ML12283A416
| ML12283A416 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Indian Point  |
| Issue date: | 08/31/2012 |
| From: | State of NY, Energy Planning Board |
| To: | Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel |
| SECY RAS | |
| References | |
| RAS 23598, 50-247-LR, 50-286-LR, ASLBP 07-858-03-LR-BD01 | |
| Download: ML12283A416 (112) | |
Text
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NEW YORK STATE ENERGY PLANNING BOARD l AUGUST 2012 NYS000443 Submitted: October 9, 2012
1 Table of Contents A. Intr Overview of the Electric Sy oduction...............................................................................................................
stem..............................................................................................
........................................................ 8
...........................................................9 Transmission System................................................................................................................................................................. 10 Distribution System.................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Generation System...................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Other Suppliers............................................................................................................................................................................. 15 Load................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Overview of Resource and Transmission Operating Reliability....................................................................................... 19 Overview of Distribution Reliability..........................
s
..................................................... 20 B. Transmis ion System Reliability History......................................................................................................................
.................................. 22
.................... 22 Regulatory / Oversight Framework............................................................................................................................................... 23 FERC.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24 NERC.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24 NPCC.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 NYSRC............................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 NYISO................................................................................................................................................................................................ 26 Transmission Owners................................................................................................................................................................ 26 New York State Public Service Commission.................................................................................................................... 26 State Energy Planning Board.................................................................................................................................................. 27 Reliability Standards and Criteria................................................................................................................................................... 27 Defined............................................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Developed....................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Applied............................................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Bulk Electric System Definition............................................................................................................................................. 28 Compliance and Enforcement........................................................................................................................................................... 28 FERC, NERC, NPCC, NYSRC, and NYPSC............................................................................................................................. 28 Control Area / NYISO................................................................................................................................................................. 29 Transmission Owners................................................................................................................................................................ 29 Generators...................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Impact of Restructuring............................................................................................................................................................ 30 Transmission System Planning........................................................................................................................................................ 30
2 Protocols, Processes, Methodologies.................................................................................................................................. 30 Area Transmission Review...................................................................................................................................................... 31 NYISO Comprehensive System Planning Process......................................................................................................... 31 Other Key Studies................................................................................................................................................................................... 36 NYISO Transmission Expansion and Interconnection Studies................................................................................ 36 Installed Capacity Requirement............................................................................................................................................ 37 Defensive Strategies Working Group.................................................................................................................................. 37 New York Transmission Owner State Transmission Assessment and Reliability Study Initiative......... 38 Regional and Interregional Planning.................................................................................................................................. 39 Transmission System Operations................................................................................................................................................... 44 Operations Planning................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Day-Ahead Operating Plan...................................................................................................................................................... 44 Real-Time Operations................................................................................................................................................................ 44 System Operating States........................................................................................................................................................... 45 Operations Communications.................................................................................................................................................. 45 Operator Training........................................................................................................................................................................ 45 Assessing Transmission Reliability................................................................................................................................................ 46 Loss of Load Expectation.......................................................................................................................................................... 47 System Security Analysis or Transmission Operating Reliability.......................................................................... 48 Data Used to Assess Reliability.............................................................................................................................................. 48 Reliability Issues Identif C. D ied in Planning Studies........................................................................................................... 51 Annual Reliab istribution S i
y lity Report stem Reliabilit y...........................................................................................
..................................... 54 55 Electric Utility Emergency Plans..................................................................................................................................................... 55 Restoration Plan..................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 Storm Hardening.................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 Reliability Improvements................................................................................................................................................................... 57 Circuit Improvement Programs............................................................................................................................................ 57 Manual and Automatic Sectionalizing Programs........................................................................................................... 57 Aged and Poor Condition Cable Replacement Programs........................................................................................... 57 Power Quality Issues on the Distribution System................................................................................................................... 58 D.
Assessin Inv Reliability an estm g Distribution Reliability ent an d Cost Consideration d Expenditures Is s
su es........................................................................................
............................. 64 59
.................................................................................................................... 66 Transmission................................................................................................................................................................................. 66 Distribution.................................................................................................................................................................................... 67
3 E. Env Siting Law ironmenta l Regulations.................................................................................................
...................................... 68
................ 68 Environmental Regulations............................................................................................................................................................... 68 NYSDECs NOx RACT Rule........................................................................................................................................................ 68 NYSDECs Best Available Retrofit Technology Rule..................................................................................................... 68 Utility MACT Rule........................................................................................................................................................................ 69 NYSDECs Best Technology Available Policy................................................................................................................... 69 New and Future Regulatory Initiatives........................................................................................................................................ 69 Cross State Air Pollution Rule................................................................................................................................................ 69 Cooling Water Intake Structures.......................................................................................................................................... 70 Coal-Combustion Residuals.................................................................................................................................................... 70 70 F. Trans CO2 Emissions Allowance Programs...................................................................................................................................
Load.........................................................
mission and Distribution Reliability Impacts from Po licy.............................................................
...... 74 74 Energy Efficiency......................................................................................................................................................................... 74 Large Load Growth..................................................................................................................................................................... 75 Other Load Variation Mechanisms...................................................................................................................................... 75 Load Control and Peak Shaving............................................................................................................................................. 75 Generation................................................................................................................................................................................................. 78 Renewable Portfolio Standard............................................................................................................................................... 78 Distributed Generation............................................................................................................................................................. 79 Transmission and Distribution........................................................................................................................................................ 80 Bulk Electric System................................................................................................................................................................... 80 Regulatory................................................................................................................................................................................................. 81 Corporate Reorganization of Electric Utilities................................................................................................................ 81 Performance Rate Making, Multi-Year Rate Agreements, and Other Departures from Traditional G. Future Regulatory irements is M
Generation Re Transm echanisms.........................................
t sion and Distribution Reliabilit y Issues...................................................................
................................................... 82
............ 83 84 Nuclear Power............................................................................................................................................................................... 84 Generating Facilities at Risk of Retiring Due to Environmental Regulations................................................... 85 Future Environmental Initiatives......................................................................................................................................... 87 Generating Facilities at Risk of Retiring Due To Changing Market Conditions................................................ 88 Fuel Mix Issues and Impacts of Diversity of Supply/Gas-Electric Interdependence..................................... 89 Aging of Transmission Lines............................................................................................................................................................. 91 Load Variations....................................................................................................................................................................................... 92
4 Smart Grid and Emerging Technologies............................................................................................................................ 92 Energy Storage.............................................................................................................................................................................. 96 Electric Vehicles........................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Plug-in Electric Vehicles........................................................................................................................................................... 97 External Forces....................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Security Threats........................................................................................................................................................................... 98 Aging Workforce.............................................................................................................
ey 99 H. K Findings and Recommendations..........................................................................................
........................ 102 App Study endix Team
....................................................... 103
.......... 103 Environmental Regulation Capsules........................................................................................................................................... 103
5 Acronym List Alternating Current (AC)
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)
Area Transmission Review (ATR)
Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART)
Best Technology Available (BTA)
Bulk Electric System (BES)
Bulk Power System (BPS)
Clean-Air Interstate Rule (CAIR)
Clean-Air Transport Rule (CATR)
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Comprehensive Reliability Plan (CRP)
Comprehensive System Planning Process (CSPP)
Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)
Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI)
Defensive Strategies Working Group (DSWG)
Department of Public Service (DPS)
Eastern Interconnection Planning Collaborative (EIPC)
Eastern Interconnection Reliability Assessment Group (ERAG)
Electric Reliability Organization (ERO)
Electric System Planning Working Group (ESPWG)
Electric Generation Units (EGUs)
Emergency Demand Response Program (EDRP)
Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard (EEPS)
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct)
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
Geomagnetic Disturbances (GMD)
Gigawatt Hour (GWh)
High Voltage direct current (HVDC)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Independent Electric System Operator (IESO)
Independent System Operator-New England (ISO-NE)
Indian Point (IP)
Installed Capacity (ICAP)
Installed Reserve Margin (IRM)
Integrated Reliability Index (IRI)
Inter-Area Planning Stakeholder Advisory Committee (IPSAC)
Joint ISO/RTO Planning Committee (JIPC)
Kilovolt (kV)
Local Transmission Plan (LTP)
Local Transmission Planning Process (LTPP)
6 Long Island Power Authority (LIPA)
Loss-of-Load Expectation (LOLE)
Loss-of-Load Probability (LOLP)
Loss-of-Gas Minimum Oil-Burn Rule (LOGMOB)
Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT)
Megawatt (MW)
Megawatt Hour (MWh)
Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS)
Million British Thermal Units per Hour (mmBtu/h)
National Ambient Air-Quality Standards (NAAQS)
National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL)
Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)
New Brunswick System Operator (NBSO)
New England Power Pool (NEPOOL)
New York City Economic Development Corporation (NYCEDC)
New York Codes Rules and Regulations (NYCRR)
New York Control Area (NYCA)
New York Independent System Operator (NYISO)
New York Power Authority (NYPA)
New York Power Pool (NYPP)
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC)
New York State Electric and Gas (NYSEG)
New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA)
New York State Reliability Council (NYSRC)
New York State Reliability Council Installed Capacity Subcommittee (ICS)
North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC)
North American Energy Standards Boards (NAESB)
Northeast Coordinated System Plan (NCSP)
Northeast Power Coordinating Council (NPCC)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
Open-Access Transmission Tariff (OATT)
Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection (PJM)
Performance-Based Rates (PBRs)
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)
Public Service Commission (PSC)
Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT)
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)
Regional Transmission Operator (RTO)
Reliability Compliance and Assessment Group (RCA)
Reliability Compliance Monitoring Subcommittee (RCMS)
Reliability First Council (RFC)
Reliability Needs Assessment (RNA)
7 Reliability Performance Mechanisms (RPM)
Renewable Energy Credits (RECs)
Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)
Responsible Interface Parties (RIPs)
Rochester Gas & Electric (RG&E)
SERC East-RFC-NPCC (SeRN)
Situational Awareness (SA)
Southeast New York (SENY)
Southeastern Reliability Council (SERC)
Special Case Resource (SCR)
State Pollution Discharge Elimination System (SPDES)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)
System Impact Study (SIS)
System Reliability Impact Study (SRIS)
System Benefits Charge (SBC)
Targeted Demand Response Program (TDRP)
Transmission Availability Data System (TADS)
Transmission Owner (TO)
Transmission Owner Strategic Transmission and Reliability Study (STARS)
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA)
Upstate New York (UPNY)
8 A. Introduction The va 100 yea lue to societ rs from that y of sa of novelt fe, reli y a able electric transmission and distribution systems has evolved over the last provi sustaining nec de safe, re essity. Thu liable servi s
ce the and a pri nd m
luxury, t ary goal o hen convenience, f f electric system re inally fundamen gulators, planners, tal, absolu and oper te ec at ono void disruptions.
ors mic an is to d life-Recog Legisla n
t izing authoriz ure ed t
p the import ursuant to a
he Energy Pl A
nce of rticle t
6 ra of nsmission a the nd distribution systems' reliability, the New York State transmission and distributi anni on sy ng Bo ste a
m rd t o
Ne unde w York rtake St a
a s te t
E
- s. At a minimum, t udy o nergy Law (Section 6-108), established a he study f th i
e ove s to include an rall reliability of assessment o the State' f:
s e nd lectric (A) the current and projected reliability of the electric power system over the term of the planning period, with specific focus on transmission systems and distribution systems within the State. The assessment shall examine: (i) investment in infrastructure, including capital improvements, expansions, and maintenance; and (ii) workforce use.
(B) the potential impact of the following on distribution system reliability and on each factor enumerated in paragraph (a) of this subdivision: (i) distributed electric generation, especially generation, using renewable or innovative energy resources; (ii) energy conservation and efficiency; (iii) load control and peak-saving measures; (iv) corporate reorganization of electric utilities; (v) performance ratemaking, multi-year rate agreements, and other departures from traditional regulatory mechanisms; and (vi) large-scale industrial development.
(C) the potential impact of the following on transmission system reliability: (i) each factor enumerated in paragraph (b) of this subdivision; (ii) changes in protocols for electricity dispatched through the Bulk System Operator or its successor or successors; (iii) accommodation of proposed new electric generation facilities or repowering or life extension of existing facilities; and (iv) the market-driven Reliabilit nature of y standa d
rds for t ecisions t he t o bui ransmis ld, size, and locate sion system di such facilities.
ffer from tho differences in the magnitude and causes of disrupti se of the distribution system due to the a sin widesprea gle synch d consequences.
ronous interconnecti Since most on1 or of eastern Nort ons. Disrup h America (
tions incl o
uding n the t
New York Sta ransmission system may have the planning and operations of its neighbors. I
- grid, n other w each regional o ords, the reliabilit r local system y of every power syst can be adver te sely affe
) is compris cted by ed of dependent ore loc on em is downed lines from falling b are m ali t
ze he reliability of d, but typically every ot these disrupt her power syst ions occur more em on th frequently for e grid. Disruptions on the distribution system ranches, transformer malfunctions, and power pole bre a variety of reas akage.
ons, e.g.,
Understa systems is n
ess ding ential when assess the general princip ing les o reliabilit f reliability and
- y. Therefo t
re, a he cha n o ra verview of cteristics of transmi distribution, generation, and load) and reliability follows in this section. Due t the elec o th t
e dif ric ssion a system (
nd distribut transmis ion
- sion, system system s,
is t
disc he r ussed in eliability of Secti tr on B ansmission a and the dist nd dist ribut ribut ion syst ion syst em in em Sec s are assesse tion C. Se d sep ction D arately. The ferences bet transmission ween the distributi Expenditures. Section E discusses Environmental Regulations, which affect both tran d
smi iscu ssi sses Inve on and stment and reliability issues a on. Impa lso were asse cts to the tran sse smissi d to on pro a
vide a nd distributi more c o
o n sy mpreh stem ensive s from p view t olicy o a directives ssist in ident and if fu ying ture 1 Synchronous interconnecti on is a operate in synchronism as a single sys net tem.
work of electric transmission lines and generating power units that
9 recom recommendations are mendations. These in Section H.
potential impacts can be found in Sections F and G. Key findings and It sh of the t ould be n ransmis oted sion a tha n
t the s d distribu tatutory requi tion systems rement at a fi
, as de xed p scribed oint in time. Maintaining r above, requires a "sn el ap iability, however, is a shot" of the reliability in the respec continuous on ti goin ve tran g ef smis fort b sion a y numerous nd distribut parties and can be dynamic as sys process used to develop, implement, and enforce ion se man ctions, t dato his ry relia study a bility rules un lso inc tem ludes con an d
ex itions planat chan ion ge stru der the cu o
f The the
- refore, cture.
rrent industry Overview of the Electric System In broad t these segment erms, t s ha he el s mult ectric syst iple elem em ents, ea is comprised of ch with it s
g ow enera n oper
- tion, ati tr ng cha ansmission, dis racteristi t
cs and limita ribution, and l Reliability standar tions.
oad. Each of provides reliability issues ra a general des ds an cription o d rules are developed with an understanding of these element ised later in the document f the major elect
- s. This sectio ric-system elements to assist with the understanding n
of the Tra providing nsmission a energ nd distribution are owned by respective owners, and who are generally responsible for are delineate
- d. A brief y to end-use cust description omers.
follow Figure 1 illustr s:
ates how New York State electric service territories Si Huds x in on vest G
or-as &
owne Electric, In d utilities, regulated by the Public Service Commission (PSC), consisting of Central Ro The Lon ckland U g Isla tili n
ties, Inc.,
ower Aut and The New York Power Au d P tho h
Ro ority che (LIPA), which is not ster Gas & Electric Co reg mpany service territory, generates a rity (
nd delivers power to l NYPA), which is not r oad-servi egulate ulate d b d by t y th he e PSC PSC and not a delineated industrial, and busine ng entities as well as municipal, For receive power from NYPA ty-nine municipal uti ss c li us ti e
tome s, many rs of which are regulated by the PSC because they do not solely Four rural electric cooperatives, which receive power from NYPA and are not regulated by the PSC.
as N h
c iagara Mo awk Power C
Cons omp olida any), Ne ted w York State Edison of New York, Electric I
and nc., N G
a as tion Corp al Gri ora d, I tio nc. (
n, Oran doing ge &
business
10 Figure 1. New York State Electric Service Territories Figure 1 illustrates how New York State electric service territories are delineated.
Six investor-owned utilities, regulated by the Public Service Commission (PSC), consisting of Central Hudson Gas & Electric, Inc., Consolidated Edison of New York, Inc., National Grid, Inc. (doing business as Niagara Mohawk Power Company), New York State Electric and Gas Corporation, Orange & Rockland Utilities, Inc., and Rochester Gas & Electric Company.
The Long Island Power Authority (LIPA), which is not regulated by the PSC.
The New York Power Authority (NYPA), which is not regulated by the PSC and not a delineated service territory, generates and delivers power to load-serving entities as well as municipal, industrial, and business customers.
Forty-nine municipal utilities, many of which are regulated by the PSC because they do not solely receive power from NYPA.
Four rural electric cooperatives, which receive power from NYPA and are not regulated by the PSC.
Source: D Transmis P
sio S, 2 n S 012 yst e N em ew York
- New Yorks wholesale electric markets were established coincidentally with the y Area respons 2
an ibili In d for ty for depen the dent Sy the opera stem ti Ope administration on o f
of t Ne rator w York (NYIS Stat O) on December 1, 1999. At es bulk power syst that time, he newly established markets fo em in t r elect he N ric energ ew York y,
establishment of th Ba the NYIS lancing O a Autho ssumed rit cap responsi
- acity, bi and lity related of the New Yo ancillary s rk P ervices. Prior to December 1999, operation of the bulk power system was the ma discrimin intaining ator the saf y and effectiv e and re e
lia who ble o ower P perat ool ion of
. The NYISO New Yor i
k s
cha s bul rged lesale electric markets; and 3) k p pla o
wit wer sys h three o tem; 2) verrid operatin ing respo g fair, nsibilit non-ies: 1) needs of New York States bulk power system.
nning for the reliability and economic F
tr i
a g re 2 displays the bulk hig n
u h
smissi voltag on l e tra ines operat nsmission li i
po ng at wer nes.
230 t tran h
h sm If t e und ousand ission vol syst ts (kV) a em3 for nd the New Y above. This represent ork Control Are s more t a (NYCA han 4,000 miles of
). It shows mileage exceeds 11,000 miles.
erlying 138 kV and 115 kV transmission lines are included, the 2
Relia Balan bilit cing Au nct t
y Fu hori ion ty Area is al Model a a
nd term u is essen sed b tially the s y North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) in its Yo 3 While historically rk Control Area (N the focu YCA). Bo s of th th t
e bulk power syst erms generally refer to t ame area he g tha eogr t N a
e phic are w York ent a unde ities o r the ften re em has been on the transmission line con s, the t
fe rol r to of the as the NYISO.
New system actually includes numerous additional components, such as capacitors, reactors, phase-me bulk asuring power t
uni echnol ts, ph o
ase gies are d
-angle re eveloped gulator
, t s, an hes d
e an tran cillar sfor y
me comp rs. A onents s "smar may t gri play d" te a larger role in chnologies or n th ew m e bulk power ethods to use exist system.
ing
11 F
tr i
a g
n u
smissi re 2 als on l o d ines, where d isplays i.e.,
key N e
YCA transmission interfaces. Transmiss the State to another (
transfer capability) signed capacity limits the amount of pow ion i er ca nterf pable o aces f
are gr movi oupi ng fr n
om gs o
of ne part of T
to h
t e
he T
S o
o t
u al t
E
- h. This ast in int te erfa rface ce limit is rep s
re t
s h
e e a nte m
d ount by t h
o e
f d
po a
wer mo shed line on Figure 2 that spans New York from the North Sta defined te to a
t s
he the ea C
st ent ern ra a
l nd Ea s
s t
out int heastern portions of the Sta ving te.
fr Th om t e upper he northern a half of t n
h d western p erface while the lower half including the labeled bla e
c Total Ea o
-dott rti k dashed st int o
erfa ns of the ce is known as the interface between Upstate NY Zones and Southeast NY Zones (UPNY - SENY interfa e
c d
e) line
. Th i
e s
the dotted part of the line sup p
UPNY e
lying N
- S e
ENY w Yo i
r n
k te C
rf i
ace ffectively divides the Hudson Valley into a lower and upper part electrically. Below (HVDC) ties, 330 MW to N ty e
a the nd L cable inte ong Island.
rface Addit conta
- ionally, ins all the major underground and/or submarine cables w England and a 660 MW to New Jersey, Long Isla that nd h are mer as two chant tr high v ans olta m
ge is sion pr direct ojects.
current Figure 2. New York Control Area Transmission 230 kV and Above Source: NYISO, 2012 Figure 2 displays the bulk power transmission system for the New York Control Area (NYCA). It shows transmission lines operating at 230 thousand volts (kV) and above. This represents more than 4,000 miles of high voltage transmission lines. If the underlying 138 kV and 115 kV transmission lines are included, the mileage exceeds 11,000. It also displays key NYCA transmission interfaces. Transmission interfaces are groupings of transmission lines, where designed capacity limits the amount of power capable of moving from one part of the state to another (i.e., transfer capability).
12 The geog N
raphic ew York al bo wholesa undaries le for elect these p ricity ricing z marke ones.
t is divid ed into 11 pricing or load zones. Figure 3 presents the Table ove 1
th present t
ab hat mak at e up t are s the nominal or normal transfer capab he int base erfa d on ces a summe re th r
e fa pe cilit ak-l i
o es t ad ha con t t d
ie the zon itions i
lity with acr al oss l lines the in maj service.
or tran s
T mi he ssi tra on nsmissi interfa Figure 3.
ntrol A es t o
ces n fa defi cilit ned og her electrically.
ies New York Co rea Load Zones et Source: NYISO, 2012 Table 1. Nominal Transfer Capability Transmission Interface Transfer Capability (MW)
Total East 5,725 Central East 2,900 UPNY - SENY 5,375 Cable Interface New York Cit y 5,350 Long Island 1,950 ote: From the New York ent Syst r peak em Operat cond ors 2010 Comp itions with a rehensive Annual Transmission N
Review, which would apply under Independ summe
-load ll lines available. Figure 3 is a map of New York State and shows the New York Control Area Load Zones and presents the geographical boundaries for these pricing zones.
13 A
di s
fferences a result b
of etween the dis z
t onal ribut i
m on arke bet t
w pri een ce l
s o
a power d and g predominantly from the northwest to the southeas flow ene s
ra are ting pri ca m
pa a
c r
i i
t l
y y
o w
n e
t s
h t t e N o e Y
a C
s A
t a p
n o
d w
t er h
e s
n y
s s
t o
em ut a
he n
a d
s t
t h
o e
r Lon of Ont g Is a
l ri an o,
d.
H M
ydro ost p Q
ow ueb e
e r
c flows fr th t
and om e west i cludin i
g n
th to e
t Pennsyl n
t he ra n
h smis ighly sion con t
ges ies t
to th ed zones e neighboring of New York control areas City and int lar e
g rf e
ac po e
r to tio r
n ea s f c
l h
o t
w he c ing a
a b
c le ro int ss erfa the c
C
- e.
ent v
r a
a ni l E a-a Ne st p w
o Je rt rse ion y
o
-M f
aryl the and inter m
fa ust ce a cr n
os d t s
h th en e
a Total cross Ea th st e
I U
nte PN r
Y fa ce S
w EN it Y
h elect In additi ricit o
y g n to being h enerating infra ighly dependent on structure have some of t the transmis he ol sion sy dest stem, the New York City and Long Island zones operat notwit ing hsta costs) in t nding, tho h
se zo e Stat n
- e. R es a ecent re still hig plan h
t ly dependent additions (ge on a nera n
l g
ly more enerating unit efficient, low s (generally less efficie er operating costs nt
)
, higher l
turbi arge n
r p e
rop capa o
ci rt ty. A ions o ddi f hy tional dr 4
o, l
n y
ucl
, the ear, c gene a
oal ration mix in the western a ging fl nd eet cent of st ral pa eam-rt of t turbine a he Stat n
e has much d combustion-economic power transfers from the West e
and n rn Ne o
w Yor w rene k
wab to Ne le w Yo energy rk C source ity and
- s. This Long I crea sland.
tes M
the uch po of the tentia se l for power tran transmission facilities in service in New York today were built pri In additi in Figure 4. The int on to the int erco rast nne ate int ctio e
ns wit rfaces, N h neig ew Yo areas to more efficiently meet reliability sta hbo rk a ring lso re ha gio s int ns pro erf vi a
ndards.
sfers are occurring on transmission that will need t or to 1990.
o be replaced. Ninety-seven percent of the ces de s wi hare th f d re our nei sour g
c hbor es, which allows these ing regions illustrated Figure 4. Transfer Capability from Neighbors into New York Control Area Source: NYISO, 2012 Note: Transfer capability from New York to neighbors would be different.
4 Economic transfer is the transmis sion of power from a lower-cost region to a higher-cost region. Figure shows transfer capability from four neighboring regions: Hydro Quebec, Ontario, New England and PJM East. The interconnections with neighboring regions provide shared resources, which allows these areas to more efficiently meet reliability standards.
14 re Di gulate stribu d b tio y
n t
Sy he ste Ne m
w Yor
- Ne k
w York State Public S States ervice Commi investor-owne ssion d uti (PS liti C) es di T
s he tri y are bute electricity to end users and are ma service a intaining nd ma their respect intenance, and usu ive electric serv ally serve a ice dist s the electric serv ribution systems. They respond to cu responsib stomer le for ope s re rati quests ng and for Island Power Authori with National Grid that ty (LI expi PA) op res in 2013.
erates a 5
nd maintains the elect ice billing agent.
ric distribution sys On te Lon m throu g Island, gh a the Lon contrac g
t D
a numb istribu e
ti r
on s of p yste rimary ms are circui de t
s s
i e
gne xte d
n as ding r eith a
e d
r radi ially fr al or om networ a substa k s tion ystem con s
nected
. Radial distribution systems consist of system.
electric service t Each circuit o the cust serves omers on t customers hat w
circuit ithin a particular area. Failure of a ci t
rcui o the t no bulk power rmally means a los transmis s
sion of cust A networ omer k
s pr sys ovides tem is t
mo he a st d
f v
r ant equen age o tly f f ec ound in hig onomical desi h-loa g
d n and densit inst y metr allati o
on o politan areas.
f redundant A dense parallel lower voltage population of f
f eeder ca ails, prot b
ect les, net ive devic work t es will automati ransformers, and pro network system, most customers woul cally d not be opera tective rel te to is ays. If affected ol b
ate y such the a prim failed a
ry circuit or a netw component. With mult ork tr ip ansformer le feeds on a underground system in New York City is an example of such a ne a
t work.
failure. Con Edisons extensive The accident radi s, an al sy d
ste lightni m is p ng.
rinci Ne pally an twork sy ove stem rhe causes of interruption, although they can b s
ad are system and subject to interruptions caused by tree contact, e affe typi cte c
d ally by con underg struct ro i
und on a and ctivit are ies.
ge nerally unaffected by those By their natur interruptions g e, network sys enerally occur onl tems y when there is a failure with are more reliable than radial in t systems. In network systems, service network sy substation su ste pplying the networ m possesses suffici k
ent robu suffers a stness in desi complete co gn to wi llapse in t
i hs t
he connect s ability to se ion to rve t
th he c e load.
usto O
mer, or when the interruptions for radial distribution circuits.
tand most problems that wo the uld r
wi result i se, the n
It sh closures ould be n th t i oted olat however, e customers d that service i o
nterrupti m from a ons on the r fa adial system are mitigated by fusing and re-ut isolat a
s wnstrea ult. Customer impact can ilities insta ing the ca ll swit use of ching the out equi ag pment e by m th anu at a a
utoma lly recon tes t figu he ring the reconf circuit with field be fu ties. In s rther miti ome ins gate tan d by
- ces, ma Generation Syst king automatio em n more cost-effective and useful, and will be d igur eployed in the futur ation process. Advan
- e.
ces in technology are generating un
- The NYISO report addition, certai its i n muni n New Yor cipal e k
l S
ec ta tri te repres s
e t
nti hat n
t g
h appr ere a e current c
li ox r
uti ties and large corpo imate rat ly 3 ly more t 8,902 meg han aw 700 op atts of era summer capa tional electr ci ic t
contribute to existing in-state electric generation resources. A io cc ns ordi po ng sse to ss the generat NYISOs Tr ion reso ans urc miss es i
t on an hat f
- y. In urt Interconnection Study Queue (Jun d
her of e
ov e, 2012), there were approximately 66 a tive generating projects at various Figure 5 prese stages those project development in th s are ultimately con appr stru al pr
- cted, oces they woul s for interconnection with the S c
tates transmission system. If thirds of the ge nts nerati a breakdo ng fleet w
o n of pera New Y ting to o
d r
ay w ks generatin d add g c ap ap pro acity ximately 9,000 megawatts to the syst as built prior to 1990.
by fuel type. Currently, more than two em.
5 Following termination of the Nation operate its system, will take over these funct al Grid c ions.
ontract, PSEG, which was competitively selected by LIPA to
15 Figure 5. New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012 Note:
- 1. All va to the nea lues are ba rest whole sed on t MW he NYISO 2012 Load & Capacity Data summer capability of each resource rounded
- 2. Wind
- 3. Other includes me generators are b thane, ref ased on na use, sol mepl a
ate rating Other r, and wood installed
- In provid Suppliers ers dem are a
clas nd r si espon addition to these central station generation plants, New York has a large base of Special Case Resource fied provid (SC a
s s
e mand or hat reduce load when ca R
at ers t
) pro ory voluntary load reducti lle on and are c d upon by ompe the NY nsated ISO. D a
eman ccord d
ingly. The response penalized. Th when called. These prog e providers rams t in the Emer gram req gency Demand Response Prog uires the responsible provi r
d a
er t m (EDR o redu P) ce can its lo voluntarily reduce lo ad when called or be ad the NYIS Demand Response Pr O at any time in ogra a
m prog ccord yp ance wi ically are called duri th established pr ng system otocols. The Specia peak condit l Ca
- ions, se Res but t ra ource hey can b d E e called by Special Case Resource registra ms were called by the NYISO 21 times between 2001 and 2011. The an mergency a
2,000 MW reg e
t pproximat ist he prog ion has inc ram while t reased ely 260 MW. The current red in t amount he EDRP has decrea almost four-fold since 2001 a of registered Speci se nd now has approximately order of magnitude as coal or wind capacity.
al d
C b
as y a e Resour pproximately 100 MW and now ce capacity is on the same has Generators an is determined d
by the Ins other suppli talle e
d Re rs receive payment serve Margin (I s from the capacity market. The amount of capacity required established an installed reserve margin requirement RM).
of 16.0 per The New Y cent ork for t State he New York Reliability C Sta ounci te elect l (NY r
S ic syst RC) ha e
s m This figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW 3.5% 1.1%
15.7%
11.0%
3.6%
8.5%
13.5%
6.1%
36.9%This figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW Gas - 6,124 MWThis figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW Oil - 3,309 MWThis figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW Gas & Oil - 14,365 MWThis figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW Coal - 2,370 MWThis figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW Nuclear - 5,263 MWThis figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW Pump Storage - 1,407 MWThis figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW Hydro - 4,279 MWThis figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW Wind - 1,363 MWThis figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW Other - 422 MWThis figure is a pie chart which represents New York Control Area Capability by Fuel Type for 2012. Total Summer for 2012 = 38,902 MW; Gas - 6,124 MW; Oil - 3,309 MW; Gas & Oil - 14,365 MW; Coal - 2,370; Nuclear - 5,263 MW; Pump Storage - 1,407; Hydro - 4,279 MW; Wind - 1,363; and Other - 422 MW Summer 2012 = 38,902 MW
16 cap for t a
he capability year May 2012 - April 20 reliab city requi ility standa red in exces rd that is des s of i
t g
he pr ned t o
o jected pea 13.6 The reserv k customer dem e margin is and for electrici the amount ty. The reserve m of electric genera argin is a ting ot unexpected her provide hi r
g s must her dem procure cap and and sch acit ed y eq uled or ensure unplanne that capaci d generation ty to meet pea ua outages.
k load will be present l to 100 percent of their forecaste All l d pe o
ak lo ad-serving u in t tilities an he event d
of ad plus the reserve requirement margin. Additiona
- s. The New lly, tw Y
o areas of the State are required to m from electric generating fa o
c r
ilit k City nal gene ies locat area is eet locatio rating capacity ed wit required to hin the City f obtain reso or the ca urces equa pability yea l to 83 percent of its peak demand 99 percent to the limit ed connect of its peak demand f ions to ma ro in m elect land, th r
e ic g Lon enerat g Island ing fa are cilit a i i
s es lo requi cate red t d on o o Load bt r
ai May 2012 - April 2013. Due Long Island for n resources the s equa a
l to me period.
at least delivered or r
- "Load equired at
" is defined by any spe the U.S cific p
. Ener oint g
or p y Infor oints ma on tion a
s A
yst dministr em. Loa ation as "the amount of electric power equipment d orig electric energy ha of the consumer." Wit s to be produced precisely a h limited cost t t
-ef he t fe ime it ctive energ is needed. Theref y storage cap inat abilit es a ies on t t the energ he power syst y consuming em, load is essential to evaluating the overall reliability of the system.
ore, understanding the nature of Growth forces su in load, also known ch as economic g as electrical demand, is the result of countervailing forces. There are positive con housing ditioning, units com and
- puters, techno lo ro g
wth t ical ch hat resul anges that result in n t in the develo ew end pment of new businesses or construction of new the growth of electricity suc and m h as o
reduce bile devices. Off d economic
-sett activ ing ity an these increa uses, such as d improvement ses are f the intr o
in end-use elect rces tha odu t re ction duce of o
a r
ir rica l
da ef mpen ficiency.
the The a percent annu verage annua bet al lo w
a e
d e en 2005-xpe l loa rie d g nce rowt h in New York between 1991-2 as 0.5 percent. Yet within this period, demand f N
200 d
011 w or ew York State 6
by sector.
a wi and 3.2 perce de range o n
f t
gr bet owth ween 2006-20 rates of 4.4
- 07. F perce ig nt ure 6 illust between 2004-20 rates historica 05 followed by -3.0 l energy As illustrated in Figure 6, the indust deman ri d
a
, cur l (10 percent rently acc
)
ounti dema ng f com or 54 per mercial cent o sector has long been the largest segment of the State's overall not small-scale electric vehicle nd.
- s. This l Transport oad grow ation dema f the dem nd ha
- and, s been followed by resident th among sectors a s
lso aff teady ects t and re he relia fle ia c
l (35 percent ts m
) and Planning and o 7
perating studies rely on historical load shapes (8760 hrs/year) for their a bili a
ty of ss transit demand, profiles differ. Consequently, the sec nalysis. Sector load the system.
that introduces uncertainty into system pl tor c anning and operation omposition of the over s.
all system varies, as does the load profile 6 In the past 10 7
avai attri lab bute
- years, li d
ty.
to r e
i fineme t
nt o he res f mode erve ma ling methodology, changes in ge rgin has ranged from 15-22 percent. The v neration mix, lo ariation ad levels, and over the years can resource be business-cycl The residenti e dependent.
al sector load The ind is largely we ustrial ather depen sector is prima dent, whil rily business e the co cycle depen mmercial se d
ct ent.
or is weather and
17 Fig loa ure 7, is also important. Th lower Hudson and Long Islan Valley (Zones F-I) d (Zones J-K) expe experienced a rienced a 1.2 percent a n average a nnua nnua l lo l
ad loa g
d ro grow wth.
th of 0.3 percent. New Yor This da Table 2 prese ta was derived f nts the 2012 forecasted peak load and summer capacity contained in the zones defined Figure 6. New York Sta rom the N te Histor YISO 2011 Load & Ca ical Electric Demand pa b
cit y Sector y Data report.
d growth of -0.4 percent bet e a ween 2000 reas west of the Ea ern int
-2010. In t st he same per erface (Zones A-E) experienced aver iod, the areas from the Capital Re age annual gion to k City above.
Figure 6 shows New York State Historical Demand by Sector 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0Figure 6 shows New York State Historical Demand by Sector GWhFigure 6 shows New York State Historical Demand by Sector Residential Comm Source: NYSERDA Patterns and Trends, 2012 Figure 6 shows New York State Historical Demand by Sector ercialFigure 6 shows New York State Historical Demand by Sector IndustrialFigure 6 shows New York State Historical Demand by Sector TransportationFigure 6 shows New York State Historical Demand by Sector
18 Fig ure 7. New York State Historical Electric Demand by Aggregated Zones Source: NYISO Load & Capacity Data Figure 7 represents New York State Historical Demand by Aggregated Zones.
90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 GWh 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Figure 7 represents New York State Historical Demand by Aggregated Zones.
Zones A-EFigure 7 represents New York State Historical Demand by Aggregated Zones.
Zones F-IFigure 7 represents New York State Historical Demand by Aggregated Zones.
Zones J-KFigure 7 represents New York State Historical Demand by Aggregated Zones.
Table 2. Forecasted 2012 Peak Load and Summer Capacity Zone Peak Load (MW)
Summer Capacity (MW) 0 West (A-E) 9,692 14,75 Hudson Valley (F-I)
New York City (J) 6,663 0
9,072 9
L 11,50
,466 ong Island (K)
Total 5,440 5
5,614 2
33,29 38,90 Not includes impacts of e: Values taken f a
Sta rom t tewi he 2012 a
vailable as of April 15, 201 d
- 2.
e Energ NYISO Load & Ca y Efficiency Prog p
rams. Ca city Data p
rep acit or y i
- t.
s expect Peak lo ed bas ad is n ed on informa on-coincident tion and
19 Overview of Resource and Transmission Operating Reliability Bulk electric system reliability consists of two primary elements:
Resour meet dema ce Adequacy - are there enough system resources, deliverable when and where needed, to Trans and ca m
n it wi issi n
on d; a thst Ope nd and rati variou ng Rel s
i c
ab ontin ility -
g i
encies with s the delive o
ry sys ut dire con tem a sequ dequat ences.
e to get the power to the demand Resource adequacy is determined on a probabilistic basis. In the Northeast as in most of North America, the generally applied standard is one day in ten years. This means that sufficient resource to serve all s must be available cap no g a
reater th firm cus an one o tomer ccurr d
ence i emand n t such en years. Resource a that the probability of dequacy the in pro voluntary di blems, or sh sconne ortages in ctio g
n o eneratin f firm lo g
ad is t
o a
u k
tag city es. By their na and other resources, can lead to voltage reductions (brownouts), public appeals, and rotating feeder en ahead of time.
ture, they usually can be anticipated in advance and appropriate preventive actions Tra specify nsmis a v s
a io rie n o ty o perat f specifi ing relia c po bili tenti ty is asses al distur s
bances ed on a de or c terminist ontingencies ic basis.
- the bulk elec Transmission standards or criteria to wi overloa ths d
tan s, c d
a s
a ca ny of ding the out se without adverse consequences. Failures of the transmission sy tric system mu stem can le st be able ad to oc adherence to standards and crite cur without warning an ag d
es, in are ra stability, s rely antic ystem ipated; hence, preven separations, and black tive act o
io ut ns s over wi
, other t d
h espread a an scrupulous reas. They ca ria, generally are not possible.
n Bot opera h resource ting stan dar adequa ds an cy a d c nd t riteria rans
. On a pl mission operat anning b ing asis, resourc reliability a e adeq re addressed throu uacy is addressed gh planning and the vari (one-ye ati ar) through short-term required to o
a ns nd serve tha a
lon nd a g-v te ailability of rm (five-10 yea power gri rs) proba d com b
p ilist onent ic st s
udies.
to det ermine g Probability-based compu t load, plus a reserve margin of additional resources enera tha ting t mu a
s n
t be m d other resources ter models simulate unanticipated shortage 8
s in generating capacity. Each year, the NYSRC plans for the following bulk-power aintained to cover syste transmissi m cap on-owning ability year minut ut throu es), the NYISO add ilit ress ies pl gh NYISO reliability planni ocesses.
es r an esource adequa for their own systems ng pr
. On a short-te L
rm ope ocally, the Ne rating b w York State asis (days, hours, disp specif at ic resources in rea ch of resources to l
s t
erve ac ime.
tual system loads cy a an nd tra d meet rel nsmissio iabi n opera lity crite ting ria c
reliabilit onsideri y t ng the hroug av h t ai h
lab e
ility of In con units. In duc to ting days res a reso t
urce pl ructured environme anning study, nt, this accurate is m out o
a r
ge information must be collected for all generating i
the NYIS ntegrate O in acc d utiliti ord es owne ance wi d vi th NYISO rtually a pro ll ge c
n e
e dures; up ration. Ne dated so ve e
r com thel plicated than in the past, when verti f
e tware ss, generators must report their out c
a ally ge data to implement first instance ed in t
, who a he la ct i st three years. The decision to invest in generat and d ion is lef ata an t to p alys rivate investors in the is procedures have been t
ge ra ne nsmissi ration re on owning sources no n
t re be spo ad nse t ded b o
y price private sig i
na nve ls f s
rom energ tment, the y an NYISO d ca has au pacity m thori arket ty to c
- s. Should sufficient could entail adding tra ut ns ilit
- mission, ies to pr generat oceed w all on responsible resource studies are complemented by determinist ion, an ith regula d/or te ic t de d ba ransmission mand ckst res op p
sol ons u
e resources.
tions to maintain reliability, which reliability standards and criteria have been developed by the North s
A tu me dies. Man rican Ele d
c atory p These proba ower-sy bilist stem ic (NE nort R
hea C) s for tern Unit the United S ed Stat tate es a s an nd Ca d C n
an ad ad a,
a, and the N the N orthe YSR ast tric Reliability Corporation transmission planning and operating requirements to k C f P
eep t o
ower C r N o
he bu ew Yo or rk di S
natin tate. T g C hese s ouncil tan (N
lk-power system stable an d
P ar CC) ds for the overloads, l tingency.
o d
establish the free from con w voltages, cascading outages, system separations, or customer interruptions following a 8
Capability Year is defined from May 1st to April 30th of the following year.
20 Bulk define elect d stand ric syst ard em outag s are rare es due to the failure of transmission or generati of a single facility will not af
, howe fect cu ver, when they do occur, their stomers because the transmissi eff on ects ca system n be widesprea on equipment exceeding the specif is designed in
- d. Normally the loss suddenly, power f ic standards t low is redist hat effectiv rib ely provide uted on t h
redund e rema ancy.
ining facilit If one i
t es a ransmi ccordin ssion or g g to the l eneration fa a
c c
ilit cor y fa dan ils ce with ot Ki her g rchho e
ff nerat
's La i
w ng s). I facilit f a generator trips, its output will almost inst aws of physics (
system frequency. On a ies on-l slightly lon ine throughout the interconnection. Th antaneously be pi is is, however, a cked-up ccompa by nied all of by i.e.,
t a
he dip in ext cap r
a eme ca city can ses, mea be ram sures such as ped-up to repl ger ter ace los m
t ca basi pacity, w s (e.g., 10 minut hich will also es), genera restore n tors t orm hat al 60 Hz are not frequ oper ency. In ating at full sheddin blackouts g (
disconnecting firm cus calling u tomer load) m pon cus ay be e tomer mployed to s to reduce av lo oid p ad may otential be tak c
e a
- n. As a fi scading or w nal ste ide area p, load cont Widesprea beyond those defined by pl d blackouts typic anning ally are ins ingencies. Such extreme even an ts c d
an l o
tigated peratin by one g stand o
ar r more un ds and cr ex it pected eria, of events ten involving on the bulk multiple power system or hours total b or d la ay ck s.
outs over widespread areas. Blac ead to kou overlo ts de a
ve ds, lop i casc n
adi frac n
ti g
ons outa of ge se s,
c i
ond nsta s
b or ili t
se y, syste conds, r m
athe separ r
a th ti an
- ons, Hist planning stage, during oper ory has shown that strin a
gent, m tions pl a
anning, dispatch an ndatory standards d
a operat nd crite
- ions, ria are risks can and will occur: actual peak demand will sometimes exceed forecasts; unf and par oper ticula ator rly i training.
mportant at oreseeable cont Less probable the will arise; human operators will ingencies provide t engineeri he customers wi err; sophisticated high-tech and other equipment will fail. The best way to piecemea n
l ba g ju sis. Addit dgment, follo th w go a rel o
ia d
ble elect utility p r
ra ic s ionally, thorough operat cti ystem is to have strong standards and criteria, use sound taken when contingencies occur that will minimize widespread im o
c r
e tr
, a ai nd ni plan ng is e th s
e syst sential em on a pacts. The p to ensure app n integrated rather than a other disruptions is minimized when there are common minimum standards by rob which all ability o ropriate f blac actio kou ns are systems abide.
ts and con The mechani for t duc he present ting a s
t ms use ransmis d to measure t sion planning ra or reliability stu nsmission relia d
b or selected future year, and the range o y, a v ility a ari re traditional load-flow and stability programs. In simulated for each. Critical contingencies, as defined by t f con he ti NE ng et encies required by t y of generation scenarios typically are chosen RC, NPCC, and NYSR he sta C standa nda rds, crit rds/crit eria eria rules, are applied to the modeled system for each scenario chosen.
