ML17053D767
| ML17053D767 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Nine Mile Point  |
| Issue date: | 05/13/1983 |
| From: | NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORP. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML17053D748 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8305230684 | |
| Download: ML17053D767 (92) | |
Text
xg~~~-,.~"-~ -~
. ~'~ ~-'
'.:-% ':J,.;~.;
j, "'8" @-
g~jl
- T~
~ w*,,~"
1
<<f, f~ ~,~~
~~
1~5 I>
-qp j
v '-',+g
'~jcC2~ +
- l PDR ADOCK 050004i0
,",:i:,';,',;,
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS 316(b)
DEMONSTRATION FOR OSWEGO UNIT 5 LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS
~Pe e
iii iv S-1 I.
INTRODUCTION A.
Background
B.
Demonstration Approach
& Rationale C.
Format of the Documentation I-1 I-1 I-1 II.
STATION DESCRIPTION III.
BASELINE HYDROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS II-1 A.
Introduction B.
General Features of Lake Ontario C.
Site Features D.
Other Existing Water Intake Structures in the Oswego Vicinity l.
Oswego Water Supply 2.
Oswego Steam Station Units 1-4 3.
Nine Mile Point Unit 1 4.
James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant III-1 III-1 III-2 III-2 ED Water Body Segment Identifications IV.
LOCATION, DESIGN
& CAPACITY OF INTAKE FACILITY A.
Design of Intake Structure B.
Environmental Aspects of the Intake and Screenwell Design and Location C.
Chemical Wastes IV-1 IV-2 IV-3 V.
BASELINE STUDIES
& COMMUNITY COMPOSITION VI.
SELECTION OF REPRESENTATIVE IMPORTANT SPECIES V-1 VII.
POTENTIAL STRESSES
& IMPACTS OF THE CIRCULATING WATER SYSTEM VII-1 A.
Potential Entrainment Impacts B.
Potential Impingement Impacts C.
Summary VII-1 VII-3 VII-3
TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued 316(b DEMONSTRATION FOR OSWEGO UNIT 5 VIII.
IMPACTS OF THE INTAKE
~Pa e
A.
Introduction B.
Concentrations of Fish
& Larvae in the Adjacent Water Body Segments C.
Concentrations of Fish
& Larvae in the Plant D.
Entrainment Cropping of Larvae 1.
General 2.
Monthly Larvae Cropping E.
Fish Cropping by Impingement F.
Conclusions.
VIII-4 VIII-5 VIII-6 VIII-8
LIST OF FIGURES 316 b DEMONSTRATION FOR OSWEGO UNIT 5 FIGURE NO.
FOLLOWING PAGE S-1 IV-1 IV-2 Location of Water Body Segments I and II Location of Intake
& Discharge Structures Intake Structure S-1 IV-1 IV-1
LIST OF TABLES 316 b)
DEMONSTRATION FOR OSWEGO UNIT 5 TABLE NO.
FOLLOWING PAGE S-la S-lb III-1 Summary of Larvae Entrainment Cropping Seasonal Impingement Cropping Intake Characteristics for Oswego Units 1-4, Nine Mile Unit 1, FitzPatrick Unit & Oswego Steam Station Unit 5 S-1 III-1 IV-1 VIII-la VIII-lb VIII-2a VIII-2b VIII-3 VIII-4 VIII-5 Time-Temperature Through Circulating Water System, Maximum Heat Rejection Concentration of Larvae'n Lake Concentration of Fish in Lake Concentration of Larvae in the Intakes Concentration of Fish in the Intakes Cropping Ratios Oswego Plant Unit 5 Within the Water Body Segment I Summary of Larvae Entrainment Cropping Seasonal Impingement Cropping IV-1 VIII-3 VIII-3 VIII-3 VIII-3 VIII-5 VIII-6 VIII-7
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Or anizations and Acts EPA FWPCA LMS LOTEL NMPC NPDES PASNY QLM Environmental Protection Agency Federal Water Pollution Control Act Lawler, Matusky
& Skelly Engineers Lake Ontario Environmental Laboratory Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Power Authority of the State of New York Quirk, Lawler
& Matusky Engineers Dimensions cfs ft~ ft2 fps, ft/sec gal mgd mi mph m
cm/sec cm2 m3/sec km g
mg/1 psi cubic feet per second feet, foot; square feet feet per second gallon(s) million gallons per day mile (s) miles per hour meter (s) millimeter(s) centimeters per second square centimeter(s) cubic meters per second kilometer (s) gram(s) milligrams per liter pounds per square inch Chemicals Si02.
P04 Cl NaOH Na2HP04 DO BOD 14G Silicon dioxide Phosphate Chlorine Sodium hydroxide Disodium phosphate Dissolved oxygen Biological oxygen demand Radioactively labeled carbon
Other Abbreviations:
BTU KWHR MWe MWT CTM AT ppm mmhos atm c/f yr MA7CDIO WS I WS II
- OSWW, OSWP sp 0spp d,no dynes/cm hr, hrs Wts EL British Thermal Unit Kilowatt hour megawatts electric megawatts thermal critical thermal mmcimum delta (change in) 'temperature parts per million millimhos atmosphere(s) catch per effort year (s)'inimum average seven-consecutive-day flow having a once in ten year frequency Water body segment I Water body segment II Oswego sampling station designations species number dynes per centimeter hour, hours weight elevation micro, micron
SUMMARY
OF FINDINGS 1.
The Oswego Unit 5 station has just begun operation.
It has a sub-merged offshore intake with a design and location similar to the operating Units 1-4 intake.
The flow rate and intake velocity are lower for the Unit 5 intake than for the Unit 1-4 intake.
2.
The frequencies of currents alongshore determined from data col-lected in the Oswego vicinity leads to a natural selection of the two adjacent water body segments shown in Figure S-1.
These segments are used as receiving water body segments for quantitative impact descrip-tions.
The existing intakes near Oswego Unit 5 include the Nine Mile Point Unit 1, the James A. FitzPatrick, and the Oswego Units 1-4 intakes.
A potable water intake is located about a mile offshore at Oswego.
3.
Baseline studies have been conducted in the Nine Mile Point-Oswego area since 1963.
The studies at Oswego in 1972,
- 1973, and 1974 describe the communities present at the site.
There are no ecological features of the area which are unique relative to Lake Ontario as a
whole.
4.
The representative important species selected by the EPA include Gammarus spa.t
- alewife, coho
- saimon, brown trout, rainbow smelt, three-sprne stickiebsck, smailmouth bass, and yellow perch.
Life history information for these species and for spottail shiner and white perch are presented.
5.
Studies of mortality of entrained organisms support an assumption of less than 100% mortality of entrainable organisms.
To assure an over estimate of'otential impact this demonstration assumes 100%
mortality.
6.
'Ihe designated circulating water system, water body segments, and representative species are used to define impact matrices.
The matrix elements computed are listed in Tables S-la and S-lb and include:
(1)
Larvae and gammarus entrainment by Unit 5 for those representative species whose larvae are found near the site in segment I.
(2)
Cumulative larvae and gammarus entrainment by all plants operating in segment I.
(3)
Cumulative larvae and gammarus entrainment by all stations operating in the Osweg~o area water body segment II).
(4)
Impingement cropping in segment I by Unit 5 and by all five units in segment I, and cropping by all stations operating in segment II.
LO CAT I 0 N 0 F VfATE8 8 0 DY SEGMENTS Z.AND IK WATER BODY SEGMENT IE
( 56 KILOMETERS g0 NE T+R gE~TH CONTOUR L A/('E ON7 A R/0 JUMPING GROUND J
WATER BODY SEGMENT 'I
( I 5 Kl LOMETERS) g A RT OSWEGO DlFFOSR R
- OSWEGO o
4P ALCOA STAG K NINE MILE POINT
~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s\\
\\
~
~
~ ~ ~
~ ~
ay I'
I ~
~
~ oH
+ 'I
TABLE S-13
SUMMARY
OF LARVAE ENTRAINMENT CROPPING All Plants on Segment II Species Alewife Rainbow smelt White perch Yellow perch Flow basis
% Cropping Range 0.05%.25 0-1.13 0-0.09 0-1. 69 0.6 All Plants on Segment I Species Alewife Rainbow smelt White perch Yellow perch Flow basis
% Cropping Range 0.73-2.97 0-3. 26 0-2. 76 0
1.5 Unit 5 on Segment I Species Alewife Rainbow smelt White perch Yellow perch Flow basis
% Cropping Range 0.33-1.35 0-1.48 0-1.25 0
0.7.
TABLE S-lb SEASONAL IMPINGEMENT CROPPING SPECIES SEGMENT I
.SPRING SAMER UNIT 5 UNITS 1-5 UNIT 5 UNITS 1-5 CROPPING CROPPING CROPPING CROPPING
~SEGMENT II, ALL STATIONS SPRING SUHMER Alewife Rainbow Smelt Spottail Shiner White Perch Yellow Perch Smallmouth Bass
- 2. 69
- 1. 72 0.07 0.04 0.42 0
5.92 3.79 0.15 0.09 0.94 0
- 0. 38 0.25 0.34 0.09 0.09 0
0.84 0.54
- 0. 75
- 0. 19 0.20 0
- 3. 41 1.43 0.24 0.41 0.23 0.11
- l. 73
- l. 71 0.16 0.29
- 0. 10 0.01
t
7.
