Text

Applicants Environmental Report - Revised July 1972 Amendment No. 4
	ML18025A011
Person / Time
Site:	Susquehanna
Issue date:	01/26/1976
From:	; Pennsylvania Power & Light Co
To:	; Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
	Download: ML18025A011 (150)
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uStLae 5 @/A SUSQUEHAMMA STEAM ELECTRIC STATIOM 5'b'8 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT REVISED JLILY'l9T2 AMENDMENTNO. 4 PENNSYLVANIAPOWER B LIGHT t OMPANY Allent.-own, Pennsylvania R-1733

PART V'RC CHAPTER'0 PLANT DESIGN ALTERNATIVES 1,0.9, TRANSMISSION FACILITIES 10.9.1 General Line Route Alternatives, Section 3.9.4 in Part II of this amendment addressed the three phased methodology utilized in the routing of the Sunbury-Susquehanna and Susquehanna-Siegfried 500 kV lines. A key step in that methodology was the network analysis. Within the large complex networks considered (448 links in the Sunbury Study Area and 660 links in the Siegfried Study Area) there is a very large number of distinctly different paths between the designated terminal points. The computerized network analysis comparatively evaluated virtually every possible path through each network in determining the single minimum impact path, but did not identify scores for non-optimal paths. Thus, the network arialysis phase effectively addressed a very large number of alternative line routes between the Susquehanna SES and the respective Sunbury and Siegfried terminal points.

In addition to the computerized identification of the minimum.impact routes, several specific alternative routes were identified by PPSL to be environmentally analyzed and compared with the minimum impact routes. Among these alternatives were the routes which represent the minimum economic cost between Susquehanna SES and the Sunbury and Siegfried terminal points. Three alternative routes for each line are environmentally compared in Table 10.9-A. Their geographical locations are shown in Figure 10.9-A.

Table 10.9-A summarizes in 24 general categories, the 117 detailed environmental factors considered in the network analysis. For each route, the inventoried quantity of each environmental factor type crossed is listed. Next to each inventory datum is the weighted value of the environmental impact which results from crossing that quantity of the particular factor type. Finally, the sum of the component impact values within a given'route expresses the value of the, overall or composite environmental impact associated with the particular route. The component impact values of the alternative routes are expressed in a common unit of measure and may be used to directly compare the various routes with respect to their, expected environmental impact.

10.9.2 Sunbury-Susquehanna Line Route Alternatives Alternative Route A was identified by the computer. analysis as having the (owest environmental impact (191 units) among all possible paths between the Sunbury and Susquehanna terminal, points. The environmental merits of this route are:

1) its relatively direct path between terminal points while also avoiding major environmental obstacles, and I

10.9-1

2) the fact of its parallel right-of-way sharing with existing 230 kV and 500 kV transmission facilities throughout its entire length.

II The other paths identified by PPSL for comparative environmental analysis are Alternative Routes B and C. Computer analysis indicates that the environmental impact associated with these routes are 297 units and 274 units respectively. (These are compared to the minimum possible impact of 191 units for Alternative Route A.) The location of the three alternative routes through the network are indicated in Figure 10.9-A. Empirical data and related impact scores for the three alternatives are compared in Table 10.9-A.

Alternative Route A was also the path identified by PPSL as being the minimum economic cost path between the Sunbury and Susquehanna terminal points. As with the envir'onmental merits, the economic merits of this route are:

1) its relatively direct path between terminal points, and 2) the fact of its parallel right-of-way sharing with existing facilities. By paralleling the existing Sunbury-Susquehanna 230 kV line, Alternative Route A makes use of vacant right-of-way which was acquired by PP&L concurrently with the required 230 kV right-of-way.

PPSL has determined that system reliability will not be adversely affected by using a common right-of-way for the existing 230 kV line and the Sunbury-Susquehanna 500 kV line. An analysis was made including the failure of both lines simultaneously, and under this condition all generating units will remain electrically stable and continue to produce energy.

Considering both the environmental merits and the economic merits of Alternate Route A, this route was selected as the optimum route for construction of the Sunbury-Susquehanna 500 kV transmission line.

10.9.3 Susquehanna-Siegfried Line Route Alternatives Three alternative line routes were compared within the Susquehanna-Siegfried study area. The preferred route (Alternative A) and Alternates B and C are shown in Figure 10.9-A.

10.9.3 1

Environmental Factors The three alternate routes were compared environmentally by summing the environmental impacts of the links comprising each alternative. Alternate A has a total environmental impact of 366 units.

Alternate 8

was found to be the minimum environmental path of all possible link combinations, having a total of 272 units. Alternate C has a total environmental impact of 392 units. The factors which contribute to these environmental impacts are summarized in Table 10.9-A.

The Susquehanna-Siegfried 500 kV line was identified prior to 1968 as a potential outlet for future Susquehanna generation additions beyond the presently planned Units 1 5

2. It was later determined that this line would be utilized by Susquehanna No. 1 and No. 2 as discussed in Section 3.9.1. The route of the line originally selected, followed Alternate C, which had the lowest economic cost. at that time. Right-of-way acquisition began in

February, 1968, utilizing a 230/500 kV transmission corridor which PPSL had started to 10.9-2

acquire in October, 1966 between Siegfried Substation and the area known as Bossards Corners. Between February, 1968 and 1969, 22 percent ofthe rightof-way for Alternative C, was acquired.'etween 1969i and'973, a possible generating plant site. north of White Haven, Pennsylvania was under consideration.

Route C, was,modified to form Route A in order to provide one of..the eventual transmission outlets for both Susquehanna SES andi the White Haven, plant. Approximately 22 percent of the I'ength, of Alternate C is common to Alternate A. As of the time that the White Haven plant was no longer being actively considered,

August, 1973, Alternative A was nonetheless, preferred. over Alternative C

because virtually all'f those portions of the. Alternate A right-of-way which were not common to Alternative C has been acquired, while almost none of Alternative C',s right-of-way which'as not shared with Alternative A has been acquired. Therefore, economic comparisons among, the available route alternatives favor Route A.

The. network analysis indicates that from an environmental, standpoint, Alternate Route B is the most desirable. The factors causing the greatest weighted difference among the, three alternative routes are: (1) number of residences passed;, (2), the amount of forest land crossed,'3) the amount of state game lands, crossed; and (4) the amount open land crossed!

a)

Residences; Due to the relatively heavy weight assigned to the-line proximity to residences, the total, environmental'mpact of residences, appears high for the three alternatives. Along Alternate Route A. there are 359 residences, along Alternate Route B, 342. residences and along Alternate Route C'here are 607 residences.. In Northampton County, where all three alternate routes use the same corridor paralleling the existing double circuit. 230 kV line, there are 140 residences.

b)

Forest Land The three counties crossed by Alternate Route A have-a total of 641,023 acres of forest land. The forest land to be occupied'by this line. route will be only 974 acres or less than 1'/15 of one percent of the total forest land in those counties.

The amount of forest land crossed was hi'gher on the Preferred Route (A) than on the Alternate Routes (B and, C) as a result of PPSL's policy, of locating, high voltage.

transmission lines away from

highways, to avoid vehicle accidents, and away from residential areas where practicable.

PPSL's clearing policy for forest land provides for selective clearing, which allows low growing trees and brush to remain on the. right-of-way.

This results in retaining living vegetation on the corridor floor so thatan overall view of the forest from a distance, preserves a relatively unbroken vista. The present practice of retaining a fringe of trees at road. crossing, "tailored'clearings', effectively shields views down the transmission corridor. On deep gorges, where the conductors:are high above the ground, all vegetation will be retained except for the narrow cuts required for stringing wires.

Additionally, where the line crosses high ridges, the edges. of the rightof-way will be feathered back to reduce the notch effect.

1 0.9-3

State Game Land The three counties crossed by alternate line Route A have a total of 62,504 acres of state game lands. The state game land to be occupied by the line will be 108 acres or less than 1/17 of one percent of the total game lands in those counties.

The amount of state game lands crossed was higher on the Preferred Route (A) than on the Alternate Routes (8 & C) as a result of routing the line to pass by the once considered White Haven generating site, to avoid the Nescopeck State Park recreational area, to avoid the Crestwood Industrial Park north of Nescopeck Mountain and to cross this mountain at a point of least visual impact. As with the other forested area, there will be some beneficial effect on wildlifealong the right-of-way in that a variety of new species will be attracted to the game land by introduction of "edge effect" and where the windrowing of slash will provide protection to small game. Hunters will also have improved access to remote hunting areas. Also, PPSL Co. will install food plantings and reseed where requested by the Pennsylvania Game Commission. Additionally, the cleared right-of-way will in some instances provide fire breaks and permit access for the fire fighting crew in case of forest fires. A license for right-of-way for crossing State Game Land has been obtained from the Pennsylvania Game Commission.

d)

Open Land The environmental impact resulting from crossing open land is the same for Alternative Routes A and C, but less for Alternate Route 8 even though the amount crossed by Route 8 is more than Routes A and C. The reason for this is that almost all of Route 8 parallels an existing line. The weighting system used to evaluate the alternatives gives more weight to lines crossing new territory than to lines paralleling an existing line. Generally, lines crossing open lands are visible from a conside'rable distance.

In the case of Alternatives A and C, however, approximately 83 percent of the line length that crosses open land is in hilly terrain which is broken by wood lots so that the visual impact is less than ifthe land were level and treeless.

Also adjustments in the line to accommodate property owners resulted in angles in the line which break up the long views of line sometimes found in open land.

10.9.3.2 Costs OfAlternate Routes Construction costs for the three alternative routes, including labor and material for line construction, labor for clearing and access road construction and costs 'of right-of-way not previously acquired as shown in the table below, in terms of present-worth 1976 dollars.

Alternate Route A Alternate Route B Alternate Route C Construction Costs

$25,880,000

$26,337,000

$25,366,000 Right-of-Way (not previously acquired) 390,000 2,350,000 1,321,000 Total Cost of Installing Line

$26,270,000

$28,687,000

$26,687,000 1 0.9-4

Alternate Route B In addition to the costs of installing the line, there are certain additional costs which could result from possible delays in completing the line construction on schedule:

The target date for completion of the Susquehanna-Siegfried 500 kV line is established as May 1, 1980, the fuel load and testing date for Unit No. 1. The critical date for placing the line in service is September 1, 1980 at which time Unit No. 1 is expected to reach 75 percent of its full output capability. If the line is delayed beyond this date, unrestricted operation of Unit No.

1 would necessitate restricting output of the nearby Montour, Steam Electric.Station (SES) located in Montour County. This restriction would increase the overall system generation cost by approximately $779,000 per month.due to replacement of Montour SES power with more expensive fossil fuel generation. If long delays are

foreseen, an emergency stop-gap capital expenditure of approximately

$2,400,000 to upgrade existing 230 kV lines would be required to avoid restrictions on Montour SES. This would only be a temporary mitigative measure.

Any delay beyond February 1, 1982 which is the critical transmission line in service date for Unit No., 2 will restrict the output of Unit No. 2 to approximately 50 percent of its full output capability.

This restriction will increase the overall system generation cost by approximately

$5,050,000 per month due to replacement of this power with more expensive sources. This represents a severe financial impact which can only be prevented by the timely completion of the Susquehanna-Siegfried 500 kV line.

It was determined by integrating the times required for new right-of-way acquisition, for delivery of materials and for construction of the line into the schedules for each alternative, that the most optimistic in-service dates for Alternates A, B, and P were May 1, 1980, November 1, 1980 and September 1, 1980 respectively.

The expected in-service date for Alternate Routes A meets the target date of May 1, 1980. A delay of up to 4 months would result in no cost penalty for this alternative.

However, the most optimistic in-service date for Alternate B is 6 months beyond the target date which would incur a cost penalty during the last 2 months of the delay. Tge best possible in-service date for Alternative C is 4 months beyond the target date which coincides with the critical date.

The cost exposure resulting from delayed in service dates are shown, in the followingtable:

Alternate Alternate Route A Route C In4ervice Date Delay Beyond Target Date Delay Beyond Critical Date Increase in System Generation Oper. Cost May 1, 1980 Nov. 1, 1980" Sept. 1, 1980" 0

6 months 4 months 0

2 months 0

$1,558,000 "Best possible dates without right-of-way delays Alternative A is more likely"to be constructed so as to meet the May 1, 1980 target than are Alternatives B and C. Theacquisition of right-of-way for Alternative A has 10.9-5

already been largely completed. As of June 1, 1976, 92.3 percent of the required right-of-way'. (50.6 miles) has been obtained by negotiations with the property owners.

Condemnation proceedings may be necessary for only 4 parcels of right-of-way representing 7.7 percent of the total length of the Alternative A route.

With respect to Alternatives B and C, at least one year following the decision to proceed with either of these routes would be required in order to do the detailed mapping, real 'estate identification and negotiations with property owners.

Only after this effort would it be possible to identify any parcels for which condemnation might be required and to initiate condemnation proceedings'.

Condemnation proceedings have generally taken at least two years time to complete after commencement of the proceedings.

While condemnation may be necessary for all three alternatives, the additional one year period required for identification and negotiations witli<respect to Alternatives B and C makes it much less likely that construction of the Susquehanna-Siegfried line along these routes can be completed on a timely basis.

V Based on previous experience, attempts to secure new right-of-way could be opposed by 'various groups or irldividuals which could cause delays due to requests for additional public hearings. This contingency would be avoided by using right-of-way for Alternate A which was previously secured amicably through negotiations with property owners at reasonable remuneration along a route which was previously reviewed by the Luzerne and Carbon County Planning Commissions as narrated in December 23, 1970 letter to Mr. J. L. Hilbish, PPSL Co., Division Operating"Manager.

The Northampton County Commission was not contacted at this time because right-of-way had already been obtained.

109.3.3 Reliability The alternate line routes have also been examined on a reliability basis. Routes A, B and C have the same exposure to a simultaneous outage of the 500 kV circuit and two 230 kV circuits from Point Z (Figure 10.9-A) south to Siegfried Substation. A common corridor outage in this southern portion of the line route will not jeopardize the reliability of the electric transmission system.

Since a failure in this portion is remote from Susquehanna and since the Hardwood Substation would be supplied from Susquehanna under this condition, the Susquehanna Units will remain stable and continue to produce useful electric energy. Almost the entire length of Alternate Route B has as exposure to a simultaneous outage of the 500 kV circuit and two 230 kV circuits due to the close proximity of the circuits in the common right-of-way corridor. A common corridor outage anywhere along the 9 miles of Route B between Susquehanna and Harwood Substations will adversely affect reliability. The simultaneous failure of all three circuits in this northern portion can cause electrical instability and consequential shutdown of both Susquehanna Unit No.

1 and Susquehanna Unit No. 2. The failure of these circuits and instability of both Susquehanna units represents a severe system disturbance which could result in the loss of additional system generation.

Instability has a very severe impact on an electrical system. In addition to this loss of large amounts of generation, severe damage can occur to both the electric generators and steam turbines.

Due to this potential instability, it is highly undesirable to establish a common corridor right-of-way on the northern portion of the 10.9-6

Susquehanna-Siegfried 500 kV line. Therefore, Routes A and C provide a significantly higher level of system reliability when compared to Route B.

'I 10.9.3.4 Land Use The alternate routes were also compared in terms of the impact on existirig and planned land use through right-of-way*acquisition. Almost all of the right-of-wayalong Route A has been acquired, in contrast to Route B and the portion of Route C between points X 5 Y (White Haven and Hobbie), which have very little previously acquired right-of-way. There is a likelihood that.,Route B involves a number of noncondemnable properties which if avoided would result in isolating land between Route B right-of-way and the parallel 230 kV right-of-way. Route C crosses a residential development south of Interstate 80, affecting 23 building lots within the right-of-way limits and an additional 254 lots within 1,000 feet of the right-of-way. Right-of-way acquisition in this area would seriously disrupt the developing land use.

By utilizing previously acquired right-of-way, Route A exposes the. least amount of land to potential land use impact among the, three alternatives.

10.9.3.5 Conclusions In conclusion, although Route,A does not represent the minimum environrpental path in the Susquehanna-Siegfried study, area, from an overall point of view it does offer the best compromise of economic, reliability and environmental considerations.

10.9-7

10.9 TABLES Table 10.9-A t'omparative Environmental Evaluation 1.

Sunbury-Susquehanna Alternative Routes 2.

Susquehanna-Siegfried Alternative Routes 10.9-8

TABLEOF CONTENTS PART I INTRODUCTIONAND

SUMMARY

Introduction Summary PART I I NRC CHAPTER 3 3.9 Transmission Facilities 3.9.1 Introduction To Section 3.9 3.9.2 Physical Characteristics Of The Transmission Facilities 3.9.2.1 Description Of Substations 3.9.2,2 Description Of Structures 3.9.2.3 Description Of Basic Design Parameters a)

Voltage b)

Capacity Under Normal And Emergency Loading Conditions c) d)

e)

Conductor Type And Configuration Ruling Spans Electrical Clearances 3.9.3 Environmental Characteristics Of The Line Route 3,9,3,1 Geographical Location Of The Route a) b)

c) d)

Proposed Alteration Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV Line Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV Line Reduction In Impact Area

3.9.3.2 Right-Of-Way Data 3.9.3.3 Terrestrial Wildlife 3.9.3.4 Area Land Cover Types a)

Forest b)

Pasture And Crop c)

Other 3.9.3.5 Area Land Use 3.9.3.6 Area Demography 3.9.3.7 Areas Of Clearing And Structure Removal 3.9.3.8 Special Features 3.9.4 Alternative Line Routes And Selection Criteria 3.9.5 The Anticipated Electrical Environmental Effects Of The Proposed 500 kV Transmission Line 3.9.5.1 Corona 3.9.5.2 Ozone And Ozides Of Nitrogen (ozone and oxides of nigrogen analysis of the proposed 500 kV overhead transmission lines) 3.9.6.3 Audible Noise a)

Evaluation Of The Audible Noise Impact On The Environment b)

Audible Noise Analysis Of The Proposed 500 kV Transmission Line 3.9.5.4 Electromagnetic Influence a)

Radio Influence Analysis Of The Proposed 600 kV Transmission Lines

Television Influence c)

Other Communication Facilities 3.9.5.5 Public Safety a)

Electrostatic Induction Effects (analysis of the electrostatic ground gradients of the proposed 500 kV trans-mission lines) b) 'lectromagnetic Induction Effects (analysis of the electromagnetic field of the proposed 500 kV transmission line) 3.9.6 References PART I II NRC CHAPTER 4 4.2 Transmission Facilities Construction 4.2.1 Right-Of-Way Development 4.2.1.1 Construction Techniques 4.2.1.2 Clean-Up And Restoration 4.2.2 Impact On The Natural Environment 4.2.2.1 Geology 4.2.2.2 Hydrology 4.2.2.3 Soils 4.2.2.4 Terrestrial And Aquatic Communities 4.2.3 Impact On The Man-Made Environment 4.2.3.1 Land Use

4.2.3.2 Demography 4.2.3.3 Special Features 4.2.4 Mitigative Measures PART IV NRC CHAPTER 5 5.5 Effects Of Operation And Maintenance Of The Transmission System 5.5.1 Anticipated Electrical Radiation Effects Of 500 kV Transmission Lines 5.5.1.1 Ozone And Oxides Of Nitrogen 5.5.1.2 Audible Noise 5.5.1.3 Electromagnetic Influence a)

Radio Influence b)

Television Influence 5.5.1.4 Electromagnetic Induction 5.5.1.5 Electrostatic Induction 6.5.2 Maintenance Of Transmission System 5.6.2.1 Maintenance And Repair Activities 5.5.2.2 Maintenance Of Rights-Of-Way 5.5.2.3 Maintenance Of Access Roads 5.5.3 Effects On Natural Systems 5.5.3.1 Geology 5.5.3.2 Hydrology 5.5.3.3 Soils 5.5.3A Terrestrial And Aquatic Communities

5.6.4

'ffects On Man-Made Systems 5.5.4.1 Land Use 5.5.4.2 Demography 5.6.5 References PART V NRC CHAPTER 10 PART VI NRC CHAPTER 11 PART VII APPENDIX Exhibit A Exhibit B Exhibit C

PART I INTRODUCTIONAND

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION This document is submitted to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as a revision of the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Applicant s Environmental Report Revised July, 1972, submitted by Pennsylvania Power 5 Light Company. This revision provides information regarding proposed changes'in the EHV electric transmission system associated with Susquehanna

SES, specifically the Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV transmission line.

The Susquehanna-Lackawanna line was originally discussed in Section [3.2] of the July, 1972'Report.

Proposed alterations to that line are addressed in this revision in conformance with the U.S.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Regulatory Guide 4.2, Revision 1, January, 1975. Those sections of Regulatory Guide 4.2 which pertain to the proposed line alterations include: Section 3.9 Transmission Facilities, Section 4.2 Transmission Facilities Construction, and Section 5.5 Effects of Operation and Maintenance of the Transmission System.

This revision discusses in detail that information which is substantially different from information provided in the July, 1972 Report. Where information is substantially the same as that provided in the July, 1972 Report, direct references to the information are made in the appropriate sections of the following report.

These references specify the applicable July, 1972 Report section numbers within brackets f

). New information discussed herein, together with information specifically referenced from the July, 1972 Report, constitute a complete report on the environmental characteristics associated with the amended transmission line.

SUMMARY

In summarizing the following report, it is noted that the most significant difference between the amended line and the original line is a 25 percent reduction in overall length of the new line. The reduction in line length effects a correspondingly

significant reduction in overall environmental impact. Environmental impact associated with the amended line should further be reduced by the recent adoption of more restrictive construction specifications and by the use of "aesthetic transmission structures"'along the length of the line. Considering all aspects environmental; engineering and economic the transmission line changes proposed and discussed in this revision should constitute a

considerably more optimum system than the one described in the Ju/y, 1972 Report.

PART I I NRC CHAPTER 3 THE PLANT 3.9 TRANSMISSION FACILITIES 3.9.1 Introduction Pennsylvania Power & Light Company proposes certain alterations to their EHV electric transmission system as it relates to the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station near Berwick, Pennsylvania.

The transmission system alterations addressed in this report pertain to the previously proposed Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line. The alterations to the Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line will effect significant change and reduction in the impact of the line upon its environment. The alteration of the Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line entails two basic changes:

1) termination of the line at the Stanton Substation, and 2) the use of tubular steel H-frame pole structures throughout the length of the line.

Because of its termination at the Stanton Substation, the transmission line will be referred to as the, Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line.

The purpose of this section is to provide an accurate and up-to-date description of the proposed line and its environs, in order to assess the impact of the line. Relevant aspects of the line and its environs are discussed in terms of: 1) the physical characteristics of the transmission facilities (Subsection 3.9.2), 2) the environmental characteristics of the line route (Subsection 3.9.3), 3) alternative line routes (Subsection 3.9.4), and 4) the electrical environmental effects of the line (Subsection 3.9.5).

Since the proposed Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line facility and route bears a close similarity to the Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line addressed in the Ju/y, 1972 Report, Section 3.9 of this report will stress new information relevant to the differences resulting from the alterations.

Where information in this section is substantially unchanged from the previous

report, the appropriate sections of the July, 1972 Report will be referenced.

3.9-1

3.9.2 Physical Characteristics Of The Transmission Facilities 3.9.2. 1 Description OfStanton Substation The Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV transmission line will be operated at 230 kV initially and will terminate at the existing Stanton 230-66 kV Substation.

The Stanton 230-66 kV Substation is an outdoor, air-insulated facilityconsisting of four (4) 230 kV lines each terminating through a 2,000 amp circuit breaker on a single 230 kV bus. Three of the lines each supply a 75,000 kVA, 230-66 kV transformer for a total substation capacity of 225,000 kVA. The 66 kV portion of the station is arranged in an operating inspection bus scheme supplying eight (8) 66 kV lines.

3.9.2.2 Description Of Transmission Line Structures Design criteria for the proposed transmission line structures include consideration of, aesthetics, reliability, economics and safety. The proposed structure will be a tubular steel H-frame, internally braced.

The height of the structures will average 115 feet permitting spans of 1200 feet while maintaining ground clearances which will minimize any electrical environmental effects.

In areas where the 500 kV transmission lines parallel existing 230 kV transmission lines, the 500 kV structures will be located adjacent to the existing 230 kV structures to minimize land use requirements and to provide a compatible structure height, To minimize any visual impact, the 500 kV structures will be fabricated from weathering steel, which darkens naturally to a russet brown color. The portion of the Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line near the Susquehanna SES will have structures painted a medium green to harmonize with the 230 kV structures in that area.

3.9.2.3 Description Of Basic Design Parameters The proposed transmission line has been designed in conformance with the requirements of the National Electrical Safety Code and sound engineering principles.

a)

Voltage The Susquehanna-Stanton Line will be initially operated at 230 kV. The line will be constructed and insulated for ultimate operation at a maximum line voltage of 550 kV as an effectively grounded system.

b)

Capacity Under Normal And Emergency Loading Conditions The proposed line is designed to operate safely under a maximum normal current of 3470 amperes (3005 MVA) at 100 C and a maximum emergency current of 4360 amperes (3775 MVA)at 100'.

c)

Conductor Type And Configuration The conductor for the proposed line will consist of two subconductors per phase spaced eighteen inches apart in a horizontal configuration. The subconductor spacing will be 3.9.2

maintained by mechanical spacers installed at a sub-span spacing adequate to maintain the eighteen inch spacing.

The conductor size will be 2493 kcmil 54/37, Aluminum Cable Alloy Reinforced (AGAR) utilizing 54 strands of EC grade aluminum and 37 strands of 6201 aluminum alloy for reinforcement.