, a a
n r
d e
In a pl syst til an t
t f
con em needs reinf anning study, the results orcement. Po o
ducted, un ptimal solu en con o
ion emerg tial s ting olutions ency tes t
ts o
will indi any violati cate ons a whe re chosen a re and to wh nd f at urt exte her invest nt the exi iga sti t
ng es. In a reliability assessment study, the results will be either ions pa system ss or into c fail, o
whic mpliance.
h no rmally leads to an investigation to determine what would be required to bring the Overview of Distribution Reliability The Public Ser responsible for ensuring that th vice Commission (PSC), supported by adequate electric service at just e investor-owned ut and reasonable rate i
t lit he ies' Departmen electric dist t of ribution sys Public Service (DPS) staff, is of the distribution systems and monitors these utiliti s
e
. T s t hroug o ensure t h its h
st at aff they
, the P operat SC also tem pr overs ovides ees the op safe and Commission and statutory requirements. PSC jurisdiction applies to approximately 75 e in acc percent ordanc of e wit era h
tions State energy sales.
New York While New York severely, by power ou ers ra t
rely see bla ages. One has ckouts to lo th ok n at a o
ffe further ct the e than ntire Hu sta rrican te, they ca e Irene, Tropical n be affected re Storm L giona ee, lly, a and nd quit the e
large October 2011 snow storm regional events, even t tha ransmi t interrupt ssion ed elect facilitie ric service t s are affecte o
- d.
1.5 million customers in New York State. In
21 Mi effe ti c
ga tiv ti e
ng de ou sig tage n st s in the distribution system has some parallels with the transmission system. Adherence to trend analysis with c and o
ar rre ds, i ctiv n
e sp pro ections
- grams, an and d ma the intenan appli c
c e, load ation o s
f t
t u
echn dies, a olog dequat y, all pl e capit ay a r a
ole.
l investment, failure require ut As a mean ilit s o regarding ele i
f e
monitoring le s delivering vels of service reliability, the Public Service Commissions Rules ctric service i ele nterruptions on a monthly ctricity in New York State to basis.
c 9
ollect The utilities pr and submi o
t inf vide i orm nte at rruption ion to the and C
Regulations ommission Index (SAIFI enables staff to calculate two primary performance metrics: the System Average Interruption Fre data that quency Analysi informa or frequency) and the Customer Average I s
t i
o o
f n is g the cause rouped int code o 10 ca data en te nterrupti is needed. A ab gories on Duration Index (CAIDI or duration). The investment or maintenance les th s
e tha uti t
l de itie li s an neate d D the PS S na ta tu ff re of to id the ca entify a use of reas w inte he rruption (cause code).
re increased capital interruption strikes. In general, mo s, arrestor s
s cou 10 t of a ld be utility installed on an ex inte t
ample, if a s
hat circuit to cir try cu to it were shown t minimize the o
e be prone to lig ffect of future li ht g
ning htning
-caused failures, an 1989, which e d a na cciden bles it ts.
to DPS observe t Staff m rends.
aintains the in rruptions are a r terrupt esult ion informat of major s ion in a dat torms, tre a
e con base ta th ct at s, equipment dates back to The Com standard m
s con issi tain on al m
so h inimum as adopte accep d electri table pe c s rfor ervice st mance levels for andards addressing the reliability of electric service. The interruption form s for each major electric utilitys operating divisions.
bot T
h t he h
uti e frequency a lities are re n
q d dur uired to ation su o
b f
mi service t a worst outage al re t
liability re n
por ty t b
-perf rend orming s i a uti feeders. There li
's v y M ari arch ous 31 e
a geo of gra ach re no revenue a phic re year gi con ons, r tai e
n l
i i
ng detailed assessment djustments for ability improvement failure to meet proj s of perf s, a ormance, including a minimum level under t ect nd analyses of report service stan
. The service sta dards. Utilities are ndards were last revised in 2004.
, however, required to include a corrective action plan as part of the annual he In addition, utility perfor t of the u mance ne established gative rev as en par ue adjustme ti n
lity's r is compa ate ord r
e ed wit rs. RP h a M
s ut are ilit y's R desig elia ned so tha bility Performa t compa n
n ce Mecha include targe f
ies are subjecte nisms (RPMs) d to t
ts or concerns with s for frequency an in an individual comp d
f dur ailing atio t
n o
, some meet electr RPMs ic relia have a b
ddi ility t tion arge al measures ts. While mos to ad t
d RPM ny.
ress s typic a
specific ally In g mai enera due to ntenance l terms, performance on practices, and weath t
er. Decl he outage investment and impr i
frequency measure is based prima a lack of timely capital nes in the per oper mainten formanc a
e on the outa nce. Decisions made by ge f rily on overa requency measure a ll system de utilities on c r
expendit a
e of sig te n,
pital n
f ures and maintenance pol ke severa of w requency me icies can ta
- orkforce, a
the m sure. Perf anagem orma ent o nce f the wor measure kf d
o b
- rce, y dur and ati th o
l n
yea of rs before being fully refle e geo ou gra ta p
ge hic is prima nature rily inf of the luenced by t cted in th he e outa availa ge b
ility the perfor comple ming re xity p
of the interrupti service area. Additionally, airs affects the overall dur ons and a u ation tilitys mea ab sure ility to minimize the number of customers affected when 9 16 NYCRR Part 97, codes that reflect the na No t
ti ure fica of ti the in on of In terruption terruption s: m of a
Se jor storm rvice sp s, t ec ree conta ifies and de cts fi
, overlo nes the ads, operatin following 10 g
c The 10 The a re are seven additional cause codes used exclusively for Con Edisons underground network system.
accident cciden s, sabot t c
- age, ause and code ani c
mal overs ev conta ents n cts. Li ot en ghtni tirely within in t ng is reported un he utility's c der a sepa ontrol in rate cau c
se co luding vehic de.
ular equipment error ause s
failures, accidents, prearranged interruptions, customer equipment, lightning, and unknown.
22 B. Transmission System Reliability History Relia power indust bility standa ry since t rds an he f d crit irst er s
ia used for ystems we planning an re developed i d operat n the l ions have been a ate 19th century. St n integ anda ral p rds a art n
of d crit the electric eria were know codified a as syn nd beca chronou me incre s inter a
connec singly impor tions o tant r grids.
as power s ystems expanded and merged to form what we now Ea shut rly cent down elect ral sta ric service i tion systems were rela n a small area; in t tively simple. A ma he case of Thom jo as r distu Edis r
o bance ns early dire or contingency could, at worst, appr the use oxim of l a
on tely one squ g lines at hi are Addi h
m ct current systems, tionally, shared generation g er volt ile. The intr ages. T odu his led t ction o
o p
f ow hig reservat er sy h-volt ste ag m
e a s th lterna at sp t
a ing nne
-current d signif i
t c
e an chnology permitt tly larger areas.
ed interconnections with neighboring system ion minimized relia
- s.
bility risks from transmission problems allowing This pr and Can oces ada s
c too onsolid k place ated in through most of the 20th century, and eventually power systems in most of the U.S.
Provinces Interconne t
cti o F o
lorida.
n, stret With ches f to rom four lar the Ea g
st e s ern Sea ynchron boa ous interconnections, the larges systems this large, reliab rd to t ility bec he Roc omes ki a
es m
, and ajor fr con om cern, in turn the t
C o
ana f which, the E dian Mariti astern me relia coordin bilit a
y st tion anda a critic rds.
al requirement. Both coordination and reliability require effective and ma con king sist ent During the reliability criteria first half o
. Wit f t h t he 20t he dr h centu amatic r
gr y, each in owth o dividual power system had developed and applied its own When t system to he Nort transmit heast p
Bl ower ackout ove r lo of 1965 occurred, it ng distances, the f synchronous interconnections and the increasing use of the necessary.
became clea limitations o r
f su tha ch t a m an ap ore c pro oo a
rdi ch w nated ere becoming approach was obvious.
By 1965, the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Ma af unif ter t orm set he blac of relia kout, the bilit y f y crite orme ria. The sy ryland Interconnection (PJM) was d the Northe stems involved ast Power Coo in t rdi he 1965 bl nating Cou ackout soon fo already func llowed sui tioning
- t. Short with a ly forme within d
e t
ach wo n re ew power p spective po oo ol.
ls to es ncil (NPCC). The U.S. portion of NPCC evolved into the NYISO, and the These const tablish a ituent coordinat areas of the NP ed genera CC became t tion dispatch he New York Power Pool, which among investor-owned utilities Operator-New England (ISO-NE).
New England Power Pool, which eventually became the Independent System encompa Other utilit ssed a ies a ll of cross Nort the 48 h
c Ame ontigu rica ous formed their own regional council established its own reliability cri sta te te ri s an a an d a d
d de jace ve nt C lope anad reliabi ian provinces. Ove lity councils, which eventually Individual systems and power pools often maintained their own d d proc eta edu iled or more st res for assess r time, each re ing conforman g
c ional
- e.
ad Elect dition ric Reliabilit to the regional y Council (NE criteria as RC) in 196 a minimum. The re 8 to coordinate a gional r ct eliability councils f ringent i
ormed the North America criteria in ivities nat onally and develop overall reliability n
g st u
a idelines f tes, Cana or t da, heir collect and the sm ive all po system rtion o
- s.
f Figure 8 illustrates northern Baja Califo the syn rnia, Mexico.
chronous interconnections in the lower 48
23 Figure 8. NERC Interconnections Source: NERC, 2012 Figure 8 illustrates the synchronous interconnections in the lower 48 states, Canada, and the small portion of northern Baja California, Mexico.
Over t reserve ma he yea rg rs, t in. In 1999, a he New York s pa Pow rt of t er Pool d he Fede eveloped ral Energ spe y Reg cific reliability rules and established the installed rest char ruct acte uring of t ristics an h
d e wholesa ulatory Commi reliability co le el nsid ectric in erations of dustry in New the electric York S gri t
d ate, an in Ne d
w York in recogni ssions t
(F ion of unique ERC) approved Relia mainta bilit in a y Council (N nd enforce relia YSRC) wa bility s
rules and created and separated from the market governa State New Y c
quired t nce st
, the riteria uniquely re o maintain essent ruct ial relia ure to develop, ork State York. This delineation from the market was developed to ensure that reliability was not driven by ma bility in N rket ew interests.
On Aug in major ust indu 14, s
2003, t try changes he bla codifi ckout ed in t of th h
e Mid e Energ west and Northeast United States and Ontario, Canada resulted FERC Reliab
's ilit au y Org thority to include oversight of mandat y
ory reli Policy Act of anization (ERO) designated by FERC. Sec a
t bility 2005 (EPAct rules administ
). Sect ered ion throug 215 of EPAct h an Elect r
expa ic nded promul penalty a ga u
t thorit ed pursua y of u nt p
t to o Sect a mi io llion dolla n 215. NERC wa rs per da s ul y for failur ion 215 es to com expande ply with s d FERC tandards
's authori t
and rules ty to include imately designated by FERC as the ERO to be responsible for the development and compliance of mandatory reliability standards.
Regulatory / Oversight Framework t
The followi ransmissio n
n g
a i
nd s a bri the d ef evelo summ pm ary ent of the r of transmission oles of the reliability ru major entities involved in the regul les. A brief discussion o at f
io standards n and overs and ight of
24 cri needed to mi teria is pro tig vid a
e te d
pot as b ent ack ial imp groun acts to re d and to fa lia ci b
li ilit ta y ident te a better understand FERC ified in various stu ing dies de of the mec scrib h
ed later in anisms tha th t ma is sec y be tion.
indepe
- The ndent F
i rstate fe ederal Energy deral a Regulatory Commission (FERC; formerly the Federal Power Commission) is the nte commerce in ge clu ncy di n
tha g the t re t
gula rans te m
s i
sale ssion s for of e re le sal ctri e
c of h ity a ydroelect nd the mainten ric pow ance and er, elect relia enh ric, ga bility of the bulk power system. Among other electric ener ance s, a ment of the nd oil in FERC addi FERC responsibilit tional responsibilit ies include:
ies in the areas of interstate electric t gy-related ransmission respo sitin nsibilities, the EP g and plannin A
g ct gave
. Specific Prot Regula ect ti ion of on of the relia the trans b
m ilit issi y of on an the hig d wh h-volt olesale age int sale e
s rst of e ate t lec r
tri an c
smissi ity in interstate merce reliabili on system com ty stan through mandatory pe Re nalti view e
of s and cert othe dard r
s me an ans d en forcement of regulatory requirements through imposition of civil Review of the sit ain me ing applicat rgers an io d a n for cquisitions and corporate transactions by electricity companies Moni FERC to d
ri oe ng s
and
- de inve al wit stiga h
ti l
o oca n of l distribut ene r
electri gy marke c transmission projects under limited circumstances to consumers, ion faci ts li ties, regulate retail electricity and natural gas sales NERC f
fa e
ci dera litie l power ma s othe no r
t th have the au an hydroe th le o
c rity tric t
f o
aci or li der ties, or re or appr gula ove th te the e physic activit al construction of electric generation rketing agencies or most rural electric cooperati ies of ves the municipal power systems, profit
- The North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) is an international, independent not-for-throu reliab g
cor ilit h
y ent the por e
a s
tion with it t
i a
es a blishme the r n
esponsibility t nd encompa t and e sses nforcement o ensure of the reliab all of the inter relia conn bilit e
y cted standa ility of rds.11 the North American bulk power system Canada, and a portion of Baja California in Mexico. Within the powe U.S. bou r sy NERC stems oversee of the con s eight region tiguous Uni a
t l
ed States, a
design nd overseen by t ated ERO. ERO he appropria activities te in gove Can rnm ada re ental late a
d uth to the oriti r
e e
s l
i ia n th bility of the bulk-power ndary, NERC serves as the FERC at country.
system are recognized NERC responsibilit ies include:
Assessin Working wi g res th o
s urce take a
h dequa olders c
and regi y annually wit onal re h a liab 10-yea ility coun r forecast cils to develop and enforce standards Educa forecasts as well as summer and winter Investi t
g ing ati
, training ng and an
, a alyzi nd certif ng the ying cause indust s of s ry personnel ignificant power system disturbances Originally rep industry restr ortin
- ucturing, g to a b NE o
R ard C evo comp lved osed to govern mostly of regional reliability council execut policies of regional councils proposing new stand ance b ards t y an indep o the assum endent ption o boa f FERC rd. NER ives, during electric standards.
dir C
ectives also ch to an a
ged dopt new its NERC with ne stan ighb dar or ds ing c apply ontr t
ol o t a
h r
e e
e as nti t
re grid operator overseeing the ma o
rkets o
t coun her a try, fro eas tha m
t a
h re and r
disp ave as atch. In all inst th separ at are ated ve g
r e
ti n
cally i eration nte fr gra om ted with little interaction secure and reliable manner. As a result of this hybrid structure, NERC developed categ ances, the power syste tr m mus ansmis t be sion op with a single erated in a required t categories, or o ma func inta t
in relia ional ent bilit iti y
es, a rat r
her t e de h
fi an a ned in t generic t he NERC F itle, a u
s w nction as the al Model case prior to dere ories gulati to on.
spe The cify se t
asks for NERC assi a
gni s one o ng ro r more les and re of the sponsi funct bi ion liti a
e l enti
- s. All org ties. In s anization nvolved in ensuring docum relia e
ome i s i nstances, compliance with bilit nt an y must d serve reg as ist the ba er wit sis NERC rules is reported h
11 The independ NERC is governed by a 12-member ent directors are appoin Bo ted a
r by the se d of Trustees ctor based Mem consisting o be f
f r Representat 11 independent direc ive Commi tors ttee. NERC is plus the CEO.
unded by the Federal Governments of the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Its 2013 budget is $54.3 million.
25 throu certain stan gh other dards. In parties, su other case ch as the This dist s,
NYISO reporting that a transmission owner (TO) or generator has met nct the TO NPCC i
ion will become important when complia or generator nce is discu is responsible t ssed o
later in report c this se ompliance ction.
directly to NERC.
includes the S
- North tate o east P f New Y ower C o
oor rk an dina d t ting he si C
Québec, New Brunswick nd Nova x
ouncil, Inc.
New Eng (NPCC)
, a Scotia. NPCCs responsibilit land states 12 enco as we m
ll as passes the C
a ge ana ogr dia a
n p phic regi rovince on th s of at ies include:
Ontario, D
monitoring, and enforceme evelopment of regional re n
li t
ability standards and regional-specific criteria, compliance assessment, Administr NERC ation and enforcement of continent-wide and regional standards in coordination with Coor planning areas, tr dination of sys ansmis tem pl sio
- anning, n owners,
- design, and opera other t
s
- ions, and reliability assessment among member As a reg that NPCC qualif ional ent ies f ity, NPCC operates under a Section 215 of the Federa or de l
lega Power A tion by N ct and Ca ERC of cer deleg t
at ain r ion ag ole reemen s, respon t with the NERC. This ag nadian provincial regula sibilities, and tory agreem authorities reement recog as defi nizes reliability councils, the NPCC effectively functions both as the agent and administra en ti ts.
ve A
arm s wi o
th o f NE ther regional ned by regional level, including:
RC at the Administr Lead role in atio all com n of co n
pliance mpliance processes Administratio processes o a
f NER udits C
an with d com respec pliance fun t to noti c
c tions es of all eged violations and Condu penalties or sanctions; and proposed reliabilit cti y st ng i anda nves rds.
tigations, hearings, and negotiations for potential and alleged violations of NPCC reliab als ility st o es anda tabli rds.
shes its own regional reliability criteria that are more specific or more stringent than NERC
- Today, al re the N li P
relia nation bility ent ab CC remains the regional reliability organization for New York it i
i li es to ensure s ty standards af developed by t ety, adequacy, o he ERO (NERC) do n r reliability, provided ot p th re-a e
t they mpt a Sta c
t ti e a on n
s b d, pursu y regio an na t t l
o or EP st A
ate ct stand reliab a
ilit rd y criteria
- s. Thus region
, provide al, state, or local reliability organizations may have thei a
r re c own more onsistent with stringent NERC NYSRC are somewhat more stringent d they are consistent wi than the national sta t
n h NE dard RC st s promulg andard ated by NE s at a minimum.
RC and end Current NP orsed by FE CC criteri RC.
a enforce re Pursua liability st nt to Sect andard i
s th on 215 of t at are mo he r
F e specific ederal Powe or m r Act ore s
, t t
h ringent e State of than Ne N
w Yor ERC s k
t may andar promulgate and Co as unc lon i
g l's a
s (N
tho YS s
R e st C's an
) R dar ules ds set do n fo o
rt t de h requirement grade reliability outside s that are more 13 of N st ew Yo ring rk. The N w York ds St or ent or speci e
fic than either ate N
R P
elia CC cri bilit teria y
s a
t s
a pa nda rt rds of t o
he comprehensive res r NPCC criteria and are a truc do turi pted ng o b
f y
the the P bu S
lk C.
powe Form r sy a
stem and wholesale tion of the NYSRC was approved N
b ERC New York State in 1999 to help maintain and enhance the reliability of the bulk elect ele ric gri ctricity d i mar y the ket in FERC NYSRC is governed by a 13-member executive committee comprised of weighted representati n the on b y
State. The a
12 n
NPC d one independent C Board of Direc represent tors consis t
s of 15 members; t 13 member. The est ectors appoi o
independent imat ative. The ed 2013 budg s
w et is ap nt their representa represent tives fr a
om e tives while t ach of the seven v he Board select oting s t sec he tors mo For re ex str a
ing
- mple, ent t NPCC han N
/NY ERC S
RC Als n
o 1 stand
, NERC does ard that prep not are proximat s the sys ely te
$15 million.
have a federal resource adequa m to withsta cy st nd sequent andard, wherea ial outag s
e s is NPCC/NERC apply a loss of load expectation of one in 10 years.
26 individuals.
transmission 14 owners, wholesale generators, large consumers, municipal power agencies, and unaffiliated Wor k
ing in close conjunction with the NYISO, the NYSRCs responsibilities include:
Development of bulk power system geo NPCC gra an
- phic, d NERC standards and criteria, and lo a
cal reliability rules that are more stringent or specific than Assessment a
o n
f d dem NYISO o
an gra d
p N
hic system req n
uirements o d that are necess f New Yor ary t ks o meet the speci bulk electric g al physical, rid through independent compli e
ance w York rev m
ie ar ws k
et participant compliance with those reliability rules NYSR proce C imp
- dures, o
a se he NYI Reliab y Complia nd m s on anual t
ilit nce Monit s to S
O effec the r tu esponsibilit ate these rules. The y to meet a NYSR ll appli C
cable NYSRC rules b oring Subcommittee (RCMS). This s m
p oni ecif tori ic data ng ac required f tivities are y developing ta perform
- riffs, rom the NYISO a ed by the re reviewed and considered by the RCMS. These data serve as evidence of compliance with NYSRC r cap Inst NYSR alled Rese C also is rved Mar responsible fo gin) f r th or t e est he New Y ablishment o
of the annual state ules. The rk Power System. The IRM represent wide installed s t c
he a apaci mount ty req of genera uirement (
acity that must be in place to ensure an acceptable level of reliability.
tion i.e.,
- The New York Independent System Operator (N whole NYISO The sale electric markets in New York State. It was approve YISO d
)
by F was ERC a forme n
d d commence as part of the restructuring of the NYISO i s an independent, not-for-profit entity, the responsibilities of which include:
d operation in 1999.
Ope relia r
b ati ilit o
y n
and management of the States bulk electric grid to maintain and enhance regional Ad Planning for ministration of open and fair wholesale electric markets Serving Developing an as an a the future of d
u implementi thoritative sour the bulk electric ce of informat system ion f or polic grid projects ng technology improvements on y ma the bulk kers, st p
akeh ower sy
- olders, stem and inves
, including tor s
s m
and art In the New Y capacities: Ba o
l r
a k C ncing ontr Aut ol Are hor a
ity;
, th Inter e NYISO is currently registered with NERC in the following functional P
NYISO h lanner; a
T s pri rans m
m ary re ission spon Operator; Transmi chan s
ge Auth sion Planner; and Tr ority; Plannin a
g Au nsmission Service Prov thority; Reliability C ider. A oordina s su tor; Res T
i e ma sibility ch the ource administrat h
for overall bulk electri r
on of t rkets for capacity, energy, and a c syst ncilla e
ry m
s plan ervices.
ning an d operations, as well as t
appr hat an own t smiss ra io nsmission, n Owners (TOs distribut
) -
ion f TOs are the public utilities, authorities, or merchant transmission providers and planni oved t ng ari o
ffs f tr and ansmi state ssi re on g
and ulat requirements of all Co dist ory a
ove cilities, or both and provide transmission services under FERC ntrol Area, region ribut rsi ion relia ght. Tra b
nsm ility on t ission heir own owners are responsible system for the assessment New York State Public Serv al and national reliability standards an s
d an c
d for meet riteria.
ing the e
te n
le suri communi ng the p ca rovi tion si s,
on and w of safe at ic er e Co utili m
ti m
es is
, a sio nd i n
s (PS char C) ge d
The by law PSC wit regul h re a
s te ponsibilit s the State y f o
s e r sett lectri ing c,
g rat as, es a ste n
a d
m, F
bulk electric ERC the autho s
rity to establis h
and adequa a process for developing te service by the ut and i
a l
p ities it provin regulates.
g national reliability st While the EPAc and t
a p
r rovided ds for the St relia ate b
than ility wit tha h
y in New York Sta stem, it also gran te, pr ted Ne ovide w York d tha State the authority to establish rules t t provided by the FERC-approved t su stand ch ac ar tions ds. To do no clea t r rly est esult in redu ablish New Yo ced reliability outsi hat result in grea d
te e the r
role, the PSC, by order dated February 9, 2006, adopted in their en rk State's oversight the NYSRC, and periodically adopts updates to those rules. Additio tirety the reliab nally, unlike FE i
RC, t lity rules established by he PSC has the 14 The NYS Each TO RC is an d
funded sector by the appoin t
ts ran the smissi ir repre on o s
wners entativ and e and th u
e prop naffili osed ated me budg mbers are ap et for 2013 is $753,0 pointed by the Boar
- 00.
- d.
27 auth diti ori on ty to direct a TO State E ad n
al er g
gy en Planning erating fa t
ci o
li develop a plan Boa tie rd (SEPB) s and infrast t
ructure neces o mitigate any sary defi t
ciency o serve the public int that could include c erest.
o nstruction of that includes broad p
- Every four The State Energy Plan a olicy r ssesses c ecommen urrent da a
ti nd ons fut to u
gui years, e St the New Y ate in relia o
b rk SEPB ility meet dev ing elops r
de th its fu a
t S
u tate re energ Energy y needs.
Plan Relia petroleum, coa bility Study is a l), energ supple y cost m
s en
, and tal report t public h o t ea h
lth e Stat and e sta e
t n
us vi o
ronme f various energ ntal impacts. Thi y systems (
electric, natural gas, e Energy Plan to help inform s
th Trans e SEPB i.e.,
mission of the a
current nd and future status of electric reliability.
Reliability Standards and Criteria Defi Current electr ned - The i
terms c indus t
stand ry us a
e rd gen s
era and lly refers to sta criteria as used in the context of electric reliability are often confused.
enforced by NERC (with FERC approval), and criteria ndards a as the s
re the m quirement andatory s independent requirement ly ma s developed a intained an nd d
enforced by the regional reliability councils and distinct from the NERC standards.
guidelines as The term "gu i
t d
o elines is a wha lso oc onally used. NE published to provide t
g topics t casi uidanc he region e in applying al co relia uncils bilit shoul RCs d a origin ddre a
ss in their own crit l planning criteria were g eria. Tod enera those approaches to pl y pract ay, l in na guidelines are ture; ices. Guidelines serve to provide information on le do arne cumented d, and s in the s tate-of-anning and tand the-a art rd techni imp que lement
- s. Th ing eff
- s.
e approa e
che ctive s an re d
lia p
b r
i ocedures a lity program re b s b as a
ed sed on the concepts on experience, lessons De part velop icipat ed ion from t
- Nation he al reliabili proposal ty stan throug d
h ar th ds e
a a
re d ppro rafte val s d
ta thr ge ough
.15 All pro a NER po C p sed s roce tand ss t ard hat includes s must be appr indus oved by try The next super-majori step is review a ty of registered ent nd appr ities thr oval by the NERC oughout the industry, Board. The including final step is review and each of the va appr rious indust oval by FE ry sect RC.
ors.
a Technically, own: however FE given its RC is not review an authorized d ap to pro impose new val powers, FERC is standards give or mo n considera difications b
to ex le def ist erence in t ing stand h
a i
r s
d a
s re on its
- a.
NPCC existing rules crite are developed through posting for co r
mme ia or wi nt, t
a h
fi the nal n
ve eed f rsion must be a or new or revised criteria a similar procedure. Any pers may init on or ent iate the process. Af ity materially affected by an weighted super-majority vote of the NPCC membership.
pproved by the NPCC Reliability Coordinating Co ter draft m
ing mi ttee an and d a At All requests for a new or modifi the State level, a modification ed rule are reviewed by the NYS or new reliability rule can be ini RC Reli tiated b abilit y the y Rules Subcommi NYSRC or any othe ttee. The r party.
subcommittee reviews, assesses, Relia to develo bility Rules Subcommitt p a draft rule. All dra ee; ft however, t rules a and, if r
de e post termined to b ed for commen e appr he Executive Commi ts, whi opriat c
e, seek ta s Execut tee has t h are he a ke ive Committee approval rule.
t ut n un hority t der consider o approve the f ation by t inal he The The Relia NYSRC also is an active participant in the NERC and NPCC Reliability Standards Development Process.
It also drafts bilit r
y Rules Subcommi evisions of the NYSRC reliabilit ttee reviews an y rules a d comments on all ne c
w or revised NERC a s necessary to omply with NERC and nd NPCC St NPCC stan an dar dards.
ds.
mandatory
- Even bef for NPCC memb ore enact ership. While ment of the EPAct NPCC di co d no mplia t endorse nce with o
t r
h a
e reg ssign moneta ional council relia ry penalt bilit ies, NPCC cri y criteria t
eria was 15 These are int United States ernational standards, since Canadian systems are involved, but this discussion focuses on the reportin were given gr Applied g of vi e
o at weigh lations to the N t with a PCC Relia complian b
c ilit e program y Coordina that include ting Commi d t ttee he equiva lent of peer review and
28 To NERC.
day, the NYISO, TOs, and generating Additionally, The NERC the NYISO, TO Reliability St s, and and genera ards comp ar anies a l
re s ti e
ng c avai om lab panies e from ubjec the t
N to also E
t are s RC web sit he reliabilit ubject to the e (
y st ndards established by Reliability Rules. TOs each have supplemental tran http a
smission planning reliability criteria as NP
- //w CC C w
rit w.
e n
ria erc.com).
well. NYISO and the NYSRC prac the TOs a tices fo lso adhere to various d r assessment of the tran ocu smi ments a
on sy nd si (procedures, stem for g
procedures, and guidelines pertaining to the design of the New s
planni uideline ng s, etc purp
.) that define or strongly relate to with FERC as part the NYISO Annual Transmission Planning and Yor Ev k
alua Trans oses.
mi A
ssi ll plan on S ning ystem cri tion Report filed as are teria, documents, filed annually ye The ap Bulk Electr ars. F prop ERC ria ic ha Sy t
s e definiti ar ste gue m (
d B
f on o or ES) appli Definition FERC Form 715.
f the BES ha
- NERC cability o s been a f NERC matt stand e
a r of rds cons are appli idera c
b a
l b
e le cont to t r
h s
oversy during e Bulk Electr ic System the past severa (BES l
).
unless fa Coordina c
ting ilities a Council, h re gran a
t ve ed ex argue empt d t ions. Some of hat a one size t
t he regions, andards to not all t a
r b
a ly NPCC a nsmission fa nd t c
BES de f
h ili e West ties 100 k ern Electric V and higher, its all approach will not improve reliability. The existing f
100 k aciliti V de es t finit ha ion generally applies vera to f ll syst aciliti e
es rat finition. At t t may impact t he ti he o me of this writi m
ng
. In Orders 743 a ed at 200 kV or hi nd 743-A, F gher, but c ERC a ould incl llowe u
d for except de some low io e
ns f r voltage rom the st finali and ze ard s i s pr ts pr oc e
e c
s e
- s.
de The nt. The NERC cri d
teria for an exe
, t mpti he ext on e
fr nt of the BES definition continues to evolve as FERC protocols for requesting excepti ra ons, to FERC on Ja fting team submi nua tted ry 25, 201 o
the m th pr e B opo E
s S is ed 100 k currently being resolved V BES definition, as w though ell as a set of the prop participa osed E
n rulema
- 2. On June 21, 2012 F RC issued a notice of language o t
f s will ha king ve f solicit rom 18 to ing comments on the NERC'S proposal. Once FERC approves the filing, TOs on the ne th c
e ess Orde ary Tr
- r. The ans N
mission YISO 24 month
, even prior to s to be in compliance tor and the NE Transmi RC BE ssi S
on fi Pla ling or obta Opera n
, has been work in an except i
io ng n, depending on the with t Functional Model definition previously described, and implementation pla ning re ns t gis h
t at ra are exp tions, as par h
t e New York of the NERC by the NERC BES definition, if it is approved by FERC.
ected to be required To that d
t at he NERC ha e, the terms s ad bulk opt e
e d
lect a brig ric s ht line de ystem and finition bulk power system have been used interch definition, the BES const these two terms have distinct meaning. By ange the ably, but now NERC itutes all facilities 100 kV and above that do not receive exemptions. By the NPCC area where definition, the BPS the disturb consti ance tutes f occ a
ur cilit
- s. There will be f ies that, if lost, coul ewer BPS f d have ac si ilit gni ies tha ficant n BES facilit adverse effect ies.
s outside the local Compliance and Enforcement FERC, NERC, and enhancing NPCC, NY the relia SRC bilit y of and the bulk p NYPSC -
o At wer sys the hi t
ghe em s
t t
hrough level, FERC pl enforcement ays a significant role in maintaining standards and criteria. FERC oversees NERC (the ERO) and the eight Regiona of l Ent complia ities, including nce with applica the NPCC.
ble NYISO is charged with a d y-to-day reliability responsibilit proce three con sses du No ct ti a
c udit es o s
f Pe and na investig lty to the ati re ons re giste l
re ati d e ng t nti o re CC, and NERC.
ty a l
ss iab e
i
- ies, li with oversight by NYSRC, NP All of electric reliability standards.
sse ty d
pro by N gra ERC ms o
and r the R pote eg n
iona tial vi l Ent olati it o
ies ns f
or FE v
RC iolations FERC or review con can inve duc stig t
a te alleged focus on violations t
re ha sulti t is th ng i e
sub viola je t
ct o ions f a of r No e
ti li ce ab o
ili f
t Pe y stan nalty fi dard led with the FERC.
s independently o FER r in co C in ordination with NERC, well as cases involving repeat n
vi a
ola ctual harm, either thr vestigations prima tions of reliability s o
t u
and gh a
t rd he s
lo or ss a
o v
f iolation load or t o
h f
ro a s ug tand h so a
me o rd th t
a h
t c er a
m rries a eans, a rily s
sub relia s
b ta ilit nti y enh al actual ri ancements, a sk to th n
e syste d sign m.
ifica Re nt civil pena liability inve lties being stigations may result in de per violation.
impose d of up to one tailed c million dollar ompliance plans, s per day FERC Regional Entities are conducting their own robust audits conducts reliability observation, independence, and standards audits on a proactive basis to ensure:
29 Regional Entities are prope conjunc Regional Enti rly carryi tion w ti ith NE es com RC.
ply wi th the Re n
li g
ab ou ili t
ty S the tan ir re dar spon ds.
si In so bilit m
ies in an independent manner, an e cases FERC performs these audit d
s in Under FE violations R
C approved procedures, N set or alleged violations by NE E
RC RC or fi le the Re s Noti gion ces al of Pe Entiti
- nalty, es. A whi N
c o
h de tice o tail f P f
enalty indings may and result in resolution a
of co Enti tl ty i ement agreement n
rmining the and also des ordination dete with other F a
E ppro RC ef p
for ria cribes mit ts te on re medy.
iga F
tion efforts a ERCs enforc n
e d
m fa e
ct nt ors considered by NERC or the Regional Standards, educating the regulat reliability, such as the review pro and gra appr m at ov tem al o pt f new Reli s to work ability in electric utility operational practices designed to enha ed community about FER nce reli Cs a
r bilit eliability ef
- y.
forts, and promoting excellence in In New Yor monitors compliance fr k State, while NERC performs overall reviews, primarily through periodic on-site audits, the NPCC i
re nde porti pende ng to nt t
c he ompliance om a reg reviews throu ional perspect NYSRC Executive Commi gh i tte ts R ive throug eliability C h its t ompli a
a s
n k
ce Mo force st nitoring ructure. Th Subcommi e NYS ttee, ulti RC also con mat duc ely ts ts own, enforcing compliance with those requirement
- e. As no d e s
a Control Area /
as i te NYISO when n rlier, the ece PS ssary.
C has adopted the NYSRC requirements Control Area, primary respo
- As n
the sibi NERC lity for overall bulk electric registered entity for a number of functions within the New York NYISO, based on NERCs current definition of the BES at the ti sy me of stem planning and opera publication.
tions rests with the T
sta he nda NY rds is administ ISOs program e
fo red by it r mainta s in ining ternal Reliability Complianc compliance with electric powe monitors mandatory and enforceable reliability standards, coord e and ina t
Assess r industry reliability and business and oversees the NYISOs adherence to the requirements 16 and rules promul es the NYISOs complia ment Group (RCA nce re
). The RCA C, NYS port the North American Energy Standards Board (NAESB).
gated by NERC, NPC RC, ing and Ea a given calendar year.
ch year the NERC, N PCC, and NYSRC identify a set of standards, criteria, and rules that will be monitored in The NYISO provides certifications of compliance with NYSRC o
Reliability Compliance Monitoring Subcommittee every year. In Reli n-site audits and off-site spot audits.
a ab dd il i
i tion, NE ty Rules RC to a
t n
hat d N or PCC gani co za ndu tions ct periodic T
s re t
r a
sponsi an nda smi rds b
ss le i
o fo n
r co Owne mpli
- As owners of the transmission facilities in the State of New York, the TOs are functional are beca as me of ma rs n
an dat ce o
ry, wit N
h a ERC ppli c
c a
ab n a le nd NERC has c s
o t
n an duc dards and associated requirements. Since NERC York Transmission Owner bulk sys s
t to em ex oper ecut ation e cert s where the ain tasks.
NYISO is r ted aud e
it g
s is t
te o monitor and ensure compl red with NERC, it must rely on the iance. In New The New Yor criteria of the N k Tran PCC s
a missi nd the N on Owners al YSRC.
so are responsible for compliance with applicable requirements and Generator
- and, s -
stand a
a s
rd appli s and cab The New Y le, Generato or r Op k State Gener erators and ators are respo are requ n
ired to register with the NERC a associated requirements. Since NERC standar sible t d
o s be meet a came ma nd co n
m dat ply o
wit ry in 2007, NERC ca h the a s Genera pplica tor Owners ble NERC NYSR has sche C Reliabi duled l
audi ity Rules, the ts of the New NYISO Yor d
k evelops rules Generator Owner and p
- s. Wi rocedure th re s, ty spec p
t ically thr to genera ou tor complia gh nce with n a the nd its manuals, procedures, 16 NAESB serve s as an i ndustry fo rum for the development and promotion of business standards that provide bus an efficient iness communit marketplace for y, participa who nt lesale an s, and reg d
ulatory retail natural gas a entities.
nd electricity, as recognized by its customers,
30 and Relia t
b ari ilit ff y Rules.
s approved by FERC, that require the New York Generators to comply with applicable NYSRC Impact of Restructuring and ensuring transmission relia
- Indus bilit try developments have somewhat complicated the process of monitoring from whole tr s
a ale ns mis com s
pe ion in New Y titive marke ork.
ts ra In mu
- y. Restructuring effectively separated ownership of generating resources country where single-system planni the ng r
a th ch an of t
t hrou he country, electri nd operat gh ve ing po rti w
c er ally in c p te o
gr w
ate er resources d utility m onop are now pr es. Th ovid e
ed thr ts ough p
oli par of the Power Pool, the New Engl other part and Power Pool, and Pennsylvania-Jersey ools alr s of the country. These organizations were able to transit
-Marylan eady exis d, a ted, i djusted ncluding more the readily New Yor than k
ion to Independent System Operators es (ISOs tablis
) an hed d R new egional Transmission Operators (RTOs) with little change in reliability pr markets. Respon proc sibilit ed y
ures f for pla or dra nning fting and relia operat bilit ing y sta the bulk ndards a sy nd measuring complia stem reliably now rest nce in rest otocols. Further, E ructured PAct applic Transm able reliability stan ission Planners for the Cont s primarily with the dards and cri rol Ar teria.
eas, but all Market Participants are required to comply with Through its predecesso developing reliability criteri r the New York Power Pool, the NYISO and NPCC each has enforceable reliability stand a
ard and moni environm tor e
ing complian nt. Moreover c
, because e, adapted of fair their contr ly easily t ol-ar o th a lon e new mand g history a
of tory fa pla ci nning lities, as responsibilit well as incre ies and independence from any financial interest in generation or tr ea-wide opera ansmission tional and Transmission System Planning technology, the system re a
l se ia d
bi e
li f
ty and forts a plan t inte n
rre ing e gional fforts i co n
o the rdinat se reg ion reduct ions exceeds what wa ion of seams and enhancements in s possible in the past.
A pro deq to u
cols ate t
to ra c
ns ounter p mission ot s
ential needs in ystem planning is essential to anticipate reliability issues and develop mitigation or con medi cepts of tr um (five-a y
nsmission planning ear), and long-term (10-year) the system. Transmission planning occurs over short (one-year),
follows. Finally, key reliability studies
. A detailed e period xplan
- s. T atio he follo n of the Comprehensive System Planni wing section summarizes the gene ng Pr ral ocess relia report.
bility and identify possible reliabil are ity impa desc ct ribed. Fi s from poli nding cy decisions t s from these st hat udie are pr s are used t esented lat o a e
ssess r in the for Protocols, Pr The NYISO i the New Y s t o
- ocesses, he Planning rk Contr M
ol A et C
re h
oor odologies a th dina Planning (TPL) group of Reliabilit at o tor pe ra an te d one s wi of two Transmission Planners (the second is National Grid) functional entities called Transmission Planners, Pl y Standards con thi si n
st the s of fo si ot x
p R
ri e
n li t
a of th bility St e NPCC.
andar The ds th N
a ERC t are Tr a
ansm pplicab ission le to the Organizations.
anning Coordinators, and Regional Reliability The NERC Rel to meet an appropri iability a
Sta te a ndards a nd specif re inten ic set of d
relia ed to ensure bility criteria that the
. Transmission pl transmission system is planned and designe a number of stages including:
anning is a process that involve d
s D
Using eveloping a model el to asses of the Bulk contingencies this mod s the p Po erfor wer man Sys ce tem of the system for a range of operating conditions and impa Determining ct; and those operating conditions and contingencies that have an undesirable reliability a
Developing an ccount the tim d
e ne evalu eded to pl ating a ra ac ng e t e of he solut solutio ion in service ns and selecting the preferred solution, taking into
31 The pro posed Transmission Planning Reliability Standards address:
developed The types o to f s m
imulation eet present s and asses and future syst sments th em needs a at must be nd performed to ensure that reliable systems are asse The inf ssme ormat nt o ion required to a f regional reliabili sse ty ss regional compliance with planning criteria and for self-Trans Planning Reliability Stan mission System Stan dar da ds.
rds f They es or Normal and Emergency Conditions are the key part of the Transmission con contingencies tingency. Cate grou gory ped A re accor qui ding reme to t nts a he number of element tablish the system performance requirements for a r pply to the normal sy s f ste orce m
d w
ou ith no t of s con ervice a re ontingen ti result ange of ngencies. C s a o
quirements apply to c ategory B f the t
a r
cont ansmissi ingency result on circuit, t ing ra in loss nsforme of r, or cies resulting in the loss of a single element, defined as a generator, line or both poles of a bi-polar DC line. Fi two single DC pole with or wi or more elements, such a thout s any a f tw a
o cir ult. Cat cuits egory C requirement on a multiple circuit s a tower pply to re perfor sulti man ng in c
lo t
e ss of multi nally, Category D requirements apply to extreme contingencies tha they allow unspecified expectations ple f
or C elem at e
e n
g ts, suc ory C h
con as tingencies a substation or planned or cont are lower all lines amounts of rolled loss o
than tho on a righ se fo t
r
-o Ca f-way. The sy tegory B con stem f load.
tingencies, in The NYISO addresses the re asses more stringen sments p t
r or m oduced by ore spe th cif quirements of the Transmission Planning Standards in conj e Syste ic requirement m and Resour s specif ce Plan ied by NPCC ning Depar an t
d t ment he NYSRC throug unction h three ma with any in The Relia The Area Tra bilit nsmiss y Needs A ion Revi ssess ew (ATR)
The Comprehensive Reliabilit ment y Pla
(
n R
(CRP)
NA); and The RNA a and are discu nd t ssed in he CRP a tha r
t e ma context jor co below.
mponents of the NYISOs overall Comprehensive System Planning Process, Are asses a
s T
men ran t
smi of the pl ssion anned b Review (AT ulk power R) - T tr he Area Tr ansmission ans sy m
stem c ission on R
d eview ucted by is a t
n he NYIS NPCC required O. The purp annual reliability asses transmi smen ssion ts and subsequen system is in co t
nf rep orm or a
t and Operation nce w s is to ose of these of the Bulk Power System.
i th the NERC Transmissio demonstrate that the New York Control Area planned bulk power reporting date to allow for minimum lead t For ime each annual review, th n P e
l stu ann d
i y ye ng S ar ta i
nd s four ards t
a o
nd six ye NPC ars C Des from ign t
he f
con acilit dition ies. The reviews may be conducted for a l s
onger required f term bey or con ond struction, and the ability to alter plans or five years wi s th t
a h Intermedi t may have lo ate or nger l Interim ead-tim R
e e
solution views condu
- s. A cted Comp in th reh e ye ensive ATR is six years to ad ars between Comprehensive required dress identi at leas fied t once mar e
ginal very a
ad System Planni ss dress umpt changes in the sy Reviews to ions fo ng Pr r studies lis stem. The most recent ATR is ocess.
ted in this report, including tho on s
e of e th t
at he a
a re p sse a
ssments use rt of the NYIS d t O
o C
develop b omprehens ase c ive ase NYISO Com restructured environment, i prehensive Sys n
tem whi Planni ch resources ng Proce are a ss cquired thr (CSPP) - Pl ou anning for the bulk electric system in a s
par ome a adigm. T spects o
very day, the different and more co gh wholesale competitive markets, is in of the competitive mar tra kets. Thus the NYISO, as a feder ditional planning m
as plex th pects an un of gri d
lly reg d
er a verti a
operations cally are inextricabl integrated co y
mman linked to the d-and-c workin ontrol gs Comprehensive Syst FERC for overall bulk syste em Planning Pr m operati ocess (CSPP).
ons and planning in the New iste Y
red Control Area rator responsible to ork Control Are Ope a, developed the
32 As required b the CSPP are:
y FERC, NYISO conducts the CSPP as a transparent, ongoing process. The primary objectives of To ensure re To li com abili that upgrades ply wit ty needs h all m are i a
d nd en a
ti or t
fi o
o e
r d
ther in a a
ti ct me ions necessa ly manner, an ry to meet d
long-term reliability needs or potential y national, regional, and state reliability standards and criteria planning, statewide resource ad The CSPP integrates the traditiona equacy pl l elements of transmission owners local (service area) transmission planning requ illustrates the i
com red to ponen accoun ts and th t for a eir int nd accommod anning, and tr ate the wo ansmissi rkings on of s
th ys e
tem com security petitive e
mar with the economic raction in the CSPP.
kets. Figure 9 Figure 9. Comprehensive System Planning Process Components Source: NYISO, 2012 is required to based on Transmission Owner the T e
Os ngage in a LT assessment o PP, s Lo f i which re cal Tra sults in nsmissi a Lo on Plan cal Trans ning mi Proces ssion s (LTPP).
