ML18043A959
| ML18043A959 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Palisades, Big Rock Point File:Consumers Energy icon.png |
| Issue date: | 05/31/1974 |
| From: | MICHIGAN, STATE OF |
| To: | |
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| References | |
| NUDOCS 7908210355 | |
| Download: ML18043A959 (49) | |
Text
(
MICHIGAN*.
second.edition Michigan Department of State Police EMERGENCY SERVICES DIVISION
. May, 1974 1 9 0 8 2 l 0 3 S'S""°..
~ ','
- ... ~
STATE OF MICttlGAN s
WILLIAM Q, Nll.Llltl!lt. -
DEPARTMENT OF STATE POLIC~
l1<l $. HAllRISON RO~ u.sT LANSaNO. MICHIGAN CSA3 COL..iDtlH R. n.ANlS. -
llAZAl!D ANALYSIS PROVIDES A BA.SR FOR J)ISASTRit REAOINES.S ACTIVITIES When faced with a diaaster, government bas a continuing responsibility to function.* llowever,. normal day-to-day procedures usually do not suffice as local off 1cials* are required to :Unplement extraordinary e111ergency *measures (luickly if loss. of life and property is to be kept to a minilllulll.
Timely and effective response requires such emergency mea$ures to be developed and agreed to before a disaster strikes~ *.
lt bas been proven repeatedly that preparedness planning prior* to a.
disaster saves more lives and property, than the emergency assistance provided after one strikes.
A hazard analysis of yout' cOU111unity is a foundation for effective preparedneae planning. A..are.ness of the vat'iety-. and frequency of disasters that are possible and the diverse effects and dSlllllges from each is re(luit'ed tO formulate regulations, plans, and. progr8JllS to reduce hazards and prepare.for disasters.
Such information for your cO!!lllunity can be ruttracted from this report *.
This report reflects a comprehensive study of the types of natural disasters that *have confronted areas of the state and, also, presents data on potential hazards related to various land uses and the environ-*
ment.
Records of the National Weather Serv.ice, U.S. *Ariny Corps or Engineers, and other State deps.rtJnents were u*ed as sources.for all data.presented.
Work on this report..as accomplished by Federal fund*
ing as* pa.rt of a contract between the Federal Defense Civil Preparedness*
Agency and the Qnergency Services l>ivision, Michigan Department of State Police.
We be~ieve tha~ this baza~ 11n~lt!is will p~-use~-
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Table of Contents NATURAL HAZARDS Tornadoes.
Flooding
- Shoreline.......
Ice and Sleet Storms
- Hailstorms **
Snow Storms **
Excessive Rains **
Forest Fires Earthquakes. *
- Lightning. *
- Drought..
- Windstorms Waterspouts. *. * * *
- Hurricanes
- IAND USE HAZARDS.
- Hazardous Indu'stries. * * * * * * *
- Gas Pipelines........
Oil Pipelines **
Airways.*
Railways Seaways.
Nuclear Power Pbnts * * *.
Nuclear Attack ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS Air Pollution Water Pollution **
1 4
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 25
- 26 26 26
'28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
¢~~
e Tornadoes Nationwide, more than 600 tomadoes strike each year, taking anywhere from 25 to several hundred lives and causing an average of $75 million in property loss.
Tornadoes are seldom more than a quarter mile wide and 16 miles long, but the largest have ranged from a mile wide to 300.miles long.
The worst tor-nado on record took 689 lives and the longest lasting took seven hours.
Tornadoes are local at*mospheric storms of relatively* short duration formed by winds rotating at very high speeds, usually in a counter-clockwise direction.
To an observer, these storms are visable as a whirlpool-like colunm of winds rotating about a hollow cavity in which centrifugal forces produce a partial vacuum in the center.
As condensation occurs aroµnd the vortex, a pale cylindri-cal cloud appears as the familiar and frightening tornado funnel.
As the storm moves along the ground, the outer ring of rotating winds become dark with dust and debris, which may eventually darken the entire funnel.* Tornadoes form several thousand feet above the earth's surface, usually during warm, humid,.
unsettled weather, and in conjunction with a squall line of severe thunderstorms.
They do their destructive work through the combined action of their strong rotary winds, flying debris, and the partial vacuum in the center~ As a tornado passes over a building, the winds twist and rip at the outside walls, while the reduced pressure in the tornado's eye causes explosive pressure difference between the inside and outside of the building.
Walls collapse or topple outward, windows explode, and the resulting debris is driven through.the air.as dangerous missiles.
According. to the National Weather Service, the first recorded tomado for Michi-gan struck down in the Ann Arbor - Detroit area on July 7,.1874.
Since then, 319. tornadoes have been tabulated' although several non-confinned sightings were reported.
In Michigan during the period 1874 to 1972, the month of June has had the greatest incidence of tornadoes and April has had the next highest.
On a national basis, the months of May and June are the months of greatest frequency in recent years* (1953-1969).
The MiChigan data is influenced sub-stant.ially by the Palm Sunday disasters on April ll, 1965 in which several tor-.
nadoes struck southern Michigan.causing 53 fatalities and $51,000,000 in damages.
The mo nth of June has produced the most fatalities.
bn June 5 and June 8, 1953, a series to.tornadoes killed 125 people in southeastern Michigan.
Overall, the months of April, May and June have had over 60% of the tomado occurrences, 55%
of the number of tornado days and 92% of the number of deaths caused by tornadoes.
In spite of the fact that over 35% of the tornadoes have occurred in*the months of July, August and September, the data indicates only six deaths as the result of tornadoes since 1874 and only one fatality in the last 20 years.
Only the month.of December has not produced a verified tornado and only one was recorded in the months of January and February.
Since 1950, Michigan has had an average of 10 tomadoes per year..
During the.
interval from 1953-1969; tornado incidence i~ Michigan was considerably less than the states to the. south and west.
However, in spite of the greater tornado
. incidence and higher threat rating of the states of Indiana, Ohio, and Iliinois, the State of Michigan recorded almost twice as many tornado deaths as any of the.
other three states.. From 1953-1969, or1ly the State of Texas recorded a higher number of fatahties as the result of* tornadoes. *Analysis of the Michigan tor-.
. nado occurrences indicate *. that appr~ximately 75%. have been located in the. south:=rn o~e-halfof. the lower peninsuia south* of a_ line extending from.Muskegon to Bay
- city.
The path of tornadoes iri MiChigan follow a general pattern of traveling northeaster1y from the point of formation.'
Tornadoes
.* 1874-1899 1900-1949
- 1950-1973 E9 0
- APPROXIMATE --.
. : PATH 0
5
- ~
i
RATING Threat Rating 15 Fatalities 11s 1
- AND TORNADO F'ATALITIES BY STATE 1953 -
1989 2
~
8
~
18 11311 THREAT RATING 10;10 TORNADOES PER 10.000 SQUARE MILES ANO 10 PEOPLE PER *sQUARUilLE 1 TORNADO PER 10,000 SQUARE MILES AND 100 PEOPLE PER SQUARE MILE
\\4
@1 Tornadoes can cause extensive damage.to almost any type of construct.ion.
How-ever, of particular interest to emergency service operations is the increasing demand for mobile homes and the potential problems which may be encountered in event of a tornado or windstorm.
A major effort is required to encourage mobile
- home owners to provide structural anchoring of units as a positive step toward
.eliminating potential disasters.
Many states now legally require mobile homes to be "tied down".
347
[@
0
[Ql 150
[1J 136
[QI 99 l.Qj In analyzing National Weather Service statistics, the increa.sed number of recorded tornado occurrenc~s gives the appearance that there has been a rapid increase. in the probability of. tornado incidents.
This impression, however,. primarily results from improved communications and a more effictent Weather Service*reporting system rather than from some changed physical phenomenon.
Increased population densities and urban growth create greater cha~ce of property damage a:.0.d deaths caused by tornadoes. *.Yet; since the National Weather Service initiated its tornado skywatch, the number of fatalities as the result of tornado.es has declined significantly.
Even though radar installations have contributed to *.an improved warning capa-.
bility, they do not replace visual observation for detailed information on a tornado's. direction, speed,* arid intensity.
. 6
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120 100 80
. 60
'40 20 Tornado. Incidence. In Michigan.. by. Month 1874 -
- 1972, 136 7
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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT, NOV DEC
Flooding Flooding of land adjoining the normal course of a stream.or river has been a natural occurrence since the.earliest of time.
However, what _makes a flood a disaster is man's occupancy of the flood plain. *The economic attractiveness of the level, fertile land of the flood plain has resulted in the development of flood-prone areas despite their potential for disaster.
Urban type develop-ment elsewhere has also increased the potential for floods by increasing water run-off as pervious soils are covered with impervious parking lots, streets, and rooftops.
On a national basis, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that between 1955 and 1969, flooding caused an average annual loss of 83 lives and over 1.5 billion dollars in property damage.