The cropping of larvae and Gammarus fascistus ranges from 0 to 1.69%%d of these planktonic organrsms uhrch drrtt alongshore through segment II with all plants operating.
The comparable cropping by all plants in segment I is 0 to 4. 74% of the drifting organisms.
Cropping of fish by impingement is maximum for alewife and ranges from 1. 73% in summer to 3. 41% in spring in.segm'ent II, and from
- 0. 84% in summer to 5. 92% in spring for all plants operating in seg-ment I.
8.
It is concluded that intake operation, evaluated assuming 100%
mortsility of entrained organisms (larvae,
- gsmmarus, or fish) re-sults in minimal removal of these organisms -from the flow through the segments.
Hence operation of the intake for Unit 6 will not adversely affect the representative aquatic environment even in combination with existing intakes in the area.
S-2
g I
I.
INTRODUCTION A.
BACKGROUND The construction of Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation's (NMPC) Oswego Steam Electric Generating Station Unit 5 began in 1971.
The station has just begun operation at about 75% of full load and is expected to achieve full station electrical output of 850 megawatts (MWe) in late 1976.
The effects of the discharge of heated effluent from this facility upon Lake Ontario are discussed in detail in the 316(a) demonstration for this plant.
Niagara Mohawk submits herein information on the Oswego'nit 5 intake system providing delineation of the potential stresses of entrainment and impingement associated with facility operation and aq assessment of these stresses with regard to the selected representative important species.
B.
DEMONSTRATION APPROACH AND RATIONALE Since Oswego Unit 5's intake commenced operating during 1975, the impingement and entrainment effects must be predicted.
Aquatic studies have been conducted in the Oswego-Nine Mile Point vicinity since 1963.
Impingement and entrainment data have been collected from the intakes of Oswego Units 1-4 and Nine Mile Point Unit 1 over a sufficient period of. time and in sufficient detail to enable prediction of the effects of Oswego Unit 5.
The results of these studies (previously submitted to the EPA) are utilized throughout this document.
The information provided in this document will permit the EPA to evaluate the effects of the operation of the. Oswego Unit 5 intake facility.
It is demonstrated. that the operation of the intake facility will not adversely affect the representative aquatic environment and that the operation of the intake facility, when cumulatively combined with operation of other cooling water systems in the adjacent water body segments, will not cause harmful impact to the aquatic environment.
C.
FORMAT OF THE DOCUMENTATION In the development of the document, Niagara Mohawk has taken a logical step-by-step approach to the demonstration methodology.
Sections of the report that were presented in the 316(a) submission for Oswego Unit 5 are not repeated in this document.
Chapters II through V provide the basis for the impact assessment pre-sented in the submission.
Chapter II presents a detailed description of Oswego Unit 5.
Chapter III describes the hydrographic characteristics of the near and far field.
A description is provided of the temperature struc-ture in the lake and the vicinity of Oswego, the topography and geology of the lake bottom in the vicinity of Oswego, the general lake circulation patterns, and the local currents at the site.
The characteristics of the existing major intakes in the vicinity of Os~ego are provided in this chapter.
Based on these data, a
rationale for determining water body segments is developed.
This chapter presents this rationale and describes the characteristics and limits of the water body segments.
Chapter IV describes the circulating water system for Oswego Unit 5.
Chapter V summarizes the essential characteristics of the biological community found in the Oswego area.
The abundance, species compo-
- sition, and distribution of the biota prior to power plant operation is delineated through the baseline information gathered in studies at the Oswego and other plant's in Lake Ontario.
Major biological groups present are cons'dered, in conjunction with the factors which have been shown to affect these aquatic populations, in order to assess the operational effects upon the aquatic ecosystem.
Chapter VI presents a discussion of the representative important species selected by the EPA and transmitted to Niagara Mohawk by letter dated August ll, 1975 and other species considered in the demonstration.
The basis for selection of each species is discussed and data on the characteristics of each species are provided.
With the data base presented in the previous chapters, Chapter VII considers the thermal, physical, and chemical impacts resulting from operation of the Oswego Unit 5 intake and circulating water system.
The predicted impacts for Oswego Unit 5 on the aquatic biota within the water body.segments is quantified and discussed in Chapter VIII.
The basis for the conservative evaluations are presented.
Included in this chapter is an evaluation of the effects of'impinge-ment and entrainment, including cumulative effects, of Oswego Unit 5.
II.
STATION DESCRIPTION Information relative to the station description is presented in chapter II of the 316(a) submission for Oswego Unit 5.
The reader is referred to this document for a detailed description of Oswego Unit 5.
III. BASELINE HYDROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS A.
INRODUCTION Most of the information relative to the baseline hydrographic characteristics germane to evaluation of the Oswego Unit 5 cir-culating water system is presented in Chapter III of the 316(a) submission for that station.
This information is not presented herein and the reader is referenced to the appropriate sections of the 316(a) submission.
B.
GENERAL FEATURES OF LAKE ONTARIO See 316 (a) submission Ch'apter III, section B.
Ci SITE FEATURES t
See 316(a) submission Chapter III, section C.
D OTHER EXISTING.WATER INTAKE SRUCTURES IN THE OSWEGO VICINITY l.
Oswego Water Supply The city of Oswego's water supply intake is located about a mile west of the Unit 5 water intake, and some 1890 m (6200 ft) out into the lake, at a depth of 16. 5 m (54 ft).
Water withdrawal from the lake in 1970 was 17 mgd (26. 30 cfs,
- 0. 74) m /sec) for the city of Oswego and 36 mgd
( 55. 70 cfs, 1. 581 m /sec) for the Metropolitan Water Board of Onondaga
- County, a combined maximum capacity total of 53 mgd (82 cfs,
- 2. 327 m /sec).
2.
Oswego Steam Station Units 1-4 The Oswego Power Plant's Units 1-4 have a maximum output of 407 megawatts.
These units were constructed during the period 1938 to 1956.
The cooling water for these units is taken from the lake at a point
. some 250 ft (76. 2m) north of the northwestern tip of the Oswego Harbor breakwater and 450 ft (137.2m) sout)ea'st of the Oswego Unit 5 intake.
A flow of up to 762 cfs (21.58m /sec),
when operating at the maximum capacity rating, is circulated through the condensers of the four units.
Table III-1 shows some of the hydraulic character-istics of the intake of the existing units compared with Oswego Unit 5.
I',;;;;
~
~
~ >>
TABLE III-1 INTAKE CHARACTERISTICS FOR OSt'EGO UNITS 1-4, NINE NILE UNIT 1 FITZPATRICK UNIT AND OSWEGO UNIT 5 Parameter Oswego Units 1-4 Nine Nile Unit 1 FitzPatrick Unit Oswego Unit 5 Design Flo<<
7G2 cfs 21.58m /sec
~ 635 cfs 17.98m3/sec 825 cfs G35 cfs
'3.36m /sec 17.98m /sec Ha.".imum approach Velocity to the Intake 1.30-1.75 fps 0.40-0.53m/sec 1.9 fps 0.58m/sec 1.2 fps 0.37m/sec
- 1. 0 "fps 0.30m/sec Ha>:imum Velocity through Intake Bars 3.2 fps 0.98m/sec 2.0 fps
- 0. 61m/.,ec 1.4. fps 0.43 fps 1.2 fps
- 0. 37m/< ec
~ifaximum Approach 0,94 fps Velocity at Travelling 0.29m/sec Screens 0.85 fps 0.26m/sec
- 0. 97 fps 0.30m/sec
3.
Nine Mile Point Unit 1
The Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station Unit 1, which has been in oper-ation since
- 1969, uses a boiling water reactor to provide 610 MWe (net) of electrical power.
The cooling water for Unit 1 is taken from the lake into a hexagonal intake structure located in a water depth of approximately 18 ft, about 850 ft from the shoreline.
The flow characteristics
.are outlined in Table III-1, in which they are compared with those of the Oswego Units.
4.
James A. Fitzpatrick~uclear Power Plant The James A. Fizpatrick Nuclear Power Plant, which has been in 50% to 80% operation since July 1975 uses a boiling water reactor to provide 821 MWe (net) of electrical power.
The cooling water for the unit is taken from the lake into a pre-shaped intake structure located in a"water depth of 26 ft (7. 92m) about 900 ft (274. 3m) from the shoreline.
The flow characteristics are outlined in Table III-1 in which they are compared with those of the Oswego Units.
Due to the distance of about 7 miles between the Nine Mile Point and Oswego Units, no interacting effects are expected at the intakes.
E.
WATER BODY SEGMENT IDENTIFICATIONS See 316(a) submission Chapter III, section E.
IV.
LOCATION, DESIGN AND CAPACITY OF INTAKE FACILITY A.
DESIGN OF INTAKE STRUCTURE 4
~ ~
Circulating water for Oswego Unit 5 is taken from 'Lake Ontario via a submerged inlet, circulated through the condensers, and returned to the lake through a submerged jet diffuser.