Conductor supporting

devices, accessories and hardware will be specifically designed to coordinate with the voltage level and to minimize any electrical environmental effects. All conductor supporting assemblies will be tested electrically to insure proper performance under expected in-service conditions.

Two shield wires will be installed above the three phase conductor bundles for lightning protection. The shield wire size will be 19 No. 9 aluminum clad steel tensioned to coordinate with the sag of the phase conductors.

The shield wires will be positioned to provide a maximum positive shielding angle of 20'ith respect to the outside phases of the 500 kV circuit.

Each structure will be adequately grounded to insure that the structure remains at ground potential.

The grounding systems will be tested for adequacy during the construction of the line.

d)

Ruling Spans The conductors and shield wires will be installed based on a ruling span between angle or deadend (strain) structures. The tension limits on the conductor and shield wire at the installed ruling span will be established to protect the cables from vibration or mechanical damage under the climatic loading conditions anticipated over the life of the transmission line.

e)

Electrical Clearances The conductors will be installed to maintain adequate clearance over roads, railroads, power lines and communication lines in accordance with the requirements of the National Electrical Safety Code (Sixth Edition) and to maintain acceptable levels of radio influence, television influence, audible

noise, electrostatic and electromagnetic fields.

Clearances will be maintained at the maximum thermal operating limitof the conductor of 100' (212').

3.9.3 Environmental Characteristics Of The Line Route This subsection provides a general outline of the line route and the environmental characteristics along that route.

The subsection addresses the following topics:

1) the geographical locations of the route, 2) data relevant to the dimensions of the right-of-way,

3) terrestrial wildlife, 4) land cover types'in the area about the right-of-way, 5) land use patterns, 6) demographic patterns near the right-of-way, 7) areas requiring clearing, and 8) special features near the right-of-way.

3.9-3

3.9.3.1 The Line Route a)

Proposed Alteration One of the two proposed alterations in the EHV transmission system relating to the Susquehanna Steam Electric System is a change in the 500 kV line route from the Susquehanna-Lackawanna Substation connection, to a Susquehanna-Stanton Substation connection.

This change shortens the original line route. Otherwise, the line route for the Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line is coincident with a portion of the Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line route as discussed in Section [3.2 Transmission Lines) of the July, 1972 Report.

b)

Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV Line Route The Susquehanna-Lackawanna line was planned as a 500 kV line (initiallyto be operated at 230 kV) to connect the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station near Berwick, Pennsylvania, with the Lackawanna 500 kV substation.

This line was to run in a north-easterly direction for approximately 44 miles. Along this route the line was to pass near the Hunlock Station, the Mountain Substation and the Stanton Substation before proceeding on to the Lackawanna Substation.

A detailed description of the full line route is given in Section

[3.2.9.1 Route Description/P. 3.2 15] of the July, 1972 Report, and is shown geographically in Figure 3.9-A of this report.

c)

Proposed Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV Line The proposed Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line will follow a coincident route with the Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line to that point at which the latter passes near the Stanton 230-66 kV Substation. At that point, the Susquehanna-Stanton line will enter and terminate at the Stanton Substation. Total length of the line will be approximately 30.2 miles.

The Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line route is shown with the Susquehanna-Lackawanna line route in Figure 3.9-A of this report.

d)

Reduction Of Environmental Impact Area The environmental impacts expected to be associated with the Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line are substantially less than those that would be expected to be associated with the original Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line. The major factor contributing to the lesser impact is the reduction in line length from 44.2 miles to 30.2 miles.

In eliminating that portion of the original line continuing from the Stanton Substation to the Lackawanna Substation, the impact along 14.0 miles of right-of-way and adjacent area is entirely avoided.

3.9.3.2 Right-Of-Way Data The Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line traverses a total length of 159,424 feet. Of this total length, 94,797 feet of the line requires a right-of-way 200 feet in width. The other 64,626 feet of line is to parallel an existing PP&L right-of-way, thus requiring only an additional 150 feet in width beyond the existing right-of-way. The total area of additional land required for the line is 657.75 acres.

3.94

3.9.3.3

.Terrestrial IVildlife There are no rare or endangered species of terrestrial wildlifefound along the line route according to the Luzerne County District Game Protector [Section 3.2.9.3 Wildlife/P.

3.2 20 and 21]. Important game species in the area include white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus),

wild turkey (Meleagris galapavo), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis),

fox squirrel (Sciurus niger),

mourning dove (Zenaida macroura),

and woodchuck (Marmota monax).

3.9.3.4 Land Cover The line passes through an area of predominately forest cover and limited pasture and cultivated crop cover. Approximately 24 miles of the right-of-way are presently forested with the remaining six miles in open land. Areas south of the line route along the river support several large population centers.

a)

Forest Cover Dominant forest cover consists of a highly diverse mixture of hardwoods and several conifers with the exception of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) which forms nearly pure stands on north facing slopes. Elsewhere, dominant overstory species include red, white, and chestnut oaks (Quercus spp.),

red, white, yellow, and gray birch (Betula spp.),

aspen (Populus spp.), and red and sugar maple (Acer spp.). The dominant conifers are hemlock and white pine (Pinus strobus). Dominant understory species consist of sassafras (Sassafras albidum),

mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), rhododendron and azalea (Rhododendron spp.)

and blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis)

~

American chestnut (Castenea dentata) represents the only unique flora noted in the area. This tree, while somewhat rare, is not endangered and will not be affected by a transmission line.

b)

Crop Cover See Section 3.9.3.5 below.

c)

Other Land Covers There are no appreciable areas of land cover other than forest and crop cover within the proposed right-of-way.

3.9.3.5 Land Use, And 3.9.3.6 Demography The present patterns of land use and demography in the environs about the line remain substantially unchanged from those described in regard to segments one through three of the Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line. A detailed discussion of land use and demographic patterns is given in the July, 1972 Report, Section [3.2.9.2 Segment One 3.9 5

Susquehanna to Hunlock Creek/Land Use, Population, Agriculture/P. 3.2 16], Section

[3.2.9.3 Segment Two Hunlock Creek to Toby Creek/Land Use, Population, Agriculturel P. 3.2 19 and 20], and Section [3.2.9.4 Segment Three Toby Creek to Susquehanna River/Land Use, Population, Agriculture/P. 3.2 21 and 22]

~

3.9.3.7 Areas Of Clearing And Structure Removal I

The line will cross 126,650 linear feet of woodlands with a right-of-way width of 200 feet required where the line does not parallel the existing right-of-way, and 150 feet where the existing line is paralleled. However, clearing will be restricted to danger trees (i.e.,

those trees which pose a hazard to line operation and other woody vegetation which must be removed to provide access along the line). Hence, clearing will not consist of a 200 foot swath through wooded areas, but rather will be very selective, removing only that vegetation which is necessary for construction and safe operation of the line. There will be no existing structures removed by the line.

3.9.3.8 Special Features a)

Historical Resources There are no sites within one mile of the line which are registered with the National Register of Historic Places.

The nearest registered site is in Forty-Fort, approximately two miles south of the line. The Pennsylvania Historical Site Files housed at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission lists two areas of historical significance.

The Union Reform and Lutheran Church (1833) is located in Wapwallopen. This site is located approximately two miles south of the proposed line.

The second a'rea of historical significance is a

canal located north of the Wapwallopen Church

site, across the Susquehanna River and on the West Bank. This waterway was part of the old North Branch Canal of the Susquehanna Canal System which is now in disrepair. These two sites are noted respectively as historic areas No. 1 and No. 2 on Figure [3.2.10] of the July, 1972 Report.

b)

Archaeological Resources According to the National Register of Historic Places, no nationally registered

. archaeological sites are located within the vicinityof the proposed line.

A review of the archaeological site file housed at the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission resulted in the location of a number of archaeological sites within the general area of the proposed line, but no known sites are located within 1/2 mile of the proposed line.

3.9.4 Alternative Line Routes And Selection Criteria Alternative line routes and selection criteria with respect to the planning of the Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line are discussed in Section [8.6.1.1] of the July, 1972 3.9.6

Report. The selection of the particular route for the Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line is based upon the same criteria as used for the initial layout of the coincident portion of the Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line.

3.9.5 Electrical Environmental Characteristics A considerable amount of new information on the electrical environmental characteristics of the proposed 500 kV transmission line has been compiled since the issuance of the July, 1972 Report. The electrical environmental effects of the line are discussed in detail in this subsection.

These effects are discussed in terms of: 1) corona (3.9.5.1),

2) ozone and oxides of nitrogen (3.9.5.2),

3) audible noise (3.9.5.3),

4) electromagnetic influence (3.9.5A),

and 5) public safety (3.9.5.5).

The information contained herein supercedes Section

[3.2.2.3 Radio and Television Interference/Audible Noise/P 3.2 7 and 8] of the July, 1972 Report in its entirety.

A thorough assessment of the electrical environmental effects of the proposed 500 kV line and existing 230 kV lines requires a detailed evaluation of the various electrical effects on the environment.

All HV and EHV alternating current overhead transmission lines may produce several types of electrical effects resulting from corona, electromagnetic, and electrostatic inductions.

In general, the incidence and magnitude of these effects will depend upon the following:

(1) line to line voltage (2) conductor type (3) conductor surface condition (4) line geometry (5) meteorological conditions (6) line loading'nd to a lesser extent on constr'uction and maintenance practices used during and after line construction.

The electrical environmental effects which may be produced by corona include:

(1) generation of ozone and oxides of nitrogen (2) audible noise emission (3).

radio and television influence The electrical effects of transmission line inductions include:

(1) electrostatically induced voltages and/or currents (2) electromagnetically induced voltages and/or currents Approximately 40 percent of the proposed line will be'paralleled by existing 230 kV transmission facilities. Part of the paralleled section consists of two 230 kV vertical doublmircuit structures and the remainder consists of single 230 kV vertical doublmircuit structures.

In order to determine the total impact of the various effects mentioned above, the contributions from the existing 230 kV transmission facilities have been examined. The structure relationships within the three different corridors are shown in Figures 3.9-B thru 3.9-D. Unless otherwise noted, distances given in the text are referenced from the following points:

3.9-7

(1)

(2) single structure corridor: centerline of structure multiple structure corridors:

a point one-half the distance between the centerline of the 500 kVstructure and the nearest 230 kV structure.

3.9.5.1 Corona Corona is a localized partial electric discharge that occurs when the electric field strength (voltage gradient) on the surface of an energized overhead transmission line conductor exceeds the critical gradient in air. The energy dissipated during corona is derived from the conductors.

Consequently, from the viewpoint of the transmission line, it constitutes a loss, commonly known as "corona loss." Corona loss depends upon conductor surface gradient, operating voltage, line design, weather conditions and conductor surface conditions. Corona loss calculations for the proposed line were made using the base case method for two probabilities and are shown in Table 3.9-A (EPRI, 1975). Corona during most fair weather conditions is generally small and for all practical purposes is negligible.

However, during foul weather conditions, (rain, fog, snow, etc.) corona is not negligible.

In the following subsections, the magnitude of the effects associated with corona for the proposed line design are discussed.

Assessment of the anticipated effect on the environment and people is developed in Section 5.5.

3.9.5.2 Ozone And Oxides OfNitrogen Chemically, ozone is 03, a special type of oxygen molecule containing 3 atoms.

Ozone is produced naturally by lightning discharges and solar radiation reacting with hydrocarbon airborne molecules prevalent over metropolitan areas (Scherer, 1972). Corona can also produce ozone and oxides of nitrogen in the air surrounding the conductor. The production and the diffusion of these effluents depend on corona loss, average conductor height, line orientation in relation to wind direction, wind speed and other meteorological conditions.

Man-made production of nitrogen oxides is more difficult because higher energies are required than for ozone production (Frydman, 1972). Consequently production rates of oxides of nitrogen are at least an order of magnitude smaller than for ozone (U.S.D.H.E.W., 1970).

Significant naturally produced and man-made levels of ozone and oxides of nitrogen have been measured (Scherer, 1972). These levels are caused in part by the solar induced Atmospheric Nitrogen Dioxide Photolytic Cycle causing maximum levels of ozone of 0.500 parts per million at elevations of approximately 20 kilometers (Ibid). High concentrations of ozone and nitrogen dioxide are produced when the products of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels (gasoline, coal, etc.) react in the sunlight (Ibid;

Frydman, 1972). Also great quantities of nitrogen dioxide are released in the natural decomposition (bacterial action) of organic matter.

Ozone concentrations have been measured as high as 0.240 parts per million in large metropolitan areas (Scherer, 1972).

Nitrogen dioxide concentrations have been measured as high as 0.560 parts per million 1-hour average in large metropolitan areas (Frydman, 1972).

d.9.8

The State of Pennsylvania has no emission rate standards for transmission lines and none have been reported in the literatures of CIGRE (International Conference on Large Electrical Systems),

ANSI (American National Standards Institute), or the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Therefore in PPSL's uses, the standards that apply for ozone and oxides of nitrogen are the Environmental Protection Agency's Ambient Air Quality Standards.

These standards specify limits on the photochemical oxident (ozone) concentration to a level of 0.080 parts per million by volume maximum 1-hour concentration not to be exceeded more than once per year.

The EPA has also adopted standards for ambient concentrations of oxides of nitrogen (USEPA, Air Pollution Control Office, 1971). These standards limit nitrogen

. dioxide concentrations to 100 micrograms per cubic meter (0.05 parts per million) annual arithmetic mean concentration.

Extensive field and laboratory investigations have been conducted by several electric utilities and research institutions to determine the level of ozone emissions from EHV lines. During a one year period from October 1970 to October 1971 a joint field measurement program was undertaken by the American Electric Power Service Corporation (AEP) and.the Battelle Memorial Institute for the purpose of determining whether ozone emissions from 765 kV lines would contribute significantly to existing ozone levels (Frydman, 1972). A similar study was made by the Illinois Institute of Technology and Research during a

19 month period from 1971 to 1972 (Fern, 1974).

In addition, laboratory studies instituted by AEP in cooperation with Ohio State University were carried out to determine production and decay rates of ozone at gradient'levels equal to or greater than those levels found on practical transmission lines (Sebo, 1972; Roach, 1973). Allof the above studies concluded that there are no adverse environmental impacts due to gaseous emissions from transmission lines.

An ozone survey conducted by the Environmental Sciences Division of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory obtained measurements at selected points on the reservation including points under a 500 kV transmission line (Auerbach, S.l., 1973). Background levels of 0.02 PPM were recorded with values under the transmission line ranging from 0.021 to 0.034 PPM. On one occasion values as high as 0.230 PPM were measured.

This extremely high level was attributed to a temperature inversion.

This survey indicates that it may be possible for pockets of ozone to form under meteorological conditions favorable to the formation of temperature inversions.

The maximum 'I-hour concentrations of ozone have been estimated by analytical methods.

Each of the three corridor configurations were examined and the results are given in Table 3.9-8 for the conditions noted.

The maximum 24-hour average of oxides of nitrogen above ambient is given for the left and right edges of right-of-way for each of the corridor configurations in Table 3.9-C.

Section 5.5.1.1 indicates that the low levels of ozone and oxides of nitrogen produced due to the cumulative effect of both the 500 kV and 230 kV lines are well below the maximum levels recommended by the EPA.

3.9.9

3.9.5 3 Audible Noise All 500 kV overhead transmission line conductors may be sources of audible noise consisting of crackling sounds, broadband noise and pure tone hum. The type and intensity of this effect depends on the conductor surface gradient, the conductor surface condition, the amount of moisture on the conductor, and the local meteorological conditions. The following investigation of audible noise emission considers the possible effects on the comfort of the public near the transmission line right-of-way.

Crackling sounds are produced during fair weather and foul weather conditions.

Except at very high surface gradients, audible noise from transmission lines during fair weather is approximately the same as the surrounding ambient noise. However, during fair

weather, conductor surface imperfections, insects, dirt, burrs, scratches and any other sharply pointed particles may be points where the air, normally an insulating medium, is overstressed and locally conducts electricity in the form of a spark causing the crackling.

During periods of wet weather, broadband noise occurs. When the conductor surface is wet, water droplets on the conductor are stressed electrically. When they leave the conductor surface in the form of corona streamers, they also produce the crackling noises.

The occurrence and intensity of these noises depends on the conductor surface condition, the electric field intensity and the number of water droplets and their location on the conductor surface.

Pure tone hum is essentially a wet conductor phenomena and is most pronounced during periods of high corona loss. The hum is produced by the movement of the space charges produced by conductor corona.

Transmission line audible noise sound pressure levels are expressed in dBA using a standard reference pressure of 20 micronewtons per square meter.

The "A" weighted response is similar to that of the human ear and is widely used as a single number rating for audible noise.

The highest audible noise emission from overhead lines occurs during heavy rain conditions. Under these conditions, the general ambient noise will greatly increase due to the falling rain. Also under these conditions a reduction in public activity near the line is expected.

Lesser audible noise emission from overhead lines occurs during light rain or fog conditions. However, under these conditions there will be no increase in the general ambient noise nor should there be any reduction in public activity near the line.

In view of this, audible noise emission during fog or light rain is probably the worst condition.

For the purposes of this report, this condition will be called the wet conductor condition.

(a)

Evaluation Of The Audible Noise Impact On The Environment Evaluation of the corona produced audible noise from EHV overhead transmission lines depends upon:

(1) land use designation for noise control (2) ambient audible noise prior to line energization (3) acceptable levels of audible noise emission 3.9.10

(4) lateral distance to right-of-way (5) magnitude of transmission line audible noise The transmission line route generally passes through rural areas consisting of farmland and forests (See Table 3.9-D). Typical ambient audible noise levels along the corridor may be expected to range from approximately 35 dBA in farmland and parkland to more than 45 dBA in industrial and commercial areas.

In order to evaluate the impact of transmission line audible noise, the Bonneville Power Administration developed a

general guideline based upon public response to transmission line audible noise (Perry, 1972). According to this study numerous complaints may be received if line noise exceeds 58.5 dBA and few complaints will result if audible noise is limited to 52.5 dBA.

Figure 3.9-E illustrates in more detail the public response typically to be expected for various audible noise levels in a variety of land use types. The noise criteria is based on the quality of speech communication in relation to the background level and distance between the speaker and stations of 20 feet. The relationships shown in Figure 3.9-F are for young adults with normal hearing, speaking the same dialect. Persons under 13 years of age, people over 65 years of age, hard of hearing persons, and people communicating with dialect differences are likely to require even quieter conditions.

(b)

Audible Noise Analysis Of The Proposed 500 kV Transmission Line The anticipated audible noise emission from the various designs for the 500 kV transmission lines have been estimated using an analytical method for wet conductor conditions and for heavy rain conditions (EPRI, 1975).

The anticipated audible noise emission from the proposed 500 kV design is shown in Table 3.9-E. These are the maximum levels that would be expected with the indicated phasing and voltages under wet conductor conditions.

When the conductors are wet (periods of light rain or snow, extended periods of fog), the audible noise from the line will be approximately the level in Figures 3.9-G, 3.9-H and 3.9-I (Wet Conductor). For periods of heavy rain the audible noise of the transmission lines will be approximately the same levels as labeled Heavy Rain in these figures.

As discussed in Section 5.5.1.2 the environmental impact of audible noise from the proposed transmission line is expected to be minimal.

3.9.5.4 Electromagnetic Influence Corona from overhead EHV transmission lines may also produce electromagnetic influence especially during heavy rain, heavy fog, and other periods of inclement weather.

This influence is present over most of the radio communication spectrum and may affect the quality of reception of radio and television signals near the right-of-way. The level of influence is expressed in terms of dB referenced to one micro-volt per meter (dBu).

Gap type discharges also produce radio influence. However, these are localized from conductor to line hardware, hardware to hardware, etc., and may be easily and quickly detected. The hardware may then either be repaired or replaced. Also, use of the following 3.9-11

practices during the design and construction of the circuit will help to eliminate gap type discharge sources of audible noise:

(1) proper selection of major components (2) specify and apply adequate mechanical loading Influence on standard FM broadcast radio reception is generally not a problem.

The reasons for this are two-fold:

(1) corona generated radio influence decreases in magnitude with increasing frequency and is quite small in the FM broadcast band (88 to 108 MHz), and (2) the excellent interference rejection properties inherent in FM radio systems make them virtually immune to amplitude type disturbances.

(a)

Radio Influence Analysis Of The Proposed 500 kV Transmission Lines The radio influence (Rl) from the proposed 500 kV line has been calculated for foul weather conditions using an analytical method (EPRI, 1975). The fair weather radio influence will be approximately 22 dB below the foul weather value (Ibid).

A foul weather level of 74 dBu (Table 3.9-F) was calculated for the edge of right-of-way nearest to the 500 kV line. This value is constant along the entire route as there is no significant contribution at this distance from the 230 kV cir'cults. Moreover, this holds true for the opposite edge of right-of-way as the RI is primarily determined by the nearer of the 230 kV structures. The Rl level from the 230 kV structure is approximately 71 dBu at the edge of right-of-way during foul weather conditions.

In order to maintain good AM radio reception a signal to noise ratio of 24 dB is recommended.

During fair weather an antenna located at the edge of the right-of-way could be expected to give good reception quality for all those stations having signal strengths of 76 dBu or better. This represents 52.0 dBu of radio influence during fair weather (74 dBu-22 dB) plus a 24 dB signal to noise ratio. Figures 3.9-J & K indicate the levels of foul weather Rl,with respect to lateral distance from the 230 kV transmission line and the 500 kV transmission line respectively.

(b)

Television Influence Television Influence (TVI) is generally a visual disturbance in the television broadcast band. It may be seen as bands of speckled interference rolling upwards from the bottom of the screen.

The TVI produced by corona is summarized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic En'gineers Subcommittee on Radio Noise as follows:

"No confirmed data exists which would in fair weather point to the conductor as a source of interference in the television frequencies" (IEEE, Radio Noise Subcommittee, 1971).

However, corona from the proposed 500 kV line during foul weather and times of peak voltages (positive cycle) may produce some measurable television influence known as "Precipitation television influence" where there is moisture on the conductors resulting from precipitation, fog, etc. This precipitation type television influence is a distributed phenomena.

3.9-12

There are few methodologies for predeterming precipitation type television influence. An effort has been made to correlate precipitation type television influence with foul weather radio influence. For 500 kV lines precipitation type television influence has been found to be less than 2 percent of Foul Weather radio influence (23 dB above 1

microvolt per meter) at a point 200 feet from the outermost conductor (Clark, 1970). This low value is not expected to cause any significant television disturbance.

(c)

Other Communication Facilities Corona producing electromagnetic interference on communication facilities such as telephone lines and railroad communications and others will be analyzed on an individual basis, due to the unique problems and solutions associated with each case. PP&L will take necessary measures to reduce electromagnetic interference to acceptable levels.

3.9.5 5 Public Safety Regardless of voltage

class, all overhead, energized, load carrying transmission lines have an associated electric field and magnetic field. These two fields and their effects are virtually independent of each other and may be analyzed separately. To analyze these fields it is necessary to consider two coupling modes:

(1)

Electrostatic Induction voltages induced by energized conductors by capacitive coupling (2)

Electromagnetic Induction voltages induced by current carrying conductors These coupling modes may be capable of causing harm in the followingways:

('I)

Electric shocks that in themselves may cause physical harm (2)

Unexpected, electrically harmless shocks which may cause involuntary responses which may result in unsafe acts (a)

Electrostatic Induction Effects E lectrostatic effects may be present when objects possessing conductive characteristics (including people) are insulated from ground and near an electrically energized overhead conductor. The effects would be caused by electric (electrostatic) fields which surround all energized conductors.

The four general techniques which can be used to reduce electrostatic effects are:

(1) increasing the distance between the energized conductor and object (2) grounding the object (3) use of shielding (4) proper phase arrangement Extensive research on electrostatic effects has been performed at special test facilities and by various electric utilities. This research has resulted in a number of publications discussing the effects of electrostatic fields on metallic objects, such as fences, gutters and vehicles (IEEE Working Group, 1971; Deno, 1974; Reiner, 1972). Methods for calculating these effects have also been presented.

Other research addresses the effects of 3.9-13

electric fields and currents in people (Singlewald, 1973; Daziel, 1972; Hubbard, 1973).

Safeguards are considered in papers'y Hubbard and the IEEE Working Group 'on "Electrostatic Effects of Overhead Transmission Lines" (Hubbard, 1973; IEEE Working Group, 1973).

The intensity of the electric fields at ground level is expressed in units of kilovolts" per meter. It has been determined that an aver'age person will feel a slight tingling sensation when exposed to an electric field having an intensity of 15 kilovolts per meter or greater (Reiner, 1972). This electric field intensity is called the "perception level" or the "threshold of sensation."

Dalziel has studied the effects of current on people and has determined that the let-go current is 6 milliamperes (mA) for 99.5% of the women tested and the let-go current for 99.5% of the men tested is 9 mA (Dalziel, 1972). The let-go current is defined as the maximum current a person can tolerate and can still release an energized conductor by using muscles directly stimulated by that current.

The proposed 7th edition of the National Electrical Safety Code (232,D,3.C) recommends that the maximum electrostatic short circuit current be limited to 5 milliamperes root mean square (RMS) if the largest anticipated vehicle under the line were short circuited to ground.

A large vehicle having the dimensions of 8 feet wide, 44 feet long and 12 feet high located parallel to the transmission line, on dry pavement, and in an electrostatic field of 6.7 kV/m or less willsustain a short circuit current no greater than 5 mA (Deno, 1974) ~ Thus, in general, for most highway applications a peak electrostatic field of less than 6.5 kV/m would be acceptable.

The Johns Hopkins University conducted a 9-year medical study on 10 linemen working in close proximity of HV and EHV lines and reported their conclusion:

"The health of these 10 men has not been changed in any way by their exposure to HV (345 kV) lines..." (Singlewald, 1973).

