern portion of the plant, consists of the Ordovician Knox Group, a siliceous dolomite and magnesian limestone sequence. The Poplar Creek and main plant areas are underlain by the Chickamauga Group limestone sequence.
The Happy Valley area, on the south side of the plant, is underlain by the Rome Formation which is a variegated (red, green, yellow) shale and siltstone with beds of grey, fine-grained sandstone.
The Conasauga Group, which is primarily shale, dominates in the Wheat community area and along Pine Ridge (Hardeman 1966).
2.4 SOILS There are two major soil associations in the area of the K-25 Site. The Fullerton-Bodine association is represented in the lowlands such as the main plant area and Happy Valley. This association typically consists of hilly and steep, deep, well-drained, cherty and clayey soils from dolomitic limestone. The landscape is highly dissected with rounded hills which rise some 61-91 m (200 -300 ft) above the drainageways. About two-thirds of this landscape is on moderately steep to steep slopes and elevation generally ranges between 273-364 m (900 and 1,200 ft). The residual soils are primarily formed from cherty dolomite, are well drained , cherty and have thick, reddish and yellowish, permeable subsoils. They are highly leached, strongly acidic or very strongly acidic and low in natural fertility. The soils are predominantly clayey, kaolinitic, and loamy-skeletal, siliceous Paleudults (Springer and Elder 1980).
The remaining area consists of uplands along Pine Ridge and Blackoak Ridge which are dominated by the Wallen-Talbott-Montevallo soil association . This association is usually found on steep ridges and rolling valleys with shallow to moderately deep excessively drained and well-drained . stony and clayey soils derived from sandstone, shale, and limestone. The soil association is typically composed of a series of long parallel ridges and valleys where narrow valleys are sandwiched between linear ridges that rise as much as 303 m (1,000 ft) above the drainageways. The ridges are supported by tilted sandstone, shale , and sometimes cherty dolomitic limestone which are commonly interbedded. The valleys are commonly underlain by clayey limestone or acid shale. There is a mosaic of soil types within this association. Limestone IT94040S. IDH/ps 2-4 April 24, 1995
HYDRAULIC LITHOLOGY THICKNESS FORMATION HOST UNIT id I 100
- 150' Fort Payne Ch e rt Silica 0 ::.
=i ..J -T _,, 20
- 30' Chatta11_0Qga h!!,18_ _
Siltstone Limestone 1:nae1< snaie ffi I z Sandstone
- :: ::: : : : :: :::: :: : ::: :::::::/ 400'
- :__, : :r:_ - -
Rockwood Formation Shale
_.I
--1-----------t Ironstone
=
200'
-Formation Arglllaceous
- - --1------------ Sequatchie
1
== =f =,= L __ _ ---2_oo_*_____R_e_
Limestone edv_m_e_S_h_ a_l e___, Calcareous Shale t=I I I I \
D. I I I I I
I I
\
co ,_ I - I - I - -\
I \
Limestone 1700' Chickamauga Limestone
- 2 . I - I - I - I - II Minor SIitstone
- i j 1 -/ (undivided) and Shale
_.. I I I I I I'-- I 0 I /
1--' ,--
1--1_.. 1 1 J_ , ..L -
.._I 1 ........__.,....... I __,
-- --t'--..---.....,.
- - - - - - ----.---..-......i -- -
/ c,:o / / / 250
- 400' Mascot Dolomite Massive Dolomite
...... Limestone
..<=-c:....:;:::,
/
- = ;::::::i=:;=.i-
/c:a, /
=-;::::::::.
/'\
--- Variable Silica
/
/ / / 300 . 500' Kingsport Formation Minor Clastics GI / c::,, / / / c:a
/ o:=> / c:::> / c:::> / c=o /
- g. c:::>/ c=,, / c:o / c:a / c=o 130
- 200' Longview Dolomite 7 -=> 7 7 "l e:=- / ---
/ <:> / / / 500
- 700'
/ / / c:a / / Chepultepec Dolomite
- : : :/.: : : : : :t. : : : : : Y. : : : : ::I': : : : : :,
-* ;;.:.:.;*.:..:.;t;.:.:.; -.......,..:.. --- --------1---------,
-=-/ -=> I c:o I c:a I -=>
/ -=- /c=,, /c:a /-=- / I c=,/ c::::o, / c::::>> / c::::o, / c::::o, /
/ c::>/ c:,, / -=a / - //
800
- 1000' Copper Ridge Dolomite 1 -./ c:::>/ c::,,/ ..-/ -
/ - / -=- / - / - ,
II '-...-"'
8; 1 -,1""" 1 .......I - - - -
I I I I I 340' I I I I \ Maynardville Limestone z E ;*L ..L =::::::L ;;. --1 :::l - - 490
- 590' Nolichucky Shale i -i
< (!J -
- Limestone 1 1 1 1 1 T - and Shale 320
- 410' Dismal Gap Formation
() C " I I I I
.i? 8 .l.. - ..1,_ _1_ - L__./- - _ 1/ Roaersville Shale
+----'-=--'---'------!
'O
- 2 - - ---------4--'-'""""'-C.'--------'----I 80
- 1 1 0*
=--- ----==--_-.=--:..-_--_"--+ - --
I I I I 77"-
.._ .._ 1 00
- 120* Friendship Formation 185 - 225' Pumpkin Valley Shale
- - - - - - - -------+---------1 Shale and
"':"':":":' Sandslone 1000' + Rome Formation Fig. 2.2 Generalized geologic section for the ridge and valley physiographic province SOURCE: Hatcher et al. 1992.
I I DOE - K-25 She, NHPA - Oak Ridge, Tennessee DOCUMENT 10: 35H830 DRAWING ID: CJIAWINQ CATE:
2505-20 I CULT SURV IM* 103750.PO, FEBRUARY 5. 1905 Ill 2-5
valleys sport re ddish , sl owly pe rmeable , clayey soils of var iable depth over be dr ock with c omm on l imest one outcr ops on sl opes and ar ound dee p l imest one sinks. Shale soil s of 0.3 - 1.2 m ( 1-4 ft) in th ickness are . found on the r oll ing t o h illy u pl ands. They have th in, silty sur face layers over re ddish , cla yey, sl owly pe rmea ble su bsoils with var ia ble amounts ofshale fragments.
Small benches and u pland flats c omm only have a weak fra gipan or a sl owly pe rmea ble clayey or shaly ]ayer at a depth of 0 . 6 1- 1.0 m (2- 3 ft). The ma in soils inth is assoc iat ion are pr imar ily l oamy-skeletal Dystr ochrepts; fine m ixe d Haplu dal fs; and clayey and l oamy Ha plu dults.
2.5 VEGETATION The area of the K- 25 S ite l ies with in the Car ol inian Biot ic Pr ov ince. M ost of the area in th is biot ic pr ov ince inc or porates a significant area of the easte rn port ion of North Amer ica and is character ize d by har dwood forest . Four forest types are recognize d in the Car ol inian Biot ic Pr ov ince : ( 1) Beech-Maple in the northe rn portion, ( 2 ) Oak-Hick ory in the weste rn port ion, ( 3 )
Oak -Chestnut in the easte rn port ion, and (4 ) M ixe d Mesophyt ic in the central port ion (Dice 194 3 ) .
The Oak -Chestnut Forest Re gi.on inclu des the Valley and R idge Pr ov ince. In southe rn Vir ginia and Tennessee the tr ansit ion belt bet ween the Oak -Chestnut and M ixe d Mesophyt ic re gion is narr ow. M ixe d Mesophyt ic c ommunit ies occur m ore fre quently in rav ines and ga ps near the Cum berland Plateau. The Amer ican Chestnut (Castanea dentata) was the dom inant spec ies pr ior t o the Chestnut Bl ight. Re d oak (Quercus borealis maxima) and wh ite oak (Quercus alba) are the su bdom inants. Re d ma ple (Acer rubrum), sweet birch (Betula lenta), cucum ber tree (Magnolia acuminata), serv ice berry, str ipe d maple (Acerpennsylvanicum), m ounta in h olly (flex montana) and witch ha zel (Hamamelis virginiana) are spec ies of the small tree shrub layer. On Cl inch M ounta in and C opper R idge , a beech -wh ite oak or wh ite oak -beech c om munity can be found in sca ttere d stands on the l ower m ounta in sl opes with southerly e xposures (Braun 1950 ).
2.6 FAUNA The faunal resources of the Valley and R idge Pr ov ince and the Tennessee Valley are r ich and diverse. Expl oitat ion of faunal resources by a bor iginal pe oples was lar gely seasonal. Fauna such as m ollusks, turtles, water bir ds, a quat ic mammals, and wh ite -ta ile d deer were c ollecte d dur ing the spr ing and summer. White -ta ile d deer , bear , and wil d turkey were c ollecte d dur ing the fall and winter m onths ( McC oll ou gh and Faulkner 1973 ). The former r ichness ofthese faunal resources was catal ogue d by Lt . Henry T im berlake wh o l ive d with the Overh ill Cher okee in t he Little Tennessee Valley in 176 1- 176 2 wh o relate d th is acc ount :
JT94040S. IDH/ps 2- 6 April 24, 1995
" . . . brooks were well stored with fish, otters, and beavers ... There are likewise an J incredible number of buffaloes, bears , deer, panthers, wolves , foxes, raccoons and r
opossums . . . There are a vast number of lesser sort of game , such as rabbits, squirrels of several sor ts, and many other an imals, beside turkeys, geese , ducks of several kinds, partridges, pheasants, and an infinity of other birds " ( McCollough and Faulkner 19 73).
r Mammalian fauna which are or were c ommon in the Valley and Ridge Province of Tennessee and were used in the prehistoric diet, include opossum (Didelphis virginiana virginiana), black bear (Ursus americanus americanus), raccoon (Procyon lotor varius), red fox (Vulpesfulvafulva), panther (Fe/is concolor concolor), groundhog (Marmota monax monax), gray squirrel (Scurus carolinensus carolinensus), Carolina beaver (Castor canadensis carolinensis),
eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus jloridanus mallurus), and white tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus virginianus). Mammals recorded as c ommon in this area of Tennessee include gray wolf (Canis lupus lycaon), eastern elk (Cervus canadensis canadensis), and eastern woodland bison (Bison bison pennsylvanicus) (Kellogg 1939).
A number of avian fauna have been recorded in East Tennessee . Birds common to this area include the water birds like the pied-billed grebe (Podilymbus podiceps podiceps), little blue heron (Florida caerulea caerulea), and the eastern green heron (Butorides virescens virescens).
Migratory water fowl in this area include the common Canada goose (Branta canadensis canadensis), common mallard (Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos), green-winged teal (Nettion carolinense), blue-winged teal (Querquedula discors), ring-necked duck (Nyroca a.ffinis), and the lesser scarp duck (Nyroca affinis). Common raptors include the n orthern harrier (Circus hudsonius), eastern sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius sparverius), red-tailed hawk (Buteo borealis),
Cooper 's ha wk (Accipiter cooperi), osprey (Pandion haliaeetus), bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalis), eastern screech owl (Otis asio naevius), great homed owl (Bubo virginianus), and northern barred owl (Strix varia varia). Some common game birds include the eastern ruffled grouse (Bonasa umbel/us umbellus), eastern bob white (Colinus virginianus virginianus), and eastern mourning dove ('Zenaidura macrovia carolinensis) (Gainer 1933, H on 1963). The wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) is commonly found in the context of archaeological sites in this area (Parmalee 19 73).
The rivers and streams of the Valley and Ridge Province of Tennessee provided a number of expl oitable resources for the aboriginal occupants of this area . Common fish species which often occur in the archaeological record include gar (Lepisosteus sp.), suckers (family Catostomidae), catfish (lctalurus sp .), bullhead (Ameiurus sp.), black bass (Huro salmoides and Micopterus dolomieu), sunfish (family Lepominae), and fresh water drum (Aplodinotus grunnieus)
(Kuhne 1939, Parmalee 1973). Turtle species which were exploited by prehistoric peoples JT94040S. IDH/ps 2-7 April 24, I 995
include the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina), musk turtle (Sternothaerus odoratus), mud turtle (Kinosternum subrubrum) and the spiny soft-shelled turtle (Tryonyxferox) The eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) was also an important food resource (Parmalee 1973). Aquat ic shellfish were exploited by the early peoples of the Tennessee Valley. A study conducted in the area of the Clinch River near Norris Dam identified 23 genera and 40 spec ies of pelecypods (both nodulate and smooth-shelled) and 23 genera and 50 species of gastropods (Hickman 1937).
- 2. 7 PALEOENVIRONMENT Through t ime the Valley and R idge Province has been a ffected by many major changes in climate, biota, and landform. Several studies document changes in North American climates as funct ions of air mass and prevail ing a ir stream patterns across North America ( Bryson 1966, Bryson and Hare 1974, Bryson and Wendland 1967). During most of the Late Pleistocene Period, the midsouth area was dominated by an Arctic a ir stream system which kept the area in a state of homeostas is due to cold, boreal climate w ith l ittle seasonal fluctuat ion ( Bryson and Wendland 1967, Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). The Early Holocene Period [12,000 to 10,000 years before the present ( B.P.)] was distinguished by a southward penetration of the Arctic air stream and a northern influence of the Caribbean air mass, creating a significant fluctuation in mo isture and temperature grad ients ( Bryson and Wendland 1967; Delcourt 1979). Warm, dry westerly w inds blocked the Canad ian and Gulf air masses between 8,000-4,000 years B.P .
creating a climat ic optimum d istinguished by warmer temperatures and drier conditions (Bryson and Wendland 1967, Delcourt 1979). Around 4,000 years B .P., the climate returned to a more mesic condit ion which characterizes this area of Tennessee today (Delcourt and Delcourt 1981).
The Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene transit ion, which occurred around 10,000 years B.P.,
experienced many dynamic environmental changes . During the Early Holocene transitional period a northern mixed coniferous northern hardwood forest ex isted . Taxa w ithin this early transit ional period included p ine, spruce, hemlock, oak and b irch . In the later portion of this trans itional period taxa gradually changed from a northern forest type to a closed canopy mast forest of oak , maple, beech , basswood, elm, walnut, hemlock, and gum (Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). Dur ing th is t ime boreal mammal species could be found in th is area (Kl ippel and Parmalee 1982).
The Hypsithermal Interval, a M id-Holocene climat ic optimum from 8,000-4,000 years B .P ., witnessed a change from the cool, mo ist Early Holocene cond it ions to a warmer, drier environment. Preva iling dry westerly winds provided a blocking mechan ism deleting the effects of the northerly Canadian and southerly Gulf winds . This block ing action created a drop in mean annual precip itat ion of around 35 cm ( 13 .6 in .) ( Solomon et al. 1980). The vegetational IT940405. IDH/ps 2-8 April 24, 1995
r tra nsit ion from a c lose d canopy forest t o a m ixe d mesophyt ic forest was c om plete d dur ing th is per iod (De lc ou rt 1979). Th is per iod sa w the e xpansion of the ce dar gla des in the Inner Nashv ille Basinand a decre ase inmesophytic ta xa in the Outer Nashv ille Basin. The M id-Hol ocene levels in Cheek Bend Cave document the occurrence of the grassland sorc id, Cryptotis parva. A c ollect ion ofunionid assem bla ges inthese leve ls infer that the Duck R ive r was shall ow and swift dur ing th is per iod (Kl ippel and Pa rmalee 1982).
f The Late Holocene Per iod e xper ienced a re tu rn t o a c ool, m oist cl imate. Fr om 5 ,000-200 years B.P. prec ipitat ion levels increase d ( S olom on et al. 1980). Upland vegetat ion rea djuste d t o the same areal distr ibut ion as it has t oday (De lc ou rt 1979).