Figure IV-1 shows the locations of intake and discharge structures in Lake Ontario.
The intake structure is hexagonally shaped and located approximately 850 ft (259.1 m) from the existing shoreline.
At the low water datum of 243 ft (74 m) (International Great Lakes
- Datum, 1955),
the water is 22 ft (6.7 m) deep and the clearance between the top of the intake structure and the water surface is 12 ft (3.66 m).
Details of the intake structure are shown in Figure II-2.
The pertinent dimensions of the intake structure include a
3 ft (0.91 m) sill at the bottom to prevent silting of the intake, a
2 ft (0.61 m) roof thickness, and a
5 ft (1.52 m) high by 21;2 ft (6.45m) aperture on each of the six sides.
Each intake aperature is equipped with heated bar racks to prevent the formation of frazil ice.
The intake is de-signed so that the horizontal approach velocity will be 1.0 fps (0.3 m/sec) when the generating unit is operated at maximum output.
There is negligible vertical approach velocity.
Oswego Unit 5 requires a total circulating water flow of 635 cfs (17.98 m /sec) when the plant is operating at maximum output.
3The temper-ature of the condenser cooling flow of 546 cfs (15.46 m /sec) is raised 32.4'F (18')), while the temperature of the service water flow of 89 cfs (2.52 m /sec) is raised 5'F (2.8'C).
- Thus, 635 cfs is discharged from the unit at a maximum temperature rise above lake ambient of 28.6'F (15.9'C).
Total heat emission to the lake is 4.09 billion BTU per hour at full station load.
The circulating water system as described has been analyzed in terms of time required for flow between key operational.
features.
Table IV-1 summarizes the time and the temperature of the flow as it progresses through the circulating water system.
An entrained organism is exposed to significant temperatures above ambient for a maximum of 4.4 minutes under conditions of maximum generation and heat dissipation.
- i. SIIOACLINC l5 20 25 30
- c. 5I5,000 ~
so INLCT INTAI<L STRUCTURE II I, 2iiI, 2 Go E 512,9i50 OO qO 0+
p
~
~
~
go A I,2GI,CCO s
K 512i520
+~AO a
BRANCH TUNNEI.
I U. I~
I 5
I I
AI TIIOX.<00'XISTING ItlTARE l
I:<IGTING UlilT5 I Tllnv 4 0
loo 200 500 5CALK~ FLCT TURNIi'IG OA SIN BAEAI<WATEA~
LOCATION OF INTAI(E AND DISCHARGE STRUCTURES NIAGARA s:.oHA'vI< r ov<ER CORpor AI ION I
~
o
/
r r
v
-r a
i~a
~
0 ~
0
~ 0 e
Table IV-1 s
Time-Temperature Through Circulating Water System, Maximum Heat Regectxon Seconds T,'Above Ambient 'F Intake to pumps Pumps to screenwell Screenwell to condenser Through condenser Condenser,to screenwell'08
- 27. 7
- 83. 3
- 83. 3 0
0
- 0. 6
- 0. 6 32'F 18 1'-32. 4
- p. 6"18. p Screenwell to diffuser 173
- 28. 6'
- 15. 9 Total 483. 9 (8.07 minutes)
Total time of exposure to elevated temperatures - 264. 9 seconds (4.42 minutes).
B ~
ENVIRONMENTALASPECTS OF THE INTAKE AND SCREENWELL DESIGN AND LOCATION As described previously, the'ntake aperture is designed so that water velocities at maximum station output is 1.0 fps (0.3 m/sec) and
" the flow into,the intake structure is in the horizontal plane.
This latter point is significant because investigations (Adams, 1968 Zeller and'Rulifson, 1970) have shown that fish can better avoid horizontal inflows than vertical ones.
In addition to controlling the approach velocity to the intake and the flow patterns into the structure, other precautions were taken in the design and location of the intake structure in order to ensure adequate fish protection.
1he Oswego Unit 5 intake structure is fitted with a velocity cap which prevents direct vertical flow and the creation of a vortex or "drawdown" area in the lake.
By preventing the vertical flow, the stucture design increases flow in the horizontal plane, extending somewhat the distance from where horizon-tal flow begins.
It has been calculated that under calm current con-ditions (not usually observed in the Oswego ares) the intake flow velocity approaches the characteristic current approximately 30 m (100 ft) from the intake port face.
The location of the intake was selected considering potential impacts of the intake operation.
No differences in the aquatic community a-mong alternative locations have been discerned, hence the location of the intake structure relative to the diffuser was selected to minimize recirculation of the Oswego Unit 5 discharge.
Recirculation could de-crease plant efficiency as well as attract fish to the intake area.
A series of hydraulic model investigations were conducted to determine the optimal l,ocations for the structures in Lake Ontario.
The hydraulic model results showed that, with the intake located in relation to the
, discharge as shown in Figure IV-l, recirculation of heated water from Oswego Unit 5's discharge was negligible (<1'F).
The conditions simu-lated in the model included lake currents from the west and northeast, zero lake current, high and low Oswego River flows, and a range of lake ambient temperature conditions.
The maximum approach velocity to the Oswego Unit 5 intake is estimated to be 1 fps (0.3 m/sec) with a maximum velocity through the intake bars of 1.2 fps (0.37 m/sec).
The screenwell of the Oswego Unit 5 intake is designed so that the maximum approach velocity to the traveling screens is 0.97 fps (0.30 m/sec).
3 The Oswego Unit 5 intake is designed to withdraw up to 17.98 m /sec (635 cfs) of lake water at full capacity.
The water is drawn from a layer that is between 1.5 m (5 ft) thick (the height of the intake opening) and the total thickness of the water column from surface to bottom (8.6 m, 28 ft). If it assumed that a longshore current is pre-sent a
a characteristic speed of 5.2 cm/sec (0.17 fps), then in the extreme case of strong stratification, the required net flow is avail-able from a zone less than 235 m (771 ft) wide.
In addition, the screenwell for Oswego Unit 5 is designed to allow for installation of 'a fish removal system.
C.
CHEMICAL WASTES The cooling water condensers for Oswego Unit 5 are cleansed by the abrasion of suspended solid material within the cooling water.
As a result, it is not necessary to introduce any condenser cleaning chemicals into the cooling water system.
IV-3
V.
BASELINE STUDIES AND COMMUNITY COMPOSITION Information relative to the baseline studies and the community composition is presented in Chapter V of the 316(a) submission for Oswego Unit 5.
The reader is referred to this document for a detailed discussion of this information..
VI.
SELECTION OF REPRESENTATIVE IMPORTANT SPECIES Information. relative to the selection of representative important species is presented in Chapter VI of the 316(a) submission for Oswego Unit 5.
The reader is referred to this document for a detailed discussion of this information.
VII.
POTENTIAL STRESSES AND IMPACTS OF THE CIRCUIATING WATER SYSTEM I
~ ~
A.
POTENTIAL ENTRAINMENT IMPACTS Once-through cooling of steam generating stations requires the use of (arge amounts of water.
Oswego Unit 5 circulates 635 cfs (17, 98m /sec).
As a result of this process, organisms living within the water body from which the cooling water is withdrawn may be subjected to a variety of stresses.
The analysis of the effects of these stresses on the aquatic community requires a knowledge of. three basic parameters of the community.
They are:
S 1.
the size and resiliency of the affected population, 2.
the life stage, species,'nd numbers of organisms subjected to the stress, and 3.
the survival and viability of entrained organisms after passage through the power plant.
Research on the balanced indigenous communities within the vicinities of power plants has been aimed at describing the size of the indi-vidual populations.
The quantification of the life stages,
- species, and numbers of organisms entrained relies on standard biological monitoring of the entrained water.
The groups of organisms usually considered during the analyses of entrainment impact are the phyto-
- plankton, zooplankton, and early life stages of fish.
Experiments have recently been conducted to determine the survival of entrained organisms, and have shown that stress results from a combination of factors, including:
1.
heat dissipated through the condenser tubes into the cooling water, 2.
changes in hydrostatic pressure as the cooling water is pumped through the system, 3.
mechanical abrasion resulting from contact with pumps and tubing walls, 4.
shear stress developed in the moving water, 5.
chemical additives to the cooling water, and 6.
changes in the partial pressure of gases within the water.
It has at times been assumed that all of the organisms entrained are killed, but this has been shown not to be the case.
In fact, for phytoplankton, there is a stimulatory effect during the cooler months.
It is only during the summer when the algae are. existing near their upper thermal tolerance point that the addition of heat becomes detrimental (Brooks, 1974; Gurtz and Weis, 1974;
- LMS, 1975;).
Analyses of the effects of condenser passage on phytoplank-ton are ~dually performed using the uptake of radioactively l.abeled carbon
(
C),
a test which measures a community response.
That is, this test determines the overall response of all species and individuals within the sample.
It is likely that some species are selectively eliminated while the growth of other species is enhanced.
Studies of the effect of entrainment on zooplankton have revealed similar resu)ts.
Rarely does entrainment cause a
100% mortality and the response of an organism is species-specific.