Plan (LTP) wi Each T th a 1 O i 0
n New Yor year hori k
- zon, State upda own L te T
d PP, in and p cluding pr resented o
to vidi marke ng ade t p ts a
sys rti t
quate ti c
ems reliability ipants biannually. The needs. The TOs a LTP is reviewed annu re responsible for administ ally and e
form ring t a
heir lly specified and a dispu pro te c
resolution edures for pro diss cess.
emina ting informa me for tion relat stakeho ive t lder inp o the ut LT
, as P, hearing an well as adh d
ering comment op to a number portunities, of Each LTP is required to include identification of:
The planning horizon D
Needs a ata, models, nd issues addressed and assumptions used Potential solu A description tions unde of the tran r consideration, and smission facilities covered by the plan This figure represents the Comprehensive System Planning Process Components
33 or NY Any p S
lanning criteria or assumptions by the TOs are required to meet or exceed any applicable NERC, NPCC, major input RC cri and basis teria. The LTP for th Ps e RNA.
are subs tantially integrated into the NYISO processes by tariff and serve as planning h The Transmission Owner S orizon from year trate s 10 -
gic Transmission and Reliability Study (STARS) covers the long-term recommendations from ST Reliability Needs As AR sess S m me a
20 a y be ev nd is described in more de aluated in the LTP as po tail l tenti ater in this al solutions.
Sec tion. Project plans and over t marke he next t partici 10-yea pants and r period, con all interested sist nt (
e p
nt arties. The R RNA). The RNA NA i is devel wi s perfo oped by t rmed to a h
s e NYIS th NERC standards and NPCC criteria.
sess electr O in c ic sys onjunction tem relia with The system charac bility fro teristics using foreca m the ATR a st, serve a nd s t L
he TPP as well the resource adequac basis fo y crit r the as o relia ther assumptions such as load forecast, new/retired generation, and fuel the impact to reliability under varying eria and bility analysi A con tr si s.
ditions.
ansmis A
o fter n o b
pe a
r s
a e ca ting se and multiple sensitivities are evaluated in the base case with either a resource adequa approval o relia f th bilit e RNA, i y/security crit f a reliabil eria to understa ity ne nd violation, the NYISO will request market-based cy viol soluti a
o t
ns fr ion or t om ra all interest nsmission opera ed part t
ies a ing relia nd, simul bility/securit ed is iden y
ti fied re ident gulate ified relia d reliab bilit ility b y needs. De ackstop s velopers al olution from so t
can he desi propo gna se alte ted responsible transmission owners to taneously, a ad backstop if market-based solutions do not materialize accordin rna g t ti o
ve th r
e schedule re egulated solut q
i uired to ons to s meet erve a t
s a dress the reliability need. No action is taken if a violat he Comprehensive Reliability Plan (CRP) ion of the reliability criteria is identified in only the sensitivities.
need is identified in the RNA, the NYISO evaluates all propose The CRP is the next d solutio ma ns t jor st o determi ep in the ne whether th CSPP. If a re ey will liability meet develo the i ped dent
, sett if ing ied relia forth t b
he p ility needs over the 10-yea lans and schedules tha r
t st ar u
e dy pe expec rio ted to be implement
- d. From this evaluation, ed meet the C those needs.
RP is The ap Criteria proved can be ma NYISO inta ATR ined, a and C nd RP identify demo any sys nstrate tem rei that al n
l applic required level of reliability.
forceme able nts NERC Reliability Standar and additions necessary ds and NPCC Area Tra to maintain the and Comprehensive Relia reviewed by the NY bilit SRC.
y Pla The A ns are revi TR nsmi is available on ssion Reviews a nd approved by NY the NYISO w re submi ebsit tted to and appr IS
- e. Relia oved by NPCC annually NYISO public website as well.
ewed a O stakeholder bility s
Needs Asse and are pos ssment ted on s a the nd o
designed n the CRP Congestion to:
, NYIS O n Assess ext undert ment ak an es the CARIS. Di d Resource In recte tegration S d and deve tudy (C loped pursua ARIS) / Econo nt to FERC Order 890. CARIS is mic Planning. Building To est Assess both hi imate th storic and pr e potential economi ojected c
con benef gest it ion on s of relieving the New York that con bulk power system and i
i n
n te form gra ati tin o
g n
po to te sta nti ke al hol transm ders an issi d
on, ge facili ne tati ra ng tion the a
de nd v
de elo m
p a
me nd re nt o sp f s o
ge ns s
e tio res n b o
y u
stu rces dyi
, th n
e g
reby the olutions to fied cong e
p ffe the identi ro ct vi o
di f
e n
st g
ion The objectives o f the CARIS economic planning process are to:
Provide estimates of future congestion on the ew York State bulk Throug the 10 year CSPP planning h N
power transmission facilities over congesti h the on development of orizon approp riate scenarios, identify factors that might mitigate or increase Provide informat solutions to reduce ion t con o market ge participants, stakeholders, and other interested parties on generic Provi Provid d
e a e a p n o ro pp ce o
ss rtu for nit the y fo stion develo e
r valuation pers and to a
p pprov ropose solutions that may reduce the congestion regulated cost recovery under the NYISO Tariff al of regulated economic transmission projects for
34 The the 10-year study perio CARIS builds on and section. With the LTPP
- d. T aligns with the CRP and assumes a baseline reliable system identified in the CRP for Figure 10. Congestions A and he CARIS the CRP, the C proc ARIS ess depi com cted pletes the in Figure ov 10 is described in det erall CSPP.
ail in the following ssessment and Resource Integration Study Process Source: NYISO, 2012 Figure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Base Case Assumptions:
Most recently approved CRPFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS) Figure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Congestion Assessment: Historic and 10-year forecasted Identification of the three most congested elements and selection of the three studiesFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Cost/Benefit Analysis Three studies agreed to by the stakeholders Additional studies paid by requestorFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Phase 1 :
Study PhaseFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Phase 2 :
Project PhaseFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Project Cost/Benefit Analysis to identify project beneficiaries and allocate costsFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
CARIS Report Approved by the NYISO BoardFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Voting 80% or more to passFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Beneficiaries Determination and Cost Allocation Report Approved by the NYISO BoardFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
FERC Approval of project costsFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
PSC Siting and PermittingFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
Specific Transmission Project ProposalsFigure 10 represents Phase 1 (Study Phase) and Phase 2 (Project Phase) of the Congestion Assessment and Resource Integration Study (CARIS)
35 mar rank k
s e
the t p CARI ar thre tici S Pha e
pan mos t
s s
e 1 t
and con S
o ge t
t ud h
s e
te r i y Pha ntere se.
ste In d
p Ph ar ase 1 ties, de of the C d elements in the New Y velops ARI a 1 S
ork bulk 0
p
-yea roce r project ss, the N ion of YISO, in c cong ollaboration estion, ident wi ifi th es and the studies, a applie pplies t d generi he g c solu eneric sol ti utions to the congestion identified, po and wer syst conduc em, det ts the ermines t benefit/co he t st hree CARIS analysis of emissions including b ch ut anges, environ not limited to on l
- s. I oad n a fo ddi rec
- tion, ast u the NYIS ncertain O al proposa ty, f so performs scenario mental ls, and energ u
y e
eff l fo icien recast cy uncerta program int analys y, new resource es, with scena s, ret rios
- s.
- irements, F
ty o
pes, g r each of enera th t
ese t ion, t h
ra ree st nsmission, udies the NYI and dem SO a
con nd resp duct o
s nse a benefit/cost analysis of generic s solutions to congestion. The solutions analyzed are not a
spe re con cifi sid c pr ered on a compa ojects, but rathe rable ba olution sis as g
- s. Al e
l resource neric tran to m smissi easure th on, e
deman ir effects d res on r po elie nse, a ving each of the nd generation resources placed r represent generic three most congest indi ed element vidually in ke
- s.
y locations on the system Up NYISO govern on completio ance proce n of the Phase 1 analysis, the results are presented to stakeholders for review through the ac approve the CARIS report tion and also is provide ss. Thereafter, th d to the Independent e draft CARIS is forwarded to the NYISO board for review and consideration. Upon approv as subm al by the itte B
d or propose modif Market Advisor f ications or revi on its e
o w and wn m con otio sid n for eration.
further The Board may oard, the NYISO issues the CARIS report and posts it on its website.
at their own In addition to the thr expense. Requests ee CARIS st m
ud ay b
- ies, e
s m
tak ade eho a
ld t any ers ti al me so
, and may r
s equest a tudies w ddit ill be condu ional studie cted s o to f system congestion NYISOs resou CARIS Pha rces allow.
the extent the report by the NYISO b se 2 -
oar Pro
- d. In Ph ject Ph ase 2, t ase.
he developers of Phase 2 of the CA pot RIS ent is c ial o
t ndu ransmission project cted after the approval o estimated capital cost in exces s that have a f the P n
hase 1 and throu co g
s h the NYISO Tariff. Su ts (benefit/cost analysi ch de s of veloper
$25 millio s must submi n to allevia t
t their pro e congest s) jects ion ma to the y seek at any time prior to the input phase (Phase 1)
NYISO regula for t
an ed cost alysis re of benefits covery for accor regula danc ted e wi cos th next CARIS t re the cost allocation principles and me of the cycle, in covery if they would produce net s th avings odolo b
gie ase s c d
o n
u t
pon aine a
d i com n the pa rison Tariff. Pr of the oje N
ct YCA wide s are eligible produ first 10 ct ye ion ars cost savings with the annual total revenue requirements for the project, both computed over the be supplied b the benefit/co y
followi t
ng the proj t
he developer of s analysis will th ecte s
en be expressed a the project d in-ervi using ce da a
te re o
a f
sona the b
facility. Th le amortizati e cos on perio ts for the
- d.
benefit/c Specific pr os oject t analysis cost for will to project.
tal reve A
nue CA R
re IS Ph quir a
e se 2 ment for the project, starting s the net val ould fro present ue tudy c m the oposed co of s
cover up to 20 years.
pr mmerc the fi ia rst l opera ten ye tio ars n dat of t e
h o
e f
annual the Benef project.
iciaries will be loa determina Co t
s io t a n for lloca c
tion ost a a
llo m
d serv ong load zone ing entiti cation purposes will be based on e s will be es in load zones det based relativ ermined t e to economic benef o benefit economica it. The benef lly from t iciary he locational based marginal pricing load savings.
ach load serving entity's use and zonal net As appropriate t analyses appropriat he NYISO a e, regar lso will analyze and present additional information by conducting scenario other environ and environm m
en ental impacts, an tal regulations, ding f as well as other qualitative imp uture uncertainties, such as pos ac sible chan ts, such as imp ges in lo rov a
ed sys d foreca tem st ope s, fuel pric
- rations, es, and influence how benefiting use d
s inte vote g
on ration o a proj f renewable or o ect, this data will not be used for pu ther resources. Altho rpos ugh es this of d
co ata st a may lloca as ti sist on.
The NYISO wil stakeholder wo l provide i rking group ts b s
enef and it c
/cost ommi a
tte na es pursu lysis and beneficiary determination for particular projects to approved, will forward to the NYISO board of direct ant ors t
for i o its ts gover review and approv nance process a
for
- l.
comment and, if After the project benefit/cost and beneficiary determinations are approved by the NYISO Board and posted on the NYISOs website, the identified beneficiary LSEs then vote on whether the project is approved for cost
36 alloc or more o ation. F f the or ac a proj tual vo ect tes to b c
e a
s a
t pproved for reg on a weigh ulated cost recovery, the Tariff states that eighty (80) percent beneficiaries, including those v project meets the required vote otin in f g n avo o,
r of t
imp ed b lement asis m i
us ng t be c the p a
r s
oject t in fav
, and t or o he project f implementing is implemented, a the project. If the the NYISO Tariff. This process does not rel will pay their ieve the developer o proporti f the re onal s spon hare o sibility t f the co o
s file with FER t of the project thr ll C for ough appr proje ov ct.
al o To d f th a
e te proj
, no e
p c
roj t co ec s
t t
s h
and as g one with thr the o
ugh appr thi opri s v ate otin st g pr ate oc au ess.
thorities to obtain siting approval for the Other Key Studies This sect Table 3 fo ion hig llows wit hlig h a hts ot more comprehensive list her key New York and r of e
st giona udies t l studies hat su t
mm hat are conduct arizes the pur ed to ensure reliabilit pose, frequency, and other
- y.
he ong ma relevant infor intain reliabilit mation from the st
- y.
udies and illustrates t oing commitment of various stakeholders to NYISO Tran par York State Transmissio ties to pur sm sue con ission stru Expa n Sys ction o ns tem. Tr ion a f new t n
a d I ns ransmission fa mission nterconn facilities ection cilit Stu ies o
- Th erconnect e NYISO T studie dies r int d under the NYISO T ion of ariff includes p new generat ro io c
n t esses for ariff include transmis o the New expansi sion other transmissi on an on fa d merchan cilities fo t
r t tr h
a e purpose of nsmission. T crea ransmis ting incre sion e m
xpan ent sion relates to the operational concerns. The transmission expansion pro a
c l t ess ra ap nsfer plies to u capabilit a
y ddi or ti to on t address relia o, or modifica bilit tion y or of owned by TOs.
pgrades or additions of facilities ge Int ne erconne rating ct an io d
n facilit merchan ies studie t transmi d under ssion fa th c
e NYISO T ilities, as we ariff include proposed interc a large generating facility (generating capacity of more l
l t
as han sm 20 MW) or a all generato mercha rs and lo onnections ad.
a A lar o
ge f l a
f rge nt tr nsmission f aci acilit lity y (
can be an HVDC line) or perf studies. All o ormed by t f these
. Small tran generat smission ex ing facilities (smaller than 20 MW) are subject to different and less complex e.g.,
he NYISO with consider pansion an able input d interc fro o
m nnecti the T on facilit Os.
ies are subject to studies coordinated int Reli e
ab rconnect ilit P
y Impac rel i
iminary ng a t
facilit Stu R
dy (
e y to t li S
abil RIS) he ity are N
Stu ew Yor all pr dies.
e The limin F
ary e easibility Stu valuati dy k State Transmission S ons o
, System f the syste Imp m
act imp Stu ac d
t y
and (SIS co
)
st and of System t
prop he prima osed f r
acil y object ity on ives of t the reliabi hese prelimina lity of the elect ry st r
udies a ic syste y
r m and the p stem.
otential The s e:
for tudies l advers oo e system k at the im imp p
a ac cts. Am t of the ong To applica confirm w ble relia hether a proposed new or modified facilities associated with the project comply with To To a
a s
s s
s e
e s
s s
s t
t he he imp bilit ac y
t sta of t ndards p
voltage st impact of the he and ability limitati p
- ons, ro ro p
p o
o s
s e
e d
d p
p r
r o
o j
j ec ec t
t n m
o the and esti ate o
the n tra in ns reliabilit mission t y of ran th sfer l e pre-exist imits, c ing onsi power system affected transmission interfaces crease or decrease in the trans dering therm fer capability al, of To i prop de osed ntif f
y acil and e ity valuate alternatives to eliminate adverse reliability impacts, if any, resulting from a These prelimina be required to interconne ry reliabilit ct y st a pr udies ident oposed facilit ify the specific interconnection facilities or equipment that would tran accoun smissi t the requirements a on planning guidelines nd guid and pr elines of y to the transmission system in a reliable ma actices.
- NERC, These NPCC stu
, NYS dies RC, also provide a prelimi the applicable TO, as well as NYISOs own nner, taking into f
reliably interconnect a aith estimate of cost respo prop n
o sibi sed lity and es facility.
timated time to construct the facilities or equipment nary non-binding needed to good Faci stu of d d
evelopers ies. An In liti in a c terconne es St ombined udi ction es.
Fa stu ci d
lities S
- y. The p tudy (Cl urpose as o
s Year f the Class Study Ye
) i ar s performed concurrent Study is to identify and ly for a determi n e n
nt e
ire g the c roup ost The facilities studies are the final and most comprehensive interconnection
37 alloc Tran a
smis tion o sio f
n th S
e ys fa te ci
- m.
litie Develo s or equipment pers use t he required to reliably interconn their allocated system upgrade costs and m r
ove f esult o
s rw of ard the Cla to an ss Year Study to dec ect a project ide t
whether or n o the New Yo o
r t
k t
S o
ta ac te cept t
St h
udy is perf at are not ormed for all large and some small interconnection Int fa erconnect cilities. Those small g ion Agreement enera
. The Cl ting fa ass Yea cilities r
implement and estimate subjec s the c t
o t
s o
t t
o h
f e
th Cla e e ss Ye qui ar Study need only to complete an individual Facilities Study that specifies (performed by t the conclusions of he affected TO) p the pme SIS. Si nt, e m
ngi ilarly, the neering, procurement, and construction work needed to facilities identified in the SIS and, r
if o
a vides pplicable, ma a good faith es Facilitie tima s Stu te of d
the c y fo o
r a t y provide a nonbinding es st an ran d
smi time ss to c ion expansion project may result from the construction of the new facilities.
timate of the fe onstruc asible T t the new CCs that Installed g
gene The I enera rati tion a ng Capacity R ca nd ot pacit h
y er capacit tha equir t must b ement -
y re e
sources above 100 percent in pl ace to nstalled Reser maintain resource ve Margin adeq (IRM) represents t uacy. It is measured he a serve all customers without in by the mount a
of moun of forecasted peak load that must be availa t
ble t of o
appr annua oves l reliability study that co terruption.
nsists o The NYSRC Installed Capacity Subcommittee (ICS) conducts an system. B t
oth he I FERC RM study and an PSC d
ap uses prove the t
stu f a d
ba y
s to e
e ca st s
ab e a li nd mult sh the annu iple sensi he IRM.
al statewide IRM for tivities. The NYSRC reviews a the New York power nd These st losing electric load udies use prob in th a
e event bilistic co of insuf mputer fici m
ent odeling capacity.
tech 17 n
Ext iques to ensive work g calculate oes int the pro o
b and de ab v
ili eloping, reviewing, ty of involuntarily
- data, ap whi proving v establishes le th th e
e am NYISO oluminous pro input data. Through its stak ount of cesses the data in the model.
eholder Consiste p
nt wi roce t
ss, the IC h the NYSR S re C I views and RM, the N ap YIS pr O
oves the regions establishe such s th a
e s New Y amount ork of Ci g
inst e
alled capacity New York LSEs mu t
ne y and rating Lon ca g
p I
aci sland.
ty th at must be loca s
te t pur d w c
ithi hase. U n cert sing ain t t
ra he nsmission-constrained IRM, the NYISO also The IRM h an IRM increase f as fluctu or the 2012-201 ated based on the re 3 Capa sults bilit of the I y Year f RM rom 15.5 per study process. In 2011, the NYSRC study determined required IRM levels f load forecast, change r
s om ye in plant availability, and other factors. It sh cent ould t
ar to year such as these do not increase or decre be reco o 16.0 perce gnized that v nt based a
on riatio an updated reliability. The amount of IRM required for a given year is de ase New York electric syst ns of em tha occurrence in 10 yea t at any given time r
, the
- s.
probability of an involuntary disco si nnecti gned to meet on of firm the resource a load should n d
o equacy cri t exceed one teria Defe system Defensive Str ns dis ive Str tur a
b a
te ances. Sin tegi gies W es Work orki ce ng Gr
- then, ing the DS Gro oup u
(
p DS
- F WG) ollowing t to explo he August 2003 Bl WG has consid r
ered vari e mechanis ous ms to a
pr ck ote out ct
, t the he NYSRC forme NYCA during d
majo the r
ad The working ditional ph group is comprised o asor measurements coul f represent d provide t atives of he pro the NYCA t tection neede te d durin chnologies, g a m an ajor sy d concluded that NPCC, and members of the NYSRC Executive Committee.
ransmission owners, NYISO, stem DP dist S
urbance.
Staff, The D own investi SWG h g
a a
s t
cl ions osely m of cohe onitored rent ge vari nera ous tio s
n tu gr dies c oups ondu and cted othe by N r me P
an CC the Eastern In s
and the NYISO, while cond terconnection and/or within the NYCA bulk power syste b
m mi y whi gh ch i t pr nte ot ntional separa ucting tion fro its m
New Yor hosted several t k system fro echnol m
og internal or external disturbances. As part of this effort, ect major y presentations by equipment and software vendors to the DSWG has plan porti n
o ed an ns of d
the appli applica cati bilit ons y of of sy the ste se t m
echnolog protectio ies. The D n devices SWG and pha also s
invited inp or measuremen ut from t un s
i y
ts st and ems to s
e tu va dy, review, an luate the pote d evalu ntial ate Brookhaven Nationa l Laboratories, P acific Northwest National Laboratories, an a
d El nalys ec is expert tric Power Resea s (including rch 17 cap met a
h city
- ods, p
a lan nd res ning, includin ource adequa g the development of co probabilistic techniques were implemented during t cy criteria. Studies fo mp r esta uter m blis odels hing s
, relia tatewide cap bility eva aci lua ty requirements using tion techniques and he late 1960s by the New York Power Pool.
For many years, the New York power industry has pioneered the application of probability methods for
38 Institu disturb te) on developing concepts for controlling the s permit a
d nces.
irect moni The D to S
ri WG ng c
o o
f n
the cluded that the applicatio ep n of ara a
t ddi ion ti o
on f the al p p
has ower sy or measu stem rement te during maj chn or ology could instability, and thereby might b e used to i behavior o m
f plement coheren t
th ge e cont nerati rol on led se grou par ps and ation dete conc ct e
imminent sys pt.
tem The DSWG w technology wi o
t r
h U.S. D ked with the epartm N
e YISO nt of Ener to deve gy Smart Grid funding.
lop a feasibility study I
f t
or s
th objective is t e applicati o
on develop an of phasor measurement external or internal disturbance feasibility of a protection system t makes se hat would addre paration inevit ss where, ho able.
w, and when to separate the syst d ass em e
when a ss the n
The st variety of system events, ori udy began the first quarte dependability. It will be close g
ly in coor a
r of 2011 a ting both o n
utsi d cont de an inued int d withi o
n t 20 o
- 12. It will include care the NYCA, to demonstra ful si te securi mulation of a Blackout follow-up effort. While the Ne dina w
te York s d with tudy a rel is focu ated N sed PCC st on u
the interests dy, referred t o
o f the as Task NYCA 5 of th t
e 2003 y as well as NPCC reg security is ion. Should f sue in detail e
, the asibilit NPCC y be demon Task 5 st str udy i ate s
d, the D focused on SWG will initial wor feasibility findings related and k with to t he probes e
r t
e he the NYISO in pursuit of d nti etailed design and implementation stu hardware/firmware/software depl dies. Thes oymen e
t, i will include the are nterfaces with the a
N s rel YIS a
O cont ted to r
com ol center, a municati nd cyber securit ons infrastructure, issues.
y Any applica internal dist t
u i
rba on of nces lik phasor mea e those s
in Aug urement or ot ust 2003 should be viewe her new technolog d as ies to pr a lon o
g-term tect the undert NYCA from external or Ne has been a m w York T
- T r
ajor long-an he New Yor smissi term on k
Own State Tr (20-ye er S ar outl t
ans ate Tran mi o
ssion A ok) re smis vi sses si ew on s
o m
f the As ent an se tr ssm an d R s
en m
eliability t
is an sion sy d Re a
Stu liab TARS)
Initiative dy (
ility Stud king.
the STA y (S RS initiative) opti Trans mi m
ze ission in New Yor i.e.,
tran r
TOs. P stem k by the smis si the on s e
yste liability of roactiv the e
ly i Ne ni w Yor tiate k
d b
tr y the ansmi New York TOs, in early 2009, the goal of the study was to regulatory requirements. The St m capability in the udy ex con amined the l text of s
re si placi on sy n
ste g
m an ong-term reli aging i d expl nfras ore opport tructure. I uni t wa ties to expa s not the re n
sul d
t of tran including smissi smart on expansi grid a on pplications and delivery of renewable powe abi r, c lity an onsid d ec er d ono iffere m
nt c ic up ap g
aci rade ty a alternatives, nd exist strate ing gie t
s ra for nsmission fa upgrading c
and retireme t plans. A major focus
, re ilities furb and assess n
their expected useful lif of th
- e. The St e review wa udy ha s to a s p n
r a
op lyze t osed he ag var e of ious t
he i
power nfrastruc grid.
ture
, support the integr ishing an ation of d
r
/or building n enewables, and i ew tran mprove th smissi e econo on in New Y mic ef or fi k
ciency o to replace f the aging New York the s The scope of work f t
or STAR fa tudy responds o recent S w cilities to maintain a secure, FER as C p revie olicy wed an advo d
ca su ting ppo rebuilding rted by the N existin YISO, the DP g and con S, and NY structing S
new tr DEC. Moreover, renewa ion.
reliable bulk power system, to lower congestion costs, and to supp an t
smission bles resource integrat or STAR options wi S looke th e d beyond repl nhancement a
s c
design ement in-kin ed to int d t e
o g
i ra dentify te renew an a
d an ble resou alyze o rce pp s
ortunities to overlay the basic rebuild wind an opportuni d p ties ossibly Canadian hydr for economic transmis oelect sion u ric power resources, into pgrades to relieve conge the g stio rid. The a cost effe s
ct sessment a ively, part l
i so i cula dent rly upstat ified e
- n.
STAR transf S is being c er capabilit on y needs to meet ducted in three pha s
scena Loss es. Phas rios. Phase II, completed in April 2012, ident of load Ex e I complet pec ified t tatio ed in January 2010, ident h
n (
e mo LOL st E) suit for a
va ble and rious cos gen t e era if t
ied pot ion expa ent nsi ia o
l addi n
tional alte include a rnativ ddi es tional to repla sensitivit ce aging infrastructure and a ffective transmission supporting this effort by pro y
v a
iding d nalyses atab an a
d asses ses an s
chieve the identif ne du cessar d
ments con cting th ied t e econ hroug y transfer capab hout Phases I ility. Ph and II. Th ase III will omic analysis.
e NYISO is
39 wit st the These result New York s provide k State Ene e
rg y input y Plan.
s into The st bo udy process has been comp th the NYISO's comprehensive letely ope system pl n and ann transp ing pr are ocess, as well as nt with regular akeholder meetings throu he h FERC Order 890.
gh t NYISO's Transmission Planning Advisory Subcommittee and consistent Finally, the re EIPC is transmissi con on planning assessment sults of the STARS assessment have been provided to an even broader interregional Interconnecti du o
cting n of the United St reliability and at ec kn onom own as ic plannin the Eas g
te an rn Interc alysis of t onn he el ection ectr Plannin ic systems t g Collaborative (EIPC).
authorities are working together clo es sely to an and Cana alyze da east grid of the reliab Ro ilit cky M y an ountains. Tr d security, while f ansmission hrough out planning the Eastern Regio moderniz nal and ation to allow wholesale markets to work more efficiently and accommodate renewables.
acilitating grid reforme
- On February 16, 2007, the FERC issued Order No. 890, which co appr ordina d the FERC oved ted RT pl Interr anning pr s
egional Planning pro oce forma ss at open acce both a re ss tran gional an smission tariff d a local level. FE to provide for an open, transparent, and regional plan O
n s in the ing proces Nort s w
- heast, ith st Midwes akeholder input t, Southwes fro t
m
, as well a every ind s C ust alifornia, RC state pr d
ovid that each o es for a c f
oor the C dinated ommis an sion-d exist these exist ence, such proce ing efforts sses
. FERC f may no urther recognized that in ry segment and that it fully supports acknowledged that RTOs and ISOs t need had tr to ansmis be drasti sion cally planning chan regions where sig ged to comply wit nifica h Order No. 890. F nt processes were a ERC lready in hat i.e.,
processes in their planning process (
a process t incorpo c
r oor ated di the plannin nation, open g p ness, tr rinciples th anspar at e
ncy, infor each trans ma mis tion ex sion pr chan ovider tariffs.
had The NYI to addres SO develope s in its d
resolution, regional participation, economic planning studies, and cost allocation g
for ne e, compa w proj rability, disput ects).
e Most Comprehensive System Planning P significantly, to comply with t r
he Order No. 890 t ocess. The CSPP w r
a ansmissi s built on on t
planning principl he core processes o es, the NYI f the CRP SO modified created t
t expan o:
he d the existing economic plannin N
cos YIS t allo Os ca pla tio nning n and p
rec roce overy for sses.
regula g
te pr d re oces liab s, a ili d
t d
y pr a lo oj cal ects tran
. Ultim smission pl ately, the C anning compo ommission nent, an accepted d introduce all of the planning be litigate FERC a
d nd
. I t likely will ha cos Order N t alloca
- o. 1000.
tion. FER In July 2011, F C has reaffirmed ERC issued Order No. 1000, a major ruling on transmission interregional basis, cost allo ve major cation for impac new tr ts a
o nsmis n tran the O der on s
smis r
ion proje sion sy rehea c
stem pl ring; however ts, and consi anning on a re
, aspe gional cts an of t d
h e Order may int public policies in t ended to build on Order No.
he transmission pl dera 890s pla anning pr nning requirement ocesses. The Co
- s. Or mmissi der No. 1000 is a on stated t tio h
imed at a
n t Order No. 1000 is of state and federal primary objectives. Specifically, to:
achieving two (1) [e]nsure tha evaluate, on a non-discrimin t transmission planning processes at the regional level consider and and trans (2) ensur mission plan that can meet ator y b e that the costs of tran transmission needs more efficie asis, possible transmission alte ntly and cost-effe rnatives and pro cti duce vely; a
needs are allocated fairly to those who re smiss c
ion solu eive benefits from tions chosen them.
to me et regional transmission Order No. 1000 requires pa planning processes. These r rticipation by public utility transmission providers in regional transmission t
a h
lt at ernat may resolve the tra egional ives identified by indiv nsmiss i
i d
o ual pub n pl pro anning regi cesses must ev ti o
aluate transmission lic utili e ns nee s in the d
i s more r local tr ef ans fici m
ently an alternatives d cost-effe at the re ctively th g
an ional level co the considera ordination a tion of needs driven by Publi ission planning processes, includin cross regional planning processes and the establi c Policy Requirements shm
. FERC ent o a
f c lso o
d st irec alloc ts a
t ti he on met impro ho vement ds for of g
alloc facilities ident ation for n ified thr ew tran o
s ugh mis s
re ion gional tr facilities be ba ansmission plans. Addit not be involuntarily allocated to ent sed on the "benef iona icia lly, Order No. 1000 ries pay" principle a ma nd directs t ndates tha h
t cost at cost s
transmission plans must consider tra i
n ties tha smission f t do acilit not re ies propos ceive benef ed by a its. Reg ll ent io it na ies.
l a Order No. 1000 a nd inter-regional lso
40 requires t transmissi hat on planning process.
generation, demand resources, and transmission be treated comparably in the regional Order No. 1000 a reforms are not in ck t
n ended to und owledges tha ermine prog t some regions a ress being lready ha made in t ve such ho p
se regions.
rocesses in pl
ace and the directed 1000 provides t Final Rule, public utility trans hat to the ext mission providers need not ent existing transmission planning processes satisfy Co t
ns he equently, Order No.
requirements of this instea to tari d, sh ff she o
e uld de ts alre scribe in t ady on fil h
e ei wi r com o
ow revi th the plian C
ce filing h the rel se their open evant requirement access mmission.
s a tra re sat nsmission tariffs and, isfied by reference In g enera l terms, Order 1000:
Applies to ne local w transmis is generally b or regional tr elieved that th ansmissi sio on pl n facilities which are those subject to evaluation or reevaluation within qualify as regional transmission e planning pr anning proces ocesses of exi ses after s
t ting R he eff TOs/ISOs, including the NYISO, will ective date of the compliance filings. [It modification.]
planning processes for the purpose of the Order with limited Requires tran alternatives and pr smission odu plan ce a r n
egional ing at the re trans g
m ional ission level to plan consider and evaluate possible transmission Requires the c fairly to beneficia ost o ries f transmission solutions chosen to meet regional transmission to be allocated Compliance filing respect to int Eastern er-reg s on most ional issues requi
, which a rements under the Or re due in April 2 der are due 013.
in October 2012, except for filings with has formed the EIPC Inter to conne pioneer a gr ction Planning Co ass-roots effor llaborative t to perform
. A group con of electri Currently, EIPC is engaged in an inter nection transmission s interconnecti tu o
c n-wide tr system Plan ansmissi ning Auth on an o
alysis.
rities Planning Au Energy scheduled t thorities in the East o conclude at ern Inter the end of connecti 2012. The Project r on to model th e
e impa pre dy s
eff ents ort a fi fun ct on t rs d
t-ed of-b its-y th ki e U.S. Depa nd effort to i rtment of policy options determined to be of he transmission grid of v n
arious volve them stakeh a
olders.
s neces The basi sary to su c
ppo app interest by state, provincial, and federal policy makers and other Interconnection. This approa rt int roach f erregi or t on he Project builds exist al analysis of the comb ing ined reg models o iona f the bul l plan k power system and refines consideration both opportunities an ch will ensure t d impact hat s from the exi grid s
t enhancem ing regiona en l pla ts in re ns have fully taken into s for the entire Eastern regional tr interconnecti ansmission on. Furthermore, t planning processes developed by t he Project builds upon, rather he Pla th nn an s ing ub Authori stitut gi es on for, s th the rough curre out nt lo the c
al and st tran akeh smi older ssion g
e roups xpansi within t on pl he entire Eastern Interconnection. Those proce ies an t
sses, a t
ans, are developed in accordance with he requirements n
of d the result d associated ing regional the Eastern In provincial jurisdic terconne tions ction and m
, the eet pot NERC Re ential int liab federal, state, and opportunities and significant challenges.
eg ilit rat y Crit ion of eria la
. A rge lt am hough some coordinat ounts of renewable re ion h source as lo s
ng existed in offers greater The Project uses a c
n open and transparent multi-constitu being stu Eastern Inter died from onnecti an o
econ
- n. Th om is di ic s verse s tandpo tak ency stakeholder process representing the entire int. Thi eholder bo s c dy wide transmission analyses will oordinate has i d
de in nt terreg ified eig ional ht a
specif pproa ic resource f ch to interc u
onn tures t ection-hat are which a Further, the r re found in remote areas enable ev not currently a aluatio cces n of s
a ed wid by robus e range of renewable resour t, high voltage transmi ce ssion opt infr
- ions, a
stru some o cture.
f beyond the existing re esource expan gional planning sion scenario hori s
z will consider ons.
development for 20 years into the future, well Pha in the following year.
se I was completed in Novem EIPC provided ber 2011 with stakeholder selection of three scenarios for detailed analysis EIPC will perform reliability and produ an ct interim Ph ion cost analy ase I ses o repor f a t
ltern to th a
e tive trans DOE in December 2011. I mission options t n Phase II, o support the expansion scenarios selected during Phase I. High-level cost estimates also will be developed for both the
41 g
report in Q4, 2012.
eneration and trans mission expansion facilities for each scenario. These efforts will result in a final Phase II under a plan covering f
Northeast Co orma t
l ordinated System ISO pro he needs of the r tocol studying egion that each I numerous issues rela Plan.
SO/RT
-NE, the O serves.
NYIS In O, and additi the on, the PJM each se ISOs/
produ RTOs ce its w
own re ork jointly gional developments (IESO) of On
, and performance. Hydro-Québec TransÉ t
nergie, the I ed to interregi ndependent onal electric system proble Electric System Opera ms, tor i
data and infor tario, an mation.
d The i the N ntent ew Brunswick of this co Sys llabor tem Oper ation u ator (NBSO) participate on a limited basis to share nterregional basis in a proactive and well coordinated manner.
nder the join t planning protocol is to plan on a wider The current accommoda t
p e
rot the F oco ERC Orde l establishes pr r No. 1000 requirement ocedures that accom s:
plish the following tasks and will be revised to Exch for bo ange th individua data and i l a n
n for d joint mation to ensure the proper coordination of databases and planning models To implement the pr Coor planning activit Analyze firm dinate interconnection reques transmission service request ts likely t s lik o
ies conduct have cross-border ed by all parties ely to ha impacts Develop the Northeast Coordinated System Plan (NCSP v
)
e cross on a perio
-bor di der impa c basis, ty
- cts, pic a
ally every two y nd ears representa on of all o
Stakeholder A ti dvisory the
- tocol, IS the Jo nd int ISO/RTO Pl Com Os a mittee (I R
PSAC TOs, a
) wa nd an o anning Commi pen stakehold ttee s created to discuss er (JIPC) was formed that includes Eastern Interconnection Reliability Assessment Group.
w gr ork oup co called nduct the ed by Inter-Area the JIPC.
Planning Interconnection Reliability Assessment Gro The purpose of the Eastern tran system in the Eastern Inter smission system condit c
ions.
onnection through up (
periodi ERAG) is c stu to d
fu ies rth of er se au a
g sona ment the reliability o l and longer-term f f the bulk power orecasted As pa SERC r
E t of ast-R the joint FC-NPCC ERAG a (SeRN greement
) Steering sig Commi ned by the six reliability regions in the Eastern Interconnection, the Wor conduc king G ts ap rou pr p an aisals d
o the R f the F
S C
e
-NPCC RN interre Work gional system perform ttee, under the direct ance. O ion of n a re the ERAG Ma gular basis, the SERC nagement East-RFC Committee, perfor d evaluate system performa pab in system st ms the i rengt nterregion h an al transfer ca ili g Gr ty stu oup, un dies. T der the gui he studies, which a dance of the Se re used a RN St s a mean eering Commit s to measure
- tee, con perfor dition med.
s o f the near-term summer and winter pea nce, a k l re complet oad conditi ed on se
- s. L mi-ong-annually w term studies ith anti a
ci re per pated o iodic pe a
r lly ating Pro gram, the NPCC O Tas v
k erall Forc Trans e on In accordance with the NPCC Reliability Assessment Assessment. The overa by each of the NPCC Areas b ll study builds u Sys mission tem St Asse udies is m ssment and ated to review y examining the syste pon and supple m fro m
m ents a bro the ssessment ade Tr the need for an Overall Transmission The last Overall Transmission A r r an was conducted in 2009 by t egional and inter-r smission Reviews con egiona duc l perspect ted annu ive.
ally he SS-37 Working Group under th every t direction ree yea h
of the Task Force on System S e
rs. The objectives of the 2009 a tudies. The Overall Tra ssessment were n
to smission Assessment i s typically performed As desig ses n
s
, ext the d re yna me, a mic nd beyond cri and steady-st teria ate cont perfo ing rma encies nce of the NPCC system in a future year for various relia gene b
rati ilit on y under sig Evaluate the i Det simulate c
p ermine if the e mpact o ffe t of e f pr xtre o
the dynamic perf m
o e
sed large future system developments in the adjacent RFC region and nificantly increa o
con rm ti a
nge nce of t ncie h
s e syst originati em exhibit ng in the RFC region sed penetrations of varia s t ble gener rends th a
at tion could such adv as ersely impac wind powere t
d
42 Table 3. List of Reliability Studies Name Area Transmission Responsible Entity NYISO Purpose To demonstrate the system is in Frequency Comprehensive:
Planning Horizon Five years Required by In compliance with Review Reliab NYISO compliance with NERC standards Long-li bili Once/five years Interim/Intermediate:
Annually to address system changes Every other year (Even 10 years NPCC/NERC requirements FERC-approved Assessment ility Needs Congestion Assessment NYISO range re a ty assessment of both resource adequacy and transmission security Assesses historic and future years)
Every other year (Odd 10 years NYISO Tariff FERC-approved and Resource Integration Study Locational Minimum NYISO congestion and provides cost/benefit to relieve congestions (not a reliability study)
To determine local ICAP years)
Annually Next capabilit NYISO Tariff Inst Requirement alled Capa s
city Study Seasonal Operating NYISO requirements for applicable NYCA zones such as NYC and Long Island To determine if th Every six months y
year May-April May-October Perfor NYISO in med by compliance with NYSRC Rules A-R2 and A-M2 NPCC/NYSRC Studies Interconnection NYISO e system can operate reliably for the upcoming season and to evaluate inter-and intra-area interface transfer capability Assess potential reliability As needed November-April P
da roject in-service te NYISO Tariff Studies (Small and Large) impacts from a new project and to identify remedial options
43 Name Wind Study Responsible Entity NYISO Purpose T
t d h
d Frequency Planning Horizon 10 Required by Market Pa ti i Annual Fault Current NYISO o s u y t e impacts of win generators on operations, system planning, and energy production To assess fault Two special studies conducted Annually years Current yea r c pants NPCC Assessment Reliab NPCC current levels, identify critical substations with potential overdutied circuit breakers, and recommend remedial actions Determine the reliab d
ths r
NPCC ility Assessments (seasonal)
Review of NPCC ility an adequacy of NPCC for the season Estimate Every six mon Annually Upcoming season and NPCC Interconnection Assistance Reliability Benefits Installed Reserve amount of emergency assistance each Balancing Authority could obtain from its neighbor Annually Current year fifth year ilit NYSRC Margin State Transmission and NYSRC/ NYISO Transmission Provides parameters for establishing the installed reserve margin Eval d
Next capab y
year May-April Reliability Study Losses Owners SO uate need to build, upgra e, refurbish or retire transmission facilities To assess the benefits of Special study conducted 20 years 2006 Not Applicable PSC Proceeding/NYISO System Efficiency Study DPS/NYI reducing electric system losses Special study conducted
44 Transmission System Operations The opera conjunction w tion of t ith eac he New York h TO's Contr State P ol Cen o
t we er, and requires instan r System is coordinated tan by the NYISO Con eous excha e of trol Center in The oper ng scheduling information.
D Ag ispat reement chi ating ng policy atio o
n M f NYI
, and t Oper he NYSRC Ag an S
u O an al. Under t d opera he t tional r erms o ole of f th e N the TOs YISO Ag are de reement scribed in
, the NYISO/Tra the NYISO Transmission and State Power System to maintain s reemen ystem re t, the lia NYISO h bility in a as the auth ccordance ority wit t
h o direc good uti t the operation o nsmission Owner f the New York Operati Reliabilit onal Cont y Rules. NYISO i rol with s re the sp res on p
sible for onsible TOs the co
. T ordin he TOs ation of the operation of li tho ty s
p e
ra facilities unde ctice and app r
li its cable ope Tran ra smission Syst ting facilities e
unde m in t r di he New Y rection i.e.,
or an k C d c o
o n
n trol A trol o r
f ea. T the NY a
ISO t re res o a ponsible for physically maintaining and Transmission System Facilities (
the distribution sys he TOs tem), p a
rovi re ssure secure opera also responsible for tio o
n per of t a
he N ting Loc YISO Secured and secure operation of the NYS Transmission System.
ded it does not compromise the reliable al Area Trans mission System Operations addresses three general timeframes:
Operati Day-ahead ons planning, wh of actual system o ich look perat s a i
head over t ons; and he next six-month electric system capability period Rea Compli l-time opera ance with all reliability tions. Each timeframe is focused on maintaining system reliability and securi frequency, stability, and therma rules is monit l limits within acceptable leve ored to maintain sys ls tem conditions for voltage, ty.