IT940405. lDH/ps 2 -9 April 24, 1995
JT940405. IDH/ps 2-10 April 24, 199S Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
(
r
- 3. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS There have been a number of archaeological reconnaissance surveys within ORR. The first survey was perfonned by Cyrus Thomas for the Bureau of American Etlmology (Thomas 1894). The survey concentrated on locating burial mounds throughout the southeastern United States. Two prehistoric mounds were located on the Clinch River. These were the Lee Fann Site (40RE2 7) and the Jones Island Site (40RE2 8).
William S. Webb conducted field investigations in concert with the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s for the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The field investigations took place[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]before the closing of Norris Dam (Webb 1938). Two Woodland period burial mounds were located on ORR. These sites were the
[ Exemptedby from Disclosure Statute ] Mounds Site (40AN2 1) and[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] Mounds Site.
Charles Nash, from the University of Tennessee (UT), conducted an archaeological survey on the lower Clinch River after the construction of Norris Dam (Nash 1941). Nash located many archaeological sites in the plowed fields, [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Disclosure by Statute . ]
Exempted from A survey by UT was conducted for TVA in the Melton Hill Dam area (McNutt and Fisher 1960; McNutt and Graham 1961). Several archaeological sites were located, including[
Disclosure by ](40AN2 ),
Exempted from
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute] (40AN8), and[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute (40AN2 0). Exempted from Disclosure by Statute Statute
] was a multicomponent site which contained Woodland, Mississippian, Statute and Statute Euro-American period artifacts.
In the 1970s, George Fielder led a UT investigation team. They inventoried several sites reported by the Cyrus Thomas and Melton Hill Projects (Fielder 1974). [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] Forty-five prehistoric archaeological sites were identified in the 1974 field season alone. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] These new sites included five burial mound clusters and one quarry site.
George Fielder conducted an historic inventory of pre-World War II (WWII) buildings and fannsteads in ORR (Fielder et al. 1977). Over 400 structures, identified on pre-WWII topographic maps, were examined. Of these, 2 15 exhibited no remaining physical evidence, 115 had been scavenged, 46 were partly standing, and 38 were standing. Fielder's investigation resulted in one of four major recommendations for each of the structures:
IT940405. IDH/ps 3-1 April 2A, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
- No further work required;
- Salvage materials p resent;
- Salvage structure; or
- Preserve structure in original location.
[ Disclosure by Statute ] an early 18th century double pen house located in [
Exempted from Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Disclosure by Statute ] was nominated to the National Register o f Historic Places .
Exempted from Gerald Schroedl conducted investigations in the lower Clinch River area as a part of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project ( Schroedl 1972). The pedestrian and windshield survey recorded the condition o f sites reported in an archaeological survey conducted by Nash and the condition o f buildings located on p re-WWII quadrangle maps o f the Elverton and Bethel Valley.
Archaeological investigators studied a Late Woodland burial mound and relocated archaeological sites 40RE 104 and 40RE108, which were originally identified during Nash 's survey. Schroedl also located four Euro-American settlements and a Euro-American cemetery.
In a follow-up study to the Clinch River B reeder Reactor project, Schroedl was able to locate additional sites following the acquisition o f a 1940 era survey map from TVA ( Schroedl 19 74). He located 14 historic Euro-American buildings and clusters o f buildings on 12 land tracts. Most o f the structures were represented only by limestone or brick foundations and collapsed chimneys, particularly for house and barn structures. Light sheds located on the 1940 maps were usually not found. The chronology developed from the survey indicated that cribs built from hand hewn logs fitted in half-dovetail fashion could date from the second half of the 19th century, possibly as early as 1870. Houses set on limestone foundations and having fitted limestone chimneys probably were built in the late 19th and early 20th century. Houses with brick chimneys and concrete foundations likely were constructed in the early 20th century.
In 1975, Fielder conducted an historic reconnaissance survey in the area o f the proposed Gaseous Centrifuge Plant near the K-25 facility (Fielder 1975). The su rvey relocated 19 buildings in the former Wheat community. Most o f the structures had been razed and little evidence of these buildings remained. This survey recommended that preservation measures be taken to save the Geo rge Jones Memorial Baptist Church and associated cemetery.
A survey was conducted on 560 ha (1,400 acres) for the proposed Tennessee Synfuels Associated Site by GAi Consultants (1981). [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] Prehistoric site 40RE86 contained undisturbed cu itural features and was recommended for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. Two historic sites, IT940405. IDH/ps 3-2 April 24, 199S
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) r
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] were recommended for inclusion in the Nationa l Register due to the presence of early h ome power plants. Two additional sites, the McKinney P lantation and cemetery and the Hacker Plantation, were not considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register, but were considered worthy of preservation.
f A second survey of the Clinch R iver Breeder Reactor Project covered areas not prev iously covered by Schroedl (Jolley 1982). Using a shoreline survey, a deep test procedure, and shovel tests, 17 additional archaeological sites were located.
A Phase I I investigation of two h istoric house sites on the nor th side of Copper Ridge ,
approximately one m ile south of the Oak R idge Nationa l Laboratory wa s conducted by Jame s Myster ( 1988). The study recoinmended that[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ](40RE189), a log h ouse dating as early as 1820 , be n ominated for Nationa l Register listing. The Jenkin s House (40RE 188), a log house and smokehouse complex, wa s con sidered to be irreversibly and adversely affected by modem activity and wa s not considered eligible for listing on the Nationa l Register although preservation measures were recommended .
At least two additional reconnaissance surveys were conducted in the K-25 area. A Pha se I survey was c onducted of[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]by Bentz ( 1993). One site (40RE202), consisting of two pieces of debitage, was located with in the surveyed area. Another survey wa s conducted in the area of[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
](K- 1065- 1066) and the Production Wa ste Storage Facilities in the K-25 area by DuVa ll (1992). The reconnaissance survey concluded that no cultural resources would be affected by the proposed construction plans.
fI'94040S. IDH/ps 3-3 April 24. J99S
JT94040.S. IDH/J)5 3-4 April 24, 199:5 Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) r 4. PREIIlSTORIC AND IIlSTORIC SETTING
(
4.1 PALEO-INDIAN STAGE [10000-8000 before Christ (B.C.)]
Th e Pal eo-Indian sta ge represents th e Pleistoc ene a da pta tion of peopl es on th e North Am erican c ontinent. C ontinental glac ia tion a ffec ted h e north ern portion of North Am erica ;
f h owev er, th e Va lley and R i dge Prov inc e of T ennessee rema ined unglac ia ted th rou gh ou t th e Pl eistoc ene Period ( 2.5 mya to 10,000 yea rs B.P.). Th e sou th eastern United Sta tes experienc ed som e fundam ental differenc es incl ima te, biota , and landsca pe dev elopm ent. Loess deposits hav e been docum ented from th e M ississippi Riv er to th e Cum berland Pla teau , a direc t resul t of c ontinental deglac ia tion. Bl ock fiel ds and bou l der streams in th e Appalach ian and Cum berland m ounta ins a re ev i denc e of periglac ial activ ity inh igh er eleva tions. Th e ka rst dev el opm ent in th e Interior Low Pla teaus may be rela ted to periglac ial freeze-tha w ac tiv ity.
Faunal and floral div ersity du ring th e Pl eistoc ene Period sh owed tha t env ironm ental c onditions and th e su bsistenc e base for human exploita tion was different than th e present. For exampl e, deposits da ting a round 16 ,000 yea rs B.P. in Sal tv il le, Virginia sh ow th e presenc e of musk ox, giant ground sl oth , beav er, and ca ribou in th e Pl eistoc ene faunal assem bla ge. One of th e m ore prov oca tiv e qu estions tha t rema in is wh eth er th e Pal eo-Indian inha bitants took a dvanta ge of th ese Pl eistoc ene assem bla ges.
One prima ry cha rac teristic of th e ea rl ier Pal eo-Indian Period is th e presenc e of th e flu ted projec til e point or Cl ov is, also known as th e Eastern W oodland Cl ov is tra dition. Th e C lov is point is a lanc eola te point with a flu te on eith er side wh ich prov ided grea ter strength to th e sha ft.
Th e point was a ttach ed to th e foresha ft of wood or bone and inserted into l onger spea r sha fts (Cha pman 1985). I t is bel iev ed tha t th e Pal eo-Indians may hav e beenm obil e, noma dic big gam e hunters. Ma terial ev i denc e inclu des unifac ial tools and th e lack of permanent struc tu res. Th ese peopl es entered th e New W orl d ac ross th e Bering Stra it du ring peak glac ial tim es and m igra ted th rou gh an ic e-free c orridor tha t existed between th e Lau rentide and C ordill eran ic e sh eets into th e h ea rt of North Am erica. Th e ev idenc e for th e Cl ov is tra dition is far grea ter in th e sou th western United Sta tes, bu t a c onsidera bl e am ount of Cl ov is ma terial has been found in th e Interior Low Pla teaus Prov inc e of M iddl e T ennessee and Kentucky (Lewis and Kneberg 1958 ,
Dra goo 1973). Th ere is ev idenc e tha t th e dev el opm ent of grassland ha bita t su ita ble for range animals of th e Pl eistoc ene Period may hav e existed in th e a rea of M iddl e Tennessee (Kl ippel and Pa rmal ee 198 2).
One of th e m ore fam ous Pa leo-Indian a rcha eol ogical sites in th e Vall ey and R idge Physiogra ph ic Prov inc e is in[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute in th e Sh enandoah R iv er Va lley of north ern JT94040S. IDHips 4-1 April 24. 1 995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
Virginia. The site had a stratified series of alluvial sediments that included the early Paleo-Indian Clovis and L ate Paleo-Indian Dalton materials to the Early Archaic Period materials. The site was located near a source of red jasper near a gap that could have been connected with a Pleistocene mammal migration route. Pollen evidence indicated a boreal forest grading into a deciduous forest environment in the vicinity during this period, with open grassland gaps in the uplands (Gardner 1974).
The transition from the Paleo-Indian Period to Early Archaic Period may be represented by the Dalton Tradition. Evidence points to a rather steady transition from the earlier Paleo-Indian traditions of the Clovis (and perhaps Cumberland) through the Dalton to the Early Archaic (Gardner 1974). Evidence points to a time of transition between the Pleistocene to the fully modem Holocene flora and fauna. There is also a change from a broad-based cultural tradition to one of more regional specialization.
The Dalton tradition in the Valley and Ridge Province is represented by the Nuckolls/Greenbrier Phase. This phase is found mostly in the main river valleys. The name is derived from the Nuckolls and Greenbrier sites in the western Tennessee Valley (L ewis and Kneberg 1958). The Dalton material culture is a blade industry of Dalton projectile point types, usually resharpened and reworked points and blades. The first datable Dalton site in the southeastern United States was the Stanfield-Worley Bluff shelter in Alabama. Radiocarbon analysis of the Dalton Zone in the rockshelter dated between 7500-8000 B.C. Artifacts included Dalton and Big Sandy type points. The faunal evidence at Stanfield Worley, [ Disclosure by Statute ] in Exempted from Alabama, and [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] in Missouri shows that principal game animals included white tailed deer, turkey, raccoon, and gray squirrel (DeJamette et al. 1 96 2).
4.2 ARCHAIC STAGE (8000-900 B.C.)
The Archaic Stage in the Valley and Ridge Province of Tennessee represents a moderately mobile hunting and gathering economy. Food sources were based on the ability to use the flora and fauna native to the eastern woodlands of North America. Technological developments included the use of the atlatl, the development of ground stone tools, and the beginnings of early horti ulture. The appearance of ceramics in the archaeological record demarcates the general terminus of the Archaic Stage.
4.2.1 Early Archaic (8000-6000 B.C.)
The transition from the Dalton tradition to the Early Archaic tradition is represented by several developments. There was an intensive use of caves and rockshelters during the Early Archaic tradition. There is evidence of intensive occupation of riverene sites. There was also IT94040S. JDH/ps 4-2 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) intensive use of arboreal seed crops such as hickory nuts and acorns. The lithic technology J changed from a fluted, lanceolate point to notched, hafted, resharpened bifaces.
Some of the major Early Archaic sites in the Valley and Ridge Province of Tennessee are
( in the Tellico reservoir of the L ittle Tennessee River Valley. Two very important sites are [ Exempted Disclosure ] and [
from Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] representing two major traditions, the Kirk and the Bifurcate 1
by Statute (Chapman 1975, 1977).
The Kirk tradition (7500-6 900 B.C.) was fully adapted to full, broad leafed deciduous forest. L ithic technology included the Kirk Comer Notched and the Palmer Point. There was evidence of frequent use of locally available chert materials, bipolar flaking, and the appearance of metates and anvil stones. Hickory nuts and acorns are found extensively in the floral remains.
Rock hearths, fire-cracked rock and deep globular pits are common. Pressed clay hearths made of red clay packed in woolen bags are evidence of early forms of weaving and the earliest evidence of textiles in the southeastern United States. Evidence also revealed green-bone cremation at lcehouse Bottom (Chapman 1977).
The Bifurcate tradition is represented by three phases; (1) St. Albans, (2 ) L eCroy, and (3)
Kanawha. The St. Albans phase (around 6 770 B.C.) exhibits an increase in bipolar flaking using mostly local cherts. There is a greater exploitation of acorn and hickory seed crops. The L eCroy phase (around 6 300 B.C.) is represented by the L ecroy bifurcated projectile point. The Kanawha phase is not well represented in the L ittle Tennessee Valley, but is characterized by stemmed projectile points (Chapman 1985).
4.2.2 Middle Archaic (6000-3000 B.C.)
The Middle Archaic Period in the southeastern United States is characterized by:
- greater regional stylistic diversity. Broad stemmed and round-stemmed (Morrow Mountain) projectile points developed into a short-stemmed or corner-removed point (Stanly). There are no serrated blade edges, some evidence of resharpening, but not as extensive as in the Early Archaic period.
- use of nonchert lithic materials. There is evidence of an increased use of quartz, quartzite, and slate materials.
- first evidence of the atlatl or spear thrower.
- increases in ground stone tools.
IT940405. lDH/ps 4-3 April 1A, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
- appear ance of shellfish use and first shell middens associated with an archaeological context .
- increases in the nwnber of preserved burials.
- first evidence of the domestication of the dog .
- domestication of cucurbits or squash .
The Middle Archaic Period in the Valley and Ridge Province of Tennessee is represented in the Little Tennessee River Valley particularly at[ ] and the Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Disclosure by Statute ] The general community and settlement pattern is on river terraces. There is no Exempted from evidence of population increase during this period. There is a decrease in the use of blade tools from the Early Archaic Period and an increase in the number of bifaces . There is the appearance of a stemmed projectile point ( Stanly) which differs from the bifurcated Early Archaic points (e.g., LeCroy). There is the first appear ance of the notched "net sinker " and semilunar b anner stones. Subsurface fe atures consist of small globular pits, basins, and hearths . W alnut remains appear more frequently in the p aleobotanical m aterial. The subsequent phase ( Morrow Mountain) exhibits little change in site size or location. The major difference lies in the change to a Morrow Mountain projectile point which can be formed from poor grade chert or nonchert material. The Middle Archaic peoples of the Little Tennessee Valley may be directly related to cultures from the North Carolina Piedmont (Chapman 197 7, Lewis and Lewis 1961, Chapman 1985).
4.2.3 Late Archaic (3000-900 B.C.)
The Late Archaic Period in the Valley and Ridge Province is char acterized by an increased use of riverine systems for settlement. A survey in the Great Smoky Mountains showed a concentration of people in narrow river v alleys and the appearance of Appalachian stemmed projectile points (Bass 197 7). The [Disclosure by Statute ] Site (2400-2000 B.C .) in the Little Tennessee Exempted from River Valley was a deeply buried site which produced Appalachian stemmed projectile points of quartzite along with winged atlatl weights and grooved axes (Chapman 1981). Evidence of cultivation of squash at [ Disclosure by Statute ]post dates evidence of squash at Exempted from Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
and the Columbia Reservoir (Cowan et al. 1981).
The later Late Archaic Period can be represented by the [ Disclosure by ](1700 -1500 B.C .).