Icanberry and Adams (1974) found a high correlation between the temperature rise through the condenser and the percent mortality of the zooplank-ton.
LHS (1975) has also found a correlation between temperature rise through a power plant and the percent mortality of Bosmina, copepod nauplii, and rot ifers
.There was also a r let ionshtp noted between the length of time the organisms remained in the condenser
- tubes, the number of abrupt turns in the system, and organism mortality.
Usually mortality estimates for zooplankton range from 10 to 30% (Icanberry and Adams, 1974; Heinie et al.,
1974; Ilavies and Jensen,
- 1973, 1974; LHS, 1975).
For the purposes of this demonstration, the early life stages of fish have been singled out as representing the aquatic community.
The studies of fish egg and larval survival after passage through a power plant have not been as useful in determining plant impact as have been the studies with phytoplankton and microzooplankton.
The problem is that the observed mortality of fish eggs and larvae can be attributd to any one of three factors:
1.
natural mortality within the population, 2.
power plant induced mortal.ity, and 3.
collection method mortality.
Traditionally, the analysis of power plant induced mortality has been accomplished through the collection of fish larvae with plankton nets from the intake and discharge.
This method is subject to a major criticism, which is that the mortality associated with the capture technique has not been factored out (Harcy, 1971;
- NYV, 1974).
LHS (1975) found a positive correlation between the speed of water through the plankton net and the percent mortality of striped bass larvae.
Thus, for power plants with a different water speed in the intake and in the discharge, different mortalities due 'to water speed alone can be expected.
For this reason laboratory studies have been conducted in which the passage of organisms through the condenser system is simulated.
Studies have been performed on time-temperature relationships, pressure
- effects, and shear and turbulence.
NYU (1974) has shown that rapid changes in pressure can adversely effect white perch larvae.
VII-2
Mortality due to pressure changes is dependent upon the species,
- age, and time of year as well as the factors previously mentioned.
Coutant and Kedl (1975) studied the survival of larval striped bass exposed to fluid-induced and thermal stresses in a simulated condenser tube.
They found that the mortality was no greater than would be expected due to temperature alone and that control larvae suffered the same percent mortality as experimentals at ambient temperatures.
They concluded that shear
- stress, turbulence, and mechanical damage encountered within the condenser tube were not the causative factors of mortality and they suggested that further research be done on the effect of mechanical damage due to the circulating pumps.
Mortality associated with~assage through entire power plant systems usually ranges from 10 to 30% for fish larvae.
Plants with long dis-charge canals which prolong the exposure of larvae to high temperatures ha've a more severe effect, with mortalities as high as 100%.
No un-treated chemical wastes are added to the circulating water of Oswego Unit 5, hence no mortality results from these additions.
B.
POTENTIAL IMPINGEMENT IMPACTS The placement of screening devices within the intakes of power plants was intended to remove large particulates, including fishes, from the cooling water flow.
These screening devices effectively collect fish from the intake water flow and carry them upwards and out of the water mass.
The fish are then washed off the screens and are either returned to the water body or discarded.
At Oswego Unit 5 all impinged fish are removed from the system, there-fore, consideration of their potential survival after impingement is not warranted.
The analysis of the impact of impingement is discussed in Chapter VIII wherein a41 fish impinged are considered to be permanently removed from the parent populations.
Should the fish be returned to the water body, this impact would certainly be reduced.
C.
SUMMARY
Due to the many variables that exist one cannot reliably, at this time, determine specific species mortality data for organisms entrained in power plant circulating water systems.
Lacking this species specific data and reliable methods of obtaining it in the near future Niagara Mohawk has assumed in the analysis presented in Chapter VIII that all organisms passing through the Oswego Unit 5 circulating water system experience 100% mortality.
Although this position is probably contrary to fact, we believe it to result in the highest degree of conservatism when evaluating the effect of the circulating water system upon the aquatic community.'I I-3
VIII.
IMPACTS OF THE INTAKE A.
INTRODUCTION This chapter presents quantitative evaluations of the intake effects on larval and adult forms of the representative important species des-cribed in Chapter VI.
The computations lead to cropping factors for the two water body segments described in Chapter III.
The assessments presented herein are conservative estimates of impact in that 100%
mortality is assumed for all fish and entrainable organisms which enter the lake intake.
In chapter VII, however, are cited a number of sources to. show that few species of entrainables suffer 100% mortality.
All fish and larval data collected during l)74 werc reduced to con-centrations
[number of organisms per 1000 m
(35,288 ft )j.
Available data include trawl, gill net, and beach seine collections.
The fish trawls collected low numbers of fish.
The beach seines collected the smaller fish which abound in the nearshore waters.
The large numbers
'of fish and the high species diversity of the gill net collections in-dicate that they sample a wide spectrum of species and the collections are made in water depths commensurate with the water depth at the intake.
The larval and Gammarus data were collected by metered plankton tows.
This chapter is organized in a step-wise fashion.
The evaluations are presented in the following order:
1.
The methods used in determining fish and larval concentrations in the water body segments and in the intake flows.
2.
The cropping in water body segment I of entrainable organisms by the Oswego Unit 5 intake and by all five Oswego units.
3.
The composite cropping of entrainable organisms in water body segment II by all power stations operating in the area including Oswego Units 1-5, Nine Nile Point Unit 1 and the James A. Fitz-Patrick plant.
4.
The cropping of impingable fish in water body segment I by Oswego Unit 5 and Units 1"4.
5.
The composite cropping of fish in water body segment II by all stations.
B.
CONCENTRATIONS OF FISH AND LARVAE IN THE ADJACENT MATER BODY SEG."lENTS Catches from gill nets set in the vicinity of Oswego were used to estimate fish concentrations in water body segment I.
These data conbined with similar data for the Nine !hile Point area were used to estimate concentrations in vater body segment II. It is assuned that gill net data are representative for six of the nine species of concern:
- alewives, rainbov smelt, spot tail shiners, white perch, yellow perch, and sma11mouth bass.
Gill nets did not ef fectiv ly catch threespine sticklebacks, coho salmon, or brown trout.
Threespine stick-lebaci'opulations vere calculated from other data as described later in this section.
Very few coho salmon or brown trout were collected in the field smaplin" programs
- and, therefore, no reliable estimates of concentrations for thrs speci s are available.
Gil.l net data is recorders as cate) per twelve l!our ef fort.
The area of eacl. gill net (11.2 m, 120 ft )
and the sample period (12 hrs) is known; however, because fish are svimners, they are not generally carried tnrough the net by the ambient current.
It vas, therefore, necessary to estimate swi..! speeds and to tr.'at this as a flow through the net, that is, the catch is related to the swim speed as water flow is related to v locity.
Two swim speeds vere us d to pr >vide concentration rstimates, 2 cm/
sec (0.07 fps) and 12 cm/sec (0.39 fps).
These valurs
- ncompass, within a width of two standard deviations, the average swim speed for yellow perch and white sucker calculated from data collect'd by I'elso (in pr ss)
. It is realized that the average speed at which a
fish svims is dependent on a nunber of factors, e.g.,
the species,
- size, age, temperature, etc; howe:er, for the purpose of this denon-stration the generalization vas nade that these six species swim at speeds in the range cited.
Further, it is realized that gi11 nets do not catch all fish species vith equal efficiency.
Nevertheless, the use of swim speed data and gi11 nrt catch per ef fort data allow for a relative abundance estimate that is not available otherwise.
The lake concentrations vere cal =ulated using a
2 cm/sec swim speed for the six species Threespine sticklebacks vere not can< ht in gill nets or trawls and the swim speed approach described above was not possible -for this species.
This fish is territorial during the spawning period, and this behavior is utilized to estimate its popu'ation.
Threespine sticklebacks spawn in sl!~liow vegetated zones and occupy an area of about 0.42 m
(4.5 ft ) (Black and Mooten, 1970).
Divers vork-in" near the Oswego stat ion have reported t'nat vegetation grows over about 50K of the hot tom to a depth of about 5-6 n (16-20 ft).
If it is assumed that all of the available suitable area is occupied by threespine sticklehacks, then the population estimate for three-spine stickleback would exceed that of alewives by a factor of 25.
Therefore, the population is probably conservatively estimated if it is assumed that only 1-10% of the available area is occupied.
The method.used in this report is to assume that 2% of the area is used and that each territorial male is accompanied by a female.
The calculated concentration of coho salmon and brown trout (Tables VIII-la and 1b) are zero or near zero due to the small numbers col-lected in the field studies.
New York State is currently stocking these
- species, although their capacity for self-propagation in Lake Ontario is doubtful and not documented.
No concentrations are avail-able for these species but recent annual stocking data are utilized.
In the absence of population estimates the stocking program serves as a basis for comparison with the plant impact.
In 1974 the state stacked 42,000 brown trout and 500,000 coho salmon in Lake Ontario.
Larval concentrations were calculated by averaging all Larval tIiw
- data within a segment hy month.
The larval tows were conducted with flow meters so that, unlike the gill net data, the larvae con-centrations were calculated directly from field data.
Only alewife, rainbow smelt, white perch, and yellow perch larvae were collected in the ichthyoplankton tows in the Oswego area.