Another area for concern arises for EHV transmission lines passing close to parking areas or service stations where combustible vapors may be present.

It has been reported in the literature -that gasoline vapors may theoretically be ignited by spark discharges having an energy greater than 0.25 millijoule (Deno, 1974).

Unless vapors are confinednatural wind currents would tend to reduce vapor concentrations so that no ignition problems would exist (IEEE Working Group, 1971). This reasoning is reinforced since not a single case confirming gasoline ignition due to power lines has been reported in the published literature.

The maximum values of the ground level electrostatic gradient have been analytically determined for the proposed 500 kV line. The values are shown in Table 3.9-G for the three corridor configurations.

Figures 3.9-L thru N are plots showing the magnitude of the electric field with respect to lateral distance for each of the three corridor sections.

~ PP&L presently has approximately, 110 miles of transmission line operating at 500 kV with no significant problems reported due to the electrostatic field. With the expansion of the 500 kV system similar operating performance is expected.

3.9-14

(b)

Electromagnetic Induction Effects Any current carrying conductor has a magnetic field, The intensity of this field is directly proportional to the magnitude of the current flowing in the conductor, the length of the conductor, and the power system frequency and inversely proportional to the lateral'istance-away from the conductor.

If this current is an alternating current and the conductor is paralled by a second conductor a voltage will.be induced on the second conductor.

Some methods which are of practical value in reducing electromagnetic effects are:

(1) increasing the distance between the energized conductor and object (2) grounding the object (IEEE Working Group, 1973).

The strength of a magnetic field is commonly expressed in units of Webers per square meter or Gauss. This report will deal in units of Gauss, 1 Gauss being equal to 0.0001 Weber per square meter.

Studies have been made and are in progress to evaluate the effects of low frequency magnetic fields on human beings. Two recent studies were made by Johns Hopkins University and the Naval Aerospace Medical Institute (Singlewald, 1973; Beischer, 1973). The study by Johns Hopkins University concluded that no ill effects could be determined due to exposure to high voltage transmission lines. The second study subjected 10 men to fields of 1 Gauss at 45 Hz for periods of up to 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months during a 7-day period.

This study concluded that there were no effects which could be attributed to the magnetic field. However, 9 of the 10 subjects showed an increase in serum triglycerides within 48 hours5.555556e-4 days 0.0133 hours 7.936508e-5 weeks 1.8264e-5 months after exposure. This could not be definitely linked to the magnetic field.

Electronic pacemakers have been found to show minor temporary rate changes that were clinically insignificant when the patients were exposed to fields of 1.35 Gauss Peak (Symth, 1972; Bridges, 1971). Allthe pacers remained within clinically safe limits and none of the 53 patients could feel any physical change. For comparison purposes a common heating pad generates a field of 2 Gauss (Beischer, 1973).

The IEEE Working Groups in Electromagnetic and Electrostatic Effects of Transmission Lines have prepared a report dealing with problems and safeguards relating specifically to transmission lines (IEEE Working Group, 1973). This paper addresses itself mainly to problems encountered by utility personnel in the maintenance and construction of transmission lines, however, many of the corrective measures have general application and could be applied to fences, irrigation pipe, gas pipelines and other conducting objects.

Electromagnetic hazards to the public can be eliminated by increased spacing and proper grounding procedures.

The values of the strength of the electromagnetic field under the proposed 500 kV transmission line have been estimated using an analytical method for the maximum loading condition of 3470 amperes per phase. Where the 500 kV line is to parallel existing 230 kV circuits a maximum load current of 1640 amperes per phase is assumed for the 230 kV lines. The electromagnetic field was calculated at ground level and at an elevation of 10 feet above ground for each of'the three corridor configurations. The results of these studies are shown in Table 3.9-H.

3.9.15

At ground level the maximum value occurs in the two structure corridor. This level is estimated to be 0.6 Gauss and occurs at the centerline of the 500 kV circuit. At 10 feet above ground the level increases and the maximum occurs in the three structure corridor. This value is approximately 0.9 Gauss and occurs at 8 feet outside the centerline of the 500 kV circuit. Figures 3.9-0 thru Q are plots showing the magnitude of the field with respect to lateral distance for each corridor section.

As discussed in Subsection 5.5.'l.4 for the conditions noted, it is the opinion of PP&L that the values of the electromagnetic field calculated for the proposed 500 kV lines are safe for man.

3.9-16,

3.9.6 References Anderson, J. G. and Zaffanella, L. E., "Project EHV Test Line Research on the Corona Performance of a Bundle Conductor at 'l000 kV", IEEE Transmission on Power Apparatus and Systems, pp. 223-232, January/February 1972.

Beischer, D. E., Grissett, J. D., and Mitchell, R. E., "Exposure of Man to Magnetic Fields Alternating at Extremely Low Frequency",

Bureau of Medicine and Surgery MF51.524.015-0013B EOX, July 30, 1973.

Bridges, J. E.; Brueschke, E. E.; Kaye, M. P.; Miller, D. A.; Port, C. D.; Schwab, R. B.;

Valentino, A. R.; and Weyer, J. R., "Susceptibility of Cardiac Pacemakers to ELF Magnetic Fields", Technical Memorandum No.

'I IIT Research Institute Project E-6185, Prepared for U.S. Naval Electronic Systems Command, April 1971.

Clark, C. F. and Loftness, M. D., "Some Observations of Foul Weather EHV Television Interference", Transactions Paper 70-TP-104-PWR, Presented at 1970 Winter Power Meeting in New York, January 25-30, 1970.

Dalziel, C. F., "Electric Shock Hazards", IEEE Spectrum, February 1972, pp. 41-50.

Deno, D. W., "Calculating Electrostatic Effects of Overhead Transmission Lines", Paper No.

T-74-0865. To be presented at the 1974 Winter Power Meeting in New York. Also to be published in Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

Edison Electric Institute, "EHVTransmission Line Reference Book", New York, New York, 1968.

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), "Transmission Line Reference Book, 345 kV-and Above", Palo Alto, California, 1975

Fern, W. J.,- Barbets, R.

I., "Field Investigation of Ozone Adjacent to High Voltage Transmission Lines", IEEE Transactions Paper T74-057-6, Paper Presented to IEEE PES=

Winter Meeting in New York, New York, January 27-February 1, 1974.

Frydman, Levy and Miller, "Oxidant Measurements in the Vicinity of Energized 765 kV Lines", Transactions Paper T-72-551-0, Presented at 1972 Summer Power Meeting in San Francisco in July, 1972.

Gary, Moreau, "Predetermination of the Rl Level of High Voltage Transmission Lines: Part I Predetermination of the Excitation Function", IEEE Paper No. 71 TP 661, Presented at the 1971 Summer Power Meeting, Portland, Oregon, 1971.

3.9-17

Gary, Moreau, "Predetermination of the Rl Level of the High Voltage Transmission Lines:

Part II Field Calculating Method", IEEE Paper No. 71 TP 662, Presented at the 1971 Summer Power Meeting, Portland, Oregon, 1971.

Hubbard, D. C., "Providing Protection Against Electric Shock During Line Construction",

Conference Paper C-73-520-4, Paper Presented at 1973 Summer Power Meeting in Vancouver, Canada, July 15-20, 1973.

IEEE Radio Noise Subcommittee Report, "Radio Noise Design Guide for High-Voltage Transmission Lines", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-90, No. 2, March-April 1971, pp. 833-841

~

IEEE Working Group, "Electromagnetic Effects of Overhead Transmission Lines, Practical

Problems, Safeguards and Methods of Calculation", Paper T-73-441-3, Paper Presented at 1973 Summer Power Meeting in Vancouver, B.C. Canada, July 15-20, 1973.

IEEE Working Group, "Electrostatic Effects of Overhead Transmission Lines", Part I and II, Transactions Paper 71-TP-G44-PWR, Presented at 1971 Summer Power Meeting in Portland, Oregon, 1971.

Juette, G. W., Zaffanella, L. E., "Radio Noise, Audible Noise, and Corona Loss of EHV and UHV Transmission Lines Under Rain; Predetermination Based on Cage Tests",

IEEE Transactions on. Power Apparatus and Systems, pp. 1168-1178, July-August, 1970.

LaForest, J.

J.,

Baretsky, M., Jr.,

MacCarthy, D.

D., "Radio Noise Levels of EHV Transmission Lines Based on Project EHV Research",

IEEE Paper TP-65-706, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, pp.

1213-1230, Vol. PAS-85, No.

12, December, 1966.

Perry, D. E., "An Analysis of Transmission Line Audible Noise Levels Based upon Field and Three-Phase Test Line Measurements",

IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, pp. 857-865, May-June, 1972.

Reiner, G.

L., "Electrostatic Effects near HVAC Transmission Line: Field Tests and Computer

Results, Paper C-72-187-8, Presented at 1972 Winter Power Meeting in New York, New York, 1972.

Roach, Chatier and

Dietrich, "Experimental Oxidant Production Rates for EHV Transmission Lines and Theoretical Estimates of Ozone Concentrations Near Operating Lines", Transactions Paper T-73-414-0, Paper Presented at 1973 Summer Power Meeting in Vancouver, Canada, July 15-20, 1973.

3.9-18

Scherer, Shih and Ware, "Gaseous Effluents Due to EHV Transmission Line Corona",

Transaction Paper No. T-72-550-2.

Presented at 1972 Summer Power Meeting in San Francisco, July, 1972.*

Sebo, Sweeney et al, "Measurements of Effluents Due to EHV Transmission Line Corona Laboratory Tests", Paper Presented at The Canadian Communication and EHV Conference, November, 1972.

Singlewald, M. L., Langworthy, O. R. and Kouwenhoven, W. B., "Medical Follow-up Study of HV Linemen Working in AC Electric Fields", IEEE Transaction of Power Apparatus and Systems, pp. 1307-1309, July/August 1973, Vol. PAS-92.

Smyth, N. P. D., M.D.; Keshishian, J. M., M.D.; Hood, O. CM.D.; Hoffman, A. A., M.D.;

Baker, N. R.; and

Podolak, E., "Effects of an Active Magnetometer on Permanently Implanted Pacemakers",

Journal of the American Medical Association, July 10, 1972.

U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, "AirQuality Criteria for Photochemical Oxidants", National Air Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D.C., March 1970.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "AirQuality Criteria for Nitrogen Oxides",

AirPollution Control Office, Washington, D.C., January 1971.

U.S.

E nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA),

"Environmental Protection Agency Regulations on National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards",40 CFR 50; 36 FR 22384, November 25, 1971; as amended by 38 FR 25678, September 14, 1973.

3.9-19

Probability of Exceeding:

500 kV Line 230 kV Line 50%

8.9 2.8 0%

162.0 13.6 Conditions:

Lines operated at 110% of nominal voltage rating; conductors at minimum height (37'or 500 kV and 30'or 230 kV).

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 CALCULATEDCORONA LOSS IN KILOWATTSPER THREE PHASE MILE TABLE3.9-A 3.9-20

Corridor Section A.

500 kV B.

500kV and 230kV C.

500 kV and 2-230 kV

.009

.010

.008

.010

.007 Edge of Right-of-Way Left Hand Right Hand Maximum

.013

.014

.015 Conditions:

Maximum corona loss, 2,5 mlle per hour stable wind along'5 mlle length of line, 110% of nominal voltage.

I PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT

, AMENDMENT4 CALCULATEDOZONE CONCENTRATIONS PARTS PER MILLION(1 HR)

TABLE3.9-B 3.9-21

Corridor Section Edge of Right-of-Way Left Hand Right Hand Maximum A.

500 kv B.

500 kV and 230 kV C.

500 kV and 2-230 kV

.00050

.00055

.00057

.00050

.00043

.00038

.00072

.00078

.00081 Conditions:

Maximum corona loss, 2.5 mlle per hour stable wind along 6 mlle length of line, 110'f nominal voltage.

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 8t LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 CALCULATEDOXIDES OF NITROGEN CONCENTRATION TABLE3.9-C 3.9-22

CLASS A Residential Areas Mobile Home Parks Motels Commercial Living Accomodations Cottages Bungalows Dormitories Estates (with acreages)

CLASS B Camping Facilities Recreation and Entertainment Where persons communicate by speech Golf Courses Race Tracks Parks Private Hunting Lands Fishing Clubs Preserves State Lands CLASS C Agricultural Property Farms and Livestock Industrial Commercial CLASS AA Lands where the quality of serenity, tranquility and quiet are of extraordinary significance.

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY

'USQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 'I AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 TYPICALLAND USE CLASSIFICATIONS TABLE3.9-D 3.9.23

Corridor Section Wet Conductor Edge of Right-of-Way Left Hand Right Hand A.

500 Icv B. 500kVand230kV 58 58 58 55 C.

500 kV and 2 kV 63 52 Condltlons:

1101f of nornlnsl voltsgs; conductors st svsrsgs hslght.

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 CALCULATEDAUDIBLENOISE IN dB REFERENCES TO 20 MICRONEWTONS PER METER SQUARED TABLE 3.9.E 3.9-24

Corridor Section Fair Weather Edge of Right of-Way Left Hand Right Hand Foul Weather Edge of Right.of-Way Left Hand Right Hand A.

500 kv B.

500 kV and 230 kV C.

500 kV and 2.230 kV 52 52 53 49 49 74 74 74 74 71 71 Condltlontc 1 104k of nominal voltage; conductors st sversge height.

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 CALCULATEDRADIO INFLUENCE IN dB REFERENCED TO ONE MICRO.VOLT PER METER TABLE3.9-F 3.9-25

Corridor Section Edge of Right-of-Way Left Hand Right Hand Maximum A.

500 kv B.

500 kV and 230 kV C.

500 kV and 2.230 kV 1.68 1.73 1.72 1.68 0.88 0.84 7.8 7.8

7.7 Conditions

110% of nominal voltage; conductors at minimum halght.

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 CALCULATEDELECTROSTATIC GRADIENTS IN KILOVOLTSPER METER AT GROUND LEVEL TABLE 3.9-G 3.9.26

Corridor Section Ground Level

'IO Feet Above Ground Edge of Right-of-Way Edge of Right-of-Way Left Hand Right Hand Maximum Left Hand Right Hand Maximum A.

500 kv B.

500 kV and 230 kV 0.125 0.127 0.125 0.194 0.596 0.614 0.135 0.135 0.135 0.239 0.876 0.892 C.

500 kV and 2-230 kV 0.122 0.192 0.570 0.129 0.242 0.895 Conditions:

3470 amps per phase on the 600 kV line, 1640 amps per phase on the 230 kV line; conductors at minimum height.

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 8t LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 CALCULATEDMAGNETICFIELD STRENGTH IN GAUSS TABLE3.9-H

HUNLOOK STATION IUGI)

MOUNTAIN SUBSTATION LUZERNE CO LACKAWANNACO.

STANTPN LACKAWANNA SES SUBSTATION SUSQUEHANNA SES Rior 0

WILKES BARRE gIIsII<~bann Nanticoke Pittston SCRANTON 0

MILES Sw t

t LkLi S ~

h S

t Li PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 5 LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 LINE ROUTE FIGURE 3.9-A

IOO IOO PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 8( LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 500 kV SINGLE CIRCUIT HOR IZONTALTRANSMISSION LINE: CORRIDOR WIDTH 200 FEET FIGURE 3.9-B

230 kV 500kV 0

Ol IOO 150 50 PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 5 LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 500 Icv SINGLE CIRCUIT HORIZONTALTRANSMISSION LINE AND 230 kv DOUBLE CIRCUIT VERTICAL TRANSMISSION LINE: CORRIDOR WIDTH 300 FEET FIGURE 3.9C

230 kv 230 kv 500kv 0

CU IOO IOO IOO IOd 5d PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 5 LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 500 kv SINGLE CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINEAND TWO, 230 Icv, DOUBLE CIRCUIT VERTICAL TRANSMISSION LINES'OR R IDOR WIDTH 450 FEET FIGURE 3.9-D

Vigorous community action Threats of community action Wide spread complaints Sporadic complaints No complaints Nfghttiuie limit

~55 c

cP I

c<

55 Sleep interference BPA data Daytime limitfor speech communications 60 65 s

Audible noise in d BIA)

I 70 75 Hearing daniage begins PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 8t LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 PUBLIC RESPONSE TO AUDIBLENOISE FIGURE 3.9-E 3.9-32

120 110 COMMUNICATION IMPOSSIBLE CO'o

.E 90

'D 80

'a C

CO 70 CO 60

'~jrA' oca/ Effort rC COMMUNICATION DIF F ICULT

"~% m@NNwQ.

Shout COMMUNICATION POSSI BLE 5I 50 40 0

'";AREAOF NEARLYNORMAL<;='i-"

s: SPEECH COMMUNICATION tk'~'gtkv',. itl<o 4 8 <'gaf r<sb.

'ga.m t:a<I 5

10 15 20 25 30 Talker to listener distance (feet)

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 QUALITYOF SPEECH COMMUNICATION F IGUR E 3.9-F 3.9-33

66 64 62 60 58 E

56 5

54 E

cv 52 ca 50

+~+L 0@

O~

48 46

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100 0

100 200

, 300 400 500 Lateral distance to the center line (feet)

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 AUDIBLENOISE OF HIGH VOLTAGETRANSMISSION LINES (AN PP&L 500 Icv SC HOR 2C/B HAVG COND AGAR 1.82 INCHES DIA.)

PIGURE 3.9-G 3.9-34

68 66 64 g

62

~

60 58 C:0 56 C0u 54 E

52 50 K

+

Og Cp Op 48 46 44 500

-400

-300

-200

-100 0

100 200 300 400 500 Lateral distance to the center line (feet)

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 AUDIBLENOISE OF HIGH VOLTAGETRANSMISSION LINES (AN PP&L 500 SC HOR &

253 kV DC VERT STANTON COR R)

FIGURE 3.9-H 3.9-35

68 66 64, 62 8'0 E

58 8

.5 b

56 O

54 C)

CV 52 50 48 46

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100 0

100 200 300 400 Lateral distance to the center line (feet)

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 AUDIBLENOISE OF HIGH VOLTAGETRANSMISSION LINES (PP&L 500 kv SC HOR &

2-253 kV D/C VER STANTON CORR)

FIGURE 3.9-I 3.9-36

85 80 75 70 65 E

o 60 55

<o

'U 50 45 40 35

-400

-300

-200

-100 0

100 200 Horizontal distance to the center line (feet) 300 400 PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 RADIO INFLUENCE OF HIGH VOLTAGETRANSMISSION LINES (RI PP&L DC VERT 253 I<V LAPWING 1.504 INCHES)

FIGURE 3.9J 3.9-37

95 90 85 80 75 0

70 E

Q) 65 60 55 50

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50 0

50 100 150 200 250 Horizontal distance to the center line (feet)

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 5 LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 RADIO INFLUENCE OF HIGH VOLTAGETRANSMISSION LINES (RI PP&L SC HOR 550 Icv 2C/8 AGAR 19 1.82 INCHES DIA.)

FIGURE 3.9-K 3.9-38

5 4

s500

-400

-300

-200

-100 0

100 200 300 400 500 Lateral distance to the center line {feet)

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENTOF HIGH VOLTAGETRANSMISSION LINES (EFIELD PPSL 550 Icv 2C BUNDLE FOR HMIN~37'ONDAGAR 1.821 INCHES)

FIGURE 3.9-L 3.9-39

550 Icv 5

4 253 kv

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100 0

100 200 300 400 500 Lateral distance to the center line (feet)

PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 5 LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENT OF HIGH VOLTAGETRANSMISSION LINES (EFIELD PP&L 253 I(V DC VER 550 Icv SC HOR STANTON CORR)

F IGUR E 3.9-M 3.940

550 I(V 5

4 253 Icv 53 I<V

-400

-300

~200

-100 0

100 Lateral distance to the center line (feet) 200 300 PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 ELECTRIC FIELD GRADIENTOF HIGH VOLTAGETRANSMISSION LINES (EFIELD PPSL 550 Icv SC HOR St 2-DC VERT 253 Icv LINES STANTON COR R IDOR)

~

FIGURE 3 9-N 3.9.41

550 Icv

-400

-300

-200

-100 0

100 Lateral distance from the center line (feet) 200 300 400 NOTE: MAGNETICFIELD ATA HEIGHT OF 10.0 FEET PENNSYLVANIAPOWER 5 LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 MAGNETICFLUX DENSITY PROFILE OF TRANSMISSION LINES (BFIELD PPSL 550 !<V SC 3470A STANTON CORR)

FIGURE 3.9-0 3.942

550 Icv 253 Icv

-400

-300

-200

-100 0

100 200 300 400 Lateral distance from the center line (feet)

NOTE: MAGNETIC FIELD AT A HEIGHT OF 10.0 FEET PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 MAGNETICFLUX DENSITY PROFILE OF TRANSMISSION LINES (BFIELD PP&L 550 Icv SC 3470A 253 kV D/C 1640A STANTON CORR)

F IGUR E 3.9-P 3.9.43

1000 900 800 550 I<V 700 C) 600 U

C 500 400 X

300 200 253 Icv 253 Icv 100

~400

~300

-200

-100 0

100 Lateral distance from the center line (feet) 200 300 400 NOTE: MAGNETIC FIELD AT A HEIGHT OF 10.0 FEET PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 MAGNETICFLUX DENSITY PROFILE OF TRANSMISSION LINES (BF IELD PAL 550 kV SC 3470A

. 253 Icv D/C 1640A STANTON COR R)

FIGURE 3.9-Q 3.9.44

PART III NRC CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS OF SITE PREPARATION, PLANT CONSTRUCTION, AND TRANSMISSION 4.2 TRANSMISSION FACILITIESCONSTRUCTION 4.2.1 Right-Of-Way Development The extent to which the environment is impacted by the construction of the transmission facility is dependent upon the particular techniques and practices used in the development of the right-of-way. Since the issuance of the Ju/y, 1972 Report, PP&L has adopted more restrictive right-of-way management specifications which willfurther help to mitigate environmental impacts along the right-of-way.

Relevant portions of these new specifications are provided in an appendix to this document and are specifically referenced in the appropriate sections of the text. These specifications include:

"Transmission Construction Specifications Development of Erosion Control Plan for Line Construction" (Exhibit A), "Vegetation Management Specifications for Initial Cutting, Removal and Trimming of Vegetation on or Adjacent to Electric Line Right-Of-Way" (Exhibit B), and "Vegetation Management Specifications for Installing Vegetation on or Adjacent to Electric Line Right-Of-Way and for General Landscaping" (Exhibit C).

4.2.1.1 Construction Techniques a)

Clearing The construction of the line will require clearing through wooded areas, building of access roads, removal of danger trees, erection of structures, and stringing of conductors.

Following the actual construction of the line, extensive restoration measures will be undertaken.

These will consist of timber and slash disposal, general clean-up such as grading and

seeding, fence

repair, and removal of temporary construction facilities.

These techniques are discussed in depth in Exhibits A, B and C of the Appendix.

4.2-1

b)

Access Roads Roads are constructed for access to each structure site. At each site the amount of grading for each structure will be kept at a minimum (refer to Exhibit A in Appendix) ~

c)

Foundation And Tower Erection The procedures used to transport and erect structures at specified locations along the right-of-way will vary according to terrain. The tubular steel H-frame 500 kV structures will be transported to the staging sites in several sections. The average length of the sections will be 65 feet. The cross arms for the structures will be brought in as one complete piece, 96 feet in length, The foundations for each of these structures will be constructed of reinforced concrete approximately eight feet in diameter and 20 feet in depth. Excavations will normally be performed by large truck or tractor mounted augers. In some instances, it may be necessary to utilize caissons in the excavations of these foundations.

d)

Conductor Stringing Insulator strings will be affixed while each structure is on the ground. Structures will then be erected and conductors will be pulled through stringing blocks by tensioning equipment.

During stringing operations, guard structures will be placed along all highway, railroad, and existing utility line crossings. The work will be carefully supervised to verify that it meets the specifications.

4.2.7.2 Clean-Up And Restoration a)

Disposal Of Timber And Slash Unless other arrangements are made, all logs and slash are the property of the land owner. In the event that a property owner does not want the logs or slash, the material will be disposed of in the following ways. Merchantable timber will be neatly stacked along the edge of the right-of-way in piles no longer than tree length and dispersed to allow wildlife movement and regrowth of vegetation cover.

Slashed and other cut materials may be stacked where conditions permit. Piles will be restricted in height, length, locations, and compaction to allow for movement around and cover for wildlife.Slash may be used to check erosion in intermittent drainages, but will be kept out of all water bodies, since cleared vegetation allowed to fall or be disposed of into water can alter water flow and increase biological oxygen demand (BOD). (Refer to Exhibit B, in Appendix) b)

Danger Trees Danger trees will be removed with minimum damage to the existing environment.

Pruning or topping of trees will be carried out in a professional manner. Tearing of bark and creation of open wounds will be avoided. All loose, broken or cut branches will be removed from the tree during the initial clearing. 'A company designated forester or environmental inspector with a thourough knowledge of the objectives of the project willsupervise cutting operations to assure conformance with PP&L's vegetation management specifications (refer to Exhibit B in Appendix).

4.2-2

c)

Restoration Restoration work required after construction cleanup primarily consists of landscaping methods such as tree and shrub transplanting, seeding of grasses and other ground covers, and the necessary site improvement and maintenance to assure survival and growth of plants. Additional restoration work would include pruning and methods to correct altered grades around preserved

trees, mechanical damage to trunks of preserved trees, and compaction of soils near retained vegetation (refer to Exhibit B, and Exhibit C in Appendix) ~

d)

Fence Repair Any fences which require dismantling during construction will be repaired or replaced. Ifa fence should require moving because itwould block the right-of-way, it will be replaced with a new fence in an appropriate location where it will not interfere with the right-of-way (refer to Exhibit B, in Appendix).

e)

Removal Of Temporary Facilities All temporary construction facilities will be removed from the right-of-way upon completion of the line.