Flooding problems*
in Michigan have also caused considerable damage to urban and rural property throughout both the upper and lower peninsulas.
Most floods are seasonal and may be classified either as caused. by snow melt, flash floods.resulting from excessive rains, or a combination of these two.
Floods begin when soil and vegetation cannot absorb falling rain or melting snow, and when water runs off the land in such quantities that it cannot be Carried in normal stream channels.or retained in natural ponds and man-made reservoirs.
In the spring, the ground is often frozen so that rain and melting snow cannot be absorbed and the normal run.off is greatly increased.
Ice block-*
age on waterways can make a bad flood situation worse.*. In addition~ increased urbanization has often decreased the area of soil and. vegetation. which could
- absorb water and has increased pressure to develop land in the floodplains.
Because of increasing urban growth and population increases, the projections indicate that the damage caused by floods will increase.
The National Weather Bureau provides valuable research and informatiOn from its River Forecast Centers, which monitor meteorological and hydrologic conditions.
Forecasting. methods include studying the past history of streams, and measuring water flow~ topography, water quality and numerous other stream characteristics~.
District.offices. of the forecasting* service -are located in Grand Rapids and Lansing, both of which* maintain a network of observation* stations. *The U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources have also accumulated information and analysis of flooding histories and the extent of probable future floods for major rivers and streams.
The map on the next page depiCts Michigan's waterway.netWork and shows* major lakes, rivers, streams, and river.basins *. The area of a river basin is that surface.area-where water flbws into that particular river system due to natural gradient of the terrain.
A listing of major flood occurrences in Michigan is shown below~ From this listing, it can be noted that most large floods occurred
. in the southern portion of the lower penim1ula.;. also the.. area of most population.'
List of Major Flood Occurrences in Michigan River
- Lower River Rouge Clinton River & Paint.River
. Upper River Rouge Looking Glass River
- Grand* River Ontonagon Riv:er
- Red.Cedar.River..
-8 Date of April, 1947 April, 1947 April,. 1947 April, 1947 April, 1947 April~ 1963 March~ 1904 Flood and June, 1968 and June, 1968.
and March, 1904 and March, ;I.904 and August, 1942 and April, 1947 j
)
. Waterways
- And
- Drainage **Basins LAKES RIVERS,
.AND STREAMS
.. MAJOR RIVER BASINS.
NOTE:
, A RIVER BASIN IS AN AREA OF. LAND DRAINED. BY A.
RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES.
- et 9
- Shorelines Coastal flooding is currently a serious hazard*in many parts of the State.
In the early 1970' s, lake levels have risen and are approaching record highs,. be-cause of a greater than* average amount of precipitation and increased runoffs.
High lake levels result in problems during storms since differences in barometric pressure can create even higher water levels along coastal shores.
Strong on-shore storms. then may result in a ride up of waters resulting in levels seven to eight feet higher than normal.
This combination of barometric pressure and "tilt" caused by strong winds create what is called the storm set-up, or higher than normal water levels on. the windward side of the lake.
This phenomena. results in
- extensive flooding in very low-lying lanq areas adjacent to the lake and shore erosion caused by wave* action to other areas.
An extreme situation occurred on November 14, '1972 in Saginaw Bay when eight to twelve foot waves forced the evacuation of 15,000 persons.
The storm, which also extended across-the State of Ohio and. Lake Erie, caused washed out roads, breakwaters, and retaining walls, as
.well as extensive shore erosion.
Total damage in Michigan was over $7 million and damage in Ohio was over $22 million.
However, due to timely and effective warnings ~and* the eyacuation of many people from threatened areas', riot a single life was lost.
The Great Lakes act similar to a system of reservoirs, but* their size makes them unique.
When the n*et supply to one of. the lakes exceeds the outflow, its level.
rises.
When the net supply is le.ss than the outflow, its level falls.
The lake levels are now approaching record highs because the precipitation. (or supply) in*
recent years, over the total Great Lakes Basin exceeded the.basin averages.
This COritrast.S With lOW levels experienced in the early 1960 IS Which generally produced wide, sandy beaches and probably induced many to build too close to the edge of a bluff or too near the water resulting in some of today's damage problems.
The Great Lakes are not exempt from tidal waves.
On May 5, 1952, tidal waves struck the "Thumb"- area in _Lake Huron.and Traverse Bay causing damage to several*
cottages and houses, tossing boats far inland, and flooding buildings~. Fortunately, this is* the only reported occurrence of tidal. waves in Michigan; however, another
- phenomenon, called a: seiche, has been observed at least four times in the last.
decade.
A seiche is an oscillation of the surface of a: lake that varies in peri<;>d from a few minutes to several hours *. On June 30, 1968, a storm system moving over.
Lake Superior set a seiche in motion with water five to six feet higher than normal which resulted in minor damage in L '.Anse and Baraga.
The map. on the opposite page shows vari6us shoreline conditions which may result**
in either.flooding or erosion problems.
HoweveJ;", it should be noted that the
- risk of water damage can be reduced in several ways.
- For example,* development can be kept out of floodplains.and erodible areas through better land use planning and the application of zoning and conservation measures.* Also, erosion problems may be reduced by the construct:ion of revetments, seawalls, and beach accretion.
devices; Dikes can be.used to protect coastal areas and floodplains~.Dams and channelization can help protect existing* development along rivers and* s.treams..
. When other measures *fail, flood insurance may aid some; however, in order to. obtain federal 'nood fa*surance, local connnunid.es must; prepare _extensive floodplain an.alysis.
In addition, effective warning by the National Weather Service* can help avoid mariy personal injuries and damaged fac:Llities if time pe_rmits the erection
- of.protective works.
10
~ *..
~
/
- N Erod, Lo;.,
High Bluff Erod:
High Bluff N Ero Sand.Dun*
Shoreline Problem Areas High B1urr fil RECENT FLOODING PROBLEM
~ RECENT EROSION PROBLEM Notes*
HIGH IS 30 PEET OR HIGHER LOW IS LESS THAN 30 FEET HIGH
. EAOD Ill.ANS ERODIBLE
. N EROD MEANS NON-ERODIBLE.
High.sand High Sand Ouno High Bluff Erod High Sand Dune."5l!'2!:..-'"-'---
Erod Erod Pia In Blull Erod Erod Erod Low Plaln Low:*~ Bluff N Erod
- };::
Shoreline Problems The amount of ero*iVe Cnergy delivered to ttle buch dei>cnde on tht level of the lake aid the *Corm Ht*up or 1torm induced temporary rile in lake *tage.
During high lake' leveh, the typieal 1hore becomu a narrow un1table beach at the foot of
- steep bluff or dune:
Wave1 attack the toe of the bluff. undercutting it* face which fa118 oft the beach where wave* wa*h out the fine bluff material. When the natural beachu are 1ubm9'rged, *vavea act direct-ly on. th* highly erodible back.shore.
During a 1torm aec-up*, wind*
and barometric preHure cau*e.the lake surface to tilt, a* 1hown below, 'Jhich incrUH* th.e lake level oa tht vindvard 1ide of the lake*.
Higb precipicatioo in" recent yean have c~uHd t:h* lake levell to riH above this average.
The probable uximum Levell for the sum:ner of 1973 are given ln the tabulation.
nie higher take Levell resulting frocia storm Ht*upa and the greater amount of precipitation are also the aeme condition* which c&UH flooding prO~lecu along Michigan shorellnea.
Upland
' Beach or Shore 11 1973.
Maximum H_onthly
!hvation
. Sw=er)
February Low Water D.lltum LaltH Lake Kichipa-Lake
. Superior Huron St. Clair
.<Kid-601. 7 581.2 576.1 600,4 579.9 575.4.
600.0 576.8 571.7 Laite Laite Itri* Ontario 573.1 247.9 572.5 246.3 568.6 242.8 Storm Effects on Waler Levels
\\/IND*
Storm 'set*up Value S~urce: *United St*~ea Army Corp* of Eti1i~er1
~-
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Ice and e Sleet e
Storms Ice storms are sometimes incorrectly referred to as sleet storms.
Sleet can be easily identified as frozen rain drops (ice pellets) which bounce when hitting the ground or other objects.
Sleet does not stick to trees and wires; but sleet in sufficient depth does cause hazardous driving conditions.
On the other hand, ice storms coat the ground, trees, buildings, overhead wires, etc. with ice and can cause extensive damage.
When electric lines are down, inconvenience is felt in households and economic loss. is experienced by business and industry.
Heatl.ng systems, water pumps, sanita.tion systems, lighting, and machinery are particularly affected.
Since 1898, the National Weather Service has reported 87 sleet and ice storms with over 80% of these occurring during December, January, February, and March.
Sufficient warning, as in other hazards, can do much to reduce damage by permit-ting people.to prepare properly.