The fish and lar-val concentrations for lake water body segments I and II are pre-s en ted on Tah le VIII-l.
.C.
CONCENTRATIONS OF FIRII ANO IARVAF. IN THF. FIANT Because of th proximity of their intakes, Oswego Unit 5 is expected to have similar species concentrations to those measured for the Oswego Units 1-4 intake.
The Oswego Unit 5 intake differs from the Units ]-4 intake in that the approach velocity is nearly 30% lower (1. 0 fps versus
- 1. 3 fps), this reduction may reduce the concentrations of impinged fish.
In the ahsence of post operational data however, the assumption is made that concentrations
<<re identical leading to conservative impact estimates.
The concentrations calculated for Oswego Units 1-4, and for Oswego Unit 5 are the number. of organisms of a species imping d or entrained during a sampling period divided by the volum of water. that passed through or will pass through the plant during that period.
The daily concen-trations are averaged over a month (see Table VIII-2).
The magnitudes of imp npenent and entrainment are assumed to be the product of flow times concentration where concentrations in Units 1-4 agd Unit 5 are assumed to be equal.
The flow for.
Oswego Uni) 5 is 18.0 m /sec (635 cfs) whereas the Oswego Units 1-4 flow is 21.6 m /sec (762 cfs) resulting in a proportionately less r impact of Oswego Unit '
as compared with Oswego Units 1-4.
T VIII-la CONCrVTRATTOWS OF I.ARVAE IN IHE EKE CONCCIITNhTION OF EEIIYEE iN TIID NIITEII DODY EIOIYENT I
- 'QIN "P6 (UEVITS -
iVO PER TIIOUSAHD CUBIC I'IETEBS)
SPEC.
JFEH FEB EIAB HAY JU "l JUI.
AUG SEP OCT l]OV AIWF BDSH 5 Poll TSSD WTPC YLPC S:-ID S CIISL DHTT Ilt~ PAAk Ikkilkkt Iikiklkk
- Ptkkll* AIIIIEAAkllkliik
- Ilklil*Iitlkttt 1* ~ likkl PAAAPAIA *At*1*ltAPAPIAAA Akk ~ ikik *Alii*Pl PP ~ Nkkkk t*PAAAI* AAIPAIAP NAPIAIIA lkkltlt*AAAA*llikill**k*
11*ttklt AIAPPAlt 11111111 ltlkktit ~Illklkl 111*AAAA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n.o 0.0 0 ~ G 0.3000 0.0 O.n o.e
- 1. 6000 0.0 0.0 n.o 5.8366
- 2. 5300 0.0 0.0 2.4157 0..0 0.0 0.0 0.0
- 2). 5784 1.6432 0.0 0.0
- 0. 5344 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 129.7529
- 0. 2333 0.0 0.0 1.0500 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0695 0.5667 O.p G.p 0.0417 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Akliklkk ttittitt kltkllk* IAPAPPPP A*AAAAIP I ~ *IPPAP PAPAIA*1 Aklkktit
- lllkiitti*ttt
- 1*tltl*l*P*IPPA All**illAllkklt*
- 1*ilk*1*l**ltkk i*1*it*1 AIAPAAA*
SPECIAL SYt'IDOI 111 1**11 HEhHS HO DhTA COtiCEHTRAT10tl OF I.ARVAE IH TIIE WATER BODY SEGitIEiVT 2
(UtlITS VEO PER THOUSAND CUBIC HETERS)
SPEC.
JAiV IIAB APR Hi'IY JUtl JUI AUG SEP OCT HOV DEC ALINF BOSH SPSII TSSD WTPC YLPC SHDS CIIS I 8HTT llkklllk 1 II 1 A 1 1 k AAttl 1
- 1 ~ 1* tk AAAAAA**
AAA ktklAAAA tkk*ltl***1*1*klAlktk*AA 1*111 tkl tkAPtllI AAA11**1 Alkktlll ktlklkA* Alkkkllt tliil**kIkklklkk PIIIAAA*
AAAAAA*l*kllkl*1kklll*l*
k***1111 Altkkllk Akkkk*tl Alki*1 AllktklA IIAII**k 0.0 9.9971 0.0 O.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.7842 0.0 0.0 1.0000 1.3000 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4203 191.6749 3.3340 7.8914 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.2137 3.2648 0.5000 1.5206
" 0.0 0.1250 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 480.3027 1.1196 0.0 o.o 4.5250 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
- 6. 5237
- 0. 2634 0.0 0.0 0.2209 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 G.p 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 ** II EI *1
- tlA*lkltAAAAtlt*
1111*IAA lklllkkt ti*kkkllllllktl~
Alt*lkkt 1*AAPAAA i*A**Alt*Aklk*it
- ilikl***PAkkkk Akllk*****lktlkt tktkitkk *P*tllkl
- 1***A***AAAAAPP SPECIAl SYHDOL 111" PA*i HFAHS HO DATA
i, ~
. ~
~
TABLE VIII-lb CONCENTRATIONS OF FISll IN TllE LAKE CONCENTRATION OF FISH IN THE MATER BODY SEGHEttT I (UNITS - NO PER THOUSAND CUBIC HETERS)
ASSU'lED. PEED OF FISll IN THE LAKC 2 CH/SEC dg ~.. ~p)
SPEC.
JAN HAY'UN JUf}
SEP OCT NOV DEC ALNF RBS.'l SPSH TSS3 NTPC YLPC SHBS CllS f BtlTT
- Al*AIAAAt**11}1 Ai*kktkA
- 1**ii*At}litt*AAAAAAP*
Ii*k*111 *}Akt**1IAIIAA}*
- kitAI*1*lklkk kk}tkttk A*klkkkk Ikk**k~ k *1}k}AIA
- ~ kill*1 **AA*A}1Akill*11 1111*111 **AIAIAIAklkki}1 1**kttkl 111111*1 11k*1*1*
lkk}tillkkkkktkk Ail*Alt* 1.5313 0.5137 0.0026 0.0 0.0430 0.0021 0.0021 0.0 0.0005 2.2236 0 ~ 01] 2 0.0066 0.0
- 0. 0195
- o. oo46
- 0. 0037 0.0 0.0 2.7773 0.0020 0 F 0115 0.0 0.0517 0.0'12 0.0072 0.0 0.0004 2.5241 0.0 0.0072 0.0544 0.0170 0.0017 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3151 0.0 0.0116 0.0
- 0. 0283 0.0069 0.0043 0.0 0.0 0.1855 0.0060 O.ov43 0.0
- 0. 0244 0.0073 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0125 0.0018 0.0047 0.0 0.0143 0.0114 0.0 0.0 0.0 1*1*11*1 Atikltik
- AlA**ki *1*11}*A 1k}*I**111*1111k
- PAA*}1}t}kits}t
- }*1**t*1111}1}1
- kilt*11111}tt
- IA*A* **I1*tl1
- ktkt*~ 1 *11*1*11 1}At*111 11111111 SPECIAL SYHBOL **11111 1 HEANS NO DATA CONCENTRATION OF FISH Itt Ttto HATER BODY SEC'4CNT 2
(UNITS - t10 PER THOUSAllD CUBIC HETERS) ASSUHED SPEFD OF FISH It) THE LAKE ~ 2 CH/SEC SPEC. JAN FEB APR HAY JUN JUf SEP OCT ttov DEC AL'HF RBS.'l SPSH TSSB WTPC YLPC SHBS CHSf BNTT I 11*11 1 **I1 A 1* *A}kill) 1* *kk}11**I ***A**A A t A PI*1*
- }1*111* Alt*tilt*Alt*1*k
- Akkkkk 1*11**At II*I**11 I kll**11 tiki*11* 111*1111 t*k*kk**11*lk**i *11}**A*
klkktkkA *kkltki*At}A}*kk
- I*****l*1*lkkk ktki}A*1 IA**k*klkk***kkA Alt*1111 1.0011 0.4153 0.0079 0.0
- 0. 0238 0.0040 0.0016 0.0 0 '003 1.3070 0.0303 0.0122 0.0 0.0159 0.0050 0.0027 0.0 0.0 1.5924 0.0046 0.0148 0.0, 0.0343 0.0117 0.0039 0.0 0.0002 1.7116 0.0004 0.0182 0.0274 0.0226 0.0120-0.0008 0.0 0.0
- 0. 3675 0.0004 0.0128 0.0
- 0. 0198 0.0067 0.0033 0.0 0.0 0.1597 0.0041 0.0127 0.0 0.0284 0.0078 0.0026 0.0002 0.0002 0.0472 0.0044 0.0233 0.0 0.0131 0.0092 0.0005 0.0 0.0 Akliktkt *1***1**
11*111*A *till*11
- 1**k*A*A**AAAA*
- All*1****A***1k
- k*11*l*Atk}PI}k Alki}IAAtktktikk All**kk*At*1*111
- 1*1*1**1**1*l1 A Atilt*k Alk**l1k SPECIAL SYHBOf, ***i**t*HEANS NO DATA
l TABLE VIII-2a CONCENTRATIONS OF LARVAE IN THE INTAKES COttCEttTAATIOtt OF I,AAVAB Etl'I'AAINED AT TllC OSNFGO PLANT UNITS 1 - 4 (UNITS - t10 PEA TIIOUSAND CUBIC HETEAS) SPEC. JAN FEA t'lAA APA l'IAY JUN JUL AVC SEl'CT NOV DF.C h LNF AOS:.l S PS ll TSSO <<TPC Yl PC S'inc Cllcf BNTT kkkkikik AkkAAAAA lktliktl ikkkkkkl tkAilkkk kl ~ *Akik ktkkkkki lttki}IAitkl*kkt kkkklkti kltkk*t**kk*klAk k*1'AIAA kkilkkAA A*111*t* kkAtllll kkttkkk* tkkkktk* iii*11* 1*AAA*11 kltkiktt ~ kktllk* IAIAAAkk Itkil~ ik AIIAAA11 IIIIIAAklt*ktkkl 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
- 2. 0700 1.6250 0 ~ 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.2500 3.6250 0.0 o.n 1.0000 3.8750 0.0 0.0 0.0 2..0.0750 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5000 0.0 0.0 O.D 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 kk*kkktk tkkttkkk II I