Trans the Sta m
n ission dards implement System Oper ed by NER ators are oblig C, which apply ated to follow to three sets of reliability requirements. The first are implement which apply to the n ed by NYSRC, which a ortheastern Unite re New Y d St o
ates rk speci and C fic ru an all ad of North America. Second are criteria of NPCC, NERC Standards and NPCC Criteria. These standards include requi les tha
- a. Thir t a d, operators must follo re more specific or more w rules developed and stringent than the properly studies, develop da train y-ahead plans, continuously monitor real-time o rements to perform oper perations, and have quali ations plannin fied and g
Operat asse referred to as the Operating Stud ssme ion nt s
s i P
n l
ed sys annin tem operators monitoring and operating the system on a 24-hour schedule.
prepar g -
ati on Ope for rati the on ne s Pl x
a t
n o
n p
i e
n r
g e ati v
n alua g seas tes the on cap ne ab xt operating season and performs reliability interfac ies and focus on determining and monit ility period. These oring transf stu er limit dies are s on key commonly These stu presente e
d s t to o be dies N
are c YISO tter unde oor Sys dina te r
m stand anticipa t
e Operations a ted d with the N nd Sy con s
dition tem Op s
e fo rat r the next capability period. The results are systems.
ew York TOs, other N ors i YIS n p O
re s
p t
ar ak ati eholder on for s
t
, a he n
d neighborin next capabili g electri ty period.
c Ana Day-A lysis t hea ha d O t provides a least perating Plan -
cos The t ec NYI onomic SO use co s
m a
mit Sec m
ur ent ity Con of gene strai ra ne tio d Uni n tha t
t is a Commi sec tme ure Da nt18 y-Ahe in the D ad a
Operat y-Ahea ing d
Plan. This local reliability rules establis study performs a security ahead operating plan that is pro hed vide by t c
he ons N
t YS rained RC. Fo econ r the om D
ic dis ay-Ahea patch observing d Analysis, th reliability rules, including d to the system operators and TOs in New Y is assessment produces a next day oper ork in preparation for the day-R assessmen real time by performin eal-Time Op a
erat tions.
ion s
g real-tim
- NYISO S e asse ystem ssments wi Operatio th ns a
eva Real-Time luates system t / D and ts are performed while monitoring syste Commi condi tmen tions ispat secures ch. A se the system ries of in unplanned events, and observing reliability rules an m condit d mainta ions as ining sy they stem reliabil change thro ity at all times.
ugh the day
, including 18 Terms that are capi talized a http://www.nyiso.com/public/marke re define ts_operati d in the NYISO' ons/services/custome s tariffs, which are po r_supp sted ort at
/gl t
oss he N ary/in YISO website at dex.jsp.
45 The sys system freque tem operat ncy, an ors d
moni area t
or con sys trol error tem conditions
, which repre such as sents therm th al, e am vo o
lta unt o ge, an f ac d s tu t
al n ability given moment in variation from scheduled int et inte limit rch s, in a ange ddit at any ion to implemented may deviate fr tha om t
t a
he nor re scale ma d t l st o h ates ow far due to unplanned ev erchange power f ents. Ope low ra
- s. A tor s sys s issue tem corre cond ct ition ive acti s chan ons ge, to con be ditions Sy situa ste t
m ion. The Operating se corre Stat ctive ac tions are as the system has deviated es -
signed to different Opera fro ti m
ng nor Sta mal tes.
state and the urgency of the Major Emergency and Restor The NYISO opera ation. The objective of the tes to five diff NYISO ere is nt Ope to opera ratin te t g S h
ta e New York St tes: Normal, Warning, Alert, states, whi System within the Normal State. System Operators are alerted when the system enters into ea ate c
Power h of these angle actions re i clud ch allows t e re a
ps, d
he Opera gul n
ator t is a
patching, re tor t turni o take a predefined set of actions to return the system to normal. These Resources, (SCRs) purc c
hasing eme tivating Eme rgen rge n eq D
ui e
pme mand nt t Re o
sp service cy n
g cy power, and others, up onse Pr
, adjusting reactive d t
o o
g a
ram nd includin s (EDRP g
s) lo an e
d vices, adjus
/or Special ting phase-Major Emergency State.
ad shedding w Case hen in a The having av Syste a
m ilable an es Operating S ca ta lating set o tes provid to n f
e ac a m tions eans for ormal state.
to addre ope s
r s non-n ators to or c
mal ommunica system t
c e t ondi he sta tions tus of to re th t
e syst urn the sys em while tem In co and c o
o per mplian ation ce moni with the NYI toring S
pro O, t c
he edures NYSRC for is curren the NYISOs tly a S
ddres ystem sin Res g the tor re ati li on ab Plan ility rules, te and TOs s
ti re ng One s
requi for re-energizing the New Y critic ork State bulk power system following a system-wide blackout.
tor element ation pl reme a
- nts, ns syst following a major or to em, but al to the especia succes lly in t s of this he plan is New York to m City a aintain rea a
. By definit dequate b i
lac on, blac k start k
s tart generato generating ca r
paci s have the capability, ty throughout the system without pr an o
ou mp t
tly c side elec tal tric sy s
ste uppl m
- y. Failure to blackout, to independently st ould have significant adverse con provide su sequences, pa fficient b art-u lac p
k an star d energiz t resource e a p s to orti re o
s n
tore of t t
he sys he ele tem ctric Opera norm the Ne al an w Y tion o
d s
rk e
C mergency ope o
T mm Os, an un d wi icat th ions -
rticularly in New York City.
neigh C
boring ommu power syst nication protocols have been developed between the NYISO, each of emergencies.
rations to coordinate acti e
o ms. These pro ns to take in an to ticipa cols include tion of a c
n ommunica d during sy tion ste s
m during The NYISO w procedures. T o
he NYISO rks closely with the also work TOs in day-to-day operations with well established processes and provide assistance to maintain or s
return the system closely with the neighboring p back to norm owe al co r
n sys ditions.
tems to respond to requests or The NYISO consist of dire has redun ct hardwire p dant vo h
ice communication paths to the TOs and Neighboring Control Areas. Those paths Thi The norm s provi al p des ath the o
TOs f voice c with o
o mmuni one circui dial up perati cation ts, on from the phone al awareness NYIS s
of the O t
, ho o t t line phone, satellite pho reque he ge st by t ner h
a e NYISO or g tors is throu enera gh th nes, an e appropria d cell phones.
footprints to support local reliability requirements.
tors within t te TOs.
heir The NYISO does not have di the system operators receive t rect p elemet hysical control over each component of the transmission system. Instead, and gene ge rat ne or ra h
tor as s
tri re ppe gardi d o n
ff li g a n
c e
ti
, the ons needed to operat er information on syst e the syst em co em. For e nditions and provi xample, following an in de direction dica to the tion th TOs at a generator trip data with the TO i n whose service t NYISO errito ry t will confirm i he generat nform or int a
er tion re conne c
ct eiv s, an ed thr d the TO ough the will confirm NYISO tele the metered Opera Operator Operati ti o
ons Tra Train ining ing -
Group develo NERC recog ps, implement nizes the NYISO s, a as nd administ a continuin ers g e specia ducati l
o ized t n provi raining der. The NYISO Grid ns staff based on all NERC, NPCC, NYSRC, and NYISO requirements.
for NYISO and TO
46 Unde interconne r NER c
C oversight, the NYISO System Operator Training Program is structured to assure reliable through the i te n
d it sy ial an stem d
ope ongo r
i ati ng on trai by exper ning of ienced an system ope d hi ra g
to hly quali rs.
fied personnel at all times, including The s weeks. During t tandard NYISO O he training week perator shi
, Cert ft sche ified Opera dule protocol has a training week built into the schedule every six simulation sessions and seminar programs with lo tors pa cal, re rt
- gional, icipate in cl and na assr tional oom lec organi tures, tr zation a
- s.
ining e
- xercises, The NYISO Tr EMS model an aining Simul simulator to allow the o d displays use ator env d on the ironment, used in initial and ongoing operator training, includes the same operation. Challenging a per nd rea ators lis the tic scenarios a full oper use of ating t
fl ool oor.
s an Th d indi e mar cat ket ions they would have a information system is integrated into the sessions to prepare them for real time normal a r
n e prese d emerg nt e
e ncy ope d to the ra op tio erati ns.
ons crew duri va n
i g
la the ble during se simulat norma or l
During sprin restore the NYISO Bulk g training, NYISO Op Power Sys erat tem o
B rs a
tra ckb in one wit fo h
llowing a bl the New York TOs using a simulator environment to to b system e re res alisti tor c
a and tion.
have proven effective in communications, co a
ordin ckout c ati ondi on, an tion.
d sy These session stem response s are during designed Assessing Transmission Reliability As indicat transmissi ed i on n t ope he previous sec rational reliabi t
lit ion, electric system reliability genera such as electric short circuits or unan y/securit ticipated y - t los he a s of b
sy ilit s
y of tem the elements; an electri lly encompa c system to wi sses t ths w
tan o concept d distur s
b
- 1) ances of taking in the syste to ac m
coun to supply t schedul the ag ed an gregat d reasona e electr ble expect ical dema e
n d
d a unschedul nd energ s
ed outa y requirement d 2)resource adequacy - the ability ges of syst of cust em element omers a
- s.
t all times, As ref proba lect bilist ed b ic ba y t sis. Si he va g
rious met resources) can lead to a bro nificant resource adequa ric processes described in this section, resource adequacy is determined on a monitored and anticipated, a ad nd ran appropriate preventive actions c ge of service disrup cy probl tions. B ems, (i y t
.e. shor heir na tage ture, t s in h
g ese i ener ssues g ating ca enera pacity lly ca or o n
t be her con transmi tingen ssion cies m opera ay ting reliability/security is assessed on a determi an be em n
taken in si adva oc to t smissi t
a istic ba s. A v a
n r
rvi i
ce. Converse cur ran on sys facilities that c n lead to se ce disrup ety of ti di ons. D stur i
b ly, ances o such as storms sturbance r
s generally no be anticipate t
d; hence,
, equipm preventive ac ent failure, or ot
- tion, he o
r emerg ther than encies oft scrupulous en o a
cc dhere ur wit n
h ce t lit o s tle o tand r no wa possible.
ards rning and cri a
t n
eria, are d can rarely The acro me ss an ans d be an t
d me ween large trics for contr asse ol ssing the reliability of the bulk transmission system, which conveys power applic customer able t
- s. Th o t e
h distributi e distributi on on syst sys em tem in w
-areas for wholes hich LSE (
ale d loca
- elivery, l utilit are necessarily different from those percentages of individual customer ou can re tages thr adily quan ough e.g.,
me tify t
reliabi rics such lity i ies) dist n te ribut as SAIFI and CAID rms of fre e power t que o individual retail Distribution).
I (discussed u ncy, duration nder
, and The mo and to m pub st vi ible measure o ai lic o s
fficials, is wheth f p er o
ntain stable system operat t
we he syst r syst em operat em reliabilit or has ha y, and d to argu cu ably rtail mos service or t meaningful to electric cust ion. Other than the events of 9/11/01 and the 2003 No provide load relief rtheast bla c
me omers caused by a sudden severe power s kout asures to provide load relief measures at the bulk power syst urge originating ou em level tside the f
o N
r rel ew Yo iab r
ilit k C y purposes since 199 ontrol Area, the NYCA
- 6.
has not had The NYISO eng Group concluded age t
d The Ana hat the bu l
lk ele ysis G ctric roup to exa system in mine t New Y he o
first rk St 10 ye ate ha ars d
o of pe the rate N
d b YISOs oth re oper liab ation.
ly an T
d he Analysis during that period. Those conclusions were based on metrics, which showed that there had been effi fewer
- ciently,
47 re syst se em ma rve acti n
va agement tions th a
an we nd improved, re needed und and mo er the NY re centra PP, b lized etter load tra an ns d
m w
i i
ss nd gener ion outa ation ge sch fore ed c
uling astin co-opt
- g.
imized While t systems is me here ar a
e a sured, NERC, in number of est a
a July 2011 report blished, detailed, on
, Risk goi Assessme ng proces nt ses of Relia by which the r bility Perf elia orma bili nce ty of s
tr tated th ansmis at sion (C)urrent performan ly, there a ce of the (bulk re no mea electric) sures, d system ataset s, or reports that explicitly and completely state the historical As independe t
restructuring has been greatly i he electric loa nt d a reg nd roug ional g hl ri y 70 d operators and market ncreased transpa percent of the generat ad rency ors in t ministra he Uni tors, ISO/RTOs serve more than 60 percent of in the operation a ted St n
at d performa es. One of t nce of t he benef he bulk its of t syst his pa with far m rticipant ore
- s.
data routinely being made available, examined, and acted upon by regulators and market em, At adv the ance same s an d
ti me othe
, the r fa s
c e
tor fun s,
d have amen c
tal ontri ch b
an u
ge ted s in the structure quantifying the reliability of the bulk electric sys to the tem.
ne R
e e
d for ne of w
the i and ndustry, al evolved mean ong with te s of me chnol asurin o
g gical and long-standing processes for measuring reliability st and the devel structurin opmen g ha t
s resulted of more sop in t hist he ong icat o
ed relia ing evolution bility of Loss of Load metrics required for incre Expectation (
asi L
n OLE) gly regionalized 21 century grids and markets.
power system resource adequacy. New York wa
- Historically, s t LOLE he pioneer in t is one of the he development most widely u of t sed me his prob trics a
bilist for m i
ea c
suring technique. It syst stand ems resources t ard used currently is in the reliability applie rules o d in New f th York as well as other control areas in the United States and is the o meet its load, the NERC e NPCC defines and N LO YSRC. A LE as:
probabilistic measure of the ability of the The expec generating c ted a
number o available capa p
ci aci ty t
f
- y. I or e t i ach s
f d ob a
d t
ys in ained by the year when the daily peak demand exceeds the available ay and adding calculating the pr these probabi obabi lities lit for y of all daily pea the days k
o demand exceeding f the year.
This widely accept more t disconnect han 0.1 da any firm l ed st oa a
d ndard ha due to resource def s been furth iciencies, on a er defined by t vera he N ge Y
not SRC more t as the pr han obabi once in 10 yea lity of the need to y per year.
rs19 or, no A wi amoun de ran t of ins ge o to talled f inpu ca ts factors such as weather pa goe cit s
a y
i nd e req nto the com con uired t omic o meet plex computer modeling condition the 1-in-10 crit s; v erion, including: l used to arrive at oad LOLE foreca forec st unce asts o rtain f the ty due of tr retirements, ansmission conne forced ou ctio tage ns s, mai to ot nte her nance systems
, and seasonal ar de iables o
-ratin f
gs; ge n
an erati d th ng e s re ta s
tus our a
c nd e av emerg ailab ency capa ility, such a bilit s
y In con units and duct o
ing ther sour resource ces. In adeq tod uacy ays planni restru ng c
, ac tured environ curate outage information must b past, when vertically integrated utilities owned virtually a
- ment, ll generatio this is c n
o
. The o nsider ption ably m e colle ore c cted o
f mplex or all ge than in nerati the ng proce mainta dures, s in a de uppor sired LOLE is now t ted by simultan he re eou s
s ponsibilit regulate y of of adding gen d ba the ck ma stop r
s ket olut place ion s
p if ursuan the m t
ar to k
N etpla YISO a ce d dmi oes n nis eration tration an to ot respond.
d LOLE required t has a o ma num inta ber of applications in the resource adequacy cri
, the primary being teria. In its use t that re o
ga c
rd, it pla alculate the amount of installed capacity cap gene acity ration re price s
- s. It ource can be a s or to p
c p
o t system alcul lied t ys a significant role in establishing s.
ate h
the e e r
c e
onomi liabili c
ty b assessment enefits of o
tran f propos smission ed tra conne nsmis cti s
o io ns n vers to neighb us new oring 19 Also referred to as one day in 10 years or 1-in-10.
48 The LOLE ana det lysis incor a
ra de th t
er t ailed re han a p
resent ailed assessmen porates NYS Transmission ation of the tran t like the smiss transmission system System emergency transfer capability between zones transmission system to deliver capacity to ion sys the loa t
d, em, it on whether does provi securi de insights on t ty analysis de sufficient capacity he adequ scribed below. While not meet the criterion, or the benefits of interconnections with neighboring systems.
exist in the acy of the localities to Sy elect are ident ste r
m ic syst Sec ified a u
em (s)ecuri rity s ha Analy ving sig s
t is o y i nif s a r
i Tr can plannin a
t n
a sm dvers g
is and operating determi sion Operating Reliab nist ilit i
y c concept
- As char
. This mea acterized by NE ns that possible event RC, bulk so that the it can continue to serve load even if e reliability co these eve nsequences, and the system is planned and operated s
syst referred to a ge, and n
s N-1,N-1-1 or N-2.
stability l e dist N
volta em ca withstand sing imits l
or bef urba is the ore a nce e number o ffecting vent service t s (e.g.,
f sy nts occur. Securit on s
e tem com co ponen mponent t outage) s; a y requirement n N-1 requirement s are sometimes without violating th mea e
ns t
- rmal, hat the o consumers.
Generally, mechanisms u ge stab ne i
rati lity analyse sed to evaluate transmission operating reliability/security include load flow and contingencies required by t on scenari s an os d
a p
re ro t
gr yp ams. In ically c condu n
c for ting the a tr he sta hose pre ans se m
n i
t o ssi r
o se n p lect lanning ed fut or relia ure year b
, and t ility st h
udy, a e rang va e of riet y of the NE scenari RC, o ch NP os CC, an en. In a d N plann YSRC ing s stand nda
- ards, rds/crit criteria an eria a d
r rul e simula es, are te ap d fo plied t r each.
o t he m Critica odel l co e
nt d sys inge tem ncies for
, a e
s ach defined by ext invest ent ig the exi ations conduct sting syst ed unt em needs reinf tudy, the orcement results
. Pot of thes enti e
a con il an optimal solution emerge l solu ting tion ency t s to any viol ests will indi ation cate where an s are chosen and fur d to wh ther at
- s.
This s applic tan able NY dard I
appr SO pr oa oces ch t s
o es.
sy stem security analysis is used widely throughout the industry, including in Data Used to 215 of the Federa Assess R l Power Act eliabilit
, on O y
Transmission Availability ct Data S ober 23, 200 ystem (TAD 7, the NERC Boa S). Consistent with rd of Trus N
tees ERCs app obl roved igations under Sect t
the collection i
of on he Transmission Availability Da tran smi ssion outage data in a common ta Syst e
fo m (TADS) dat rmat for:
a beginning in calendar year 2008. TADS collects AC circuit Transformers wit s 200 k h
V (overhead and underground)
The TADS eff Commi AC/DC back-to-ba 200 kV low-side DC circuits with +/-200 k ck convert V DC volta ers with ge 200 kV AC on both sides ttee. T ort his tas bega 30, 2009, the task force issued i k
n in 2006 wit force designed h t he f TAD ormat S and i
t on of t ts first reports for he ass h
o e
c iate TADS Ta d proce sk F ss orc es fo e u r c nd ollecti er the n
NERC Plannin g TADS data. On June g
develop t data collected in 2008. NERC uses the information to re each late N
d ER to r
tr an a
s nsmi mission ssion m
ou etri tage cs t s
ha
. NE t an RC al alyz s
e out o issues an annual pub age frequency, duration, causes, and many other factors same met C re rics f gion. E or its fa ac c
h ilit tra ies n
smission owner reporting TADS data lic report showing agg will be provided a con regate m fidential etrics for copy of the While TAD performanc S
e is aspe not ct intende
- s. In ad d
dition to provi to c d
o e de llecting terministic per simple transmiss forman i
c o
e n e measures, it is quipment av use ailab d to qu detailed in ility, TADS collects antify certain f
re provi port d
s es fi d
le at or a
ma tha tion t may b abou e
t u
i s
ndiv ed t i
o i dual ou mprov ta e
ge re e
li ve ab nt il s that, when analyzed at the regional and NERC level, outages. Additiona d with NE lly, out RC, e a
n ges by abling b one TO etter ass are now being tr ociation o ity. Spe f tran ci s
fi mi c equipment ssion outage outa s wi g
th l es a oa re link d and ed t gener o dist ation urb ance relationship between multiple outages can be established.
acked to outages of other TOs so that any
49 on Homelan FERC I d Security SO/RTO Me and t tri he Gov cs Rep er o
nme rts. In 2008, ba nt Accounta s
b ed on re ility Offi commenda ce, FERC und tions of the U.S. Senate Committee perfor and up man date c
m e results easures to to Con tra gress ck the an pe d
r the form public.
ance of ISO/RTO operations and m ert ar ook ket a
s an n eff d to ort repor to sta t
n the dardize The Report perf
, f ormanc iled wit e
h F met ERC f rics o
r t develo he first t ped i
t me in 2010. The r hrough that proces eports s now es fo tablish an rm the basi d ex s for ami a
ne m n annual ISO/RTO Metrics t
Reliability, th hree broad area e metrics s: Relia establi
- bility, shed by FE Markets, and Or RC require inform ganizational E atio ffe n to b ctivene e provided on:
ss. With respect spe etrics with respect to cifically to Compli Dispatc ance w h behavio ith an r
d violations of national and regional reliability standards Lon Load g
f
-t ore erm cast accura on cy Planned outage coordin generati an ation d transmission planning Ba juri sed on t
- sdiction, he i t
ormat Repor i
ction t
on provi ISO/RT co clude ded by t
, amon he 2010 a Os fun h
nf e
reliably.
s n
g other thi nd 2011 Report ngs, that the Ba s fr lancing om all Aut of the IS horit O
y
/RTO areas s unde operat r FE ed by RC roles as: the New York Con The NYISO submitted data for t trol A he 2010 a rea Auth n
ori d 2011 Met ty, Balanci r
ng Au ics Report thori s
ty, Interch pursuant o its ERC-registered functional Authori ange A t
N Transm t
ission y, Rel i
uthority, Planning Reports included:
S a
ervice Provi bility Coordi der. B nator; Resour d
a ased on F ce Planner, Tr ERC-specifie metrics, nsmissio k
n O ey finding perator, Tr s of ans NYISOs p mission or P
tion lann of er the
, and N
No a YISO udit ha
-ident d not if us ied or self ed load-relief
-repo m
rted easures violat in the NYC ions of NER A d C or N ue to PCC any oper stan a
Dispatch Operations met or exceeded Compliance Performance Standards dar ting d
reserve s viola standards NYISO is moving to reduce Transmis (CPS-1 an tion d CPS-2) init and to remove ba iatives to reduce unsche rriers to more duled f efficient lo sion ws including Load Relief cur bette tailment r coordina s t tion hroug of h
the Bro flow ader R s ar eg ound iona L
l Mark ake Er et ie decrea Load Fore se in M cast e
Accu an Absolu racy h t
as e Percen been at tage Er a cons region g
di h
ng ror (
iste a
ntly hi al tra standard le lo ve a
l an d for d incre ecast a
ng sed, wi i
ric), over t th a commensurate period met he 2006-10 N
Wind ew Yo forec rk t as o ha ting a ve t ccur he first acy grid has been oper e
at nhan or to dis ced wi pat th ch wi a sta nd p te-o o
f-wer the full
-art forecasting system enabling
- In 2009-1 requirement 0 (t s
h wit e only yea h economi rs f c
y or whi dispatch balancing reliability showed advanced no ch data are available) Pla prior t nned Outage Coordination metrics
- In tr transmission outages, tifi an ca d
ti th on o at le f at ss leas than t
o o
ne ne mon perce th nt o outage commencement for 91 percent of Tran a
smis nsmission planning, Ne sion Plans, NYISOs w Yo Comp rk rehensive System Planning Pr uses a market-base of planne d appro d
ach outages were ca
, involving ncelled planning process, in which all ty ocess, and the C TOs Loca ARIS econ l
omic RTOs signif d
icantly di pes of resources are eligible to meet a reliability need. This process is public investment o not ha ffe ve c re omp nt fro ar m
able appl those of other regions, and several of the reporting me in generation and t ica r
b a
ilit nsmission since 2000, mo y; however, NYISO does st of i point to signifi t in the downstate re cant priv trics use a
d by o te and ther where demand and the need for such investment has been greatest.
gion These met performan r
c ics, a e of I s t SO/
he relia RTOs b
g ilit ene y f rally, also ocused element may have s of ce a
r more co tain quali mprehe tative nsive set limitations of met outcome or re in tha rics a t the ssessing y tend to the be i
t n
h frastructure s
or qu ults-based met e TOs as to the sta anti te of t fy its physi rics t c
ha al t do not generally measure the specific state of the transmission hose assets.
performance. Nor do these metrics directly require input or data from
50 report on a r NYISO Mont ange of reliability hly Operations and ma Performa rket perf nce orma Metrics nce met Each month the NYISO also submits a currently incl participants a u
nd p de:
osts it on its website. In terms of reliability performance, the sta Report.
rics to the NYSRC and th nd e
a NYCA rd met m
ric ar s
ke rep t
orted Alert Major E Stat m
e Decla ergency St rations Interconnection Reliability Oper ate Declarations Re Balan serve cing Are Activati a C on ontr ating Limit Exceedance Times Disturbance Recovery Time s
ol Performance Lo Wind Forecasting Performance ad Forecasting Performan s
ce NERC Lake Erie Circulation 2011 Long-Term and ISO Schedules.
authorities as the ERO for North Re America, pursuan liability Assess t
men to C t
o mmissio With its designation by FERC and Canadia Reliability Assessments with FERC. While these Assessments a n regulation, NERC files annual Lon n
g-Term me summ tric ari s), the es pr ke ovi y fi de ndi d b n
y gs, the su e
mma ight re ries, an gional d recommen reliability organizations re bas (ba ed on sed on da est ta a a
n blished d self-asses criteria sme a
nt nd Thus the in t
dus he unde try.
rlying metrics supporting the Assessme d
n ed acti t are st o
an ns d
represent ard metrics NERCs independent and criteria curren j
t udg ly used in ment.
As pre sently structured, on both a continental and regional basis the Assessment examines:
Resour Lon Peak-g D
ce Ade em quacy
-Term an Fo d
re Proj cas e
t c
Un tions cer tainty Demand-Side Management Generation, T o
ransmission, and Operati nal Issues o
Sta nding and Emerging Reliability Issues, including o
o Risk Environmental Regulations Impacts Assessment, Ranking, and Evolution o
o Inte Critica grati l Inf on ra o
st f V ruct aria ure Prot ble Gene ec rati tion on from Planning and Operations Perspectives o
System Increase Mo d N d
a eling Impr tural Gas Gene ovem rati ent an on d Coordination In t stated he November 2011 L that:
ong-Term Reliability Assessment, with respect to the New York Control Area, NERC In t pote erms of ntially impa Opera ct t
iona relia l issues:
bility during t There are no existing or poten he 2011-21 timeframe wit ti hin th al syst e NYCA.
emic outages that could In terms of Transmission issues: The in unexpect become si ed re gnifi t
c irement antly limi s, or una ting and impact relia terface in bilit to y if s
t o
he utheas re are unan t New Y t
o ic rk ipated and delay New York s in new projects, City could itself during the next CSPP cycle, t nticipat he NYISO will a ed load gr d
ow dress t th. If Assessment.
he i a si ssue in the next gnificant reliability iss Reliabilit ue manifes y Needs ts Wit elect h
r respect to emerg ic system is posit i
ive. As ng and st a result of anding reliability issues: (T)he immediate outlook for New Yorks syst resources is n em over the pa ot an imminent con st decade, as well as pl d
a e
nned additions in th velopments that hav e
e cont ibuted t cern. Nevertheless, the sustained a near dequa f
r uture, t cy of he o a more relia adequacy o ble re f power challenged by several factors. Specifically, NERC citied:
sources may be
51 o
Impa fleet; in this cts from impending fe re f
gar ede d
r N
al ERC and s
st ta ated te e nvi r
attention (
onmental re st a
ul deral and ate environmental regula lso g
ti
) mu atio s
ns t be p tha aid t ma to y
th aff e
ect cumulative impact o the existing generat f
ion e
inst xisti alled g ng powe enera r plan ting t
ca
- s. The pacity in propo the S sed re tate.
gul Consider ations are on es s on tima the ted c
t o
o n
i t
m in p
ued oper t
vari able lead act more ati than on of r power alf the ous ime is required fo h
major infrastruc energy ture p
proj roject ect
- s. The execu p
ti lanning h on, given the orizons time o
f f p ra olicy mes n ma ee kers ded a
to f nd inance, permit the time required for the electric industry to address new laws and ch regula anges in regul tors shoul
, an d
d const encomp ruct as s
o requirement atory The power res aging i o
n ur fr
- s.
ces over astructure the n
- sp ext ecif de ically NERC stat cade does not diminis ed (T)he expec h the need ted a to d
a ad equacy nd transmission infrastructure. As of the close of 2010, 60 percent of New York dress o
a f
g Ne i
w Yorks plant capacity and 85 perce n
Sta g ge nt of the high-voltage transmission facilities, went into service before tes power neration evolve bulk NERC 20 1980.
Group. The g
power syst roups 11 initial effor Risk Asses em relia s
t bi s
me on a lit n
y met t
of metric development Re rics, in 2007 NERC esta liability Performance Report.
blished the Relia In an effort to bility Met further refine and rics Working metrics lead to a 2010 report on Integrated Bulk Power Syst proc em R ess a isk-n Assess d the esta ment blishmen Concep t
ts.
of approved system Building Risk Asse on t ssm h
ent), which i at work, in July t char 2011 NERC i acterized a ssued t s a founda he 2011 Risk tional rep A
or sse t, w ssment ith the of go Reliabilit al to provi y Perf de a vi orma ew nce (2011 t
reliability based on hi echnical analysis and s
f t
eed oric ba pe ck rf o
orma n risk nce. The object attributes and is to int reliabil e
it g
y t rate rends.
many on going efforts providi of ng risks to The 2011 Risk Assessment embra single Integr ce driven, con ated Reliability Index (I d
R the recommendat I) comprised of ex i
is o
t n of ing metri the 201 cs 0 Concept from three bro s report ad in fo dices: ev r development of a ents st IRI o and ffe ard r a uni s and diti me on dri asure ven, an s to b d
e s
use tand d in the ards/s se pro tatute cesses driven. At the same time it recognized that many of the an industry reference for histor fied analysis and se ic r
al bulk p ve as the o
b wer sys asis for an are still annual St deve at lo e of pi Relia ng. NE bilit RC y
s s report t tated goa h
l at is to will provide have the and will enable the discovery and prioritization of spe tem r cif eliabil ic, action ity, analyti able risk-con cal insi tr gh ol s ts te w
ps.
ith a view to action, NERC transiti indicated that (t)his is an evolution that will take time and the reports issued in 2011 will begin the R
relia elia b
b ilit o
y using n from a metric pe the three comp rformance assessment to a State of Reliability report The first assessment of resources needed t For planning purposes, ility Issues Iden the tified in onent in Planni d
n i
electric transmi g
ces o Stud f
ie an IRI s
is expected in 2012.
ssion industry historically has focused on load forecasts and new recognize concerns and d that the need f increa o meet singl the l y, fa oad grow ctors othe th. The NYISOs 2010 Comp r
rehensive Reliability Plan (CRP) also industry and regulatory or ag t
encies imely planning continue to th a
m n lo aint ad a
gr in r o
eliabili wth ca t
n si
- y. The gnificantly cont to work together on system planni se factors, in turn, nec ribute to relia essitat bilit e t y
hat g
overnment Issues Identified in CRP.
al actions to maintain the reliability of the bulk power system.
ng and the impacts of related uncert licenses not ainties a The 2010 NYISO CRP, and the RNA on which it was based, considered the cause the re being ssociated with aging infrastructure, the possibility of the Indian Point Units 2 and 3 operating tireme renewed, a nt of critical nd sys the nu tem re merous significant enviro sources.
nmental regulatory initiatives that could The 2010 RNA report adversely affect the re identif liability o ied a f the number of uncert system over the a
i pl nties beyond anning horiz the on.
ba reliab As s se t
ca ility issues are taken only if the base-case finds reliability violation. No a
- ated, se a actions ssumptio k
to ns ction is ta en if relia mitigate that could violation is identified in only the sensitivity. These scenarios include:
bility
52 The grow po th te o
nti r le a
ss l for tha hi n e ghe xpe r t cte ha d
n e ene xpe rgy e cted ffici loa ency a d grow chievements th that results from higher than expected economic A
2 a d
n e
d 3, whi termina ch expire in 2013 tion by the Atomic a
n Sa d 2015, respect fety Licensing ively. The 2010 Board not to ren or a combination of both; resource adequacy criteria would not be met under RNA scen ew the licenses of ario analysis India shows n Point Unit that s
without Indian Point, there would not be sufficient res the o
s urces f e circum rom 2016 t stances. The NYISO found t hrough 2020 to meet hat relia interrupt bility req ions would be nece uirements, and th ssa ere would be a ry to avoid wide-sca n incre le bl ased likelihood that customer load vulnerabilities could be mitigated with replacement genera ack t
o i
ut ng s
c in Sout apacity h
a ea nd st
/or New York addition
. These transmission.
al Ne power pl w envi ants ronm cooling w ental regula ater tory syst pro ems on a grams de qua si
- y. These reg itiatives, which are being pro t
gned to reliabilit ulatory in ic life al so were a improve ai sses r q s
ua ed lit for y a the nd ad po d
t r
ential impacts ess the impact of environmental regulatory agencies, cumulatively will require co mulg nside ated by both state and on of New Yorks existing thermal power plants to comply with these new regulatory rable investm r
ent equirements if by t feder he ow al ners promul o
o x
gated as currently proposed. The programs assessed were the following:
o NO RACT - Reason o
BART -
MACT -
Best Maxi Ava mum A ilable Ret ably Av r
ailable Contr Technolog ol Technology chievable Contr ofit ol Technolo y
BTA - Best Technology Available gy The NYISO de NYCA capacity, will have some le termined that as much as 23,957 MW in the existing detailed in the 2010 RNA and furt vel of her discussed in t compliance requirement he 2010 CRP.
s related fleet, or 64 perce to the new reg nt of ula exi pro The f tio st ns ing irst three environmental as grams liste numb power pl er of ant the cooli d ab n
ove are g wate designed to reduce power plant air emissions while the last addresses regulations on s
co e re oling w gulati ater int ons
- r. The
. In s NYISO analysis revealed that many facilities would be subject to a power plants that rely on surfac ak ome instances, the size e waters for cooling. The magni e structures and coolin of g
s th ys e investment tems could ha to meet the BTA required to comply with the four initiatives c tude of the combined investment ve significant impact s
s on NYISOs reliability planning processes must furt ould lead her acc to ount.
unpl anned plant retirements for which the publication.
The NYISO has recent It should be n ly issued
- oted, t
however, t he draft 2012 RNA, but he base case i the repor dentifies t wil pote l not be ntial re finaliz liability i ed prior ssues b to this soon as 2013 t Issues Identified in STARS.
hat will be addressed through the NYISO procedures described above.
eginning as tran STAR smi S, le ssi d
that w on by the Ne As previously discussed, beyond the NYISO planning processes the ould rel s
iably supp ystem w Y infr o
as rk ort tr T
ucture Os, wi th and p
i ar d
t e
i nti cipati fying p on o o
f t
th en e
ti NYISO al economica
, is evaluat lly benef ing th icial t e conditi ransmission project on of New Yorks s
si maj gni o
f r
i c
is 20 yea ant sues associated wi New York States energy needs over the next rs. STARS has ident portion of New th replacing or upgrading New Yorks aging transmission infrastructure, wi ified th a tran STARS provided est smission system imat to b ed i York nvest s hi ment c gh-volta osts ge an t
d ran qu s
a mi nti ss fied benefi ion lines ha ts v
f i
or ce ng been built rtain par severa ts of the l decades ag bu
- o.
phases:
e upgraded using the existing right-of-ways. The study is being performed in t lk power h
ree assessed. T Phase I (
his pha 200 se identifi 9-2010) ed the need
- The con f
dition or additi of onal aging c
transmission infrastructure in New York State was adequacy req needs within the next uirements un 20 ye der vari ars to refurbis ous generation h or repl exp ace a
m n
r sion s oss-sta cenar te tra io nsf any circuits 230 k
- s.
e The c r capability to meet resource Moses South, Central East, and UPNY-SENY. This phase was completed in Ja V a bove, specif nua nd a ondition assessme ica n
lly a t ha cross s found ry2010.
syst agin em over the next g infr Phase II (2 astructure 01 and minim
- STARS has cre 20 ye 0-2011) ars. An init al low-i c
a os l Base Tran t upgrade ated a smis s th Replacem a
sion t would b ent-in-Kind Plan Plan e necessary to m ref ai lecting replacements of was then developed ntai tak n
ing the int re o
li account ability of the
53 economic benef Base Transmission its a Plan we nd the delive re asse ry of ups ssed. T t
he Base Tr ate wind t ans o do m
wnst ission ate P
. A lan ddi and i tionally, nume ts variations rous v all me aria t re tion source s of t adequacy criteria.
he various sensitivit Phase III (2012-2013) -
ies and scenarios The impact such as generat of the f ion i
na ret l
ireme Base T nts an ransmission d environmental regulation Plan will be evaluated
- s.
for Through ST optimize its u AR se an S, New Y d thus en ork TOs hanc are e a developing plan key asset underlying ou s to upgrade, mo more independent energy future consistent with energy mar r
k transitio
- dernize, n to a m and ore efficient, m expand the po etplace and public p ore s wer ecure, and grid to o
philoso i
phy was embodied within the broad-based policies set forth within the State' licy dem s 2009 Energ ands. This y Plan.
t n
h fras e next 10 yea truc Aging Infrastructure ture i r
s a s, i g
t i
n is est
- g. As d Thoug ima is t
cusse ed that d
the h g more t t
enera ypical lly well ma transmissi int on a
line in New York ined by utility owners, t State is 40+ yea he transmi rs old. Within ssion will reach the risk for replacement age thresh
. Bet old ween t of 70 years he years 2020 a (woo ha d p n 2300 miles of ole lines) or 9 New York transmission 115 kV and higher transmission will reach these age thresholds, an n
d d 2030 a an addit n a ion ddit 0 yea iona rs (st l 1,200 mil eel pole lines) a es of New York nd may be at higher State will reach these thresholds between the years 2030 to 204 al 1,100 miles o
- 0.
f New York transmission in the The last si line. Routine mainten gnificant upstate tra likelihood South of downtime. Equ a
ipment nce nsmission e requirements are increasing, al xpansion occurred in 1987, wit failures are increasing as we on ll, res g with a h t tte he complet ulting in c ndant cos i
t on of s and t
gr he Ma ea rcy-these reasons, the New York TOs continue to actively invest in transmission infra os str tly u
repairs cture to a
m nd ai o
ter
- strong, ntai utages.
n a For secure energ reducing envi y policy init
, reliable syste iatives. Tra m
ns to meet gr mission in o
vestment also will be wing energy needs, w nefit cust hile achieving the State's and the nation's improve syste ronment m perform al im anc p
e ac
, and inc ts, and, t reas hrough e throu the inte ghput.
g ration of new technol omers by
- ogies, da w
m ill reduce lo pening price volatility,
- sses, New Yo Transm rk ission State' owners own s investor-owned and ma ut in ilit tain the asse ies play a major role in rebuilding the transmission inf expertise to rebuild and replace these assets on a t
p s, incl rio uding the rights-of-way, and possess the rast s
r kills an ucture.
d environment infrastructure a
and l impact righ ts-of-way would provide the mo rit st efficie ized basis.
nt use of capital Maximizing t while minimizing he use of existing In summary, e case assumptio lectric system pla ns as conditions w nning is an arrant. Through the v ongoing process of evaluating, monitoring, and updating base-proce ng and opera d
uncertain sses, New York is arious planni ting studies an other vigilance and ties, such as loa well po d, retirements, sitioned to an monit d the perf or and orm re a
spond nce of new te to chan chnologies, wi ging condition ll require addi
- s. However, ad tional ded i
nfrastruc Energy Highway.
ture deliberation
, and all mark o
e n th t parti e pa ci rt p
of an t
policy ma s and stake kers, reg holders.
ula tors, the owners and operators of challenges and the need for The re upgra cent ding ly developed Energ generating plants. The E y Highway Initiative recognizes the transmission broa d r ange of projects that proposed to achieve the following go ner als:
gy Highway Initiative will evaluate a Reduce supply transmission constraints to and within the downstate region and expand its diversity of Assure lon Encourage g-term reliability Increase pow uti er g lity-sca enera le renewa tion efficiency ble generation development A t proce ask ss. The task force will issu force has been formed and is e an Ener evaluatin gy Highway A g projects c
s tion ubmitt Plan ed incl as par ude reco t of a re initiative's mme que ndations st for infor to m mati eet the on objectives. The Action Plan should be available fall 2012.
54 C. Distribution System Reliability Ke outages.
y distri Frequency is influe bution reliability targets are defined by two general cate weather. Duration is affected b nced y work by fa f
ct orce levels, ma ors such as sys na tem des gement ig o
n, g
c ori ap e
i s: frequency tal investmen a
t, m nd d ai ur nte ati n
o an n of ce, an cus d
tomer f work k
owned ut eeping elect ilities ha ronic records of ve been req uired t these st o
at report istics since 1989.
interruption stat The repo istics rtin to the DPS force, an for de d geo g requirements cades.
graphy. In DPS h vestor-as been for interruption th in 16 NY d
CRR ata con (New Y sisten or t with these rules.
k Code of Rules and Regulations), Chapter 2, Part 97. LIPA al for ut so ilit mai ies are set ntains Ut operat ilities a ing re re area quired t
- s. The PSC e o prepare annual reports analyzing their reliability performance for each of their pe meet operating area ta nalize performance thr rge ou ts does n stablish o
es t resul perfo t
r in a revenue adjust mance targets for individua gh performance-based rates rather ment.
than T
ope he PSC l operat a
i refer r
at g
s ea n
p ing r
areas and to reward
- s. Although failure to discu this top a
ic n
i d
s
/or part o s
f i sed in ts ann more ual re detail in port.
Section F. The utility would be required to present a corrective action plan as The reliability of minutes) as defined by t New York he following
's distribu indi tion c
syste es:
ms is measured by sustained interruptions (longer than five CAIDI -
affected Cu cus sto tome mer r i Av s o erag ut of elect e-Interru ric service ption D
. It represen uration In ts de the
- x. The CAIDI mea number of custo sures t mer hou he a rs divide verage t d by ime tha number of customers affected the t an SAIFI - S divided by interrupt y
ions experienced by cust st the em number o Average-I f cu nterr stome upt omers served by a rs ion served Freq at ue t
ncy I he end n
ut dex ilit
. The SAIFI measures the average number of of t
- y. It he p repre reviou sents s year.
the number of customers affected For b a high o
level of th of these indices, a reliability. The mechanis se stand m b ards ased are p on art o an in f relia dividual u bility perfor tilitys performa mance mech nce was developed to ensure PSC ha subject s incorpora anisms (RPMs) that the to negative revenue a ted into invest djust or-ments.
owned utilities rate plans. If a utility does not meet the standards, it is ut The PSC also establishes minimum and objective performance levels for both the CAIDI and SAIFI. A dura p
ilit tion y exceedi erforma o
rformance level is expected to ke ce the number nc f the interruption ng the minimum pe ta steps to redu and varying minimum and ob e level repres ject ent s
s t
t o bring he targ et the tha CAID t the P I an S
d SAI ive performance targets depending C has F
d I indi eterm ces below the threshold. T ined f he objective service territory. For example, on the or t nature he ut i
a lit nd ies. Ut confi ilit gur ies ca ation n ha of the ve ir or subs rural an t
d areas with l ations are close, there ma in urban service areas wi y be cost-effective meth th c ods o
ncent to redu ra ce ou ted load a tage f nd di requency an stances bet d dur ween f ation.
eeders connection to provide b ow density, and longer distances bet In respond.
ack-up service following an outage t ween o mi sub nimiz sta e
ti the exten ons, there t
and time neede may not be an altern d to ate Addi specif tional errupt metrics are used inform ic int ion definiti when ons, data requirements, record re analyzing distribution reliabi te lity. 16 NYCR ntion, and filing R, Ch requirement apter 2, Pa s
rt 97, has for con inte ta rrupt ati ions int on that mus o 17 sepa t be c rat ont e
a c
in la ed in monthly re ssifications base po d on th rts to e
t typ he P e
S of C.
int The secti erruptio o
ns n br
, in eaks cludi ou ng:
t t m
he types o ajor stor f
cts, apparatus errors, events on services, and for incidents outside of the utilitys control.
m, tree
55 Annual Reliability Report each ye Investor-own ar.
ed electric utilities also are required by the PSC for annual reliability reports by March 31st of The repor ts include sections on:
Overa Projects/Inve ll Assessment stment of s t relia o enha bility perf Projects/Investments made in res nce distribu ormance Division/Operatin ponse to PSC-required sa tion reliability g Area Performance, e.g., SAIFI/CAIDI analyses by caus fety inspection program year duration, performance adherence to the SAIFI/CAIDI targets, and follow-up e codes fo on corre r annual a ac ctive nd five-Relia DPS staf o
f uses t tions from the previous year service an o
Power Qu bility Prog Circuit Per ality rams including:
formance (Ne twork) d to guide it hese repo ht o in meet its s Electric Utility Emergency Plans s oversig rts to help f investor-owned u tatutory tility in oblig fr a
as tion t truc hat ture ut i
ilit nve ies provide saf stment.
e and adequate Public Service L the PSC an emerg aw ency pl
, Sec. 66; 16 an descri NYCRR 105 requires ea bing how a utility wo c
u h elect ld restor ric e elect power cor ric power follo poration in New York to file with cause owned e d by lec a m tric a
uti jor li st ti orm es to or ha s
ve imilar wides formal em pread ergency pl outa ans.
ges.