The Weather Bureau uses the terms "ice storin",
"freezing rain", and "freezing drizzle" to warn the public when.a.coating.of ice is expected on the ground and on other exposed surfaces.
The qualifying term "heavy" is used to indicate ice coating which, because of the extra weight of the ice, will cause significant damage to trees, overhead wires, and the like.
It has been estimated that an evergreen tree 50 feet high with an average width of 20 feet may be coated with as much*as five tons of ice during a heavy ice storm.
If such freezing rain or drizzle is accompanied by high winds, damage is increased significantly~
Ice can build up to a considerable thickness during ice storms.
For example, in Michigan, storms in 1918 and 1929 reported* a buildup of ice which was four inches thick and another irt 1948 which was three inches thick.
The storm of March 21-23, 1922, stripped many trees in the middle lower peninsula and caused over $1 million
- damage.
InMarch 13-14, 1972, over $4 million damage was caused by an ice storm in seven counties in*the south-central part of the lower peninsula.
Much of the*
- property damage resulted from the destruction of commercial fruit trees and damage*
to elec.tric arid. telephone utilities. This storm.also inconvenienced and injured.
inany people. In the storm of December. 27 and 28, 1968, which.covered an area from Holland and Grand Rapids eastward into the thumb area with the width of an ice belt varying frorri 30* to. 50 miles, many rural areas were without power for three days.
On March 3-4, 1970, more than 50,000 people in the eastern portion* of the upper peninsula were without electricity.
The extent of personal injury, which resulted from automobile accidents and persons slipping and falling on ice, was.
.. well illu.strated by the February 6*, 1956 storm which struck Detroit.
Five.hundred people were.injured and three deathsoccurred as a result of this storm.
Over85 per cent. of. ice:-storm deaths'. nationwide' are traffic related.
From the diagram on the following page, it can be seen that irt the period* 1898 through 1972, ei.ght storms struck the entire.state and 12 hit the lower peninsula.
The southern and ce~tral lower peninsula were hit 11 t.imes while just the southern lower peninsi:ila had 21 storms *.
- We would tend to expect the southern third of the lower peninsula to have more ice and sleet storms since what may be a freezing rain or sleet:. in southern Michigan is often snow in other parts of the State.
As might be expected; cities and towns in the southern part of the State have report-ed a higher portion of multiple occurrences of damage.
Grand Rapids has reported*
a &reater number of multiple occurrences than any other city in Michigan.
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AREA-WIDE STORMS.
- 3. DATA PERIOD: 1898-1972 I \\,.
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P.l
e Hailstorms Nationwide, hailstorms cause more dollar damage than any other winds.torm - more than $200 million annually.
Hail is atmospheric water particles from thunder-storms in the form of rounded or irregular lumps of ice called hailstones.
These stones, the size of a pea and frequently the s_ize of golfballs or grapefruit, form when below freezing water in thunderstorm clouds accumulate in laY-ers around an icy core. When strong underlying winds no longer can support the added weight, the hailstones fall earthward - battering crops, denting autos, and crashing through light weight roofs.
The National Weather Service began recording hailstorm activity in Michigan in 1967.
The following table shows the seasonal nature of hailstorms in the State:
Freguenc~ Distribution of Hailstorm Occurrence during 196 7 - 1972 (>eriod Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Tot Number 0
0 1
4 7
27 34 9
3 0
2 4
91
% of Total:
0%
0%
1%
4%
8%
30%
38%
10%
3%
0%
2%
4%
100 It should be.noted that 68% of the storms occurred during the months of June and July.
Next to these months, August had 10% of the storms and May 8%.
Because most hailstorms occur when they do, the damage to crops is often extensive.
In terms of travel patterns, most storms tend to move from the west toward the east.
On July 5, 1968, three hailstorms crossed.the central portion of the lower penin-sula causing extensive damage to crops.
In the first storm, which travelled from Shepherd to Marion Springs, one-half inch hailstones caused a complete crop.loss of 2 million dollars in 15 minutes *. The second storm crossed the path of the first when it went -from Edmore to north of Pleasant Valley and caused an additional 2 million dollar loss. After the second storm, hail was reported to reach a depth of 21 inches.
The third storm with golfball sized hail cut a two-mile wide path through crops from Yale to Avoca and resulted in a total crop damage in excess of $2.5 million.
The depths of hail from just this third storm were reported in drifts* of over 24 inches~
On this one day, crop damage was in excess of.$6. 5 million; however, the damage to cars, homes, and other personal property was not estimated and would have raised the total still more.
It is also important to
.note how quickly damages can mount, since in the first storm i.t took.only 15 minutes to do $2 million worth of damage.
The size of hailstorms should be noted *. During the five-year period from 1967 through 1972, the.re have been at least 15 reports of golfball sized stones, 2 re-.
ports of* tennis ball sized stones, and one report of palm sized stones.
Although no fatalities have been reported this period, hail stones have killed wild life.
In Fl int, 32 birds roost in:g in a tree were found dead on the lawn after* the
- storm.
'rhey also quickly cause drifts of° considerable thi_ckti.ess on the ground.
Drifts of 21 inches and 24 inche.s were observed in the occurrences of July 5, 1968.
In another case, golfball sized hail caused 15 inch depths near Battle Creek in a 15-rriinute period *. At Trout Creek, 12 inch depths resulted from a 10-minute storm.
Such. stones have broken w_indows, dented.cars, damaged power lines, riddled.airplanes, damaged_ roofs, dented.thetnetal siding on homes,and even popped the bark off i:rees.
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Hailstorms,
0 LOCAL ' HAILSTORMS '
\\ \\
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0 HAIL RESULTING FROM AREA-WIDE STORM AREA~WIDE STORMS NOTES:
- 1. STORM BOUNDARIES ARE GENERALIZED
- 2. NUMBER INDICATES MULTIPLE OCCURANCES
- 3. DATA PERIOD: 1967 - 1972
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Snow e
Storms As a result of being surrounded.by the Great Lakes, Michigan experiences large differences in snowfall and snow depths in relatively short distances.
As the map indicates, the annual mean accumulation varies from 30 to 170 inches of snow.
The highest accumulations are in the northern and western parts of the upper peninsula in Gogebic, Ontonagon, Houghton, Baraga, Marquette, and Alger counties.
Since winter storms tend to move from west to east, the western parts of the state usually have greater amounts of snow than the eastern parts.
As one might expect in the lower peninsula, the largest accumulations are in the northwest in Wexford, Grand Traverse, Kalkaska, Crawford, Antrim, Otsego, Enunet, Charlevoix, and Cheboygan counties.
Snowstorms are dangerous when huge amounts fall in a relatively short time, as sometimes happens near the lake shore in the form of "snow squalls".
When roads become impassable, these can incapacitate a town because needed supplies and emergency services cannot reach the area.
Snowstorms also greatly increase the number of highway accidents.
Blizzards have the potential to result in property damage and loss of life and just the cost of digging out c~n be enormous.
Blizzards are the most dramatic and perilous of all winter storms, characterized by low temperatures and by strong winds bearing large amounts of snow.* Most of the snow accompanying a blizzard is in the form of fine, powdery particles of snow which are wind blown in such great quantities that at times, visibility is only a few yards.
Past records from the National Weather Bureau show that snow storms caused 1-3/4 million dollars damage on Lake Huron in 1913.
Some other extreme occur-rences were:
in 1923, railroads were blocked for 14 days on account of severe blizzard activity near Grand Rapids; in 1955, a blizzard' covered most of the state, resulting in 6.7 million dollars damage; in 1938,' an area in the western upper peninsula recorded 36 inches of snow in 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />; and in 1963,. Muskegon had 82.6 inches of snow fall in one month.
Another form of winter storm. is a cold wave.
- A cold wave warning indicates an expected. rapid fall in temperature which will require substantially increased protective measures. to agricultura 1, industria 1, commercial, and social activi-ties.
A very strong wind combined with a temperature slightly belo~ freezing can have the same chilling effect as a temperature nearly 50"F. lower in a calm*
atmosphere.
A wind-chill factoi: has been developed which shows the combined effects 6f wind and temperature as equivalent calm-air temperatures.
In effect, the index describes the cooling ~ower of the air on expos~d flesh.
Th~ wind-chi 11 tab le provided be low shows this cooling power for various wind and.
temperature combinations.
16 Read right and down from calm air-line. For.
example, a calm.
air temperature of zero degrees Fahrenheit(O.F) has an equiva-.
lent cooling effect of minus 4o*r at a wind
.speed of 20 miles per hour*
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Snow Accumulations
~
.,_, - AVERAGE ANNUAL. SNOWFALL.
IN INCHES DATA PERIOD: 1940-1969 17
e Excessive Rains According to the National Weather S~rvice, most of the serious floods in Michigan were caused by excessive amounts of rain which river and storm sewer systems could not handle.