- A t 1 *
~ k IIl I A
- Aktkk1*1 kkttlAAA
- AIIA*1*AIAAIAAk At*AAAAAAkttlktt I 11**1*1 A 1**t*IA litttktk ktitkltk ki**il**1k*kit tkkkiitl AAktlAI~
SPECIAL SYHOOI ***i*ilk HEANS NO DATA COltCBNTAATION OF LARVAE EtlTAAItlED AT TllE NlttB ttll,E POINT PLANT (UttlTS NO PBA T tOUSAND CUD IC HFTCPS) SPEC. Fco HAA APA HAY Jvfl Jvl AUG SEP OCT llnV DCC AL<<F RUSH SPSll TSSO <<TPC Yl PC St'tOS CllSI ONTT Akkkkkkk tklkl~ 11 1*iAI*it 1 A II I 1 I k I k t k kik k t ~ t 1 1 11 1 1 IAIt*i~ tt
- I1 I *1 k 1 ktkkktkk Alttillk IAIAkikt ltklti*k
- IAttitAIIAIAAIAlltkkl*kkllkllk 11**1*k* i*lit*itAklit**1 kt*AAAAIklt*kitk kt*AAA*k it*111*A
- I*A*t*
- 1k k kilt I 1 t III**
I A k 1*1 I 1 kiitkllk IAkIAIIA 1**1k1*k 1*It*IiI Ii*1k*it tk*kklkA AIAIAAtt IAAAttlt IIAAIIA* 0.0
- 46. 0000 2
0.0 0.0 0.0 O.C 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
- 5. 0000 0.0 0.0
- 2. 0000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 ~ 0 146.0000 27.0000 0.0 0.0 0.0
- 5. 0000 0.0 0.0 0.0 2rt.0000 1.0000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 0.0 O.D 0.0 0.0
- II 11*1 t klkAtkt I*A1**iI Aklttikl
- l1*1*1*
I k A I 11 11
- IIIIAIAAI*ltit
- ttt*l*t ii*1***k
- ilk*i*
IltiA*1*
- I***I 1 I
- i*Alt*
- AttlAIAtlllll*k 1*llklik**kki*it SPECIAL SYHOOL ilk*i*lt HCANS tlO DATA
.:I:.-;:-: TABLE V b ~ ~ CONCENTRATIONS OF FISH IN THE INTAKES COtiCENTRATION OF FISII IMPINGED AT TIIE OSWEGO PLANT - UtIITS. 1 4 (UNITS NO PER TIIOUSAND CUBIC METERS) SPEC ~ Jhti HAR APR HAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ALWF ROSH SPSH TSSO WTPC YLPC SHOS CBSI ONTT 0.0000 0.0169 0.0000 0.0 0.0040 0.0051 0.0013 0.0 0 ~ 0
- 0. 0013
- 0. 0526
- 0. 0000 0.0024 0.0006 0.0038 0.0005 0.0 0.0 0.0010 0.1399 0.0006 0.0039 0.0306 0.0006 0.0010 0.0 0.0 9.5744 0.6142 0.0006 0.0010 0.0054 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
- 10. 3'191 0.6705 0.0 0.0 0.0011 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4063 0.0394 0.0016 0.0113 0.0000 0.0111 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9120 0.0011 0.0072 0.0003 0.0005 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0960 0.0 0.0035 0.0 0.0005 0.0013 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3749 0.0011 0.0011 0.0027 0.0005 0.0008 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1912 0.0051 0.0013 0.0 0.0003 C.O 0.0003 O.G 0.0 0.3959 0.0131 0.0003 0.0
- 0. 0075 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0960 0.0780 0.0
. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0003 SPECIAL SYHOOL ~~~*~**~ PIEANS NO DATA COtiCEtiTRATION OF FISII IHPINGED AT TIIE NINE HIlE POINT PLhNT (UNITS - tiO Pc R THOUShtiD CUBIC METERS) SPEC ~ ALWF ROSH SPSH TSS3 liTPC Yl PC SHBS CIIS I ONTT JAN 0.0107
- 0. 2644 0.0029
- 0. 0001 0.0090 0.0054 0.0011 0.0 0.0 FEB HAR APR HIAY
- 0. 0101
- 0. 2155
- 0. 0032
- 0. 0260
- 0. 0391
- 0. 0076
- 0. 0016 0.0 0.0
- 0. 0246 0.3791 0.0115 0.1329 0.1359 0.0051 0.0000 0.0 0.0 3.3477
'.4630 0.0111 0.0410 0.0055 0.0042 0.0007 0.0 0.0
- 13. 4154
- 0. 3610 0.0007 0.0215 0.0020 0.0000 0.0009 0.0 G.O 4.0612 0.0310 0.0066 0.0312 0.0006 0.0007 0.0013 0.0 0.0 SPECIAL SYMBOL ~ ~**~*** HEAtiS NO DATA JJL
- 3. 5147 0.0097 0.0073
- 0. 0541 0.0003 0.0022 0.0004 0.0 0.0 AUG 4.9977 O.OO24 0.0021 0.0
- 0. 0002
- 0. 0020 0.0001 0.0 0.0 SCP 1.G600 0.0156 0.0024 0 ~ 0001 0.0690 0.0019 0.0 0.0 0.0 E
OCT 0.5806 0.0072 0.0008
- 0. 0002 0.0059 0.0000 0.0001 0.0 0.0 NOV
- 0. 7431
- 0. 0106
- 0. 0004 0.0 0.0011 0.0004
- 0. 0002 0.0 0.0 DEC
- l. 5967 0.0999 0.0022 0.0014
- 0. 0062 0.0027 0.0 0.0 0.0
The Oswego and Nine Nile Point intake concentrations are calculated as described above and are presented in Table VIII-2. These values are reported as averages over a month for each of the nine species. The table provides concentrations of fish and larvae in the Oswego Units 1-4, Oswego Unit 5, Fitzpatrick, and the Nine Hile Point Station Unit 1. T)e concentrations are reported in numbers of or-g'anisms per 1000 m of water. D, ENTRAINHENT CROPPING OF LARVAE 1. General The impact of power station operation is evaluated in this section with a flux cropping ratio. This ratio relates the number of or- 'anisms flowing through the plant to the number of organisms flowing by the plant. It is, in this sense, a ratio of flows or fluxes as distinguished from a ratio that would describe the removal of organ-isms from a finite population. The flow through the water body seg-ment corresponds to the low flow conditons used to define the seg-ments. The flux cropping ratio, K, is defined as or anisms flowino thr~ou h the plant-K = organisms flowing by the plant Q C 'P P x 100.0 (in percent) where Q and Q are the plant cooling water flow and longshore lake flow in the water 5ody segment, respectively. If the organism concentrations in the lake (C ) equals the concen-L trations in the plant or plants (C ) the flux cropping ratio would reduce to tne ratio of flows, Q/Q, which leads directly to the re-sult that, for all species, K (WS I) = 1.5% (for Units 1-5) = 0.7% (for Unit 5 alone) K (WS II) = 0.6% (for Units 1-5, Nine labile 1, FitzPatrick) = 0.1% (for Unit 5 alone)
Thus, if one assumes similar lake and pl'ant intake concentrations,'he maximum cropping occurs in water body segment I at a rate of 1.5% for all power stations. 2. Monthly Larvae Cropping The predicted cropping rates for each segment are reported for Oswego Unit 5 and for Oswego Units 1-5 in water body segment I, and for all stations in water body segment II. Table VIII-3 presents these results for larvae for each month using 1974 field data. The only larvae entrained by Oswego Units 1-4 in 1974 were alewife, rainbow smelt, white perch, and yellow perch. Th'e alewife cropping peaked in August when larvae concentrations reached "a maximum in both lake and inplant collections. The peak rate predicted for all five units occurred in August with an Oswego Unit 5 contribution of 1.35%. The weighted average of all five Oswego units over the season when larvae are present is 2.61% for water body segment I. The segment II analysis includes entrainment by all Oswego Units plus Nine Mile Point Unit 1 and the FitzPatrick plant. The rate of alewive cropping reaches a maximum in July of 0.25%, since the Nine Mile Point inplant sampling (Table VIII-1) shows maximum concentrations in July. The Oswego Unit 5 contribution is maximum in September at 0.09% although the July contribution is only 0 F 01%. The weighted mean impact in water body segment II throughout'he alewife larvae season is 0.19%. The rainbow smelt concentration listed in Table VIII-1 show smooth sea-sonal trends in concentrations from April through September with higher concentration at Nine Mile Point than Oswego. The entrainment by Oswego 'nits 1-5 is 0.94 and
- 3. 26% in June and July, respectively, with contribu-tions by Oswego Unit 5 of 0.43 and 1.48% in these
- months, respectively.