These 16 NYCR rep R Cha orts are reviewed pter 2, Part 105 requires i wing a power outage r-for conforma annually by DPS st nvesto aff restor plan:
ation in nce to t the prece he rules a ding yea nd
- r. The rule to evaluate any s require the follo enhancements m wing mini ade a m
s a um c resul om t
pon of any emerg ents of an emergency ency An annual sto Valid Emerg ati ency crit on of personnel c rm drill (or equivalent)
Training for workers perfor eria definit on io tacts Updated contact list for all ut m
ns for v il ing ity pers out-o arying f-title duties severities onnel, mutual duri aid an ng res d con toration needs, human services agencies, media outlets, motels and resta tr urants, local gove actors, life suppo rnment rt and s off pecial icials including Emergency eme an r
ti g
ci e
pa ncy a tion nd police, medical facilities, and vendors Service rest oc oration procedu Cust Organi and l res, including damage assessment, crew use, and coordination with state omer z
a a
l ti governme con on c ta har ct t
nt s, a and dd de ressi scri ng lar ption ge call volumes, special needs s of personnel responsibilities a
nd life suppor Out ice distribut t customers, and dry Suppo side a rt s i
ervices, includin d, describing ion criteria as supplying the material an g logis and procedures f d required fue tics required t o
l o feed r obtaining and hou e
se a la xtra-co rge t mpany empora assis ry t
work force, as well ance Perfor days. Re man por ce ts asses are d s
ue 60 days a ment reports ft f
er compl ollowing et a
ion of ny emerge restora ncy res tion.
tor ation period of more than three The a pr followi ogram t n
o g
s se to c
rm-tions further detail the typical components of an emergency (or restoration) plan, as well as is no programs t appr t
opr hat i
a ate for every re des har ig de ned t n the o ac sy co stem locality. Pl mplis to h
li s
mi imila t da ans may vary r
m typ age during a major storm events. There can be other signific es of imp antly wi roveme th nts reg as ar a
d si to n
ge gle ogr ide aphi al c
plan locat o
- ion, r strategy well popul a
a s
ti the d on m eg ake ree
-up of a
loc nd a
di l co spe nc
- rsal, ern a fo nd rm sup of p
g o
o rt ve f
rnme or the co nt, i n
n c
te e
rg pt ove
. Fur rn th mental relationships ermore, since storms a
mong loca come in all lities, as
56 de three condit grees of se ion levels list verity, restora ed bel tion ow, with each le activities would v vel pr ary ogressin accordin g
gly. In in severit the case o y and the response requi f LIPA, for example, there are red.
Nor Major Storm e mal Operations:
System Disasters: Hurric vents: Ma This jor da also woul mage bu d inclu t lim de minor storms and daily outages Restoration Plan anes, ice storms ited in scope In g opera enera
- tions, l, a rest communica oration plan i tions, and s bro media ken into inform several
- ation, area as s
brie of resp fly d onsi iscus bility. Those sed.
areas could consist of An ope This includes rations mobilizati group withi on and d n the p irec lan tion woul o
d be responsi f an emergenc b
y le for re restoration organization storing electric service during makes repairs to transmissi that surveys e
d m
a erg ma e
ge ncies.
a be used depending, on the e on a xtent nd dist of dama ribut ge a ion syst nd in co em ns s.
id Ext erat ern ion al u of ag tili reement ty crews an s wi d
t h other ut contractor cre ilities such a ws also nd can the Edis operations on Ele gro ctric up is e Ins xpec titu t
t ed t e Mu o
t main ual Assista tain con nce Ag tact with reement the PSC s, to d
au uring emerg gment the a area s
e ffe ncies.
cted s repair forces. The local e A c cust o
omer mmunic mergen s, m a
unicipal a tions group would be responsible for tak cy comman gencies, and governmen d centers. Communicati t o ons w fficial in s thr g customer calls and communicating with speci ould be co ough cu or s
d tomer c inated thr all cen ough ters, loc a coordin al o ati ffic o
e a
l n center.
s, and A thi restor rd a
t gr ion.
oup R
would b group to keep a egular com e the mu inte nicati rfa ons, incl ce with the uding news br general me iefings dia as well as and company em ll p releases, would p
be condu loyees wor cte ki d
ng on by this the be coordinated by t a
his rties grou inform
- p.
ed. Special meetings between field and office workers and the media would main, f the m The firs o
o s
t prio t
s d in pr he qui t
llowe cu tomers rity in any t
restora t,
ion e ogressi ckes on to single cu such ffo as rt t
i he subs s to make tation con
, then t ditions he f saf eeder (
- e. After tha lock out t, priorit s), t y is hen t given to he th rest ree-pha oring se restor hospit a
als tion an of d
othe major r cri gr t
o ic ups al f ac of ilities. In ge s
neral, followi tomers, with priorit customers as locked-out ng iven to c
storm, sidera ircuits a ma y
jo con r
e.g.,
t tion he first f g
ew da cu ys oft stomer en see s such as larger jobs are completed, localized damage to single and small a
grou nd t p
hree-pha s of customer se ma s
i would ns are re be a stored. As ddressed.
Af ident ter cust ified or occurred af omers are restore ter the d, it is init o
ia ften n l review. This surve ecessary to resurvey y can the identi sys fy te outs m fo t
r andin damage that may not have been Storm Hardening to temporary fixes, and non-critical conditions.
g repairs e.g., final repairs Severe stor wire and p gni ro m
co x
s i
Re zing th mity to pose a h trees.
igh risk Som to elect e e ric-power systems with distribution at the highest risk due to miles of severe storms, i e
ncludi se con ng l ditio on ns, uti g-term lities g xpect enera severe st lly ha orm frequency to increase due to climate change. 20 withstand severe storm impacts. Thi pro s sho gra r
m te s
ns anti the ci v
p e adopt ated to e
i d
m a
p pro rove the ca active p pa olicy bilit to y
of ad dres the elect s the threat of outages occur due to less severe storms. A policy incor tim por e re a
qui tes r
t e
hree ma d to restore in goa service to ls:
customers ric syst when em to Improve the ability to wi Improve Reduce t he ti the ability to thstand me necess con ary ti for nue re service de severe storms without damage (durability) covery when service is disru spite some system da pte m
d (r age (resilience) estoration) 20 Responding to Clim ate Change, Columbia University, Ci ty of New York University, Cornell University, 2011.
57 Durability efforts m flooding and wind, improv ay inclu e
de r d tran econ sm fi issi gur on line design ation or reconstru and c cti ons on of substations to avoid damage from improved distribution design and construction to withstand high tr winds. Resiliency uction to withstand high efforts ma winds y include
, and le ge veraging d s on-au m
ne tributi tomation sy i
rati i
stems to pleme on an ntation o d mi f
cro-grids. Restoration efforts man may i age n
clude the scope proa o
ctiv f outages ely de-energizing circui and employing distribut ts, ed improvement of implementation o da f a res outage ma our m
ce c anage ontr m
ol sy ent syst stem, impleme em, improvement ntation of of voic an e e an lectroni d da c
ta d
c a
o m
mmunica age-inve tion ntory channels, system, e
improvement mployee commi of re tme sto n
ra ge-assessment processes, improvement of t to tion logistics the restoration management system, Reliability Improvements the restora pro tion ce e
- sses, ffort, develop and ensuri ment o ng e f
f f
human ective contr resourc acto es r
sup respon port se.
to ensure These prog Utilities can and do implement rams also speed restorat progr ion of se ams to m rvi ai c
n e
t a
ai fte n a r
n an ou d impr tag ove
- e. Thi the programs that might be used. Each utility would have its own programs s sec reliability of to t
a ion ddres des s
c ribes several types o distribution feeders.
issues specific to its f
region uit nd issues th improvement distributi Circ a
Impr on fe ove
. This involves a eders f me a
n t are causing problems.
alls below t Programs a
- When cus det vera ailed field inspec ge reliabilit tomer c y levels, omplaints or analysis of interruptions causes on all substandard conditions that are likely to be causing the in tion of the those a entire cir ffected cuit feeders circui terruptions. The f to identif ield survey enables y cor ts can be rective selected actions fo and r
int development erruption da of ta cus
. In addi tomized such as tree trimming, inst t
al ion t improv o ident ements t ifying hat substa ma nda y not ha rd cond ve been a itions, other relia pparent from bilit an of y improvement prog fice analysis of rams clam reliability. The reliability per ps, and automatic-style lati wire on splices of light a
n re applied ing arrestors formance of circuits targe to t he aff and replacement o ted under t ected h
ese prog circuits a f
s a armle ppr s
opria s insulators, hot-line rams experience a te to enh improvement compared to untargeted circuits.
signif ance icant
- Sect ut Manual be field oper ility to more and Auto
- ated, easily isol matic Se
, fuses ate ctionaliz on t faults on its f aps, lo in a
g d-Programs eeders and t con e.g.
hus s iona peed restora lizing dist ti r
on of ibutio cust n feeders a omers. These devices ca llows an electric n
trolled devices such as automatic circuit reclo break disc sers onn an e
d au cts, an toma d switches, as well tic sectionalizing as a unit ut s
omat ic or centrally automati An Automa sectionalizing switche tic Sectionalizing Unit (ASU) Program involves the installation of supervisory controlled auto-portions of c sectionalizing of downs s at or near t fault cuits. This process l tre he ed cir a
m m
id fa
-point and end-point imit ults and operator-co (t
nt ie-poi rolled swit nt) of dist ching ribut to sec ion c tionalize ircuits tha and res t provid tore e
in series, breaking u occurs. On select circ p
u lar its ge l wit oa h a d
bo centers in ve avera to ge n s t umbers he number o of conne f cust cte omers int d c errupte smaller componen ustomers, add d
itional A when a ma SUs in-line f are installed ault overall cir a mainline c
fau uit lt, an reliability du d increas e to ed f a
lexibilit smaller number of y in operating t cus he el tomers experi ts. This encing protocol results in an increase in Aged and Poor Condition Cable Replacement Programs ectric distribution syst a sustain em.
ed interruption during distribution equipment, i.e., failures of same or similar equipment, pr
- Based o oa n aged ctive repla and p c
oor ement p perform rogr ance o ams o f
equipment prior to failure can be implemented. One such program is a cable replacement program to f
would be prio replace existing ritized for rep three-phase unde lacement base rground ma d on in-line exit their field c ca o
b ndi les and main-line underground dips. Locations failure history higher historical risk factor
. Programs such as this can tion and historical risk s and are thus eligible for te use failure da s
t tin a to
- g.
det Exi ermine which underg t cables with no known failures c r
factor, su ound cab c
les ha h as re an be ve cent and proa Cable t the ctively e
st fa tes result ct tha t
t ed as to t-t c
heir s
an e can xi be a a
n b
a le field conditi lyz fai ed in lure ty conj pi u
c on. C ally i onsideri nction nterrupt ng s an th with en e po historical tire circ tentially lar uit, exit ge qua cables nti can ty of be a hi aging gh exi p
t-riority.
cables will reduce outages while improving the program cost effectiven d
ess.
ata to better manage cable assets, which
58 Power Quality Issues on the Distribution System In additi for electri on to outages typi c uti
, power quality has become more i cally is associ litie ate
- s. Amon d with g
e t
l he ect i
r ssue ic power t s that ha aff t drives an elec ect power qua mpor lity are harmonic tant to electric c tri loa s
ustom c
d and with an the d
e fl e
icker. P rs and a ower major c quality oncern functions as desirable under the supplied voltage. Therefore, power quality is pri xtent to which this load tran distributi smissi on s on ystems grid. Ty w
pically here
, th mos e quality of ele t loads are connect ctric p ed owe
. Simila r is de r
s i
c ssue ribe s
d and o marily of con as c
cern in par nce ame p
t ts er c
s an as be ext sociate e
d nded to t with:
he V
Variation ariations s in in vo the voltage fre ltage magnit q
ud uency (unde e (voltage s r or over) ags and swells)
Har Transi monic ent volt content in ages an the sin d current usoid s (under or over) al waveforms Cont because inuit of y of the service at topology t
o he t f th ransmission level is of lesser concern than that at Network topology provides alte e bulk power rnate powe system r-flow pa as t
opp hs a o
nd sed m
t ulti o th p
e radia le cont l na ingencies a ture of t the distr re required to result in he dist ibution level prima ribution system.
rily severe extended power in area power oscillations ar terruptio e of more im ns a po t the t rtan r
ce t ansmission level. Generatin blackouts or brownouts of large parts of the system with long w o the bulk powe aitin r system, g unit as sy g times for such serv con nchronization and wide-ice restoratio ditions can lead ns.
to Voltag industri e ma al ind gn uction itude va mo riation tors and s are im high-t por ec tant, as h electr t
onic loads. A v hey can affect oltage s operatio well or sag is n of voltage-sensitive loads such as me few milliseconds to one an square voltage goes above or below the nominal voltage by more t an event where the root drops below 90 percent minut (or rises
- e. Undervolta above 110 percent ges (or overvolt
) of the nomi ages) nal voltage fo occur when the han 10 percent root me for a dura an square vol tion of a Abrupt, brief overvoltages are usually referred to as spikes, impulses, or surges r
a mo nd re genera than o lly a ne m re ca inu use te.
tage la Li rg gh e induct tning is a ive loa n issue ds being that af f
turn ects ed on or off t
. Or, more severely in the transmission network, by lightning.
d by surges on the system and by affect he ing quali relia ty o bilit f powe y due to t r at the ransm tran ission line outa smission level both ges.
by creating voltage Frequency variation as loss of generating s
units or l and large f oad int requency errupt e
ions. Cont xcursions l ar deviations. System frequency is co inuous l from nomin oad v a
aria e cause tions als d by severe system events, such of control: the first level is the inerti nt a
ro o
lled f the prima generat rily by generating units. In part o
icul cau a
s r
e sm
, there a all frequ re three levels ency ge com ne prise t ration c he o
primary ntrol sys frequ tem a e
s p ncy c art o ontr f the N ol, the secon YISO anc dary or rotors, the generating unit governor systems that conventional generating units wit illary f
servic requency es ma con rk trol is et. Wi t
achieved via h the replacement of la an automatic rge renewable resources, a re increased values of the are d
a u
c c
on tion trol err in total s h small powe or an ystem inerti r-electroni d some is a may be c-contr sues with resp o
olled bserved in the sources or future. This might lead to converter-controlled intermittent nature and the reduced controllability of renewable ener ect gy resources (or ot to frequency control. In her distribut general, the generation) is a factor that must be accounted for to maintain future power quality.
ed System system is imbal eeders t as ance also f
hat sumed to can be hea o
per is an issue that could appear in transmission systems. In general, the transmission imbalances are smoothe vily unba ate und la er balan nced, tra ced nsmission lines a conditions am re on con g al sidered alm l three phases.
ost pe Contrary rfectly t
b o
t alan distr d
e i
at the mission level. How c d, as bution rans the more the or t
der o han a f le fe s
w pe s than rce one pe nt are r
ob cent.
served a mong the three pha ever, the ses. Vo re ar ltag e
e cases where imbalances a l
re con oading siderabl imbalance y less, on s of Har inte monic ger multi s on the power system are defined as the sinusoidal voltage and currents at frequencies that are expressed as a voltage wavef p
o le rm, is s of the the T fund otal ame Ha ntal frequency. The m rmonic Distortion, def o
ined as st comm th o
e root n harmonic index, which relates to the large power-elect percent ronic t ag ra e of t mean square of the harmonics nsm he iss f
io unda n eq ment uipm a
en l c t
o
(
m e.g.,
pon F
e ACTS, hi nt. Harm gh-oni vo cs lta are injec ge direc ted t cu into p rrent [
ower sy HVDC]
s tems etc.),
by
59 consu certain large industrial loads, and by t alternat mer lo ing-current ads such equipment as home enter
, etc. Ut tainment he aggre
, elect gate r
i onically balla njection of the per sted lig vasive penet hting, varia r
ble-speed hig ation of distor h-volta ting ge typi back c
gr ally use ound harmonic distorti ility measurements indicate that there can be a substantial level of Recommende I
d nsti Pr tu ac te tices of Ele and ctri on cal throu and Ele ghout ctro the nics el Engi ectri n
c sy eer s
s te (IEEE) standard 519 wh m, most notable, the fifth harmonic. Utilities for establishing its criteria. Ut Require ilities ca ments n require t for H h
arm e to on ta ic Con l volta tr ich establishe ge ol in dist E
o l
rti ectri s IEEE for devices on the transmission on a cal t
Powe any point of interconnecti r Systems as a guide o
li n
ne the three percent f transmission sy or th s
e te ro m, wh ot sum ere
-s system be less than one percent for a tw ny individua o to 50. Keepi l ha t
quare hey are more easily controlled total of all harmonics orders and would potentially be a l n
rmonic a g harmonics nd less th contributor, ed he t
lps minimize harm arger lower at an Some customer equipment, such are connect o lower voltages also should be in onics to the cust vestigated to omer. That s det
- aid, ermine if devices c correct ontributi ive ng ac t
ti o h ons arm are oni re c
qui s that as large variable frequency drive motor, may be damaged by harmonics.
red The t economy. Toda erm Power Qua y, there is widespr lity has recen ead use of tly achieved a high lev digitally controlled el of visibilit devices in a y with t ll area he emergence of the digital voltage v equipment ariati
. Ma o
n ns or disruption y of these new dev s su ices are hig s of New Yorks customer ch as voltage hly sensitive a spikes, sags, nd or d ma ip y not
- s.
operate properly in the event of Inst Service voltage levels itute, ANSI C84.1. This spec are provided wi ification re thin a quires t steady-state toler hat voltage be provi ance ran ded within +/
ge per Americ a
five percent n National Standards nominal v occur due o
to ltage level.
operating Voltage dip conditions s
on or s the electric pikes and brief system. These service i irregul nterrupti a
ons of varying duration and of t se he rities do not cause malfunction ve of rity lighting or motor loads but may affect computers and other equipment.
Assessing Distrib reliability perform As a means of measuring the ution Reliability performance of investor-owned utilities, DPS staff compiles detailed monthly company contains de discussions identi tailed interrupti ance, primari o
ly CAIDI and SAIFI data, into an annual report. The fy issu n data e
f s or or ea ac c
ti h utility ons withi an n
d e
st ach atew comp ide sta any t
tha istics for t t influence he pa 2011 Int st five ye erruption Report 2011 and indicate company-specific trends, where applicable.
d performa a
n rs.
ce levels for Individual F
ar ig e used to calcula ure 11 illustrate t
s cust e CAIDI a omer-h nd a our interr re measured by t uptions h
over e number of c the past five years. Cust hours those customers are without service. A short duration but wi ustomers wi despread ou thou omer-h t service ours of in multiplied by the terruptions dura as down tion s
o ta hour int ver te could significantly increase the annual customer-h tage in a populated area such errupt a s ions were t mall area h
c e
ould high a
e ls st o
duri incr n
ea g
s the e t p
he c ast fi ust ve omer-ho our of interruptions. Likewise, a long customer-hours of interruptions from st years driven largely by urs interruptions. In 2011, t storm events. In otal customer-fact, figure, stor two major s ms are one torm even o
ts f
d the larges uring the t
same y orms were t ear, Hurric h
a e hig ne Irene an hest during the past 20 years because there were percent during the past five years.
f actors for customer-hours of d
inter an e r
arly snow uptions, acc sto o
rm. As unting illustr for mo a
r ted e th in the an 70
60 Figure 11. Number of Customer-Hour Interruptions Source: DPS Figure 11 illustrates customer-hour interruptions over the past five years.
90,000,000 80,000,000 70,000,000 60,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,000,000 10,000,000 0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Figure 11 illustrates customer-hour interruptions over the past five years.
Major Storm-Related OutagesFigure 11 illustrates customer-hour interruptions over the past five years.
Non-Storm Related OutagesFigure 11 illustrates customer-hour interruptions over the past five years.
F (SAIF igures 12 a I) betw n
e d 13 illust en 2007-201 rate 1
t
. Comparing he statewide the t dur wo indice ation of interruption (CAIDI) and interruption frequency frequently, however, it is the storm outages that increase t s that he duration of interruptions.
non-storm related outages 21 occur more Excludi three yea ng m rs a a
n jor storms, the statewide interruption frequency for 2011 has been nearly identical for the past Huds Utilities (O&R) non-st on), Niaga d bett ra Moh er t orm perf awk han the Power Cor five-yea por r avera ormance im ation g
d/b/
- e. Central Hudson Ga n compared w s (
s proved whe a National Grid it Na
& Electric Co h 2010. The rema tional Grid) r
, and pora t
Oran ion (
ge Cent ining elect Ro ra ckl l
and companies' 2011 perf ric and met the criteria in the ormances wer performa e not a nce mec s good a hanisms s 2010 levels, a to which they w lthough they still perf ere subject.
ormed satisfactorily Ut an ilit d 32 percent ies served approxima on network t
syst ely 7.8 million ems. Con Edison customers cust service territor 22 in 2011, of which 68 percent were on radial syst omers. Due to concentrated population, Con Edison is the only u y acc t
o il unte ity th d
a f
t o
h r 4 as 2
a pe sub rcent of the st ems system, which accounts for 73 percent of its 3.3 million customers. Typically a network s
s t
ys anti tem r al n e
e sults in twork atewi de much lower SAIFI values.
21 22 CAID A cus I
tomer is networ defined by k service does the po not int of inte include a rconnection w major storm c i
a th the tegory.
u tility or an electric meter.
61 Figure 12. New York State CAIDI for Radial and Network Source: PSC 2011 Annual Reliability Report Figures 12 illustrates the statewide duration of interruption NYS CAIDI for Radial and Network between 2007-2011.
12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Figures 12 illustrates the statewide duration of interruption NYS CAIDI for Radial and Network between 2007-2011.
Radial With StormsFigures 12 illustrates the statewide duration of interruption NYS CAIDI for Radial and Network between 2007-2011.
Radial W/O StormsFigures 12 illustrates the statewide duration of interruption NYS CAIDI for Radial and Network between 2007-2011.
NetworkFigures 12 illustrates the statewide duration of interruption NYS CAIDI for Radial and Network between 2007-2011.
Figure 13. New York State SAIFI for Radial and Network Source: PSC 2011 Annual Reliability Report Figures 13 illustrates the statewide duration of interruption of NYS SAIFI for Radial and Network between 2007-2011.
1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Figures 13 illustrates the statewide duration of interruption of NYS SAIFI for Radial and Network between 2007-2011.
Radial With StormsFigures 13 illustrates the statewide duration of interruption of NYS SAIFI for Radial and Network between 2007-2011.
Radial W/O StormsFigures 13 illustrates the statewide duration of interruption of NYS SAIFI for Radial and Network between 2007-2011.
NetworkFigures 13 illustrates the statewide duration of interruption of NYS SAIFI for Radial and Network between 2007-2011.
Utilities an investment is necessary d DPS staff use to i ca mpro use co ve reliab de data i
to i lity. Overall, elect dentify areas w ric reliability perfor here maintenance or increase in capital been steady. There are, however, Quarterly meetings on reliability wi individua th utiliti l conc es are erns tha proving v t a a
r lua e be ad ma State b
ing nce across the le and ra dre t
sse e proceedin d through gs address different various staff effor has ts.
aspects of service reliability.
Edison When no netwo t incl rk) were uding major domi stor nated ms, b
the sou y tree, equipment, ac rces of interruption
- cident, s f an or r d
a un dial dis known tribution sources as illustr (not inclu a
d te ing d in Fi the Con gure
62
- 14. Annually trees and differ in proportion equipment number of tr from company in to terruption company s are the top two causes of non-storm interruptions. They but also outa e
g e
e s ad s cause jace d b nt t y
o a
line nimal c s within th ontact. Uti e service terri depending on tory.
their Acciden individua ts not only in l charact clude vehicular eristics such a ac s t c
he lities address the major problem areas with line clearan iden ce ts, Figure 14. Radial Interruptions - 2011 Unknown 14%
Tree 24%
Lightning 9%
Customer Overload Equipment 2%
0%
Prearranged 4%
Error 1%
Accident 16%
Equipment 30%
Source: DPS For network (Con Edison) interruptions, To minimize the f the line that connect requency of s an individual custome cus r o tomer t a different o Con E set d
ison' of ca s
use codes are used, with individual services (
paths. Individual service lines to custome u
r premises, however, tages, Con Edisons ne net t
w w
o o
rk) historica rks are desig lly dominat ned with redunda ing outa n
g t
e supply causes.
i.e.,
de po si rt gn ion o cri f
te the net ria and un work de sys rgr te o
m, und as shown i settings, the n Fig m
ure 15. Fa ajority of te lack any supplemental sup ilures in rrupti on par ons are ts of the ne associ ply. Given these second highe t
a w
te o
d wi rk grid itself are the th the service expand its tro s
ub t c le ause shooti for int ng st erru aff ptions.
use to mi As an nimize int example errupt of co ion d rrective uratio a
n (C
- ction, AIDI).
Con Edison plans to modify and (tree trimming) programs, programs to replace problematic equipment, and animal guards around susceptible electric equipment.
63 Figure 15. Network (Con Edison) Interruptions - 2011 Source: DPS - This figure is a pie chart which shows network (Con Edison) interruptions in 2011: Accident, 1%; Prearranged, 0%; Customer Equipment, 0%; Unknown, 0%; Services, 90%; Mains, 8%; and Equipment, 1%.
Prearranged Customer 0%
Equipment Accident 0%
1%
Equipment Unknown 1%
0%
Mains 8%
Services 90%- This figure is a pie chart which shows network (Con Edison) interruptions in 2011: Accident, 1%; Prearranged, 0%; Customer Equipment, 0%; Unknown, 0%; Services, 90%; Mains, 8%; and Equipment, 1%.
64 D. Investment and Expenditures Issues No that repl t surpri ace sin o
g ld equipment, ly, utility spen main ding ta can in or improve relia have an effect on b
r ilit eli y, or ability. For c on reliability. Saving operations and maintenance expenses, fo fi r exa x spe m
cifi apital expenses, delaying projects cleared of trees or the number of line mechanics also will have a ple, by reducing c problems can n effect on electric relia the mile of lines have varying effects bility.
The t might take ye endency of ars b
f o
o t
r h
the e types of ffects sp to be see ending re n in reliability stat ductions is to have lo istics, but it ng-term ra also will be yea ther than shor rs before the t-term effects. It deficiencies metric (CAIDI are recovered.
).
A lack of crews to respond to interruptions will be seen sooner in the duration Whi agre l
e e
m de en tai t wa led rrant exami s ad na di tion tio s o nal a f uti tte lity spe ntion during the ou nding occur du t ye ring a ars.
rate c A concern for u ase, the typical three-year rate is the reason requirements that the DP tility spending on reliability help with info
, deta rmation g iled ea S
i ns and mainten a
r s
li taff er, int has put the capital and operat o ance expenses reporting thering bet o t w
he ut een ra ilit t
ies a e cases.
nnua l reliability report. In addition, quarterly meetings Financi operating e al da x
ta pe for nditures New Y f
ork or t he tran State TO smis s filed with sion and F
dis ER t
C ribution s and the P yst SC were reviewed. The dat ems from 2004 to 2010 a a
nd act included a
F planned igure 16, t capital expendi ransmission opera tures for u l and increase in O&M expenses is in p tin tran g and maintenance expenditures smission and distribution systems from 2004 to 2015. As shown in discussed later and enhanced ins ar pec t associated with work related to ha t
v tion protocols for the investor-ow he increase in c e trended higher in recent years. The ned utilities.
apital expenditures
65 Figure 16. Electric Operations and Maintenance Expenses Source: DPS 2004 t Figure 17 incl hrough 2010 a udes all t nd total pla he major ut nned ilities in New York, shows t capital expenditures from 2 otal a 011 t ctual e hroug lectri increa h 2015. Capita cal capital expe l expe nditure ndit s
ures from expendit capacity limits. For ex sed significantly f am rom 2004-ple, Con E 200 dison 8, re built a numbe flecting the ne r of new ed to ad subs d or u ures also increased beca tation pgra s
de for f
the acilities as first time in y they re ears. C ached their apital t
deman ransformers, increa
- d. Both copper sed sub and aluminum use of much higher commodity co stantially duri prices, which ng the mid-2000 t are a significant sts, c
. C cos as omm o
t perio portion aused f
at le the in p r ime d
odity ts in c a
prices in a
t ble and by higher global econo declined sligh mic conditions, tly durin is pre g the d
rec icte ession.
d to be succeeded by mode A downturn in capital expenditures start general st, if any, growth in th ing e ne in 2009, inf xt five yea lue rs.
nced by Figure 17 represents Electric Operations and Maintenance Expenses 1,200,000 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0Figure 17 represents Electric Operations and Maintenance Expenses x 1,000 Nominal $ Figure 17 represents Electric Operations and Maintenance Expenses TransmissionFigure 17 represents Electric Operations and Maintenance Expenses DistributionFigure 17 represents Electric Operations and Maintenance Expenses
66 Figure 17. New York State Utility Electric Capital Expenditures Source: DPS Figure 18 represents NYS Utility Electric Capital Expenditures 3,000,000 2,500,000 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 500,000 0Figure 18 represents NYS Utility Electric Capital Expenditures 1,000 x
Nominal $ Figure 18 represents NYS Utility Electric Capital Expenditures ActualFigure 18 represents NYS Utility Electric Capital Expenditures PlannedFigure 18 represents NYS Utility Electric Capital Expenditures Reliability and Cost Conside Cos There a ts to c r
om investments, e genera ply with tr lly increment ansmission and dis r
t ations ribution reliability rule changes to operati al o
costs associated with compliance. C s o os r cri ts te may in ria are clude refle a
c ddi ted i tional n utili capi ty ra tal tes.
ut uti ilit lity c y tr o
a s
nsmission owners, which may be ref ts, ratepayers also may b ns, e a and ffec increment ted by reli a
ab l ope ility c rati om on a pliance nd maintenance expenses. In addition to commodity costs.
lected in market prices o co f e st le s rela ctrici ted ty a to nd g
, ulti enera ma t
te or ly, s or non-electricity necessary.
Transmiss R
io ather, bulk p n - Historic o
al wer sy ly, the c stem ost o re f
l com iability was plying with relia considere bilit d a b y crit ase e
li ria wa ne. Fe s no w i t
f any consi op dered pose to d t b
concept, because there was a common interest in the strict observance of minimum planning and operating h
e is standards.
When new st the recently have sponsorin a
g ndar begun t enti ds ty t or changes to existing standards are proposed, o
o c
ons perform ider bot an an h the benef alysis of it the s a c
n o
d cost st of co s t m
o plian implement c
it
- e. For ex is becomin ample g i
, NPC ncreasin C an gly common for is at the early stages of development and the current proposed process is more qualit reliability sta at nda ive t rds. This process d NERC although it may evolve into a more quantitative approach.
han quantitative,
67 Whi the c le o
s the t of c
co on mpli cept ance that re pro li b
a a
b b
ili ly will become a re ty considerations mu quisite paralle st outweigh l e cost ffort whe is unlik considered.
n pr ely to cha oposals ng for ne e, det w
ermina standa ti rd on of s are Di of syst stri the m ems. F bu ajor tio o
n r exa
- The bal mple, Con Ediso anci 23 ng of reliabilit ns network system (n y and costs is e
a twork sy n ongoing upstate cities ), is inherently much m ste ch ms al a
leng lso e for elect exist to a l r
imit ic dist ed e ribut xtent ion in some Sta theoretic te. Simila ally r a pos lt sible, it wo hough less ex uld, however, treme comp be cos arison t p s
r o
ohib re re itive liable in t to put erms of int could be made bet su erruption frequency. While the more rural areas of the w
c een more densely popul h a network in place thr a
oug ted area hout the s and ext overhea remely high. A st d facilities in t udy perf he after Stat math
- e. Ano ormed o
a f
ther ch a major allenge is storm(s).
the c Aga a
i ll f n, howev or wide er, the c spread un ft ost d
to er er three major storms affected Con Edison in 2006 do groun so would ding of existing to underground all of Con Edison estima be ted the cost tran
$45 billion do
- smission, llars. The es distribution, a tim nd ated s overhead service cost dro to und f
erg acilities a round a nd o ll of the LI r
PA' as s
so o
ci verhead ated uti fa lity f cilities including acilities (e.g., telephone) at not include the cost to modify customer eq p
ui s is pme ap n
p t t ro o
ximately undergroun
$39 bil d connecti lion (2012) dolla ons.
rs. These estimates do In det between what is accep ermining safe and adequa table reliabi te service at lity versus wh just at is an an d rea acc s
ep ona ta b
b l
le rat e rate e impa s, the ct P
t SC o ut tri ilit es to y custome maintai r
n a b
- s. The alance reliability performance mechanisms and electric is one o intended to h f the more imp elp ensur or e t tant c hat appropriat oncerns o e relia f utility cu bilit service stand y in maintained.
ards ment Many s ioned elsewhere in this report are of the challenges being faced stomers, but that cost is tu the m dies o
h s
ave sh t importan own t t c h
o at n
reliability cern. One deterior unreason ate) able a
. One nd embra means cing of n
i ew t s mo echnol derniz ogy, while simu ing the distribu l
ti taneou on inf sly rast cont ruct doing so is using enhanced technology to improve eff r
ur olling e (or c
, c os onversely, not l ici ts e
so ncies, t that they are etting it not increases in other areas such as those due to increased commodity costs.
hus offsetting 23 For example, networks also exist in the downtown business district in each of t Alban hese cit y, Troy, Sy ies and are racuse, an relatively small in si d Buffalo. These networks serve ze.
a portion of
68 E. Environmental Regulations Siting Law Art of 2011 which t icle X of the New York ook effect State Public Service Law was reestablished and revised through the Power NY Act new generation plants and on Aug certai ust n upgr 4, 2011. The new Art ades to existing plants.
icle X The law i c
s a
p paci ermane ty thre nt sho and ld f ap o
pli r a pr es to the siting of subject including to Article X is 25 MW (the previous threshold was 80 MW oject to be siting pro cess.
combust Environmen ion sources, win tal Justice an d, solar al
, and yses mus other re t be newable conducted under t project
). A wider ran s are now ge s
of ub genera ject to t
the Ar ion project ticle X s,
(see ca 487 in Appendix A). In a psule for Pa ddition, CO standards have been established for new fos he new law (see ca sil-fuel-fired gen psule f erators or Part appr with Sec ove o tion 1 r disap 251 a 64 Public Service L prove rt 251 in Appendix A). Pa applicatio 2
rt nd Part 487 were adopted in July 2012. The State aw ns wi or t
hi within six m n 12 months onth of the s for m date odified or repowered an application is determined t facilities mee o com ting ply must Environmental Regulations certain criteria including, but not limited to, net emissions reductions.
Elect disch r
a ic g rges, an enera d s ting olid units (EGUs) are subject to environmental regulations addressing air emissions, water ad regulati opted by the NYSD and hazardous waste management. Regulations impacting this sector have been summaries o ons af f
fe these regul cting thi EC s se and c
t the Unite ations or a
are re prese pre d S se tates Environ nted in A nted in T ppen able mental 4
Protection Agency (U.S.
d (NYS ix A.
EPA). Lists of Capsule The NYISO eva 2010 Reliabilit luat y Needs Asse ed the impa ssment cts of the following regulations on the reliability of the grid in the NYCA in the NYSDECs NO Utility MACT Rule (40 NYSDECs Best x RACT Rule (Subpa Available Retrofit r
T t 227-2) echnology (BART) Rule (Part 249)
NYSDECs NO F
str acilit ategy ies of to b Oxides of ri x
n RACT Rule g the S Nit tat rog ozone. In 2009, the NYSDEC wa e i n
en (NO to compli x), also referred to as the NO RACT Rule, is a component of the NYSDECs fired boilers such as those used s consideri ance wi ng th t tigh he te N
ning ati sta onal A nda mbient r
x ds for Air Qua NO emission lity Sta s
nd fro ar m la d for g rge r
co ound-level al-and oil-in 2009 t under conside o conduct ratio a
n by stu t
dy of he N YS th e
at e cont lec rol technolog tricity genera ies and cost ting stations. Genera s to comply with the l Elect x
ric w NO as retained by the NYISO not result in negative operation margins DEC. Genera and rec l Elec ommen tric co d
n ed clud that ed t
that he r t
evised stan he lower emi dards n ssion x emission stand o
ards July 1, 2014. The NYSDEC incorpo ot take effect until standards w uld NYSDEC expected th s B at a significant quantity ra o
t f
e ca d Genera pacity wi l Elect ll reti rics recom re solely due to the provis mendation into Subpa ions of rt 227-2.
Subpart It 227-2.
is not 24 Technolog Areas (e.g.,
y (BART -
national est Available Part 2 Retrofit
- 49) Rule Tec are to reduce reg hnology (BAR iona T) Rule l haze a nd i The purpo mprove visibilit ses of the Best Av y in Federa ailable Retrofit 250,000 mmBtu/h a parks).
nd a potent Foss ia il fuel-fi l to emit more t red steam elect han 250 t ricit ons per y genera ye t
ar o ing units with f NOx, SO2 o heat inpu r PM10 are potentially ts gr l Cla eater ss I than subject to Part 249. The units specifically affected by Part 249 are those that commenced operation or 24 2010 Reliability Need s Assessment
, New York Independent System Operator, September 2010. Page 45.
NYSDECs o
Best Techn CFR 63, Subpart U logy Available (BT UUUU)
A) Policy
- Subpart 227-2, Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) for Major
69 underwent have to install reconst any ad ruct diti ion bet ona ween August 7, 1962 and Aug that a l controls beyond what is required ust t
7, 1 o comply wit 977. EGUs subject h Part 227-to Pa
- 2. It rt 249 ma is not expe y not cted oil-fired steam generators with Achievable Co Utility M signific ACT a
R nt quan ule tity of capacity will retire solely due to the provisions of Part 249.
ntrol Te
- The U.S. EPA relea chnology (MACT) e sed a mission r proposed rule on Ma ate standards for h y 3 a
, 2011 t zardous air pollutan o establish Ma ts fr ximum om coal-and the s known ame as as the proposed rule, was si a namepl than 25 ir Tox g
ate capacity greater the Mercury and A ics Standar ned by the U.S. E ds (MATS P
). It is es A Admin timated th istra MW.
tor on Decemb A final rule er 16, 2011 a
, which is essent nd is ially New York coal fleet has Subpart UUUUU) will af ins fect 32 un talled emission its that represent control equipment 10,844 MW of that will put capacity at the M in New Yo ACT rule (40 rk. The ma CFR jorit y
63, of the co impa al-fired units, however, m ct of the rule to heavy oil-fired units ay need to fue in New Yor l switch or undertake extensive emission complian con ce within reac trol re
- h. Certain to monitor fuel moisture or conduct periodic stack testi k is n
no g o t
r ex both to comply with the pected to be significant rule. Facilit
. The sour tro c
fi es will need ts. The have t ti hree year ies will NYSDEC addi onal ye s to comply wit s Be a
st Tec r for te h the rule (February 16, 2015). Under the Clean Air Act, NYSDEC can grant an Available (BTA) Policy h
chnology installation.
- The purpose of the NYSDECs Best Technology surf cooli ace ng wa wa te te r
r i
b n
odi take es st nolog r
i uc s to tu y
re m
Avai inimize s in conne lable the ct (BTA) Poli adverse with environmenta point cy through cooling wate ion r intake structure source t l i s cau h
s e
mpac e
r i
ma ts di c
s au nju l
ry a ch se arg d
e b
s y
. W industri ater wi a
t l
h f
d a
r ci a
li w
ti a
e ls s
f w
ro it m
h existing through a
impingement at the intake and entrainment through the cooling sy nd stem mor t
The ality t policy o fish a
a pplies nd shellfish nd proposed industrial facilities designed to withdraw at least 20 million gallons of water per to day all f
t r
h om at a t
re he s
w ubject aters t
of o
New York State, where at least 25 percent is used for contact or non-contact cooling, and lieu Clean o
f W
the ate pre r A f
c erred
- t. Th th e
e p
requirement oli y s of Section 704.5 of 6 NYCRR Pa cooling c
i wa s f te lex r
i i
b n
l t
e a
, s ke in s
c tru e it c
ture allow te s
c f
h o
n r
ology equiv
. T ale h
n e
t p
rt e
704 rform an a
d nc Sect e go ion als t 316(b) hat co o
u f
ld t
he be f
m edera et in l
10, face 2011 signi fi can In t t
h c
e api 20 t
10 al e
Y 3
S of the BTA to 7 7 6 D
M EC W
fi o
n 25 a
f c liz a
e p
d a
c t
i h
t e
y B
in T
t A
h e
P N
oli Y
c C
y A
o c
n o
J u
u P
l l
d y
New and Future Regulatory Initiatives olicy.
There a that ma r
y e severa pose po l addit tential relia ional reg bility c ulati o
o ncer ns that are coming into e ns in NYC ffect or may be finalized in the next two years Cross State corresponding ef Air Polluti fects are on R discusse ule (CSAPR) d below.