Extreme flooding was caused by more than 9 inches of rainfall in 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> on September 1, 1914 and by more than 5 inches in less than 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> on July 19, 1967.
In the Grand River basin, Grand Rapids and other towns have incurred serious flood damage many times in the past.
Detroit has suffered numerous fl~oded freeways and basements from excess rains.
Damages from excess rains have been expensive.
There were 1,200 acres of carrots and 100 acres of onions destroyed in 1972 at a loss exceeding 2 million dollars.
In Baraga County in 1968, 3-4 inches of*rain caused losses amounting to 1.5 million dollars.
In July of 1967, flood waters in Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties caused over 10 million dollars damage.
The accompanying map shows rainstorms resulting in excessive rains for the period 1897 through 1972.
Rainstorms are abstracted and grouped by area of the state to show area-wide occurrances.
It can be seen that most occurrences are in the southern and central portion of the lower peninsula.
This is proha-b ly partly due to the increased urbanization which destroys.much of the ground cover and, as a result, the rains are not absorbed into the soil.
For example, most of the flooding in.the Detroit area is of a fairly recent origin and is probably largely due to an increasing amount of concrete, buildings, and other materials which are impervious and result in increased run-off.
Other cities in the southern lower peninsula with serious flooding problems are Grand Rapids and Lansing, both of which have low areas on rivers and have a long history of.
. flooding. *. More serious is the fact that both* Pontiac and Flint have been.
affected by excess rains since 1955 especially in the last few years.
Increas-ing urbanization may also result in flooding from excess.rains as a result of
- development pressures forcing low areas and flood plains into inappropriate
- land uses.
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PRECIPITATION
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HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
. 18.
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- Excessive Rains.
0 DAMAGE FROM LOCAL STORMS 0 DAMAGE FROM. AREA-WIDE STORMS
- AREA-WIDE STORMS NOTES:
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Fore*st.
e Fires*
As reported by the former Michigan Department of Conservation (now Department of Natural Resources), only a few states have experienced forest fires more numerous or more destructive than Michigan.
Since the beginning of active settlement of the state, forest fires have resulted in the destruction of billions of feet of standing timber, incalculable damage to property and the loss of many lives. More than 10 million acres of land have been kept unpro-ductive for over t:Wo generations.
Based on uno.fficial and fragmentary reports, almost 5 million acres were burned between 1871 and 1908. Officially, over 3 million acres of forests were destroyed between 1911 and 1925 and about 2 million during the period of 1925-1949.
From 1950 to 1971, there have been reported to the Forest Fire Division, Michigan De-partment of Natural Resources, 23,296 forest fires destroying a total of 169,882 acres of timber.
The number of forest fires per year (just 1,500 between 1939-1948; about 1,060 between 1950-1971) and acreage burned per year (over 500,000 between 1910-1~25; over 25,000 between 1939-1948; about 7,700 between 1950-1972) have decreased in recent years.
However, even though the number and extent of fires have diminished, the potential danger to property and life has not.
Due to increased urbanization of Michigan and extensive recreational areas and facilities, the possibility of disasterous fires, in terms of cost and life, is even more eminent.
As shown on the following map, since 1950, the majority of forest fires have occurred in those areas most accessible to and used by most of the citizens of the State.
The map depicts only those forest fires on state owned land, those on lands protected by the U.S. Forest Service are shown in the following table:
Forest Fires on Lands Protected bI the U.S. Forest Service No. of Acres Acres
% of Protected Year Fires Burned Protected Area Burned 1950 114
'*650 2,600,000 0.02 1951 86 377 2,600,000 0.01 1952 232 1,073 2,600,000 0.04 1953 198 1,342 2,600,000 0.05 1954 139 234 2,600,000 0.00
. 1955 180 702 3, 100,000.
0.02 1956 77 131 3,100,000 0.00 1957.
140.
1, 735 3;100,000 o.os 195.8 164 813 3,100,000 0.02 1959
- 101
.321 3,100,000 0.01 1960
. 75 438 3,500,000
. 0.01.
1961 156 815 3,500,000 0.02 1962 135 405 3,500,000 0.01 1963 200.
.790 3,500,000 0.02 1964
. 212 945 3,500,000 0.02 1965 139 479 3,800,000' 0.01 1966 266.
850 3,800,000
- 0.02 1968 183 1,549 4,160,000 0.04 1969 129 587 4' 160, o.oo 0.01
- .1970 238 1,092
.*. 4, 260,000
.. 0.02 1971 205.**
384
. 4,260,000 0.00 20
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. Forest Fires 100_-. 299 ACRES 0 1950-59 (J -1960""!"69...
.
- 1970-71 300 OR MORE ACRES 0 1950-59
() 1960-69...
1970-71..
21 I
.(
EarthquaRes The State of Michigan is not located in an area subject to major earthquake hazards.
Although there are fault lines in the bedrock of Michigan, these were formed many years ago and are now considered relatively stable.
Due to the thick glacial drift, the fault lines in the lower peninsula have remained largely undiscovered.
More fault lines have been discovered in the upper peninsula; however, this mapping is largely incomplete.
It should be noted that a fault is a fracture in the earth's crust accompanied by a displacement of one side of the fracture with respect to the other.
According to the seismic probability map prepared by the Coast and Geodetic Survey, Michigan is classified in Zone 1, an area in which there is low proba-bility of earthquake occurrences; however, the. area may be affected by distant earthquakes and some damage may be experienced.
A Zone 1 classification indi-cates that the State of Michigan may experience earthquake.intensities of from I to VI on. the Modified Mercalli Scale.
Earthquake damage potential is rated on a scale from I to XII of_ probable levels of destruction.
The highest number rating corresponds to extensive structural damage.
While the majority of occur-rences will most likely be slight movement creating a momentary uncomfortable sensation (Intensities I*III), earthquakes have been reported in Michigan which have resulted in cracked plaster, broken dishes, and damaged chimneys.
SEISMIC RISK MAP i*"J;,£ 0 - !'l?.CJ.<mi.::ge.
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- oerioas ~<eater.than I 0 s?.<.onas: corre!>DOncl'5 10 1nter.s1!1es V and VI.
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- 2':Jr~( 2 - ModeratE-carr.a5e corresoond; to 1ntens1ty VII of the M M
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Land Faults KNOWN FAULT INFERRED FAULT NOTES:
- 1. MICHIGAN FAULTS ARE CONSIDERED STABLE
- 2. FAULT LOCATIONS ARE APPROXIMATE
- 3. GLACIAL DRIFT HAS HINDERED DISCOVERY OF FAULTS IN LOWER PENINSULA
- 4. MAPPING OF FAULTS IN UPPER PENINSULA
-1S INCOMPLETE A
BEDROCK CROSS SECTION OF THE UPPER PENINSULA 8EDROCX csoss SECTION OF THE :...owER ?EN!~ISULA
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. 23
DAMAGING EARTHQUAKES IN THE UNITED STATES. THROUGH 1988
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- I ntenoity V If. VIII
- lntenoily V 111-IX
. ~ Intensity IX-X Intensity X-Xll Since 1884, there have been a total of twenty earthquake related disturbances in Michigan. Most of* these were not severe and.produced only slight tremors.
According to the National Weather Service, the most noteworthy tremor occurred.
on February 28; 1925 in the-Detroit area.
The United States. Earthquake. Swmnary*
published by the National Oceanic Survey reported intensities. of I-IV were recorded in 1968 in the following Michigan cities: Allegan, Douglas~.Flint, Grand Rapids, Hillsdale, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Muskegon, Ann Arbor, Battle Creek,
Dearborn.,
Detroit, Lansing, and several other smaller cities. Historical occur-rences of earthquake tremors in Michigan are listed below:
i899:
1905:..
1906:
1922:
1925:
1935:
i937:
1944:
1968:
Earthquake felt at Mount Clemens creating crack in earth *
- about*~ inch wide.
Calumet and Houghton*
Earthquake shook Grand Rapids A decided earthquake shock at Port Huron Earthquake - Most pronounced *in Michigan since 1800's Detroit area~
Tremor resulting in broken.windows - Detroit area
.Slight earthquake in southern Michigan -:-*no serious damage.
Earth tremors. felt in many parts of the state.
- Intensities of I-IV were.recorded in many lower. peninsula cities
.In summary, the State of Michigan has little probability of being the. focus of
. earthquake activity.
The nearest severe d~mage zones occur in. Southern.Illinois;
- .and southwest Indiana c;i.nd also in the upstate Ne.w York area as shown on the Seismic Risk Map.
Earthquakes in these areas may create damage in Michigan~
.Building codes must be planned to allev.iate potenti.al hazards of.unstable masonry, cornice work, and ~failure to desigri *for flexibility in* construction
- 24'
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I I
I
Lightning Lightning is a serious hazard which causes costly damage and kills or injures many people each year. According to data assembled by the National Center
- for Health Statistics, lightning kills about 150 persons each year and injures about 250.