Exempted from Statute This site characterized a change in occupation which may h ave indications of a population increase or technology change . The site h ad a number of rock-filled e arth ovens and a few cremation burials . There was no evidence of storage pits or postholes, which represent house structures. Plant remains included squash and gourd; however, there were a large number of JT94040S. JDH/ps 4-4 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) herbaceous plants including goosefoot, lamb 's quaner , wild rice , and wild sunflower . These f plants indicated an open , disturbed environment in which people were collecting but not actually domesticating (Chapman 1981).
( The [ Disclosure by ] on the Tennessee River in Loudon County represents a Late Archaic Exempted from Statute occupation which post-dates the Iddins Site (around 900 B .C.). This site produced evidence of
- f a crude shelter, or windbreak, with an interior eanh oven feature, a single occupation dwelling which may have been used for a single season . The presence of domestic sunflo wer in the botanical remains shows deliberate domestication of plants ( McCollough and Faulkner 1973).
The transition of the Late Archaic-Early Woodland Periods (around 2000-1000 B.C.) is represented by a number of cultural developments . One is the development of the Eastern Agricultural Complex, or the domestication of a number of herbaceous plants, including Chenopodium sp . (chenopod , goosefoot, lamb 's quaner), sumpweed (Iva Annua), maygrass (Phalanus caroliniana), knotweed (Polygonum sp.), purslane (Portulaca), and sunflower (Helianthus) (Chapman 1985). Another development is the introduction of fiber tempered pottery in the Atlantic coastal areas of Georgia and Florida, and the gulf coastal areas of Florida (Ford 1969). Also during this period is the development of ceremonialism reflected in [ Disclosure by Statute Exempted from Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] , Louisiana (around 1000-500 B .C .) ( Ford and Webb 1956).
4.3 WOODLAND STAGE [900 B.C.-anno Domini (A.D.) 900]
The Woodland Stage represented the period between the hunting and gathering strategies of the Archaic Period people and the intensive agricultural focus of the Mississippian Period people. The first appearance of ceramics in the archaeological record was during the Woodland Stage . A change in projectile point form from a stemmed-point to a small stemless triangular point may indicate a use of the bow and arrow. There is a more intensive harvesting strategy in the procurement of herbaceous annuals and evidence of plant domestication. There is also a marked increase in the advent of ceremonialism associated with a burgeoning trade network, particularly with the Gulf Coast and the Midwest.
4.3.1 Early Woodland (900 B.C.-A.D. 200)
The Early Woodland Period marks the first appearance of ceramics in the Southeastern United States around 500 B.C. The pottery traditions developed from the fiber tempered pottery traditions of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts as well as some diffusion from the Middle Eastern tradition from areas to the north .
IT94040S. I DH/ps 4-5 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
One of the phases typical of the Middle Easte rn Tradition i s the Swannanoa Phase found mainly in the Appalachian summit areas. Sites of the Swannanoa Phase are more inten sively occupied than those in preceding periods. Rock-filled earth ovens are a common fea ture.
Swannanoa ceramics are characterized by fabric and cord markings with the cord markings horizontal to the rim. This culture may be related to cultures from the Piedmont. Projectile points of the Swannanoa Phase consist of small-stemmed varieties (Keel 1976, Salo 1969 ).
In the Valley and Ridge Province there are two distinct phases in the Early Woodland Period. The Watts Bar Phase includes early Swannanoa ceramics with cord-marked and fabric varieties and tempered with crushed quanz. The Longbranch Phase exhibits limestone tempering which wa s a major technological breakthrough. The limestone tempering allowed less heat and a more controlled heat. This made the ceramics less breakable along the coil lines. The pottery made with limestone temper was more flexible and less breakable than the qua nz tempered varieties. In projectile point technology, there was a change from a stemmed to a stemless triangular point in the Longbranch Phase ( Salo 1969, McCollough and Faulkner 19 73).
The Watts Bar and Longbranch Phase s have large , intensively occupied sites. The Upper Tennessee River drainages have a high concentration of Early Woodland Sites. These sites exhibit a large number of storage pits, eanh ovens, and burials ( Davis 1990, Chapman 1985).
4.3.2 Middle Woodland (A.D. 200-600)
The Middle Woodland Period in the southea st is primarily characterized by the evidence of contact with the Middle to Upper Ohio Valley known as Scioto Hopewell, and the Illinois Valley known a s the Hopewell. The Hopewell Culture was characterized by elaborate eanhworks and high status tombs and mounds. These burial practices included the interment of the individual with a number of exotic grave goods. The Hopewell Interaction Sphere was an extensive trade network from Florida to New York and west to Kansas City. There is evidence of the accumulation of wealth in the form of exotic goods of southern derivation. Conch shells, sheet mica , alligator teeth, and shark 's teeth can be found in the Midwest and Great Lakes area in sites dating to this period. In the southeast, prismatic blades of Flint Ridge chen, and copper from the Great Lakes area can be found along with pan pipes and effigy pipes (Chapman 1985).
The Middle Woodland Period in the Valley and Ridge Province of Tennessee is represented by the Candy Creek Phase. The Candy Creek Phase developed out of the Longbranch Phase of the Early Woodland Period and is characterized by limestone-tempered, check-stamped pottery (McCollough and Faulkner 19 73). The [ ] Site in the Little Exempted from Disclosure by Statute Tennessee River Valley contained a significant Candy Creek Component. Both Candy Creek and sand tempered, simple-stamped Connestee ceramics from the Blue Ridge of No nh Carolina were JT94040S. JDH/ps 4-6 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) found a long with some Hope we lliant ra de potte ry. The re we re no st ora ge pits or ea rth ovens and f
the post -h oles e xh ibite d no pa rt icu la r patte rn. The re we re no bu ria l mounds with in the site a rea but cut sheet mica and prismat ic bla des of Flint R idge che rt we re found. The site may ha ve se rve d as a t ra ding cente r bet ween the Oh io Va lley and the Blue R idge (Chapman 1977, 1985).
( 4.3.3 Late Woodland (A.D. 600-900)
The Late W oodland Pe riod is dist ingu ishe d by the disappea rance of the Hope we ll Inte ract ion S phe re. In the Va lley and R idge Province of Tennessee the Late W oodland Pe riod is cha racte rize d by the Ha milt on Cu ltu re , first desc ribe d by Le wis and Kne be rg at Hiwassee Isla nd (Le wis and Knebe rg 1 94 6). The Ha milton Cu ltu re is assoc iate d with the c onst ruct ion of bu ria l mounds in the Va lley and R idge Province of Te nnessee. The re a re a nu mbe r of supe rimpose d bu ria ls in the Ha milt on Cu ltu re bu ria l mounds. The ha bitat ion sites a re re move d from the bu ria l sites. The ha bitat ion sites have she ll middens wh ich a re most ly de rive d from rive r musse ls. Th is patte rn was a lso desc ribe d at [Exemptedby from Disclosure Statute ] ( McCollough and Fau lkne r 1 973). Anothe r Ha milt on t ra it is the pre dominance of c ord-ma rke d ce ramics in c ompa rison t o the Candy C reek -C onnestee stampe d ce ra mics ( Sa lo 19 6 9 , Le wis and Kne be rg 1 94 1).
4.4 MISSISSIPPIAN STAGE (A.D. 900-1600)
The M ississippian Sta ge is cha racte rize d in the southeaste rn Unite d States and the Va lley and R idge Province of Tennessee by a nu mbe r of de ve lopments:
- The c onst ruct ion ofea rthen plat form mounds on wh ich te mples, c ounc il bu ildings, and residences for the e lite we re bu ilt.
- The a rrange ment of mounds and individua l h ouseh old st ructu res a round open pla zas.
- Inc rease d popu lat ion and more sta ble sett le ments than in the prece ding W oodland Pe riod.
- The e me rgence of organize d ch ie fdoms.
- Inc rease d te rrit oria lity and wa rfare.
- Ela borate and we ll-de ve lope d ce re monia lism.
- A dependence u pon ne w and improve d st ra ins of c om and the int roduct ion of beans.
JT940405. IDH/ps 4-7 May 17, 1995
- Morphological changes in ceramics and a florescence in ceramic styles ( Chapman 1985).
r The evidence for the ranked societies is first seen in the community patterns. Residential areas were ranked as to the size and positioning of structures in relation to the plaza complex.
The massive constructions were more intensively and occupied for a shorter duration in time than Hopewellian sites. The ranked position of an individual in a Mississippian society was a matte r of ascription and kinship. The location of residences, ornamentation, and other properties document the position of a person or family in the society. The burial of the dead was important in documenting rank by observing the position of the burial and the location of the buried (e.g.,
inside or outside the plaza complex). Important people were buried with status artifacts within or near the plaza complex ( Chapman 1985).
There was a change in house type from the Woodland period. The wall-trenched house was popular during the Mississippian Period. These houses consisted of cut saplings placed in foundation trenches and pulled over at the top to form a roof superstructure. Walls were woven with cut branches , covered with clay (wattle and daub), and the roof covered with grass or bark.
In contrast , Middle and Late Woodland houses were temporary structures without wall trenches.
The Mississippian houses were generally more permanent , had a central hearth, sleeping benches ,
and a g able pitched roof. In this period there was also a diversification of structures with summer houses, winter houses, storage houses and ceremonial houses ( Lewis and Kneberg 1946 ,
Polhemus 1985).
The art style of the Mississippian stage functioned in a ceremonial context and may have been derived from Mesoamerica. Serpents, dancing warriors, maices, feathered serpents (Quetzalcoatl), hand and eye, and skull and cross-bones were popular motifs, particularly on the numerous shell gorgets found in Mississippian buria ls. The ceremonial context in the Mississippian period is believed to be a part of rites of intensification, calendrical rituals w ith specific time iconography. For example, the Green Com Ceremony, or Busk celebrat ion of life (new corn), during the summer months was an important event that was practiced well into the Histor ic Period (Lewis and Kneberg 1958, Chapman 1985).
There was an intensification of agriculture during the Mississippian Period. Maize (Zea mays) is found extensively in Mississippian sites. A variety of corn known as northern flint is found . This com type is drought and frost resistant . Griffin (1967) suggested that agriculture wa s pract iced with hoes used to break up the ground. There was continuous cultivation of plots.
Sma ll hills were made by hoes for cone mounds o r co rn rows. Floodplains in the Mississippi and Tennessee River Valleys were intensively exploited for corn production (Smith 1978). Beans IT94040S. IDH/ps 4-8 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) were a lso added to the diet. This advent added balance to the Mississippian diet, combining f complementary carbohydrates (com) and protein (beans). The agricultural diet may have been detrimental to many Mississippian societies as suggested by a high incidence of osteoporosis, dental caries, and other bone pathologies ( Larsen 1982, Chapman 1985).
( The pottery and ceramic types are a lso a distinct marker for the Mississippian period. The Mississippian Period witnessed the development of shell-tempered wares. This innovation he lped the prehistoric potter manufacture vessels of thinner construction than the preceding grit, crushed-quartz, or limestone-tempered wares because shell could be crushed in to a finer form.
Handles appear on the vessels and become highly decorated. Pottery became thin-wa lled and assumed new and unique shapes. Also, a slab technique of construction rather than the traditional coil technique was used to form the pottery. E ffigy vessels appear more frequently and negative painting, s lip formations, and red dye are more common ( Lewis and Kneberg 1941, 1946 ,
Chapman 1985).
4.4.1 Martin Farm Phase (A.D. 900-1000)
The Martin Farm Phase represents the emergent Mississippian Culture in the Va lley and Ridge Province. The [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] is one of 42 Early Mississippian Sites in the Tellico reservoir. Most of these sites were located on the first alluvia l terrace and consisted of sma ll settlements of limited extent. P lant remains were dominated by hickory, sma ll amounts of acorn and walnut shells, and maize of the 8 and 10 row varieties. Seeds or fruits are represented by smartweed and chenopodium. The ceramic assemblages were dominated by limestone-tempered p lain, limestone tempered cord-marked and shell-tempered p lain ceramics. Limestone-tempered loop handles are located exclusively with this component. Lithic assemblages consist of Knox black and black-banded chert and small triangular Hamilton, Madison, and incurvate base/stra ight blade types. Maize is comparatively abundant. Most other known cultigens such as squash, gourd, chenopod, sunflower, smartweed, and sumpweed are associated with the Martin Farm Phase. Neither amaranth or domestic bean was identified. Faunal remains included deer, raccoon , squirrel, beaver , turkey, mollusk, turtle, and suckers. Bear and passenger pigeon were rare. Structures consisted of wall trench and single post wall construction ( Schroedl et al.1985).
The earliest Mississippian P latform Mound was found at[ ] and measured only Exempted from Disclosure by Statute 16 m (50 ft) in diameter ( Schroedl et al. 1985).
4.4.2 Hiwassee Island Phase (A.D. 1000-1300)
The Hiwassee Island Phase represents a mixed economy of agricu lture plus hunting and collecting. Settlements were planned in relation to the community center. Dwellings were closely spaced around an open court. There was some attempt to e levate the more important community structures. Some settlements were encircled by a stockade . Houses were constructed IT94040S. IDH/ps 4-9 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) of small saplings set in narrow trenches . P rojectile points were small to mediwn in s ize and triangular w ith stems. Ceramics were manufactured w ith a crushed l imestone temper. Most vessels were pla in w ith few cord-marked and fabric-imp ressed wares ( Lewis and Kneberg 1941).
4.4.3 Dallas Phase (A.D. 1300-1600)
The Dallas Phase is rep resented in the Valley and Ridge P rovince by the a rchaeolog ical sites of Cit ico, Toqua, and Bussell Island in the L ittle Tennessee R iver Valley and on Hiwassee Island in the Hiwassee R iver Valley. This Phase of the M iss iss ipp ian Stage rep resents the zenith of the M ississipp ian culture in this region . The commun ity plan was a stockaded v illage type w ith dwellings adjacent to a p rominently located community center wh ich was ra ised on a platform mound. The dead were buried a round the houses o r in the s ides o r summits of the subst ructure mounds. The bodies were generally laid in a flexed posit ion on the side. La rge quantities of grave goods were usually found including ceramics, shell, and copper a rt ifacts . The ceramics were manufactured w ith a c rushed mussel shell temper w ith co rd mark ing and fabric imp ressions dominant. Objects made of shell were of the h ighest caliber. Conch shells were believed to be used for the black drink ceremony and shell disks made from Busycon perversum were intricately engraved and worn a round the neck. P roject ile points were small and triangular.
The burials showed that cranial deformat ion was p resent and that males were a b it under 1 .8 m
( 6 ft) tall (Lewis and Kneberg 1941).
One of the prototyp ical Dallas Phase a rchaeological sites was the [ Disclosure by ]in the Little Exempted from Statute Tennessee R iver Valley. Toqua covered about 1.9 ha (4.8 acres) and had an estimated population of 250 to 300 persons. The site was surrounded by a clay covered palisade of single, set post construction. The skeletal analyses of the burials at [ from ] revealed that the mean he ight for Exempted Disclosure males was 1 .7 m (5 ft 6 in .) and fo r females 1.6 m (5 ftby1Statute in.) There was a h igh infant mortality rate. The populat ion was under nutritional stress and suffered part icularly from iron deficiency anemia. Cribra orbitalia and porotia hyperostosis (bone diseases related to malnutrit ion) have been linked to intense ma ize consumption and insufficient access to p rotein-rich foodstuffs.
Evidence of cranial deformat ion by flatten ing of the forehead and occ ipital a reas of the skull were found [ Disclosure by ] (Chapman 1985).
Exempted from Statute
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] between Mound A and Mound B, had a central plaza surfaced with pebbles. The individual residences of the Dallas peoples were located elsewhe re. Each house had 36 m2 (400 ft2) of living space. The interior was composed of a public a rea a round a cent ral clay hearth, four ma in roof supports,. and a series of beds or benches between the suppo rts and the wall. The deceased household members were buried within o r close to the ir res idence ,
frequently beneath their sleep ing bench (Chapman 1985).