4.2.2 Impact On The Natural Environment 4.2.2.1 Geology Since all transmission facilities will be above ground, except for foundations, the underlying strata of the area will not be appreciably affected by the line. The concrete footings for the transmission structures will be approximately eight feet in diameter and 20 feet in depth. Drilling to such a depth will perforate bedrock but such activities will be confined to structure locations, having minimal or no impact on the overall geologic formations along the route.

4.2.2.2 Hydrology As with geology, the nature of an above-ground transmission line is such that it willnot appreciably affect the hydrology of the area.

4.2.2.3 Soils Being a mountainous area, the soils along the route are by nature thin and subject to erosion. This is a fact of most mountainous terrains and must be carefully dealt with in constructing a

transmission line. The very nature of transmission line construction necessitates the movement of heavy equipment via heavy machinery.

Therefore, soil compaction will occur in constructing the line wherever movement of heavy machinery occurs. The results of such compaction will alter the vegetation pattern. Some vegetation will be limited on severely compacted soils.

4.2-3

4.2.24 Terrestrial And Aquatic Communities The principal effects of constructing this Susquehanna-Stanton line on natural systems will be the removal of vegetation along the right-of-way and soil compaction. The removal of danger trees will eliminate shade tolerant species and promote vegetation which does well in sunlight. The impact up'on soils along the right-of-way is discussed above in Section 4.2.2.3.

In summary, soils which are traversed by construction vehicles will be compacted to an extent such that they may support a different vegetation community than is now present.

4.2.3 Impact On The Man-Made Environment 4.2.3.1 Land Use, And 4.2.3.2 Demography The potential impact of line construction on land use and demographic patterns are of two basic types: 1) direct physical disruption of the patterns, and 2) visual impact on the aesthetic character of the land use and demographic environment.

a)

Physical Disruption There are no significant changes in land use patterns (see Section 3.9.3.5),

therefore the nature of physical impacts remains similar to those discussed in reference to Segments One, Two, and Three of the Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line. These impacts are discussed in the July, 1972 Report: Section [3.2.9.2 Segment One Susquehanna SES to Hunlock CreeklLand

Use, Population, Agriculture(P 3.2 16], Section

[3.2.9.3]

Segment Two Hunlock Creek to Toby Creek(Land Use, Population, Agriculture'.2 19 and 20], and Section [3.2.9.4 Segment Three Toby Creek to Susquehanna RiverlLand Use, Population, AgriculturelP 3.2 21 and 22].

b)

Visual Impact Since no persons are displaced by the line construction activities, the major impact is of a

visual nature.

Construction activity in the development of the Susquehanna-Stanton transmission facility will adversely affect the visual character of approximately 14.2 miles of right-of-way. Some results of construction will be short term while others may be more permanent.

In general, the actual construction of the transmission line is limited to short term effects as discussed in this section.

Long term effects are generally associated with the continued operation of the facility and are addressed in Section 5.5.4.2 of this report.

Short term visual effects will include the presence and movement of men, materials, and equipment; felling of trees in constructing temporary access roads and clearing the right-of-way; erection of fences, gates, barriers, and signs; and general disruption due to noise and dust of equipment operation.

4.2-4

4.2.3.3 Special Features a)

Historic Resources Known impact on historical resources will be restricted to the two historical areas identified in Section 3.9.3.8.

On-site inspection of the Union Reformed and Lutheran Church in Wapwallopen, Historic Area No. 1, has established that the houses and other buildings surrounding the church will hide the power line structure and conductors from view as discussed in Section

[3.7.8.7] of the July, 1972 Report. Aerial photographs and on-site inspection of the Old North Branch Canal, Historic Area No. 2, has revealed that this canal has been in a state of disrepair and has been unused for many years (Section [3.2.8.7]

of the July, 1972 Report).

Archaeological Resources The Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line crosses no known'areas of archaeological significance.

However, should any objects of possible archaeological importance be unearthed during construction activities, 'PS.L will notify the Pennsylvania State Archaeologist for an evaluation of the site and recommendations for mitigative procedures.

4.2A Mitigative Measures PPKL has an extensive set of guidelines to insure minimal impact to the environment in constructing and maintaining a transmission line. These specifications are included in Appendix A. They deal with all phases of construction and mainten'ance of a transmission line and the mitigative procedures commonly followed by the applicant.

Clearing, location, and construction of access roads, grading and maintenance of such roads, as well as the entire right-of-way, are also discussed in detail in Appendix A. The important problems of erosion and sediment control are also discussed in this section. In summary, Appendix A discusses all mitigative measures normally performed in the construction and maintenance of a transmission line.

4.2;5

PART IV N R C CHAPTER 5 ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTS OF PLANT OPERATION 5.5 EFFECTS OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEOF THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 5.5.1 Anticipated Electrical Radiation Effects Of The 500 kV Transmission Line 5.5.1.1 Ozone And Oxides OfNitrogen The maximum level of corona produced ozone near the edge of the right-of-way as estimated in Subsection 3.9.5.2 is expected to be less than 0.015 parts per million maximum 1 hour1.157407e-5 days 2.777778e-4 hours 1.653439e-6 weeks 3.805e-7 months average above ambient. This value includes the cumulative effect due to the 230 kV circuits and the 500 kV circuit. For the conditions noted, the contribution of ozone from transmission lines decreases rapidly at increasing lateral or radial distances from the line.

Therefore, based on operating experience and review of the technical literatures of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the levels of ozone from the transmission line are not expected to exceed the Environmental Protection Agency's Standards.

The estimated maximum level of corona produced oxides of nitrogen at the edge of the right-of-way is 0.0008 parts per million maximum 24 hour2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months average above ambient (see Subsection 3.9.5.2)

~ Based on experience and review of the technical literatures of the IEEE and EPA, the anticipated levels of oxides of nitrogen from the transmission line are not expected to exceed the Environmental Protection Agency's Standards.

5.5. 1.2 Audible Noise During periods of fair weather, sporadic faint sounding discharges may be heard from point sources on the conductor. These point sources include: burrs, scratches,

bugs, sand, etc. These infrequent discharges occur on most 500 kV lines and lines of higher voltages. It is the experience of PP&L that this typical operation of overhead lines has not been the cause of public complaints.

5.5-1

Under certain conditions when the energized conductor is wet (heavy fog, light rain, etc.) the maximum audible noise anticipated from the lines will be approximately 63 dBA at the edge of the right-of-way. This level exceeds that value of 58.5 dBA at which the Bonneville Power Administration study indicates numerous complaints can be expected.

However, the wet conductor condition is temporary and this level would diminish as soon as the conductors began to dry. In addition, the area traversed is very sparsely populated.

Therefore, the impact to the environment is expected to be minimal.

5.5. 1.3 Electromagnetic Influence a)

Radio Influence Radio influence for broadcast stations at 1000 kilohertz is estimated to be a maximum of 74 dB above 1 micro-volt per meter (dBu) at the edge of the right-of-way during foul weather conditions. This represents an average value for all rain rates.

During fair weather conditions this level will be approximately 52 dBu. Allowing for the 24 dB decibel signal to noise ratio specified by the FCC for good reception, all stations with a signal strength of 76 dBu or better should be received with good quality at the edge of the right-of-way.

As this level is somewhat high for fair weather conditions it is expected that fewer stations will be received with good quality, however strong local stations should not be affected. During foul weather conditions at the edge of the right-of-way, stations having signal strengths of less than 100 dBu would have their reception quality impaired.

The level of radio influence decreases with increasing distance laterally from the transmission line. At approximately 300 feet from the centerline of the 500 kV structures, under foul weather conditions the radio influence level decreases to about 52 dBu and would have minimal impact upon strong local stations.

At 300 feet during fair weather, stations with signal strength of 54 dBu or better should be received with good quality.

b)

Television Influence As noted in Subsection 3.9.5.4 television influence from 500 kV transmission lines is typically not a problem.

Based on the literatures of the IEEE and CIGRE (The International Conference on Large Electrical Systems) and on operating experience, no corona produced television interference problems are foreseen for those areas where good television reception is presently obtained.

5.5.1.4 Electromagnetic Induction The cumulative value of the electromagnetic field is a maximum of 0.9 Gauss at 10 feet above ground. This maximum level occurs for the three structure corridor with 3470 amps per phase flowing in the 500 kV circuit and 1640 amps per phase in each circuit of the 230 kV lines.

5.5-2

At this level of electromagnetic field intensity, and based on the. technical literatures of IEEE, CIGRE, and on experience, the electromagnetic field should pose no threats to the safety of man.

5.5.1.5 Electrostatic Induction The 500 kV overhead transmission line design gives a maximum electrostatic gradient of 7.8 kilovolts per meter within the right-of-way and a

maximum of approximately 1.7 kilovolts per meter at the edge of the right-of-way. When paralleled with 230 kV double circuit structures the edge of right-of-way value does not increase significantly. For large vehicles (see Subsection 3.9.5.5) and under favorable conditions the 5 milliampere electrostatic short circuit current criteria could be exceeded. These values are based upon a 37 foot minimum clearance.

Where the line crosses highways the minimum clearance will be increased to 47 feet. At other points along the transmission line the impact of the electrostatic field is expected to be minimal.

Maintenance Of Transmission System 552.1 Maintenance And Repair Activities Annual inspections of the line will be made by PP&L. This will be done with fixed wing aircraft or helicopter. The line will be inspected on foot on the order of every three to five years. The inspections are performed to determine if the line itself is in need of repair, or ifright-of-way reclearing is needed.

Should repairs be necessary, PP&L or its contractor will utilize access roads wherever possible.

In the event that is not feasible due to weather conditions or lack of

access, a helicopter may be necessary to perform the necessary maintenance.

55.2.2, Maintenance Of Rights-Of-I%ay, And 5 5.2.3 Access Roads Subsequent to initial clearing, PP&L or its contractors will maintain a clear right-of-way and access roads, where needed, through the use of hand clearing and selective spraying of approved herbicides. The objective here is to eliminate tall growing tree species representing a danger to the line and promote the growth of low growing shrubs and forbs.

A detailed description of PP&L's maintenance procedures for rights-of-way and access roads is found in Appendix A. Included also in these detailed specifications is a list of small trees and shrubs which will be preserved along the right-of-way.

5.5.3 Operational Effects On Natural Systems I

55.3.1 Geology The operation of a transmission line will have no effect on the local geology.

5.6-3

5.5.3.2 Hydrology Misuse of herbicides could cause disruptions of the local hydrology. However, by following the manufacturer's directions and governmental regulations, hydrology will not be affected.

5.5.3.3 Soils Misuse of herbicides may result in soil sterilization. Should this occur, the right-of-way may become devoid of vegetation and erosion could result.

However, by following the manufacturer's directions and governmental regulations, soil sterilization will not result.

5.5.3.4 Terrestrial AndAquatic Communities The initial clearing and construction of the line would be expected to have greater impact on natural systems than maintenance procedures.

Hand clearing of vegetation will have minimal or no effect on terrestrial communities.

Any chemicals used to control vegetation will be approved by state and federal authorities and applied as directed by said authorities.

In no case will aerial application of herbicides be performed.

By applying herbicides manually, the possibility of them entering water courses is very remote. This, together with the careful construction and maintenance procedures used by PP&L, will minimize the effects on aquatic communities.

The line will not interfere with migrating birds'light paths. Other upland game birds may benefit from low growing vegetation along the right-of-way. Maintenance of the line will cause minimal disturbance to upland game birds due to the infrequent work which will be required. Electrical noise, ozone, and induced currents will have little or no effect on migratory or upland game birds, or plant life along the right-of-way.

5.5.4 Effects On Man-Made Systems 5.5.4.1 Land Use, And 5.5.4.2 Demography a)

Physical Effects The minimal amount of periodic maintenance activity along the right-of-way will have a negligible disruptive effect upon land use or demographic activities.

b)

Visual Effects The greatest adverse impact of the proposed transmission facilitywill involve the structures and conductors which will sometimes be visible from areas of public access.

Public access areas are defined as urban developments, major river crossings, recreational 5.54

lands, roadways, and population concentration points. The criteria to assess potential visual impact includes the following considerations and their application in the analysis of all segments:

is the proposed right-of-way corridor in a direct line-of-sight path as viewed from public access

areas, and, if so, what is the projected visible effect of the change brought about by construction of a right-of-way and appurtenances?

The letter and arrow symbols in the following discussion are keyed to Figure 5.5-A and denote points where a field survey was utilized to identify potential visual impact zones.

The solid color arrows indicate possible near view impact zones and the outline arrows indicate potential distant view impact zones.

L1 is an area of near view visibility north of the station from which the transmission line will be visible from two light duty roads.

L2 is an area of near view visibility from a light duty road, and L3 is an area of near view visibilityfrom one light duty road and one medium duty road. L3A is an area in which the corridor is visible from a light duty road. L4 is an area of high visibilityfrom which the right-of-way will be visible from the Borough of Shickshinny, from all accessible ridgecrests, and from Pennsylvania Route 239 (LR 655) ~ L5 is an area of distant view visibilitywithin which the right-of-way will be visible from approximately 2.4 miles where a medium duty road parallels the proposed line.

L6 is a region in which the community of Hunlock will be exposed to near view visibility. In addition, there are three medium duty roads that intersect within 1/8 mile of the proposed route.

L7 is an area of distant view visibilityfrom a medium duty road which parallels the line for 1.2 miles and LB is an area visible from Pennsylvania Route 29 (LR 369). The proposed line will cross a medium and a light duty roadway at L9 and will be visible to travelers.

L'IO is an area visible from the village of Gregory and from a medium and a light duty roadway.

L11 is an area visible from a light duty road. L12 is an area visible from Pennsylvania Route 115 (LR 177) which is a four lane, heavy duty roadway.

L13 is an area of visibilityfrom a medium duty roadway and L14 is visible from a heavy duty roadway.

L15 and 16 are areas which are visible from each of two light duty roads.

L17 is visible from three light duty roadways. L18 is an area of visibilityfrom a light and a heavy duty road. L19 is a visible area from Pennsylvania Route 92 (LR 232).

Proposed measures to minimize potential visual impact include: structure design, structure location, and right-of-way development criteria as set forth in the Department of Interior/Department of Agriculture publication, "Environmental Criteria for Electric Transmission Systems,"

and the Federal Power Commission publication, "Electric Power Transmission and the Environment."

The proposed structure design will be a tubular, H-frame structure type of weathering

steel, russet brown in color.

From both the above mentioned criteria publications and public opinion polls, a "tubular steel type" structure design is more aesthetically appealing to the general public than the standard "lattice type" structure (Pohlman, 1973).

In order to maintain a visually cohesive structure image throughout the proposed line, tubular steel structures will be used not only at visually sensitive zones, but along the entire line.

Potential for adverse visual impact may occur in those visually exposed portions of the facility in which the paralleling of existing structure types occur. This situation occurs east of Hunlock Station where the proposed "tubular steel type" structure parallels 5.5.5

approximately five miles of existing 230 kV steel lattice structures.

The potential for adverse impact is found not in the proposed structure but in its nonconforming visual context with the surrounding landscape image, which has already been traversed by "steel lattice" structures.

The degree of visual impact is equal to that degree of alteration realized in the character of image of an existing landscape.

The visual integration of tubular and lattice forms creates a contention for visual dominance, yielding visual discord, increased viewer awareness, and subsequent visual impact.

Structure location criteria in utilizing topography and vegetation for screening and absorption potential greatly minimize potential for visual exposure and subsequent impact. Of the 31 miles proposed, 30 percent is potentially visible to public access zones. Of this 30 percent visible, only 12 percent is near view.

, Right-of-way development practices for the proposed facility will allow for low-growing shrub species and ground cover providing a visually cohesive vegetative ground cover minimizing visual impact. Right-of-way development practices also include the reserve cutting and clearing of visually sensitive zones to minimize exposed views of the right-of-way.

5.5.5 References EHV Transmission Line Reference Book, Edison Electric Institute, New York, New York, 1968.

Pohlman, Joseph C., What is the Public's Opinion on Transmission Towers and Poles?"

Electric Light and Power, T/D Edition, April, 1973.

5.5-6

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FIGURE 5.5-A PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 5.5-7

I l

PART V NRC CHAPTER 10 PLANT DESIGN ALTERNATIVES

'10.9 Transmission Facilities Alternate route considerations for the Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line were based on the analysis of alternatives for the original Susquehanna-Lackawanna 500 kV line.

These considerations are addressed in Section 3.9.4 of this report and discussed in detail in Section [8.6.1.1] of the Ju/Y, 1972 Report.

10.9.1

PART VI NRC CHAPTER 11

SUMMARY

BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS The Susquehanna-Lackawanna transmission line proposed in Section [3.2] of the

July, 1972 Report, was selected on the basis of both environmental-impact and economic criteria. The major portion of this'eport discusses the environmental advantages associated with the shorter Susquehanna-Stanton Line. There are also substantial economic advantages associated with the shorter line as indicated in Table 11.0-A below. In addition to the economics of the shorter line length, Table 11.0-A lists cost savings realized by the use of poles in place of the originally proposed lattice towers.

In summary, the proposed Susquehanna-Stanton Line represents a substantial reduction in both environmental impact and in construction cost over the original Susquehanna Line. Yet there will be no reduction in the reliability of the PP& L transmission system associated with the shorter Susquehanna-Stanton 500 kV line.

11.0-1

Original Susquehanna-Lackawanna Alternate A Susquehanna-Stanton (a)

Alternate B Susquehanna-Stanton (b)

Length Right of Way Costs Construction Costs To~el Costs~1'4 miles 815,000

$24,500,000

$25,315,000 33 miles 625,000

$16,000,000

$16,625,000 33 miles 625,000

$17,200,000

$17,825,000 (1) 1979 Dollars a.

Poles Structures Selected b.

Towers Alternate Structures PENNSYLVANIAPOWER & LIGHTCOMPANY SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION UNITS 1 AND 2 APPLICANT'S ENVIRONMENTALREPORT AMENDMENT4 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

, TABLE 11.0-A 11.0-2

EXHIBITA TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION SPEC IF ICATIONS DEVELOPMENT OF EROSION CONTROL PLAN FOR LINE CONSTRUCTION Pennsyivania Power 5 Light Company

PENNSYLVANIA POWER 5 LIGlF COhlPANY ENGINEERING DEPARTNENT SPECIFICATION FOR ACCESS ROAD CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURE SITE GRADING SCOPE This specification covers the location, construction

, maintenance and resto'ration of tho means of access either to or on the right of way and any other earthmoving activity for the construction of a transmission line.

During construction, copies of this Specification and Construction Plans shall be located in the field and shall be available i'or use by construction personnel and by state and federal agency porsonnel.

II.

INTENT The intent of the Specification is to describe the general provisions that sh'all be followed for the accomplishment of work within the scope of the Specification so as to cpntrol erosion and resulting sedimentation of waters and to comply with PA DER Erosion and Sedimentation Control Regu-lations.

This Specification shall be used in conjunction with the trans-mission line construction plan and profile sheets and shall be referred to thereon.

The Construction Department shall notify the Soil Conservation Service at the Conservation District of the county in which tho trans-mission line will be constructed in advance of any earth moving work I

being performed.

III.

GENERAL Increased transmission line impact and the amount of erosion are closely related.

The moro earth moving that is performed, the more visible the 13 Sheets, No.

2 of A-118231

transmission line becomes.

It follows that erosion is directly pro-

'ortional to the amount of root system and vegetation destroyed through

'rading operation and to the slope of disturbed surfaces.

Therefore, the selection of access road locations that require minimum grading, remove the least vegetation and ground cover, and reduce exposed slopes is of utmost importance.

The phase of construction during which erosion control measures shall be implemented are clearing of right of way, construction of access

roads, preparation of structural site, material hauling to structure sites, r

excavation of foundations, preassembling and the erection of structures, final grading and wire stringing.

Special erosion control measures shall be implemented at. stream and spring crossings and at public and private

,road crossings.

IV.

VEGETATION t4WAGEMENT SPECIFICATION The following Vegetation h1anagement Specifications shall apply:

LA-79827 - Specification for initial cutting, removal,and trimming o(

vegetation on or adjacent to electric line right of way, LA-79828 - Specification for installing vegetation on or adjacent to electric line right of way. and for general landscaping.

Y.

ACCESS ROADS In general, access roads shall be located to preserve natural terrain and minimire erosion and sedimentation.

1%ere possible, road grades and 13 Sheets, No.,3 of A-118231

alignments shall follow the contour of the land with smooth, gradual

'I curves within the limits of the right of way unless special permission has been obtained to use the land outside of the right of way.

A.

Grading Hhere grading is necessary because of construction on hillsides,'eans shall be employed to prevent erosion in the transmission line right of way.

The degree and aspect of the slope, tho type and stability of the soil; and the permeability of undisturbed adjacent terrain are all factors. which will effect the methods of erosion control which will be used.

Ln general, drainage swales or ditches shall be constructed as road building progrosses and shall be located to follow the natural drainage patterns of the surrounding area.

Contours of adjacent terrain as well as right of way contours shall determine the location of swales.'here the transmission line follows downhill slopes exceeding Sw, construct drainage ditches along access roads for directing water runoff to interceptors, as shown on Sheets 10 6 11, Those interceptors shall be spaced in accordance with Sheet 13 to direct the flow of runoff water into existing stabilized areas.

Riprap consisting of local stono shall be placed at the outlet of interceptors to break the force of runoff, except where runoff wator can discharge immediately into rocky areas, heavy vegetative areas, or compacted brush pile.

13 Shoots, Ho.

4 of A-118231

1.

Public Road Crossin At public road crossings, the access road shall be located such as to.avoid whenever possible giving the public a long view of a transmission line.

As much natural growth for the road screen as possible shall be preserved by selecting a route angling through the'creen from the public road to the cleared right of way.

When a route has been selected and the access road is constructed, all vehicles shall utilize this entrance to the transmission line.

Any additional disturbance to the road screen shall be held to an absolute minimum.

Where the transmission line ground contour slopes downward towards the public road, construct drainage ditches or inter-ceptors at appropriate intervals along the access road to dir-ect water runoff across and off the access roads before reach-ing the public road; thereby allowing the water to dissipate into areas of vegetation and avoiding increased velocity of flow and acceleration of erosion on the roadway shoulder.

Soil disturbance shall be kept to a minimum and temporary restoration shall be made immediately following grading.

Slopes in earth cuts and fills and scarred areas at public road cross-ings shall be hydroseeded as.soon as practical with mix 8 (coarse lawn mix) for slopes less than 3 to 1 or crown vetch for slopes

'xceeding 3 to 1 per PPOL Co. Specification LA-79828, latest revision, to reduco erosion and restore appearance of vegetation cover.

At critical locations where high erosion potential

,exist and when time of yoar is not suitable for seeding, mulch 13 Sheets, No.

5 of A-118231

consisting of straw or wood chips shall be placed until the seeding operation can take place.

2.

Wooded Areas Where grades permit, locate the access road on the lower elevation of the right of way sidehill so it can be partially screened by the adjacent woodlands.

Generally, the access road shall be loc-ated to avoid existing low growing tree varieties on the'ight of way.

When it is necessary to route the access road through clumps of trees, a route shall be selected'whi.ch minimizes tho tree damage, Tree root damage caused by (1) excessive cuts into the roots, (2) disposal of fillon top of moot zones, which can suffocate the

tree, and (3) bark damage through scraping of the tree trunk shall bo avoided wherever possible.

Soil compaction by construction equipment in thc tree root zone which can have the same effect as raising the grade shall be avoided, Besides cutting, filling, compacting and bark tearing, the disposal of oils, chemicals or other toxic materials shal'1 not be permitted.

>he access road shall have a minimum width which will permit the travol of construction equipment.

During the clearing oper-ation, soil disturbance shall be kept to a minimum, and rock out-crops and tree stumps shall remain in place.

Soft road bases should be stabilized with a suitable fillmaterial such as shale or crushed stone.

A minimum cover of 18 inches shall be retained over culvert pipes to ensure adequate protection.

The Engineer 13 Sheets, No.

6 of A-118231

shall bc consulted to specify stabilizing procedures in particularly difficult areas.

gvery effort shall be made to avoid erosion by constant surveillance I

of potential erosion areas and where necessary, the ruts shall be smoothed out and gravel shall be spread on roadway to prevent erosion.

Slopes in earth cuts and fills shall be seeded as pre-.

viously described under the Public Road Crossing item.

3.

Cultivated Area Generally, no special road construction is required over flat cultivated areas.

In cultivated areas, property owners shall be consulted on road location to minimize crop damage and soil dis-turbance.

Existing open field drainage ditches shall be maintained.

Tire ruts and deprossions which are created by vehicular traffic N

shall be corrected and the area maintained in suitable repair to prevent erosion acceleration.

Re'storative measures shall be taken not more than one week after the construction of a transmission line.

The disturbed areas shall be first dished to loosen the soil and then -seeded and mulched to reduce erosion and restore natural appearance.

Seeding in cultivated areas should be done only after consultation with the land owner.

4.

Stream and S rin Crossin s

Access road construction in the vicinity of stream beds or springs shall be avoided where possible.

If required, such activity shall 13 Sheets, No.

7 of A-118231

be performed in a,manner to minimize damage to 'the natural con-dition of the area.

All low growing tree varieties and ground cover shall be preserved...

Root systems of trees that are not cut shall not be disturbed, and grading shall bo kept to a minimum.

In general, stream fords shall be used whore vehicle crossings are required.