The average entrainmen" over the summer is 1.47% of the flux through water body segment I. The segment II cropping by all Oswego Units, Nine Mile Point Unit 1 and FitzPatrick is 0.58% in June and 1.13% in July. The Oswego Unit 5 contributions are 0.0)% for June and 0.06% for July. ~ ~ The white perch larvae concentrations from the lake are at a maximum during June through August at both sites with higher concentrations at Nine Mile Point. White perch larvae were collected in the plant only in July at Oswego and in June at Nine Mile Point. The segment I entrainment rate due to all Oswego units is 2.76% in July; the Oswego Unit 5 contribution is 1.26%. No cropping is predicted for other months, since larvae were not collected in those months at the existing Oswego station. VIII-5 ~ ~
LARVAE TA 'II:-3 CROPPIHG RATIOS FOR THE OSWEGO PLANT UNIT 5 WITHIH (UNITS - PEACENTAGCS ) THE WATCR BODY SEG4ENT 1 SPEC. JAN FCQ HAR APR HAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT HOV OEC ALMF RQS)'l SPSH TSSB WTPC YLPC SHBS CHSL BNTT 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 ill.llll ill.llll ill.llll 111.1111 ill.1111 ill.llll 111.1111 111.1111 ill.llll 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 ill.llll 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111:1111 ill.llll 111.1111 111.1111 ill.llll ill.llll lll.ltll 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n,p o.p 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ~ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3303 0.4314 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0'. 5058 1.4817 0.0 0.0
- 1. 2569 0.0, 0 ~ 0
'.0 0.0 1.3504 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
- 0. 7427 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 O.G 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 111.1111 LARVAE COllPOSITE CAOPPItlG PATIOS FOA THE (UNITS PCRCEHTAGES
) OSWEGO PLANT - UHITS 1 - 4 AND 5 IN THE WATCR BODY SEGHENT 1
- SPCC, Jhtt FEB i'lAA APR tlAY JUN AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC ALltF ROSH SPSH TSSB wrpc YLFC StlBS CilSI BtiTT 11111 111
~ ~ ~ 11 ~ I ~ I ~ I ~ 111 ~ I I It ~ A I ~ I ~ ~ 111 I*F 111 11 ~ I ~ 11 ~ I ~ 1tiitl IAIIIA I II~ I ~ 11 ~ Aii~ 1111 1111AA ~ I 111 ~ 11 1111 ~ 111 111111 11 ~ I ~ 111 11111111 AIAAAA I ~tl ~ 111 11 ~ I ~ 11 ~ 11 ~ ~ 11 I t ~ ~ I 111 11 ~ I ~ 11 I I A I I I ~ ~ 11111 ~ ~ 11 ~ ~ 11 ~ ~ 11111 ~ I* 0.0 11 p p P Q 11 00 0.0 11 0 Q 1* P P 11 P P 0.0 0.0 0 ~ 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7267 0.9492 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1129
- 3. 2600 0.0 0.0 2.7655 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9711 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6341 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 I*111111 A*111111 1**1*11 1*1*1II 1*1***AI *IIAt*it
- tltit**11**1**
- I*AA****1*11*11 Itt1tli* 1*At**At
- At*At*A lit II*A Ii*A*1*l*1*11*li
- 1*ill**IIAAIAAA LARVAE COHPOSITC CROPPItlC RATIOS. FOR THC WITHIH 'fHC WATER BODY SEGHENf 2
OSWEGO PLANT UNITS 1 4 AND 5g AND TH-NINE NILE POINT & FITZPATRICK PLANTS (UHITS - PERCEtlTAGCS ) I SPEC. JAN FIAR APA HAY JUtl JUI AUG SCP ocr NOV DEC ALWF ROSH SPSH TSSB WiTPC YLPC SHBS CHSi. Bt(TT AAA*tli*IAAA*1*Al*AIIIAAlii***1 1111**it ttA*AAI*Ati*IAA**1*A**II Ii*AAII A ***@IA A* A**IIII* 1**ill** 1*ii*littiitiliiIAAIAAAI*1*litt* Ititliti**1**IAAItilitilAt*11*l* I*111111 11111111 till**II11*1**II I ~ AIAIAIAtitlttl *111*A*l 1*1*iii* It ~ 111 ~ I 11 ~ 11111 IIAIIAIIAl*AIAIA 11 ~ ItAtt 111 ~ 1111 t II A It 11 I1*1**~
- O.G 0.3373 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0472 0.5819 0.0 0.0 0.0571 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
- 0. 2465 1.1298 0.0 0.0
- 0. 0878 1.6898 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1703 0.2606 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
- 0. 1977 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.e 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 111*1*t* lit*litt lit*tiltt*Alltlt It**11*i*1111itt I 1**1A*t *ii*11**
It**Alit*IA*111*
- I**11*I I 1 I I *II
- A A*At**1Atiltill
- AIIIIII11111AIA III**III ***I II A 1 SPI.CIAL FIGURES IN THC ABOVE TAB( C HAVE THE FOLLOWIHG INTCRPRCTATIONS ill ill1 NO PLANT CONCENTRATION DA h 722 ~ 2222 NO LAKE CONCENTRATIOtl DATA 333.3333 LAKE CONCCNTRATION CSTItlhTC.
0.0..**III**i. NO DATA FOR THE CO,'1POSITE CROPPItlG FACTORS
The composite (all plants) entrainment cropping in water body segment II is 0.06% in June and 0.09% in July. Although the larvae sample sizes are smaller than for smelt or alewife, the impact is predicted to be near the numbers cited above. Yellow perch estimates are similarly based on low larvae concentra-tions'. Larvae were present in the lake at Oswego only in May although they appeared in the inplant collections in July. The Nine Mile Point lake collections showed higher conentrations than at Oswego and the larvae were present in May, June, and July. The Nine Mile Point in-plant collections included yellow perch only in August. Yellow perch larvae cropping by the Oswego station for water body segment I could not be calculated since the Oswego lake collections included no yellow ~ perch larvae. The c'omposite effect of all plants on water body segment II is estimated to be
- 1. 69%, of which O. 33% is attributed to the Oswego Unit 5 intake.
In summary the larvae cropping predicted for. Oswego Unit 5 and for all power stations on each water body segment approximate the flow entrainment cited above, independent of the species. These results are summarized in Table VIII-4. With the exceptions of yellow perch, all species average entrainment cropping is consistent with the flow based entrainment rate. This confirms that the plankton larvae of alewife, smelt, white perch, and yellow perch are entrained by the intake in similar concentrations to the concentrations present in the lake. Planktonic Gammarus fasciatus would be cropped at similar rates. E. FISH CROPPING BY IMPINGEMENT The fish impingement concentrations shown in Tab'e VIII-1 are based on those gill net collections made within 24 hours of an impingement col-lection. Similarly, the impingement fish concentrations are only based on the data when gill net collections were available within 24 hours of the impingement sample. Even after taking this precaution, the collections are not precisely comparable due to the schooling tendency of alewife and smelt and consequent large variances in the data sets occur. To smooth out high impingement and high gill net collections, seasonal cropping factors are ca'culated for spring and summer. The fall gill net collections included fewer fish perhaps resulting from slower swim speeds due to cooler water temperatures in the fall. Table VIII-5 summarizes the calculated impingement cropping for each species for Oswego Unit 5 and for Units 1-5 in water body segment I and for all plants in water body segment II. These calcu'ations do not assess compensatory responses to cropping or the natural die-off rate which would mitigate any possible l,ong-term impact.
TABLE VIII 4 SUl NARY OF LARVAE ENTRAINhKNT CROPPING All Plants on Segment II Species Alewife Rainbow smelt White perch Yellow perch Fl.ow basis % Cro in Ran e. 0.05-0.25 0-1. 13 0-0.09 0-1.69 0.6 All Plants on Segment I ~Becies Alewife Rainbow smelt (Rite perch Yellow perch Flow basis % Cr~o>~in~R~an e 0.73-2.97 0-3.26 0-2.76 0 1.5 Unit 5 on Segment I ~Secies Alewi fe'ainbow smelt White perch Yellow perch Flow bas is 0.33-1.35 0"1.48 0"1.25 0 0,7
The alewife has been the subject of intensive studies yet their behavior remains largely unpredictable. The inplant impingement collections do
- indicate, however, that the impingement rate in spring is frequently characterized by a specific period of extremely high alewife concentratiori during brief time intervals.