JT94040S. IDH/ps 4- 10 April 24, 1995
Historically, the Dallas people may have had contact with early Spanish explorers in the 16th century . Hernando DeSoto arrived at Bussell Island in 1540 prior to his visit to the chief
( political center o f the Dallas peoples at Coosa (Georgia). Between 1566-1568, Captain Juan Pardo led two expeditions into East Tennessee. These expeditions came within a day 's travel of
( Bussell Island and there is evidence that he stayed at Citico. The result o f these expeditions may have introduced diseases into the southeast which diminished the Dallas society population I (Chapman 1985).
4.5 OVERIDLL CHEROKEE STAGE (A.D. 1600-1819)
At their peak, the Cherokee covered some 104,000 km2 (40,000 mile 2) in parts of West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky.
The Cherokee o f the Valley and Ridge Province were known as the Overhill Cherokee because of their location west o f the Blue Ridge or over the hills (Chapman 1985).
It is possible that the Overhill Cherokee were recent arrivals in the Valley and Ridge Province and were not the descendants o f the preceding Dallas peoples. The evidence for this
- { discontinuity is reflected in the change in place names and leaders from Cherokee to Muskhogean as Juan Pardo entered the Great Valley. Discrepancies between Dallas peoples and Cherokee peoples dental patterns from the skeletal record show the two populations were significantly different. The Cherokee may have moved westward following the decline o f the Dallas people caused by disease. According to maps, by 1730 only the villages of Tanasee, Citico, Talassee, and Coosaw were present. A map, drafted in 1762 by Henry Timberlake, shows the number of villages grew with the towns of Chota, Toqua, Tomotley, Tuskegee, and Mialoquo represented (Chapman 1985).
Trade with the South Carolina colony for deerskins, which were used in milita ry unifonns, was lucrative. Export figures for 1707 show 50,000 hides exported annually. In return, the Cherokee received firearms, ammunition, iron axes, knives, hoes, and an assortment o f glass beads, mirrors, clothing, and rum (Chapman 1985). These items tend to show up in the archaeological record for excavated towns of Overhill Cherokee origin with lithic projectile points replaced by iron and glass beads commonly occurring in burials ( Baden 1983, Schroedl 1986).
Their diet was supplemented by the introduction o f cattle, swine, and chicken to the traditional meat sources of deer and bear. Peaches became a part o f the diet according to botanical remains as a supplement to maize, squash, beans, hickory nuts, acorns, walnuts, and hazelnuts ( Schroedl 1986).
IT940405. IDH/ps 4 - 11 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
Schroedl summarizes the Overhill Cherokee sites in the L ittle Tennessee River Valley:
"The Overhill Cherokee villages of Citico, Chota-Tanasee, Toqua, Tomotley, and Mialoquo were[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
], where the river valley is comparatively broad and the topography consists of gently rolling alluvial sediments with broad, level terrace surfaces. The villages were 1-2 miles apart and each included a townhouse (the Mialoquo townhouse is not recorded in historic documents) and up to 6 0 houses. The council house and most dwellings occupied the second river terrace, with a few houses, particularly at larger villages like Chota and Citico, located on the first river terrace. Houses were widely dispersed so that each was surrounded by land sufficient for agricultural activities.
Outlying village households may have been 1,000-2 ,000 ft from the village council house and plaza area" (Schroedl 1986 ).
Townhouse structures were an important part of the Cherokee village. These buildings were circular or octangular and contained four or eight roof supports. Most of the surrounding dwellings were found in summer/winter pairs. Winter houses were circular with four roof supports and a central hearth while summer houses were square or rectangular and often had associated burials (Baden 1983, Schroedl 1986 ). The burials were single primary inhumations, partially flexed, and located near or within dwellings (Schroedl 1986 ).
4.6 HISTORIC EURO-AMERICAN STAGE (A.D. 1600-1942)
The beginnings of the Euro-American Stage were represented by the explorations of DeSoto and Pardo in the 16 th century. One of the first recorded trips by a European through what is now Roane County was by Christopher Fisher in 176 0 who came in contact with the Cherokee. Colonel John Donelson passed through *Roane County on his voyage down the Tennessee River in the ship Adventure on his way to settle present-day Nashville. On March 5, 1780, his flotilla reached the mouth of the Clinch River near present-day Kingston. Captain Blackmore had also traveled from Fort Blackmore in Virginia down the Clinch River to its mouth (Roberts 196 8).
The settlement by Europeans followed the establishment of Campbell's Station in 1787 and the building of a road that extended from Campbell's Station through Roane County to the Cumberland settlement. The majority of the first European inhabitants were English, Scotch, and Irish settlers with a few Dutch and Swedish settlers who had pushed south from Pennsylvania through the Cumberland Gap. L and grants were given to many Revolutionary War soldiers, some of whom had fought at the Battle of King's Mountain in South Carolina. Fort Southwest Point was established by General John Sevier at the confluence of the Tennessee and Clinch JT940405. IDH/ps 4-12 April 24, 1995
rivers November 30, 1792 to offset the Cherokee resistance. In 1798 a treaty with the Cherokees
( opened up new territories for settlement. In 1799 the state legislature passed an act establishing the town of Kingston near Southwest Point. Roane County was established in 180 1 and was r named in honor of Governor Archibald Roane . At the tum of the century a Revolutionary War soldier , Nicholas Nail , settled on the East Fork of Poplar Creek. In 1805 the Treaty of Tellico ,
made with the Cherokee , ceded lands around Southwest Point. In 1807 William Gardenshire ,
I the son-in-law of Nicholas Nail , purchased 1 ,200 ha (3 ;000 acres) in the area of the present day Wheat community (Roberts 1968, Robinson 1950, Hope 1987 ).
A number of developments affected Roane County in the 19th century. In 1796 , a grist mill was built on the East Fork of Poplar Creek. An intensive period oflumbering continued for many years. The area known as Bald Hill , so named because all of the timber had been removed , would later become the Wheat Community (Hope 1987). On May 6, 186 1 Roane County officials voted decidedly against seceding from the United States. Colonel Robert King Byrd of Roane County commanded the first Union Regiment of Tennessee at Camp Dick Robinson , Ken tucky in August 186 1. The 5th U .S. Regiment, Tennessee In fantry originally led by James T. Shelley contained many representatives from Roane County . Confederate representatives from Roane County included the 43rd Tennessee Regiment under Colonel J.W.
Gillispie , the 36th Tennessee Regiment under Colonel R. G. Fain , and the 26th Tennessee Regiment under Colonel John M. Lillard (Roberts 1968).
The renowned Roane College was established at Bald Hill , which became part of the Wheat community in 1876. The Wheat community was named for its first postmaster , Fran k Wheat. The "loud " school (so named because lessons were recited orally in unison by the students) was established in the community by Reverend John P.Dickey, a Methodist minister.
Poplar Creek Seminary was founded in 187 7 by Reverend W.H. Cra wford of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Dr . C. W. Butler later followed Reverend Crawford as a teacher in the seminary. Dr . Butler was a Presbyterian minister as well as a physician and a Princeton graduate . In 1879 , George Jones , a Baptist minister of the Mt. Zion Baptist Church , later renamed George Jones Memorial Baptist Church , gave the seminary 80 ha (200 acres) which surrounded the 1.6-ha (4-acre) plot owned by the Baptist Church. The deed con tained the stipulation that any person who housed a student from the school could build and enjoy full use of 0.4-ha ( 1-acre) lots. In 1886 Poplar Creek Seminary was chartered by the state of Tennessee as Roane College. Roane College ended with the development of Whea t High School in 1908.
The Board of Trustees continued to control the property until 19 16 when it was transferred to the Roane County Board of Education. Wheat High School was demolished in 1950 (Robinson 1950; Roberts 1968; Moneyma ker 1979).
IT940405. IDH/ps 4-13 April 24. I 995
The area that now comprises the K-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Roane County was owned by Elias Roberts. It is believed that Elias and his wife Rebecca arrived from South Carolina in 1794. He purchased 200 ha (500 acres), divided by the waters of Big Poplar Creek ,
from Stockly Donelson who happened to be Andrew Jackson 's brother-in-law . The land deed was filed June 4, 1 799 ( Roberts 1968, Hope 1987). In the fall of 1942 , the United States Gove rnment purchased around 22 ,400 ha (56 ,000 acres) of land in East Tennessee in Anderson and Roane Counties (Plate 2). The Wheat community became the easternmost part of the K-25 Site area.
IT94040S. IDH/ps 4-14 April 24, I 99S
r 5. FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES l 5.1 FIELD MEIBODS
( 5.1.1 Field Survey 1
The archaeological field survey was conducted in the areas shown in Figure 1.1 , outside the K-25 Site fenced area. These included:
- the K-700 Power Plant Complex area between Clinch River, Poplar Creek, and Highway 58;
- the northwest sector from the intersection of Blair Road and Highway 58 to the K-2 5 security fence;
- the flatlands between Bear Creek Road and Highway 58 from Blair Road west to the Clinch River;
- the area east of Blair Road and north of Highway 58 east to the east side of McKinney Ridge and north to East Fork Poplar Creek; and
- the North bank of Poplar Creek and west of Blair Road north to the boundary of the DOE ORR and west to the Clinch River.
The state archaeological site records were searched at the Division of Archaeology, Department of Environment and Conservation in Nashville, Tennessee and at the archives of the McClung Museum at UT, Knoxville. All archaeological sites that had been previously recorded by other reconnaissance surveys *were visited on foot by the author and members of the Energy Systems staff. Notes and photographs were taken to assess the present condition of these cultural resources. A number of archaeological sites could only be reached by a boat navigated along Poplar Creek and the Clinch River.
A survey of the former Wheat community was conducted to assess the condition of the remains of structures recorded by a previous survey performed by George Fielder (1975). The structures were located and their condition was noted. A number of different resources were used to locate the structures.
JT94040S. IDH/ps 5-1 April 24, 1995
- Pr e-W WII U.S . G eol ogical Sur vey 7.5 ' ( 1 : 24 ,000) qu adr angl e m aps of th e El venon
( 1 94 1) and Beth el Vall ey ( 1 94 1) qu adr angl e m aps wh ich sh ow ext ant stru ctur es.
r
- U.S. W ar Depanm ent Final Land Acqu isit ion M aps ( 1 94 3 ) sh owing pr opert ies and l andowners for ORR
- a 1 94 2 aer ial ph oto m osaic of th e K- 2 5 ar ea.
- a soil sur vey for R oane C ounty ( S wann et al. 1 94 2 ) wh ich sh ows a num ber of pr e W WII bu il dings.
Th e sur vey also incor por at ed all known cem et er ies in th e ar ea. Th ese wer e vis it ed on foot and th eir condit ion was not ed.
S.1.2 Deep Testing Two of th e ar ch aeol ogical sit es wer e subject ed t o deep t est ing using a 8.9 -cm ( 3.5-in.)
bu ck et mu d au ger t o a ma ximum depth of 2 m ( 6 . 6 ft). S oil and sedim ent sampl es wer e descr ibed and soil h or izons wer e det erm ined accor ding t o pr ocedur es outl ined in th e U.S.
Department of Agriculture Soil Survey Manual ( S oil Sur vey St aff 1 984).
5.2 LABORATORY METHODS No ar tifactu al m at er ial was coll ected and no soil sampl es wer e analyzed from th e fiel d.
IT94040S. IDH/ps 5- 2 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
- 6. RESULTS 6.1 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES The archaeological sites which have been recorded within the study area are presented in Figure 6.1.
.f 6.1.1 40RE109,[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Location. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
](Fielder 1974).
Previous Investigations. The site had been under cultivation when recorded by Nash in 1941. His survey revealed a flat topped mound 37 x 30 x 2 m (12 0 x 100 x 6 ft). Fielder's 1974 survey showed that the area had been cleared, graded, plowed, and planted with pine seedlings. The site was subjected to surface collection and a series of test pits were excavated to determine. any stratigraphy. Artifacts were recovered to the depth of the water table [about 1.5 m (5 ft)] . Artifacts recovered from Area A included a number of diagnostic projectile points that revealed a multicomponent site with Early and L ate Archaic and L ate Woodland Period components. Area B contained Middle Archaic, Early and L ate Woodland period artifacts; however, no cultural material was recovered below the plowzone. Fielder's survey recommended further excavation if any construction activities were proposed for this area (Fielder 1974).
Current Investigations. The site was visited by the Jacobs ER Team March 2 3, 1994.
The site[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] Concentrations of fire-cracked rock and chert flakes were noted on the beach area of the site. The lithic materials were primarily a translucent gray material similar to chert associated with the St. L ouis Formation from the Highland Rim west of the area. One Early Archaic Period Kirk side-notched projectile point was observed from the beach near Area A. The projectile point was photographed, but was not located during the return trip. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] The area is now well-wooded with secondary growth vegetation. Signs of a nearby beaver colony are apparent in the gnawed trunks and branches that cover the area.
JT940405. IDH/ps 6-1 April 24, 1995
r Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
Soil Profde Descriptions. On April 1 3 , 1 994 two deep soil tests were performed , one in Area A and one in Area B .
Site : 40RE 109b Date: 4/ 1 3/94 Native Vegetation: Sweet gum, red maple, and other riparian species .
Parent Material : Alluvium Physiography : Levee or bench east of slough of 40RE 1 09a levee Elevation: [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
Slope: Nearly level Drainage Class (est) : Well Drained Groundwater: 65 cm (26 in)
Ap 0-27 cm; lOYR 3/3 moist, common medium distinct mottles lOYR 5/6; silt loam texture ;
moderate medium granular structure; clear smooth boundary; friable moist consistence ;
very few rounded chert gravels; common medium and fine roots .
BA 27-47 cm; lOYR 4/3 moist; silt loam texture; weak medium subangular blocky structure ;
clear smooth boundary ; friable moist consistence; very few rounded chert gravels; common medium and fine roots .
Bw 47-65 cm; l OYR 5/4 moist ; very fine sandy loam texture ; weak medium subangular blocky structure; clear smooth boundary ; friable moist consistence; common fine roots .
2Bt lb 65-92 cm; 7 .5YR 5/6 moist; clay loam texture; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; clear smooth boundary ; firm moist consistence; thin continuous clay coatings; few fine roots ; common fine manganese nodules .
2Bt2b 92- 1 1 0 cm; 7 .5YR 5/6 moist ; clay texture; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm moist consistence; thin discontinuous clay skins ; no roots ; common fine manganese nodules .
Additional Notes : The site seems to be on a Pleistocene Age terrace with about 65 cm (26 in) of Holocene material based on the development of the soil morphology . There were no buried A horizons encountered . It would seem that artifacts are restricted to the surface ; not much chance of any buried archaeological sites here .
Ap = A horizon, plowed Ba = mixture of B and A horizons, with the B horizon dominating Bw = B horizon with a developed color or structure 2Btlb = B horizon with an accumulation of silicate clay and with buried genetic horizons and pedological discontinuity 2Bt2b = B horizon with an accumulation of silicate clay and with buried genetic horizons and pedological discontinuity IT94040S. J DH/ps 6-3 April 24. 1 995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
Site: 40RE 109a Date 4/ 1 3/94 Native Vegetation: Sweetgum, red maple, brambles Parent Material : Alluvium Physiography: Levee (Tl or T2)
Exempted from Elevation: [ Disclosure Statute by ]
Slope : Nearly' level Drainage Class (est . ) : Well-drained Groundwater: 65 cm (26 in.) below surface Ap 0- 10 cm; lOYR 3/3 moist; silt loam texture; moderate medium granular structure; abrupt smooth boundary; friable moist consistence; common coarse, medium, fine and very fine roots.
Bw 1 0- 1 9 cm; l OYR 4/4 moist; fine sandy loam texture; weak medium subangular blocky structure; abrupt smooth boundary ; friable moist consistence; common medium and fine roots .
2Ab 1 9-36 cm; l OYR 3/2 moist ; silty clay loam texture; weak medium subangular blocky structure; clear smooth boundary ; friable moist consistence; common medium and fine roots .