Nhero necessaxy, the stream bottom shall be made firm by depositing native, stone when.practical in crossing area.

In areas where equipment must repeatedly cross stxoams or springs, or where the depth of the stream does not permit fording, culverts of size and number to adequately carry flow may be constructed.

Installation of culverts shall be coordinated with local.con-servation authorities".

Nhere streams are not crossed by access roads, vehicular txaffic shall be restricted from.the immediate area of the stream banks ;

to avoid disturbing these usually fragile areas.'

Soil disturbed areas shall be seeded as soon as practical.

1%ere steep slopes make it difficult to establish a vegetative cover, other restorative procedures, such as the use of gravel or rock shall be utilized.

Local conservation authorities should be consulted before rock stabilization methods are used.

Disposal of oils, lutants shall not chemicals and other types of soil or water pol-be permitted, Ground water pumped from structural excavations shall be deposited in removable containers or settling

. or leeching wells or shall be spray irrigated.

13 Sheets, No.

8 of A-118231

VI.

STRUCTURE S ITES Grading at the tower site shall be kept to the minimum sufficient for turn-around and for the assembling and erecting of tower steel.

Topsoil removed during excavation shall be stockpiled with precaution taken to prevent erosion, preferably at a high location, and redistributed after tower erection, On side hill construction, diversion terraces shall be constructed on the high side of the structure site so run-off water will be directed to un-disturbed terrain with. adequate ground cover.

Where water runoff from structure sites carry excessive

sediment, a sedi-ment basin shall be constructed on the low side of the site.

After the topsoil is redistributed, the area shall be promptly hydroseeded, Structure site and access road grading shall be so performed that original grades will be retained at each pole or foundation location.

F.

G.

Knauss:WAS 0862 13 Sheets, No.

9 of A-118231

CUT KIER 1.

INTERCEPTORS SPACED AT INTERVALS AS SHOWN ON'TREET NO.

13 UJ 0

CO 2,.

S (M

M G

5.

U EO,CUT C FILL AREAS LCH ONLY AS TEMPORARY ASURE DURING NON.

OWIHG SEASON)

E TOP SOIL SCRAPED OM TOWER SITE TO STALL DIVERSION RRACE AND SKEb AFTER TOP50IL IS RE DlSTYLI SUTFb.

/

I ACCESS ROAD SEE I

SECTION 8-B ON SHEET ~0 IHTERCEPTOR SEE SECTION AA ON SHEET ~0

/ACCESS ROAD f TOWER Fl)L TEMPORARY DIVERSION ERRACE APPROX EVEL AREA FOR LAY-DOWH AND ERECTIOl4 EOUIPMEHT TEMPORARY SEDIMENT BASIN OUTLET INTO EXIST-

'NG STABILIZED AREA j 'i ACCESS ROAD AHD TOWER SITE GRADIHG TYPICAL PLAH FOR LIHE"DOWN SLOPE 13 SHEETS'O.

10 OF A-118231-o

~ 0 0

o 4 ACCESS ROAD SEE.SECTION B-B OH SHEET HO.

12 TE

'E PORARY IMEHT IN E lEWINAOE 00' SiOpg

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INTERCEPTORS SPACED AT INTERVAI.S AS SHOWN OH SHEET NO.

13 P.

SEED, CUT AE FILL AREAS (MULCH ONLY AS TEMPORARY MEASURE DURING NON -GROWIHG.

SEASON.)

8.

USE TOP SOIL SCRAPED FROM TOWER SITE TO INSTALL DIVERSION TERRACE AND SEED AFTER TOPSOll,lS REDISTRIBUTED TEM DIV TER ORARY RSIOH ACE CD EE I

CE

~ll CD CE LEO I

I I

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APP X

LEV AREA FOR LAYDOWH AHD ERECTIO TOWER EEOC ACCESS ROAD AND TOWER SITE GRADING TYPICAL PLAH FOR LINE ACROSS SLOPE 13 SHEETS, HD.

11 OF A-118231-0

DOWN SLOPE

~ HITCH FLOW'CCESS ROAD OOHH ORROE r

cP IHTERCEPTOR SPACIHG FILL CC RD O

HR CD O

OUTLET INTO EXISTING~

STABILIZED AREA RIPRAP WHEN REQUIRED 2'IN.

ROAD GRADE XEK INTERCEPTORS SPACED AT INTERVALS AS SHOWN OH SHEET HO.

13.

4:I MAX.

SECTION A -

A 2.

SEED,CUT L FILL AREAS (MULCH ONLY AS TEMPORARY MEASURE DURING HON-GROWING IH HIH.

2:1 HD RD CC SECTION B

EXISTIHG CROSS GRADE r

Ig

'I MIN BhTH 1:I MIN, SHALE 12

MIH.

ACCESS ROAD TYPICAL ROAD AND INTERCEPTOR DETAILS 13

SHEETS, HO.

12 OF A -11823 I-o

40 35 30 25 20 CD 15 10 CD CD CV CD INTERCEPTOR SPACING IN FEET ALONG C RO/0 FOR VERTICAL INTERVAL OF 15'XAMPLE:

GRADE AS SHOWN ON PROFILE OR AS DETERMINED IN FIELD IS 151m 1.

ENTER CHART AT 15%

2.

MOVE RIGHT TO INTERCEPT CURVE 3 ~

MOVE DOWN TO FINO SPACING ACCESS ROAD INTERCEPTOR SPACING 13 SHEETS, ND. 13 OF A-118231-o

EXHIBITB VEGETATION MANAGEMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR INITIALCUTTING, REMOVAL,AND TRIMMINGOF VEGETATION ON OR ADJACENT TO ELECTRIC LINE RIGHT-OF-WAY Pennsylvania Power 5 Light Company

INDEX I.

SCOPE II.

INTENT III.

DEFINITIONS IV, EXTENT OF WORK TO BE PERFORMED BY CONTRACTOR V.

RES PONSIBILITIES OF CONTRACTOR A.

General B.

Repair of Existing Fences C.

Access to Line Right of Way D.

Stream Crossings and Erosion Control E.

Method of Clearing 10 10 1.

General 2.

Types of Clearing a.

Tailored Clearing b.

Selective Clearing F.

Disposal of Cleared Vegetation 1.

Timber 2.

Slash 10ll 11 12 13 13 13 a.

Compaction b.

Chipping c.

Burning G,

Chemical Control of Vegetation H.

Preservation of Existing Ground Cover and Ground Contours I.

Removal of Danger Trees 7.

Special Clearing Restrictions 13 l4 14 15 17 17 17 26 Sheets, No. 2 of IA-79827-2

INDEX Continued EXHIBITS 1.

Minimum Conductor Ciearances for,66 & 138 kv Lines UtQiztng Single Wood or Steel Pole Structures 2,

Minumum Conductor Clearances for 66 & 138 kv Lines Utilizing Towers and/or Multiple Wood or Steel Pole Structures 3.

Minimum Conductor Clearance for 230 kv Lines (AQ Types) 4.

Minimum Conductor Clearance for 500 kv Lines (AllTypes) 5.

List of Plants Which Shall be Preserved Where They Occur on Electric Line Right of Way 6.

Typical Notations to be Shown on Clearing Plan of Line by Company 7.

Barbed Wire Gate for Closing Openings Made in Existing Fences

~Pa e

19 20 21 22 23 25 26 26 Sheets, No, 3 of LA-79827-2

SPECIFICATIONS FOR INITIALCUTTING, REMOVALAND TRIMMING OF VEGETATION ON OR AD AGENT TO ELECTRIC LINE RIGHT OF WAY I. SCOPE This Specification covers the initial selective removal or trimming of trees and brush and selective spraying of growth on or adjacent to electric lines of all voltages located on private or public right of way.

11. INTENT The intent of this Specification is to:

A. Specify the responsibilities of Contractors and describe the general procedures that shaH be followed by Contractors in accomplishing all work within the scope of these Specifications.

B. Define the minimum clearance between conductors and Mees acceptable to Company in providing satisfactory electric service to its customers.

C. Provide a type of clearing that will (1) improve the visual impact of right of way clearing on the public view to the greatest practical extent and (2) retain, where possible, desirable species of vegetation on or adjacent to electric line right of way to prevent ground erosion, reduce the requirements for screen plantings at road crossings and minimize future control maintenance.

III. DEFINITIONS A. Company - Pennsylvania Power & Light Company or its authorized representative.

B. Company Representative - An authorized representative of Pennsylvania Power and Light Company acting as liaison between the Company and Contractor in connection with all clearing activity.

He willfollow and review, and, in the case of cost-plus work, direct as required, Contractor's clearing operations in the field to assure that the intent of this Specification is carried out.

C. Contractor - Right of way clearing contractor.

D. Clearing Plan - Plan of line showing location and type of clearing to be performed by Contractor.

E VYOoded Area - Areas covered by trees that have grown, or are of a species that can crow to"e 'enificTent hei'tht to tnTerlere with the operathht reltahi11ty oi the elecb ic fine.

F.'Initial Clearing - Applies to line right of way being cleared for the first time.

26 Sheets, No.

4 of IA-79827-2

G. Widening - Applies to increasing the cleared width of right of way along an existing electric line.

H. Selective Clearing - Removal of all forest type species, except where noted on Clearing Plan, and retention and preservation of low growing varieties such as listed in Exhibit 5.

See Section V, E-2-b.

I. Tailored Clearing - Topping and trimming of trees to obtain specified clearances to conductors, including removal of indiv'dual trees.

See Section V, E-2-a.

J. Tree Removal - Felling of trees, including removal of branches, and disposal of timber and slash.

K. Tree Trimming - Cutting tree branches to provide designated clearances to a line conductor, including disposal of the slash.

L. Danger Trees - Trees outside the initiallycleared right of way that, in falling, would either, strike the conductor or pass within minimum clearances noted in Exhibits 1 through 4 of this Specification.

Danger Trees willbe marked for topping or removal by Company Representa-tive, who shall consider the following factors in making this decision:

1.

Directional lean of tree.

2.

Conformation of tree.

3.

Species (wood structure and root system structure).

4.

Age and vigor of tree.

5.

Terrain.

6.

Soil structure.

7.

Potential hazard.

M. Timber - Merchantable tree trunks and branches four inches or larger in diameter.

N. Slash - Cut tree trunks and branches smaller than four inches in diameter, also undesirable brush requiring removal.

O. Compaction - Method of stacking and compacting slash as described in Section V, F-2-a.

P. Spraying - Chemical treatment of stumps, exposed roots and undesirable woody growth to prevent recurring growth.

Q. Improved Road - Any public road surfaced with concrete,

macadam, crushed

stone, etc.

On land under the jurisdiction of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources or Pennsylvania Game Commission, all roads open to public travel shall be considered improved in respect to the type of clearing required by these specifications, except as otherwise determined by the Department or Commission.

26 Sheets, No.

5 of LA-79827-2

IV. EXTENT OF WORK TO BE PERFORMED BY CONTRACTOR A. Work shall include clearing the right of way to the widths and clearance noted in Tables I and II of this Specification for the voltage and type of line involved..

Work shall be done in accordance with the specifications for the type of clearing noted on prints of Clearing Plan of line furnished by Company to each prospective bidder and as further detailed in this Specification.

'These prints shall become part of the clearing contract - and as herein specified.

B. Lin Clearing Plans generally w01 be prepared for higher voltage lines 56 kv and above}.

In addition to showing clearing instructions, Clearing Plans also will be marked to show names of property owners.

When no Clearing Plan is available, generally for lines less than 66 kv voltage,.

typo and location of each type of initial clearing shall be as noted in th<

request for bids for this work and as further detailed in this Specification.

C. Company will provide successful bidder, in writing, a list of right of way grants for a new line, or where cleared right of way of an existing line is being widened.

TMs list will show names of property owners and clearing rights secured, including restrictions.

D. Contractor shall confine his activities within the limits provided by the right of way grants, except for danger trees.

This shall include the storage of equipment and materials and the exercise of proper care to avoid damage and litter outside these areas.

Allrestrictions in the right of way grants shall be strictly adhered to by Contractor.

E. Where the electric line is adjacent to property lines, danger trees may be on adjoining properties.

Permission for trimming or removing these trees will be obtained by Company from the property owners involved.

All trees so designated wi)l be marked by Company prior to Contractor undertaking this work.

F. Prior to start of clearing operations, the Company willstake the center line of the electric line.

The center hub of each line structure also will be staked by Company, when possible.

Contractor shall take precautions to preserve all survey stakes and hubs, and those destroyed in the clearing operation willbe replaced at the expense of the Contractor.

26 Sheets, No.

6 of IA-79827-2

Table I MINIMUMTOTALWIDTHS WITHINWHICH CLEARING IS TO BE PERFORMED IN WOODED AREAS UNLESS OTHERWISE DESIGNATED IN CONTRACT Voltage and Type of Construction Width Aerial Cable on Messenger (all voltages)

Plastic Covered Conductor (above 600 v. to 12 kv.)

Cut limbs and branches less than 4" diam. to clear cable by 30" min.

(Por tree trunks and larger branches, no clearance is required.)

10 ft - Bracket Construction 20 ft - Crossarm Construction 23 Kv Lines and Under Bare Conductors Wood Pole or Tower Single Phase Three Phase 30 ft 50 ft 66 & 138 Kv Lines Single steel or wood pole Two or more pole structure Steel Tower 70 ft (See Exhibit 1, Sht.

19) 100 ft (See Exhibit 2, Sht. 420) 100 ft (See Exhibit 2, Sht. 420) 230 Kv Lines Steel pole Steel tower 100 ft (See Exhibit 3, Sht. 421) 100 ft (See Exhibit 3, Sht. 421) 500 Kv Lines Steel tower 200 ft (See Exhibit 4, Sht. 422)

26Sheets, No. 7of IA-79827-2 I

Table II MINIMUMCLEARANCES TO BE OBTAINED BY TRIMMINGFOR LINES LOCATED ALONG OR WITHIN HIGHWAYS AND STREETS Volta e of Line Minimum Clearance to Conductor (Horizontal and Vertical) 23 kv and under 66 kv to 230 kv 500 kv 5 ft IS ft 20 ft V, RESPONSIBILITIES OF CONTRACTOR A. General

1. Contractor shall provide all necessary labor and equipment for execution of the work.

2. Prior to the start of clearing operations, property owners will be notified by the Company when clearing operations are expected to begin.

Whenever possible, Contractor also shall contact the property owner, or his representative, prior to start of clearing operations.

Contractor shall not begin his operations until he is notified to proceed

. by the Company, Copies of ail out peimits reqZred by regulatory agencies willbe furnished to the Coritractor Gy'the Company and shall be kept at tlm site of activity when clearing operations are undertaken.

3. No tree or brush work shall be performed within the confines of State Highway limits unless a permit has been obtained by Company from the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and is in possession of Contractor at site of work.

4. Contractor shall conduct all operations in such a manner that all roads will be kept open to traffic.

S. Contractor shall clean up all slash and rubbish resulting from his work as work progresses, leaving the area in a condi~don satisfactory to Company's representative.'.

Re ir of Existin Fences Contractor shall be responsible for immediat ly repairing or replacing all fences or gates damaged by his forces at his own expense.

'Ihe continuity of electric fences shall be maintained.

Adequate care shall be taken to assure that gates are not left open or fences left in such condition that the property owner's livestock can escape.

If existing 26 Sheets, No.

8 of LA-79827-?

fences or gates along a right of way are in a state of disrepair prior to start of clearing and could allow livestock to escape, this shall be called to the attention of the Company Representative in order that the property owner may be notified.

2. Where existing usable fences are attached to trunks of trees to be felled, these trees shall be cut at a point six inches above the top wire strand, unless otherwise directed by the Company's Representative.

3. Where movement of Contractor's equipment is required through existing

fences, a "Texas" style gate per attached Exhibit 7, shall be made by the Contractor.

Any required addition of fence-wire, brace posts, gate posts or other associated fence mater1al - shall be of new quality and of similar design as existing fence material.

C.Access to Line M ht of Wa

l. Access to the line right of way shall be 11mited, where possible, to public road crossings.

Additional access off the limits of line easements shall be negotiated by the Company, when deemed necessary by Company representative.

When line access 1s desired from property owners other than those from whom easements already have been obtained by the Company, Contractor shall notify Company Representative.

Upon Company Representative's concurrence on the necessity of this additional access, Company willnegotiate with these property owners for this privilege.

Contractor shall bear the cost of any damage he may cause to these access routes and obtain written release for damage from property owners.

2. Existing roads, culverts or bridges - either. private or public - that form a portion of Contractor's means of access to the right of way shall be reviewed with the Company Representative prior to use.

The Contractor shall take whatever steps the Company Representative deems necessary to insure that these facilities are restored to at least as good condit1on after the Contractor's use as they were originally. At the request of the Company Representative, the Contractor shall immediately repair damaged roads or bridges that would hinder or prevent the owner's or tenant's use.

3. Where new roads or other means of access such as bridges, etc., are required to enter or traverse the right of way for construction or maintenance of the line, clearing for these facilities shaQ be performed by the

'ontractor by direction of the Company Representative.

4. In general, vehicle traffic shall be restricted to a single lane roadway of

~

15'-0" width along and into the right of way, Where the access road leaves an improved highway into the right of way, it shall be located so as to enter the right of way from either edge and at an angle to the highway to avoid observation down the center of right of way from the highway.

26 Sheets, No. 9 of LA-79827-2

For access to right of way on hillsides, access road shall be located on uphill side of right of way, where possible, to prevent erosion.

Contractor shall use only one access strip as designated by Company Representative.

D. Stream Crossin s and Erosion Control

1. Contractor shall keep his equipment out of streams or other bodies of water. Ifit is necessary to cross a stream, Contractor shall construct a temporary bridge adequate for his requirements so as to avoid siltation of the waterway or erosion to its banks that could cause future siltation.

Contractor shall comply with all pertinent provisions of Chapter 102 grosion Control) adopted September 21, l1972, to form part of the Pennsylvania Clean Streams Law of June B2, 1937, P.L. 1987.

I

2. Where swampy areas are traversed by line route, a rip-rap surfacing of vegetation shall be installed by Contractor to protect the ground contours prior to crossing these locations with any equipment.

Locations where these protective measures shall be utilized willbe noted on the Clearing Plan of line or per instructions issued at time quotations are requested for work.

Rip-rap shall be laid on the ground surface and corstructed of an undermat of brush, limbs and tree stems laid perpendicular to the line center line in an 18 to 20 foot wide swath.

Poles 18 to 20 feel long,cut from adjacent timber, shall then be laid closely together on top of this undermat.

Cover poles should extend transversely from one edge of the base swath to the other, forming a corduroy roadway.

E. Method of Clearin

1. General a.

Contractor shall cut and remove all specified trees, tree stubs and brush on the right. of way within the widths noted in Table I, and as detailed in this Specification for the type of clearing to be performed.

All stump heights shall be a maximum of three inches above normal ground level, with no sharp points or splinters left standing.

Stumps shall be cut parallel with the ground.

b.

Contractor shall cut and dispose of all slash, logs and tree stubs in previously cut-over areas.

All tree stubs of a height greater than three inches above normal grade in these areas shall be recut and disposed of unless otherwise specified.

2 6 Sheets, No. 10of LA-79827"2

c.

On the edges and banks of streams and other natural water courses, clearing shall be done in a manner that willnot disturb the root structure of the existing growth or increase the hazard of erosion.

At stream or river crossings, Contractor shall satisfactorily restore the original ground contours of any disturbed bank areas to prevent erosion.

Logs from trees cut along streams and swamps shall be removed beyond any possible flood areas.

'lhe type of clearing to be performed by Contractor on various parts of a line, or for the entire line, will be marked on the Clearing Plan of line furnished by the Company or specifically noted in the requests for quotations for this work.

Two types of clearing may be involved:

Tailored or Selective.

a.

Tailored Clearin Tailored clearing shall be performed at locations noted on the Clearing Plan of line furnished by Company or as specifically noted in requests for bids.

Tailored clearing will be specified to obtain minimum clearances between line conductors and vegetation on or adjacent to the right of way as follows:

(I) At improved road crossings as specified on Clearing Plan or as designated by Company Representative.

(2)

In park and preserved natural areas.

(3)

Along highways and city streets.

(4)

At peaks, ridges and edge of wooded areas visible to the general public.

'5)

At stream and river crossings visible to the general public or for erosion control.

(6)

At any designated location along the route of a line where the Company deems it necessary to keep the removal of vegetation on or adjacent to the right of way to a minimum, consistent with reliable line operation.

Where this type of clearing is to be performed, the center hub of each tower line structure willbe staked by the Company in advance of all clearing activity at that location.

All existing vegetation within the right of way limits, shall be preserved to the greatest 26 Sheets, No. llof IA-79827-2

extent possible, except where its removal is required for erection of line structures or installation of conductors.

In all cases, conductor clearances at least equal to or greater than those noted in Exhibits 1 to 4 of this Specification shall be obtained by trimming or topping.

Where the amount of trimming or topping required is such as to endanger the normal life of a tree, or destroy <ts natural symmetry when located in parks, at road crossings, along improved roads or other locations where high public visibilityis involved, the tree shall be removed.

All trimming, topping or tree removal shall be done in such manner as to develop an irregular, softened effect that blends the right of way clearing into the surrounding undisturbed vegetation without sharply defined breaks or patterns.

Clearing of this type shall be performed under the direction of a Company Representative who also willdetetmine any additional clearing or trimming required at these locations for access roads, erection of line structures and installation of conductors.

b.

Selective Clearin Selective clearing shall be performed at locations noted on the Clearing Plan of line furnished by Company or as specifically noted in the request for quotations.

Where this type of clearing is to be performed, clearing shall include the removal of all trees other than low growing varieties noted in Exhibit 5 of this Specification.

Initial clearing shall be confined within thevarious widths noted in Exhibits 1 to 4 of this Specification, for the specific type and voltage of line to be installed.

%ee removal along the edges of the initial clearing width should be irregular to avoid a precise, mechanical effect.

Existing shrubs, herbs and grasses shall be preserved to the greatest extent practical during the clearing process.

Where structure locations are established prior to clearing, all brush shall be removed in their vicinity, as noted in the applicable Exhibit.

Where structure locations have not been determined at time of clearing, these areas shall be cleared of brush by the Clearing Contractor after structure center hubs have been established by Company.

Where the maximum sag of the low conductors is well above the tree growth in gullies or ravines, no removal of forest type trees in these areas will be necessary, except as may be required for line access or wire stringing.

Specific instructions as to the 26 Sheets, No.

12 of IA-79827-2

extent of clearing at these locations willbe noted on the Clearing Plan of line, when furnished by the Company, or as noted in the requests for quotations when no Clearing Plan is available.

Following installation of line conductors, Company's Representative willdesignate all danger trees that require removal.

Selection of trees for removal at this time also may include some growth along the previously cleared edges of right of way to further dev'clop a random, irregular pattern where the degree, of public visibility involved warrants this additional work.

These trees willbe designated by Company's Representative.

F. Dis sal of Cleared Ve etation

l. The following shall be the method of disposal for merchantable timber.

a.

All merchantable timber four inches or larger in diameter shall be placed in neat piles parallel along the edge of the right of way.

Timber shall be stacked tree length unless otherwise specified.

Stacks or piles of Umber shall not be greater in length than the longest tree length.

A separation of at least ien feet shall be provided between individual piles.

Location of the various timber piles shall be chosen so that they willbe concealed to the greatest practical extent by existing vegetation selectively retained on the right of way to soften its appearance.

Allroads, trails or streams

'including their banks) shall be kept open and no stacking shall be undertaken within a road screen oo;viithin 100. feet."of a road."

2. The following shall be the methods of disposal for non-merchantable timber, tree tops, limbs and slash.

Method to be utilized willbe specified either on the Clearing Plan, by instructions furnished at time quotations are requested, or as noted on the property owner's Restriction List.

a.

C~om ation Slash and other cut material requiring disposal shall be stacked in flattened mounds to a height less than eye level.

Compaction of piles may be facilitated by use of equipment employed in the associated clearing operations.

Piles shall be dressed of'protruding limbs and located with the rear edge of piles at the edge of the line right of way.

Piles shall be keg'cTear 'of tower and pole site's."

The length of a pile of compacted slash should not be any greater than a tree length Umber pile and its width limited so as not to interfere with access road construction or wire stringing.

A separation of at least ten'feet shall be provided between adjoining piles of Umber or slash.

26 Sheets, No. 13of IA-79827-2

No stacking shall be undertaken within a road screen, within 100 feet of a road or at other locations involving high public visibility.

b.

C~hi >~inq Chipping will be specified when compaction or burning of slash is not acceptable.

Locations where chipping Is to be performed willbe as previously noted or may be requested during the actual clearing operations in the case of right of way acquired after clearing has commenced at other locations on the route oi'ine.

Chips shall be randomly scattered on the right of way but shall not be deposited in fields, along city streets, park areas, or on the banks of streams or ponds, These areas willeither be noted on the line Clearing Plan, Restriction List or verbally by the Company Representative.

At these locations, disposal of chips off the job site shall be the responsibility of the Contractor.

c.

~Bnrnin Burning of slash shall be performed only upon Company authorization and in compliance with the Regulations to Control Area (Air-Basin) Air Pollution of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Health, Air Pollution Commission - also any local or municipal ordinances.

Contractor shall comply with the following measures in connection with any burning activity:

l.

Contractor shall notify the local fire department, District Office of the Department of Environmental Resources and Company Representative prior to conducting a burning operation on a dally basis.

2.

Burning shall be kept to small piles located clear of vegetation to be retained on right of way, as well as standing timber adjacent to edge of right of way.

A tractor-width area around perimeter of slash pile shall be raked free of combustible material prior to burning.