A. The three most significant rules and the potential fos (including Ne sil fuel-fire w
d e York) in the cent lectricity generating units with n
- This rule was to es ameplate rating tablish s grea NO ter t x an ha d
n S
25 MW in 27 st O2 emissions bud ates gets for ha 6, 2011 versio ve affected 167 unit n of the rule were b s represen r
t a
ing l an 23,275 MW of d eastern portions of the ca capa United States. In New York, CSAPR would sector. Several modeling deficiencies were ident elow the histori l annua city l em
. Th issi e em on ission bud totals for the gets e
for lec New Y tricity ge ork ne in the July rating NYISO the CSAPR rule (relea provided techni sed on Oct cal suppor ober 7, 2011) t information t ified in the work done by the U.S. E that o U.S.
provi EPA f des a or i ddi ts u tion se al to emission allowances for NY propose the P
technic A. The NY al co SDE rrection C and to generators. U.
stayed by the Uni S. EPA ha vacated and rema te nded to the U.
d Sta s esti tes C ma ourt ted New Yorks annual allowance S. EPA on Aug of Appeals for ust the 21, 2012. The C District of Columbia costs for 2012 at Circuit on December 30,
$65 million. This rule wa 2011 and s
emission allowance rule, remains in effect. In k, CAI lean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), ano 245 (see capsules in Appendix A)
New Yor ther to or greater than 25 MW.
and applies to fossil fuel-fir R
ed g is a enera dminist tors wit ered t h namep hrough Pa lat rt e c s 243, 244 a apacities equa nd l
25 Ibid, page 47.
70 Cooling Wat applicability e
ra r
n Intake Str ges are dif u
fe ctur rent es
. A p
Fe r
d o
e p
r o
al s
e r
d u
le ru s
le a
w re a
s s
im r
i e
la le r
a t
s o
ed th o
e NYSDECs BTA Policy except that the expected in June 2013. If the final rule is not substantially different n
th Ma an rch the 28, propo
- 2011, sed a
rule nd a
the fina n
l t
he rule BTA is Policy will likely be the govern Coal-Combustion Residuals ing requirement that New York facilities must meet.
on June 21, 2010. Coal-combust i
The U.S. E on residua PA pr ls include oposed bott two o om a p
s ti h
on and s fo f
r re ly a gula sh. These ting coal-mat c
eria omb ls u
c st urrent ion res ly id a
u re als not specif considere ied in para d solid w graphs 360-1.15(b)(14-1 astes by the NYSDEC under Sub
) (
manu pa This beneficial use may be elimi 6
fa rt 360-1.1 cture of ro 5
ofin (Be g shin nefici gles, c al Use o
) i ncrete pr f they a odu re u c
se ts, et d as c).
combu hazard stion ous w r
a e
ste (
siduals.
speci al waste).
nated if It is n th ot clear when e U.S. EPA e.g.,
dec or if U.
ides t S. E o re PA pl gulate coal comb ans to release ustion resi a final rule for coal-duals as CO Greenhouse G of R 2 Em GGI at issio that n
a s Allowance s Initiative or RGGI Programs
) took e
- A region ffect on J al c anuary 1, 20 arbon-dioxide e
- 09. Ten states, inclu missions trading program (Regional time. In New York, a CO2 allowance program was adopted through 6 NYCRR Pa ding New Yor rt 242.
k, were par t
Needs Assessment The NYISO evaluated t would not have adverse im and t he pot he 2009 Comp ential impacts of rehensive Relia the RGGI CO bilit 2
y Pla allow
- n.
a I
nce t w as prog con ra clude m as d
pa tha rt of t the the 2009 Relia RGGI program bility point progra where ca m costs a rbon prices rea t that time o p
f th acts e a on relia nalysis. Nevert bility in the short heless, if t
t erm he a
, ba vaila sed bilit on y of a the fuel llow fo ances de recast and environmental be financially strained. Additiona ch levels of lly, as the spread bet
$35 - $50 per w
t een c on, hi oal gh an carb d n o
a n e tur m
a i
l t
ga ting s de co c
a r
l-
- eased, fired c crea apa se ci s
ty woul to the d
fired plants would have to consider the continued viability of their plants.
owners of coal-At pro t
g his ram on point the reliability of
, there is no natio th na e elect l CO2 r
a i
llo c g wance pr rid in New York ogram. It is too early to estimate the impact of such a
71 Table 4. - New York State DEC Regulations and Policies Central Station Power Plants Subject Regulation DG Coal Oil Gas MSW Wood LFG Nuclear Air - General Permitting Requirements Part 201 x
x x
x x
x x
Air Quality Regulations (Emission Standards)
Incinerators Subpart 219-2 x
Distributed Generation Part 222 x
Sulfur Content in Fuel Subpart 225-1 x
x x
Particulate Matter Subpart 227-1 x
x x
x NOx RACT Subpart 227-2 x
x x
x x
x New Source Review Part 231 x
x x
x x
x x
Mercury Reduction - Coal-fired Part 246 x
EGUs Regional Haze (BART)
Part 249 x
x CO2 Standards Part 251 x
x x
Air Emissions Allowance Programs CO2 Trading Program Part 242 x
x CAIR - Ozone Season NOx Part 243 x
72 Subject Regulation DG CAIR - Annual NOx Part 244 CAIR - SO2 Part 245 Fuel Storage Solid Waste Management Part 360 Hazardous Waste Management Parts 370-374 Petroleum Bulk Storage Parts 612-614 x
Cooling Water SPDES Permits Part 750 Cooling Water Intake Structures BTA Policy Environmental Justice (Article X only)
Part 487 x
x x
Central Station Power Plants Coal Oil Gas MSW Wood LFG x
x and Waste Management Regulations x
x x
x x
x Intake and Water Discharge Regulations x
x x
x x
Nuclear x
x x
Source: DEC Key BART - Best Available Retrofit Technology CAIR - Clean Air Interstate Rule DG - distributed generation EGUs - electric generating units BTA - Best Technology Available LFG - landfill gas MSW - municipal solid waste RACT - Reasonably Available Control Technology
73 Table 5. U.S. EPA Regulations Central Station Power Plants Regulation DG Coal Oil Gas MSW Wood LFG Nuclear New Source Performance Standards - (40 CFR 60)
Spark Ignition Engines Subpart IIII x
x Diesel Engines Subpart JJJJ x
x x
Turbines Subpart KKKK x
x x
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants - Air (40 CFR 63)
Engines Subpart ZZZZ x
x x
Coal-and Oil-fired EGUs Subpart UUUUU x
x Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (40 CFR)
EGUs (>25 MW)
Parts 51, 52 et. al.
x x
x Cooling Water Intake and Water Discharge Regulations (40 CFR)
Cooling Water Intake Parts 122 & 125 x
x x
Structures Effluent Limits Part 423 x
x x
Coal Combustion Residuals (40 CFR)
Coal Combustion Residuals Parts 257 & 261 x
Source: DEC
74 F. Transmission and Distribution Reliability Impacts from Policy a
N d
u minist merous ra t
p i
ubl ve a ic ct p
ivit oli ies, init cy initia iat tives have result es t changes fe compon of the el ra ed in chang o
af cting any ent ives, prog ectric ms, ma sys nda tem te (i.e.,
s, an
- load, d ot the her cha electri ng c sy es, part stem.
icula Legi r
sla ly sudden unexpect tive regulatory an ed d
elect signif r
ica ic syst nt impa em has a cts on t ccommodat he system.
ed This s these chan ection hi ges thr ghlights the recen generation, t policy initiativ or transmission d presen
) can have ts how the Load As dis a majo cus r fa s
c ed i tor n Secti in dete o
rmi n A, l ni o
n a
g d
th fo e appropri recast plays ate insta a critical role in system reliability. Load forecast uncertainty is ac from cepte the l d t oa oler d forec ance.
as P
t ower
, how s
e mar yste ver, a robust forec rs c a
lled reserve m planne onsider st generally pr gin. Actual load almost always differs this bandwi edic dt ts h when desig the actual lo ni ad ng w
syst ithin t ems.
he bandwidth of If the load characteristics change slowly over time, forecasters can build these effects into their forecasts, as ough system planning and operation.
es an long as they have data that can quantify the sources of the change Energy Effi beyond those ref ciency lected in t he bandwidth of tolerance then, the syst
- s. I em could be vulnera f the load characterist ble.
ics change rapidly consumed and redu ce the n Well st eed for ructured ene June 2008 the PSC issued an Order i
est nfra a
struct rgy eff ure upg iciency rades. Reco programs provide a cost-effective reduction in energ blishing an Energy Efficiency gni z
P i
or ng the tfolio S be t
ne andar fits o d (
f e EEPS nergy e
) w f
ith the ficiency, in y
to reduce forecasted electric load by 15 percent (26,885 GWH) b goal t
owned ut hrough 2011. Wit ilities and NYSERDA to i h such an aggres mpleme sive goa nt new efficiency pr l in a relative short ogr period y 2015 (15 x 15); and authorized funding NYSERDAs current activity. Targeted savings among these progra am m
s, a
au of time, the PSC directed all investor-the overall goal, while the remaining portion is from expected improvements in bu dministr gmented ator by LIPA, ilding c s accoun NYP odes t for A
68 percent
, and of NYSERDA a efficiency sta nd t nda he sta rds. In Octo te's invest ber 2011, t or-owned ut he PSC a ilities.
uthorized funding and issued revised goals throug and a h 2015 f pplian o
ce r
While energ satisfying sy y
s
-ef tem-demand ficiency prog require rams ments, there is greate provide a similar reso r uncerta urce to convent inty ass iona ociate l genera energy efficiency programs that is compounded in longer term load projections d
. I wi f
th the tion in t ene erms of rgy savi the achieved e ngs of because savings are lower than the f the policy nergy less than the 15 x 15 g orecast w o
ould als, t 26 b
his e to w
o goals or lower than projections o
low. I uld be f,
e for qui ex vale ample, the ac nt to adding t
u a
a p
l
, the energ n re y eff liab iciency sa ility is pote ving nt s
i were 10 percent ally at risk a 1 the 2015 f 0 perce o
n re t d cast eviati ed loa on fro d.
m A
the ssuming th goal woul at energy efficie i
cy has t p
d e n
roximately 2,690 GWh or 1.6 percent to quate to an ncrease of approximat he same load fac ely 580 MW in peak tor as the overall load, su demand.
ch Consequently, but does not follow t for plannin he goa g purpo ls explicit ses, the ly. Energ load y-ef forec ficiency pr aster is gui m
ogr ded by ams w p
ith clear, rogra g
higher degree of tar oa geted ls and cus pas t
t om perform ers have anc a
e such transf a
orm s ma a
rke tion t
savi tran confi sfo dence rmatio of
- n. A obtaining specified goals than programs with more ambiguous customers either. Two importan ngs t reli and a
bili bui t
ldi ddi ng co tiona des an lly, it is dif d stand f
a icu rd l
s t t savi o delinea ngs, an t
d it' e pot s diff entia icult t l overla o ex p bet plicit w
ly q een ma uant r
if k
y et y studies described in Section B, the Reliability Needs Assessment (RNA) and 26 conservation impacts. (2,690 GWh/168,690 GWh= 0.0159)
The 1.6 percent sav ings is base d on t he 2009 NYISO Load and Capacity Data" 2015 energy forecast with
75 the Installed Reserve Margin (IRM) study, depend on accurate load forecasts. In a long-term forecast such as t
for he 10-yea the IRM, w r RNA, energ here the energy ef y efficienc ficiency y goals are more uncert goals are more cert ain t ain ha n in the near-term, year-ahead forecast used To and ma capt j
u o
re t r stat hes e ut e u ilit ncerta ies a inties nd po wer load auth forec or as ities. For ts used in reliability studies are developed jointly by the NYISO energy efficie owned utilities (IOU ncy for e s) ach u provi t
d ilit e year-ahe y or agency based on pr ad forecasts the I to th RM S e NYIS tudy, NY O. The P
se fo A, LI recasts in PA and the clude planne state's maj e
o d
o impacts r investor-gram administrators' projections. The NYISO of fo v
r t aluate he coming s the uti yea lit
- r.
y forecasts in terms of expected levels of economic growth and energy efficiency impacts A 10-year fore with its own cast is required for the RNA. The NYISO combines forecasts provided by LIPA and Con Edison In the se and peak con dem forecasts and foreca for st al s
l are ba other se areas d on e of the conometri State. A c pr two ojection
-stage s
p prep roces ared by s is used NYIS
. In t f
energ
- stage, O, LIPA, he irst a
s n
tag d C e
on E dison.
y of the energy savings d
the NYI energy-efficiency prog imp SO and the two utilities deduct ram a
impacts cts of effi a
ciency re based on progr ams, bu goals and bud ilding from c
the e a
conometric forecast g
odes, nd appliance efficiency s their p stan r
d ojection ards. The s
spending levels a energy-efficiency f nd f orec ut as ure i ts a mpac ccou ts, based on recent nt for uncertainty in history of expected pro s
et avi s pr ngs ovided by gra due to mini po the m ad stra tential sh PSC, N ortfal YPA, a ls in expec nd LIPA. The ted System Planni achievement le taff.
ng Wor vels. The f tors' actual spending and DPS S king Group, wh orecast used ich includes ma for the RNA is dis rket pa cusse rt d
icipa and re
- nts, viewed wit consumer a h the NYISO's El dvocates, NYSE ect RD r
A ic
, and Large L public policy a concentr o
a ad G ted grow r
c owth tively promot
- Unforeseen large-load growth also th, most likely es speci from fic or targ a large-s et cale ind ed econo ustrial m
crea ic d tes un evelopment certainty projects, t in system pl he resul anning. When ting 10 percent distribution s of New York ystem. It sho Sta u
t ld b e's de e noted, development, can have an impact on the mand. I howe ndustrial se ver, that ctor de the ind m
us an trial d has declined 47 percent sector accounts for only since 2001, whi approximately commercial sector demand increased by 24 percent.
le On the upgradi di ng the strib u
ca ti pa on s city yste of i m,
ndi suc vi h im anticipate regional load growth; overloaded, or installing new dis dual pa circui cts could t conduc require significant new investments to the system, such as lar tribut ge ne ion substat w business lo ions. TOs re tors, replac ach ing t out ran to bu sformers t sinesses hat wo at a l uld ads usually w oc al level to become meet utility connection requ abruptly. Rather, the effects o irem f these incr ents. Genera eased l lly, t oads hese project are genera s
lly a do n ork direc t the tly w nt ot icipat affec ed and c b
ith the ulk pow TO er t
s o e ys n
te sure they aptured in the m
planning as stu Other Load Vari dies.
load shifting are othe atio r
n Mec mech h
ani anisms sms th
- In at af ad fect diti lo on to e ad. Lo n
ad ergy efficie shifting genera ncy an lly occurs when consumpt d load growth, conservation and largely d periods o r
f hig iven by econ h demand omic (hig s.
h Times costs) s of hi hifts to perio gh energy price ds of low demand (low cos ion from conservation. If loads respond consistently to price, then s
the can r loa es d
ult respo in sud nse d
c en c ts).
h Su anges ch mech to loa anism d from s are If lo an inc ad onsis resp t
on ent resp se is inc onse onsis cr tent eates
, then uncertainty in the forecast capturing these variable an be t
s in the forecast beco ref hat can impact reli mes di lected in fficult t
ability.
h T
e he forec refore ast.
Load Control loa and Peak d con NYISO Dema trol and peak nd Re sha Shavi ving n
o g
sponse t sup Programs port relia bilit The NYISO h y of the bul as k-power g two demand response programs loads (i.e. electricity consumers, either individual, aggregated, or LSEs su rid by providin ch as utilities) t g
o incent parti ives f that pr or reta ovide i
wholesale market. The first is the Special Case Resource (SCR) program, which is part of the Ins c
talled ipate in the l
Cap Demand acity (I Resp CAP o
) m nse Pr ark o
et, gram and the sec for the TO ond f
is the ED or Zone J.
RP. I SCR n ad and EDR dition, th P res e
o NYISO urces are depl administers oyed t
f he T or forec argeted ast o r
76 ac enroll as tual ope EDR rati P or ng re ICAP serve
/SC sh R, but ortage c
s a
or oth nnot pa er emergency reliabili rticipate in both prog ty needs. Deman rams.
d response resources may SCRs invisible to th are end-use loads e NYISOs c
Mar apable of being interrupte Interface Parties (RIPs). To pa ket rt In icipat formation System. They enrol d when called upon, and distributed generators that are which can be achieved by aggregating SCRs, a e in the ICAP s long as t market, resources must l in the ICAP market through Responsible forms of communication to and from the NYISO, including enrollm hey are in t e
h n
e be rat t
same
, off r zone in ed at e
g int R
o IPs 100 kW or higher, notification of events, and dispatch of SCRs. They also are responsible for determini a
n uc are
- tions, responsible for all reduction provided by the SCRs, submitting load-reduction data to the NYISO, and distributin g the am c
oun ertifi t o ca f l ti o
on, ad payments from the NYISO to the SCRs. SCRs participate in ICAP auctions in the sa g program load suppliers. Th n and its performance an me manner reductio e amount of capacity facto SCR
- r. The perfor is qualified to sell mance in t fac he ICAP a tor reflec u
ts ct the ion is ba histori sed on th as e SCRs pledg other ICAP e
d SCR, whi required to perfor ch is determi m a test of th ned from eir pled actual pe ged rform reducti ance o
d
- n. E ata. On ach SC ce Rs du rin perf g each Capability Perio cal perf d27 or
, SCRs are mance of the reduction achieved during tests as well as any events during the capab o
i r
lity period.
mance fact or is based on the load When possible, RIPs a and a seco n
re given a reducing their nd energy consu otice two hours i be requi mptio n
t lea adv st 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> advance notice that SCRs may red the following day other emergency exists.
n up anc on e
n of otice an e fr ve om nt.
t h
T e
he NYISO EDRP t
p hat rog an opera ram allo t
ws ing re par serves def ticipants to iciency or be paid for In respon more of ei s
gh e to t sub a reques load p t for ocke a
ts w ssist it ance hin Load Zone J. Not from the TO for ifica Zone J, tion the s will b NYISO c response notification system; events will clearly be identified as TDRP advisories or act e made throu an activate the TDRP gh the NYISO in s de one or ivations. Participa mand tion in the TDRP is voluntary.
F fo o
ur t r th imes e e summers of ach in 2001 a 2001 t n
h d 2002; rough t
2011, t wice in 2003 (during he NYISO activa t
t h
ed e Aug the E ust blackout res DRP and SCR pro tora grams a total of 21 times:
2009. Seven times in 2006, t o
wice in 2010, and twice in 2011. No activations of EDRP or SCR occurred in 2007, 2008, or tion), once in 2005, six f these demand respo EDRP in the eastern and southeastern zones nse e ces unde (NY vents have been called statewide; t and ICAP/SCR resour r the TDRP in zone J, described ISO Zones F-K) in various b
co elow, on t mbination he rema s
ining events were ca tivate lled t
wo occasions in 2007 a
. The NYISO ac wice in 2010.
n d
d Highli ghts of the reliability demand response programs include the following:
During Approximat the summer of ely $29 million in ener 2011, more gy p than ay 5,800 ret ment incentiv ail loads were en e
rolled The NYISOs relia participants between 2001 s have been paid to EDRP/SCR program 2003 blackout bility dema a
nd r nd 2011 esponse programs accelerated the recovery process after the August 2011 a Peak loa nd 1,000 MW during d was reduced by as much the NYISO' as 1,400 MW during s all-time peak in Aug dema ust nd resp 2006 onse events in the summer of S
approximat CRs are current ely a ly 1,000 MW in 2005 the fastest growing to a s
l eg most ment 2,000 MW of of the NYCA capacit resource capacity mix, ha contribution roughly equivalent to that of coal or wind, as providers migrate from y in five years, a nd pr ving ovide increa capaci sed f ty rom program to th resource adeq e
u more remun the NYISO's EDRP remains untested t acy o what calcula ext tions h erative ave SC b
R egu pr n to ogram.
ent the system will be a exhi Con bit sistent with the s
ble t significant reliance on growth i these r n the esources.
e progra ms, Nev Ne ertheless, it w York of repeated calls during peak hours that most impact reliabilit o rely
- y. The NYS upon a high level of RC and NYISO c SCR res ondu ponse i cted a n the f techni ace cal 27 to Summer April 30th capability period i s from May 1st to October 31st and winter capability period is from November 1st
77 perf resources ormance evaluation of SCRs t joint NYIS O/
in the Installed R NYSRC evalua eserve o
Margi assess n
pa Stu st dy, perf and orm to a
b
- nce, ette t
r o e underst nsure a and a ccurat ny reliabilit e representation of these y implications. The SCR was selected based on capacity to reflect me qualita as ti urem on con ent errors, perform cluded that three perf ance, an orma d
nce d fatigue isc o
(i.e.,
unt t
persisten factors sh ive judgment due to virtually no empirical data availab ce). The ould be appli fatigue factor ed to the the degradation of performance after frequent activations over a short period of ti le on which to estimate cust desig omer wi ed for resident LIPA Peak-Lo me.
n The LIPAEdge program is a th centra i
l ad a
air c l a Red nd sma ondit uction Program.
i ll comme o
rcial applications on Long Island.
de Th m
e and prog resp ram ons is a e
va pro ilable gram to any s
the oft r
wa mo re.
sta L
t I
s PA as an pro i
vid nte e
rf s
ace the b
t e
h twe ermos e
ning in n the c either its h ustomers ce om n
e or tral ai of r-fice con
. T dit he ioning c progra o
m uses programmable communication board, which is usually located at the ai tat at no cost to the r han customer. The thermosta nden dler in the customers t is connect sing unit ed to a and LIPA com the t munic echnology used in old beeper ation board is "connected s). When t
" to the LIPA he customer ent system via ers t a wireless t home. The allowing LIPA to control their c he progra wo-w m, the ay pag y are ing a
net gree w
ing ork (simila to terms r to cust and omer Septembe entral air-conditioning systems up to seven times between the months of June load is high, LIPA has to co
- r. This unique con ntribute in protecti tr ng ol devise result Long Island s in lowering the ability to curt
's precious res ource customer bills, but
. During the s it also enables the ummer months when the for cycles the t
p he cu rogra stomer m, cus s
to c
me om rs pressors fill out on an reduce the an ai d
l a of pproximately 50 MW of load. When the program is activated, LIPA visit. A load-modifier benefit would online f f appli o
ICAP ne r 30 min cation ed u
a te intervals over the course of four hours. To sign up coincident with the peak. Historically, LIPA has activated ever f
t or www.lipae the following year i dge.com; LIPA f the then schedul program is activated es a site but LI the prog PA h ra as m in bot the ability to h 2009 a activate them individually or in high-loa y thermost 2011.
d poc at ets, by
(~33,00 nd 2010, but not k
circ 0) uit, etc.
during t LIPA hese event activated s
Prog own dem ram Con Ediso
(
a D
n LR d r P) esponse
, Direct n Demand pro Loa grams.
d Respo Cont I
ro t admi n
l se Pro Program g
nisters t s.
h ree dema Con Edis nd resp on is the only investor-owned utility with its DLRP provides compensation for load reduc ra t
ms ion
(
d D
u L
ring CP) d
, a is nd onse prog tr ibut Commer ion s cial System rams: Distribution Load Relief Con Edison for its system reliability. Both curtailable load and distrib ystem l uted genera oad-relief periods Relief Program de
(
s SCR igna P
ted
). The by prog priority elec ram has a two-tiered reservation payment, with higher payments being paid to pa tion are allowe rticipants in hig d, and h
the er pro Cust g
ome ram oper tr ated ical di by C stributi on E on dison netw thr o
ough rks d a
esignated by telecommu Con E nicati dison. The DLCP is a thermostat-controlled the thermostat rs are wit awar h no penalt ded an upfron
- y. The S t inc CRP enti ve is a to m
si an gn up dator to y load-r par ons ticip dev ate ice, fo on a volun cusing o tar n
y centr basis al air and c c
an override onditions.
prog paymen ram ts is m
a o
ct n
ivat thly an ed b d
y Con Edison during energy payments for l Co oa d
's summer-p d
eduction prog n E d re ison ductions ma e b eak y t h
da e customer during ram that provides reserva event hours. This tion NYPA Peak Load Reduction.
ys or system-critical situations.
program, offered during the summer, whi NYP ch c A has alls up a dem on and re enrolled f sponse pr acilities to reduce ogram, the Peak their de Load Management times foreca of st.
p T
eak his load prog or ra m l sys o
tem emergency. The peak l mand during flagship peak reduction pr we og rs c ram ap ha aci d 66 fa ty cos cilit ts to ies (29.6 MW) enr the c o
us ad is tome as r
ses an se d en d usi hances ng NYPA syst
's em day-reliability. NYPA ahead and in-day these facilities allows for up to 15 events per summer. In the summer of 2010 a olled in New Yor nd 2 k C 011, t ity. The here we contract wi s
r th six events, respectively.
e four and reductio New York Sta n was implement te Agency ed in 2003 Peak-Load for the six la Redu rg ction.
est NYS Ag The New ency energ York Stat y consume e DPS pro rs. Over t gram for he ye peak a
-load pro Management Office gram was expan
- s. The ded to D
i PS pr nclude ogram is all stat e
implemented agencies, the when the NYI ir affiliated entities, and the County Emerge rs, t ncy he Nat for prol iona onge l Weather Service issues a Heat Alert, when local electric syste SO activ m condi ate d Ozone Advisory periods. In conjunction with NYSDEC, DPS woul t
d ions wa s SCR a rra nd nt or a
EDRP, when ctivation, and the be appr reductio opriate to im n to be approximately 60 plement redu MW when the pr ctions based on prol ogra o
m is impleme nged ozone pe nt r
ed by a iods. DPS es ll Stat t
e ag imates encies.
the load recommend when it might
78 Generation Renewabl the PSC in 2004, soug e Portfolio Sta ht to n
enla dard rg e
t The New he proport Yo ion of rk Stat re e R newa enewa ble elect ble Po ricit rtfolio S y used tand by re ard (
tai R
l cu PS s
), es tome tablished rs. In by consumed by New York December 2009, the PSC e ers from 25 xpanded the percent RPS go to 30 pe al to in rcent crease by 2015.
the proportion of renewable electricity target of 10.4 million MWh of renewable electricity by 2015.
The new 30 percent goal equates to a to The Renewa 28,06 igaw ble Energ tal e 7 g lectricit a
t y ge tt hours (GWh) f y Assessment ro of the 2009 New York Sta e Ener neration. Of tha m renewa t, conventi ble resources in 2007, r onal hydropower provided 90.0 percent ep g
resent y Plan ing repor 16.8 percent ts, New Y of the Sta ork produ te ced s
produced 33,251 GWh f electricity, followed by bioma rom renewa ss (5.6 perce bles which represent nt), wind (3.1 percent) and biog of the States renewable generation. Of the re ed 24 percent of t as (1.3 pe he States t rcent otal electr
). In 20 icity 11, NY renewa percent bles result
, and the ba s in decre lan ne ce wab (8.5 le p
e e
n rcent) ergy, con pro ventional hy vided by bio-d m
ro p ass, bi ower o-g provided 83 percent as, and
, wind provided 8.4 fuel diversity.
ased emissions by displacing fossil-fuel generati sol o
ar. In n and c
e reasing nhancin pro g Ne du w York ction fr s
om In New York State, the RPS program is funded through a surcharge on customer bills from investor-owned qua auc utilit tions ies. The New York Sta for the purchase o t
f e En Renewable E ergy Rese nergy Credi arch and Development ts (RECs), w Auth hich are pr ority (NYSERDA) condu oposed to be prod c
uce ts annual d from new t
percent o roug lified renewa hly 10.4 million MWh by ble-generation f 2015. To dat acilities. The amount e, NYSERD of As si new r x so enewable resources t licitations have pro o be procured tra cured approximat n
ely 47 slates seventh s of t oli hi ci s ta tati rg on et a
. A seven re expecte th s d t olicita o be in-service by D tion concluded ecember in 2011. The project 2012.
s awarded contracts under the The int operat e
hig ing rmittent ble or int d syst nat em se ure of hly var i
a a
n ermi curit the o y ch ut a
put lleng from renewable resources ttent resource s es tha uch as wind t need to be and s addressed. T such a o evalu s wind a ate nd sola olar, the NY the challenges r generat p
io o
n present sed by a s
wi
- system, nd proj the ec studies have ts totaling appr foc o
u x
sed on imately 8,00 wind generati 0 MW ha on.
ve proposed t o interc ISO onnect has cond to th u
e ct N
ed ew two York st u
p d
o i
w es er
. Since i
In 2004, t Sta nte t
gra e ad te opt d
he NYISO conducted it wi hout an RPS whereby 25 percent ny s irst wind st ing t
a adverse re f
liability i mpac udy which conclud of elect ts.
rica Thi ed that up to 3,500 MW of wind could be l
s energ analys y w is wa ould be supplied b s conducted in r y
e renewa sponse t b
o les by 2013.
New York relia int Since th erconnect at initial study, New York State has increased its RPS to 30 percent bility impa ion queue sig cts. Installed na nifica meplat ntly excee e wi d
nd now s the 3,500 MW ident totals 1,363 MW a ified in the 2004 study as ha by 2015. The NYISO ving updated its 2004 findings by studying the integration of installed wind plants with n s of January 2012. As a resul ameplate rat t
no adverse
, the NYISO ranged between a total of 3,500 MW and 8,000 MW for multiple years in the future.
ings that The st overall m energy a udy w t a lo as complet w co of pr ed i Oct arginal sys st od n
tem produ ucti ction on ob to er 2010, a ound tha c
the osts, reduc New Yor nd f tion k p s i ow t wind g n greenho er grid. This energ eneration c y result ould s in sig supply reliable clean nificant savings in as fron NO t ca x a pital i nd SO2, and an overall reduction in wholesale electricity use gases such as CO other emissions such greater challeng nvestment, e to power-syst and be e
ca m
use of oper their va ations tha ria n con ble na ventional ture and price the
- s. Wind uncertai plan nty ts of require a sign t
2, heir output, pr ifican ovide t up a
ec the NYIS onomic Os u dispa pda tc ted h an sys d
tems and procedures, which include placi pow daily forecasting wind output with AWS Tr n
uepower, will allow fo g wind re er plants. The sources on stud securi y determi ty-cons ned th t
at up to 8,000 MW of installed wind plants without any adverse reliability impacts.
r the integrati rained on of itself as an increase in overall The fluctuating nature and the system uncert vari ainty a
as bility as sociate measured d with pre by dicting wind plant output levels manifests to the t
fi hese incre rst ISO to ased incorp oper ora ati te o
n vari al c a
ha ble lleng gene es, t rati he NYISO has implem the n t lo In respon s into security con an minus wind).
se on resource ented ch e
ad (load str ge a
s ined to its econ ope omic dispa rating prac tc ti h and to ces. It is
79 installed win implement a cent d generation, the s ralized forecast ystem will experience higher ma ing process for wind resources. The study concluded that at higher levels of ad analysi dition s de al re te g
r ulati mine o
d th n re at sour the ce ave s to re rage s
regula pond to in tion requirement creased variabi wil li g
ty ni d
tude ramping even uring the five-min ts and will require ute dispatch cycle. The percent base.
for every 1,000 MW increase in wind generation between l need to incre the 4,250 MW a ase nd 8,000 MW insta by approximately nine lled Accordingly, sufficient resources mu e
st be main or di wind out spatcha put declines. The study ble fossil-fired genera de t
t ion on the o rmined tha tained t 8,000 MW of to suppor win t the relia d would redu bility of ce the power system when the need for conventional percent produced of the energy when installed nam compared eplate wind. This is t rder of 1,600 to 2,000 MW, or an amount equivalent to 20-25 75-80 percent of the na to conventional generati he result of on. This the mu m
ch eans lower overall that fossil ge availability of wind-neration equivalent to or ramp the wind pl s that will result becau ant outpu m
t is epl at a
l t
ow levels. N e-installed wind must be available on-wind generation for those times when the wind isnt blowing mix, their lower availability cou se o ld f t result in he variable na an incre ture of ase in wind the ins
. As wind is need ed t resour o resp ces on are ad d to the higher magnitude ded to the resource tha requirements assi t such an increase gned in to the LS i
E ns
- s. I talled rese ncreasin rve mar g wind al gin w so cou ould n ld driv ot necessa talled re rily drive an increa serve margin. It is se in the ICAP important to note NYISO Zones where such re e a decline in spot market prices in certain system and market impacts s
from ource the s are lo se ch c
a ated.
nging c As ondi of the public tions has no atio t
n been a of this study, the nalyzed.
full spectrum of power Althou variable or in gh the f termittent r ocus of these esources, such studies was w as s ind ge olar.
ne ration, in general, similar findings would apply to other cust Distributed Generation produ omer. D ce elect is ricity tributed at the e
- Distributed generation (DG) involves the use of sma generati nd-us on er level f technol or t ogies he sole use of often consist an individua of modular (a l resident ll-sca ial, commercial, or indu le technologies to strial customers to reduce t generators, and offer a number of potential benefits. The advantages of this nd sometimes renewa approach are to allo b
w these le-energy) benefits for back arrange th ments), to provide ex heir demand and/or consumption and, in some cases (through net e distribution system, cess capacity to the utility grid. Reduction in load and
-met dem ering and can or sell-provide result contribute t ing in increa o an over sed all imp life cycl rovem es and def reduc erra ing s l or elimina tress on l tion ocal o
dis f c t
ent in system reliability in the event of a gri os ributi tly s on feeder ystem upgr s an ad d a es. DG d ssociated tha d
t oes n equipment, ou age, as utilities require ot they t t c
he an se a
sy llow ste ind ms b ivid e disconne ual customers cted when service is int to serve a portion e
o rrupt f their ed.
lo a
W d i h
n en the event used in t o
he p f an ou roper scheme, however, tage.
arm wast Ne e, and hydroelectric pow t Metering Renewable DG t of f
current net er. Many of these in echnologies current stallatio ly installed in Ne ns have been commi w York S ssio tate ned to take adv include solar, a
- wind, ntage majori meteri ty o ng s f
ta th t
ese syste metering statutes, which mandate the purchase of excess capacity by the local utility. The vast combined hea u
t te to 2 m
and s
power MW s are small in for many te s
c c
h a
n le, generally less
(
ologies, the a than 10 kW. Recent expansions of these net CHP) and fuel-cell projects should res ddition of rem ult in o
further impl te net meteri e
n mentation g, and the in of these clusion of technologies.
sources an Tradi of using was d i te n
tion clude C al Generation Technologies - These installations use traditional ro heat from HP t
as he well as indu generation p ct r
ion an oces s
d f
syn or building he chronous ge at ne or h ra o
ti t w on.
a C
te HP r, incr syste tati ms o
have nal ge th ne e
rati adv on antage wind turbines the system and providi and some hy ng a d
s ro in horter econ easing the efficiency of Induction generators are generally smaller stallatio o
n m
s due ic payback o to their ab f the ility co t
s o
ts. Induct gene ion generators are often used in of providing self-excitation and can be used in t in sc h
a e a le th bse an nce of synchr the ut onou ilit s generat rate powe ors, w r at h
varyi y grid.
ich have the adv ng rotor spe antage eds.
The Ta Standardize ble 6 list d Interconne s the combined c ction Requ apaci irement ty of all D s to dat G proj e, which has a ects that hav size e been processed under the Ne limit of 2 MW.
w York State
80 Table 6. Distributed Generation Capacity in New York Technology Total (kW)
Wind 1,142 31,81 Photovoltaic 7
Microturbine 4,775 3,131 Farm Waste Fuel Cell 1,952 2,556 Combined Heat and Power Hydro Turbine 143 Hybrid 45 Fossil Fuel 4
21,91 Total 67,475 Source: DPS, 2012 being typi CHP Technol cal:
ogies - CHP systems recently installed in New York State range in size, with the following 100 -
50 - 150 kW or nursing 300 k is applicable f homes with 100 - 300 beds
- 800 -
400 k W
2,500 k is ap W
plica is applica W is a ble t pplica o a b
le to apa 70,000 squa rtment ble to commerci re-f b
oot uilding superma s wit r
h ket 300 -
500 dwelling units 7,500 k providing W is applica 0.5 - 1.5 million square feet of occupied spa al office building ce s ranging from 30 - 40 stories and 30,000 kW is applica ble to a ble to a la la rg rg e hospi e colleg ta e
l wit campus servi h 2,400 be n
ds g 20,000 students Althou single-fami gh CHP ly re sys side tems nce o
an f a d
s are ize a becoming popul pproximately 1 k ar in Eu W are a rope and vailable Asia on the mar
, a neglig ket and would be suitable for a alth penetration h ough some a
are s occurred to date fueled by anae in rob N
i ew Y c dige ork State. C ster gas, lan H
d P
fi sys ll me tem th s
ane typi ga cally s, or a
wo re ible amount of fueled by natur ma al r
g ket as, he typica atin lly is used to supplement g, and to activate absorpt i
do on mest chille ic rs th hot w at a
- ater, re use comf d f o
or rt i
co hea co f
mf ting b
ort o occupied od omass. Recovered heat oling of oc s
c p
u a
pied sp ces, ind a
us ces trial pr or indu oces stri s
proce al seas purpo ss chilling on.
ses concurrently
. Recovered hea throughou t i t
s the year, or frequently use confi d
gur for e
m d f ult or iple purp a single purp oses and ose that confi di gur ffer ed either for mul s according to the tiple N
approximat YSERDAs ely 8,500 MW of CHP Market Potent new CHP ial Stud stat y fo ewide spre r New York a
d St a
at cross roug e28 indicat h
es a ly 26,000 sit technica e
l pot potent s, the f ent ull breadt ial for h of Approximat does no ial C t inclu HP heir presumed loa y 40 percent d
hos e residenti t sites bas a
of l-scal ed on t el the s e CH tatewid P for sing no tential b ence or t a e technic le-family resid d profile, al po oth in terms small commer likely adoption c
s ial facility.
cenario. This estimate Transmission and Distribution capacity is located in the Con Edison territory.
of number of sites and MW Bulk Electr expanded thr ic ough Syste a
m pplica
- As ti on o described in f a FERC O Se rder t ction B, o inclu the B de all ulk Electri facilities 100 k c System V
(BES and above
) definition m
. Pursuant ay b e
to that Corporat 28 Combined Heat and Power arke ion, 2002.
M t Potential for New York State; Energy Nexus Group - Onsite Enery
81 order, the NERC has proposed a final bright-line def FERC may be included if t
they a inition of BESs of 100 kV a accep ing their pro re below 100 kV or exempted if they are above 100 kV based on crit nd above; however, f eria subject acilities to af perfor fecte man d enti ce-based ties may meth p
re od os olog al. C cover prude y f onsequently, t o
n r
t c those facili he NPCC will con ties that are p tinue to apply its own criteria a osts they incurred to co a
mply w rt of the it BPS.
h the 100 kV BES def FERC determine init d th nd ion in at the electric rates. Currently, of t
are o det de ermine wha fined as par t upgr t of the ades, if N
t P
he severa CC l hundred transmission substations considered part of the BES, only 63 these discussions, NPCC a
bulk ny, a p
r owe e need r sys ed. Base tem. Ther d on the efore, n asse umero rtions us subs of affe tation cted uti s wi liti ll require assessment es that dollars in NPCC, although ha th s
e indi se a ca sser ted tions that the have n cos ot bee t of co n tho mpli r
a ou nce ghly coul a
d nalyze run int d or o the documen hundreds ted. T of are millions o party to f
ti substati me.
ons that will be included in the new definition and the associated cost to comply is uncerta he number of in at this As required to described he b
co in mply with Section B, t Relia ility Coordinator, a a r nd Pla espec NPC tive rule. Currently, C as a NERC Regiona th l Ent e NYIS ity O is regist uses a functi ered a onal s t d
he sole Ba efinition to i lancing Aut dentify who is
- hority, have gr NYISO als an o
ted the NYISO au is registered as t
a TO nning Coordinator for New York for certain identified higher volt State, which is n age facilities over ot expec which the New York TOs ted to change. The register as TO facilities listed in releva and Transmission nt ag hority reement
. The NYISO has also registered
- s. At this time, t as a Transmission Planner for certain NYISO is the NYIS no O an t r d tra egis regime.
tered for those Pla func nner fo tions. While this r electric syst he NP em fac CC has n ilit ot determined w area remain ies tha s in flux, t are 100 kV a hat entities nd above where t should he nsmission owners will be an important aspect of determin con ing th tinued c e appr ollabor opriate a
ti com on a pli mon ance g
Regulatory Corpora relia signi b
fi ilit cantly
- y.
te R a
e l
orga tered the niza tio me n
ans b of El y
ectric which Ut syste ilitie m
s planni
- Res ng tru a
cturing o nd resour f t ce a he electri cquisition c indu is con stry in duc New Y ted to m ork a
St int a
a te in Pri encomp or to a
r s
e s
s ing tructuri the pr ng, odu ea c
ch tio uti n or lity c pro on curement o ducted coo f
rdi powe nat r thr ed an o
d ugh in te to gr it ate s delivery t d resource o t h
planni eir own end ng, with cust use in its region, t
omer owne
- s. T d bo o eliminate end-use cust tha omers, t th gene he NYPSC req rati co on ncerns resource with an res d the pec t
tran to t s
he p uire s
d that the utili miss ot io ential exercise of vertical market power by utilities their generating assets. The privilege of serving end use cust ties unde n an r
d it d
s jurisdict istributio ion f n asse ile pl ts t an o de s to divest liver that of nea powe rly a r to ll York independent e States bulk-nergy service transmission sys compa te nies, a m and a nd the NYISO w dminister compe as creat omers wa ed to t s opened to ake operation compet al contr ition f ol o r
ti f
om tive wholesale power markets.
the New In a mercha com nt pe developers to titive environme site nt, tr and ans build new genera parent and loc tion ation r
Dema esources based po in areas where th wer prices should ey are m provide t os h
t n e i eeded.
mpetus for needed. To ensure t nd side resources ha statewide planning pr hat t e ve similarly been developed in reg ocesses, and h reliabilit parti y of ci the elect pates in ric syst re i
of New York Stat nal an s
ions e where they a gio em d
m interr aintai egional ned, the co N
ordi YIS nation O has de studies velop re most ed individual util Table 3. These supplement ities. All of th e
th se processes ensure t e local transmission a hat nd dist be supplemente gulated resources, so t h
ribution planning studies that are undert as ak cite en by d in d by re hat system relia
, w en a bil nd where necessa ity can be assured.
ry, compet itive resources can In recent year companies in t s, c he energ orporate r y indust eorg r
anization has occurred through
- y. New Yorks investor-owned ut the ilities ha merger an ve experienced merg d consolidation o cons s, including e
f v rs a arious olidation nd Mohaw Gas & Elec k by tric Na b
tional Grid o Con E f Great disons a y Iberdrola o Spain, Britain, the pur cquisition of and the proposed chase Ora ac o
ng f
q f New Y e and or Ro k
ck S
lan tate Elec d Utili tric ties
, the Ga s
pur Corp cha and se of Ro Ni chester agara by Fortistar, Inc., a Canadian company. These consolidation uisit s, whi ion o ch f Ce as n
a b tral asi H
s ud of son PSC's Gas appr
& Ele
- oval, ctri can c C omp provi a
d ny e
82 cert invest ain effi ment ciencies an funds, pot d
entiall lower c y directin osts to con g limited sumers, can sometime financial resources awa s result in internal competition for transmission and distribution assets.
y from needed investment in Beca t
PSC hat t use t hese h
comp e PSC cont anies inues to reg provide ade ul qua ate t te resources to a ransmission and distribution companies, it will continue to ensure they order explici s h tly av provi e provided de that f
or lig generators htened reg remain subjec ulation of genera chieve performance and reliability standards. While matters such as safety, reliability, and system improve t to Publi tors c Service Law jurisdi under Article 4 of the Public Ser ction with res vice Law, ment. T pect to The cor provide n por oti ate reorg ce prior aniz to retir atio i
n of ng units, electric utilit and obta ies is not expec in the PSC's consent prio herefore, generator r to abandonin s mus g b t,
lac for k
ex sta a
r
- mple, ted to significantly affect the reliability of the t service.
e com lectri pliance re c system due quirements, a to the conti nd m nue and d
a a
t p
ory plicati reliability st on of regu a
lat ndar ory ds ov d Ot th ers Performance Rate Making, Multi-Year Rate Agreements, an at re ight m
ai by t n i he n e P
ff SC a ect.
b Regulatory Mechanisms s
a tab lanci lis n
h r g the ate s a ne s
e low ds o a
f u s p ti o
- Public utility regu b
la bodies, such ty share ssi le, yet sufficient to pr tory li ovide for safe an as t h
d a e
h r
e PSC, ha d
De equa partur te se ve t e
r r
s vice to a
from dition Trad cu ally s sto it m
ough ional ers while t to e
services are n xempt from mos ow lar t tra gely der ditional ra egul t
ate h
d o
, an lde d
rs t ope o e e
aking regulati n
a a
r c
n a ce s
f m
ons, w s
ai t
r o
ra tran te of return smission services allows p on their investment. Generation reliability remains fully regulated.
hile transmission and distribution service articipation b and y firms The int delivering services to customers roduction of competition in t
. Such compet he electric industry has enabled generating companies to compete in fa improved relia cilities or transmission s ition has led t bility.
ystem upgrades that reduce conge o
sti the on on con the stru tran ction smi of s
a s
dditi ion sys onal tem, re generati sulti o
ng i n
n D
of i
met stribution ering and billing companies c services.
ontinue A
to
own cost-o the wires and f-service regulato circuits/
ry a ties to most customers, an for operation, maintenance, and capital costs.
pproach is used to fairly com d pr pensa ovide t
the bulk e utilities Perfor service provi regulate man d uti ce-based r l
ates (PBRs) d it ers. PBRs t ies. PB e.g.,
Rs all ypi o
ca w the h
a re v
gula e bee tor n used by the PSC as a preferred regulatory process for fully reliability standards (
SAIFI lly
, CAIDI) are used
. PBR as in to reward superior servi s ar c
e a entive fo lso used by r distribution ce providers a the PSC on com a c panies ase -by -c t
nd/or o meet minimu penalize inferior areas that are not meeting expectations. Currently, the PSC ca ase basis to a m
ddres s
standard performance. PBRs tied to such indices can have a po n i sit m
ive impa pose fin ct an on syst cial pen em relia alties for bility.
below
83 G. Future Transmission and Distribution Reliability Issues Complex reliability principal transmission and distribution planning and operating practices are based on the fundamental jeopardize this balanc of m
- e.
aintai Anticip ning balan ated generation ce betwe retirements re en load and generation; yet sulting from envi nume ron r
ment ous fut al i ure event nitiatives, nucl s could ear relicensing uncertainty, and mar resource adequacy and operation ke al t
re con liab di i
t l
i i
o ty pe ns h rspe ave the ctiv pote
- e. Cha ntial to create reliability impacts from a result in a gre nges in New York State's generation fleet the increa ele ses ri ctric sy a
ste ter relian
- m. Agin ce on g transmi natu s
ral gas for which system de sion systems require incre l
a i
ila h
se very capability may sks when lines are unava ble. On t e load side, new tech d ma nologies provid intenance an d d create a vulne owntime, whi rability on create a new electric system that uses its assets better and improves operational efficiency. The p e an opportunit ch roces y t s
o of incorporating t aneo hese new t while simult usly prom echno oting i lo nnov gies, however, can cr ati eate risks that must be acknowledged and addressed developed. B likelihood of c ut the full effectiv ertain risks are known eness of or th ca e
n se measures be estimate d, i cann n r ot es be fully und ponse to whic erst h mitigation measures are event. Figure 18 summarizes the possible imbalance causes and results; this section ood unless t provides here i the s a details.
n actual on. External forces probably are the most difficult to address. The Figure 18. Possible Future Reliability Issues Figure 18 summarizes the possible imbalance causes and results; this section provides the details.
Generation
- Retirements
- Environmental Initiatives
- Nuclear Relicensing
- Market Conditions
- Results
- Fuel Mix Issues/Supply Diversity
- Increases natural gas/electric interdependence and need for coordinationFigure 18 summarizes the possible imbalance causes and results; this section provides the details.
Load
- Variations
- Smart Grid and Emerging Technologies
- Electric Vehicles
- Results
- Transition for both technology and process poses challenges
- Implemented correctly, new technologies could optimize asset use and operational efficiencyFigure 18 summarizes the possible imbalance causes and results; this section provides the details.
External Forces
- Sources
- Security Threats
- Geomagnetic Disturbances
- Aging Workforce
- Issues
- Risks known and estimated
- Mitigation measures developed
- Effectiveness unknownFigure 18 summarizes the possible imbalance causes and results; this section provides the details.