2BAb 36-54 cm; lOYR 4/3 moist silty clay loam texture ; weak medium subangular blocky structure; clear smooth boundary; friable moist consistence; common fine roots .
2Btb 54-82 cm; l OYR 4/4 ; clay loam texture; moderate medium subangular blocky structure ;
clear smooth boundary ; friable moist consistence; few thin discontinuous clay skins ; few fine roots .
3Ab 82- 1 34 cm; l OYR 4/3 ; clay loam texture; weak medium subangular blocky structure; clear smooth boundary ; friable moist consistence; few medium manganese nodules ; clay skins are likely present but are obscured by the extreme wetness .
3Btb 1 34- 1 70 + cm; 7 . 5YR 4/6 moist ; fine sandy clay loam texture; weak medium subangular blocky to structureless massive structure; firm moist consistence; common fin manganese nodules ; no clay skins noted .
IT94040S . IDH/ps 6-4 April 24, 1 99S
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
Additional Notes: The site is located [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] Some overburden exists over a buried soil at around 19 cm (7 .4 in.) below the surface. The water table is high r
because the area is about 43 cm (17 in.) above normal in rainfall. A huge storm occurred last night. There is free water at 65 cm (25 in.) and no sign of low chroma mottles . There seems to be two buried soils here, one at 19 cm (7 .4 in.) and one at 82 cm (32 in. ) . The lower portion of the unit is similar to the Cannon Bend Early Holocene material from Middle Tennessee. A Kirk point was found on the last visit.
Ap = A horizon, plowed Bw = B horizon with a developed color or structure 2Ab = Buried A horizon, pedologic discontinuity 2BAb = Buried transitional horizon 2Btb = Buried Argillic horizon 3Ab = Buried A horizon, pedologic discontinuity 3Btb = Buried Argill ic horizon Disclosure by ]
Recommendations. [ Exempted from Statute (40RE 1 09) has the potential to produce a deeply stratified archaeological context. The presence of buried soils and the possibility of cultural materials that could date from the Early Archaic Period make this an important archaeological site. It is recommended that further excavations be performed before any construction is planned for the area.
6.1.2 40RE1 10, [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
Location. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Previous Investigations. The site was originally recorded by Nash in 1 94 1 . He reported two eroded mounds and a village unit[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
Fielder surveyed [ ] in 1 974[ ]
r Exempted from Disclosure Exempted from Disclosure by Statute o
by Statute Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ ]A projectile point and a pitted cobble indicated a Woodland Period site. The mounds recorded by Nash were not relocated (Fielder 1 974) .
Current Investigations. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] was visited April 1 3 , 1 994 . [ Disclosure Exempted from by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
JT940405 . I DH/ps 6-5 April 24, 1 995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] Jacobs ER Team members noted the site and recognized the rubble fill described by Fielder { 1974). It was
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] The two mounds noted by Nash {1941) could not be relocated.
Recommendations. The depth of the fill of riprap at this archaeological site should serve to protect the original context. A visit to the site [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] would be most effective in evaluating its current condition.
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] may help relocate the mounds reported by Nash {1941) and should be implemented if management plans designate this area for construction.
6.1.3 40RE111, Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Location. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Previous Investigations. The site was originally interpreted by Nash in 1941 as a small village with no apparent depth of material. Fielder's 1974 survey located a site that was mostly
[ Exempted from Disclosure by
] during the summer months. A surface collection strategy, [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Statute Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] A deep testing procedure revealed a buried soil at around 40 cm (15.6 in.) below the surface that may have important archaeological implications. Fielder noted a high concentration of fire-cracked rock[ Disclosure by Statute ] which he interpreted as evidence of Exempted from a habitation site. The cultural material recovered represented Archaic and Woodland periods (Fielder 1974).
Current Investigations. The site was visited by the Jacobs ER Team March 2 3, 1994 .
The site consisted of[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] The site was well-wooded with secondary forest growth consisting of red maple and sweet gum. The greatest concentration of fire-cracked rock, lithic debitage (one piece of St. L ouis Formation chert), and heat-treated chert was[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] are a few artifacts consisting of fire-cracked rock and lithic debitage[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] A red residual limestone soil was exposed on[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] indicating IT940405. IDH/ps 6 -6 April 24, 1995
r Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) r that the re is l ittle ch ance of bu rie d a rchae ol ogy on[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] It is sim ila r t o the pe don desc ribe d at 40 RE10 9b. [ Disclosure by ] on the othe r hand, e xh ibits a rathe r dense cultu ral deposit Exempted from Statute f
and the possibil ity that a bu rie d cultu ral unit is he re , base d onthe pe don desc ribe d at 40RE10 9a .
The fire -c racke d rock c oncent rat ion does seem t o indicate that the re a re sizable ha bitat ion sites he re. Th is is c onsistent with the findings of Nash ( 1 94 1) and Fiel de r ( 1 9 74 ) .
r Recommendations. Th is a rchae ol ogical site re qu ires furthe r test ing and sh oul d be invest igate d with anemphasis on dete rm ining the ve rtical and spat ial c om ponents that e xist in th is site sh oul d mana gement plans call for any c onst ruct ion in the a rea.
6.1.4 40RE126, [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Location. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
Previous Investigations. The site was invest igate d by Fiel de r in 1 9 74 . Du ring the
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] and c onduct an intensive su rface c ollect ion. A t otal of 24 3 a rt ifacts we re rec ove re d and 6 fire-re ddene d a reas we re l ocate d on a ste rile clay su rface. The re did not seem t o be any great depth t o th is site [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] be fore the fire-re ddene d a reas c oul d be ma ppe d.
The a rt ifact assembla ge c onta ine d a rt ifacts re presentat ive of the Ea rly Archa ic , Late Archa ic ,
M iddle W oodland, Late W oodl and, M ississippian, and possibly Pale o-Indian Pe riods. Lith ic a rt ifacts we re rec ove re d but no ce ram ics or fire -c racke d rock we re c ollecte d. It was not bel ieve d that the re was any de pth t o the site and that e rosion se rve d t o m ix these cultu ral units t ogethe r.
It was rec ommende d that the fire-re ddene d a reas be invest igate d [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] t o eva luate the potent ial l iv ing-su rfaces that may be re presente d (Fiel de r 1 9 74).
Current Investigations. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] was v is ite d by Jac obs ER Team mem bers in Ma rch 1 9 94 . Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] was e xam ine d and a num be r of fire-re ddene d a reas we re obse rve d. The re was a m odicum of fire-c racke d rock on the su rface and a fe w pieces of l ith ic de bita ge we re note d. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]was v isite d by boat Ma rch 2 3 , 1 9 94 . The a rea is dev oid of ve getat ion and a single osprey roost is the only landsca pe featu re v isible . Anattem pt [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] but no ev idence of cultu ral mate rial c oul d be obse rve d[ Exemptedby from Disclosure Statute
]
JT940405. IDH/ps 6-7 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
Recommendations. It is recommended that the fire-reddened areas [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute f
] be examined during the fall-winter [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute .] Continued[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]may serve to further erode the evidence of human occupation at this s ite.
Further testing will be required to establ ish s ignificance .
6.1.S 40RE127 Location. [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Previous Investigations. The site was examined by F ielder in 1974. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ .] Three a rtifacts were recovered but no Exempted from Disclosure by Statute cultural affil iation was determined (Fielder 1974).
Current Investigations. The site was v isited by Jacobs ER Team members March 23, 1994. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]A few pieces of heat-treated chert and some fire-cracked rock were noted [ ] A so il profile Exempted from Disclosure by Statute was exposed on [ Disclosure by Statute ] and showed about 35 cm (13 .6 in.) of recent alluvium that covers Exempted from an older terrace alluvium. It is believed that the s ite is located on this old terrace surface and subsequent eros ion is exposing the site and depositing the artifacts in the beach area. An older cherty res idual so il was noted in a tree tip on [ Disclosure by Statute ] This so il exhibited moderate Exempted from structure and thin continuous clay sk ins coating the ped surfaces . There would probably be no archaeological context below 35 cm (13.6 in .) in this area.
Recommendations. No further work is required for this site .
6.1.6 40RE135 Location. 40RE 1 35, [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Previous Investigations. The site was investigated by F ielder in 1974.[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] One artifact was recovered and no cultural a ffiliation was ass igned (Fielder 1974).
rI'94040S. IDH/ps 6-8 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) f r
Current Investigations. 40RE1 35 was visited by Jacobs ER Team members April 13, 1994. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] and an alluvial soil was examined. The soil morphology reflected a soil of Pleistocene/Early Holocene age because of the reddened color and development of argillans on the ped faces. The suboil exhibited a fragipan and no buried soils were noted in the profile.
Recommendations . No further work is required for this site.
6.1.7 40RE136 Location. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Previous Investigations. Fielder investigated this site in 1974. The site consisted of an intact structure foundation that was heavily overgrown in honeysuckle and pine trees. It was believed that the site was the remnants of a possible mid-1 9th century barn with an associated hand dug well. The building plan was rectangular, divided into four separate units or cribs. The structure apparently had a drive-in shed attached to the west side of the structure with the driveway inclined from the south and supported by a limestone wall. The foundation was a continuous limestone fieldstone beneath the structural walls. The construction was unknown but believed to be horizontal log. The well on the site was hand dug and lined with fieldstones. The site was mapped in plan view (Fielder 1974).
Current Investigations. The Jacobs ER Team members tried on three different occasions to relocate this site. The area is heavily overgrown with pine trees and honeysuckle, but no evidence of a foundation could be found.
Recommendations. According to Fielder's report (1974) further work was recommended for this site and further work may be needed if the site can be located.
6.1.8 40RE138 Location. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Previous Investigations. 40RE138 was reported by Fielder in 1975 as part of the Exxon Nuclear Facility Survey. Fielder noted that cultural material occurred[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] Cultural material was collected[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute for about 500 m (1,6 40 ft). The possibility of stratigraphy was noted on the alluvial terrace. The JT940405. IDH/ps 6 -9 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) cultural material represented artifacts from the P aleo-Indian; E arly , M iddle, and Late Archaic ;
Early and Late (Hamilton) Woodland, and M ississipp ian P eriods ( F ielder 1975).
Current Investigations. The s ite was v isited by J acobs ER Team m embers April 13 ,
1994. [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute No cultural material could be located.
Soil Profile Descriptions. A so il co re w as described by Jacobs ER Team members April 14, 1994.
Site: 40RE138 Date: 4/14/94 Native Vegetation : Sweet gum, red maple, and s econdary growth Parent M aterial : Alluvium Physiography : [ Disclosure by Statute ]
Exempted from Elevation : [ Disclosure by ]
Exempted from Statute Drainage Class ( est): Well-drained Slop e: Nearly level Groundwater: Not evident Ap 0-7 cm; lOYR 3/3 moist; silt loam texture; moderate medium granular structure; abrupt smooth boundary; friable moist consistence; common medium and fine roots; Few medium and fine pores.
BA 7-23 cm; lOYR 4/3 moist; silty clay loam texture; weak medium subangular blocky structure; clear smooth boqndary; friable moist consistence; few medium and fine roots.
Btl 23-82 cm; 7.5YR 4/6 moist; very fine sandy clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; clear smooth boundary; friable moist consistence; few patchy discontinuous clay skins; few medium charcoal fragments; few fine mica flakes.
Bt2 82- 109 cm; 7 .5Yr 4/6 moist, few fine faint low chroma mottles of lOYR 7/2; fine sandy clay loam texture; weak medium subangular blocky structure; clear smooth boundary; friable moist consistence; few thin discontinuous clay skins; few fine mica flakes; low chroma mottles mainly in root and channel pores although no roots were noted.
Bt3 109-146 cm; 7 .5 YR 4/6 moist; sandy clay loam texture; weak medium subangular blocky structure; clear smooth boundary; friable moist consistence; very few thin discontinuous clay skins; few fine mica flakes.
JT940405. IDH/ps 6-10 April 24 , 199S
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) r BC 146- 1 65 + cm; 7 . 5YR 5/8 moist; sandy clay loam texture ; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable moist consistence; no noticeable clay skins ; few fine mica flakes .
Additional Notes: The unit was located [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
downstream. A square unit that looks like an old architectural test unit . There was a test pit next to the reservoir. The unit is 2 by 2 m (6 . 6 by 6 . 6 ft) and oriented NW-SE, which is unusual for an archaeological test unit . No buried soils were noted . We hypothesized that all archaeology is likely restricted to the upper 23 cm (9 . 1 in. ) . Soil morphology at the base of the cove does not indicate an older terrace and archaeological materials may be represented below the depth of the core .
Ap = A horizon, plowed BA = Transitional horizon Btl = Argillic horizon Bt2 = Argillic horizon Bt3 = Argillic horizon BC = Transitional horizon Recommendations. Further testing including a more comprehensive deep testing procedure is recommended if management plans require construction in this area.
6.1.9 40RE202 Location. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Previous Investigations. 40RE202 was investigated by Bentz i n 1 993 . The site area was cleared of vegetation and topsoil before the survey was conducted. Two pieces of lithic debitage were recovered in the pedestrian survey . Subsurface features were not observed on the exposed surfaces . It was concluded that the site most likely existed on the present surface. No cultural affiliation was determined.
Current Investigations. 40RE202 was visited by Jacobs ER Team members April 1 4 ,
1 994 . The site h as presently been stabilized by grass and the surface i s no longer visible . There was no cultural material observed .
Reconunendations. There is no further testing required for this site.
IT940405. IDH/ps 6- 1 1 April 24, 1 995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) 6.2 msTORIC HOUSE SURVEY IN THE FORMER WHEAT COMMUNITY (40RE224)
An historic house survey in the former Wheat community was conducted by Fielder (1975). Fielder's investigation was based on Final L and Acquisition Ownership Maps compiled by the Corps of Engineers (U.S. War Department 1943) (Fig. 6.2 ) to determine land ownership prior to the Manhattan Project, Pre-WWII 7 .5 minute series topographic quadrangle maps of the Elverton (1941) and Bethel Valley (194 1) show structures that existed prior to the development of K-2 5. An additional land ownership map was located during the 1994 survey which showed land tracts with designated owners, structures, and functional designations for several of the structures (Fig. 6 .3). The tracts and structures are compatible with the later maps but the tract numbering system is different. To be consistent, the structures will be referred to with the tract number designations as determined by Fielder (1975) with alternate tract and building numbers referenced as well (Fig. 6 .4).
6.2.1 Tract 711 Location. Tract 711[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
](Fig. 6.2 ).
Ownership. Tract 711 comprised 56 .1 ha (140.30 acres) and was purchased from [
Exempted from
] March 30, 1943 by the Manhattan Project (U.S. War Department 1943).
Disclosure by Statute 6.2.1.1 Structure 711A Location.
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. The structure was a dwelling owned by[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] who sold property to the Manhattan Project March 30, 1943 (U.S. War Department 1943; Moneymaker 1995, personal communication).
Present Condition. The structure was surveyed March 30, 1994 by members of the Jacobs ER Team. The site was located in a secondary growth of vines and tulip poplars with copious brambles, spicebushes, and pines. The site is marked by a number of irises and daffodils. One brick, one old bed frame, and one piece of stoneware was all that remained of the site.
IT940405. IDH/ps 6 -12 April 24, 1995
V,)
J J
6- 1 5
r Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) 6.2.1.2 Structure 711B Location. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. The structure was a dwelling owned by [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] The property was sold to the Manhattan Project by [ Disclosure Exempted from by Statute
]
March 30, 1943 ( U. S . War Depa rtment 1943; Moneymaker 1979; Moneymaker 1995, persona l communication) .
Present Condition. The house site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 14 ,
1994. The remains of the structure were found nestled in a cove [ ]of McKinney Exempted from Disclosure by Statute Ridge in a pine thicket. A few hewn limestone blocks in a levelled area cut into the side of the ridge is all that remains of the structure. Some rosebushes remain in the remnants of a yard.