Lightning damages structures, livestock, and disrupts electro-magnetic transmissions, creating an estimated financial loss of $100 million per year. It is not coaunonly known that nationwide, the average annual death toll for lightning is.greater than for tornadoes and hurricanes.
Although there is no completely developed theory of thunderstorm electrifi-cation; scientists at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric ~dministration are creating a greater understanding of the nature of lightning.
Lightning occurs when the differences in the ground and atmospheric electrical charges are large enough to overcome the insulating affect of air. Lightning can have a potential electrical power equivalent to 100 million volts.
As lightning flows from a negative to a positive charge, it can be observed extending from cloud to cloud, cloud to ground*, or from ground to cloud.
In the State of Michigan, storm data prepared by the National Weather Service indicates approximately 180 deaths have resulted from lightning since 1897.
Over fifty per~ent of the fatalities.occurred in the.months of June and July and another twenty-eight percent of the deaths occurred in May and August.
Since 1965, Michigan has averaged three deaths each year as the result of lightning. *The greatest incidents of lightning fatalities in Michigan occurred in 1900, 1901, and 1902 with a total of 49 casualities.
With greater public awareness of the hazards of thunderstorms and lightning, loss of life can be reduced.
Following the simple, sensible safety rules as published by NOAA and the National Weather Service cari lead to a reduction of the tragic consequences of a natural and inevitable phenomenoni:.*
\\f Drought According to the National Weather Service, there have been 68 reports of drought conditions in Michigan since 1897.
Drought conditions vary from be-low.normal precipitation for. a month up. to.less than 25% of normal precipi-
. tation over 2-3 month periods.
Droughts have occurred throughout Michigan but.
are most notable in the southern half of the lower peninsula where there is ex.tensive farming to be affected.
Droughts have occurred in* every month of the year but are most predominant during June, July, and August *
. *. 25
Windstorms Data on file at the National Weather Service indicate that over 760 windstonns have occurred in Michigan since 1897, with 436 of these occurring after 1950.
Therefore, since 1950, there has been an average of over 36 per year.
In ex-cess of 40% _of all the windstorms have occurred during the months of June, July, and August.
Windstorms frequently occur in conjunction with other weather con-ditions such as snow, rain, thunderstorms, and lightning.
These stonns almost always have wind velocities in excess of 55 mph and frequently with gusts in excess of 74 mph, which is of hurricane proportion.
Windstorms have caused over 45 deaths since 1950, with most of these being the result of trees blown down on top of cars or small boats overturniilg and drowning passengers. Further, windstorms result iO injuries and much damage every year, particularly store window breakage.
Windstorm damage to trailers and mobile homes has instigated a major national effort to encourage the structural anchoring or "tiedown" of mobile homes *
. Waterspouts A waterspout is a funnel cloud which forms over a body of water, then touches.
the water.
The fu~el is formed of moisture and spray while over water.
If the waterspout moves on:to land, it picks up dust and debris.
Waterspouts do not have the intensity or velocity of tornadoes and in most cases, there is usually no damage or very minor damage.
Hurricanes No hurricanes have been reported in the State of Michigan.
However, on' September.
. D-14, '1961, the Naticinal W~ather Service reported that hurricane. "Ca,rl~" re-sulted. in heavy rains in Michigan.
A was.hed out dam in Traverse c'~ty, the' result of eight. inches of precipitation in 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br />' caused floodingand heavy,damage~.*
'l..
Hazardous Industries The map on the following page shows the location of major manufacturers of potential hazardous materials (explosive materials, chemicals, or fuel processing) and the location of oil and gas wells with high hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) levels.
It should be noted that petroleum refineries, storage areas, and terminals are also potential sources of hydrogen sulfide gas.
Since almost all manufacturers use some sort of potentially dangerous chemical, the data is largely restricted to larger manufacturing industries which are directly involved in the manufacture of hazardous materials.
Industries with less than ten employees are not included. It should be noted that most of the facilities shown are concentrated in the more urbanized areas of the State.
As mentioned, the map indicates fields of oil and gas wells that are considered either dangerous or potentially dangerous.
In some cases, the symbol may repre-sent only a single well while in other cases, it may indicate the presence of as many as 69 wells.
Although all the wells shown are potentially dangerous~
those that have high reservoir pressure are especially dangerous.
The hydrogen sulfide is not limited to natural gas and crude oil wells, but may also be en~
countered around oil refineries, and petroleum storage and transportation facilities.
Low altitude temperature inversions, little wind movement, and the presence of fog and air pollution can prevent normal mixing and dispersion of the gas. and greatly increase the danger.
In addition to the* possible hydrogen sulfide hazard, there is a definate probability of a sulfur dioxide hazard around refineries where petroleum with high sulfur is being processed..
In *such cases, a very definite sulfuric acid haze may be present in the community.
Hydrogen sulfide is deadly.
At 700 PPM, as little as one breath can kill. Although hydrogen. sulfide can be detected by a "rotten egg" odor in concentrations from
.13 PPM to 150 PPM, larger concentrations paralyze the olfactory nerves so that odor is. no longer an indicator of the hazard.
Within humans,* small concentrat_ions can cause a high frequency of cough, nausea, severe headaches, vertigo, and uncon-sciousness.
If these effects were not enough, hydrogen sulfide forms explosive mixtures with air at temperatures of-SOO'F or above and is dangerously re.active with powerful oxidizing materials.
There are several thousand chemicals and explosive materials in daily industrial.
use that can cause a local emergency.affecting a substantial number of people.
These e.ffects incl.ude.tnassive.contamination of a cornmunity, explosions, and major fires.. The likelihood of a community suffering a major disaster caused by a chemical accident, explosion, or fire _has greatly increased because of the increase.
in everyday use of chemicals by al.1 segments of our population as well as the move-ment of chemicals and explosive materials by all-types of transportation.
Since not all cotrnnunlties have the same exposure nor the same resource to handle such emergencies, individual plans should be developed based on the.types of problems each might.have to face, including agreements on giving and receiving mutual aid.
Procedures.should also be deveioped for special operations, such as rescue and evacuation.
On a long-term basis, community.zoning regulatiOris can be used to provide su_itcib le open' un.occupied, "buffer" areas around hazardous land uses.
~..
28
... /
Industrial. Facilities With Hazardous Potential a
INDUSTRIAL GASES PETROLEUM REFINING ALKALIES AND C~LORINE
'V LUBRICATING OILS AND GREASES 0
PAINTS, VARNISHES, LACQUERS, ENAMELS, AND ALLIED PRODUCTS 0
FUEL STORAGE OR TERMINAL OTHER CHEMICALS WELLS WITH HIGH H2S LEVELS 29
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Gas e
Pipelines The State's major natural gas storage facilities and.gas fields are located in the central portion of the lower peninsula and include Missaukee, Osceola, Clare, Newaygo, Mecosta, Isabella, and Montcalm counties.
Natural gas is also piped into these storage fields from the southwestern portion of the United States via large underground pipelines leading from the Chicago area through southwestern Michigan.
The major compressor stations which receive and distribute natural gas are located at Austin Field in Mecosta County (just southeast of Big Rapids),
Loreed Field in* Osceola County (north of Reed City), Wintergreen Field in Clare County (northwest of Harrison), and the Fat'Well Station in the Lincoln-Freeman Field in Clare County (northwest of Clare).
From these.major storage facilities, natural gas is redistributed 'throughout the state by several large pipelines over two feet in diameter.
Most of these lines are used in serving the Flint, Port Huron, and Detroit areas *
. Hazards such as fire. or* explosions read.ily come to mi.rid when one thinks of natural gas facilities) and natural gas seeps are not unknown in Michigan.
Seeps are generally associated with the truncated edges of oil and gas bearing forma-tions which underlie the. glacial drift material, but in some cases may originate.
from decayed vegetation buried in the drift.
Hydrogen sulfide, a poisonous gas may emanate in. very, small quantities.
The danger of hydrogen sulfide may also be encountered in drilling for oil and gas or wherever oil and gas that has a high sulfur.content*is stored, transferred, or processed.* Hydrogen sulfide*
hazards are discussed in greater detail under the section entitled "Industries with Hazardous Potential".
The drilling for oil or gas* wells may result in another*type of hazard* as demonstrated in: April, 1973 by*the Williamsburg incident. in Grand.Traverse County.
Gas pressure from an improperly sea*led well forced gas through porous formations to the surface causing craters of bubbling muddy.water.
Fortunately, there were no human casualties or injuries, but some physical damage occurred to. buildings as foundations settled*.
There was also considerable damage* to
.water and sewage systems by hydrocarbons and environmental damage con,sisting of loss of vegetat.ion and small trees, siltation of streams, and.possible distruc-tion of bottom-dwelling organisms.