Transmission
- Aging Infrastructure
- 2,300 miles over the next 10 years are nearing design life
- 1,200 additional miles in next 10 to 20 years
- Results
- Increases maintenance and downtime
- Increases risk from unavailability
84 in par Generation Retirements The New York Power Syst t, by reduced load gro ems reso wth urce base today is in a surplus position. While this surplus is supported, expecte including d t pending o retire have and pot con e
tinued t ntial and new power pl plant additions, there exist o opera ant retirements. Notwit te and that new plants hs and t
a key uncert ndi ainties on t transmis ng tha sion t certai option n facilit he horizon, ies that were RNA by 700 MW. F to the system, state urt wide her, ma plant r rk etirements ha s have been added cause local transmission problems th et conditi ve exceeded the am at wo ons could resul uld have to be resolve t in the re ount tire t
me hat nt o wa f
s includ generati ed in t ng uni he NYISOs 2010 d by individual TOs.
ts that may The The 2010 RNA hig RNA identified h
t lig wo ht p
ed t rima he pot ry drivers ential for a for a si po g
t n
ent ifica ia n
l inc t incre reas a
e se in pl in p ant retirement lant retirements as a key uncertainty.
environmental regulatory progr 2 and 3 will be renewed when th am ey expire s and th in 2013 a e uncertainty as to whether the licenses
- s. These for Indian P are n oint (I ew P) Uni scenario in the 2010 RNA, and continues to be analyzed.
nd 2015, respectively; their retirement was studied as a ts Nuclear Power operating licenses, subsequent
- The Nuclear Re license modif gulatory Com icat mi ions, a ssion n
(N d licen RC) is resp se renewa onsible for ls fo approving initial federal disch retain the authority over other permitting processes such as land use, coastal-r nuclea arges, water quality certificates, and other regulatory issues. IP zone m r power pl anagemen a
t, n
e t
fflue
- s. Stat nt es MW, re reactor spe s in th ctiv e
e lowe ly), and i r Hud s se son V ekin a
g re lley (Unit 2 and Uni licensing of the i t 3 have net nitial licenses, which expi electrica has l ca two pacit operating nuclear p ies of 1,078 MW a ow nd 1,083 er res proceeding pectively.
s on t The 29 he license renewa NRCs Atomic Saf l applic ety Licens ation ing
- s. T Boa he State rd is co o
nd f New York ha ucting a series of re in 2013 a hearings a n
nd admi d 2015, nistrative 2013 a to relicensing nd 2015), t
. If h
the e pl NRC ants ma proceedings ex y seek approva tend beyond l from NRC to cont the expirati inue to on of the s pet federal operatin itioned the NRC in opposi g licen tion the pendency of those hearings, and any related appeals.
operate under federal licenses during ses (i.e.,
Reliability issues a not discu relicensed a ssion of the fa ssociat cility, bo ed wi nd both closed at th in the me th a poten dia and thr tial shutdown 30 ough commi of IP Units 2 a the end of e there is si ssioned nd 3 h Whil consul ave been p 2015.
tant stud ar ies if t of a bro the units were ader public relicensed. In a Units 2 and 3 wo 2010 RNA sensit uld cease operat ivit ion y a s, t n
he N alysis, t YISO h
e NYISO show has analyzed the po gn ssible impac ificant unce ts i rt f the uni ainty ab t
ou s we t w re not hen IP Similarly, f t 2012 RNA sensitivity, as ed that there would be 2015, the NYISO de or the purposes of termined that a Draf
, a suming that both units w a
ould deficiency in 2016.
close at the end of would incre there would b as e
e a
over time.
deficiency of 31 However, t appro b
ximately 1,000 MW sent adequate replacement resources in place prior to such closure, deficiency related to the closure of the I h
P ere a units.
re mecha New Yo nisms i by the su n pl mmer of 2016, a ace that would a nd t dequate hat t l
h y
is def replace iciency any would automatically implement eit deficiency is identified.
her market-based opti rk h ons or re as robust gulatory backstop planning and reg solution ulatory p s in ro t
c h
e e
ss event a es that In ad development dition, th tha ere are a v t could pr arie ovide a ty of ge de ne qu ra ate tion an replace d t m
ra e
ns Transmission Project, currently under construction, wi nt mi powe ssion
- r.
p For rojec exa ts that are in different stages of York City by mid-2013. There are also a number of project ll provid s in the e at lea NYISO queue, st mple, since the 320 megawa project includi tt 2010 RNA, t s of he Hudson ng suppl generati y to on New as seve s
ral pr prop o
o pose sed in d tr Sou ans th m
east ission New York projects that coul that may come int d bring up t o serv o 3,000 MW of addi ice by 2015, adding tiona up to 2,000 MW, a l capability into s well 29 30 generators an The States a d
d other component mitted contention s concern, among other things, the degradation of reactor vessels, steam Econ Indi omic an Point Retirement Report s, a prepa nd other saf red by Ch ety upgra arles Ri des.
ver Associates (CRA) for the New York City Econ Analysi 31 omic s; Re Development C s Re pl por acement Op orporation t for Natur
- tions, al Res Reliability Issues (NYCEDC); In an dian d Econ Point omic Energy Effect C
s e
prep nter Nu ared b clea y
r Plan Synapse Ene t Retireme rgy nt NYISO, 2012 Reliability Needs Assess ources ment Defense Coun Draft Report cil (N
, Ja RD nua C) a r
nd Riverk y 13, 2012.
eeper.
85 Sout 2012 t he o
a addre stern New York ss the infr a
by 2016.
structure 32 needs of In addition, G the energ overno y syst r Cuom em in Ne o created the Energy Highw for Information (RFI) in April 2012 a w York. The Task Force issu ay Task Force in utilities, financial firms and other ent n
it d rece ies wit ived responses f h 130 ideas to up rom gra 85 priva de and revitaliz te developers, invest e the States ag or-ed a owned Request dedic infras a
t te ruct d tr ure an
, t
- smission, otaling more t d o h
ing an the an r up 25,000 grades c MW. Among those respo ould be applied towar nse d a re s, over 11,000 MW of new genera placement for Indian Point.
- tion, There a the timi r
n e a number of State a g and advancement o n
f re d feder licensi al n
ad g o ministr EC o
a currently incl and D r
sse ude activities at D cl tive proce OS. As p sure art o of the IP reactors. At the State s and other pending issues level, such proce that may affe sses ct Cert required t ificate a o ob nd a SPDES permit tain certain feder
. The al sta N
tu YS tor DEC denied IP y approvals f
t the re hat are licensing pr adminis ocess, each of the IP reactors is 2010 and Entergy requested an adjudicatory hearing on t
's applic he deni ati a
on
- l. The NYSDEC for tered by a Water t
Q he N uali YSDEC: a W ty Certifica ater Quality commenced te on April 2, hea Addi ring tiona s regard l hearing ing s will be held during 2012. While t the Water Quality Certificate and SP he IP rea DES Pe ctors need a rmit for the IP reactors in October 2011.
nuclear relicensing and NYDEC for Water Quality Certificate to continue to opera pprova te, a l from both the NRC for t Certificate, NRC may not issue or renew an operating license.
bsent a Water Quality he In ad relicense IP Units 2 and 3 to de dition, the New York State te D
rmine if the a epartment of ct St ion is consis ate will con t
duc ent wit t a review of any proposed action by NRC to the vari Management Program. The Coastal ous uses and functions of the St Management Progr ates coastal resources am is base
, includi d on h the Sta a broad nu tes f mber of ederally-appr policies rela oved C t
oa ed to stal navig whether t
- ation, he proposed N recreation, an RC a d aest ction is consi hetic resources. The De stent with all relevant partmen Coasta t of States ng, but consis not limit tency review as ed to, fisheries, l Management Program policies, wit sesses finding of consistency necessary for NRC to re-issue the IP licenses.
h a At Fo t
r e he f xample, recent ederal level, the nature ivit
, timing and issues involv affecting the Fukushi NRC act ma Daiichi i
ed in the NRC licensing procedures continue to evolve.
Recently, the NRC identified the m
need to eva f
es init aciliti i
e ated to exa s may lua a
t f
e fe t
c he pot t
ine issues the ti ent mi i
n a
g that be and adva came ncement of known as a result the relicensing of the process.
disaster in the absen issued Memor ce of a permanent waste disposal facility. On Augu l environmenta t
l effects of on-sit nce of ne 12, the NR e wa andum and Order CLI-12-16 suspending issua s 7, 20 w or renewed li C, by c
unanimou enses for nuclea s decision, ste storage, power plants until NRC com r
pending The Memor comp and letion o um and Orde pletes r clari a st fies that all lice udy of the environment nsing reviews a al impacts of storing spent nuclear fuel on-site.
seismic activity for all nu f su clear ch stu power reactor dy. Also, the NRC s, includin initiated pro g IP Units 2 cesse nd s to ex proceeding amine the s sho s
uld c afet ontinue to a and 3. The NRC is anti y i cipa mplic ted at to i ions of
- dvance, gui issued va dance r
o ious deci n compli s
an io ce ns requiring the IP with new require Units 2 and 3 to comp ments based on these assessments. Finally, in 2012, NRC has ssue re exempt sponse ion request to a petiti s
on
, an fr d facilit om the y inspect New York ions.
Sta te Attorney General ly wi for t
e h fe nforcemen deral fire t
s o
afe f th ty ose regul regulati a
o tion ns i s,
n In sum, t operations here a of IP Units re a number of 2 and 3 b St eyond t ate and relicensing pr h
federal issue NRC an eir respective license s that cre t
ate un erms. The Sta certainty oceedings t
e is act related t ively involved in t o the continued he Gen solution h
e s in the event the units do n d as o
mec t rece hanisms rating Facilities at Risk of R ive their oper in place atin to g
license renewa address reliabilit ls.
y impacts and implement new environmental regulatory
- The 2010 RNA identified init plant iat s
ives cooli
, w n
hic g w h
a a
te re r
b sys eing tem p
s pro ro on aqu gr eti am a
r ng Due to Environmental R mulgated t
i ic s de by life si bo as gne t
f m
h ac d
i tat to to rs s
e a tha prove nd t coul ai ons ra d
r q i
l environmenta m
ua p
e ac lit gulat t re y and li i
ad fede abili d
ty. These regul ress the impact of a power l regulatory age atory
- ncies, Astoria 32 Proposed genera Re-powering tion (388 MW), a projects in nd CPV Va the NYISO lley Energ queue include: Cric y (656 MW); p ket Valley Energ roposed trans y Cent Ana TDI Hudson Power Express (1000 MW mission er (1002 MW), NRG HVDC cable), NRG NY Power Pathway (1000 MW HVDC cable), a projects include:
baric West Point Transmission (Two 1000 MW HVDC cables).
nd
86 plant cumulatively will require c s to comply with these o
nsid new re era gula ble invest tory re m
q ent by the owners uirements. In the 20 of 10 RNA, t New York he NYISO est s existing the imat rma ed that l powe a
r s
complia much as 23,947 MW in t nce requirement h
s e exist related t ing o
fleet thes
, or 64 percent e new regulati o
of the four n
existing NY required to comply with initiatives could lead to mult
- s. The iple unpl magnitude CA capaci of ty, will have some level of previously, the primary programs anned pl the ant r co assessed were:
e m
tirements. As detailed bined investments NO BART x
RA C
Be T - R st A e
v ason ailab ab le ly Av Retr a
o i
f l
MACT m
i able Contr t
ol T
- Maxi um Achievable Contr Technolo ol Te g
chnolo y for echnolo region gy al h aze BTA - Best Technology Available for cooling-wate gy r
f o
in r
ta h
ke azard struc ous tures air pollutants f
N u
Y eled elect SDEC promulg ric generat ated r Available Control Technol ing evis unit ed s
r in June 2010. These reg egulations for the contro ogy) for NOX. Emission reducti ula l o t
f ion Nit s are kno rogen Ox w
id n as N es (NO Ox x) emissions from fossil-place by July 2014. Generators were required to file complia ons re nc qui e pla re n
d s by Ja by the n
s ua e re ry 2 vi R
se ACT (
d regula Rea ti so on na s
bly 012.
must be in The class of stea emission reducti m
ons required by
-generating electri the Clea c units n Air Act constru
. The reduct cted betwee ions n 196 are required 3 and 1977 a to r r
ed e subject uce their respect to continuing ive impa (BART) t these ct uni s on visibilit ts have sub y leve mitte ls at d th N
ei a
r vi tion si al P bility i arks. In N t
ew Yo o the NYSDEC and federal land m sta a
mpac nagers tus qu an rk, 8,243 MW of capacity is affected. The owners of alternatives that include maintaining the o
fo alyses and plans for Best Available Retrofit Technology Two smaller coal-plant owners have planned to retire small boil
, lower sulfur f r approval. Owners uels, and low NO of oil-fired units are proposing implement their plans by January 2014.
ers. Owners of plants x combus are required to tion systems.
Sta The U.S. EPA Administ ndards (MATS) Rule) on Decemb rator signed the Utility MACT Rule (also known as the Mercury and Air Toxics Clean Air A with an effe c
cti t, the DEC can ve date of Ap grant ril 16, 20 er 16,
- 12. Complia 2011; a nce with t s published in the Federal Register on February 16, 2012 policy issued by U.S. EPA on December 16, an additional ye 2011, a ar f fift or h
t yea echnol he rule must ogy installat be achieved by April 2015.
ion and under an enforcement Under t he New Yor compliance. It
- k. Two lar is est ge c ima o
t a
e l
d units that 32 units representing 10,844 r ma MW of y be av ca a
p ilable for acity are u
s nit ub s
ject to to come into to comply with the MATS Rule. Most may nee of th d
e extensive emissions-affected oil-fired EGUs in NYCA w control upgrades or m ould be subject ay need the M to swit ATS Rule in ch fuels oil-fired EGU subcategory and likely will not require extensive retrofits.
the limited-use The U.S. EPA ha power-plant cooling s proposed new Se systems. This rule will be impleme ction 316( b) rules providing s nted by NYSD tandards for the design and operation of New Yor impleme k
n p
ta o
ti w
on o er plant ope f this rule rators known with open-cycle c as Best Technolo oo gy ling Avai sys lab te le for plant EC, which h cooling-a wate s finalized r intake a p s
o truc licy f ture or
- s.
the t
system hat coul s can d be a be modi chieved by the us fied to achieve reduc e of a closed-cycle tions in aqu cooling sys atic impa te c
ms ts equiva must con lent duc to 90 perc t studies t ent o
demo of the reduct nstrate i
th ons at i
ac nform tivate ati d u on po a
n vai re lab ne l
w e
al of from a
N plants w ng towers. This policy is YIS wi cooli N
ate thdr m,
using
- YSDEC, r
O has e awal stima a
t nd di ed tha sch t b a
e rge permit. B tween 4,000 e.g.,
-7,0 ased upon 00 MW of a review of curren capacity could be t
required to retrofit closed-cycle cooling systems.
The affec cumula ted uni ti ts v
a e
s we effec ll a t o s
f ne dem w re and gu s f latory or addit requirements described ional capital. These demands, when viewed in the above will increase operating com co petitive sts for the ma well as low operating cost re rket place that is also occup newa ied bles, may inf by cleaner mo luence some owner re efficient genera s
tor plants.
to s
c th urt a
a t i il n
ope crea ra si ti ng ons ly burn natural gas as or retire certain A pre con may be at risk of retiri ditions has resulted ng in the near term.
in the NYISO concluding that up to 1,600 MW of upstate New York coal plant capacity liminary assessment of the new environmental regulatory initiatives coupled with unfavorable market
87 The retirement of many of h
respe these ct units in a redu need to be mitig ction of at the ed. Wi NYISOs t
reserve ma to res could result in local transmission relia rgin by a ource adequac pproxi y, the re mately f ti rcent. Current f
ilit ive pe rement o all the b
y violat se coal plan ions w ly, New York has an ts would resul hich would t
a still result in a reserve mar djusted capacity reserve ma gin rg t
in of 29.7 pe hat exceeds t rce he current requi nt for the summe rement r of 2 of 16.0 percent 012; the five percent by a si g
reduct nifica i
n o
t n woul amoun d
- t.
should The NYISO has recent be noted howeve ly issued r, the base c the draft ase i 2
dent 012 RNA, but ifies potent the repor ial trans t wil miss l
ion se not be curity i finaliz ssues ed for d
thi ue t s pu o fa b
cility lication. It overloads beginning in draft 2012 RNA also ident 2013 that will be ad ifies the need for new resources beg dressed through NYISO procedures described in Section B.
additional estimated 750 MWs of resources in 2022. The draft 20 inning 12 RNA in 2020, increa found reso s
urce needs b ing to the ne a
ed for a The n
res new generator retireme ources.
nts, slightly increased load levels, and a slight decrease in expected demand sed up response on F
t elect h
u ese init tu r
re ic g Env enera iat i
i ro ves a t
n ion sector and t mental Initiatives hus reliab
- There a ility of the electric re several futu it re env y grid. Discuss ironmental initi ions of atives th the poten at ma tia y impact the future rulemakings re pre by the sented in t U.S. EPA he f and ollowing meet on parag a regul raphs. T ar basis he to N
discuss reg YISO, NYSR ulat C, D ory init PS, and NY iatives b SDE l impa C moni cts of y U.S. EPA tor and the NYSDEC and potential reliability risks.
current C Although a national climate program is not lik national pl Climate on an gr would ess, suc Actio af h a n
fe Plans -
c pr t R ogr GGI a
m and could b RGGI a e developed subsequent llowances auctioned pri ly. At or to this p the st oint, i ely to be ado t is un pted by the Regional initiatives, such as the Western Climate Initiative, could establish other C art up O
of he R allow a na clear h tional ow a progra similar to t GGI program. The use of RGGI allow ance auctions
- m.
The esta s
blished by severa e impacts could a l
dve nort rs h
e a
ly affe nd M ct id ge
-Atl n
an erat tic states a
c nce an s
ors a
in pr ffect the ogram pric s
e tha serving NYCA.
and t go supply beyon of 2
d t R
he GGI pro allow gram ances.
NYSDEC) to det revised t Revisions o a one-hour value of ermine whet to National Ambient her, in 75 par combination ts pe Air Qua r billion. U.S. EPA with lity Sta all other ndard requires s (NAAQS) significant nearby sour that some In June 2010, sources be m the SO odel 2
e NAAQ d (by S was must be mo violation of de the led. If NAAQS.
mo deling ind The U.S. EPA icat has es tha not ye t sour t provided guid gardin ces, they cause a ces cause or con an tri ce t b
o NY ute t SD o n EC re on-attainme g
n which t, then s
af ource fecte s
sources may need to limit SO2 emissions to allow the DEC to demonstrate attainment with the SO2 NAAQS.
d The U.S. EPA revised the ozone NAAQS in 2008 (eig desig the Whit nating e House a areas in relat nnounce ion t d that o compli U.S. EPA would not b ht-hour value of 0.075 parts per million). In August 2011, metropolitan area and the Jamestown ance with the 2008 ozone e pursuing t NAAQS in Ma he reconsidera y 2012. The New York tion. The U.S. EPA will be City data.
transp S
ort o tates f o and U.S. E zone and PA w ozone pre ill nee curs d to ors ad me d
tro ress ai poli r
t an quali are ty i a d n
o non-attai not attain n
t ment areas acr he standard based on 2008 -2010 2008 ozone NAAQS maintenance. Fossil-f th uel-f at s ired elect ignificantly c ricit ont y ge ribute t neration units o non-at a
tainment oss or int the co e
u rf n
ere wit try and h
the further re (lower) the oz duce NO one an x emissio d the P ns to help M2.5 NAAQS are o
as ver the next fe come into attainment. In addition, th re li w years.
e U.S. EPA ma kely to be required to y revise Compli challenging during the ance with this reg summer mont ulation and the hs wit loss-h t o
h f-e exist gas, mi ing ni f
m leet of al-oil-burn-reliabil units in the New ity rule will be particularly York City area.
ef appellat fect on Ja Cross-S e court nuar hea t
y 1, 2012, but ate Air The Cross-State Air rd the case Pollution Ru w
on April 13, 2012. The Court as sta l
yed by a e.
federal appella P
t ol e court on December 30, 201 lution Rule (CSAPR) was sc
- 2. The f heduled to edera take vacated the rule and remanded it back to the U.S.
l EPA on August 21, 2012. At the time of this publication, the U.S. EPA still had the option to appeal the ruling Interstate Rul and it is uncle e (CAIR ar what
)
the rem fi ains in effec nal determination will be. With
- t.
this ruling, the U.S. EPAs prior Clean Air
88 of The CSAPR w these facilities would ha ould have applied to 167 units in New York representing a allowances (if available) on t ve b he open market een faced with complia
, or retiring nce opt units io
. The U ns ran
.S. EPA es ging tot fro al capacit m eq y of 23,275 MW. Many costs for the first year of the rule at $65 million. This rule addressed the 2006 PM2.
tima u
ted ipme New Yor nt upgr k
a
d s allow es, buyi ance ng ozone NAAQS, but decreased in 2016. F did not address th one NAAQS. The sta 5 NAAQS and the 1997 urther NOx reduct e 2008 oz ions may be needed to address t tewide he 2008 ozone NAAQS.
SO2 emissions cap would have The relia not have b
con ilit c
y risks associ luded.
ated with CSAPR are difficult to estimate at this time, since the legal process may effluent sta Federal ndard in July 2012 wit Effluent Limitatio h a ns -
fina It w l rule t as an o be relea ticipated s
th ed at during the U.S. EP the summer of 2013. The ea A would release a propose rliest d revised complia Coal-Combustion Re nce date would be in 2016.
siduals -
It is too early to estimate the impacts on central station power plan ts.
residuals in June 2010. If U.S. EPA select The U.S.
s the opt EP ion whereby A proposed two o coal-c ption ombustion s for regulating coal-combustion speci currently i al wa n pl ste under residuals are regulated as a would face higher wa ace in N Resou ew Yor r
k ce Conservation Recovery Act subti ste-handling and for coal-d c
isp om o
b sa usti l co on st re s fo si r
duals coal-c m y be t t
l use de o
a le C, then the beneficia mbustion residu erminated. Af als.
fected facilit te ie rmina s in turn tions or c con Gen di om erating ti petitio ons su F
c a
h cilities as expi at Risk of R ration of Pub
- Changes in market being retired.33 n fro Se m new, veral of m
thes ore ef e u ficient eti lic r
U in ti power pl g
li D
ti u
e e
s Re To ant g
Cha ula s
t could n
or ging Mar y Po resu licy lt in Ac ket t
a nu Con contr mber of d
ac itio ts, un ns t
f h
a e older vorable ga cap s-fi ac red units ity price s,
relia load c bilit ondi y viola tions, prim tions. The NYIS arily for v nits are run O e oltage sup stimates th port.
out Retireme of merit order for local reliability needs as dictated by local that is in this category. This amount of capacity at t a
he cc re is nt of these units coul result nts appr for o
d ou approxima ximately 1,800 MW of tely 5.5 percen nat in loc ural ga al tr s f a
i ns red ca mission pacity installed reserve margin. Moreover, as previously described, if both IP Energy Center uni t p t
o s we ints re of the shut curre down nt necessa by 2016, more than 1,200 MW of replacement assuming n ry to ha o additi ve in place b onal generat y 2016 a or ret n
irements in S d the need f resources (t or additiona ransmiss l resources woul ion, generat d increa ion, or both) would be outheastern New York, to meet relia se by 2020, even bility standards.
certainty. Ne The question of verthele when re ss, NY tirement ISO has sever s will oc al initiatives in plac cur and in what amounts is a difficult one to answer with any appropri ate actions can be taken in a timely manner. These inc e to monit lude:
or for retirements that will allow Ongoi Tracki n
ng g e o
v f p alu o
a te ti nti on a
o l ge f po ner tenti ator re al re tirements tirements due to environmental regulations Proce Coor Tracki dina ng o tion f po w
te ith the ntial re owners o liability soluti sses to inform public offici f
als the an tr ons d p ans o
m licy m ission ake sys rs te m
The purpose of t
Ant hese initiatives is to:
Ident icipa ify a te ny relia potent bilit ial ret y needs t irement Identify so h
s lutions that resolve any resulti at mi ght a n
rise as g reliability need a result of the in a re t
ti imely ma rement nner In December 2005 (Ca Unit Retirements. That order req se 05-E-088 uires all generator 9), the PSC issued i s gr ts Order Ado eater than p
2 t
MW subject to ing Notice Requirements for Generation such jurisdiction as thro to ug h m file noti othballing units that m ce with the Commis a
s y o ion pri r may n or to r ot r etiri eturn to ng or s
othe ervic rwise removing Public Service Law
- e. Generators equ units fr al to or om g
reater
- service, than 33 spread betwe In addition en coal an to environment d natural al re g
gula as decr tion ease su s, coal fi ch re as d uni current c ts are a o
lso ndi a
tions.
ffected by market conditions when the
89 prior n 80 MW must provide notice at least 180 days in advance, while smaller units mus by both o
the tice b NY efore retiring. O ISO and the appr nce notice of a retirement is r opriate TO, and solutions are e
c de ei v
ve ised if d, the it e
a ffe ppea ct of rs tha the t provide retireme at least 90 nt is analyze days d
t system reliability would be jeopa industry Fuel M mix in New York ix Is rdized.
stan su d
es a ar d
Sta n
for d I te ha deter mpac s b m
een r ts of inin ela Di g wha ver tively diverse. The New York si t e t
xa y of S ctly u
con pply/
stit G
utes as-Electric I fuel diversit electric ut nter y, hist de ilit p
orica e
y system nde l
nce ly the electric-
- Although there is n supply fuel o
numerous fuel sources, including water, wind, nuclear, relies on supply from Sta its neighbor te. Fuel di s
v and ersit dem y provides f and respons lexibilit e resources t y in terms of o meet switch be ween fuels depe the needs o coal, and na f
tural gas, the over 19 million r as well as in esident terconn s i e
n New York ctions with economi environment t
al constraints n
ding on price, availability, system r cs, elia relia bilit bilit y requireme y, and emissions, by being nts, or to satisfy a
ble to The New York fuel-dive this context, the diversity rsit of y prof the upstate regio ile changes when viewed f n is much rom an upstate verses downstate perspective. In on natur fuel mix is al gas dom in this re inated by n gion atural is largely gas-a d
nd riv d
e ua n by the need to l fuel- (ga s
great and e
o r
il) than powe th red genera at of the do t
wn ors st r
v meet
. The high ate region where, the region. The elati e lac clean-air regulations in a densely popul dependence downstate region to the m k o or f downs e diverse ups tate div t
e ate re rsity i gion s miti o
g f
a New Yor ted parti k
a
. Th lly b e
y tran ability o smis f the existing tr sion connecting the ated system electricit to y prima transfer p rily will rely o ower from nor n na t
tural-gas and oil-fueled l h to south has limits, and ansmission expanded or alternate resources are in place. These local solu oc th al res e continued growth in downstate demand tions ou co rces un uld include m til the t o
ran re dem smissi and on r
s e
ystem
- sponse, is for energ transmi y ef ssi fi on i cien nfra cy, t stru echnologies s cture and uch altern as ate HV D
fue C tr l sour ansmi ces s
si such a on or s
renewable energ smart grid that can
- y.
optimize the existing Even these s s
the uc h a olutions r
- tions, in a
mita wever. For ex st s wind d r nd sola h
r ave li ho alle enewable ge equire nerati that on name convent plate ion b
a e
l g ample, intermittent renewable generation resources generation will be the primary fuel for firing backup avai enera lab t
l ing e as a cap backu acity equa
- p. It is expe l to appro cted th xima at natur tely 80 al-gas-fired percent of generation.
The disc potentia overy l abundan of an ce d
incre of nat a
ural g sed a as-ccessibilit supply a y t t re o l l
a a
rg tiv e a ely low pri mount of ces.
new domestic natural gas has resulted in a wit reduce emissi h some enhancement of pipeline This supply abundance, in co nd the repowering the ability to site njunction centers, a
- ons, of exist single infrastru ing power pla
-cyc c
le or combined-ture, more stringent environmental regulations to further natural gas in the near term. Such an increased dependence on nts, all appea cycle natur r lik any one f ely to result in increa al-gas-fired plant sing s cl dependence on ose to load with regard to potential reliability impacts.
uel source merits increased scrutiny Adverse reliability impa disrup be mitigated tion of to a de electricity gree. T cts resulting fr sup he NYRC has l om a ocal reliability rules n over dependence o ply from loss-of-gas supply in New (IR3 an n natural gas, d IR5)in place such desig as loss ne o
d to minimize f gas supply, can a
as lte the lo York City and on Long Island, which is known the a rnat lternat e f ss-o uel a f-gas minimum oil-burn rule (LOGMOB s a hedge aga
). Th inst i
ive f t prescribed loa uel, however, w d levels a ill result in increased air emi s rule r the occ equires cer urrenc tain ssions. Newer simple-cycle and e of a gas pow cont er plant ingenc s
y comb t
The o switch to the plants can switch to alternative fuel on the fly, thus eliminating the need to switch to alternate fu ined-cycle switch to boilers. Such units can sig el in t
have the capability to o the New York power swi sys n
tc t
i h to em fican an ha tly redu s
al already reduced t ce the need for he a cooling water. The addition of these types of ternate fuel prior to a mount gas-con of tingency event.
generating capaci ty that is required p
to lan ts include: a higher level of gas-e Additional actions to mitigate a lectric oper dverse imp ation act fr s
om i and plannin ncreasing dependence on natural gas as a generator fuel requirement oil during hig for some g h system elect as-fi ric red p
- loads, lant an s to d
reviewing gas pipeli have dual fuel capab g c ility allowing them to s oordination, the impl witch betw ementation o een gas f a and would facilitate electric-gas system interaction. The NYISO, in ne and e conjunc lectric system t tion with New Yo ari rk ffs uti for liti cha es nge and I s t SO-hat
90 t
NE is un he goal of dertaking a m enhancing elect ore detaile ric-syste d s m
tudy reli of ab t
i he inter lity and o dependencie perations goi s o n
f g
e forw lectric an ard.
d natural-gas systems, with Another natura concern with increasing dependence on natural gas is the economic impact of the volatility of Increa contra sing c
l-gas pr ting for ices. An abun gas supplies dan may he ce of lp supply coupled with t ameliorate the volati h
li e us de endence on na ty e of hedging st p
tural gas in the near term, however, of will have p natural-gas pr r
ic at es eg to ies a so n
me d d long eg er-t ree.
erm natur significa al-gas-fi nt environmenta red units.
l benefits and increased operating flexibility available wit ositive impac h the new g ts th enera at may inclu tion of de t
NERC initiated a report Relia itled 2011 bilit Natural Gas y Perspect and Electric System Inte Gas rdependencies Special Relia ive, issued on December 23, bility Assessment -
2011 in and Elec w
tric In The majo No hich it and Coordina terdepe stat d n
rity of new rth American generating capacity projected e :
dencies: A B tion -
ulk Power System for the next ten years will rely on natural gas as its primary fuel. However, increased dependence on natural gas for generating capacity can amplify the bulk power systems exposure to interruptions in natural gas fuel supply and delivery. Mitigating strategies, such as storage, firm fuel contracting, alternate pipelines, dual-fuel capability, access to multiple natural gas basins, nearby plants using other fuels, or additional transmission lines from other Regions, can contribute to The NERC Assessment managing this risk.
interdependencies, and; 2) a
, included: 1) quantita a qu tive a alitative assessment and primer on gas and electric conti nge Key ncy si d
m iffere ulati nc ons. A es ex m
is on t b g the etw ee ke n th y findi nal n
ysis repre gs of the Asse senting ssme gas pipeline vulnerabilities through somewhat fun structurally unbundled ctionally bundled bet between these fu e
ween supply an electric and ga d
s i delivery func ndus nt are:
tries.
t Whi ions, the natur le the electr a
ic indust l-gas industry is ry is Increas communic ensure reliability of the bul ed co atio Inf ordi n important t ormat natio ion sharing n an o o d co per mm atin un g su ic n
ation ar cce ction ss s
fully i
. This e n n d e
d ed ifference ed betw makes lon een the electr g-term planning and ic and gas industries.
ifferent regulatory frameworks.
sa Storag tisfy e sol tradit u
i t
o i
nal ons d k power sy fue i
l mi supp nis l
h y re int li e
is needed f rdep stem.
or the reliable operation between both industries to ability de endenc mand y
s, whi issues le t
Future natural-gas sto Electric load demand.
s present unique challenges.
aking into account day rag an e
d fac night swings i ilities must n
Ampl enhancements ma e gas supply y
ex be required t pected.
o support As the use of gas-fired In terms of supply, al large, conce mos nt t all fu rated, hi ture n g
h ge
-pressure, va neration increases, pipeline riable gas loads.
Pipel electric sector. Shale gas likely will make a significant contribution t atural gas o the U.S. supply growth co por mes tfolio.
fro m the ta will be neede ke int in o
e e ac x
co p
d a
unt t nsio h
n to e long-accomm term gr odate owth th of e el gas-ectric fired ge se n
ctor.
erati Pipeline infrastru on, as more pipeline capa cture planning must city ultimately Re and co t
gni he zi operations an no n
rt g b hea oth current and projecte d pl st a
a nning wi nd the unique th expa is nd su ed es d heavy dependence on n ga and s-elec cha t
rac ric teristics of the region, atural gas f t
o he NYIS r electr O
ic g too enera k step tion in t s to enha he NYCA nce its coordination, including:
Development With the NYP SC expl of concept oratio s for gas pipeline visualization proce stakeh ss
- olders, to address j including TO, oint operation generators, an al and planning is d representatives of sues. Participation is open to all NYISO new working group are: (i)increase communication among gas t
an he PSC. The three object d electric industries; (ii) incre ives of t a
he se Est capabilities, especially in ablishment of an Electri th n
e of opportunities f c a N
nd ew G
Yo as C rk oor Cit dinati y ma o
rk r incre et.
ased natural gas delivery and storage orking Group on W within the NYISO governance
91 co notifi ordin cation ation o
f o
supply f both indus disrup tr tion ies ope s an r
d rela ations with respe gas and electric system infrastructure needs.
ted m Re a
p tters rese
- a ct to fac i) joint long-ter ility availability nta n
t d (ii ives of vario m
, outa plan g
n e
ing o scheduling f natural industry are being encouraged to participate with electric industry sec us se tors.
ctors of the natural gas In 2003, nort natural gas in h
f east U.S. ISOs/RTOs performed a resources close to n rastruc or ture.34 With increasing na t
mult ural g i-region asse as-electric int ssme erdependence, developm nt of the adequacy of the ent of northeas reasin shale-ga t
theast load centers, and inc s
int NYISO erdepende staff be nce of lieves this is the gas t
a he appr nd elec opri tric at sy e time t stems an o cond g c uct o
a n
c co erns re mpreh gar ensive stud ding access to that natural gas.
future.
d the challenges that may be in the shor y of the gro t-an win d
g long-term In t and of the he spring tura l
of g
2012, t co n
nti a
ngenc as y an sys alysi te he NYISO m'
issued a request for proposa con s
s ability to meet elec ls to will be conducted to h tric ave ge t
nera he full und tion needs.
erstan T
duc he expec t a com tation is prehensive techn that both ste ical ady-s analysis tate o
system f the a to nalys the is loss may of key gas d
ocal gas distributi ies. It ding of t be impact pi e
peline and l or modified by c on facilit is possi he vul ble t nera ha b
t ilit the ul ies of timat the elect e scope ric detail is expect of the bi ed to be comple ds submitt t
ed.
ed by PJM, ISO-N the end of 2013 a E, and the Midw omplexity est ISO and a
p lso ma rojected c y pa os rticipat ts, depending e in this stu on d
the r
- y. The stu ange and dy nd will have four objectives:
Base current in line an tera alysi ction s o s
f e xisting natural gas and electric systems in the northeast, including planning and D
fo e
r elect termin ric g ing t en he adequacy of the gas pipeline system to supply aggregate natural gas requirements Analyzi Evalua versa ti n
ng g con the ti b
era en t
nge e
ion over n
f ci its an es o d
n co a 10-year s natur sts a
of l ga du s sy a
tud l-fue y horizon ste l
m ca t
p h
ab at i
c li o
t uld a y
dversely affect electric system and vice Aging of Transmission Lines As des for wo cribed i od poles n Secti and 90 yea on B, t r
h s f e t o
ran r steel-pole lines. By 2020, a smission infrastructure ave pp r
roxima age age is more t tely 20 percent han 40 yea of the 11,000 miles of rs with 70 years transmission lines of additional 10 percent wi 115 k ll r V
e t
ach o 765k this thre V will rea shold. If these ch the end of line i
s a ts usef re not ul life. Bet replaced, t ween 2020 a hey will be more suscept nd 2030, an to failure and require more outage times ible are out for m of their use of service. F ful life.
igure 19 illustrates the age of aintenan transmiss ce. This ion li down nes b t
y ime c volta o
ge uld inc that r
a ease ris re appr k a oachi s m n
ore lines g the end To pl outages an m sc a
hed jor u
out led for ages three adequate or m ly, the ore ca NY lendar ISO requires annual coordination of all outages that incl scheduled outages are evaluated to determine t d
heir impa ays in succes ct on sy sion s
f t
or em reliability and tran the current and next c smissi alend o
ar year.
ude daily n tran All capabilities. The NYISO has procedures to sfer should reliability be compromise during maintenance. The aging inf d.
ra This structure, if pro evalua cess t t
o e an ma da int te d chan has b ge een suff the ap i
proved cient to sche maint dule on a ain syst d
em relia ay-to-day bilit basi y
s challenges due to the expected volume of repairs.
ained rather than replaced, could pose scheduling 34 Multi-Region Assessment of the Adequacy of the Northeast Natural Gas Infrastructure to serve the Electric Power Generating Sector, Levitan & Associates, Inc., 2003.
92 Figure 19. New York State Transmission Age Condition Assessment Source: New York State Transmission Assessment and Reliability Study, 2012 Figure 18 is a map illustrates the age of transmission lines by voltage that are approaching the end of their useful life.
Load Variations As des resource requ cribed in Secti irements an ons A and F d conseq
, unpred uently a ict ffect able cha relia n
bilit ges in loa
- y. Sma d c rt an grid a create nd emerg uncert i
ai ng t nty on the generation opportunity to create a more flexible system. If the load characteristics are not well unde echnolog rstoo ies ha d, the be ve t ne he fits may not outweigh the risks. The system and actions being impleme following section describes the issues new t Smart Grid and Emerging Technolog nted t ie ha s
t allow technology to progress with echnol out co og mpro ies present mising r to t elia he bility.
advanced/enhanced technology and two-w
- The ay com c
m on u
cep nic t
a of tio the ns to S
i m
mp ar r
t Grid encompasses use of entire electric grid, fr om generation to end-use consumption. Such an ap ove pro the ope ach see r
k ati s
o to:
n an d efficiency of the Opt Anti i
c mize a ipate a sse nd t
r use a espo nd opera nd to sys t
t iona em d l efficie isturba n
n cy ces Ena b
b le le a Enable new p Ena the g ctive pa rid to rt a
icipation of consumers roducts, s ccom ervi mod ces, an ate a d
ll g mar enera kets tion and storage options Provide improved power quality for the digital economy
93 technol Current o
ly, t gies he elect and appr ric grid in New York, as well as most other technologies in New Yor oa k
che could r s to con esul trol el t in sig ectricity nificant improvemen flow and ope lar ra ge p tion ower sys
- s. Increased u tems i se of Sm n the world, art Gr u
id ses modern ts, including:
Enhance visualizat d
ion, pot operato ent r decision ially avo
-makin iding events simila g capability throu r to th gh e 2003 faster communicati Island City Outages Northeast Blac ons kout an a
d nd 2006 L broader regio ong nal Reduced Providing cu pow s
e tomer r syste s with m los es g
s Miti reater demand response options and results Im Auto p
ga rov ti ed ng f
o au uta lt-e-ma duty i mated distri g
buti nag ssue ement s, thereby enhancing distributed generation Modernizing older ut on ilit sys y syst tem o syst per e
a m
ti s
o n 35 Increasing dynamic reactive com ems pensation and power-flow control in key parts of Reducin Increa mainta sing in proper-volt power flow-t ages the system to g effects of system ran d
sf isturb ers or re ances duce power-t ransfer degradations underway in New York.
Several initiatives to expan a
d the use of adv 36 In ddition, the State is anced pursuin technol g S ogy mar an t
d i Gri m
d ple imple men me t S nta mart Grid elements are approach Increased and strategy through its work with utilities and on various task forces and tion wi con th an sortiums.
integra ted has
- system, signi moni fican toring and communica t capab Use of Adva ility, using di nced Techno git l an enhance New Yorks tion eq a
d d co transmission and u
logy.
ipment used mmuni for transmi cation ssi te on syst chnologi ems a e
di s
s t
On the ributio b
n ulk sys p
te o
m bove 115 k can be we alre V
r ady char transmi acte s
ri si zed as Sm m
art Edisons 14 k on V au syste to-lo s, p Grid. Distribution facilities, howe op a
sy rtic s
ularly i tem, which n rem is o
more resilient te areas of New York ver, are Stat typi
- e. Recent enha cally less sophi ncement sticated s
th include Con an thermal as its dynamic conditions feeder r of feede ating r
pro s to g
n ram for 3 etwork o 45 k p
V feeders, which and sophi provid stica es real-time in ted than most r form adi a
al ci tion re rcui g
t ardin s, as we g
ll flexibility. Con Edison currently is installing simila erators r f
, allowing fo unctionality r
on select greater powe 138 k r tr V feeders.
ansfers and The PSC has approved several projects in rate proceedings that fall unde operational d
net evelo work prima ping dyna ry-f mic eeder cables, a feeder rating nd installing enhance s for transmission lines d distribu
, replacin tion g o a
utd r the ate Smar ati d cir uit brea t Grid umbrella kers, bifu
, including utom on.
c rcating undertaking several Smart Grid R Current Research and De
&D act velopment (R&D) and ivities. Orange & Rockla Pilots.
n U
d h tilities in as a Smart New Yor Grid pilo k cu t
r pr rently are project fun Island test increased monitoring and communication on t oject that will City ne ded by twork the U.S. D as its pri OE. Bo mary l th Or ocati a
o n
n ge &
for hos Roc t
w ing pilot o distribut projects, an ion circuits.
kland and Con Edison are als d it will host Con Edison is using the Long Green Circuit program, an R&D effort directed at reducing distribution line losses.
o p N
artic a superc ipating in the EPRI onductor pilot several notices to support R&D projects for Smart Grid technologies.
YSERDA has issued The Adva businesses with R nced Energ
&D needs, y Center at as we Stony ll as providing a cen Brook Universit ter for va y is coord lid ina a
t tio ing e n and ffor verific ts to assist variou and capabilities. Advanced Energ ation of produ s Sm ct func art Gri tion d
s comprehensive array of services.
y Sector staff work with universities from around the State to provide a 35 distributi Distribut on e ion aut
- quipment, omation involve
, autom s the rem atic section ote monitoring, coor These system alizing switches.
dination, and operation of various number of sys 36 (SVC), Static Sy tem-types e.g.
nchronous th C
a o
t c mpens an con ator trol v (S
oltage TATCOM and Flow C
),)
transmission capacity,
, Static VAR Compensator ontroller (UPFC), Interline Power Flow Controll and th er (IPF ose C), a th nd V at can aria con ble F e.g.
trol fl requenc
- ows, y
e.g.
Tra
, Unif nsformer ied Power (VFT).
s are generally referred to as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). FACTS cover a
94 Smart Grid Smar techno t Grid I log m
- y.
pleme DPS ha nta s s tion.
evera The st l efforts under w ate is pursuing a comprehensive, integrated strategy to enable ut objective is ilities, including to ensure tha interac t, p ting ri wit or to m h ut a
ilit king ies in rat ay to ov infrastru e ca ctur ses a e inv nd t estment hroug ersee the Sma h regular qua rt Grid a rterly meet ctivities of ing regulated considered investment in a qualified Smart Grid system, con decisions, utilities have ap s
propriat
. A key ely Security A member, as w ct (EISA).
ell as a Sm That le art g
G is rid lation created a Sm Task Force. EISA a
a rt Gri lloca d Ad sist v
ent with the 2007 Energ ted fu isory nds t o
Bo supp
- ard, ort of which Nation y Indepe al Grid n
the advancement of Sm is a dence and fo research cus on S a
mar nd the Tas t Grid develop k Force m
has ents.
been work ing with the industry and interested stakeholders to incre a
ase rt Gri d
The 2009 America the Smart Grid in Ne n Re w Y cove ork r
thr y a ough nd Re na invest tional fun ment Act (ARRA) created a significant new opportunity to expand Grant totaling $4.5 billion. The DOE i (SGIG) to provide capital s
for sued Sm a
ar fund t Grid pr ing op d
p in o
g rt of an Electric Delivery and Energy Reliability Program provide 50 percent matching funds, New York recipients of ojects u
and nity cre ann ate job ounce s
ment f ARRA project
. As SGIG or a fun Sm ding required art Grid Invest states ment to from the PSC. No funding was used for interactive customer meters.
s were required to seek approval The PSC ap project utilities, including proved mat
- s. Con Ed received those not r ching f eg unds of approximately $392 million for ratepayer-funded projects. New York million for its Smart Grid De th mons e larges ulated by the PSC, received $571 million in ARRA grants for a number of acceleration of a variety of distribut trati t portion f ion a on u
Grant or (SGD New Yo G) proj rk S ect.
tate The C with $251 mill on Edison SGI ion for G projec SGIG project t primarily is for s and $92 devices a
tomation projects, including underground and n undergroun network sectionalizing prom interoperable open smar otes cyber security, re t gr d
i netw d system that will de ork loop configuratio monst
- n. The Con Edison SGDG project is for a secure, energy efficiency. The system will include renewa duces electricity deman ble e d an n
d pea rate a k-en scalab erg le ergy generat y
ion, grid use, a
, cost-n effective prototype that charging stations, transmission automation, and consumer systems that will help expan moni d incre torin ases relia g, electri bility, a c vehicle nd renewable energy and lead to greater consumer participation in the electricity system.
d the use of Addi evaluate tional project ins fun tr ding went ntation to a
nd dyn LIPA fo to develop a ume compressed-a ami r a p c t r
h oj e
ect rmal ra to crea t
te a Smart Energy Corridor and NYPA for a project to in progress.
ir energy-storage in demonst gs for ove rat rhe io ad l n; a ines. NYSEG n initial study to de was awarded termine fea funding for sibility is a
The NYISO, on deployment of syn behalf of TOs and chrophasors (al itself so re
, w ferred t as awarded $37.4 milli o as phasor measur on i ement n DOE fun unit d
s or PMUs) a ing for a proj nd expa ect to enhance of the c
apacitors investor-o to m wne ake d
the bulk power system more e nd the use will be $75 million. The PM utilities U
, the po t
to ion tal of th proj e
e project will help p ct investme ffici nt ent. Wi in syste th m ro m m at o
chi nitori ng fund ng and s a pprove voltage d
con by tr th ol de e PSC vic for es additional system data more quickly; the capacitor project will reduc tect b e tran ulk-system smissi reliability by pro on losses.
viding New York moment-to-m s bulk oment b electr asis, which in ic grid requires t volve vast amoun he constant ba ts o lancing f cont o
inuo f elect us r
d icity supplies with demand on a Following the August, 14, 2003, blackout in the Northeastern United Sta a
te ta s
, ca and lcula pa t
rt io s o ns and analysis.