A spring is located directly southeast of the structure. A circular stone structure about 1 m (3.3 ft) in width can be found about 20 m (65.6 ft) southeast of the structure and may have been the remnants of a springhouse.
6.2.2 Tract 712 Location. Tract 7 12 is [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Ownership. This 9.4-ha (22.70-acre) lot was owned by [Disclosure by Statute ] prior to acquisition Exempted from by the Manhattan Project . This tract is recorded as tract 7 12 on the Corps of Engineers Map
( U.S.War Department 1943) and as tract 65 on the Tennessee Ext . Cooperative ( 1937) property map.
6.2.2.1 Structure 712A Location. The structure [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. The structure was a dwelling owned by[ Disclosure by Statute ] and so ld to the Manhattan Exempted from Project ( U. S . War Department 1943; Moneymaker 1995, personal communication).
IT940405. IDH/ps 6- 16 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
Present Condition. No structural remains could be ide ntified .
6.2.2.2 Structure 712B r [
[
Location. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute Exempted from Disclosure by Statute Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
]
]
I [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
r History. The structure was a shed owned by[ Disclosure by Statute ] and sold to the Manhattan Project ( U.S. War Department 1943; Moneymaker 1995, personal communication).
Exempted from Present Condition. The site was vis ited by members o f the Jacobs ER Team March 14 ,
1994. The site consists of a few dressed l imestone blocks in a levelled area cut into the ridge.
There is not much fou ndation left to determ ine the dimens ions o f the structure. There is co nsiderable u ndergrowth. The ornamental lamb's ear is found on the south side of the site and lawn grass (fescue) is found on the north side.
6.2.2.3 Structure 712C Location. [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by
]
Statute History. The structure was a grocery store owned by [ Disclosure by Statute ] and sold to the Exempted from Manhattan Project ( U.S . War Department 1943; Moneymaker 1995, personal communication).
Present Condition. The site was v isited by Jacobs ER Team members March 14 , 1994.
The remains of the structure consist of a few p ieces of br ick and some dressed limestone blocks .
The area has been levelled and is currently overgrown with privet hedge and brambles.
6.2.2.4 Structure 712D Location. The [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
IT940405. J DH/ps 6-17 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
History. "Next on that side of the road was the house I remember as the[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Disclosure by Statute ] had lived there when he was Wheat Postmaster. It had six or seven rooms. After Exempted from the [ Exempted from ] children all finished school, some of them taught in the system and continued to live Disclosure by there.StatuteTheir father tended the school farm several years before his death" (Moneymaker 1979:52 ).
Present C ondition. A driveway with a short limestone retaining wall leads from the road north about 50 m (164 ft) to the site of the foundation. There is an excavated area where some remnant dressed limestone blocks that roughly delimit the foundation. The site is thick with daffodils. A well casing and a cistern are located about 10 m (32 .8 ft) northeast of the foundation.
6.2.3 Tract 715 Location. Tract [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Ownership. Tract 715 was a 0.8-ha (2 -acre) lot purchased from [Exemptedby from Disclosure Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] by the Manhattan Project October 6, 1942 (U.S. War Department 1943).
6.2.3.1 Structure 715A Location. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. The church and property were acquired by the Manhattan Project on October 6, 1942.
Present Condition. A stone marker on a small tended plot locates the remains of the
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] A retaining wall and [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute are evident.
6.2.4 Tract 720 Location. Tract 720[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
IT940405. IOH/ps 6-18 April 24. 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
[
r Ownership. The 84.4 -ha ( 2 1 1-a cre) tra ct wa s a cqu ir ed from [ Disclosure Exempted from by Statute
] by the Manhattan Pr oje ct Fe bruary 2 3 , 1 94 3 .
6.2.4.1 Structure 720A f [
Location. Stru cture 720A wa s not locate d on any ma p. Stru cture 720A consiste d of a Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. The h ist ory of th is stru cture is unknown.
Present Condition. The water tank is constru cte d of cast ir on.
- It is a r ound stru cture r ough ly 28 m ( 9 2 ft) in cir cum ference and a bout 4 -5 m ( 1 3.1-1 6 .4 ft) in he ight . It has a dome d ca p on t op. Cast ir on pane ls are a bout 1 m ( 3.3 ft) wide and r ivette d on a ll sides. A la dde r lea ding t o the t op is st ill inta ct , but the tank is current ly empty and out ofuse . A r ound concrete pipe ca sing is locate d t o the south west of the water tank . Th is stru cture wa s m ost like ly par t of the Manhattan Pr oje ct and serv ice d the K- 25 S ite t o the west .
6.2.5 Tract 722 Location. Th is [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Ownership. Th is tra ct consists of 2.1 ha (5 . 3 a cres) a cqu ire d from [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] by the Manhattan Pr oje ct February 2 3 , 1 94 3.
6.2.5.1 Structure 722A Location. Th is stru cture is locate d [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. Th is stru cture was a dwe lling knowna s[ Exemptedby from Disclosure Statute ]h omepla ce and was on pr operty owne d by[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ](U.S . War Department 1 94 3 ; M oneymaker 1 9 95 , persona l communicat ion).
Present Condition. Th is site was v is ite d by Ja cobs ER Te am mem bers Mar ch 30 , 1 9 94.
The site is e xtensive ly distur be d. The stru cture is locate d in an area current ly be ing cleare d of pines due t o pine bark beet le infestat ion. The site is covere d with h igh way and br idge spoil JT94040S. IDH/ps 6-1 9 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) consisting of asphalt and concrete. A few pieces of dressed limestone blocks and a c ouple pieces of brick may be all that remains .
6.2.6 Tract 723 Location. This tract is located [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Ownership. The tract consisted of 2.8 ha ( 7 acres) and was purchased [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Disclosure by ] by the Manhattan Project April 5 , 1943 ( U . S . War Department 1943).
Exempted from Statute 6.2.6.1 Structure 723A Location. This structure was located[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. "There was a four or five room house [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 30 , 1994.
The site is evidenced by a few dressed limestone blocks. A limestone lined depression was found on the northwest side of the foundation that resembles a hand dug well. A cement staircase is located on the south side of the foundation Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
The site is located in an area clear-cut due to pine bark beetle infestation . A number of da ffodils demarcate the former house.
6.2.6.2 Structure 723B Location. The structure is l ocated [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]At this junction (second JT940405. IDH/ps 6-20 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) r
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
](Moneymaker 1979 :53).
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 30 , 1994 .
The site occupies a relatively level area within sight of [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
.] A concrete foundation was located along with a square hole and a rectangular trench lined with concrete. There were some decorative flagstones emb edded in the concrete. A trench about 5 m (16.4 ft) long and 1 m (3.3 ft) wide was found on the west side of the foundation.
A rutted road runs roughly northeast to southwest on the north end of the site. A fire hydrant is located about 25 m (82 ft) southwest of the foundation. The area has been cleared of pines due to the pine bark b eetle infestation. A nwnber of daffodils and two large white oaks mark the property . The structure may represent Manhattan Project construction over a pre-WWII structure.
6.2.6.3 Structure 723C Location. This structure is located [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
]
[( Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] (Moneymaker 1979 :53).
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 30, 1994.
The structure was located on a ridge about 50 m (164 ft) west of structure 723B. The structure consisted of a rectangular foundation about 7 m (23 ft) wide east to west and 5.5 m ( 18 ft) long north to south. The concrete foundation was divided into three roughly even sized sections oriented north to south. The poured concrete foundation contained cobble sized chert fragments.
The concrete materials seem to indicate a Manhattan project structure and signs of a structure that pre-date this foundation are not evident. The site was in an area cleared of pines due to the pin e bark beetle infestation. The usual signs of habitation such as daffodils are absent from this site.
JT94040S. I DH/ps 6-2 1 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) 6.2. 7 Tract 724 Location. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Ownership. The tr act c onsiste d o f 11.2 h a ( 28 . 1 acre s) purch ase d by the M anh at tan Pr oject from [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] M arch 18 , 194 3 (U. S. W ar De par tment 194 3 ).
6.2.7.1 Structure 724A Location. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. The h ist ory for th is structure was not determ ine d.
Present Condition. The site was v isite d by Jac obs ER Te am member s M arch 30, 19 94.
The site is situ ate d in an are a cle are d of pine s due to the pine bark beetle infest at ion. No tr ace of the structure c oul d be l oc ate d. Fiel der (1 9 75 ) note d an ol d r ailr oad be d wh ich cut thr ou gh the site of the structure , but c oul d not be l oc ate d.
6.2.8 Tract 725 Location. Tr act 725 is l oc ate d[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Ownership. Th is tr act c onsiste d of 6 h a ( 15 acre s) and was purch ase d by the M anhatt an Pr oject from [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] M ay 7, 194 3 (U. S. W ar De partment 194 3 ).
6.2.8.1 Structure 725A Location. Structure 725A was l oc ate d [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[( Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
IT94040S. IDH/ps 6-2 2 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) r r
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 2 3 and 30, 1994. The site is located on a small knoll which is surrounded by hickories. The site exhibited r
a hand dug well, a little less than 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter and lined with flaggy limestone slabs laid horizontally. A concrete pump station with associated water trough with iron hinges was located about 5 m (16 .4 ft) east of the well. Some dressed limestone blocks about 11 m (36 ft) west of the well mark the foundation, however the extent is unknown. Some fragments of red f brick, marbles, pieces of white ware, and a few piees of shell can be found in the disturbed areas around the structure. The site is located in an area cleared of pines due to the pine bark beetle infestation.
6.2.9 Tract 726 Location. Tract 72 6 was located [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Ownership. This tract consisted of O.8 ha (2.1 acres) purchased by the Manhattan Project from [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
6.2.9.1 Structure 726A Location. This structure was located [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. This structure was a dwelling owned by[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
(Moneymaker 1995, personal communication).
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 30, 1994.
The site was being cleared of pines due to the pine bark beetle infestation. There was no evidence of any structure at this location.
6.2.9.2 Structure 726B Location. This structure was located[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
JT94040S. I DH/ps 6 -2 3 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
History. This structure was a dwelling and a service station . [ Disclosure by Statute ] lived there Exempted from and managed the station ( Moneymaker 1995, personal communication).
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 30, 1994.
The are a was being cleared of pines due to the pine bark beetle infestation . No structural remains were observed .
6.2.10 Tract 727 Location. Tract 727 is located[ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[
]
Ownership. The tract consists o f 4.4 ha (11 .1 acres) purchased from[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] by the Manhattan Project March 18, 1943 ( U .S. War Department 1943).
6.2.10.1 Structure 727A Location. The 727 A structure is the George Jones Memorial Baptist Church located on the south side of McKinney Ridge and north of the Wheat-Gallaher Ferry Road . The church is located on the Bethel Valley quadrangle map (1941)[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] The church is also located on the Tennessee Ext . Cooperative (1937) property map and listed as structure 76Ba, the George Jones Memorial Baptist Church ( Figs . 6 .3 .and 6 .4) .
History. "After the new church was completed, the old Mount Zion Building was moved down the h ill and across the road and became known as Wheat Post Office and Adams ' General Store. B.H. Magill, born 1892, remembered seeing it being moved when he was 9 or 10 years old. He also recalls the lumber being sawed for the new church structure . Saturday, May 11, 190 1, Mount Zion Baptist Church met in business session . The third item of business, moved and seconded, follows :
"We change the name of Mt . Zion to George Jones Memorial; 4 . $13 .68 collection for Missions was taken; 5 . Report of Building Committee was read , 'We the Building Committee report: The house [church] is complete and incwn brance at a cost of $2,838 .95 [George Jones gave 2,505 .90] and is now ready to be dedicated to the service of the Lord and we now turn the House and Key in to the hands of the Church . This house is owned and controlled by the IT940405. IDH/ps 6-24 April 24, 1995
members of this church but is opened for Services of evangical Churches but no organization or Church ordinance shall be performed in this house except Missionary Baptist.' Building Committee : J. W. Arnold, George Jones, 0. M. Roberts, Daniel Jones.
"On Sunday, May 12 , 190 1, the new building was dedicated. George Jones wrote his last Will and Testament on December 10, 190 2 , to endow (My Church) George Jones Memoria l Missionary Baptist Church...with $ 1, 250 .00 (Being in fo rm of notes ( 1), ( 2), ( 3) payable January 1, 190 6 .
l "... to pay 1 /3 of proceeds into Missions annually. . .a sum equal to any amount the members . . .pay .. . of current expenses, not to exceed 2 / 3 of the amount . .. provided always the members of (the) church pay 1 /2 the current expenses of said church then the.. . Trustees
.. . are directed to pay the entire $ 1, 250.00 to Missions " ( Deed Book F, Vol. Z, p. 473 -5).
"Excepted was the lot with house and barn, which was to be used as a Parsonage.
Trustees were D. W. White, J. W. Arnold, M. H. Sellers. Sellers was appointed by Jones as executor. Witnesses : B. L. Peters of Jonesville, W. M. Meade and Dr . J . Blair Cross of Wheat.
"The Will was probated in the October 190 3 term of County Court (Jones died October 15 , 1 90 3). The stipulations of the George Jones Will were carried out as given in Estate Book J ( 18 97- 190 9), p. 258 - 65 . The endowment eventually going to the cause of Missions.
(Tennessee Baptist Foundation). The present Agency for Southern Missions was established in 1 9 38 . Any permanent fund created before that time would, of necessity, have been through other organizations. The beneficiary is believed to have been an Orphan home.
"In 19 27, a survey was made to establish the Church Lines. The survey was made by W. E. Ellis (Roane County Su rveyor); Committee :
- James L. McKinney, Carl A . Smith and Smith P. Sellers; Deacons : J . R. Arnold and M . H. Sellers " ( Deed Book Z, p. 50)
(Moneymaker 1979 :75).
Moneymaker also noted that the name change from Mount Zion to George Jones Memorial Baptist Church was not changed at the courthouse (Moneymaker 19 95 , personal communication ).
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 9 , 19 94.
The George Jones Memorial Baptist Church sits on a hewn limestone foundation. Varying levels of English Bond coarses of brick overlie this foundation. The church is stone or brick construction covered by weatherboard. The weatherboard is oriented horizon tally and pain ted white. A prominent steeple is located on the west side of the church, but no bell was observed.
IT94040S. ID Hips 6-25 April 24. 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
The front door is sheeted w ith metal and usually padlocked. The structure has a t in roof, pa inted green . On the inside , the floor boards a re o riented north to south. The church has a rectangular floor plan. The floor slants down to the north side (back) of the church to accommodate v isib ility of the front by the congregat ion. A raised pedestal is observed on the northeast side of the congregation area. A part it ion div ides the room in the back of the church (south). A boarded-up staircase is located in the back room. The hallway entrance is on the west s ide and extends to the la rge front room. The church and adjoin ing cemetery are in excellent condit ion and a re p rotected by a gate at the juncture of the former Wheat-Gallaher Ferry Road and Blair Road.
The church is opened on the first Sunday in October fo r a reunion of the members of the former Wheat Community (Hope 1987 :18) ( Plates 8, 9 , and 10) .
6.2.10.2 Structure 727B Location. This building [ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. No history was determined for this structure.
Present Condition. The bu ilding w as described by F ielder (1975 :18) as a frame garage w ith vertical board and batten exterio r covering in poor condit ion. The structure was v isited by Jacobs ER Team members March 9 , 1994. There was a levelled area in this location, but no structure was evident.
6.2.10.3 Structure 727C Location. The st ructure was located [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. "Up the chu rch driveway and a round the side of the hill was a 'shack ' of fou r or five rooms. If you continued north from there a short distance you came to[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
](Moneymaker 1979 :53).