The concentrations reported in Table VIII-1 and VIII-2 include high values in April, May, and June. The cropping due to Oswego Unit 5 during this period is predicted to be 2.69% of the flux through water body segment I. The composite impact of all five Oswego Units on water body segment I in spring is estimated to be 5.92%. The summer predicted cropping drops to 0.38% for Oswego Unit 5 and 0.84% for the five Oswego Units. The segment II impact for all stations is 3.41% in spring and 1.73% in summer. Rainbow smelt exhibit similar schooling behavior and abrupt variations 'in concentration near the site.. The estimated spring cropping of smelt by Oswego Unit 5 is l. 72%, with all five units cropping about
- 3. 78%
of the flux in the spring. The summer cropping ratios are much smaller. The predicted Oswego Unit 5 effect is 0. 25% while all five units are expected to crop 0.54X of the flux through the segment. The effect of all stations in the area on water body segment II is only 1.43% in spring and 1.71% in summer. The spottail shiner is present in the area throughout the sampling period but in low concentrations relative to alewife and rainbow smelt. The impingement cropping rates 'due to Oswego Unit 5 operations are
- minimal, 0.07% in spring and 0.34% in summer.
The composite effects of Oswego Unit 5 with the existing units impact on water body segment I is 0.15% in spring and 0.75% in summer. The cropping in water body segment II for all stations operating is 0.24% in spring and 0.16% in summer. T)e threespine stickleback concentration can be estimated at 0.6/1000 m from their territory size. The threespine was only impinged in July at Oswego, hence this species is not included in Table VIII-5. The cropping during summer of 0.04% by Oswego Unit 5 and 0.08% due to the combined operation of all Oswego Units on water body segment I is esti-mated. The white perch are present in the area throughout the sampling period. The predicted impact of Oswego Unit 5 is 0. 04X in spring and 0. 09% in summer. Composite Oswego station impacts on water body segment I are 0.09% in spring and 0.19% in summer. Higher impacts are predicted in water body segment II, 0.41% in spring and 0.29% in summer.
TABLE VIII-5 SEASONAL IMPINGEiKNT CROPPING SPECIES SEGMENT I SPRING SIUNlKR UNIT 5 UNITS 1-5 UNIT 5 UNITS'1-5 CROPPING CROPPING CROPPING CROPPING SEGMENT II, ALL STATIONS SPRING S UIUIRR Alewife Rainbow Smelt Spottail Shiner White Perch Yellow Perch Smallmouth Bass
- 2. 69
- l. 72
- 0. 07 0.04 0.42 0
~5.921 ~3. 7+9
- 0. 15 0.09 0.94 0
- 0. 38
- 0. 25
- 0. 34 0.09 0.09 0
- 0. 84 0.54
- 0. 75
- 0. 20 0
~3. 41 -'1. 43
- 0. 24
- 0. 23
- 1. 73
- 1. 71 0 ~ 16
- 0. 29 0.10 0.01
0
I~ ~ ~ Yellow perch are nearly as abundant in all months of collections wx.th-out strong seasonality in their concentrations. The spring cropping
- estimate, however, is 0.42% for Oswego Unit 5 as compared to a
summer predicted cropping of only 0.09%. Composite impacts on water body seg-ment I are 0.94% in spring and 0. 20% in summer. Lower cropping is pre-dicted for water body segment II, 0.23%.in spr'ing and 0.10% in summer. In summary, alewife and rainbow smelt are predicted to be most highly cropped of all species (5.92% and 3.79%, respectively) by operation of all Oswego Units in the spring. This conclusion is conservative in that short duration alewife and smelt impingement runs in spring were included in these analyses. If comparable samples were distributed throughout the spring, the cropping estimate would be reduced. By com-parison no other specie is cropped by more than 1% in any season. The ~ assumption of passive fish entrainment into the intake and longshore m gr igrations would produce an impact prediction of 1.47% cropping in water 1 body segment I. The calculated impacts infer that some fish successful y avoid the intake. An alternative explanation is that the high alewife and smelt concentrations in spring are underestimated by the gilL net field procedures (12 hour sets) resulting in overestimation of impact by the flux cropping ratios calculated above. F. CONCLUSIONS Cropping of the larval forms of all representative species subject to entrainment has been calculated using lake and inplant data from both the Oswego and Nine Mile Point sites. Of the representative
- species, only alewife, rainbow smelt, white perch, and yellow perch larvae are subject to entrainment.
The flux of entrained 'organisms into the plant is compared with the ambient longshore flux of larvae for a low flow condition, which is exceeded 90% of the time according to site current measurements. The resulting cropping ratios range above and below the ratio calculated on, the basis of intake flow alone. Thus, it has been shown that the Oswego Unit 5 operation will crop only from 0 to 1.48% of the larvae drifting through water body segment I. Operation of all five Oswego Units in water body segment I is predicted to crop 0 to 3.26% % of the larvae. Similarly, operation of al) Oswego Units plus Nine Mile Point Unit 1 and the FitzPatrick station will crop an estimated 0 to 1.69% of the larvae drifting through water body segment II. h Impacts due to fish impingement have been similarly calculated using 1 nt impingement rates at the existing station and gill net data con-d verted to concentrations in each water body segment. The estimate cropping in spring is biased toward a high impact estimate due to possible overfishing by the gill nets and by use of impingement data collected during an alewife and rainbow smelt run in April at Oswego. The spring
ratio of impingement in water body segment I with all Oswego plants operating is 5. 92% for alewife and
- 3. 79% for rainbow smelt.
Estimates of percentage cropping for all other species are much lower. Cumulative impacts of all power stations at Oswego and Nine Mile Point on the larger ~ water body segment vere also calculated and provided a cropping rate which ranges from 3.41% for alewife in spring to 1.71% for rainbow smelt in summer. It is concluded that neither entrainment nor impingement rates for Osvego 5 or for all pover stations in the area vill significantly affect the representative aquatic community. VIII-9
Pi,
REFERENCES CITED
- Adams, J. R.
1968. Thermal effects and other considerations at steam electric plants. Pacific Gas 6 E)ectric Co., De pt. Engineer. Res. No. 69 34. 4-68.
- Brooks, A. S.
1974. Phytoplankton entrainment studies at the Indian River estuary,
- Delaware, p.
105-112. In L. D. Jenson (ed.) Entrainment and intake screening: proceedings of the second entrainment and intake screening workshop. Rept. 15. John Hopkins Univ. and Edison Electric Institute, Palo Alto, Ca 1if. 347p. Coutant C.C. and R.J. Kedl. 1975. Survival of larval striped bass exposed to fluid-induced and thermal stresses in a sim-ulated condenser tube. Oak Ridge National Lab., Environmental Sciences Div. Pub 1. 637. (ORNL-TM-4695). 37p.
- Davies, R, M. and L. D.
Jensen. 1973. Zooplankton ent rainment, p. 162-235. 'n L. D. Jensen (ed.) Environmental response to thermal discharge from the Marshall Steam Station, Lake
- Norman, North Carolina.
E. P. R. I. Rept. Paper 49. Rept. 11,
- Davies, R. M. and L. D.
Jensen. 1974. Entrainment of zooplankton at three Hid-Atlantic power plants, p. 131-156. In L.D. Jensen (ed.) Entrainment and intake screening: proceedings of the second entrainment and intake screening workshop. Rept. 15. John Hopkins Univ. and Edison Flectric Institute, Palo A 1 to, Calif. 347p.
- Gurtz, M.E.
and C.M. gneiss. 1974. response of phytoplankton to thermal stress, p. 177-186. In L. D. Jensen (ed. ) Entrainment and intake screening: proceedings of the second entrainment and intake screening workshop. Rept. 15. John Hopkins Univ. and'dison Flectric Institute, Palo Alto, Calif. 347p; Icanberry, J.M. and J. R. Adams. 1974. Zooplankton survival in cooling water systems of four thermal power plants on the California coast, p. 13>>22. In. L. D. Jensen (ed. ) Entrainment and intake screening: proceedings of the second entrainment and intake workshop. Rept. 15. John Hopkins Univ. and Edison Electric Institute, Palo Alto, Calif. 347p.
- Kelso, J.R.M. (in press);
Movement of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and white sucker (Catostomus commesoni) in a nearshore Great Lake habitat sub ject to thermal ef fluent. (Unpublished) 16p.
REF ERE NC ES C ITED (Con t inu ed ) Lawler, Matusky and Skelly Engineers. 1975'. 1974 Nine Mile Point aquatic ecology program. (in preparation). Marcy, B.C. Jr. 1971. Survival of young fish in the discharge canal of a nuclear power plant. J. Fish Res. Bd. Canada 2R:. 1057-2060. New York University. pressure on some 2974. Institute for Consolidated 1974. The effects of changes in hydrostatic Hudson River biota: progress report for of Environmental Medicine. Prepared Edison of New York, Inc. 79p.
- Zeller, L.W. and R.L. Eulifson.
19/0. A survey o" California coastal plants. Fed. Mater Poll. Cont. Admin., Northwest Region. Office, Portland, Ore.
0, ~}}