On December 9, 1973, a small gas explosion
- occurredin the Williamsburg area.
In another instance, on November 28, 1968 in Calhoun County, a. well was drilled with the drillers making a misjudgement concerning. the amount of pressure involved and losing control.*.. Vast amounts*
of gas and oil escaped.
The natural gas escaped through the porous ground formations and caused several holes and geysers near Marshall.
One house was demolished by explosion, although the fa,mily was fortunately out of state at the time.
Some of the gushers shot as high* as 20 feet in the air~
Such situ-ations may happen again as the amount of drilling is increased.
- 30.
- ~ -..
- Gas *
- Plpellne Storage & Distribution PIPLINES 4-11" DIA.
12-23" DIA.
23-36" DIA..
c COMPRESSOR STATION
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PRODUCTS EXTRACTION PLANT 0. STORAGE FIELD 6t PRODUCING GAS FIELD OIL FIELD GAS PROD.UCTION.
MUNICIPALITIES
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31
e Oil*.* Pipelines The map on the following page shows the location of oil pipelines, oil fields, refineries, terminals, and storage fields within the State of Michigan.
The majority of the State's oil fields are located in the central counties which include Mason, Oceana, Montcalm, Newaygo, Lake, Osceola, Is~bella, Midland, Gladwin, Arenac, Ogemaw, Rosconmon, and Crawford counties.
Due to the energy crisis, drilling operations are likely to expand not orily within these counties, but into others and perhaps even into the Great Lakes. It should be noted that many of the refineries, terminals, and storage areas are located in urban areas.
The largest concentration of these facilities is in the Detroit metropolitan area.
One should also note. the large concentration of pipelines between Detroit and Toledo.
There are several jet fuel pipelines which service military air bases in more remote parts of the state.
While it is true that the petroleum industry has historically had a fine safety record, the threat of fires, expll)sions, ruptures, and spills nevertheless exists.
In addition to these hazards, there is the danger of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide.
These dangers can be* found around petroleum wells, pipeline terminals, storage facilities, and transportation facilities where the petroleum,
is high in sulfur content*
Hydrogen sulfide is not only an extremely poisonous gas, but is also explosive when mixed with air* at temperatures of 500°F or above.
The events in Williamsburg during April of 1973, *which are discussed under "Gas Pipelines and Storage" in greater detail,. points up the hazards of drilling for either gas or oil. The eruption of natural gas in Grand Traverse County resulted
-..)
in the evacuation of Williamsburg, muddied streams and Grand Traverse Bay, and caused.damage to the.foundations of buildings.
Although there was the danger of an explosion at this time, one did not occur until December, 1973 when there was a small gas explosion in the area.
The Williamsburg crisis was due to the escape of natural gas from*improperly sealed wells through porous formatiOns.
The danger of other such events may. occur from older we.Us which have been improperly* sealed.
Additional dangers*may come from.a blowout or even h;i..tting traces of naturally
. occurring hydrogen* sulfide gas.
We may conclude that since.drilling for gas and oil may involve property damage*
and even the loss of human life, as well as environmental and ecological_ damage,
.great care must be taken in the monitoring of such activity.
TYPICAL.* MOVEMENTS OF OIL FROM WELL.*
WELL CRUDE CRUDE S.TORAGE
- PIPELINE, STORAGE REFINERY.
TERMINAL TANKER,.
AT (PRO~ESSING)
(BULK)
OR BARGE REFINERY
~ov~*MENTS USUALLY.
.. BY PIPELINE WELL.
- 32.
WELL. TO CUSTOMER PRODUCT PRODUCT STORAGE
- PIPELINE, STORAGE AT
- TANKER, TERMINAL
- REFINERY OR BARGE (BULK)
..~..
SERVICE STATION MILITARY INDUSTRY EXPORT AIRPORT.
.. BULK PLANT i*
. 011. Pipelines.
CRUDE OIL
. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
- JET FUEL
_, OIL FIELD REFINERY e TERMINAL
- STORAGE 33
~.. ~-
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Airways Major airports and airways are shown on the map on the following page.
The map distinguishes major* high altitude commercial routes from major low altitude commercial routes.
The map portrays the great number of low altitude airways that cover.the southern part of the State. Although most of the major airlines stop in the State, commercial air travel within the State is largely provided by North Central Airlines.
The map also shows major airports providing com-mercial passenger service and Air Force and Air National Guard Bases. It might be noted that, in most instances, airways do not go over airports themselves, but over major OMNI stations Which provide direction signals.
An airplane pilot wishing to land first gets his bearings from the O~I station before heading towards the airport.
Due to the lack of State data on air accidents, the information below comes from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
In 1972, the general aviation accident rate per i00,000 aircraft hours flown was 15.5 and the corresponding fatality rate of 2.48 was less than in any previous year except 1970..
Three recurring types of accidents are identified; the weather-related approach and landing accidents, midair collisions, and general aviation stallspin accidents.
Over the five year period from 1967 through 1971, weather-related approach and
- landing accidents accounted for 17% of all fatal air carrier accidents and 26%
of all passenger fatalities. Midair collision accidents involve general aviation aircraft.in 98% of such cases.
General aviation aircraft are non-commercial and non-military aircraft.
Some reoccurring characteristics of the midair collision accident are that most involved "pleasure" trips without flight plans, were at or near a "no-tower, uncontrolled" airport, were below 100 feet, and occurred in.
visual rule weather during daylight hours on weekends.
The stall-spin type of accident has historically caused more fatalities and injuries than any*other type of air accident.
-~ -- -- __ ~O.Q'.__M~LI~ __
- -)!..:too.'.MSL __..
- .* VFR (Visual Flight HEMISPHERIC RULE BELOW 18,000 1 MSL (Mean
- MAGNETIC. COURSE (.
4,!500° MSL
)o 13,500° MSL
~
11,500' MSL
~
7,500° MSL 3.500' MS~
. Wh.en Uying at al). a~titude. greate~ than 3,000 ft. above grou~d
- . level, VFR traffic ts. segregated into Eastbound and. West5ound l*yer, in ac¢otd~nce witfi.t~e He~i,gheric~Rule~ This s~~rega~
ti.on ts one means of collision avoiaance.
.. ***'. 34
I I
- . Major Airports And Airways MAJOR LOW ALTITUDE COMMERCIAL ROUTE.
-.,- MAJOR HIGH ALTITUDE COMMERCIAL ROUTE
~ MAJOR AIRPORT PROVIDING COMMERCIAL PASSENGER SERVICE.
£ AIR FORCE BASE U MAJOR OMNI STATIONS
'\\*'
35
- Railways Based on a compilation by the Railroad Division of the Michigan Public Service Commission, there are twenty-five (25) railways with 6713.69 miles of track in Michigan.
Of these, only 14 have over 50 miles of track (shown on the follow-ing map) for a combined total of 6525.13.
This accounts for 97% of all the trackage in the state.
The other 11 railways have a total of only 188.56 miles of track.
The two major railways operating in Michigan are the Chesapeake & Ohio Railways (1463.68 miles) and the New York Central Railways (1410.97 miles).
Although railways are required by State Law to report all accidents, the Railroad Division does not always receive such information.
The following accident statis-.
tics forthe years 1965 through 1971 are therefore not totally accurate.
- However, this data does provide general information on the types of accidents and damage for the reporting lines.
Derail-Collis-Train Yard Cost for Railroad ment sion*
Service Service Damase Track EguiE*
Ann Arbor 34 7
105 36 84,409 507,990 C&O 273 128 517 698 607,731 2,376,295 C&NW 45 4*
47 25 164,446 139 '927 C.M. St.P&P 9
3 15 3
36,282 65,851 Copper Range 1
0 1
1 (not* reported)
Delray Connecting 0
1 2
9 496 2,618 D&M 6
0
. 27.*
26 12,886
. 96,872 D&TSL ll 1
39 5
29,226 65,608 Detroit Terminal 0
0 33 1.81 1,629.
DT & I 86 40 128 293 104,037 230,573 E & LS 0
0 0
0 (not reported)
Grand Trunk 243 180 862 1, 236 932~887 3,588,445 LS & I ll 3
29 58 31,157 150,457 Penn* CentraL 244 128 549 735 766,706 4,481,979 PH* & D
- 3 0
ll 2
4,000 7,050 '
N & W 30 19 40 176. 179,726 425,373 Soo Line
. 27 4
82 40 350,762 279 *. 256 UB of D 8
5 42 112 4,432.
17,987 Wyandotte Terminal 0
2 2
10 5,500 Wyandotte Southern
- 0.
0 0
5 Ft. st: Depot 0
0 0
7 TOTAL.*
1,031 525 2,531 3,568 3,309,183.
12,443',410 36
)
Railways.