3.

Burning shall be undertaken only when safe burning conditions exist - as determined by Company Representative in conjunction with a representative of the District Office of the Department of Environmental Resources.

4.

The use of rubber tires for starting fires is prohibited.

26 Sheets, No. 14 of IA-79827-2

5.

When a fire is reduced to charcoal and ash, it shall be raked and opened to prevent hot embers remaining in the ash piles.

'This precaution is contingent upon safe burning condiUons prevailing at the same time.

6.

Adequate fire-fighting equipment shall be kept at the site of any burning activity, including Indian Fire Tanks and Rich Fire Rakes (or equivalent), and a qujjgtjy..af water sufficient to extinguish any outbreaks.

7.

If burning conditions deteriorate, burning operations shall cease.

Mechanized fire fighting equipment (motor driven high pressure pump and tank units) shall be provided and utilized by Contractor until areas being burned are determined safe by Company Representative.

8.

Continuous patrolling shall be provided by the Contractor (day and night) as long as fire danger is high and hot embers exist in any of the burn piles.

Burying of hot embers also willbe an acceptable method of reducing the chance of a Qre outbreak but willnot eliminate the necessity of providing the above-noted protective measures.

9.

Any fire which burns beyond the right of way limits shall be promptly reported to the nearest Company Operating Headquarters or to the Company Representative.

Ifthere is any danger of a fire spreading beyond the control of the Contractor, the District office of the Department of Environmental Resources shall be notified for additional help to regain control of the situation.

10.

Contractor shall be responsible for any damage or in)ury resu)ting from a burning operation.

G. Chemical Control of Ve etation

l. All chemical treatment for control of vegetation on electtic line right of way shall be done selecUvely.

No broadcast spraying will be permitted.

Chemical treatment of sturqs shall be as follows:

a.

Contractor shall spray with a chemical solution all cut stumps one inch and larger (except evergreens) as soon after cutting as possible.

The enUre stump shall be completely saturated, Including all exposed bark and roots.

Spraying to the point of run-off is imperative.

'Ihe chemical solution shall consist of 4 gallons of 2,4,5T (4 lbs. acid equivalent per gallon of concentrate) to 96 gallons of 42 fuel oil.

A substitute for this solution may be used with written permission from the Company.

26Sheets, No. 15 of IA-79827-2

b.

Chemical solution shall be applied by means of pressure tank spray equipment or by other procedures which will provide the thorough wetting and 1mpregnation requirements necessary for a stump killof at least 75%.

Final stump kill shall be determined at the time of the next growing season.

If percentage of stump k111 does not meet the specified requirements, Contractor shall res pray at his own expense until the specified percentage is reached.

Stumps sprayed 30 minutes or less prior to rain shall be sprayed again but not unt11 30 minutes after run-off has stopped.

c.

Under no condition shall the Contractor use a chemical weed or vegetation killer on the right of way on lands under the Jurisdiction of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources or Pennsylvania Game Commissior., on a designated water shed property or in the vicinityof springs or drainage ditches except upon written approval hy the respective Department, Commission or owners.

d.

Chemical spray solution may be applied under any seasonable cond1tions except when snow, 1ce or water prevents intimate contact of the solution with the bark of the stump down to the ground line.

e.

Adequate care shall be exercised in spraying near growing crops or near shrubs and trees which are to be preserved.

Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to prevent fires during the course of spraying operations.'.

In clearing along edges and on banks of springs, creeks and other natural water courses where steep slopes make such banks susceptible to erosion, chemical treatment shall be completely omitted on stumps located on the banks and within 50 ft beyond the tops of banks.

This provision shall not apply to swales and other shallow depressions where erosion is prevented by heavy existing sod, briars, vines or similar ground cover.

Contractor shall take adequate precautions to prevent contamination of all water courses.

2. Chemical Growth Inhibitors a.

The use of chemical growth,inhibitors on vegetation on or adJacent to electric line right of way shall be undertaken only when specified by Company.

b.

Type of inhibitor, method, location and extent of application shall be in accordance with detailed instructions furnished by Company at time bids for this work are requested.

268heets, No. 16of IA-79827-2

3. Treatment of Cut Surfaces After trimming or topping ornamental or street trees, or as required by local or State regulation, Contractor shall paint all cut surfaces one inch or more in diameter with an approved tree wound dressing.

H. Preservation of Existin Ground Cover and Ground Contours

1. Contractor shall take adequate precautions not to remove or damage existing vegetation designated for preservation either as herein noted or as marked by Company Re'presentaQve.

2. Wheeled or tracked equipment shall be equipped with brushrakes,

forks, winches or equivalent to move timber and slash into position for stacking, compaction, burning or removal.

In order to minimize removal of or damage to low growing varieties and ground cover, the use of bulldozer blades to handle timber or slash willnot be permitted.

3. Contractor shall regrade deep cuts, ruts, stump holes or mounded areas caused by clearing operations when, in the opinion of the Company's Representative, they could cause future ground erosion or interfere with access for line construction or maintenance.

4. The Contractor shall exercise special care at locations with ornamental, fruit and/or nut trees also cultivated grape, berry vines or bushes which are not to be removed or sprayed.

Ornamental, fruit or 'nut trees shall be trimmed or removed only by direction of the Company Representative and when prior written permission has been secured from the property owner ~

I. Removal of Dan er Trees

1. Contractor shall trim, top or cut and remove all danger trees.

Danger trees shall be specified by Company Representative in accordance with this Specification and normally willbe marked, trimmed or removed after installation of line conductors.

2. Danger trees shall not be removed for 23 kv and lower voltage lines.

However, all dead trees, or live trees with soil dug or washed from their roots in such manner as to reduce their stability, shall be removed

'here there is a probablity of falling into 23 kv and lower voltage lines.

J.

S cial Clearin Restrictions

l. 'Ihe natural symmetry and beauty of trees which are trimmed or topped shall be considered and maintained to the greatest extent possible.

No stubs shall be left.

26 Sheets, No. 17 of IA-,79827-2

2. Existing trees within an area specified for tailored'clearing shall not be removed except as specifically marked by the Company Representative.

When it is necessary to remove these trees to provide adequate conductor clearance, special care shall be taken in their felling and removal so as not to damage vegetation that is to remain.

Any broken or damaged limbs shall be neatly pruned or removed.

'Ihese provisions shall apply at all line crossings over improved roads, along city streets and highways, and through park areas, regardless of the type clearing specified for the total line.

3. Clearing in watershed areas shall be kept to a minimum to minimize run-off of muddy water and soil erosion.

Watershed areas willbe identified by the Company as to their location and extent on the prints of the plan of line furnished with request for quotations for this work.

4. As a final comment, it is recognized that the type of vegetation prevailing in some parts of the Company's service area is such that little or no forest understory or brush exists for possible preservation in these wooded areas.

Even though Tailored clearing is specified, including locations at road crossings, the necessary removal of forest type trees in these areas to provide adequate conductor clearance cannot avoid creating a more or less pronounced break in, the pattern of forest cover.

'Ihe intent of this Specification is to soften the appearance of this break as much as possible by developing a natural appearing, rounded kind of clearing edge and the retention of existing low ground cover.

The selection of a specific type of clearing will be determined by the Company in advance of all clearing operations in relation to the degree and kind of public exposure involved with the location of the line.

APPROVED (including all Exhibits attached hereto)

H. W. Wri ht s

Manager, Engineering E

S idl s

Manager, Distribution R. C. Zundel s

Manager, Real Estate N. W. Curtis s

Manager, Construction Director, Environmental Development By: Q. H. Smith-6/1/70 Revision 42-Approved 5/15/'I

'I 26 Sheets, No. 18 of IA-79827-2

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'tn Je deterriiinCQAn4 gctatn all ~all tvccJt shrubs> herbs %grasses Bg I gA S.. - Io/3>>/6'l

. <

>r l>% x5 8 Twr. Dido. cc I I la>>ra>>ca LinC. or lniha.'I C(eerie C" Nor~el t.)mb) o lnipial clearing Nelcchvcly.desiqnak4 vcodiafgoq to rcrnain CKcepk %r lh"'4wgc clcafiyiy 'Sr accus roact ~ ~O-0 Normal 6w Limit in h)noded iOnuts (dec Plan oF Ling Ptrforrn initial,clearing in +his area Donilcr 6.ccc Oufsidc lnihc I d Qhun all srniLll.frccs shrubs licrlbc 8c IIWif~or oWciclc.,~ limb+a nicaac naiad i>> Cichibib i>>. Clear at( - 0cyarninc>>i CLin>>rcbd>>y C>>7>>>>g il>>Ir. wkc hoked on Plan og linc,g bi and ge~d isa(clean~ ) ~>o c ~t il hll b ~ con Minimum C or. ~~eclor gg @ <>>c Pla'i > ~idle cl~winp. l38 Kv.l ines vtil<xiny /owcrs +or gulqplc .'.H.D, -lO"..Qle4$ 4jo+,.Or S~I RAe Sfruc+ur~, .- hyphen 4'.) i4/q~ 2'>hauk, Ho~:ot".. LA-gqe27-2 Matc C nk Si) Q 8 ps'tong-hcEe. (ccl. any looorfton in.spani UILaranCe Line, Wr Dontlcr ~C5 DID.'5 is fhc Naif.i fjnc4 pact of Congvofor'hoiun oti Line

proach, (af ctiy

,loc46lh tri 5p4 Qr, 'Y Htti ~ <'cl. It) ~ ~I~ic5 C Icartcncc Ltrta for Iniftal Clcartncl $ Tower or Pete, I7i+o S'CSlCobicctly dCSlynaftcf VcyeMtooi.Q tternatn ..Qr. IS'tde clcart gc4esa roacl. Nortrie I IJintf cd Inimical c"l41r trip lilormtLl 5w Ltmik Ar Toitvc<5 . & ttitHipla. Pole Sfrucfurea Iri 1ANaft'tt seas (See Plan of Line) 2.St-Perform In> tal el@erin in+ i r w Al r'v 4I r s ilracic$ 4triclt +raea nord in Kxtitbt&.$; CIlcarctl+wcs unclcohrii<<h. iMitktn 8'0'-o 'of+ ot'r or pttictitnlcss other ivtsc no& on Plan <<f'nc. Qll clccrancco natal shall bc fo concluaf<<r<<at ooriditton oP-WW(miLtri salas alt<<ittnon Line Plan Ic.Prof i la, 4raw.try Dan ar outside ctiihal clcart ltmt s or oA<<tdc.,8 Itmifs*bc, cjafarmtnc4 8i mar&a >y Cortipany Qltrcocdxftvc aplcr coriditdrtro crc tnctttitl<d rouigotrii'IrraqultLr ptL~ ctf'vctIcMlttn <Iicil bc cvcl<<pc4 alontlWc c+ <<tl Q~ '5y+Iic select v'c r.'cert<<~J,M+ uvi~iA. BE bcptirig tntft<l clc artrip limits. )<HI I Minimum CoIicluc r'aarnIicas For ISO Kv'. Lines (AIl 'TyP,es) .Q,Sbaah nb y of'A--t9827-t. ljirn. 5 is the ivlax ~ Pinal sa9 of conguctor al ZIO.4 ShOwn On vie. Profile, (Af y locafio iaaf spun) gax. Condvdor M9 'R zigoi cl psf wing i bare (at any locid.ion:n SP n) Clen,v'ante

Line, Ar Dan~cr

'Tree 5 5-o Lir:e. @ ,'c'rS neo Linc, <ttal clear p gh. Panqcr frees ovHldc +/iv Iiinils Q be deWrviinrrI h'arl<ed by Cii>>PAiiy gepr after rqnclvcg ave iris&iled. A VAndom> rrregJ<<r AH'em dfyept4A'I ioii hall bo devhoyr3aJop 9hc Qge ofhng by fiie~ scleotivc rcriiovAIoF trees wilhie b. beyond initial el canny /imi6 Gelcckive ly dcslynkcd yaaehkon +0 remail ax,ce'p+ for I5'mac clcarinipi +or access road. loo-g'lorvnal ed c of Viu~ within which initial chon Ho,22 of LR-'798'27-L 5g Q;H 5, -lo/ai/gq Rcy. ~i-s/gyp', Perform lnikiaI cleavt>>o in &is area ~ Agi'a!n ail small trecsi~shrvbs, herbs Bi res.st riotacf iri ~hibit ~ Clear II recs g ungcrbrvsh within ao'>>o" of 4 of tovucr unless o+herwice nota] on Plan of'nc. All clcaranccs noteg Shalt bc 6 cond ijetors at concfkion oF iriaxirnvrn szq 4s shown on Linc Plan W Pre+lie. ~cjAawinp ~ Exhibit 5 LIST OF PIANTS WHICH SHALL BE PRESERVED WHERE THEY OCCUR ON. ELECTRIC LINE RIGHT OF WAY ). Small Trees a. White Flowering Dogwood (comus florida) h. Sumac - Staghorn, Smooth, Dwarf (Rhus spp.) b. Red Bud (Cercis canadensis) c. Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)

i. Striped Maple (Acer pennsylvanicum)

j. Mountain Maple (Acer spicatum) d.

Blue Beech (Carpinus caroliniana) e. Shad Bush (Amelanchier canadensis)

f. Iron Wood (Hophorn beam)

.(Ostrya virginiana) g. Red Cedar - juniper (t'uniperus virginiana) k. Pin Cherry (Prunus pennsylvanicum) 1.. White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis) m. American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) 2. ~Iar s Shrubs a. Alder (Ainus spp.) b. Hazelnut (Corylus spp.) c. Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) g. Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana) h. Elderberry (Sambucus spp.) i. Rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) d. Dwarf Willow (Salix humilis) e. Deciduous Holly (llex verticillata)

f. Spice Bush (Benzoin aestivale) j.

Scrub Oak (Quereus spp.) k. Viburnum (Viburr>um spp.) 1. Dogwood (Comus spp.) 26 Sheets, No. 23 of IA-79827-2 Exhibit 5 Cont'd 3. Small Shrubs a. Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) h. Meadow Sweet (Spiraea spp.) b. American Yew - Ground Hemlock (Taxus canadensis) c. Sweet Fern (Myrica peregrina) d. Bush Honeysuckle - Pinxterbloom or Azalea (Azalea nudiflorum) i. Checkerberry - Wintergreen or Partridgeberry (Gaultheria procumbens)

j. Trailing Arbutus (Epigaea repens) k.

Blackberry (Rubus allegheniensis) ~ e. Huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.) 1. Ras pberry (Rubus occidentalis) f. Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) m. Choke Berry (Pyrus arbutifolia) g. Viburnums (Viburnum spp.) n. Green Brier (Smilax rotundifolia)

4. All native grasses, ferns and herbaceous plants.

5. All annual weeds and annual plants.

26 Sheets, No. 24 of LA-79827-2 E VL 0 'n 0 aiiinmzyug~EBS P umOg S ZIMVP .3" ~ 40 0 Zr O ~ Ill 4 Qr iji " V 4 f4 7 p Cg il Q g P C~ V pl c + ~ ~ O'z C v+ Ct ~e ~- Q Q I> U op a+4 4 II II II Qy H>5 ip/~i/6q l(QC "lt-K/IC/7$ EXHle lT.. 6 Wvpical Notations To be, Sho~n On Cleaviny Plo,n of'na, By Company 2.6 Uhaefs. Ma 8f cd LA-'718< 7-X a.M +' O + OO V Vg ~CL O ~ C C'E It ~ C 4l aO CW Ig4 cB p ~4 ~ ~E Jhow'bef Lltve &ate For Clos( Opan~np SefoI lrI Eoshnp FicncX ~ Shae&z.hty.~ nF LR-7RB2>-~ EXHIBITC VEGETATION MANAGEMENT SPECIFICATIONS FOR INSTALLINGVEGETATIONON OR ADJACENT TO ELECTRIC LINE RIGHT-OF-WAY AND FOR GENERAL LANDSCAPING Pennsylvania Power & Light Company I. SCOPE II. INTENT III. DEFINITIONS IV. DESCRIPTION OF WORK JJJ JJEX ~Pa e 6 6 6 7 V. SAMPLES, ANALYSES AND TESTS VI. MATERIALS A. PLANT MATERIALS 1. General 2. Qua) ity a. Specimens b. Heavy c. Matched or Pairs d. Clumps e. Multiple Stem f. Trees g. Shrubs h. Hedges i. Ground Covers j. Vines k. Espaliered Plants 3. Preparation of Plant Materials a. Balled Plants b. Balled and Platformed Plants c. Bare Root Plants d. Salvaged Plants 4. Plant Measurements a. Trees b. Shrubs c. Ground Covers and Vines 5. Substitutions 6. Initial Inspection of Plant Materials B. GENERAL MATERIALS 1. Topsoil 2. Sand 3. Peat Moss 4. Peat Humus 5. Manure 6. Commer cial Fertilizer 7. Lime 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 15 35 Sheets, No. 2 of LA-798?8-1 B. INDEX (Cont'd. ) 9. 10. 11 ~ 12, 13. 14. 15. 16, 17. GENERAL MATERIALS(Cont'd. ) 8.. Mulches a. Peat Mulch b. Bark or Root Mulch c. Wood Chip Mulch d. Gravel Mulch e. Wood Cellulose Fibre Mulch Water Wrapping Material Twine Friction Guards Stakes Guy Wires Commercial Wood Dressing Weed Controls Disease

5. Pest Controls

~Pa e 15 16 16 16 '6 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 VII. PLANTING METHODS A. GENERAL B. PLANTING SEASONS 1. Deciduous Plants " 2. Evergreen Plants 3 ~ Grass and Crown Vetch Seed C. LOCATION D. CARE OF EXISTING PLANTINGS . E. EXCAVATION F. SIZE 6 DIRECTIVES FOR PLANTING PITS, BEDS AND GROUND COVER AREAS 1. Trees 2. Shrubs 3. Ground Cover Plants G. SOIL PREPARATION 1 ~ Planting Mixture H. PLANT MATERIALLABELS I. PLANT PROTECTION 1. Balled and Burlapped Plants 2. Bare-root Plants 3, Container-grown Plants 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 35 Sheets, No. 3 of LA-79828-1 s J. SETTING PLANTS INDEX (Cont'd. ) ~Pa e 22 K. STAKING, GUYING & WRAPPING OF TREES 1. Setting 2. Staking 3. Guying 4. Friction Guards 5. Guy Wires 6. Wrapping L. FERTILIZINGPLANTS M. MULCHING N. WATERING PLANTS O. PRUNING 1. Pruning Existing Plants P. SOWING OF GRASS SEED 1. Preparation of Subgrade 2. Placing 6 Spreading of Topsoil 3. Final Preparation of Topsoil 4. Application of Limestone 6. Application of Fertilizer 6. Sowing of Seed V. Grass Seed a. Mix "A" -- For Fine Lawns b. Mix "B" -- For Coarse Lawns 8. Mulching a. Straw or Hay Mulch b. Wood Cellulose Fibre Mulch 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 35 Sheets, No. 4 of LA-79828-1 INDEX (Cont'd. ) Q. SOWING OF CROWN VETCH SEED 1. Soil Preparation a. Crown Vetch Area 2. Crown Vetch Seeds, Other Seeds and Soil Supplements a. General b. Seed Proportions c. Inoculant d. Method of Application 3. Mulching VIII. CLEAN-UP ~Pa e 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 IX. INITIALMAINTENANCE, GUARANTEE & REPLACEMENTS 31 A. INITIAI MAINTENANCE 31 1 ~ General 31 2. Grass 31 3. New Plantings 32 4. Spraying 32 5. Weeding 32'. Responsibility for Maintenance 33 B. GUARANTEE C. REPLACEMENTS 1. Retainage X. INSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE A. GENERAL B. PRELIMINARYINSPECTION C. PRELIMINARYACCEPTANCE D. FINALINSPECTION & ACCEPTANCE AT END OF GUARANTEE PERIOD 33 33 34 34 34 34 '35 35 35 Sheets, No. 5 of LA-79828-1 SPECIFICATIONS FOR INSTALLINGVEGETATION ON OR ADJACENT TO ELECTRIC LINE RIGHT OF WAYAND FOR GENERAL LANDSCAPING I. SCOPE This Specification covers the initial installation of trees,

shrubs, ground cover or other designated vegetation on (I) electric line right of way or adjacent to electric line right of way, (2) on Company owned land adjacent to generating plants. substations.

switchyards, pole yards, office buildings, service centers, crew quarter<<and other types of facilities. Il. INTENT The intent of this Specification is to: A. Specify the responsibilities of Contractors and describe the general procedures that shall be followed by Contractors in accomplishing all work within the scope of these Specifications. B. Assure the quality of plant and other materials to be furnished for this work and their most advantageous installation to minimize future replacement and maintenance. III. DEFINITIONS A. Company: Pennsylvania Power & Light Company or its authorized representative. B. Contractor: Landscape Contractor or Nursery approved by Company to furnish and install plant materials. C. Plant List: List of plant materials to be furnished and planted by Contractor. D. Plant Materials: Alltrees,

shrubs, vines, grass, sod and ground cover listed in the Plant Lists on the Drawings, or in these Specifications, required to complete the plantings shown on the Drawings.

E. Cal.: Caliper measurement of tree trunk. F. Ht.: Height of plant. G. Spd.: Spread of plant. H. B&B.'alled and burlapped plants. 35 Sheets, No. 6 of LA-79828-1 I. BhP.: Balled, burlapped and platformed plants. J. B. R,: Bare root plants. K. Site: Area designated on Drawings within which planting is to be performed. L. Finished Grade: Proposed final grade. M. Drawing: Landscape Plan attached to and made part of I andscape Contract. IV. DESCRIPTION OF WORK A. Contractor shall furnish all labor, materials, trucking and supervision necessary for, and incidental to, the installation of plant materials called for on the accompanying Drawings and in accordance with this Specification. B. Contractor shall not begin his operations until he is notified to proceed by Company. Where plantings are to be installed on land noi owned by Company. in fee, Company willobtain written permission from the property owners involved, including access privileges, prior to any activity included in the scope of Contract. Copies of all permits willbe furnished to the Contractor by the Company and shall be kept at the site of activity when planting operations are undertaken. C. Work shall be subject to the General Terms and Conditions of the Contract and shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following:

1. Submitting samples and analyses for Company approval, if requested.

2. Preparation of the soil for planting.

3. Furnishing all plant materials shown on Drawings, planting, and all necessary planting operations, including the furnishing of water when not available on site, watering, staking,

guying, wrapping, fertQizing, spraying, mulching, weeding, pruning and protection of roots.

4. Furnishing sod, grass seed, specified ground cover, top soil and performing all operations necessary to establish ground cover when specified in areas designated on drawings.

5. Cleaning the site.

35

Sheets, No. 7 of LA-79828-1

6. Guarantee and renewal of plants.

7. Maintenance of plantings for period of time designated in these Specifications.

V. SAMPLES ANALYSES AND TESTS A. When requested by Company, Contractor shall submit, at his

expense, certified analyses by a recognized laboratory of top soil, peat moss, fertilizer, insecticides, fungicides, chemical weed killers, etc.

to the Compu<<< for written approval before delivery to the Site. Packaged and sealed standal d products accompanied by manufacturer's or vendor's analyses and colnplying with this Specification's requirements willbe acceptable. B. Analyses an<i tests of materials shall be in accord with the current methods of the Association of OfficialAgricultural Chemists. C. Specifications shall accompany all materials to be analyzed ar<<i teated so that comparisons and recommendations by the laboratory ran ilc made. Should changes he necessary, the laboratnl y's recomnlen<iations siu<li be forwarded to the Company. D. Approval of materials shall not be construed as final acc<<pin<le<i. Co<up:lny reserves the x ight to analyze, for colnparison with tllis Spccifi<<nli<ul'.: l e<iuirements, any or all materials delivered i'or usc under this Contract. Sllould tllose tests indicate non-compliance witii tiiese Specifications, tile Company will cllarge the entire cost of such tests to the Cont<actor and ail rejected material shall be removed from the site and replaced witllacceptable lnaterial at the Contractor's expense. V! MATEItIALS A. PLANT MATERIALS

1. General The species, scientific and common names,

sizes, quantity and manner in which plant material is to be furnished by Contractor will be listed on the Drawings accompanying this Specification, and as herein noted.

Allplant materials shall conform to the Plant List and these Specifications and shall be true to the botanical names and standards established by tile American Association of Nurserymen, Inc. Allplants shall have been grown in accordance with good horticultural practice and under climatic conditions similar to those existing at the Site area for at least two (2) years prior to date of planting under this Contract. 35 Sheets, No. 8 of LA-'79828-1 Collected stock from native stands or established plantings shall be planted only if so designated in the Plant List and approved in writing by Company. Collected stock shall meet the requirements of the American Association of Nurserymen and these Specifications . Each bidder shall investigate sources of supply and shall be certain, before submitting his quotation, that he can supply all plant materials named in the Plant List in the size, variety, quality and quantity required. Failure to take this precaution shall not relieve the successful Bidder from the responsibility of furnishing all plant materials in strict conformity with Contract requirements, at no added expense to Company.

2. Qua~lit Allplant materials, other than those designated 'Collected" or "Salvaged", shall have been nursery-grown, freshly dug and with heavy, fibrous root systems.