P resent Condition. The site was v isited by Jacobs E R Team members March 14 and Ap ril 14 , 1994. The site consists of a p it featu re , rectangular in shape , about 5 m (16.4 ft) across and 7 m (23 ft) w ide. An old decayed chestnut and a white oak tree cover the two north corners of the structure. There are hewn l imestone blocks on the roadside and on the outside edges of the depress ion. The depress ion is approx imately 1 m (3.3 ft) deep. Limestone blocks ma rk the corne rs of the depress ion and it is believed that this feature represents a root cellar w ith IT940405. IDH/ps 6-26 April 24, 1995
r Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
I an associated structure that would have been situated on the comer limestone blocks. A set of f rosebushes can be found on the western side of the depression.
r 6.2.11 Tract 728
]
r Location. Tract 72 8[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Ownership. This tract consisted of 2 .8 ha (7 acres) purchased by the Manhattan Project
{ from[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] May 7, 1943.
6.2.11.1 Structure 728A Location. This structure is located[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
History. No history was determined for this structure.
Present Condition. This site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 30, 1994.
There was no remaining physical evidence of a structure.
6.2.12 Tract 729 Location. Tract 72 9 was located[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Ownership. This tract consisted of 13.3 ha (33.3 acres) purchased by the Manhattan Project from [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] March 2 4, 1943 (U.S. War Department 1943).
6.2.12.1 Structure 729A Location. This structure was located [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. No history was determined for this structure.
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 30, 1994.
The area was disturbed by the logging of pine due to the pine bark beetle infestation. Dressed limestone blocks were distributed across the disturbed surface. There were a number of brick JT940405. lDH/ps 6 -2 7 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) fragments and a sign ificant concentration of mussel shell. There were no prehistoric artifacts in this area associated with the shell. The disturbance has moved one limestone block about 20 m (65.6 ft) from the original site location.
6.2.13 Tract 730 Location. Tract 730 was located [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[
Exempted from Disclosure by ]
Statute Ownership. This tract consisted of 100.9 ha (252.3 acres) and was purcha sed by the Manhattan Project from the [ ]March 24, 1943 ( U.S. War Exempted from Disclosure by Statute Department 1943). [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
6.2.13.1 Structure 730A Location. This structure, more commonly known a s the Wheat School, is located[
Exempted from ]
Disclosure
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
History. "From 1850, when Robertson Schoolhouse was known to have been functioning, there was an educational institution in Wheat (earlier Bald Hill) except for a short period during and following ho stilities of the Civil War. Robertson, Bald Hill, Poplar Creek Seminary, Roane College and Wheat High School existed over a period of at least 92 years, most likely more years. When the Wheat School System closed for Christmas Holidays in 1942 it did not reopen.
Those students still in the area were bu ssed to Dyllis until *a n families moved from Wheat "
(Moneymaker 1979 :52).
"Something needs to be said about the Campus of Poplar Creek Seminary, Roane College and Wheat High School. The acreage, according to the government land acquisition of 1942 wa s 253.5 acres. About 100 acres was tillable. The remainder wa s wooded. As has been previously stated, one-half acre would be given to a person wishing to use it to build a house so student s could attend school. Free lumber would be furnished with which to build or improve an existing house ; fuel wa s free. Through the years, approximately 20-22 buildings were provided for student use. All of tho se living on this property had to have a member of the household connected with the school or be willing to provide housing for students. Buildings could be owned-not the land " ( Moneymaker 1979 :52).
IT940405. IDH/ps 6-28 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) f r
"Poplar Creek Seminary and Roane College depended on the Schoolhouse Spring for water. Wheat High School had a Well. When water would get low in the Fall, going to the old Schoolhouse Spring was a treat. Two Elementary students could make an hour's trip of it, if they f
worked it just right. In the later years a well with electric pump and running water (including plumbing) were provided for the school. Before electricity was available the school had a Delco system for several years. There had been a furnace to heat the Wheat High School building from its beginning. Poplar Creek Seminary and Roane C?llege was heated by stoves, first by wood and later by coal" (Moneymaker 1979:54).
"For several years after Wheat High School was built, basketball courts were in the open.
Then a gym was built in the northwest comer of the present-day Turnpike and Blair Road. The Gym was on the second level; underneath was storage space for farm machinery used on the school property. Shop work was often done there under the supervision of the Agriculture Department of the school" (Moneymaker 1979:55).
"When additional class space and a Gym were added to the school buildin in 1927 , the old gym building was used as a Fair Barn; the Wheat Community Fair became an annual County affair because of its variety. The Fair Barn was struck by lightning and burned. In the '30's a Fair Building was constructed near the previous gym site. At Fair time, poultry, rabbits, cattle, swine and other farm animals were shown. The garden produce and the women's Department were in the school proper" (Moneymaker 1979:55).
"There were, of course, the two school buildings previously mentioned. The Roane College building, already discussed, tom down soon after 1916 . Wheat High School was a brick building housing all grades. Rapid growth soon made it quite evident the building was not sufficient. When the Girls' Dorm was completed, pressure was even greater on the existing facilities. There was great need for departmental space rather than the one room approach" (Moneymaker 1979:55).
"Between 1922-1927 many of the smaller schools of the area were consolidated with the Wheat School System, students were brought by bus. Those smaller schools, grades through 8th, that were not closed fed high school students into Wheat. The nearest County High Schools were Oliver Springs, Harriman and Kingston. So the territory using Wheat High School was large.
The inpouring students were so many, plans were made for a large addition to the school, with updated remodeling to the existing building" (Moneymaker 1979:55).
"While plans and construction were underway, the enrollment increased with each year as consolidation continued. Rooms were partitioned off in the auditorium and many other stop-IT94040S. IDH/ps 6 -29 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) gap methods were used. Some changes made in the existing building were locker room for male athletes, Home Economics and Agriculture Departments on the lower floor. On the second floor rearrangement of the classroom space , as well as female dressing room. The top floor kept the rooms already there, combining two for the Science Department . The old auditorium was converted into departmental space . The new addition had many classrooms, an auditorium-gym combination, a new heating system and the music section " (Moneymaker 1979 :55)
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 14 and April 14, 1994. The Wheat School is presented photographically as it appeared in 1919 in P. A.
Hope 's (1987 : 17 ) publication. The building has since been razed. The site is now a concrete foundation surrounded by some rather sizable maple trees. The foundation is L shaped and is about 9 m (29 .5 ft) long and 10 m (32 .8 ft) wide . A concrete platform is located about 6 m (19 .7 ft) southeast of the foundation and measures about 2 m (6 .6 ft) wide and 2 .5 m (8.2 ft) long. A number of daffodils mark the site.
6.2.13.2 Structures 730B and 730C Location. These structures are located on the Bethel Valley quadrangle map (1941) to the south and adjacent to the Wheat School Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] Structure 730C in represented on the Tennessee Ext. Cooperative (1937 ) property map as structure 75Ba and is listed as a do rmito ry ( Fig. 6.3 and 6.4).
History. "The Boarding House was for both sexes until 1920. As enrollment increased another dormitory was essential. Rufus Jones was contracted by the Roane County Board of Education to build a 25-room structure, with kitchen, dining room and four or five rooms for living qua rters for the family of the Supervisor-often a widow with children to educate. Emma Smith and Zena Johnson are examples . This building was called the Girls ' Dormitory" (Moneymaker 1979 :54).
"Prices were kept low, as had been during Roane College days; both Dormitories, as well as the houses, were at minimum rates. It was possible to make arran gements to pay a portion of the fee with farm produce, both fresh and canned " ( Moneymaker 1979 :54).
"With time, progress and bussing, the two Dormitories were discontinued. Families would live in the Boys ' Dorm; the Principal of the School moved to the Supervisor 's living quarters in the Girls ' Do rm because it was nearer the School. The kitchen and dining room were used in the Lunch-room program and a goodly part of the buildin g was made into a Community IT940405 . 1 DH/ps 6-30 April 24, 1995
{ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) f r
Center. The Girls ' Donn building was used as apartments for several years after the gove rnment bought the property " ( Moneymaker 1979 :54-55).
Present Condition. The sites were visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 14, 1994.
( No structures could be located .
6.2.13.3 Structure 730D Location. This structure is located Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Living quarters (five rooms) were added to the building. The original structure was used as a general store operated by [ Disclosure by Statute ]family. The Wheat Post Office [ ]
Exempted from Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] The [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] lived there from about 1900 , when it was moved, until [ Disclosure by Statute ] retired as Postmaster in 1939 " ( Moneymaker Exempted from 1979 :53).
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 14, 1994.
The site consisted of a levelled, landscaped area suitable for a foundation. There were a few pieces o f dressed limestone that littered the surface. The site is covered by a dense layer of privet hedge and brambles .
6.2.13.4 Structure 730E Location. Structure 730E was located [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] It is described in the [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
JT940405. IDH/ps 6-31 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) for st ora ge in later years but ha d se rve d as 'batch ing' qua ners with 2 r oom or 1 lar ge one. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
( M oneyma ker 1979 :5 2 -5 3 ).
Present Condition. The site was v isite d March 14 , 19 94 by Jac obs ER Tea m me mbers.
The fou ndat ion c oul d not be l ocate d. Pines were be ing cleare d from the area due t o the pine bar k beetle infestat ion. A c iste rn was fou nd in the ge neral v ic inity a nd a lar ge , r ound metal casing was fou nd on the downh ill (south ) side of the site. A few scattere d br ic k fra gme nts a nd some re d clay t iles are pr oba bly a ll that re ma ins of the structure .
6.2.13.5 Structure 730F Location. Struc ture 73 0F was locate d on Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute History. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute]h ouse ( ne xt in l ine ) was a t wo-st ory six-r oom h ouse bu il d by [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] His sister ,[ Disclosure by Statute ,] l ive d with h im. They were el derly but h is Exempted from nieces l ive d with them t o atte nd sch ool. Later[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ,] with three ch il dre n t o e ducate , move d there a nd boar de d other stu de nts desir ing r ooms. Th is is the dwe ll ing usua lly sh own whe n ERDA (AEC ) wr ites a bout the Wheat C ommu nity" ( M oneyma ker 1979 :5 2 ).
Present Condition. The site was v is ite d by Jac obs ER Tea m me mbers March 14 , 19 94.
Pines were be ing cleare d fr om the area due t o the pine beetle infestat ion. A lar ge distur be d area is all that re ma ins of the structure. A lar ge e lm tree mar ks one c omer of the pr ope ny. The area is heav ily c overe d by ku dzu v ines. S ome scattere d pieces of c oal a nd a well casing were fou nd on the south side of the pr operty. No ev ide nce of a fou ndat ion was fou nd on the south side of the pr ope ny.
6.2.13.6 Structure 730G Location. Structure 73 0G was locate d on [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
6- 3 2 April 24, 1995
r Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) r History. This structure was the parsonage for the George Jones Memorial Baptist Church. [ Disclosure Exempted from
]
by Statute and his family lived there for a time . The family included his sons[
Disclosure by ](Moneymaker 1995, personal communication)
Exempted from Statute
( Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 14, 1994.
The area has been completely cleared due to the pine bark beetle infestation and much of the ground surface has been disturbed. There was no foundation located. Items such as coal, blue glass, white ware, bricks, dressed limestone blocks, shoe leather, and medicine bottles were observed in the disturbed sections.
6.2.13.7 Structure 730H Location. Structure 730H was[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
f [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. This structure was a dwelling known as[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] However, the house was owned by[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] (Moneymaker 1995, personal communication).
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 14, 1994 .
Pines were being cleared from the area due to pine bark beetle infestation. The remains of a foundation consisting of bricks and dressed limestone blocks were found. A considerable quantity of bottle glass, coal, and white ware were observed in the disturbed areas. Most of the site has been disturbed by the logging activities.
6.2.13.8 Structure 7301 Location. Structure 7301 was [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. This structure was the home of the principal [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
](Moneymaker 1995, personal communication).
Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 14, 1994 .
Pines were being cleared due to the pine bark beetle infestation. The structure is represented by a levelled area with a few dressed limestone blocks in the middle of a thicket of privet hedge.
A number of daffodils demarcate the site.
Jn40405. IDH/ps 6 -33 April 2A, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) 6.2.13.9 Structure 730J Location. Structure 730J was located [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
History. "Approximately[ ]was the Boarding Exempted from Disclosure by Statute House. The 1886 Roane College catalogue says, 'commodious houses for boarding are near the College.' The 1902 catalogue says, 'The boarding house will be under a suitable family. ' The Boarding House was not mentioned in the earlier booklet but was in 1902. It may be assumed it was built in the 1890 's. It was two-story frame building with 12-14 rooms which accommodated at least three or more students per room. There were living quarters for the
'suitable ' family caring for the establishment. Beside that was a large Living Room for the use of the students; also, kitchen and dining room " (Moneymaker 1979 :54).
"After the Girls ' Do nn was built, the Boarding House was referred to as the Boys ' Dorm.
They came from the Boys ' Dorm, through the pasture, by the football field, across the small stream in the 'little woods, ' behind the school building to the Girls ' Donn for all meals. They could then remain for a social hour " (Moneymaker 1979 :54).
"Prices were kept low, as had been during Roane College days ; both Do rmitories, as well as the houses, were at minimum rates. It was possible to make arrangements to pay a portion of the fee with farm produce, both fresh and canned " (Moneymaker 1979 :54) .
"With t ime, progress and bussing, the two Do rmitories were discontinued . Families would live in the Boys ' Do nn; the Principal of the School moved to the Supervisor 's living quarters in the Girls ' Donn because it was nearer the School. The kitchen and dining room were used in the Lunch-room program and a goodly part of the building was made into a Community Center . The Girls ' Donn building was used as apartments for several years after the government bought the property " ( Moneymaker 19 79 :54-55).
- Present Condition. The site was visited by Jacobs ER Team members March 14, 1994.
Pines were being cleared due to the pine bark beetle infestation. A few dressed limestone blocks, a partial wall of a foundation, and a couple of scattered bricks are all that remained from this structure. A large oak and a thicket of privet hedge mark the area .
IT94040S. IDH/ps 6-34 April 24, I 99S
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
( 6.2 . 14 Tract 771 f [
Location. Tract 771 was [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute Exempted
]
from Disclosure by Statute
]
f Ownership. This tract consisted of a 0. 8-ha (2-acre) parcel purchased by the Manhattan
] May 7 , 1943 (U . S . War Department 1 943) .
I Project from[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute Structures. No structures were located on this parcel.
{ 6.2.15 Tract 773 Location. Tract 773 was located [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
Ownership. This tract consisted of 0 .5 ha ( 1 .2 acres) purchased by the Manhattan Project from[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] July 3 , 1943 .
Structures. No structures were located on this parcel .
6.3 CEMETERIES There are at least five cemeteries located in the K-25 Site survey area (Fig . 6 . 5) . These include the[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] All of these cemeteries were treated as archaeological sites and assigned state site numbers .
6.3. 1 [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ](40RE222)
[ E x
]
[ ]
e Exempted from Disclosure by Statute m
p
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute t ]
e
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] The property consisted of 2 1 7 ha (543 acres) and d
f was purchased from [ ] by the Manhattan Project (U . S . War r
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute o
m Department 1 943) . D i
s c
l The cemetery consists of a concrete wall enclosure about 23 by 23 m (75 by 75 ft) (Plate o
s 1 1 ) . A fenced area, about 1 7 by 20 m (55 by 65 ft) north of the cemetery contains at least one u
r e
b JT940405. IDH/ps 6-35 y April 24, 1995 S
t a
t u
t e
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) grave, perhaps more. The m ain cemetery h as six r ows of graves w ith the west three r ows separ ated from the east three rows by a series of cedar trees . The graves face east on the eastern r
side of the cemetery and the western three r ows face west. According to Parsly (1985) there are 38 marked gravestones in the cemetery. There are a number of Gallahers, Browders, and Burdettes. There are also a l arge number of infant burials. The oldest marked gravestone is
.r dated January 29, 1853 and l ists a daughter of G. and L. B . Gallaher, born and died on the same day. The l atest marked gravestone is that of William E rnest Gallaher, March 9, 1903 -
December 8, 1978. There are also a number of fieldstone marked graves on the northeastern side of the cemetery.
6.3.2 [ ] (40RE223)
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] The property consisted of 217 ha (543 acres) and was purchased fr om [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] the Manhattan Project ( U.S . War Department 1943).