CHESAPEAKE & OHIO 1463
-- NEW YORK CENTRAL 1410
-- GRAND TRUNK WESTERN 834
--. SOO LINE 655 PENNSYLVANIA 4 79
--_,.... CHICAGO & NORTH WESTERN 467 ANN ARBOR 287
--- DETROIT & MACKINAC 232
--- CHICAGO.MILWAUKEE,ST.PAUL,PACIF'IC 183 r--;--r-+.L. *,,,...
--- LAKE SUPERIOR & ISHPEMING 134
- --;.... NORFOLK & WESTERN 119.
--- DETROIT,TOLEDO,&IRONTON 117
--- COPPER RANGE 70 ESCANABA & LAKE SUPERIOR. 66
.NOTE:
MAJOR RAILROADS & MAIN TRACK LENGTH IN MILES MICHIGAN INSET "A"*
. 37
Seaways Major commercial shipping lanes on the Great Lakes surrounding Michigan are shown on the map along.with harbors where hazardous.materials are handled.
Almost all harbors indicated, handle some sort of petroleum product, such as gasoline, distillate fuel oil, jet fuel, kerosene., residential fuel oil, lubri-cating oilS, greases, or liquid gases. *Larger port cities such as Detroit, Saginaw, Frankfort, Muskegon, and Toledo not only carry the full range of.
petroleum products, but also handle various chemicals, fertilizers,.paints, and other products that could be hazardous.
Of particular interest is the movement of radioactive materials and wastes from Detroit (400 tons were moved in 1971).
Other radioactive materials were transported through the Detroit River, Lake St.Clair, the St. Clair River, Lake Huron, and Greys Reef Passage.to Lake Michigan.
Other than on the rivers which connect the Great Lakes (such* as the St.Mary's River; the St. Clair River, and the Detroit River) inland rivers do not carry hazardous material for any great distances with the exception of* the Saginaw River to Saginaw.
Commercial traffic* is usually limited to just the harbor areas and one or two miles on the Menominee River, Lake Betsie, Pere Marquette Lake, Lake Muskegon, the Grand River, the St.Joseph River, the Black River, and the River Rouge.
The only other iniand Michigan waterway of signifi-cance where hazardous materials are transported is the Keweenaw Waterway which*
tncludes the Portage River, Torch Lake, and Portage Lake.
In 1973, i::here were 187 marine accidents on the Great Lakes consisting of 89 collisions, 45 groundings, 7 sinkings, and 2 fires *. Nine deaths and 56 injuries resulted from accidental causes.
It might be noted that 208,846,250 short tons of freight ot United States traffic were.carried on the Great Lakes during 1971.
Of this traffic, 130,770,090 tons were carried on Lake Huron, closely followed by 129,884,925 tons on Lake Erie, and 121,274,784 tons on Lake Michigan. Most of the Great Lakes harbors are closed from December to *late March due to ice.
Water accidents represent one of the greatest yearly ha.zards to human* life within the State.
In 1972, there were 607 water accidents reported by law enforcement agencies resulting in 278 deaths and 216 injuries. Most of the non-boating accidents occurred while people were swimming or wading in the water followed by people playing near the water.
Of the 215 non-boating accidents, 15% occurred in swimming pools and 14% in the. Great* Lakes, while the rest happened in Michigan's inland water systems of lakes, rivers, streams, ponds*, canals, etc.
Of these non:-boating accidents, 202 people were killed and 34 were injured in 1972.
There are also a large.number of recreational boating accidents as might be expected from the fact that there are more boats registered in.Michigan than any other state. *Of a.total of 535,106 boats registered in Michigan, 77,783 were registered in Wayne. County, 46,284 in Oakland County, 28,252 in Mac0mb County, 28,144 in Kent County~ and 27,841 in Genesee County.
Of a total of 392 boating accidents in Michigan in 1972,
- 167 occurred on inland lakes, 146 ori the Great Lakes, and.68 on connections to the Great Lakes.
Of the 392 accidents, 151 were the result of operator negli-gence, 42 from unsafe craft, 34from reckless operation, and 34 from passenger negligence.. Recreational boatirig accidents killed 7.6 people, injured 182 people,* arid did at least $515,100.property damage during 1972.
..38..
Seaways COMMERCIAL SHIPPING LANES FERRY LANES HARBORS HANDLING HAZARDOUS MATERIALS o
OTHER. HARBORS ILLINOIS
~-----~-----; _l__ ___ T ____ _
t------:-------:---
+------ ~ 1--------r------ --~-------: ~--------
---r-"---:---'--T--*---i
r* ------~----- ---~ -*----**i* ----- -~1 i
i i
... ';:rr:;:*' :*'*:l,-'71 r o---*-~ i_ __ i_ --~ -- -.- - __ i_ __ :_ --.. ~ --:-** L-.. \\
- i 1
.......... --------:---*-*--r**'**--*-:--'------*-;--*--
[--------:-------1--------T-*--
- ----.!..------!-. -. -*..:.t-------~-
OHIO 39
Nuclear e
Power e
Plants The primary.considerations to local governments regarding radiological accidents or incidents is developing a capability ror measuring radiation levels and pro-viding decontamination services.
Harmful levels can only be determined by the use of radiation measuring instruments.
Although simple in operation, some specialized training is required.
Local governments that either have nuclear.
power plants located nearby or are located on routes used for transportation of radioactive materials should develop this capability' to assure inunediate response to an accident or incident.
There are several different types of nuclear facilities in Michigan.
Commercial*
n.uclear power plants either under construction or operational are.as foilows :'
- 1.
Big Rock Point Nuclear Power Plant, Charlev!)iX (Fully operational)
- 2.
Palisades Nuclear Power Plant, South Haven (Being tested, not yet fully operational)
- 3.
Donald C *. Cook Nuclear Power Plant, Bridgman (Presently under construction)
- 4.
Midland Nuclear Power Plant, Midland (Presently under construction)
- 5.
Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant, Monroe (The original plant is presently being decommissioned and is.to *he razed.* However, the construction of a new power plant on the same site is under way)
. In addition, the following commercial nuclear power plants have been proposed, bui: are ~ot yet under construction~
- l. Quanicassee Nuclear Power Plant, Quanicassee
- 2.
Greenwood* Nuclear Power Plant, Avoca *.
Other nuclear facilities in the State include:
(1) Dow Chemical's Triga Reactor, Midland, (2) Michigan State University's Cyclotron and Reactor, East Lansing, (3) Michigan Technological University's Graphite Moderator Nuclear Reactor, Houghton, and. (4) University of Michigan's Cyclotron and Reactor, Ann Arbor.
These nuclear* facilities are not usually a cause for alarm; however; several types of hazards are possible.
If the cooling system fails and the redundant system should prove inadequate, or also fails', the immense heat could melt through the core ~nd intense radiation. could affect a large.area.
- However, the probability of* this type of accident is remote.
Greater concern should
~e given to the large number of shipments of nuclear materials through the State and the possibility of an accident.
Most radioactive wastes from com-mercial plci.nts are shipped by highway, with some* going by *rail.
The accompany-ing map.shows.the i;nost often used highway and railroad routes..
- Th.e majority of shipments involves* transportation of radioactive wastes to burial grounds at Pleasanton, California; Dickerson, Maryland; West V,alley, New York; Moorehead, Kentucky; Sheffield; Illinois; Aike'ns, *South Carolina;. and occassionally several other places depending upon the type of waste.
However, the majority of ship-ments from plants in this state are to Moorehead, Kentucky and Al.kens, South
- c<irolina.. Aiso, radioactiye materials are shipped throµgh the Gr~at Lakes.
u:s. Army Corps of Engineers statisti.cs indicate that "radioactive materials; w.astes" are sliipped trom the ports of Chi~ago and Detroit.
These routes are also shown on 'the accompanying_ map. *.In addition, many ship;nents of* radioactive inaterials used for research, in hospitals,.. and in industry*are made by air.
. * *.... 40 '
Nuclear Power Plants And Radioactive Material. Shipping Routes EXISTl.NG NUCLEAR
- . POWER. PLANT PROPOSED NUCLEAR.
POWER PLANT HIGHWAY ROUTE RAILROAD ROUTE
. CYCLOTRON,
- NEUTRON GENERATOR, AND OTHER.
TYPE REACTOR WATER ROUTE 0
41
.f:
Nuclear e
Attack The mere existence of nuclear technology and weapons poses the threat of possible nuclear attack.
However, in contrast to the popular image of nuclear doom, disaster planners on the staff of the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency, Department of Defense, offer the.following current concepts:
- 1.
A period of crisis will most likely precede a nuclear conflict.
- 2.
All zones (areas) are subject to fallout threat; many zones.(areas) are subject to blast and fire as well.
- 3.
Local agencies of government form the backbone cadre for emergency operating services; all services require expanded operating capability.
- 4.
Emergency operations will include mutual aid but will not be dependent on it; military assistance, if available, will complement rather than substitute for local civilian action.