Allplants shall be legibly tagged with the proper name and shall have a habit of growth normal for the species or variety. Allplants furnished shall have healthy, well formed upper growth and be properly proportioned and densely foliated when in leaf. Allplants shall be in sound, healthy and vigorous condition, free from objectionable parasites, insects, their eggs or larvae, scale, plant disease and injuries. Plants lacking compactness or proper proportions, partially dried out plants or those injured or poorly shaped by too close planting in the nursery willnot be accepted. Plants to be installed where uniformity is required shall be matched as closely as possible. a. ~Sectmens - Atl plant material noted as "Specimens on the Plant List shall be inspected by a Company representative at its place of growth. Specimen trees or shrubs shall be of extra heavy grade and willbe selected for shape, proportion, symmetry (if applicable), arrangement of trunks or branches and character and effect, in general, for a particular grouping or location. b. Heave - Plants designated as "Heavy" in the Plant List shall be markedly more sturdy, vigorous, 'compact and branched than those species grown in the usual nursery rows. c. Matched or Pairs - Plants used in pairs, wherever symmetry is required, shall be matched in all respects as nearly as possible and shall meet with the approval o! the Company upon inspection at their place of growth. 85 Sheets, No. 9 of LA-V9828-1 d. ~Clam s - Plants with three, five or more stems or trunks. with individual root systems grown as a unit. from one root system. This term, willbe associated primarily with shrubs and broad-leaved evergreens. f. Trees - When requested by Company, all trees shall be inspected by a Company representative at their place of growth for conformity to specific requirements. Trees shall be selected for

shape, proportion, symmetry, branching habit, character and effect, in general, for a particular grouping and/or location.

Unless a tree clump is designated, the trunk of each tree shall consist of a single trunk growing from a single, unmutilated crown of roots. Trees shall not be damaged or cut and shall be free from sun-scald, frost

cracks, dead wood, or wounds resulting from abrasion, fire or other cause.

Trees shall have straight trunks with leaders intact. Trees which have had their leaders cut, except where so designated on Planting Plan, or so damaged that cutting is necessary shall not be accepted. Allold abrasions and cuts shall be completely calloused over. Pruning wounds shall not exceed one (1) inch in diameter and such wounds shall show vigorous bark on all edges. 1. Deciduous trees shall be free of branches to a point approximately sixty (60) per cent of their height unless other-wise indicated on the dr awings. Height of branching shall be in relationship to the size and kind of tree, with the tree crown in good balance with the trunk. 2. Evergreen trees shall be full, bushy,

compact, symmetrical plants of uniform color and texture.

Side branches shall have thick, closely massed foliage to the ground. g. Shrubs - Allshrubs shall be full, bushy, compact, symmetrical plants of uniform color and texture displaying active growth on all pa> ts. Side branches. shall have thick, closely massed foliage to the ground. s h. ~Hed es - Att hedges shall be cotnprised of full, bushy. compact plants of uniform color, texture and quality, with thick, closely massed foliage to the ground. Plants in hedge rows shall be uniform in all respects, with individual plants equally spaced to form a continuous unbroken line. 35 Sheets, No. 10 of LA-Z9828-1 Ground Covers - Allplant materials specified as ground cover shall be number one (1) grade plants. ~ Tops shall be heavy and well-branched and root systems vigorous and well-developed. When specified as container grown, ground cover pla>>ts shall have been established in containers for a minimum of one (1) growing season and shall exhibit a well rooted condition at the ti'me of planting. j. Vines - Allvines shall be number one (1) grade plants with heavy, well branched tops and vigorous well-developed root systems in proportion to the tops. Allvines shall be attached by an approved method to nearest vertical surface when indicated on the Drawings. It. ~Es >aliered'Plants - Espalieren plants shall have the trainin frame removed at the time of planting..Branches shall be fastened to vertical surface by an approved method.

3. 'Pre aration of Plant Materials a.

Balled Plants - Plants designated "B8aB" in the Plant" List shall be moved as solid units with firm, natural balls of soil securely wrapped with burlap and bound with twine, cord or wire mesh. If necessary, ball shall be secured to a platform to prevent cracking or breaking during the process of transportation and planting. The diameter and depth of the ball of soil must bes'ufficient to encompass the fibrous and feeding-root system necessary for the healthy development of the plant as set forth in the American Association of Nurserymen Standards. A plant shall'not be accepted when the ball of earth surrounding its roots has been badly cracked or broken preparatory to, or during the process of planting, or after the burlap, staves, ropes or platforms required in connection with its transplanting have been removed. The plant and its ball of soil shall remain intact as a unit during all operations. b. Balled and Platformed Plants - Plants designated 'B&P" in the Plant List shall be balled, burlapped and platformed. The plat-form shall be of sufficient size to cover the ball and shall be of such quality as to insure successful transportation of the plant to its-destination on the planting site. c. Bare Root Plants - Plants designated "B,R.", in the Plant List shall'e moved when dormant, and surrounding earth shall be removed without injury to the root system. Such plants shall have heavy, fibrous root systems, developed by proper cultural treatment, 35 Sheets, No. 11 of LA-79828-1 transplanting, root pruning, and other requirements necessary for healthy development of the plant. The major portion of a fibrous root system and of all main roots necessary for healthy development of each plant shall be preserved. Immediately after digging, all roots shall be covered with a thick coating of mud by puddling or wrapping in wet straw, moss or other suitable packing material to prevent drying out. The spread of roots of bare root collected plants shall be one-third (1/3) greater than that of nursery-grown plants. designated as "Salvaged" in the Plant List, they shall be carefully dug and replanted. Such plants shall be dug, stored and planted to

meet, so far as practical, al) requirements for nursery plants as to size and quality, excavation of planting areas, planting, pruning, wrapping, guying, care of planta and planting, except that the Contractor willnot be required to make replacements.

4. Plant Measurements

- Allplant materials shall conform to the measurements specified in the Plant List, which are, the minimum size acceptable for each variety. Plants shall be measured before pruning, with branches in normal position. Plant materials speci-fied to be furnished in a size range shall be a fair average of the minimum and maximum sizes specified. Plants larger in size than specified may be used with the approval of the Company, but such use shall make no change in the Contract Price. Pruning of branches to obtain the required height or spread willnotbe allowed. a. Trees - The height of trees shall be measured from the crown of roots to the tip of the top branch. Caliper measurement shall be taken six (6) inches above finished grade for trees four inches or less in diameter and twelve (12) inches above finished grade for trees greater than four inches in diameter. b. Shrubs - The height and spread measurements of shrubs shall be the average of the main body of the plant and not from the greatest dimension(s). c, Ground Covers and Vines - Measurements for ground cover, plants and vines shall equal or exceed American Association of Nurserymen standards in all ways according to age,

grade, size of pot or clump, length and number of runners, and any other char-acteristics peculiar to a particular species.

36 Sheets, No. 12 of LA-79828-1 5. Substitutions - Acceptance of this Contract carries with it the assumption that the Contractor is able to supply all plant materials indicated in the Plant List, on the Drawings or as otherwise specified. Substitutions will not be permitted except at the specific request of the Company or when proof is submitted that a particular plant material is not obtainable after all sources of supply have been investigated. If the Contractor is not able to supply specific plant materials or sizes according to these Specifications, a proposal willbe considered for use of the nearest equivalent size or variety, with an equitable adjustment of Contract price. Substitutions shall be approved in writing by the Company. When sources for plant materials are located by the Company, there shall be'no substitu-tions, ahd those sources shall be used.

6. Initial Ins ection of Plant Materials - Within thirty (30) days following acceptance of the bid, the Company shaQ be notified of the source(s) of plant materials.

If requested by Company, plant materials shall be inspected, selected and tagged for identification by a Company representative, with the Contractor or his representa-tive present, prior to digging andIor moving. Inspection of plant materials by Company's representative willbe for quality, size,

shape, color, and variety only.

Inspection for size of ball or root

systems, latent defects, and other requirements that may be specified shall be made at the'ite during progress of work, when required.

No plant shall be dug up or delivered to the Site until the initial inspections under the Company representative's direction have been made and approved, when requested. Plant materials shall be subject to refusal ht any time, and inspection and approval of plant materials at the place of growth shall not in any way waive the Company's right of rejection. B. GENERAL MATERIALS-Materials required to complete the plantings indicated on the Drawings shall conform to the require-ments of these Specifications. Substitutions shall not be permitted except at the specific request, and upon written approval of the Company.

t. besoil - Topsottsuatt as tsrttts, frtabta. uaturat toast, porous enough in texture to provide good drainage and adequate aeration, yet spongy enough to retain adequate moisture.

It shall contain a liberal amount of humus and all mineral elements necessary for sustaining healthy plant growth. It shall be relatively free of any admixture of subsoil,

stones, gravel, stumps,

roots, weeds,

seeds, lumps, clods of hard earth, plants, sticks, debris, refuse, or any other deleterious materials.

It shall be clean, of uniform quality and texture, and shall not contain any toxic substances harmful to plant life. 38 Sheets, No.13 of LA-'l9828-1

2. Sand -

Sand shall be a clean silicious material, of uniform quality and texture, and free from extraneous matter. It shall not contain any substances harmful to plant life. Sand shall be coarse and ungraded except for removal of very fine particles.

3. Peat Moss,-

Peat moss shall be a domestic product consisting of partially decomposed vegetable matter of a natural occurrence of either reed or sedge peat, dark brown to black in color, and free of lumps, roots, stones, decomposed colloidal residue,

wood, sulphur, iron, fungi, insect life, diseases, and any toxic substances harmful to plant growth, with an ash content not exceeding ten (10) per cent.

It shall be finely shredded or granulated material, suitable for horticultural uses, and shall have been conditioned after excava" tion by storage in stockpiles for at least one (1) year prior to its use. Its texture may vary from porous - fibrous to spongy - fibrous, and either crumbly or compact, but reasonably elastic, with particles not exceeding one-half (1/2) inch in size. Its acidity range shall be pH 5. 0 to pH 7. 0.

4. Peat Humus - Peat humus shall be a domestic product consisting of completely decomposed vegetable matter of natural occurrence.

It shall be dark brown to black in color, clean, low in content of minerals and woody material, mildly acid, and granulated or shredded.

5. Manure

- Manure shall be well-rotted, unleached stable manure, not less than eight (8) months and not more than two (2) years old. It shall be free from seeds,

weeds, sawdust,

shavings, or refuse of any kind, and shall not contain over twenty-five (25) percent straw.

When requested, Contractor shall furnish information as to the kind . of disinfectant or chemicals, if any, that may have been used in storage of, or otherwise in connection with, the manure. A composition of peat moss or peat humus, to which has been incorporated dehydrated manure such as "Bovung" in the proportion of three hundred (300) pounds of dehydrated manure per one thousand (1000) cubic feet of peat, may be substituted for manure as specified above.

6. Commercial Fertilizer - Commercial fertilizer shall be a complete fertilizer and a standard product complying with Federal and State fertilizer laws.

It shall be uniform in composition, dry, free flowing, and shall have been stored in a weatherproof place in such a manner that its effectiveness is not impaired. Fertilizer which becomes caked or otherwise damaged, making it unsuitable for use, willnot be accepted. Commercial fertilizer shall be delivered to the Site in 35 Sheets, No. 14 of LA-79828-1 original, unopened containers showing weight, analyses and name of manufacturer. Concentrated fertilizer tablets, such as "Agriform"plant tablets; controlled nitrogen release pellets such as "Osmocote" or equivalent; or liquid fertilizers may be used for tree and shrub planting and maintenance. This material shall be used in strict accordance with manufacturer's directions. The Contractor shall submit to the Company the manufacturer's guarantee statement of analysis or a manufacturer's certificate of compliance covering analysis. Commerical fertilizers shall be applied to specific plant 'aterials in the following proportions, unless otherwise indicated in the Specifications: Evergreen Trees & Shrt!bs Deciduous Trees & Shrubs Ground Covers & Vines New Lawns & Sod Established Lawns Existing Plant Materials Crown Vetch Seeding Crown Vetch Planting ~Nitro en 10 10 10(50% or-'anic) 10 (ditto) 10 10 II 10 0 6 6 6 20 20 4 4 4 20 20 Pathos horus Potash

7. Lime - Lime shall be an approved dolomitic agricultural ground limestone (calcium carbonate) and shall contain not less than eighty-five (85) per cent of total carbonates, (total carbonates shall be considered as calcium carbonate).

Limestone shall meet the following gradation requirements: at least fifty(50) per cent will pass through a two hundred (200) mesh sieve, ninety (90) per cent willpass through a one hundred (100) mesh sieve, one hundred (100) per cent willpass through a ten (10) mesh sieve. It shall have been stored in a weatherproof place, in such a manner that its effective-ness is not impaired. If requested, ground limestone shall be delivered to the Site in original, unopened containers bearing the manufacturer's guaranteed statement of analysis.

8. Mulches - Mulches shall be suitable for horticultural uses and shall be free from insects,

scale, diseases,'ungi,

seeds, soils, admixtures, refuse, sticks and other deleterious materials, and shall be of such character as not to be displaced by wind.

The'y 35 Sheets; No. 15 of LA-79828-1 shall be clean, of uniform quality and texture, and shall not contain any toxic substances harmful to soils and plant materials. Mulches shall have been stored in such a manner that their effectiveness is not impaired. Those which become caked or otherwise damaged, making them unsuitable for use, willnot be accepted. The following mulch materials shall be used in the quantities

required, where indicated on the Drawings:

a. Peat Mulch - Peat mulch shall be a coarse type material of uniform granulation. b. Bark or Root Mulch - Bark or root mulch shall be a selected standard product scientific<<lly processed for horticultural

uses, containing one hundred (100) per cent organic material.

c. Wood Chi Mulch - Wood chip mulch shall be aged for a minimum of one year prior to use. It shall be a homogeneous mixture and free from deleterious materials, d. Gravel Mulch - Gravel shall consist of Bean,

sound, durable, hard stones, free from dirt, foreign and organic matter,

.coating and other deleterious matter, thoroughlywashed, of uniform quality and texture of the sizes specified on the drawings. e. Wood Cellulose Fibre Mulch - Wood cellulose fibre mulch shall be such as "Turfibre", "Silvafibre", "Conweb" or "Superior Mulch". 9. Water - Water for all planting purposes shall be free of oil, acid, alkalis, salts and other substances harmful to plant life. The Contractor shall, at his expense, make arrangements necessary to ensure an adequate supply of water to meet the needs of this Contract. He shall furnish all necessary

hose, equipment, attachments and accessories for the adequate irrigation of all planting and landscaping areas as shall be required to complete the work specified.

35 Sheets, No. 16 of LA-79828-1

10. Wra in Material - Wrapping material for tree trunks shall consist of a standard manufactured tree wrapping crepe paper, four, to six inches wide.

11. Twine - Twine for tying wrapping material, shall be sisal or jute. 12. Friction Guards - Friction guards for preventing damage to bark from supporting wires shall be a minimum of two (2) ply reinforced fabric-bearing rubber or plastic tubing, not less than one-half (1/2) inch in diameter, or equal approved by Company. With the vertical staking method, a plastic tie such as "Adj-a-tye", or equal, may be used. 13. Stakes - Stakes for supporting trees shel! be of sound oak or Douglas fir, capable of standing in the grnund for at least two f2) years. 2" x 2", 2" x 3" or 2" x 4" lumber shall be used as specified. 14. ~Gu Wires - Guy wires for supporting trees shall be a minimum of eleven (11) gauge pliable galvanized steel or aluminum wire. 15. Commercial Wound Dressi Commercial tree wound dressing shall be an effective wound dressing of asphaltum paint, suitable for horticultural uses. Paint shall be a waterproof, adhesive and elastic antiseptic free of kerosene, coal tar, creosote and any other chemical harmful to plant tissues, and of such quality as to protect wood against

insects, fungus, and rotting. It shall be approved by the Company and delivered to the Site in original, unopened containers bearing the manufacturer's name and guarantee statement of analysis.

16. Weed Controls - Chemical weed controls shall be used to kQ1 undesirable weeds and/or objectionable plants. Chemicals shall be of recent manufacture and shall have been stored in such a manner that effectiveness is not impaired. Use of chemical weed killers is subject to the approval of the Company and shall be in accordance with all current rules and regulations of the various responsible Federal and State agencies. 17. Disease and Pest Controls - Chemicals used to control diseases and insects shall be effective, but shall not damage plant materials or have any illeffects upon soils. Toxic poisonous chemicals which may present health hazards to humans and animals shall not be used. 35 Sheets, No. 17 of LA-79828-1 Chemicals shall not be flammable, shall not burn foliage and roots, and shall not volatilize and form vapors which may cause damage. Allchemicals shall be stored in such a manner that their effective-ness is not impaired and shall spread uniformly and adhere well to foliage, when applied. Contact or stomach poisons shall be used for insect control. A mixture containing a fungicide, a miticide, and control for both Bucking and chewing insects shall be used only if ingredients are compatible. Chemicals shall be used with discretion so as not to harm plant materials or become ineffective during the period required. Disease and pest controls shall be delivered to the Site in sealed containers bearing the manufacturer's guarantee statement attesting to mixtures and percentages of each chemical. Use of disease and pest control chemicals is subject to the approval of the Company and shall be in accordance with all current rules and regulations of the various responsible Federal and State agencies. VII. PLANTING METHODS A. GENERAL Allplanting shall be performed by personnel familiar with planting procedures, under the supervision of a qualified planting foreman, and in accordance with the Drawings and these Specifications.

Rollers, bulldozers, trucks or any other heavy equipment shall be operated so as not to damage underground utilities, drain pipes, electric conduits or cables, etc. Alltrench or grade stakes set by others shall be maintained until their removal is approved by the Company.

The furnishing and planting of any plant materials shall be interpreted to includet excavating, the digging.of holes, provision of topsoil mixture,'and, mulch, fertilizer and lime, furnishing at the proper time of year a plant of the specified size with its roots in the specified manner, the labor of planting, seeding, mulching, guying or staking, pruning, wrapping, watering, spraying, maintaining, replacing, guaranteeing and all other necessary incidental work in accordance with the Plans and Specifications to the satisfaction of the Company. Allplants shaQ be inspected and approved at the planting Site(s) by the Company's representative before excavation and planting, as deemed necessary by Company. Rejected material shall be immediately removed from the Site(s) and replaced with acceptable material at no additional cost to the Company. Existing topsoil shall be used only ifapproved by the Company. 35 Sheets, No. 18 of LA-V9828-1 B, PLANTINGSEASONS Planting shall progress only under favorable weather conditions, during the proper season for such work, and in accordance with local accepted practice. Planting shall not be permitted when ground is frozen or extremely moist. At the option of, and on responsibility of the Contractor, planting may start earlier or continue later than specified without additional compensation, subject to approval of the 'ompany regarding time of work and methods of operation. 1. Deciduous Plants shall be planted only when dormant; before leaves appear in the Spring or subsequent to their loss in the Fall, unless otherwise specified by Company.

2. Ever reen Plants shall be planted in the Spring, until the time when new growth begins to take place, or from August through December.

3. Grass and Crown Vetch Seed

- Grass seed shall be sown from August 15th to October 15th or in Spring between April 1st to June 1st. Allgrass, seeding shall be done in dry or moderately dry soil, and w)jen wind does not exceed a velocity of five (5) miles per hour. Crown vetch seed shall be sown from late winter to May 15, or from August 15 to October 15. C. LOCATION'rees, shrubs and vines willbe shown on the Planting Plans with an identifying symbol marking the position of each plant. The nutnber of ground cover plants in each planting bed also willbe indicated, with spacing to be adjusted at the site. Locations for all plant materials and outlines for planting areas shall be staked or marked on the ground, and shall be approved by a Company representative before excavation and planting is started. Adjustments in locations and outlines shall be made as directed by the Company's representative without addi-tional charge. D. CARE OF EXISTING PLANTINGS Existing trees,

shrubs, planting beds, grass areas, pavements and curbs in areas near planting site(s) shall be adequately protected during construction operations.

Any necessary grading or digging around existing plants shall be done carefully to prevent damage to roots. Barricades and other devices used to protect existing plantings shall be removed only after all construction is completed. Any 35

Sheets, No.

19 of LA-79828-1 necessary grading or digging around existing plants shall be done carefully to prevent damage to roots. Barricades and other devices used to protect existing planting shall be removed only after all construction is completed. Any damage caused by planting operations to existing materials or improvements on or adjacent to the Site shall be the responsibility of the Contractor and shall be promptly repaired at the direction of-the Company's representative, at the Contractor's expense. E. EXCAVATION Excavation for planting shall extend to required subgrades in all planting areas, but shall in no case be less than specified hereinafter. 1. Where indicated on Drawing(s) that existing soil material is unsuitable, it shall be removed to such depth as noted on Drawing(s) and replaced with an approved topsoil material. 2. Excavation material and unacceptable topsoil and subsoils shall be removed from the Site or otherwise disposed of as directed by the Company's representative. F. SIZE AND DIRECTIVES FOR PLANTING PITS, BEDS AND GROUND COVER AREAS Planting pits, beds and ground cover areas shall be excavated with vertical sides and flat bottoms to the shapes, areas and depths shown on the Drawings or as specified, backfilled with planting mixture, and compacted in the area directly beneath the plant. Proper drainage is required and subsoil conditions retaining water in planting pits shall be corrected as directed by the Company's representative as a cost-plus additive to landscaping contract. Plant-ing pits, beds and ground cover areas shall have all large stones, wood, brick and foreign matter removed before backfilling. 1. Trees - For B&Bstock, pits shall provide for placing at least six (6) inches of planting mixture around the root balls. For B. R. stock, tree pits shall be dug to a sufficient depth and diameter to accommodate the tree roots without crowding. Before soil mix is

added, base of pits should be scarified a minimum of two (2) inches.

2. Shrubs - For B&Bstock, pits shall provide for placing six (6) inches of planting mixture around the root balls. Shrub pits for B. R. stock shall be dug to a sufficient depth and diameter to accommodate the shrub roots without crowding. Before soil mix is added, base of pits shall be scarified a minimum of two (2) inches. 35 Sheets, No. 20 of LA-79828-1 3. Ground Cover Plants - Ground cover beds and areas (except those to be planted with crown vetch) shall have a depth of twelve (12) inches of lightly compacted topsoil mixture thox oughly rotovated at least two times, incorporating one-third (1/3) peat moss to the total mix. G. SOIL PREPARATION Topsoil shall be furnished and prepared by the following methods unless otherwise specified. 1, 'lantin Mixture - Materials shall be supplied and thoroughly mixed in the proportions or amounts specified herein. In no case shall mixing be undertaken ifmaterials are wet, frozen or in other-wise unsatisfactory condition. Topsoil mixture for all planting shall consist of 60% topsoil and 40% peat or peat moss, by volume. H. PLANT MATERIALLABELS Plant material labels shall be durable and legible, stating in weather-resistant ink the correct plant name and size. They shall be securely attached to all plants, bundles, and/or containers of plant materials delivered to the Site(s), for the purpose of inspection and plant identification. Labels shall be eliminated only with written approval of the Company. I. PLANT PROTECTION Allplant roots and earth balls shall be kept in a moist condition and shall be thoroughly protected at all times from sun and drying winds. Plant materials shall be proinptly planted upon arrival to the Site(s), and ifstorage is necessary, the following procedure shall be i'ollowed at once: 1. Balled and Burla ed Plants - Earth balls of balled and burlapped plants shall be stored in a sheltered location and covered with moist soil or mulch. Plants shall be watered and maintained as necessary until planting. 2. Bare-Root Plants - Bare-root plants shall be heeled-in immediately in a sheltered location, all bundles opened, the plants spread out into a forty-five (45) degree angle trench, and the roots fully covered with damp material. Heeled-in stock shall be watered periodically as required so as to remain moist at all times. Care shall be taken not to wash soil away from the roots. 3. Container-Grown Plants - Container-grown plants shall be

stored, watered and maintained as necessary until planting.

36 Sheets, No.'21 of LA-79828-1 J. SETTING PLANTS Plantings shall be to such a depth that the finish grade level of the plant, after settlement, shall be the same at which the plant previously grew. Plant materials shall be spaced as indicated on the Drawings or as may be directed by the Company's representative. Plants shall be planted upright, plumb and faced to give the best appearance in relation to the direction from which they willbe viewed. Group plantings in beds shall have a uniform spacing. Roots of bare-rooted plants shall not be matted together, but arranged in their natural position with topsoil worked in among them. Allbroken or frayed roots shall be cut off cleanly. Planting mixture shall be placed and compacted carefully to avoid injury to plants. When plant pits have been backfilled approximately two-thirds (2/3) of their depth, they shall be watered thoroughly and allowed to settle before installing remainder of soil to top of pit. Planting mixture shall be puddled around and under the edges of plants and all voids filled. When backfilling is partially done by use of mechanical

means, extra care shall be taken to ascertain that soil is worked under the ball and around the roots.

During all planting operations, the prepared planting mixture shall be used in a loose, friable and unfrozen condition. Allpits shall be filled to the finish grade level at Qhich the plant previously grew and, to facilitate watering, a shallow saucer shall be formed around each tree or shrub by placing a ridge of the planting mixture around the edge of each pit. The saacer shall have a diameter equal to the hole dug for the plant, and, for trees, a depth of six (6) inches; for shrubs and vines, four (4) inches. Saucers may be eliminated where massed planting is involved in bed areas. After the soil has settled, additional soil or mulch shall be used to maintain the adjacent finished grade. Any tree, shrub or plant bed settling more than three (3) inches below established grade shall be raised to the proper level and not merely filled in with additional planting mixture. K. STAKING GUYING AND WRAPPING OF TREES Allstaking, guying, anchoring and wnapping shall be done immedi-ately after planting, in accordance with the Specifications. Stakes shall be driven firmlyinto the ground and fastened to the tree as previously specified. Attachments shall be of sufficient length to prevent injury to the tree. Allplants shall stand plumb after guying and staking, and any stake or wire that becomes displaced or broken before final acceptance of the work shall promptly be reset or replaced. 36 Sheets, No. 22 of LA-79828-1 l. ~Settle - Trees shall be set plumb end rigidly braced in position until soil has been compacted around the earth ball. 2. ~gtaktn - Staking shall be utilized tn traffic areas as hereinafter specified. Stakes shall be equally spaced, uniform in

height, and placed a minimum of one (1) foot from the trunk of tree, taking care to clear roots.