Canad synchr a
onized Power r
Sys ecordin tem Ou g d tage Tas evices f k Force issued a report that called for the increased use o f Can f
ad time-a, a U.S.-
ut an ilit alysis of y indust th ry represent is type of event ativ
. In response t or better o
wide-area vis the 2003 Out ibility of the grid and improved post-disturbance American Eastern Interconnection.
es agr Severa eed to a l PMU owners a ccelerate the deplo age Ta m
k o nd ent y
s F it ent ies were involved in t o
rces rec f synchronize omme d PMU ndations, NERC and NYPA and NYISO.
he project s in the
, including North the and gri dyn d
a thous mic da and ta c s o an be us f times ed loc faster ally, within substati than previously use o
d ns te for sy chnol s
og y
nd t
tem p ies. Time-synchronized phasor technolog system operators a planners with greatly enhanced informa ion int rotec o wide-area tion and dyna con mic sy trol, or ste to m behavior, provide PMUs can enhance the system operator capabilities significantly by providing essential data on the status of
95 gre avoid dist atly im urb pro a
v nces lik ing grid e t ope he 2003 rators Nort visuali heast zati re on g
i c
ona apa l
b blackout ilities and situational awareness. In addition to are providing a range of enhancements to overall grid operati on the PM al reliability an U initiative d efficiency, includi and related techn ng ologies helpin g
improved system visualizati int ion of renewable resourc on an e
d re with PMU ne egrat tworks in New Englan s
d
, and al-time awareness
, the mid-At better as la se nt t u ic, the Midwest se.
acro Even ss
- tually, multiple power sy and On the NYISOs P st M
- ems, U network will connect greater support for American Synchrophasor Initiative Network covering the eastern United St
- tario, ates a Canada nd Can
, to create a North ada.
The Efforts Nati to on dev al I elop a s nstitute trategy an of Standar d
d appro s is le a
a ch ding the to Sma d
r e
t v
Grid elop a
me ium re nt Smart Grid Consort (Co comple of standard-based protocols for Smart Grid.
transmission, and distributi n
on sectors, including sortium), comprised ut of ilit re ie presenta s, transmission companies and independe tives f mented by the rom the power g wo enera rk of the New York
- tion, providers; researcher te s fr chnolo om uni gy c versi om t
p ie
- anies, s; and the Bro N
o YI khave SO, State gove n National L rnmental aborato ent ry. The C ities; energ plan and vi ons y and grid technology nt sion statement to gui ortium has developed a work opp vision a ortuni mon ties g C in a New Y onsortium or m
k Sm embers de ph allow ased develop s stakehol ment of the Smart Grid. The agreement on a common art Grid roadmap.
ders to understand their roles, responsibilities, and While expect technical challenges. Ever-incr ed benefits are commendable, transition to Smart Grid technologies poses both procedural and many owners remain inadequate or attacks. Available technologies fo ea r ne sing amount d ex s
no w an t well understo is o
ti f
ng b data ui m
ld ust ings b
e are secur limi e
te d a d,
g a
ain nd st h the a
v ck alue ing pro and po cybe siti r-security ons for budg technol ets rema ogies c in rela an be t
hi ively sma gh. This ll gap is in ma exac ny sit erbated by uations, an od.
d the ini Moreo tial c ver o
, energ sts of pe y cost rfor s
m a
a s a nce percenta enhanci ge of ng overall chai com n
pa as ti so bili ci ty, i ate m
d wi pac th m t on e ar n
k d
et i
use ng, warr rs lifestyl anty, i es an nstalle d business pr actual an ac d per tices, a ceived reliability, co nd uncertainty thr m
ough ponent out the delivery load unfa t
m o
ilia a supp rity a li nd complexity of t er and the challenges o ransac f
t c
r mo ions asso iat ca ed wit pabili h ve ties, an rifying energ d post-installa y savings a tion suppo nd selling rt. The negative Procedural C barriers. The h
se ch alleng allenges es maybe categorized as:
deling energy savings cash flow to facilitate financing are major Broa Smar d
t Grid Complexit set of stakeholders Transi Ensuring tion cyber security to Smart Gr y
id Plans an Development and support of stan d S dard tand Consensus on standards s
ards for systems Technical Challenges Resea Critical rch a mas nd development s of acceptance for implementation Sma Communi rt equipment cation sy stems Re appr co oa gni ch whil zing th e
e smar bene t
fi
-gri ts an d t d
e ch chno alleng logy is still developing, yet c es, the PSC has establishe re d gui ating delines to c conditions t rea ha te t will allow optimal a balanced and careful te int chnol egrat o
maintaining e new gy sol int utio ellig ns t e
o nt fl t
ouri echnolog sh. The ies, while opt PSC encoura imizing t ges elec h
tri e us c ut just and reasonable rates for electric customers.
e of ilit e
ies t xist o
ing develop sma facilities and resources, a rt grid systems t nd hat Data managem Inform Cyber security attacks ent Software appl ation/data privacy ications
delivered on Energy Stora a
g large e - Electricity in large in scale and consumed i terco nstantly.
nnect F
ed power syst rom the stand ems genera well as economics, there is substantial value in being able to store elect point o lly must be produced and resources exceed demand, then being able to use th ricit f o y at pera ti ti m
o es when pr nal system re oduction and liability, as speaking, however, the capability to store electricity a
t h
e a
ne s b rgy whe een limit n consumption ed, costly, and complex.
exceeds supply. Practically The consta processes o n
f t
s need t ystem o match the variability of the demand for electricity with the supply involves the of h by, ca aving pable of som being e conventi regul ona ation l faci lities run and balancing ning below no electron flow. Generally, this is achieved by a combination operational challenges broug and inherent ht online wit inef hin 10 t ficiencies t o 30 minut rmal es of out not put (spinning reser ifica ves) and others standing hat can impact reliab tio il n
it
- y.
Such processes present many Issue highli s
ghte asso d
c th iate ose d wi ch th alle inco nge r
s por and ati creat ng lar ed a ge am renewed empha ounts of variab sis on le renewa the value ble resources into t Conventional energy storage systems such as hydropower pumped storage an as d fe we as ll as ibility of e he bul an array ne st of rgy s k grid ha torag v
e e
emerging to ora ols g
to e te enhan chno ce overall logies, have sys t
t he p em r ot eliability, and ential to complement create a m the ore int ro egratio bust p n of renewable energy, prov ower grid.
ide new Hydr power sy oelectric stem. In these systems, pumped storage ha water fl s been th ow e
s or mos is pu t widely mped into used mean reserv s o o
f irs storin during g electricity off-peak h for u ours se by the bulk pe released t rcent of o
Ne pr w
odu York ce electricity when demand is higher. Pumped storage accounts for approxima and later tely four ac expand due to the lack of s gene sites rati where it ng capacity. While that l may be permitted a evel is nd e twi co c
no e t mically he national cons a
tr v
u e
cted.
rage, it New Yo is not expect rk has ed to bo cess th wi t
t o
hi ad n th ditional e New Yor stor k
a S
ge i tate n the for and Que m
b of conven ec.
tional hydroelectric power projects with large reservoirs, New techn resources, in ologies an cluding flywhe d appli e
c ls, ations adv have b anced b e
at gun to pr teries, co ovi m
de addi pressed tional marketable, grid-scale energy storage in electric vehicles for feeding power back into the grid.
air, and potentially the off-peak use of plug-Yo New Yor rk k has been a leader in promotin introdu Bat ct t
ion ery a of nd energy Energ st y S or t
a o
g r
e te age chnology in New Yor Techno g
lo the implementation of n gy Consortium was forme ew energ d in 2009 t y stora o acceler ge technol ate t o
h g
e commercia ies. The New l
a vibrant commercial energy storage industry in New Y k and build ork.
the human capital and expertise to sustain Also in 2009, the NYISO beca to facilitate integration of new m
energy sto e the first grid opera rage systems.
tor i T
n hese the nation to have federally approved market rules maintain the the markets as f balance betwe requency re en supply gulation provi and d
dem ers, delivering and.
reser stora ve c g
a e
p aci syst ty ems were that helps ena grid bled to part operators icipate in In January 2011, Beacon Power beg on the U.
Stephentown, NY, the first fu S. electric grid. Beacon ll-sc s
a flywheel sys le f an lywheel energ operations of y stora a 20-meg ge facilit awat y t t flywheel energy storage plant in tems o
principle of kinetic energy to store a are high-speed rotati provide frequency regulation service facilitating system balancing and regul nd a
t ti hen on b d
y t ischa aki rg ng e elect or ab r
s ici orbing ty to
th limit e gri ng me
- d. T ch he ani y a c
lso al devices t are capab ha le t use the ed amounts of power from the grid.
of When the operat operat e as a ion in D first phase o ecember 2010 f the AES E
, it became t nergy Storag he first comme e 20 MW energ rcial g y sto rid-s ra genera or in t cal ge-syst t
he U.S. The AES Energy Storage facility uses advan e batte e
ry-m in Johnson Cit based storage y, NY ent system to ered convert development electr of icity int grid-s o c ced li hium-ion batteries th cale bat hemical energy t
at services.
tery storag for later release. The e facilities, primarily com as a s pany is pursuin ource of balanc g other ing an op d re p
gula ortunities fo tion r
96
97 Considera micro-grid tio s,
n is being which are electri given to c
th ally isol e role of ated sets o batteries a f
nd other forms of energy storage in the development of Electric V demand of e
a h
p icles articular group of customers within a di pow scr e
e r ge te loc nerators and/or ation.
other resources that supply the reflected in the load f
As orec disc as u
t m ssed in ay potenti Secti ally impact reliabili on F, unexpected cha n
ty. Plug-nges in load potential to help reliability, but if this technology cha ges load in an unpredicta in-hyb g
ri row d e th lec o
tric vehicles have the r patterns that are not ari ble manner, issues could P
Vehicles (PE an lug-in Elect se.
d presente V
d t r
s) ic V h
forec em t ehi a
o it cles sts. T he N In 2011, L YISO, af IPA, Con Edison, a ter consulting with LI nd the NYISO ea PA and Con E ch developed Pl s Electric System Planning Wor dison, aggrega ug ted
-in tho El se ect f
r orec ic asts The fore accepted cast for the NYISO' the State o s forecas f Ne t an w York is for po d by extension, those of king Gr LIPA a oup (ESPWG) in March, 2011. The ESPWG term with little impact occurring until 2020 and beyon tentially moder
- d.
a n
te impa d ConEd ct on syst for their electri em reliab c service territories.
ility in the long Based to crea on te si the following circums gnifican NYISOs t con evalu cern
- ation, for electric PEV ch tr arging, even during peak-electric-dem tances occur:
ansmission management unless and un and til either or bo periods, would th not of the appear F
A si ast gni er, higher volta ficant numbe g
r e
of cha PEV rgi s
n b
g e
(St gin cha age 2 240v, a rging at times other t nd Stage 3 han off-peak widespread, creating more dramatic spikes in demand, both lo 480v, cha cally and sy rgi s
ng tem-wi
) becomes more de S
im ho pac uld ts, thes suc e
h circ as i u
n mst cen a
ti nc vize es d r aris ate e,
s it tru ma ctu y b re e
s or poss s
ible ched t
ule o int d ch rod a
u rg ce ing poli times. It cies desi ha gned s not t
been det o mitigate ermined reliability whet relia her such incentives would be need t bilit o be adjust y impact e
s coul d over t d be avoide sufficient to change the charging patterns of early PEV owners so that PEVs become the norm, it ma ime t y be o de
- d. In termine what centive policies approaches under development are t should be flexible, as they may proactively avoid impacts on the g appr rid, su opr ch as iate for incentiviz policy e
m d rat akers es f t
or o
h c
e o
most vehicle char nsider intr efficient. Bef oducing m ore l iti a
g rge numbers of or required charging technology.
ging during off-pe ation ef ak period forts to s
Current these new modes of PEV forecasts, pr transport ovides atio policy-makers with sufficient n, technological and other sys la tem development titude to monitor s, a th nd a e im ssess t plemen h
tati e need for on of policy. Proper rate desi in-city refueling sites, and ot gns, im her issues pact on loc can be stu al distribution died and ev systems t aluate h
d roug to de hout vise New Yor optimal s k Stat trate e, promo gies for tion of promoti 37 ng the adoption and managing the impacts of more environmentally friendly electric vehicles.
p A stu otent dy ia of a radial and network circuits in the Con Edison service territory was conducted to evaluate the tran tha sformer ov ti e
fi rloadi simultane t were i o
d usl en
- y.
ed as ne ng wo edi uld b ng up e
gr expe ade c
s te was d a b
t sys ase te d on m pe a mo ak, b de u
l i t t n which all PHEVs we he one percent or les re being c s of the tra harge nsformers d
External Forces impacts, a l impa s with ct o any lo f PHEV ad gr F
- owth, or the cann radia o
l c t b irc e rule uit, no near-term impacts were identified, although minor d out. On the network circuit evaluated, however, Security reliability. Alt
- threats, houg geom h impa agnet cts ha ic dis ve been est turbances, an imat d
ed a agin nd mit g work iga for ti c
n e
g a
s ll te po ps h se ave been implemented, i a challenge to electric system t is difficult 37 2011 Trans portation Electrifica tion in New York State.NYSERDA, Albany, NY: Technical Update No. 11-07. June,
98 t
con o det tinuously.
ermine the f The issue ull eff s
ect are discu iveness o S
ri s
f those actions. All issues are being monitored ecu ty Threats sed in more detail in this section.
and evaluated outages on the tran s
The missi hi on sys gh-volt tem ag c
e an tra h
n ave a signi smission p fic or ant impac tion of the t
over a grid is generally regarded as critical. As not elec tend tric d to h istrib o
d a g
po r
ve a si ution rtion widesprea ea, the lower voltage a
nificant a f the dverse im grid is p
con act beyon sidered d
to th be l e local ess cri area tical beca use distribution level outages do Among bulk power the several hundred elect substation wo sy u
stem b ld have ased a si on gn the ric substat i i NPCC ions i f cant adve per rs f
e orm impa an n New York Stat ct ce defi outsi nition wher e, only 63 current de the local a e loss or incapa ly qua citation lify o
a f
s part such a of the two ye definition ars.
d Gi es ve cribed in Section F, numerous additional substations will be included in this rea. With the new 100 kV bright line place.
n the importance of these assets, security measures for physical and cyber att categ ack a ory within re now in Physica notificati l securit on syste y syst ms re ems includ motely moni e fu t
ll cove ored a r
r a
ound ge elect the r
c onic intrusion detection, monitoring, and alert systems at bulk power system substations or a lock. TOs in New York have implemented such security adv York ant ha a
v g
e modern a e of the late nd reliable in st available security i trusion det mprovemen re current ts. The m ly in the process of upgrading systems to take expanding installation of new state-of-the-art e
securit ction, monit y syst oring ems at os an t cri d alarmi tical elec ng te tric u chnologi tility subs es in pl ta a
ti ce. T ons in Os N
a ew other important and vulnerable facilities.
re In 2003, FERC charged NERC with developing industry-wide standa tha for the reliability of the BES i t control or could impact BES n Nor relia th A b
m ility. NERC ha erica undergo a process to ide rds to ensure ntify and pr th ot at all ect critic entit a
i l cy es responsible ber assets including enforceable cyber-security regul Section 215 of the Feder at a
io l Powe ns on t r Act he elect
. Aft r
s adopted and FERC has approved mandatory and comments, an er ye ic industry ars of wor pursua king n
g t to t roup he Energ session y Policy Act s, drafts, ind of ustry 2005, Inf were a rastr dopt uctu e
re d a d si nd beca gnificant interes m
t from Congress, the NERC Critical Infrastructure Protection Standards appropriate de P
pth rot and ectio freq n s e e t
ffe da ctive in 2010. Althoug uency o an rds. Discussions cont h NERC is in inue between F the ERC a proces n
s d NERC concerning the of revising its Critical roles on Infrastru this issue.
cture Program. Additionally, FE f NERC cyber-securi RC and NERC are ty a udit enga s
ge and d i n
com dis pli cussi ance on w
s re ith i gar ts d
Cri ing ti the cal ir respective Since t the adve he e nt a
o rly 1990s, a f computeri gr a
the electric power grid is a vul ze owing d Supe nerable link for rv p
isory preciat Contr ion ha ol s
and been developi Data Acquisi ng tio wi n
t (SCADA hin the elect
) systems in ric power indust the operation ry tha o
t f
has bec possibilit ome y of a more fully unde remote intruder rstoo int d.
erf ring wit hackers and ot h the operation her possible unauthori al engineering manage ze me d cyber int e
nt of the powe ruders. The r grid To however, a cy date, it doe b
s no er attac t appear that a bulk power syste possible. The source for su k capa ch ble of ca an attack using could reg b
i e
ona m
l or widespre outage has been caused by a cyber security intr local or from the ad o
d th is er ru s
p id tio e o n
f l
t a
he g sting lo i
be.
n excess of 24 usion; hours is There is a could mount mple rea a stru son to be ctured cy b
conce er at rned tack t t
ar hat an outside organization or nation state with destructive goals element to a give s
n a
ge round t ograp h
hi e w c re o
gi rld to ach on. Organi ieve a v zatio ariety of go ns h geting ave uti use liti d
e stru s ope ctur ration ed ph s sy ysical stems attac to c k
au s on utility in se widespread disruption thousands of attempted unauthorized intrusions into ut als.
ilit A num y info b
r e
mation sys r of studie tems s and every year with the number reports docume frastru nt cture increasing an remains a possibilit nually. Thou y that a g
n or h ther ganiza e is much discussion about the ease or likelihood of "cyber sabotage," it well suppor ted terrorist group, could t
con ion wit duct h suff a struc icient reso tured cybe urc r a es t
t s
a uc ck h
on t as a h
f e electric power g oreign intelligence service or a rid.
The New York Sta including cyber security, ev te Division of H ery five years.
omeland The m Security ost rec cond e
u nt re cts a view is due to be comple confidential review of cri te t
d by t ical infr he end of astructure 2012.
99 Geomagnetic referred to as a solar s Disturba torm, as a hi nces gh-i N
mp ERC act, low-charac fre te qu rize en s a cy e ge vent ris omagne k
ti to c
N dis or t
th urban Ame c
rica. E e (GMD arth h
), occ as asionally experienced numerous GMDs wit disrupt million people f ed the te o
leg r more t raph system. In 1989, a h only occasional im GMD led to the coll pact to th apse of e elect r
t ic syst he Hydro Quebec em. A GMD in 1921 h system impact
- owever, ing six storms or GMDs are expected to han nine reach t hours. Solar storm heir peak in 20 s v 13.
ary ove r a 24-year cycle. In the current cycle, solar A GMD is magnetic f a
ield t large m hereby creating ass of charged elect solar p ric current articles c s in t onsis he order ting of o
e f
l millio ectron n
s an s of d i amperes ons tha
. These ge t interact wi om th a
gne the t
e ic-arth's induced and r currents may interac with long typic
- cables, t
ally trans ailways. On formers, an the d/
o el r c ec a
tri use voltag c syste con m, the duct e insta g
ing e
b o
ilit m
pa a
ths gne such tic-indu as transmission y possibly to ced curren the point o t
f p
c lines, metallic pip an damage BPS as e
- sets, lines, changes in the reactive power profiles.
ower system collapse due to Tra mos n
t sf vulne ormers on t rable to h
a e e GMD xtra
-hig Althou h-volta gh the ge lines (ie. >345 kV) and those transformers n any problems, a widespread loss of extra loss hi (i.e.,
gh-of volt a fe age w e t
x r
tra-ans hi for g
m h-v ers oltage tr could imp ansfor act the power sy mers eari is unlikely to cause ng end-of-life are the resulting restoration time could be lengthy months). Extra transformers stem. The of
-high-voltage equipment equipment specif that icit require long y, spare tra
-lea nsformer d time for de s may not alw sign, engineerin ays be ava g, and ilable.
manufacturing. Due to are co s
st pe a
cific pieces nd Voltag voltage) e insta that c bilit ould resul y occurs w t in hen a GMD creates distortions in the electric wave (in a systems current and much reactive support th shorter than a
d t
am co a
uld ge t lead malfun to v cti olt o
a n o ge collapse. Syst f protection an e
d c m r on estorat trol devices. This, in turn, causes a loss of potentially months.
o extra-high-voltage transformers, lasting ion f only hour rom a volt s to age collapse would be days rather than Both receives GMD forec the U.S. and Ca as nad ts an a have ag d alerts f encies t rom t hat monitor and forecast solar and geophysical events. The NYISO of the event damage of to a
the system.
GMD, the NYISO ha The loss s pr of p oced hree a ures t g
o redu encies tha ce the fl t prov ow ide a 24-, 48 s on the tran
-, and 72-hour predictions. In voltage instability occurs in seconds.
ower from transformer heating occurs s
o mis ver s
te ion sy ns of mi stem nu red
- tes, ucing, ris where k
On April 30, 2012, F actions to protect the elec ERC hel varied, citing two reports-- NE tri d
c a t syst ec em. Panelis hnical confe t
rence t opinions on t o discuss he GMD vulnera magnitude of ri bilit sk y a to the ssessments and mitigating Disturbances on the Bulk Power RC 2012 Specia System, and F l Relia ERC/DOE/DHS 2010 Re bility Assessment Interim port. In t Rep he ort:
event Effec elec ts tri o
c f
s Geomagneti ystem c
prot NERC Int ecting erim Assessment the transformers a Report s nd hence spe uggests vol eding tag recovery ef e instabilit forts y cou c
. The F ld trip power equipment, of a t
severe GMD, the million Americans ould be without power for several y ERC report estimates as ma hereby ny as 130 transformers. NERC is continuing its vulnerability assessment ears due
, which is expect to widespread dama ed to be published in 2013.
ge to extra-high-volta ge In the me antime, NERC has identified the following actions to mitigate vulnerabilities:
System analyses to identify vulnerabilities Enhancemen current blocki t
n of g
system design and operating procedures; and, if required, addition of neutral Training programs for pl Aging Wor Manag k
force -
ement of spare equipment anners an in d
vento opera ries, especially tors transformer specifications measures intended to Workforce issues a enhance the use an re under act d productivity ive of scrut the el iny related to sta overall employment in the transmission and distribution segment ec o
tri f
c the industry utility indus ffing tr le y work vels, training, and has been de force clining in New
. While York in past years, the size of the workforce has been relatively stable from 2006 to 2008, with a somewhat
100 declining improvements ha trend seen in 2009 a ve been report nd 2010, as illust ed in workforce u rat se t ed in F o achieve hig igure 20. At her levels of productivity through cross the same time, significant trai Figure
- ning,
- 20. Electri automation, c W and orkforce Levels enhanced communications.
Source: FERC Form 1 Annual Reports (2006-2010)
Normalized levels wit reported that con contracto h t r se he same level of tinuing im Transmission provement reliabilit and Distribution Staffing Trends (1997 y a s i n
n work d staffing force p roductivity have allowed se base year).
rvic d ou e of increased loa Utilities ha tsourcing (i.e.,
ve use d
of procedures. S r
o v
me s ices), uti pecifi liti c exa es at m
tri ples include:
bute productivity In a incre d
a d
se ition s to ne to cr w
o s
ss-yste training an m equipment, tools, and work Improve and status o d au f fa toma cilit ted ies t comm hat we unicati re previously de on techniques provid veloped manu e information to the operators on loading Improve needs an d
d enable more eff monitoring allow icient s predi deploy ction ment o of loading f wo a
rk nd fo p
rc ossible c ally, red onti ucing ngencies t time sp hat e
nt gathering e to meet these needs identify pressi data ng Improve quickly an d re d appropriately to ou mote device monitoring, tages part of the Smart Grid concept, is helping utilities respond more Newer tr earlier desig ansm ns, reducing ission and d
ma istribut intena ion equipment nce requirement frequently has pr resulted in more efficient operation and maintenance
- s. Desig
. Mainte n revisions by ma oven to be more nufact r
u e
rers ha liable than ve New t rather t ype ha s of n by t line ma ime int te e
ria rva ls a l red re ea uces t sier a he tot nd quick al applied t er to inst im nance driven by diagnostic analyses reduced the time required for certain procedures a
e spe ll. Imp nt on mainten roved tools a a
n nce d wor k practices have Figure 19 is a bar chart that represents Electric Workforce Levels.
1.08 1.06 Levels 1.04 2006 Normalized to 1.02 1.00 0.98 0.96 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010Figure 19 is a bar chart that represents Electric Workforce Levels.
101 Crew use has and anticipati b
ng needs een improved by impr based on weather oved job forec site repo asts rting, mobile network work status reporting, replacements will have to acquir The impending retirement of large numbers of experienced electric utility workers is a concern. Their new metho technology su ds rroundin and systems through e t he t g the evolution the course of echnical k of t n
their ca owledg d
reers. A e to handle he smart gri. A July, 2011 report by KEMA for t n exa tod mple of ays techn this cha ology ng e
a is t s well as he evolving learning he GridWise Alliance included the follow As of 2008, approximately 53 i
percent of ng:
the electric industry workforce employed by utilities is aged 45 years or older. More recent survey results suggest that utilities will need to replace 46 percent of skilled technician positions by 2015 because of retirement or attrition. Approximately 50 percent of the engineering workforce The ref will be e replacement of erenced report ligible to retire by 20 looks upon 15.38 experienced electric utility this subj ect fr worker om the viewpoin s as they retire, how t of a national transition to smart grid. The State. U has part tilities an nered wit d
h severa labor organizations are attempting to address this gr ever, will be a owing problem. One New problem for New York York utility line-worker skills. T work sooner than if they we hese prog l commu rams a nity llow t colleges t he utilit o o y to hire w ffer coursew orker ork that will train peop s who can be qualified to do elect le in basic elect ric-line-ric-Grid C that wi onsortium are workin re to g with hire peo a nu ple without such educational background. Ut ll address the technological adva m
nc ber of es tha colleges t smart gri and d
a unive nd relat rsit e
ies to d digi develop tal and com educa ilities and the Sma t munic tional p atio rogr n adv am r
will bring to the industry.
an s
ces Table 7. Utilities Workforce Transition 2009-2015 Potential Attrition and Estimated Number of Job Category Technicians Retirement 50.7%
Replacements 0
49.2%
27,80 0
Non-Nuclear Plant Operators Pipefitters/Pipelayers 46.1%
12,30 Lineworkers 42.1%
8,900 0
i 51.1%
30,80 0
Eng neers 16,40 Source: Center for Energy Workforce Development, 2009 38 The U.S. Smart Grid Revo lution Sm art Grid workforce Trends 20 11, KEMA, Inc., 2011.
102 H. Key Findings and Recommendations As i exam llustr ined periodica ated throughout the Study, transmission and distribution reliability is not something that is continuously being as lly. Rat sessed her, b by nu oth merous F short-and edera lon l, St g-ter ate, a m relia nd Reg bility in planning a ional entities. Ye nd t e o
ve pe n wi rati th on a
s ll the is efforts to maintain reliability, the State has opportuni o sup ties t port reliability improvements. The following highli ghts key findings and recommendations.
As assessed using criteria. Mechanisms to ma existing met inta ri in relia cs, the electric system meet reliability risks.
bility are in place shou s a ld ll curr a plan ent reliability standards and ning study identify potential To m transmissi aintai on, n re distributi liability, unde on, an rst d
an load ding
) is es the s
com ential. S ponents of the electric system (generation, top EEPS, and promotin ology through, am g environmental ong other things, re RP gulation S, pro s
mo
, all of w ti tate ng d and em fe an deral p d-side man olicies have agemen changed the system generation fleet. Smart grid and advanced technologies a hich acc re expec elerated ret ted to introdu irements in t t through h
D e exi R an st d
ing syst chan em. How ges. To d ever, t ate, chan he complexit ges have been y of th inc e elect orpo r
ra ic syst ted into em ma the y lim planning and operat ce a ion of dditi the elect onal new policies and technologies system wide.
it how quickly the system can ad ric op t
In li the S g
t ht at o
e an f the nature and age of much of the generation, transmission and distribution system within pote invest nt ment ial re in elect ti d
re th me e likelihood nts of ric syst of so e
m m in e su the need ch facilities in t for replacement of frastructure to mai he nea ntai r t n re
- erm, many of those facilities, as well as customers. The Energy Highway Initiative is an opportunit l
y ia to b
t ilit he S ad y while consideri tate should support reasonable dress these issue ng
- s.
rate impacts to In that its ha po v
l e acc icies e
a ss t nd o ro acti bust ons, the State should support a diverse mix of electric generation fuel sources natural gas as a generation fuel deliv
, especia ery systems, p lly in t arti he downsta cularly in li te r g
eg ht i
o of n
li kely increasing dependence on The Stat proce indust nue to mon sses.
ries a e should cont nd use such a i
wareness to info itor the g r
ro m its wing legislati interd v
e e, re pend gulat ence of
- ory, e
and lect planni ric and ng na decisions a tural gas nd eng The St ineers, g ate sho iven t uld encour retirement.
he impending age work los force s of l d
ar evelopment ge numbers for of technic experie al nced utilit electric util y workers a ity workers t nd utility o
S va u
rious init pport the develo iatives a p
i ment med at and mak imp ing lementa distributed tion of generat distributed generation technologies through should system c
infr onsi as d
t e
ructure ion compatible with the St r the im and pac t
m t
o o
re acces the natur sible to al gas sy consumer stem an s
d
. While future g supp as pi o
p r
eline and lo ting such a a
c te's electric company infrastructure, and foster measurable and verifiable energy conservation, efficiency, c
ti a
- ons, l dist t
ribution he State demand response programs in New York State.
and New Yo ability o rk f t Sta he E te should enc ability to restore service lectric Syst ourage the development a
em t nd e o with ffective st ly c and or ommuni mitig c
at of e
c th os e eff t-effective ate with cus ects tome of s e
m ve ea re sure storm s th s,
at a
e nd e nhance rs following severe st nh orms.
ance the t
he
103 Appendix Study Team The sta As permitted by legislation, this report wa Reliabilit te ag y of New York's El encies included DPS, ectric Tra NYS nsmission a ERDA, NYPA, LIPA, and NYSDE s developed by staff from state agencies, the NYISO, a nd Distribution Systems, issue C. The previou d in November 2 s Report on nd NYSRC.
the contractor overseen by a study team. Findings from 000, hired a this study are drawn from existing reliability Environmental Regulation Capsules assessments conducted by agency staff, planners, and utility staff who comprised the study team.
NYSDEC Regulations Air Regulations Part 201, Permits and Registrations pe Pa rmi rt 201 requires owners, operators, or bot subjec t
t o
to r re the gi se str re ati g
on ce ulatio r
ns tifi mus cate t
fr apply om the for a NYSD h owners a EC for th nd operat e operat o
ion rs o of f air-con such sour tamin ces.
ation In general, sources pe fa to cilities obtain a rmit or a registration certificate from the NYSDEC.
Subpart 219-2, Municipal and Private Solid Waste Incineration Subpa modifi r
e t
d 219-2 a private pplies t solid o any new or modified municipal solid-waste incineration facility or any new or cons and HA tru Ps ct a a
re sou included in rce of a ir c wa on ste ta inci minati nerati on is i on fa ssued cility i o
n the n or a St this rule.
fter A ate of New York for which a pril 1, 1989. Emission sta n init nda i
rds f al pe o
rmit r NO t
x o
, PM, Part 222, Distributed Generation The purpose of generation source Pa s
rt lo 222 is to est cated at mi a
nor blish emission sta facilities and new nda d
r istribu ds and te te d-st ge in ne g re rati qui on re sour men c
ts for es. I e
t i xi s
s proposed rule will be relea 2012.
a t
nti ing c
di pate stri d
b th ute at d
a sed for public review and comment in i
Subpart 225-1, Fuel Composition and Use - Sulfur Limitations F
NYSD uel-sulf EC u
anti r limit cipate ati s
ons a that re re incorporat visions to t e
he d int sulfur li o Subpart mits 2
fo 25-1 f r fuel o
oils will be proposed r distillate and residu and adopt al fuel oils e
d in 2012.
and coal. The Subpart 227-1, Stationary Combustion Installations
104 Subpa limits are also set fo rt 227-1 regula rt t
h in t es part his rule. Dis iculate ma t
tter emissions from solid adoption of Part 222.
ributed generation sourc
-f es li uel k
(
ely will not b e.g., coal) and e
oil-fired subject t s
o ou th rces. O is rule upon pacity Subpa (NOx) rt 227-2, Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) for Major Facilities of Oxides of Nitrogen sta Subpa nda r
rds a t 227-2 a re included in t pplies to facilit he ru ie le for b s subject t oilers an o a Tit d
le V pe turbines (ce rmit due to their potential NO emissions. Emission st fu ati ture revisions to t on power plants nd distrib station power plants) and engines (central h
a uted-generat ntral x
is rule are contemplated a ion t t s
h o
is t urces ime.
located at major sources of NOx emissions). No Part 231, New Source Review for New and Modified Facilities new a Part 231 establishes t n
he new source review preconst ion, construction, and ope attain d modi ruct ment or f
nona ied fa tt c
ai ilit nme ies i n
n t wi New York th the n ati Sta o
t nal
- e. Pa amb rt 231 a ient ai pplie r quali s in a ty s rea tandar s of ds the S at ne tat w
e th rati at are eithe on requirements for and m r in ozone, PM-2.5, a with emissions ab nd PM-10 and is i ove applicable thresholds. Currently New York has areas classified as nona odi tt fi ai e
n d
m fa e
c n
il t f iti o
e r
s Requirements application of for lowe new m st achi ajo evab r facil le e ities n attainment or unclassifiable for all other regulated NSR contaminants.
contaminants and application of b mi est-av ssi and o
major modifications at existing major facilities include the Determination of control technologies is ail n rate able con techn trol olo t
g echnolo y and o g
ffsetting of emissions for nonattainment minor modifications are required to meet done nment record k on a case-by-case y for attai eeping and pos basi sibly monitoring r
- s. Existing m a
c jor facilities ontaminants t
h equirements.
at perform Part 242, CO Part 242 establishes t 2 Budget Trading Program Greenhouse Gas Initia h
i e Ne ve. Pa w Yo or greater than 25 MW.
t rt 242 a rk Sta p
t plies to fossil f e component of the CO uel-fired g 2 Bud enerators wi get Tradin th g
a Pro namep gram un late de capacit r the Re y equa gion l to al Part 243, CAIR NOx Ozone Season Trading Program Pa Tra rt 243 establishes t Progra he Ne This rule was scheduled to sunse ding m, designed t w York o mit igate interstate tran State component of the Clea t on December 31, 201 sport of o n
zone and nitr Air Interstate Rule n
aced by o
(CAIR) NO 1 a d be repl the Cr gen oxides oss-St a
an ozon x Ozone Season e precursor.
Rule (CSAPR -
vacated on Aug see below under F ust 21, 2012 and Part edera 243 rema l Regula ins in effect tions) effective January 1, 2012; however, CSAPR wa te Air Pollution s
Part 244, CAIR NOx Annual Trading Program mi fuel-f tiga ired elect te interst ricit ate y
tr g
ansp enerating ort of f
unit ine
- s. Thi partic s
ulate rule wa s an s schedul d nitroge ed to sunset n oxide x
s by limiting emissions of NO from fossil repla was sta ced by CSAPR (see below unde yed on December 30, 2011 an r
d Pa Federal Re on December 31, 2011 a x
nd be rt 244 rema gulations ins in ef
) effec fect.
t ive January 1, 2012. Nevertheless, CSAPR Part 244 establishes the New York State component of the CAIR NO Annual Trading Program, designed to
105 Part 245, CAIR SO2 Trading Program Pa par rt ticula 245 establis tes and sulfu hes th r di e CAIR SO oxide. This rule 2 Trading w
Pr as o
s gra chedule m, desi d t gne o su d
nset on December 31, to mitigate interstate tran 2011 a sport CSAPR (see below under F n
of fine ed g
d be replaced by December 30, 2011 and Part 245 rema eral Re ulations ins in eff
)
e effec ct.
tive January 1, 2012; however, CSAPR was stayed on Part 246, Mercury-Reduction Program for Coal-Fired Electric Utility Steam-Generating Units Pa Mercury emission caps rt 246 applies to coal-f appl ired ce y to 13 exist ntral-stat ing ion power plant facilities and emiss s with nameplate capacity is anticipated that the monitoring requirements in Part 246 wil ion l be stan modi dar fie d
d s
a ap tion s
ply to greater th new coa an 25 MW.
adop of the Utility MACT (40 CFR 63, Subpart UUUUU).
a result of the U.S.
l-fired units.
EPAs It Part 249, Best-Available Retrofit Technology (BART)
The purposes of visibility in Federal Cl the Be ass I Areas (
st-Available Retr e.g., National ofit Rule (BART - Part 249) are to reduce regional haze and improve SO wit 2
h or heat PM input 10 are pot s great ent er t ially subject han 250,000 mmBt to Part 249. The unit u/h a Par nd a ks).
pot Fos ent sil f ia u
l el-f to emit ired st more tha eam-elect n 250 ricity to
-g ns per yea enerating units not in operation prior to August 7, 1962 and were in exist s spe ence cif on August ically affe ct 7, 1977, or underwent ed by Part 249 are th ose t r of hat NO were x,
reconstruction between August 7, 1962 and August 7, 1977.
Part 251, CO2 Emission Limitations for Combustion Installations and Gasification Sources.
Pa gene rt 251 will apply t emission r ration pl ate a
s nt achievable by n s tha o
t new power p add 25 MW or lants wit more of h a na capa m
ci epl ty.
a CO te capaci 2 emissi ty o
of 25 MW or grea n standards will be establishe ter and to exist based ing ew natural gas-fired plants.
d on Water Subpart 750-01, Obtaining a SPDES Permit The requirement Subpart 750-01.
s for applying for a SPDES Permit as well as the content of SPDEC permits are set forth in Subpart 750-02, Operating in Accordance with a SPDES Permit The co 750-02 mplian along wit ce oblig h the pena ations l
i t
nclu ies fo ding reportin r non-complia g, monitoring an nce with SPDES p d inci ermit dent repor
- s.
ting are set forth in Subpart
106 Best Technology Available (BTA Policy)
Through thi th s policy, the NY imping e BTA to mi ement n
a imize a t the intak dverse envi SDEC identi ronmental im fies closed-cy e or entrainment through pacts (in cle co jury and oling or t mor he equiva tality to fish an lent as t d
h shellfish vi e performance goal for and Section 316(b) of the federal Clean Water Act (see below un the cooling system) pursuant to Section 704.5 of a
6 NYCRR issued by the NYSDEC. A copy of the policy is available online at:
der Federa l Regulations) in SPDES permits http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/fish_marine_pdf/btapolicyfinal.pdf Materials Management Part 360 Pe reg rmi ula tti tions. There a ng, landfill co re provi nstructi s
on ions, ref
, and opera erred to benef tional requirement icial used d s for solid wastes are addressed in the Part 360 f
ce or BUDs under Pa rtain materials fro rt m
360-1.
being 15(b) classified as solid wastes. Coal eterminations, in the regulations to exempt under certain conditions.
combustion bottom ash and fly ash have qualified Parts 370 - 374 The disposa defi l
ni are set tions o fort f haz h i ard n Pa ou rt s
s 370 t waste h
a rough 374.
nd the requirements for h azardous waste storage, transport, and Petroleum Bulk Storage Parts 612, 613 and 614 Pa facilit rts 612 t ies wit h
h a roug combined pet h 614 address the roleum sto permit ra t
g i
e ng c
, eng apac i
it neering y great e
cont r tha
- rols, n 1,100 g and recor allons. These d keeping requirements regulations perta for to b in oth above ground and underground tanks.
Environmental Justice Pa Public Service Law rt 487, Analyzing Ar Environment ticle X al Justice Issues in Siting of Major Electric Generating Facilities Pursuant to The purpose of part of an Article X ap Part 487 is to put plication, applica the requirement nts must submit s set fort h in the Power NY Act of 2011 into regulation. As An eva from the co luation of nstruct sig io ni n a fican nd t
opera and a t
dverse d ion of the isprop facilit or
- y.
tionate environmental impacts (if any) that may result An of the pr evaluat op io os n o ed or f the c mo umulative dified facility.
impact from the facility and other relevant sources within a half-mile radius
107 A c adj o
ace mprehens nt communi ive demo ties an gra d
p to the hic, econ county i
- omic, n whi and physica ch the p l
r descript oject wo i
u on ld o
b f
e loca the im ted.
pa cted community compared to Air 40 CFR 51, 52, et. al., Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR)
This rule establishes NO of nameplate r the United atings greater than x and SO 25 MW in 27 sta 2 emission budge tes (including ts for fossil fuel-fired electricity States. Annual and ozone season NO allowances an New Y d annual SO ork) in the ce genera allowances will ntral an ting d eastern por units with central-station power plants. If a facility be alloca tions ted to There a facility must obtain allowan re corresponding sta c
t es f e-sp rom ecif an ic e other faci emits mo lity in New Yo x
re NO 2
x or SO2 r
than k or, t the number allowances allocated, that emission caps. This regulation will be implemented by the U.S.
mission caps (or emissi EPA.
on budg o a e
limited e ts) in addit xte ion nt, in an to the facility-level other state.
2012, but was stayed on December 30, 2011.
The rule was to take effect on January 1, Engines 40 CFR 60, Subpart IIII, Standards of Performance for Stationary Compression-Ignition Internal Combustion engines. The This rule sets f s
orth emission standards (NO, CO and PM ) for new compression-ig model year. These stand tandards d ar iffer by mo ds will apply to new distributed-g del year. The rule x
ad 10 dress ene es engines ma ration sources of such eng nufactu nition red th (diese rough t l-fired) ines unt h
il Pa e 2015 is adopted.
rt 222 40 CFR 60, Subpart JJJJ, Standards of Performance for Stationary Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engines This and r
These sta st a
ule rds sets fo th y mo emiss n
di da ff rds will apply to new er r
b del ye ion ar. The standard rule s (N ad O
distribut x
ed g dre an sse d CO enera s e
)
n for new spar ti g
o i
n source nes manuf k
actured t ignition h
(natur rough t al gas-he 2015 model yea fired) engines. T
- r.
he s of such engines until Part 222 is adopted.
40 CFR 60, Subpart KKKK, Standards of Performance for Stationary Combustion Turbines This rule sets forth NOx emission standards and fuel-sulfur limits for new turbines.
40 CFR 63, Su Reciprocating b
Int part ZZ ernal ZZ,
-Combus Nation tio al E n Eng missi ines ons Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Stationary This rule covers the same sour hazardous air pollutants.
ces as 40 CFR 60, Subpart JJJJ and establishes standards for emissions of 40 CFR 63, Subpart UUUUU, Utility MACT The U.S. EPA proposed t st In ac and c
a o
rd rd s
ance for haz with ard a c ous h
onsen ai is rul r pollut e on Ma t de ants e y 3, 2011, t cree, a final rule was mitted from o establish na c
signed by oal-and o tion il-fired elect al emission limitati ric utility st o
e n
a s
the U.S. EPA administrator on December 16, m g and enera work ti p
ng ra unit ctice
- s.
2011. The a 2016) to comply wit nticipate h
d t
complia his rule.
nce deadline is early2015. Facilities may be granted an additional year (until
108 Water 40 CFR 122 & 125, Cooling Water Intake Structures These rules were promulgated to proposed in 2011. A final rule is expect impleme ed in 2012. This rule nt Section 316(b) of is al the so Clean Water A addressed in ct.
the A
NYSDECs revised rule was BTA Policy.
40 CFR 423, Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category The ef forth in t fluent his rule. This rule wa limitations for coa s
l-, natural gas-last updated in 1982; a and oil-fired prop an osa d nu l for a revised rule ma clear central station power y be relea pla sed in mid-nts are set 2012.
Materials Management 40 CFR 257, 261, 264, et al., Coal Combustion Residuals Rule The U.S. EPA relea and fly ash) as eithe sed a propose r a special ha d
z rule on June 21, 201 ardous waste (Subtitl 0 t e
o C) o reg r a ulate c s a no o
n al-combu
-hazardou stion s was residuals t
(bottom ash rule is expected in 2012.
e (Subtitle D). A final
N N
e e
w w
Y Yo o
r r
k k
S S
ta t
t r
i a
e T ansmiss on a t
n e
d e
NergY PlaN Distribution Systems Reliability Study a
NE n
W d
Y O
R R
e K
p ST o
AT r
E t
ENERGY PLANNING BOARD l August 2012 www.nysenergyplan.com State of New York Andrew M. Cuomo, Governor