Furthermore, it has been stated that"(l) scores of millions of Americans could survive even the largest attacks that are depicted in war games; (2) a little common sense preparation, even.last minute preparation, could increase survival rates, (3) there probably would be a crisis period of days and* perhaps weeks or months; and (4) even an unlikely surprise attack would leave many communities with time to prepare for blast, heai:, and especially fallout."
Obviously, a connnunity should develop emergency operations which include prepared-ness against all hazards, attack as well as peacetime disasters~ Attack preparations require an evaluation of the degree of risk involved in any particular community.
Does it have a military installation, or one nearby?
Does it have significant indus-
\\
j tries?.Is it a large population or economic center?
In an attack situation, will it be affected by fallout radiation, or blast and fire effects as. well?
Should*
j populations in some* areas be relocaied to others in a crisis period? These factors.*
should be considered in nuclear risk planning with disaster operations developed accordingly~
During an emergency period,.disaster plans and operations would be concerq.ed with the following fifteen emergency function:
(1) Sheltering people, (2) Warning and informing~
(3) Moving people, (4) Rescuing people, (5) Maintaining health, (6) Fire fighting, (7) Maintaining. law and order,. (8) Protecting livestock, (9) Emergency shutdown, (10) Medical care~ (ll) Feeding, (12) Housing, (13)
Restoring facilities and removing debris, (14) Decont,aminating, and (15)
Welfare Services.
"'--~.
Ncite:
Aetuol Oi1tonoe1
. Vary Conald.. ably..
tic P fse. :*
Crc~ter 5 mi.
IOOmi.*
.EFFECTS* OF** A. NUCLEAR'
- EXPLOSION.*
42
~* *...
~*
. 't*
-I
. !C.-
- z w
- I z
. 0.
. cc ->
z w*
Air Pollution In recent years, more attention has focused upori the serious problems of air
- pollution as the result bf industrial and transportation emissions.
Each year in the United States, over 280 million tons of pollutants are dumped into the air. Pollutants may be classified as gases or particulate matter.
Particulate
.matter is any solid or liquid matter such as dust, smoke, fumes, mists, or sprays in the atmosphere.
According to standards set by the Environmental P*ro-tection Agency, rio city should have a particulate count exceeding 260 in one day.
Harmful gaseous pollutants consist of sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, oxide of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, photochemical oxidants (ozone), and fluorides.
Some of these pollutants become lethal and others corrosive.
They can do severe harm to man and his environment.
Deaths and i.llness of epidemic amounts have been known to result from air pollution.
In industrial areas, the particulate count may far exceed acceptable amounts when weather conditions crea.te a temperature inversion.
This condition occurs when a mass of warm air moves over a cooler air mass, trapping the bottom layer.
The pollutants within the bottom layer, therefore, cannot escape creat-ing stagnant air with a high density of particulate matter.
If the particulate count exceeds 375, emergency operations should begin to stop any activity which adds pollutants to the air.
Inversion can cause a rapid increase in the death rate and health related problems of a *communit)I'.
Air pollution is a continuous community problem even when a temperature inver-sion does no~ occur.
Gases such as carbon monoxide emitted from automobiles, which reduce the oxygen content of* the blood, have a pronounced affect u*pon the functioning of the heart and the respiratory system.
Severe headaches
. and eye irritations as the.result of exhaust fumes are becoming common reactions to those experiencing rush hour traffic jams in large cities. It is apparent that air pollution is a major health community hazard, especially in our urban areas.
Deaths in urban areas are twice the rate of rural areas.
Suspended Particulate Matter Sulfur Dioxide FEDERAL PRlMARY AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (micrograms per cubic meter) 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />.
maximum.
260 360 44***
Annual Average 75
- 80.
- ~.
)
Air Pollution Problem Areas COUNTIES WITH HIGH
. ANNUAL PARTICULATE COUNT* AVERAGE*
COUNTIES WITH HIGH ANNUAL SULFUR * [)IOXIDE
. AVERAGE
. INCIDENCES OF
-. EXC-ESSIVE AIR POLLUTION
- IN
- 24 HOUR PERIOD 0
. 45
Water e
Pollution Oil spills result in an.immediate fire hazard and can cause environmental damage.
Often oil storage facilities are located either on the Great Lakes or along rivers to take advantage of water transportation. Spills from such facilities represent a definate hazard.
However, oil spills within Michigan have resulted from pipeline failure and have found ways of seeping into the waterways system even though not located close to any river or stream~
Heavy metals enter water supplies from natural sources and municipal, or industrial complexes *.
- Many are quite toxic to man and can build up in the body over long periods of.time, causing lack of coordination, tremors, insomnia, and other problems before death.
The problem is made. worse by concentration build-up in lower animals which are then eaten by higher forms which concentrate the poisons still further.
Con-centrations of chromium, cadmium, and mercury have been found in some water areas which exceed recommended standards. Although fish from contaminated locations-showed elevated concentrations of some metals, in particular, the St. Clair River, Lake St.
Clair, Detroit River, and Lake Erie approached levels presently considered to be hazardous to human health~ Though below hazardous levels, relatively high concentra-tions of arsenic, copper, mercury, cadmium, chromium, antimony and zinc ha_ve been found in the Clinton, Kalamazoo, Grand, Flint, Rouge, Huron, Pine, Pere Marquette, Paw Paw and Black Rivers, Black arid Gilkey. Creeks, and White. Lake.. Recent enforce-ment act ion has greatly reduced* discharges; howev*er, it *.takes years to reduce high levels of concentrations already in the water.
Polychlorinated.byphenyls (PCB's) come-from such products as electrical insulation,*
fire-resistant heat transfer and.hydraulic.fluids, lubricants, sealants, natural and synthetic rubber, floor tile, printer's ink, coatings for paper and fabrics, brake linings, paints, varnishes, waxes, asphait, adhesives, resins, elastomers and pigments. *Since they are virtually insoluble. in water, they are extremely persistent.
PCB's are a toxicant causing significant physiological imbalances.
Efforts have been made to stop.. further contamination, but the compound is. persis.tent. once it gets info water supplies*
Other forms of pollution from domestic sewage, industrial wastes, and stormwater may be equally dangerous in the long* run.
Oxygen demanding wastes found in domestic sewage and some industrial wastes require a greater biochemical oxygen demand
.(oxygen necessary for bacteria to consume organics in the natural biological cleans-ing process) and thus iower the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) available to aquatic life~ Also, domestic sewage and certain industrial processes can introduce patho-
- genie agents including viruses and bacteria which can cause dysentery,* polio, intestinal disorders, skin diseases, etc., through water ingestion or contact.
- *.. "\\ -
... -~.:...'. ' :. :_..
- 46*
~..
- .v:sc:~.1SiN Substandard
. Water Quality LAKES,. RIVERS. AND STREAMS SUBSTANDARD WATl;R AREAS Efil WATER WITH HIGH MERCURY CONTENT.
[))
WATER WITH HIGH PCB CONTENT bd WATER WITH TASTE AND ODOR PROBLEM
- ~
- .. ~-~..:. :: *:..
,\\
47
Population *.Distribution*
1970 ONE DOT EQUALS 1,000 PERSONS OUTSIDE URBANIZED AREAS.
~11 f)u.
~
., :i...
/~
\\.
MICHIGAN DEPAR'IMENT OF STATE POLICE JOHN PI.ANTS, COLONEL STATE EMERGENCY SERVICES (CIVIL DEFENSE) DIRECTOR EMERGENCY SERVICES DIVISION PROFESSIONAL STAFF William c.. Voigt, Captain James Somers, Lieutenant Michael Anderson, Lieutenant James Cox, Sergeant Dean Van Natter, Sergeant Henry Fink Roland Lickus Sidney Mook Duane Trombly
- Milton Jury, Lieutenant Harold Keena, Sergeant Herbert Lees Kenneth Rhynard, Sergeant Gene Conley, Sergeant Richard Gordenier, Sergeant Donald Kaiser, Sergeant William Ogden, Sergeant *
- Pershing Trembath CLERICAL STAFF Olga Schroeder Jane Griese Jean Valley Beverly Baker Constance Heidger
- Zelma McCulloch Commanding Officer A.sst. Commanding Officer Civil Disturbance Planning Plans & Operations Officer Communications & Warning Officer Federal Contributions Officer Community Shelter Planner Student Assistant Community Disaster Planning Officer Commander, Field Coordination District 1 Field Coordinator DistriCt 2 Field Coordinator District 3 Field Coordinator District 4 Field Coordinator District 5 Field Coordinator District 6'Field Coordinator District 7 Field Coo rd ina tor District 8 Field Coordinator Stenographer-Clerk
- Stenographer-Clerk Stenographer-Clerk Stenographer-Clerk Typist-Clerk Typist-Clerk.
Section
- Assisted on a temporary assignment by
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