Stakes for supporting trees shall be of sound wood, a full two (2) inches minimum square. Tension on all stakes and guy wires shall be kept equal and stakes set at a slight angle away from the tree. Tree-like shrubs and small trees generally shall be staked. Trees up to 2-1/2 inch caliper shall have two (2) stakes eight (8) feet long on opposite sides of the tree, set approximately eighteen (18) inches from the trunk (or more, so as not to penetrate the tree ball) and three (3) feet into the ground. Trees larger than 2-1/2 inch caliper shall be guyed only, as noted below, or as other-wise specified on drawings. 8. ~Gu C~n - Guy wires shall be used in non"traffic areas. Stakes shall be driven into the ground and equally spaced outside the planting pit in such manner that guy wires willnot interfere with lower tree limbs. Allguys shall have the same tension to provide proper align-ment. Trees under five (5) inch caliper shall have single strands of eleven (11) gauge aluminum or galvanized steel wire attached to three (3) 2" x 2" x 2'-6" long stakes. Trees five (5) inch caliper and above shall have two strands of eleven (11) gauge aluminum or galvanized steel wire, each attached to three (3) 2" x 4" x 3'-0" long stakes. 4. Rriction Guards - Friction guards shall be placed around the tree trunk near the top of the supporting stakes to prevent damage to bark. S. ~Gu Wires - Guying shall be as herein specified. Guying methods shall not be used in such manner as to interfere with site

access, impede nearby traffic or cause an accident.

6. W~ra ~in - Promptly after planting, the trunks of all trees shall have the trunk and lower parts of the first limbs neatly wrapped with tree paper. Wrapping shall start at the groundline and continue spirally to the height of the second branches,'verlapping half of each spiral to form a double wrapping over the entire surface. Wrapping shall be taped in plstce or secured with twine, the latter being tied at intervals of no more than two (2) feet. Trees shall be inspected for injury to trunks, insect infestation and improper pruning, and treated accordingly before wrapping.

Sheets, No. 23 of LA-79828-1

L. FERTILIZING PLANTS Allplant materials shall be fertilized at the time of planting and again in the early Spring or late Fall. Deciduous and evergreen

trees, and shrubs over 8'-0" high, shall be fertilized at the rate of one (1) pound of fertilizer per inch of trunk diameter measured one (1) foot above finish grade.

Evergreen plants and deciduous shrubs shall be fertilized by broadcasting fertilizer around base of plants in the following proportions: one half (1/2) pound for plants 1'-0" to 3'-0" high; one (1) pound for plants 3'-0'o 5'-0" high; one and one half (1-1/2) pounds for plants 5'-0" to 8'-0" high. Fertilizers shall be evenly distributed and thoroughly incorporated in the soil without danger of burning roots or foliage or causing any injury to plant materials. Fertilizer shall be applied at a uniform rate, thoroughly incorporated into the planting mix and watered at time backfilling operations are undertaken. Liquid fertilizer, in correct proportion, may be utilized and applied by water spear method at base of each tree or shrub to provide equivalent fertilization as noted above for soluable fertilizer. Foliar fertilization may be utilized as a supplementary feeding method, with approval of Company representative. In this case, fertilizer shall be "Ra-Pid-Gro", or equal, mixed and applied in accordance with manufacturer's instructions, or as otherwise directed by Company representative. M. MULCHING Within two (2) days after planting, a mulch as designated on Drawing shall be evenly spread, entirely covering pits, beds and areas around each plant., The Contractor shall evenly rake and thoroughly water all mulched areas promptly after mulch has been applied. Unless otherwise indicated, mulches shall have a minimum depth of (2) inches after compaction for planting beds, tree and shrub pits. The acidity reaction upon soils of some mulches shall be corrected as soon as possible in order to furnish plant materials with the proper pH content at all times. The proper amount of nitrogen shall be applied to avoid a deficiency in soil during the period of decomposition when acid mulches are used. If application is necessary after mulching, it shall be applied on the surface of the mulch and well-watered in. Nitrogen shall be applied in such a manner as not to endanger or injure plant materials.

35Sheets, No. 24 of LA-V9828-1

Mulch materials, such as peat, bark, root, wood chips or gravel, shall be used only as indicated on Drawings and in accordance with these Specifications. N. WATERING PLANTS Plants shall be puddled with water twice within the first twenty-four (24) hours after planting. The water shall reach the level of maximum root depth. Thereafter water all plant materials slowly until the root area is thoroughly soaked as many times as seasonable conditions require during the guarantee period. O. PRUNING Pruning aha!1 be done according to standard horticultural practices, using clean, sharp tools. Pruning shall be limited to the minimum necessary to remove dead wood, suckers, broken or injured twigs and branches, rubbing or crossing limbs and superfluous growth next to trees or shrubs, to admit sunlight and air circulation, and to compensate for loss of roots during transplanting. All cuts shall be made flush, leaving no stubs. When branches are cut back, cuts shall be made close to a bud. Central leaders, main limbs or trunks shall not be cut back, except by direction of Company representative. Pruning shall never exceed one-third (1/3) of the branching structure and shall be done in such manner as not to change the natural character or shape of the plant, unless otherwise directed by the Company's representative. On all cuts over three-quarters (3/4) of an inch in diambter and in the case of bruises and scars, the injured cambium shall be traced to living tissues and removed, wounds shall be smoothed so as not to retain water, and the treated area(s) shall be promptly coated with an approved tree wound compound, all exposed living tissues being so covered. 1. Prunin Existin Plants - Existing trees and shrubs to be 'retained in place on the Site(s) shall be pruned and repaired as directed by the Company's representative. Unless otherwise directed, pruning shall be limited to the minimum necessary to remove injured or broken,

diseased, dead, dangerous, or unsightly limbs, branches or twigs,'and to compensate for loss of roots as a result of construc-tion operations.

Pruning of old or oversized shrubs shall be accom-plished by cutting the heavy canes back to the ground so that new shoots may grow from the base of the plant. When a shrub consists 'ntirely of old, heavy canes, only one-half (1/2) of the canes shall be removed. Pruning shall follow methods previously stated, except that pruning may be done before Iilantingoperations start, if approved 35 Sheets, No. 25 of LA-79828-1 by the Company's representative. P. " SOWING OF GRASS SEED Alllines and grades required for the proper performance of work willbe established by Company in the field, or as otherwise noted in request for bids. Commencement of work shall not begin without securing approval of the Company's representative. Prepara-tion of grass areas may begin before, and continue later than the dates specified, provided that subgrades have been established and approved, and that, in the judgment of the Company's representative, general construction on Site is sufficiently advanced to warrant commencement of work. Apply grass seed as directed in all areas indicated on Drawings. 1. Pre aration of'ub rade - When topsoil is specified, subsoil willbe graded and uniformly compacted by Company to a true smooth slope four (4) inches below, and parallel to, the proposed finish grade for areas to be seeded or sodded. Subgrade shall be loosened by Planting Contractor to a depth of two (2) inches to four (4) inches, and all sticks, stones or other extraneous matter of two (2) inches or greater in any dimension removed. Subsoil shall be kept in a loosened condition until the topsoil is spread. Subgrade shall be inspected and approved by the Company's representative before placing of topsoil. 2. Placin and S readin of To soH - Topsoil shall be placed and spread, lightly compacted and otherwise manipulated over approved areas to a depth sufficiently greater than specified, so that, after natural settlement, the completed work shall conform to the lines, finish grades and elevations shown on the Drawings or to adjacent ground levels. Topsoil shall be spread by an approved method and shall not be in a frozen or muddy condition. 3. Final Pre aration of To soil - After topsoil has been spread, it shall be carefully prepared by scarifying, discing, harrowing or by other approved methods. Alllarge clods, lumps, brush, roots, stumps', sticks, stones, litter and other foreign material over two (S) inches in any dimension which may interfere with the formation of a suitable seed bed shall be removed and disposed of by the Contractor. The areas shall also be free of smaller stones in excessive quantities, as determined by the Company's representative. All accumulated debris and unacceptable soils shall be promptly removed from the Site or disposed of as directed by the Company's representative. 35 Sheets, No. 26 of LA-V9828-1 4. A lication of Limestone - Prior to completion of topsoil preparation, and if recommended as a result of soil analysis, ground limestone shall be evenly distributed and thoroughly worked into the top four (4) inches of topsoil at a rate recommended by an approved - soil analysis laboratory after tests. Where a soil analysis has not been requested, limestone shall be applied at the rate of 100 pounds per 1000 square feet. 5. A lication of Fertilizer - Commercial fertilizers shall be uniformly applied in all grass areas. Fertilizer shall be applied prior to seeding or placement of sod with a 10-6-4 fertilizer (50% organic)'at the rate of twenty (20) pounds per one thousand (1, 000) square feet, or as recommended by the soil analysis laboratory, and worked lightly into the top two (2) inches of topsoil. Newly established grass areas shall be fertilized with a 10-6-4 fertilizer (50% organic) at the rate of ten (10) pounds per one thousand (1, 000) square feet in the Spring or Fall period following time of initial sowing. ground shall be scarified, raked and thoroughly broken up to a depth of four (4) inches. The ground surface shall then be re-shaped to the lines and grades indicated on the Drawings, or as directed by the Company'B-representative. Unstable and unsuitable material shall be removed. Ifother material is necessary in conjunction with.this operation, such material shall be added at this time so that the finished surface shall be 'mooth, friable and uniformly textured, free of soft spots and irregular-ities and true to finished grades. Seeding shall be performed in dry or moderately dry soil, and at times when wind does not exceed a velocfty of five (5) miles per houx. Seeding shall, be done in two directions, at right angles, in such a manner that a uniform stand shall result. Seed shall be sown evenly by hand, with an approved mechanical seeder or by the hydroseeding ~method. When sown by hand or mechanical seeder, depth shall not exceed one-fourth (1/4) inch. Seed application shall be at the following rates: Mfx ".A" - Four (4) pounds per one thousand (1000) sq. ft. of area Mf I IIfII Six (6) II II II II ~ I I II I I II I I Areas-inaccessible to mechanical seeders shall be evenly and lightly raked with a fine wood-toothed rake or other approved method and rolled with a hand roller weighfng not more than one hundred (100) pounds per foot of width. Necessary precautions shall be taken to keep the area undisturbed until grass is established. "Where so desig-nated on Planting Plan, cultivated sod of an approved quality shall be utilized,to establish an approved stand of grass. 35 Sheets, No. 2Z of LA-Z9828-1 I e When the hydroseeding method is specified, correct proportions of fertiixer, lime, mulch and grass seed shall be mixed and applied in accordance with equipment manufacturer's instructions. 7. Grass Seed - Seed mixture shall be standard late crop seed, pre-mixed, and delivered in sealed 50 lb. bags showing weight,

analysis, name, vendor and germination tests.

Seed which has become wet, moldy, or otherwise damaged shall not be used. Formulation of grass seed mix shall be as follows: a. Mix "A" -- For Fine Lawns: Species or % By Strain ~Wei ht Kentucky Blue Grass 50% Penn Lawn Fescue 40% Annual Rye Grass 10% Min. ~Par it 80% 90% 98% Min. Germ. 88% 85% 90/o Max. Weed Content

0. 2%

~

0. 2o/o b.

Mix "B" -- For Coarse Lawns: Species or Strain Kentucky 31 Tall Fescue Chewings Red Fescue Annual Rye Grass % By ~Wet ht 60% 20% 20% Min. ~Per it 98% 98% 98% Min. Germ. 85% 75% 90% Max. Weed Content

0. 2%

Seed mix may be altered to provide for better turf coverage to suit field conditions, with Company approval, 8. ~Mulehin - After seeding, all areas so indicated on Planting Plan shall be protected with mulch. Type mulch to be used shall be as noted on Planting Plan and any substitute for mulch material or method of application hereinafter noted shall have the prior approval of Company.

a. Straw or Ha Mulch - This type mulch shall be free from mature seed-bearing stalks or roots of prohibited or noxious weeds, as defined in the Pennsylvania Seed Act of 1947, latest revision.

Mulch shall be applied uniformly in a continuous blanket by power equipment at a minimum rate of one (1) ton per acre, or as other-wise specified. Mulch shall be anchored with asphalt emulsion tack applied concu'rrently by mechanical means. Asphaltic emulsion, when used for tie-down, shall consist of refined petroleum asphalt of fluid consistency suitable for spray application. It shall contain no petroleum solvents or other diluting agents toxic to plant life. Emulsion shall be applied uniformly, at an even rate, to adequately stabilize the mulch and shall not be applied when the wind velocity is in excess of five (5) miles per hour. 35 Sheets, No. 28 of LA-79828-1 In small or inaccessible

areas, asphalt tack may be applied by hand, Jute erosion netting, or other approved anchoring

methods, may be substituted.

Special precautions shall be taken at all times not to deposit mulch or asphalt tack on adjacent fencing, structures, electrical equipment or vehicles parked in vicinity of operations.

b. Wood Cellulose Fibre Mulch - This type mulch shall be applied at the rate of fifteen hundred (1500) pounds per acre, dry weight.

Application shall be by mechanical means, utilizing an approved hydroseeder. Where so designated on Planting Plan, application of lime as required, fertQizer, seed and wood fibre mulch may be combined and applied in a simultaneous operation. Q. SOWING OF CROWN VETCH SEED i. Soil Pre ration

a. Crown Vetch Area - Crown vetch seeding and mulching shall hot be initiated until final slope grades have been established by Company and major construction has been completed.

The areas designated to be planted with crown vetch shall first be cleared of all debris and foreign material. These specific areas shall then be dressed and shaped to remove depressions and ridges and to render slopes uniform in grade, as specified on Drawings or as directed by Company representative. t 2 ~ Crown Vetch Seeds Other Seeds and Soil Su lements

a. Contractor shall supply and install crown vetch seed, companion seed and soil supplements to areas designated on Drawings.

b. Crown vetch and nurse crop seed shall be as follows:

Beetht P~nrit Germtnetien Crown vetch, Scarified, Certified Blue Tag, (Coronilla varia, var. Penngift) Rye grass (Perennial) 33-1/3 66-2/3 99 95 70 90 Allseed supplied by the Contractor shall conform to the Pennsyl-vania Seed Act of 1947, latest revision, and shall be tagged or marked in accordance with that Act. 35

Sheets, No. 29 of LA-79828-1

c. The inoculant for treating crown vetch seeds shall be a pure culture of nitrogen-fixing bacteria selected for maximum vitality and ability to transform nitrogen from the air to soluble nitrates and deposit them in the soil.

Inoculant shall consist of pure-bred cultures specially selected for crown vetch and shall not be used later than the date included on the container for the date specified. Apply to seed at double rate.

d. A lication Method (1)

Specified area shall be dressed and shaped. (2) Agricultural pulverized limestone shall be spread uniformly on the ground surface where tests by'n approved laboratory indicate the soil to have a pH content less than 6.5. Rate of utilization shall bc as indicated by soil tests to develop a minimum pH content of 6. 5 to 7 ~ 0 in the soil. (3) Fertilizer, (10-20-20 analysis) shall be distributed uniformly at the rate of 500 pounds per acre of area. (4) The crown vetch seed shall be applied, after inoculation according to this Specification at the rate of 20 pounds per acre. (5) The perennial rye grass seed shall be applied at the rate of 40 pounds per acre. (6) The crown vetch and rye grass seed and soil supplements shall be applied by hydroseeding, or by any other approved method. (7) When specified, crown vetch plantings may be established by planting of potted crowns at the rate of one (1) crown per four (4) square feet of area. Allplants shall be thoroughly watered at time of planting. Care shall be exercised to be sure that there is no air remaining in the soil pocket and that the soil is thoroughly compacted around the roots or ball. Lime, as required, and fertilizer shall be applied at the same rates specified for seeding of crown vetch. 3. ~Mntchtn - Following application of the crown vetch seed or instaQatton of crowns, all areas so planted shall be mulched and the mulch anchored inaccordance with the specifications previously noted for this operation for grass plantings (Section P-8). 35 Sheets, No. 30 of LA-79828-1 VIKI. CLEAN-UP'he planting site shall be maintained in a neat, clean, presentable and safe condition through the progress of work until final acceptance by Company, Contractor shall protect all adjacent paving and walks gi. against drainage during the progess of the Contract. Any damage caused by Contractor's operations shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to repair and correct to the satisfaction of the Company. Upon completion of planting, excess soils, debris, materials,

rubbish, stones, wood forms and other refuse not previously cleaned up shall be removed from the Site(s) and promptly disposed of, or as directed by the Company's representative.

The Site(s) shall be left in a safe,

clean, presentable condition<with all traces of work removed to the satisfaction of the Company'B 14 px esentative.

IX. INITIALMAIiVTENAN~CE GUARANTEE AND REPLACEMENTS A. INITIALMP INTENANCE Thc Contractor shall be responsible for thc initial maintenance of all work and parts thereof shown on the Drawings prior to Final Acceptance of this work by Company. Maintenance shall begin immediately after each area of grass and/or each plant material is planted and shall continue in accordance with the following require-ments through the guarantee period: 1. General - Planting areas and plant materials shall be pro-tected at all times against damage for the duration of the initial maintenance period. Any damaged or injured plant material shall be treated or replaced as directed by the Company's representative, at no additional cost to Company. Work shall not be done within, adjacent to or over any plant or planting area without proper safe-guards and protection to plant materials. Damage to planting areas or plant materials during the initial maintenance period shall be the Contractor's responsibility and shall be promptly repaired. Litter shall be removed from the Site with sufficient frequency to maintain a good appearance. 2. Grass - Grass areas shall be protected and maintained from date of Preliminary Acceptance until Final Acceptance of this portion of Contract by proper fertilizing, watering, mowing, raking,

weeding, edging, repairing sunken areas or washes, replanting and all incidental work, as necessary, to establish a uniform, healthy stand of specified grasses in all areas specified.

After grass has started to grow, all areas, or parts of such areas, which fail, for any reason, to show a uniform stand of grass shall be re-seeded with the original mixture. Such areas, or parts of such areas, shall be re-seeded repeatedly until all areas are covered with a satisfactory stand of grass of the varieties specified. At the time 35 Sheets, No. 31 of LA-79828-1 of the first cutting, and subsequent cuttings, the blades of a sharp mower shall be kept at least two (2) inches high. Grass shall not be allowed to reach a height of over three (3) inches during the Initial Maintenance period. Areas designated as coarse grass shall be cut at a minimum height of four (4) inches during Initial Maintenance period. Grass in these areas shall not be allowed to exceed a height of six (6) inches during this period. Accumulations of grass clipp-ings detrimental to turf shall be collected and removed from site. Referttltzation and re-seeding shall be undertaken as required. tained from time of Preliminary Inspection and shall continue for a period of twelve (12) months thereafter, unless otherwise specified. Maintenance shall include fertilizing, watering, weeding, cultivating, mulching, pesticide spraying, pruning, tightening and repairing of guys and stakes, replacing dead plants during the specified planting-

season, resetting plants to proper grade or upright position, restor-ing planting saucers, and other necessary horticultural operations that may be required for the proper growth of all plant materials.

Dead plant materials shall be removed and dead branches pruned as they appear. 4. ~Sra~np - During the Initial Maintenance period and until Final Acceptance, the Contractor shall do all seasonal spraying as necessary to keep plant materials free from insects and diseases. The Contractor shall furnish all materials and equipment and use all spray materials with adequate caution in regard to safety and health. Insecticides, fungicides, and their containers, shall not be left within reach of children or animals and all spray wastes and containers shall be removed immediately from the Site. Sprays and drippings shall promptly be washed clean from all surfaces not intended for application. Sprays shall be furnished and applied thoroughly with assurance that recommended rates of the correct chemicals are used at proper time in the prescribed manner for the complete eradication and control of disease and insects. Allspraying shall be done at times when wind does not exceed a velocity of five (5) miles per hour. 5. W~seedtn - Contractor shall keep all planted areas free from weeds until Final Acceptance. Ifapproved weed control chemicals are employed, recommended rates as specified on label(s) shall be used at the proper time and in the prescribed manner, with care 35 Sheets, No. 32 of LA-V9828-1 taken to prevent wind drift of sprays or vapor. Chemicals shall not be left within reach of children and animals, and rules regard-ing safety and health shall be followed with proper caution. Containers,

waste, dead or pulled weeds shall be promptly removed from Site(s) and sprays and drippings promptly washed clean from all surfaces not intended for this application.

Under no condition shall the Contractor use a chemical weed or, vegetation killer on or adjacent to line rightwfmay on lands under the jurisdiction of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources or Pennsylvania Game Commission, on a designated water shed property or in the vicinityof springs except upon written approval of Company or owners. Special precautions with sprayed applications of chemical weed or vegetation killers shall be taken at Sites where aluminum fencing or structures with green phosphate chromate treatment have been installed to avoid possible discoloration of the finish. No drift of sprayed chemicals should be permitted to contact these surfac'es. Equivalent weed control chemicals in dry granular form may be substituted at these locations and applied according to the manu-facturer's directions, with prior Company approval. 6. Res nsibilit for Maintenance - The Contractor's responsibility for maintenance shall cease at the time of Final Acceptance by Company, provided all plant materials and related items are in satisfactory condition. B. GUARANTEE Allplants and seeded areas shall be guaranteed alive and in good, healthy, growing condition for a period of twelve (12) months after the time of Preliminary Acceptance. C. REPLACEMENTS Allplant materials under this Contract that are unsightly, un-

healthy, dead, excessively pruned, have lost their natural shape due to dead branches, or are not in a vigorous, thriving condition, as determined by the Company's representative during and at the end of the guarantee period shall be promptly removed from the Site(s).

These, and any other plants that may be missing because of the Contractor's negligence, shall be replaced or added as soon as conditions permit during the normal planting season(s).

38

Sheets, No. 33 of LA-79828-1

Replacements shall consist of plant materials of the same kind and size specified on the Plant List, selected in the field by the Company's representative prior to digging, and subject to all require-ments in these Specifications. Replacements shall be made at the Contractor's expense except for possible replacements resulting from damage due to vandalism or other unnatural acts or occurrences. The Contractor shall be liable for any damage to property, including grass areas, pavements,

curbs, etce e caused by replace-ment operations, and he shall, without additional charge to Company, restore to their original conditions all areas and all construction disturbed or damaged by him in pursuing the work covered>by this Contract to the satisfaction of the Company's representative.

t. ~Retains e - A sum suificient to cover the estimated cost of possible replacements, including material and labor, willbe retained by the Company until Final Acceptance at the end of the guarantee

period, and willbe paid to the Contractor only after all replacements have been made and approved in writing by the Company's representa-tive.

Replacements shall be made as many times as necessary during the guarantee period in order to secure healthy plant materials. In lieu of cash retainage, a Performance Bond in adequate amount may be substituted. Approval of Bonding Company shall be by Company. X. INSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE A. GENERAL Written notice requesting inspection shall be submitted by Contractor to the Company at least ten (10) days prior to the antici-pated inspection date. Allplanting and landscaping covered by this , Contract shall be found in a clean, presentable appearance at time of Inspection. B. PRELIMINARYINSPECTION The Contractor shall offer for Preliminary Acceptance the entire project covered by this Contract, or a complete readily defined portion of project if approved by the Company's representative. Preliminary inspection of work under this Section shall be made by the Company's representative upon completion of all work included

herein, exclusive of initial maintenance and possible replacement of plant materials subject to guarantee.

35

Sheets, No. 34 of LA-78828-1 I

C, PREI IMINARYACCEPTANCE After inspection, the Contractor willbe notified in writing by the Company of Company's Preliminary Acceptance in whole or in part of Contract work, exclusive of maintenance and possible replacement of plants subject to guarantee, or, if there are any deficiencies, of requirements for completion of work. Plants noted to be in a healthy, flourishing condition of act ve.growth at the time of preliminary inspection willreceive Preliminary Acceptance and a written notice will be given to the Contractor stating that the Guarantee Period shall begin. At this time, dead or missing plants, or those whose growth is not considered satisfactory to the Company's representative, will bc noted and marked. Dead plants shall be removed immediately and these and others omitted or lost through the Contractor's negligence shall he replaced as soon as poss ble during an accepted planting season determined by the Company's representative. Grass maintenance or other work remaining to be done shall be subject to reinspection before acre ptance. D. FINALINSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE ATTHE END OF GUARANTEE PERIOD After the Maintenance and Guarantee

Period, and upon written request to Company by the Contractor.

the Company's representative willmake a final inspection of all work to determine the final accepta-bilityof completed work. Any dead or missing plant materials shall be replaced promptly during the propcx planting season. Plants whose conditions are questionable shall also be replaced except where, in the opinion of the Company's representative, it is advisable to extend the Guarantee Period another full growing season, at which time another inspection willbe made to determine acceptance or rejection, Ifany plant materials are unsatisfactory or dead at the time of Final Inspection, acceptance willnot be granted. Replacements shall con-form in all respects to these Specifications, and'hall be planted in the same manner. APPROVED: /s H. W. Wri ht

Manager, ng neer ng

/s E. H. Seidler Manager, Distribut on By: Q. H. Smith - 11/5/69 Revision g1 - Approved 5/15/73 /s/ R. C. Zundel

Manager, Re Estate

/s/ N. W. Curtis

Manager, Construction s/

. H. Smith Director, Environmental Development 35 Sheets, No. 35 of LA-79828-1

ML18025A011

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7.7 Conditions

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ML18025A011

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7.7 Conditions

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