The [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] is surrounded by a barbed-w ire fence and is dwarfed in compar ison to Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] The fenced area is approximately 9 by 9 m (30 by 30 ft) in size. The most prom inent feature of the cemetery is a large, four-s ided shaft dedicated to John Henry Welcker and h is w ife Elizabeth and the ir 11 children (Plate 12). There were nine persons l isted on the shaft that were buried in Welcker Cemetery, the oldest grave belonging to Elizabeth Welcker who died December 24, 1840 (Parsly 1985). There are a number of graves in the cemetery marked with small marble stones with no mark ings . At least seven graves could be identif ied by the position of the stones and the indentations in the ground. All of the graves faced east.
6.3.3 [ ](40RE219)
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] The cemetery is in a well-wooded area at the top of a h ill at the end of a footpath. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] Th is cemetery was located on a 217-ha (543-acre) tract purchased fr om [ ]by the Manhattan Project (U.S. War Department Exempted from Disclosure by Statute 1943).
JT94040S. I DH/ps 6-3 7 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] consists of about 90 graves , of which about half are marked with field stones (Parsly 1 985) . The cemetery is demarcated by a barbed-wire fence approximately 41 . 8 by 39. 9 m ( 1 37 by 1 3 1 ft) (Plate 1 3 ) . There were no inscriptions found o n any of the gravestones . The graves were laid facing east and a number of depressions in the ground marked the location of graves even without the benefit of fieldstones . Parsly ( 1 985) commented on several small depressions outside the fence. An investigation by the Jacobs ER Team members could not locate these graves outside the fence . The eastern side of the fence was in need of repairs .
6.3.4 George Jones Memorial Baptist Church Cemetery (part of Wheat Community, 40RE224)
The George Jones Memorial Baptist Church Cemetery is located at 35 ° 56 ' 1 9 " N latitude, 84 ° 22 '22 " W longitude along the former Wheat-Gallaher Ferry Road about 1 00 m (328 ft) east of the intersection with the Wheat-Gallaher Ferry Road and Blair Road and lies directly west and adjacent to the George Jones Memorial Baptist Church (Fig . 6.5) . The cemetery is associated with the George Jones Memorial Baptist Church and was nominated for the National Register of Historic Places (Fielder 1 975) . The cemetery was located on a 4 .4-ha ( 1 1 . 1 -acre) property purchased by the Manhattan Project from Mount Zion Baptist Church (George Jones Memorial Baptist Church) March 1 8 , 1 943 .
The George Jones Memorial Baptist Church Cemetery consists of 149 graves marked with inscripted gravestones , and at least 26 graves unmarked or marked with field stones (Plate 14) .
The oldest marker found was for Nancy Martin, Born February 1 0 , 1 788-Died March 4, 1 865 .
The latest grave marker is for L. Edith Arnold, January 27, 1904-June 6, 1 977 (Parsly 1 985 : 6-7) .
Exempted from Disclosure 6.3.5 [ by Statute ](40RE221)
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ ] The cemetery was located on an 89-ha (223-acre) property purchased by the Manhattan Project from[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] (U . S .
War Department 1 943) .
[Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] consists of a fenced area, approximately 14 by 3 m (45 by 1 0 ft)
(Plate 1 5) . There are a few fieldstone markers and one marked gravestone with the inscription "E. E. Keath, Co . F, 5th Tenn. Inf. " (Parsly 1 985 :5). There are about four depressions that can be observed as graves , some with limestone markers. The graves face east.
JT94040S. IDH/ps 6-38 April 24, I 995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) 6.3.6 [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ](40RE220) f [
[
Exempted from Disclosure by Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
]
StatuteExempted from Disclosure by Statute
[ ] The cemeter y was l ocate d on a 258 -ha ( 645 -acre) proper ty purchase d from T VA by the Manha ttan Pr oject .
[. Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]c onsists of a rectangular area a bout 4 . 6 by 6 . 1m ( 15 by 20 ft) or iente d east t o west and surr ounde d by a barbe d-wire fence (Plate 16). There is a sign naile d t o a tree outsi de the fence marke d " 68 . " There are four v isible depressions inside the fence , one with a footst one marker . T wo de pressions were l ocate d outside the fence d area . One de pression is l ocate d on the north side of the fence . The other depression is l ocate d near the south west c orner at the base of a lar ge re d oak. A displace d fiel dst one marker ma y indicate a grave here .
The depressions are oriente d east t o west and the graves are l ikel y facing east.
n-940405. IDH/ps 6-3 9 April 24, 1995
JT94040S. IDH1ps 6-40 April 24. 199.S r
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
- 7. RECOMMENDATIONS
(
r Presently, no management plans have been addressed that may affect known cultural resources outside the fenced areas of the K-25 Site. A number of recommendations are made to protect those cultural resources or recover information necessary to document those resources.
There are a number of potentially important archaeological sites which could provide a wealth of recoverable information. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
](40RE109 a and b) and[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
(40RE111), located [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
] have a moderate amount of cultural material[ Disclosure by Statute ]deposits. These sites potentially contain deeply buried, Exempted from stratified archaeological deposits. [ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ](40RE126 ) demonstrates the potential for investigating a prehistoric living surface with associated burned areas that exhibit redoxymorphic features. This archaeological site should be investigated further[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ .] 40RE138 potentially contains deeply
{
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute buried archaeological deposits. Though no such deposit was encountered in this investigation, further testing should be conducted to validate this observation. Another recommendation is that a thorough Phase I survey be conducted[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]
[ Disclosure by Statute ] The Phase I survey should have test pits excavated at regular intervals and Exempted from associated deep test transects. This investigation will be needed to locate and evaluate the "village" observed by Nash (1941). No further investigations are needed for archaeological sites 40RE127, 40RE135, and 40RE202. With the exception of the above sites, there are no known or likely archaeological site within the security fences because of massive cut and fill operations
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
.]
There are several recommendations for the proposed archaeological district (40RE224) for the Wheat community. The George Jones Memorial Baptist Church (NR Site) and cemetery need to be protected. The church is in remarkable condition due to the care and maintenance to the building following Fielder's (1975) recommendations. A sufficient buffer [30 m (100 ft)] should be maintained from this structure if any management plans call for construction in the area. The remaining structures, or their remains, require further investigation to determine significance.
Materials have been removed from their original locations and only sparse structural materials remain to attest to their existence. Any structure with an open well or cistern may need further investigation because of their potential for storing valuable cultural materials. The archaeological site, 40RE136 , needs to be located and investigated to assess significance, if the site can be found. The Wheat Community may provide an invaluable opportunity to explore the lifeways of people in this valley prior to the arrival of the Manhattan Project. Further testing is recommended for the determination for eligibility for inclusion in the National Register. The JT94040S. IDH/ps 7-1 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) proposed boundary for the archaeological district is presented in Figure 7 . 1 . Further testing will be required to develop a more precise boundary.
The cemeteries in [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]are protected under federal law. An adequate buffer needs to be observed before any construction is proposed in the area of one of these cemeteries.
Because the massive cut and fill operations caused extensive disturbance during the construction [ ,]there are likely no intact archaeological sites to be found within Exempted from Disclosure by Statute the security fences except for[ ]
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute Property located outside the security fences not evaluated as a part of the identified archaeological sites, structures, or cemeteries will require an archaeological survey if management plans call for any surface disturbance.
IT940405. IDH/ps 7-2 May 17, 1995
r r
r 7-3
.lD}{/ps 7-4 April 21. 1995 r
f r
- 8. REFERENCES Baden, W. W., 1983. Tomotley: An Eighteenth Century Cherokee Village. Report of Investigations No. 36 , Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Bass, Q. R., 1977. Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Patterns in the Great Smoky Mountains. Unpublished Master's Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Bentz, C., 1993. Phase I Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey for Cultural Resources in the Proposed K-1515 Sanitary Water Treatment Plant Sedimentation Basin and Associated Outfall Drain Pipe Corridor, Oak Ridge, Roane County, Tennessee. Transportation Center, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Submitted to Martin Marietta Energy Systems, Inc., Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Braun, E. L., 1950. Deciduous Forests of Eastern North America. Hafner Press, New York.
Bryson, R. A., 196 6. "Air masses, streamlines, and the boreal forest. " Geographical Bulletin 8(3) : 2 2 8-2 6 9.
Bryson, R. A. and F. K. Hare, 1974. "The Climates of North America, " in Climates of North America, edited by R. A. and F. K. Hare, pp. 1-47, Elsevier, New York.
Bryson, R. A. and W. M. Wendland, 196 7. "Tentative Climatic Patterns for Some L ate Glacial and Post-glacial Episodes in Central North America, " in Life, Land, and Water:
Proceedings of the 1966 Conference on Environmental Studies of Glacial Lake Aggassiz Region, edited by W. J. Meyer-Oakes, pp. 2 71-2 98, Occasional Papers No. 1, Department of Anthropology, University of Manitoba.
Chapman, J. , 1975. The Rose Island Site and the Bifurcate Point Tradition. Report of Investigations No. 14 , Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
Chapman, J., 1977. Archaic Period Research in the Lower Little Tennessee River Valley-1975; Icehouse Bottom, Harrison Branch, Thirty Acre Island, Calloway Island. Report of Investigations No. 18. Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
JT94040S. IDH/ps 8-1 April 24, 1995
Chapman, J . , 1 98 1. The Bacon Bend and lddins Sites. Report of Invest igat ions No. 4 1 ,
r De part ment of Anthr opol ogy, University of Tennessee , Knoxv ille.
Cha pman, J . , 1 985. Tellico Archaeology: 12, 000 Years of Native American History.Report of Invest igat ions No. 4 3.Depart ment of Anthr opol ogy, University of Tennessee , Knoxv ille.
C owan, C. W., H. E. Jackson, K. M oore , A. Nickelhoff, and T. L. S mart , 1 98 1. The Cl ou dspl itter R ockshelter , Menifee C ounty, Kentuc ky; A Prel iminary Re por t, Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 24 : 60 -76.
Dav is, R . P. S., Jr., 1 9 90 . Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Little Tennessee River Valley.
Report of Invest igat ions No.50.Depa rtment of Ant hr opol ogy, University of Tennessee ,
Knoxv ille.
De Jarnette , D. L., E.B. Kurjack , and J. W.C ambr on, 1 9 6 2 . " Stanfiel d-W orley Blu ff Shel ter Excavat ions , " Journal of Alabama Archaeology 8 (1-2): 1-1 1 1 .
Delc ourt , H.R., 1 979 . "Late Quate rna ry Ve getat ion Hist ory of the Easte rn Highland R im and Adjacent Cu mberland Plateau of Tennessee , " Ecological Monographs 4 9 :255 -280 .
Delc ourt , P. A. and H. R . Delc ourt , 1 98 1 . "Ve getat ion Maps for Eastern Nort h Amer ica :
40 ,000 yr.B .P.t o the Present , " in Geobotany II, e dite d by R.C . R omans, pp. 12 3 - 1 65 .
Plenu m Publ ish ing C or p . , Ne w York.
Dice , L.R . , 1 94 3. The Biotic Provinces of North America. University of M ich igan Press, Ann Ar bor.
Dickson, R. P. , 1 978. "Cl imate of Tennessee , " in Climates of the States. Vol . 2, pp. 9 10 - 915.
Gale Research , Detr oit.
Dra goo, D. W., 1 973 . Wells Creek-An Early Man Site in Stewart County, Tennessee.
Archae ol ogy of Easte rn Nort h Amer ica 1(1) : 1 -5 6.
Du Vall , G. D., 1 9 9 2. An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Pond Waste Management Project (K-1065-1066) and the Production Waste Storage Facilities on the K-25 Complex Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee. DuVall and Assoc iates, Inc., Nashv ille , Tennessee .
Su bmitte d t o Mart in Mar ietta Ener gy Syste ms, Inc., Oak R idge , Tennessee.
IT94040S. JDH/ps 8 -2 April 24, 1 995
r r
Fenneman, N. M., 1938. Physiography of the Eastern United States. McGraw Hill, New York.
r Fielder, G. F., Jr., 1974 . Archaeological Survey with Emphasis on Prehistoric Sites of the Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Submitted to Oak Ridge National L aboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
{ Fielder, G. F., Jr., 1975. Cultural Resource Survey of the Exxon Nuclear Facility, Oak Ridge, Tennessee: An Interim Repon. Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Submitted to Oak Ridge National L aboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Fielder, G. F., Jr., S. R. Ahler, and B. Barrington, 1977. Historic Sites Reconnaissance of the Oak Ridge Reservation, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Submitted to Oak Ridge National L aboratory , Oak Ridge,
[ Tennessee, Contract No.I W-7405-eng-2 6 .
(
Ford, J. A., 1 96 9. A Comparison of Formative Cultures in the Americas: Diffusion or the Psychic Unity of Man. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, Vol.11, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, D.C.
Ford, J. A. and C. H. Webb, 1956 . Poverty Point, A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana.
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 46 , pt. 1, Washington, D.C.
GAi Consultants, 1981. Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation of the Tennessee Synfuels Associates Site, Oak Ridge Reservation, Roane County, Tennessee. Ms.on file, Tennessee Division of Archaeology, Nashville.
Gainer, A.; 1933. A Distribution of the Birds in East Tennessee. Tennessee Department of Game and Fish, Nashville.
Gardner, W. M. , 1974. "The Flint Run Complex: Pattern and Process During the Paleo-Indian to Early Archaic, " in The Flint Run Paleo-Indian Complex: A Preliminary Report 1971- 1973 Seasons, edited by W. M. Gardner, pp. 5-47. Occasional Paper No. 1 ,
Archaeology L aboratory, Department of Anthropology, Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C.
IT940405. IDH/ps 8-3 April 24, l 995
G n"ffi1n, J . B . , 1967 . "Eastern North American Archaeology : A Summary , " in Science 156 :175-191.
Hatcher, R . D., Jr., P . J. Lemi szki , R. B.D reier, R. H . Ketelle , R.R. Lee , D. A. Lietzke, W.
M. McMaster, J . L. Forman , and S. Y. Lee , 1992 . Status Report on the Geology of the Oak Ridge Reservation Environmental Sciences Division Publication No . 3860 , Oak Ridge National Labo ratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
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APPENDIX A PLATES
m4040S.1DH/ps A-2 April 14, 1995 I
Jf940405. IDH/ps A-3 April 24, 1995
IT940405. IDH/ps A-4 April 24, 1995 Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
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Plate 3. [Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] 40RE109, facing Plate 4. [Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ] 40RE111, facing northeast northeast
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3) 1 1 l \ ' *'
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Plate 5. Archaeological site 40RE127, facing Plate 6. Memorial marker for the east Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
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&i; 'S 11'94o4o5. I DH!p s
A-7 April 24, I 995
00 i Plate 8. Aerial view of George Jones Memorial Baptist Church, facing northwest
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Plate 9. George Jones Memorial Baptist Plate 10. George Jones Memorial Baptist Church, facing north Church, facing south
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
Plate 11. [ ] facing northeast Exempted from Disclosure by Statute D
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y S
t a
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[ Exempted from Disclosure Disclosure by Statute by Statute I
];
Plate 12. [
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute
]facing northeast IT940405. IOH/ps A-10 April 24, 1995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
[ Exempted from Disclosure by Statute ]
Plate 13. [ Exempted from Disclosure by ]
Statute facing southwest Plate 14. George Jones Memorial Baptist Church Cemetery, facing south JT940405. IDH/ps A- 1 1 April 24, 1 995
Exempted from Disclosure by Statute - Withheld Under 10 CFR 2.390(a)(3)
[ Disclosure by Statute ]
Exempted from
[ Exempted from Disclosure by
]
Statute Exempted from Disclosure by Plate 15. [ Statute ]facing southwest
[ Exempted from Disclosure by ]
Statute Exempted from Disclosure by Plate 16. [ Statute ] facing southeast JT940405 . 1 DH/ps A- 1 2 April 24 , 1 995